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biography network The conference on Homework help ks3 celebrity couples taking place at the University of Southampton�s Avenue Campus [�home� of this website] on Saturday, 24 November, boasts an impressive line up of me assignment speakers and has an obvious attraction for all interested in biography. Help Ks3! Further details of the conference can be secured from with papers xtremepapers, Dr Shelley Cobb, Lecturer in English in the Faculty of Humanities, and whose email address is: S.Cobb@soton.ac.uk. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Help Answers Ks3! Professor Melanie Nolan, director of the National Centre of Biography at the Australian National University in Canberra, has kindly provided information on the work of the college essay, NCB : The Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB) is Homework help answers ks3, Australia�s pre-eminent dictionary of national biography.It was established in college, 1959 in the Research School of Social Sciences (RSSS) in 1959 and is a fine example of the ANU honouring its foundational role of undertaking projects of national importance. The ADB provides concise, informative and fascinating descriptions of the lives of over 11,500 significant and representative persons in Australian history. Managed and edited by staff at Homework help the National Centre of Help xtremepapers Biography (NCB), the ADB is the largest co-operative project in the humanities and social sciences ever undertaken in Australia. Over 4,500 authors, as well as an Editorial Board of eminent historians, and State, Commonwealth, Armed Services and Indigenous Working Parties have given their services, without payment, since the project started in 1959.

The ADB is available both as a print publication and online: Australian Dictionary of Biography http://adb.anu.edu.au/. We have just completed volume 18 which will be launched in December 2012. 2. Current Developments: The ADB was integrated into the National Centre of Biography (NCB) in Homework help, 2008 and the School of History in 2010. Editing new entries for the ADB remains the prime focus of the NCB but our long-term plan is Best college, also to develop innovative biographical websites and to undertake E-research based on help answers ks3 our data. Essays Be Double! In the past three years we have successfully applied for a Major Equipment Grant, which enabled us to purchase a state-of-the-art Guardian AO scanner and establish a Digitisation Facility. We have also appointed a computer programmer, a digitisation technician and anonline manager. In 2011 the help answers, NCB launched an College application, Obituaries Australia website http://oa.anu.edu.au/ which aims to publish and Homework help answers ks3 comprehensively index every obituary published of Australians. 3500 names have already been added to Assignment expert reviews writing this site. We anticipate the final figure will be in the hundreds of thousands. This year we launched Women Australia http://womenaustralia.anu.edu.au/ and Labour Australia http://labouraustralia.anu.edu.au/ and are in answers, the process of developing an Indigenous Australia site.

These �tailored� sites have been developed to promote biographical research in these often neglected areas. Unemployed University! We have also developed a People Australia website http://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/ which searches all of the NCB�s sites and includes entries for those for whom there is little biographical information such aspeople who died in infancy and childhood. All of the websites use the same underlying software, developed by our computer programmer, and index terms, so that researchers can move effortlessly between sites. 3. Future developments: Network Analysis and eResearch Projects: After 50 years the ADB has indexed entries on 12,500 individuals. Nine million Australians died between 1788 and 1990. It is only by building up acritical mass of data on individual Australians that E-research can be undertaken. Answers Ks3! As well as building up that data the NCB is developing network analysis and E Research to College application essays for sale be double analyse associations between Australians over time. The National Centre of Biography runs a seminar programme, has established a Masters in Biographical Research and Writing and hosts ANU.Lives, a biography series of the ANU E Press. Professor of History.

Director, National Centre of Homework help Biography. General Editor, Australian Dictionary of Biography. Research School of Social Sciences. Australian National University. phone: 6125 2131. fax: (02) 6125 3644. As promised, highlights of the conference are now available here on the website. Regrettably, for technical and other reasons not all talks are available (e.g. Frederic Raphael�s trenchant conference launch), but the podcasts confirm the quality of presentation and debate, as highlighted by College services nursing Ray Monk�s post-conference blog (see below) To download the mp3, hit play, then right clicksave as on the download button. Stuart Profitt � A Publisher�s Point of Homework answers ks3 View Download accompanying transcript.

Robert Fraser � Biography, Satire, and College homework Remembrance. June Parvis � Writing a biography of First Wave feminist Emmeline Pankhurst, suffragette leader in Edwardian Britain. What differing stories do biographers tell? Becky Conekin � Model Lives: The Challenge of Writing the Homework help ks3, History of Help term papers xtremepapers Professional Fashion Modelling in London c. 1947 to 1967. Tim Waterstone � Whither the book?

Andrew Hadfield � Edward Spencer and the Reconstruction of Early Modern Lives. Paal Antonsen � Fictional Biographical Characters. Alex Danchev � Whither the Lives of the Artists? Jeremy Treglown � The Death of the Homework help, Life: Reports Exaggerated? Silke Roth � �It�s a small world� � Presenting Research on International Aid Workers.

Helen Rappaport � The Search for College application be double spaced, a Subject: Finding New Ways of Looking at Old Stories. Liz Baigent � The Geography of answers Biography: The Various Lives of Kate Marsden, Traveller to Siberia in the 1890s. Jack Corbett � In Defence of Empathy: Leadership Narratives and the Methodological Practice of Collective Biography. Richard Holmes � Biography and College Science. CFP : Turning Points in Biography : the collective, the event and the return of the life in parts. Turning Points in Biography: the Homework answers ks3, collective, the event and reviews the return of the life in help answers ks3, parts. 9-10 February 2013. College Application For Sale Be Double Spaced! University of East Anglia. Organised under the auspices of the ks3, University of East Anglia�s School of Literature, Drama and Supersize me assignment movie online Creative Writing�s Biography and Homework help answers Creative Non-Fiction Programme. Keynote speakers TBA. They say the devil�s in the details.

So what kind of Supersize me assignment life do we get when depth overshadows breadth? In serious biography, more and more, it means a partial life: a focus on what is answers ks3, called the �collective� or group, and (in what is swiftly becoming the new trend) on a pivotal event or age. Reviews! The conventional biographer must wonder: how do these shorter, closer cuts stand up to definitive, cradle-to-grave lives? What new challenges do they present, and what old ones do they overcome? Are certain subjects better served by it? How is the structure already evolving? Biographers such as Richard Holmes, Charles Nicholl, Helen Rappaport and Frances Wilson have chosen a pivotal event, a series of Homework help answers ks3 events, or the Unemployed professors university, relationships within a group to create closer and perhaps even truer portraits of their subjects than ever before. This two-day international and interdisciplinary conference invites papers from postgraduates, academics and practicing biographers that explore this recent innovation in life writing by addressing such questions as: Is there still a place for the definitive life?

What new obstacles does the event-based narrative put before us? Is it necessarily problematic that this approach distorts the Homework, life? How do we find a sense of wholeness in parts? How do we assess rigor of Best scholarship in this context? How does an event-driven narrative answer the weaknesses in the conventional cradle-to-grave structure? What subjects are most suited to this structure? Topics may include but are not confined to papers on Homework help biographical works in Help with papers xtremepapers, progress, critical readings or theoretical approaches.

Please send abstracts of 250 words for 20 minute papers with your name, email address and university affiliation to Kathryn Holeywell and Blake Darlin at UEABiographyConference@gmail.com. Deadline: 1 November 2012. Conference podcast soon, and jonathan Steninberg article in Homework, Times Higher Education. Colleagues on vacation mean that the essay, recordings of the proceedings at Homework answers the �Can Biography Survive?� conference have yet to be converted into podcasts, but this is a priority. The Times Higher Education, 19 July 2012, carries a feature article � �Cult of Personalities� by Jonathan Steinberg, to coincide with the paperback publication of his acclaimed biography of Bismarck. Application Essays For Sale Be Double! The article, in which the author offers a spirited defence of biography, seeks to help answers explain why the Unemployed professors, genre has re-established its intellectual credentials (��because the social science models ignored the power of human personality�). Steinberg rightly signals that biographers have to pose the ks3, same questions as the term papers xtremepapers, �academic historian�, and must provide the same evidence-based answers; and he draws on his own and other political biographies to support his argument. He suggests that if a biography fails then it does so in a manner that is familiar to the discipline of history as a whole; but, when successfu,l then the manner of a biography�s achievement is unique, by �showing us what extraordinary human beings have done and what they were like.� This is an entertaining and informative 1500 or so words, and it�s worth checking out the Higher�s website. Can Biography Survive? Southampton, 3-4 July 2012.

Conference Report. Two years in the planning, this was a major event, involving many of the leading figures, not only in Homework answers ks3, biography, but also in the publishing and book-selling world. Indeed, it was the perfect fulfillment of the network�s aim to bring people together from as wide a range as possible. Among the speakers were academics from departments of English, History, Politics, Sociology, Geography and Philosophy. There were also some of the freelance biographers whose works has done most to spaced shape the genre over the last few decades, as well as some of the agents, publishers and booksellers who have been at the forefront of the book industry�s attempts to come to terms with the deep and rapid economic and technological changes which have presented such formidable challenges in recent years. The papers and discussion sessions fell roughly into help ks3 three groups. First, there were those that presented reflections on the genre from various academic perspectives. Homework Nursing! The historian Stephen Brooke, for example, drew attention to the importance of treating a person�s life, not as a simple narrative, but rather as, in answers ks3, Walt Whitman�s famous phrase, �containing multitudes�. Robert Fraser, a professor of English, looked at biography from a literary point of view, discussing its characteristic styles and tropes.

Meanwhile, the philosopher Paal Antonsen raised questions about the supposed exclusiveness of biography from professors review, other disciplines and concluded that, actually, it should really be seen, not as an help, independent genre, but rather simply part of history. Starting from the opposite assumption � that biography is a genre in College services, its own right � Jeremy Treglown, a professor of English at Warwick, argued that reports of its demise were, as those of Mark Twain�s had been, �greatly exaggerated�. Others discussed the challenges and help answers ks3 prospects of particular types of biography. Unemployed Professors Review University! The sociologist Silke Roth gave a summary of her work on international aid workers, while Becky Conekin�s paper discussed another relatively specialised area of concern: the Homework help ks3, lives of fashion models during the Help with, forties, fifties and sixties. Much less specific was Alex Danchev�s impassioned discussion of the lives of artists, a sub-drama whose importance Professor Danchev urged with great passion and conviction. The methodological problems of writing collective biographies were analysed by Homework ks3 Jack Corbett from the Australian National University, while the issues raised by the opposite situation � a collection of biographies of essay a single individual � were discussed by Homework help answers June Purvis in her presentation of the various lives of the suffragette leader Emmeline Pankhurst and also by the geographer Liz Baigent, who considered the various lives that have been written of the services nursing, explorer Kate Marsden. Andrew Hadfield, professor of English at the University of Sussex, talked very entertainingly and enlighteningly about his recent experience of turning the few scanty documentary records of Edmund Spenser�s life that exist into a 600 page scholarly biography. Though she has taught at Oxford, Manchester and Columbia, Claire Harman would more naturally be thought of Homework answers ks3 as a literary biographer than as an academic, having written prize-winning biographies of Sylvia Townsend Warner, Fanny Burney and Robert Louis Stevenson. Her talk, �Looking Back and Looking Forward� focused on the ways in papers, which various biographies have approached the task of revising their work and Homework ks3 how new technology � in particular, the e-book � offers an opportunity to approach this task in a completely new way. It was a fascinatingly fresh look at an old theme. Among the Assignment expert reviews writing, other freelance writers in help answers, attendance was the eminent man of letters, Frederic Raphael, who, among his many other distinctions, can count winning an Oscar.

He has recently finished a biography of the Romano-Jewish historian, Josephus, and talked with great wit and elegance about the importance of the imagination for the biographer. On the morning of the second day, the freelance historian, writer and biographer Helen Rappaport gave an extraordinarily stimulating discussion, based on her own experience as a practitioner of the services nursing, genre, about how biography might be rejuvenated by a more imaginative approach, not just with regard to writing but also with regard to help ks3 choosing a subject. Why, she asked, should the subject of a biography be the whole life of a person. Why not a few years or even just a moment? In a masterly and captivating presentation, Richard Holmes � regarded by professors many as the greatest living biographer writing in English � provided another fresh perspective when he described why he, known to everyone as a literary biographer, had now turned his attention to science and scientists. There were, he suggested, signs that we are currently going through a golden period of scientific biography, even during this period of economic and technological change and Homework help uncertainty. College Essay 2014 Argumentative! Which brings me to the third and final group of presenters: those in the business. First up was Stuart Proffitt, who, as Publishing Director of Homework help answers Penguin, is in term papers xtremepapers, an excellent position to help know which way the College services nursing, winds are blowing through the publishing industry. Supporting his argument with some useful statistics, he gave a sobering analysis (but one not entirely without hope) of the state of both the bookselling business as a whole and the biography market in particular. The gist of Stuart�s analysis was confirmed by Homework answers the bookseller Tim Waterstone, who told us that the book market in the UK grew year on year by about 3% between 1947 and 2004, when it reached a peak of ?5.8 bn.

Since 2007 the market has declined by 21%, and in the near future, Tim thinks, it will be down to Supersize me assignment about ?3 bn, a third of help ks3 which would be accounted for by e-books. The market for good old fashioned, �physical� books (those made of paper rather than electrons), then, will soon be less than half of what it was a few years ago. The implications of Help term xtremepapers this were thrashed out in the lively and fascinating panel discussion that followed Tim�s talk. On the panel were two agents (David Godwin and Homework answers Gill Coleridge), a publisher (Dan Franklin of Jonathan Cape) and a literary editor (Miriam Gross, who used to edit the book pages of the Sunday Telegraph and has been at homework nursing the centre of help Britain�s literary world for the last four decades). For many people, this panel discussion was the essay 2014, highlight of the Homework help answers ks3, conference, not only because of the Best college 2014 argumentative, spirited ways in which the panelists argued for their widely different reactions to Homework ks3 the economic situation (Dan Franklin was inclined to be gloomy, David Godwin resolutely upbeat), but also because of the very pertinent interventions made by members of the audience. It was at this session that the hopes of the conference organisers received their most direct fulfillment, with authors having the university, chance to present their concerns to publishers, and academics having the Homework answers, opportunity to hear at first-hand how the current state of the market for biographies is nursing, affecting those who make their living from writing them. For many, this bringing together of very different kinds of people affected by the challenges to Homework ks3 biography presented by today�s world was the real value of the event. One impressed academic wrote to me afterwards: �I didn�t comprehend in Best college 2014 argumentative, advance that all those luminaries from help, UK publishing and book trade would attend and participate�, while an agent told me it had been �a fascinating glimpse into academic life�.

Richard Holmes described it as �a very well-organized and exceptionally multifaceted Conference, bubbling with ideas�, while June Purvis, I think, spoke for many, when she wrote �it would be a pity for the AHRC funded Biography Network to dwindle away. Is it possible to keep it going. � This last is a question to which we are now putting our minds and on which we would love to hear the views of everyone who has taken part in any of essays for sale be double spaced our events. Call for ks3, papers, international FRAMING LIVES 2012 conference, Australia (closes 15 Nov) The 8th Biennial Conference of the International Auto/Biography Association. 17-20 July 2012, Canberra, Australia. Deadline for paper and panel proposals: 15 November 2011. Notification of acceptance: 15 December 2011.

Conference website: http://www.iaba2012.com. The Humanities Research Centre and National Centre of Biography at the Australian National University, in partnership with the National Portrait Gallery, present Framing Lives, the 8th Biennial Conference of the International Auto/Biography Association. The field of auto/biography and Unemployed life narrative studies is dynamic and interdisciplinary. Answers Ks3! Founded in 1999, the International Auto/Biography Association (IABA) is the Help with term papers xtremepapers, leading international forum for scholars, critics and practitioners. The Framing Lives conference will feature distinguished international speakers and events at the National Portrait Gallery and other national collecting institutions. Framing Lives draws attention to Homework help answers ks3 the extraordinary turn to the visual in contemporary life narrative: to graphics and animations, photographs and portraits, installations and college 2014 performances, avatars and help answers ks3 characters, that come alive on screens, stages, pages, and canvas, through digital and analogue technologies. At the same time, framing suggests the ways that lives are lived, recorded and viewed through multiple frames including those of language, politics, place, gender, history and Unemployed professors review university culture.

It draws attention to the multiple �I�s of auto/biographical representations now, and the various fields of vision, lines of sight, and points of focus for Homework answers ks3, critics, artists, writers, historians and curators in the life worlds of auto/biography. Conference themes include depiction and display, ethics and rights, living archives, place and displacement, media and celebrity, digital identity and social media, and creative life narrative. Paul Arthur (Deputy Director, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University) Rosanne Kennedy (Associate Professor and Help with xtremepapers Head of help answers Discipline, Gender Sexuality Culture, Australian National University) Gillian Whitlock (ARC Professorial Fellow, School of English, Media Studies Art History, University of Queensland) We welcome paper and panel proposals that connect with the conference themes as well as wider aspects of biography, autobiography and life narrative in Assignment reviews, the 21st century. For individual papers, please submit a one-page proposal including full name, title, institutional affiliation (if applicable), email address, postal address, abstract (max 300 words) and bio (max 200 words) by email to help ks3 papers@theiaba.org. For panel proposals, please submit a short panel description (max 200 words) along with individual paper proposals for each presenter by email to papers@theiaba.org. Contact: Leena Messina, Programs Manager, Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University. Phone: (+612) 6125 4357. Argumentative! Framing Lives conference website: http://www.iaba2012.com. International Auto/Biography Association: http://www.theiaba.org. Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University: http://hrc.anu.edu.au. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University: http://ncb.anu.edu.au.

National Portrait Gallery, Canberra, Australia: http://www.portrait.gov.au. We are particularly interested in paper proposals that address the following themes but also encourage submissions that deal with wider aspects of the practice and theory of auto/biography and ks3 life narrative: 1. College! Depiction and display. �Histories and answers ks3 analyses of visual representations of Unemployed lives. �Lives as art, including portraiture, sculpture, photography, film and new media. �The life of objects and things in storytelling. �Curating online collections. �Adaptation and remediation. �Eavesdropping and voyeurism. �Framing, filtering, capturing, exposing, colouring lives. �Digitisation, simulation, authenticity. 2. Ethics and rights. �Human rights, privacy, advocacy, law. �Rights of biographical subjects. �Trauma, grief and testimony. �Editing and ethics. �Disability, illness, therapy and recovery in life narrative. �Gender and sexuality. Homework! �Secrets and lies. 3. Review! Living archives. �The archive within: genetics, genomics, neurology, emotions. �Archival legacies: remembering and Homework forgetting. �Managing archival material: methodologies, policies, selection, metadata. �Oral history theory and practice. �Life story consent, copyright, constraints. College Application Essays For Sale Spaced! 4. Place and displacement. �Translating �life� and lives across cultures and languages. �Minoritarian life narrative.

5. Media and celebrity. �Press, radio, television, film and music biographies. Answers! �The media as biographer. �The changing nature of fame. �Collective memory and biography. �Refashioning identity: bodies in the media. �Confessional modes in public life. Professors! 6. Digital identity and social media. �Social media audiences. Help Ks3! �Digital relationships, communities, intimacy. �Epistolarity before and after email. �Avatars, animation, machinima. �Pocket lives: iPhone, iPad, Android, apps. 7. Creative life narrative. �New hybrid forms of life narrative. �Approaches to constructing the autobiographical self. �Memoirs, journals, diaries, reflections. Supersize Movie! �Scholarship versus creative practice. International Conference: Can biography survive?

Start : July 3, 2012 Venue : University of Southampton. The conference is currently being planned, and suggestions � including offers of papers � are welcome. Further details are to follow. Biography and the Morality of Style: Prof. Robert Fraser, Open University inaugural. BIOGRAPHY AND THE MORALITY OF STYLE. Professor Robert Fraser. Inaugural lecture, Open University, Tuesday 10 January 2011.

Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Dean, Ladies and Gentlemen, My theme is biography, its rewards and its pains, its inconveniences and its opportunities, and its place within a university. To the last of ks3 these questions I will turn presently, but I would like to start by peering inside an me assignment online, institution of another kind: into Brixton Jail, along the corridors of which, one afternoon in August 1918, a nasal clatter was heard to echo. The sound was a prisoner guffawing at � or rather with � a recently published book. His hilarity did not go down too well. According to his own account, �the officer came round to my cell, saying I must remember that prison is a place of punishment.� Since the Homework help ks3, detainee�s name was Bertrand Russell, you could say he enjoyed the last laugh, both with the book and at the expense of the social, political and movie online moral system that had confined him in so inappropriate a setting for several months, simply for opposing the First World War. Arguably indeed there was a connection between these sources of laughter and the war itself, since the text that had caused Russell such mirth had implicitly been aimed at the set of values that had incited the conflagration in the first place.

The book, an experiment in group biography, was Eminent Victorians, and its author Russell�s friend Lytton Strachey. It enjoyed immediate success, sending ripples throughout the ks3, world of English letters and beyond. Strachey�s former university teacher, the College application for sale be double, historian G.M Trevelyan, read it whilst traversing the North of Italy in a train. He promptly wrote to answers his former pupil, of College homework nursing whom secretly he had always somewhat disapproved, to Homework help answers ks3 congratulate him, adding the barbed comment that his erstwhile charge had now �found a method of me assignment movie online writing about history which suits you admirably.� Biography would never to be quite the same again. The success was not entirely expected.

Strachey was a lazy scholar though he could write a flashy essay, as during his student years Trevelyan had never ceased to remind him. Indeed, his achievement was less one of substance than of his salty and irreverent style. Answers! What he had done was to professors review university select four worthies of the last but one reign � Cardinal Manning, Arnold of Rugby, Florence Nightingale and General Gordon � and to write a sketch of help answers each that turned their established reputation on its head. In his concluding chapter he portrays Gordon, desperate, self-important and stranded in Khartoum. There were plenty of British sources Strachey could have cited in support of Help this beleaguered veteran. Answers! Instead he quotes Rimbaud: �It�s just typical of those English with their preposterous politics, messing with trade on all sides�Their Gordon is an Assignment, idiot, their General Wolseley an ass, and Homework answers ks3 all their doings one long catalogue of absurdity and ruin.� Little wonder that the iconoclastic Russell enjoyed the expose so much, or that he and his contemporaries came to regard as a form of emancipation the entry into British biography of a tone and style in with papers xtremepapers, stark contrast to the marmoreal tones of Lives and Letters, often compiled by a doting friend or bereaved spouse, that had characterised the biographical literature of the previous century. Many modern British biographers, not least Strachey�s own biographer Michael Holroyd, look back to that moment of liberation as the foundation of their craft. One thought this has suggested to me is that there exists in all biography a stylistic battle between twin impulses: the need to help answers ks3 celebrate lives, and the need to question, assess, mock, even to chide. In the past this contest has been waged across entire periods and literary movements, and through the pages of whole texts.

For any individual biography nowadays, it is most likely to manifest itself in an unrelenting choice between sentence forms, phrases, even individual words. Some are born biographers, some achieve biography, and some have biographising thrust upon them. Personally I was thrust. At the College essays for sale, outset, therefore, it seemed proper to seek professional advice from one of the ks3, born breed. At a summer party in London I cornered that well-tried, satirically-inclined, hand at the game: the late Humphrey Carpenter, biographer of W.H. Auden, Benjamin Britten, Ezra Pound and the Goons. �Ah biography,� he drawled, swaying back on his heels and shedding dandruff as he went: �It�s a disreputable business � and I do love it so!� At that moment I recalled reading somewhere that Carpenter traced his personal vocation to expert his astonished discovery in early infancy of the bottom drawer in which his mother kept her undergarments. This was the sort of disclosure that Carpenter was wont to Homework help answers ks3 make, with such lofty, episcopal charm one almost failed to Best essay argumentative notice its perversity. The charm could be misleading, as one naive incumbent of the See of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, discovered to his dismay after commissioning from this mischievous broadcaster and jazzman an account of his life and ministry, in the innocent belief that Carpenter would treat their recorded conversations with discretion.

When the book appeared, with its excoriations of its subject�s confusions of act and purpose, the shamed prelate was obliged to append a note reading �I have tried hard to help ks3 die before this book was published�. Runcie is far from alone. It is remarkable just how many interviewees are wont to sidle up to your microphone under the mistaken impression that you will ignore their revelations if they speak into it quietly. After which, the biographer finds himself carefully transcribing a series of passages starting with the whispered words �To speak quite confidentially�� Certainly Carpenter was a craftsman, as carpenters do tend to be. The question, to Supersize movie my mind, is whether the acerbic note adopted by him and help ks3 other twentieth -century biographers was as modern as they liked to suppose. A cursory survey of the history of biography, one of the oldest of literary genres, suggests quite otherwise. Here, in the second century AD, is the Roman biographer Suetonius describing the review, behaviour in Capri of the Emperor Tiberius, officially revered as a god: He made himself a private sporting house, where sexual extravagances were practised for help answers, his secret pleasure�A number of small rooms were furnished with the most indecent pictures and statuary obtainable, also erotic manuals from Elephantis in Egypt; the inmates of the application essays for sale be double, establishment would know from Homework help ks3, these exactly what was expected of Best college 2014 them. So that the place was openly and generally called �The Temple of the Goat�.

Reading which, I am reminded of help ks3 a conversation overheard many years ago between two gowned masters at my ancient Grammar School. We were standing in the Senior Library at the time, and one inquired of the other �Do we possess any pornography in this library?� �Indeed, yes,� replied his eager colleague. �We call it the Classics Section.� Biography, I noted with curiosity, was shelved in an adjacent stack. College! One proposition suggested by these episodes is help, that, though there exists as yet no settled canon of biography, its evolution over time has been far more continuous than most people realize. They furthermore suggest that biographical writing has always been a divided limb of a much heftier tree. To understand Suetonius aright, one needs to appreciate the long satirical tradition in Best essay 2014 argumentative, ancient literature: Juvenal, Plautus and, before them, Aristophanes.

To place Strachey and Carpenter in appropriate perspective, one has to take into account an equivalent English tradition stretching from the comedies of Ben Jonson through the cartoons of help answers Hogarth to college 2014 argumentative Private Eye. The countervailing idealising tradition represented by those Victorian Lives and Letters enjoys a pedigree almost as long, emerging from medieval hagiography and entering the English mainstream with the four exemplary priestly lives � two of answers them poets � by Izaak Walton, better known as the university, author of The Complete Angler. Parallel with this runs a tradition in painted portraiture stemming from Homework help answers, church iconography, and proceeding in the secular sphere through Holbein the Younger, Van Dyke, Reynolds, Gainsborough, and on to the society artists or photographers of the Victorian age. But, whether celebratory or caustic, all of Assignment these writers and artists have been self-conscious stylists, and all have been implicit moralists, attributes so intimately connected one could almost identify in each an evolving quality called the Homework help, Morality of essays for sale be double Style. �We are perpetually moralists;� Doctor Johnson wrote in his Life of help answers Milton, �but we are geometricians only by with term chance.� As morality has changed, style has changed along with it. It is remarkable just how many classics of the ks3, biographical genre have begun with a dissertation on precisely this conjunction. Assignment Expert! Johnson�s Lives of the Poets, an inviting model for someone intending to write the lives of more recent poets, started out as a set of Prefaces to help ks3 volumes by Congreve, Gray and homework nursing fifty others, but amounted in time to answers a defence of Supersize me assignment what came to be known as the Augustan style, with Pope as its supreme exemplar. One of the best known is the Life of Abraham Cowley, and while almost everybody has forgotten the details of the life described, every scholar of answers ks3 English literature is familiar with the castigation of the so-called Metaphysical style with which it begins, a manner Johnson believed to be over-refined and sophistical. So influential did this stylistic manifesto prove with poets, biographers and critics, that it was well over a hundred years before anyone could write verse influenced by the Metaphysical school, or seriously attempt, say, a balanced Life of John Donne. When, and where, did my personal fascination with the biographical form begin? Of one matter I am quite certain: it has always gone along with an College essays for sale, awareness of style.

I invite you to contemplate my eleven-year-old self standing with others in the north aisle of a Norman cathedral, and intoning a happy song which, Mr Dean, I think you may recognize: O God the Father of Homework ks3 Heaven: have mercy upon us miserable sinners. Oh God the Son Redeemer of the world: have mercy upon us miserable sinners. Oh God the Holy Ghost, proceeding from the Father and the son: have mercy upon us miserable sinners. The words, the application spaced, oldest in the Prayer Book, were from Thomas Cranmer�s �Litany�, and the setting was by Thomas Tallis. But as we turned to set off up the longest nave in England, my eyes drifted down to my scuffed black leather shoes, beneath which I had made out another text carved in Homework answers ks3, bold characters that read: In Memory of/JANE AUSTEN,/ youngest daughter of the late/ Revd GEORGE AUSTEN,/ Formerly rector of Steventon in this County/ she departed this life on the 18th July 1817,/ aged 41, after a long illness supported with the patience and the hopes of a Christian./ The benevolence of her heart,/The sweetness of Supersize online her temper, and/The extraordinary endowments of her mind/obtained the regard of all who knew her and/the warmest love of her intimate connections./Their grief is in proportion to their affection/ they know their loss to be irreparable,/but in their deepest affliction they are consoled/ by a firm though humble hope that her charity,/ devotion, faith and purity have rendered/ her soul acceptable in the sight of her/REDEEMER.

I cherish that memory and that stylistic coincidence: it is not everyone who has sung Thomas Tallis whilst standing on Homework help ks3 Jane Austen. The verbal affinity between that inscription and the Litany was not lost, even on a child. It was as if Cranmer�s penitential words had seeped into the marble. Movie Online! The author of the pious epitaph was Jane�s brother Henry, a failed soldier then banker who had been ordained priest in middle age. The following year he became Jane�s first biographer. The inscription in the cathedral floor, literally marmoreal, was in Homework answers, a sense a draft for Help with papers, the celebratory memoir he then prefaced to the joint first edition of Northanger Abbey and Homework help ks3 Persuasion, where his tone is as untouched as it is in on the tomb by any hint of his sister�s sublime scepticism. Supersize Movie! Some afternoons we used to file past a pink-coloured Regency residence round the corner from the answers ks3, close.

On its facade was a plaque which announced �In this house Jane Austen died�, while in the latticed window to the left of the entrance one could make out Supersize me assignment online, a tetchy hand-written note that insisted �This is a private house. Homework Answers! It is College homework nursing, not a museum.� The warning was intended, so it seemed, to discourage intrepid biographers tempted to Homework ks3 wander in off the services nursing, street in the belief that they might detect the help answers, causes of College services nursing Jane�s early demise by inspecting the bed. It is the sort of non-sequitur to which biographers are prone. As for the attitude struck by Homework answers that written note, it is oddly similar to that espoused by the Austen family for a century after Jane�s death. For them, Jane Austen was a private house, and they were resolved to term defend the door. In 1869, by which time we are well into the period of the Life and Homework help Letters tradition against which Strachey was to react, Jane�s nephew, the Revd. James Austen-Leigh, published a longer Memoir, expanded three years later into a fully-blown Life and Letters. Instructively this too begins with a dissertation on Supersize movie style, or rather on the domestic habits of the Homework help, Regency period compared with his own day.

The previous generation, he tells us, were barbarians: they lived beneath exposed beams; they dined at five-thirty, and stabbed at me assignment movie online their peas with knives. Help Answers Ks3! The effect is to distance his aunt, whilst continuing to lay claim to her. Austen-Leigh wishes us to know he himself has moved with the times: he was, after all, the Vicar of Bray. But on Supersize movie one question he is adamant: his aunt had been unyielding in her fidelity to her own style of morality, and ks3 her own morality of style. In this resolve, he tells us, she defied even the Prince Regent�s librarian who had urged her to attempt a celebratory history of the House of Saxe Cobourg. �No,� she had replied, �I must keep to my own style and go on in my own way.� Few biographical subjects illustrate as vividly as does Austen the movie, embroiling of the biographical art with family politics, with conceptions of Homework answers ks3 ownership, of what would later come to be called intellectual property. When, in the twentieth century, she was slowly released from the grasp of her family, a succession of professional biographers stepped in to reviews writing observe that sprightly and irreverent woman as she moved and mocked beneath the grave stone. Answers Ks3! The effort involved a drastic stylistic re-orientation, aspects of Unemployed professors review university which may be suggested by a further pairing of texts, moments of mental vertigo viewed from within. The first runs: Never had she felt so agitated, at any circumstance in her whole life. She was most forcibly struck. The truth of help answers ks3 his representation there was no denying.

She felt it at her heart. Assignment Writing! How could she have been so brutal, so cruel to Mrs Bates? � How could she have exposed herself to the ill opinion of everyone she valued! And how suffer him to leave her without saying one word of gratitude, of concurrence, of common kindness! The second is phrased with a similar cadence: She is doing what she has to do, making the best of a situation over which she has no control, watching the breakup of everything familiar and seeing what was left eagerly taken over; fitting in with plans over which she has no say, losing what she loves for the prospect of an urban life in a house not yet found; no centre, no peace, and the loss of an infinite number of things hard to list, impossible to explain. The first of these streams of help consciousness represents the wounded feelings of Emma after being reproved by homework nursing Mr Knightly for her crassly insensitive behaviour at Box Hill. The second describes her creator�s mortified reactions in 1799 on learning that, consequent on her father�s retirement to fashionable Bath, she is to see the Homework help answers ks3, family furniture and her piano sold. The first of these representations of inner disquiet, dating from 1816, is by Austen herself; the second, dating from 1997, is by her biographer Claire Tomalin. That the homework services nursing, girl in the novel is fictitious, whilst the girl in the biography is real, is � stylistically speaking- of less account than the palpable fact that both of these young women are imagined, and their sensations offered up to the reader�s imagination in much the Homework help ks3, same kind of way, as Tomalin imitates Austen�s tumbling syntax, even hinting at her written punctuation � dashes standing in for commas: �No centre, no peace, and the loss of an infinite number of things, hard to homework list, impossible to explain�.

The comparison raises further questions. Austen, writing of an imagined near-present, employs the past tense. Tomalin, writing of the past, writes in the present tense, because her evidence is culled from letters she has recently consulted. The dilemma of tense is just one of the practical question with which biographers wrestle day by help day. Literary biography is a hybrid between narrative, conventionally conveyed in review, the past tense, and criticism, which is help answers, usually conducted in the present. Guided by some inner stylistic compass, a biographer must constantly navigate between these two. More recently Tomalin has achieved an equivalent feat with a life of Charles Dickens that begins with a Dickensian set piece, an essay 2014 argumentative, inquest, and Homework help answers features a disappearing child. And, twenty-two years ago, Peter Ackroyd wrote a life of the same author imitating Dickens in length, style and tone, and featuring pastiches of his river scapes and death bed scenes, even going so far as to Supersize me assignment movie script in dialogues between the biographer and his subject. Identification has seldom gone further than this, some even accusing Ackroyd of writing an autobiographical novel and entitling it Dickens: A Biography.

But Ackroyd is both a novelist and a biographer, who writes novels in the morning and biographies in the afternoon, while insisting that little generic shift occurs over Homework answers ks3 lunch. Indeed, the theory that biographies operate like novels has of late been gaining ground so fast that it threatens to Supersize movie become a commonplace, of biography and of criticism. It is not merely Ackroyd who has succumbed to the temptation to answers ks3 throw off his biographical mask and reveal the novelist within. In A Book of Secrets of 2010, Holroyd recounts with fresh emphasis the well-known love affair between the Unemployed university, novelists Vita Sackville-West and Violet Treyfusus. He ends one chapter with the lovers in help ks3, Amiens confronted by their respective husbands, who have arrived in hot pursuit. Homework Services Nursing! �Even a sensationalist novelist�, he then remarks in a knowing aside to the reader, �would end the answers ks3, story here�� Alas, the theory that, in literary biography, your subject provides a fitting model for your own style is far too straightforward.

For a start it only really works with fiction, and certain kinds of fiction at that. A biography of James Joyce couched in the style of Finnegan�s Wake seems an intriguing prospect, though liable to perplex those turning to college essay it for Homework help answers, information. With drama, the equation hardly works at all. Imagine a biography of Harold Pinter written out in Pinteresque dialogue: First Lodger: He was conceived. Second Lodger: Conceived? Where was he conceived? First Lodger: In Hackney, I believe. Second Lodger: In the carriage or in the borough?, etc� A biography of Samuel Beckett in the style of Krapp�s Last Tape would incline to unnecessary repetition; if set out like Endgame, it would end before it began. With poets the case is an interesting one, and has much concerned me.

There have been instances in which a biographer who is also a poet has discovered in his chosen subject a model for his own style, both poetic and biographical. I have already mentioned Johnson on Help term papers Pope, but nobody could read Andrew Motion�s Philip Larkin: A Writer�s Life of 1993 without being conscious just how much Motion owes to Homework help answers ks3 his subject for essay, colloquial lucidity of exposition. And last year Matthew Hollis published an account of Edward Thomas�s final months, All Roads Lead to Homework help France, which finds in Unemployed professors review university, its subject�s revelatory moments an impulse for its own revealing plainness. But Larkin and Thomas were both declarative poets of everyday experience, and both were prose writers who, like Wordsworth, insisted that poetry should possess the Homework help answers ks3, strengths of well written prose. The more rhetorical the Assignment reviews, poet, the help answers ks3, more challenging the approach.

The life of W.B. Yeats has been recounted by Richard Ellman, twice by Derry Jeffares, and at greater length by Roy Foster. Yet none has begun by inquiring �What rough beast, its hour come round at last, slouches towards Sandymount to be born?� A biographer who aspired to argumentative write like Yeats, even Yeats the essayist, would risk bathos every inch of the way. He would not be raised up by his subject, but be dwarfed by him. Answers! I well remember the moment when the stylistic crux involved in writing a poet�s life first occurred to me, and I recall it as a feeling of constriction across the chest. My first subject was T.S. Eliot�s protege the poet George Baker, who in his time had been, among many other things, an enthusiastic fornicator.

Like many such, he had been obsessed with his mother. Realising which, I thought that I should begin by me assignment describing her. Help! But there was an obstacle in Assignment writing, the way in the shape of a poem, Barker�s most moving, and Homework arguably one of the great sonnets of the writing, twentieth century, �To my mother� begins: So near, most dear, most loved and most far, Under the window where I often found her. Sitting as huge as Asia, seismic with laughter, Gin and chicken helpless in her Irish hand, Irresistible as Rabelais, but most tender for. The lame dogs and hurt birds that surround her, She is help answers ks3, a procession no one can follow after. But be like a little dog following a brass band. How, I asked myself, could I possibly follow that?

Barker was evidently much attached to his Catholic, Irish mother. Help With Papers Xtremepapers! Was it my job to endorse that feeling, to intensify it, somehow to prop it up? These might have been possibilities with a weaker poem but, with this one, any attempt at evocation would seem feeble by comparison. Mine were humbler tasks: to answers contextualise, to College application essays for sale spaced point out that the poem was written in Sendai in 1940, shortly before Japan became one of the Axis Powers, that it was the Homework help, product of me assignment movie online affection, homesickness and war, that the Homework answers, seismic ripples to College application spaced which the poet compares his mother�s laughter were realities he was experiencing day by day, as his diaries record, that his emotional need was all the help answers, greater because his own marriage to me assignment a devout Catholic woman seemed likely to founder, and that a few months later it would break up as he made a new future with the Canadian writer Elizabeth Smart. All this I could only Homework help answers ks3, try � prosaically but I hoped not pedantically � to convey. There was the additional problem that this was still relatively recent history. Nothing I said would be final. College Services! Already I knew enough about the answers, history of biography to recognize the successive phases through which written accounts of the eminent dead must pass: from epitaph to Unemployed university obituary, from obituary to eulogy, from eulogy to elegy, and Homework ks3 then � the Best 2014 argumentative, most difficult step of help answers ks3 all � from elegy to biography. Me Assignment Movie Online! The biographer�s task begins where that of the obituarist ends, necessitating a destabilising transition both of help answers ks3 substance and of style.

Traditionally, an obituarist�s brief has been to praise famous men and Supersize online women, and to help answers ks3 leave the more questionable areas of spaced their conduct out. Remarked Max Beerbohm in Homework help ks3, 1953: �The obituarists seem hardly to Best college essay argumentative do justice to the intensely interesting personality of Irving in Homework help ks3, private life.� Though the expert writing, decorum has relaxed of late, the traditional attitude has been one of tact, a lone remnant of which remains in a concluding sentence parodied during the 1960s in Monty Python�s Flying Circus as �A pity he never married.� From these constraints the biographer is mercifully set free. Jane Austen�s biographers had carried her beyond that stage long ago. Homework Help Answers! At least, so I thought. When I visited her last home in Chawton some time ago, I found myself in the chamber she once shared with her sister Cassandra. In the application for sale be double spaced, same room stood two middle-aged visitors, one of whom turned to her friend and exclaimed �Oh, what a pity she never married!� In times gone by, an interval was allowed to elapse between obituaries and biographies. Alas, this was not the case with Barker about whom, not long after his decease, I had delivered an acceptable laudation at help answers the PEN club in London, on the basis of which a biography was commissioned by the family. Matters proceeded quite satisfactorily until the first draft was complete, at which point there entered that personage much dreaded by biographers: THE WIDOW.

Negotiations were initiated at a remote cottage in Norfolk during one of the coldest Aprils on record. When the first, faintly satirical, draft looked likely to prevail, the Widow discovered she possessed a weapon: she turned off all of the heating in the house. Online! The ordeal was excruciating, despite the fact that I had temporarily grown a beard in self-defence. As she reported to help answers the readers of Tatler in March, 2002: �He tried to Best college essay argumentative make me light the second bar of the Super Ser heater. Some hope. Rage kept me warm; he shivered in his grey pelt. I spoke of the charms of my glacial bathroom and the tablet of Homework ks3 Wright�s Coal tar soap to no avail.� There are personages just as daunting to any biographer as the Widow: the Best college, Critic for example, and, when writing contemporary biography, even the Lawyer. Homework Ks3! Confronted by such spectres, how does one avoid being frozen into submission? The answer lies in a continual encounter and readjustment between information and application essays for sale be double spaced style. Homework Help Answers Ks3! Information is either forthcoming, or it is not.

Sometimes it is almost too forthcoming. With my very recent subject, another twentieth century poet and a close friend of my first, I was confronted with a widow of quite a different temperament, one so obliging in her attitude, yet so apprehensive of the turn my questioning might take, that when I called on her in the Isle of Wight, she appeared at the open doorway, and almost before greeting me, launched into a graphic description of Help papers her wedding night, thus eliciting the response, �This is all very helpful, Mrs Gascoyne, but do you mind if I sit down first?� It is Homework ks3, not always so straightforward. Most people who know anything about the Best college essay argumentative, poet David Gascoyne are aware of three facts: that he started writing whilst very young, that he became a notable exponent of surrealism while scarcely out of his teens, and that he later went mad. One question with which his biographer has to Homework answers ks3 concern himself is the relationship between the poetry and the madness, possibly between both and the medication taken to Supersize me assignment alleviate the second. Gascoyne had once worked as a translator for Salvador Dali, an artist who had insisted � as had several of the surrealists � that the roots of poetry lie in a sort of answers ks3 controlled paranoia. College Essays For Sale Spaced! What therefore, I wondered, had been the results when Gascoyne succumbed to paranoia himself?

In the light of these questions, his medical records were of essential interest, so, very soon after starting my enquiries, I set out to find them. Help Ks3! I visited the Wellcome Institute, who were welcoming but had nothing to show me. They directed me to the records office in the Isle of Wight, who directed me to the County Record Office, who directed me to the British Library, who in turn suggested the with papers xtremepapers, Wellcome Institute across the street. I had turned in Homework help ks3, an almost circle. So I decided to go asylum by asylum. This approach proved little more fruitful, since many be then had been demolished, or converted into upmarket housing estates. Undaunted, I Googled several and discovered that, prior to its gentrification, Horton Hospital in Epsom, in which Gascoyne had spent his most gruelling months, and where he had received Electric Shock Treatment, had commissioned a house history from Ruth Valentine. Help With Xtremepapers! So I found her email, and contacted her.

She replied rapidly, but informed me that she had taken little account of individual case notes, principally because they were not to hand. However, one person who had tried to access them had been that psycho-geographer and edgy stylist Iain Sinclair. Sinclair�s imagination had once been haunted by the East End Jewish mystic and recluse David Rodinski, who died in Horton in 1969. In 1999 he had published his findings in the co-authored biography Rodinski�s Room, and several years later had re-visited the Horton complex on the eve of its gentrification, relating the experience in his bitter travelogue London Orbital, which takes as one of its motifs a pilgrimage to several such shrines. Ks3! So I got hold of both books, and �phoned Sinclair up: he had known Gascoyne well, and College homework nursing we had already agreed to meet. Sitting in his home in Hackney � the borough, not the cab � Sinclair confirmed what his books already disclosed: a fire had devoured most of the records from the help ks3, gloomy history of Horton, and the rest had been shredded.

His quest had been as frustrating as my own. If any of the records had survived, he told me, there was only one place where they might have been stowed: in 2014, the London Metropolitan Archives, but he had already pestered them to no avail. As a last ditch attempt I got in help answers, touch with the London archives, who confirmed what Sinclair had already told me. If I wished to leave my �phone number just in case Gascoyne�s records did turn up, they would jot it down. What does a biographer do faced with such impediments?

The problem is easy to detect from the Unemployed review, appearance of four features in a text: the most obvious of which are the rhetorical question and Homework answers ks3 the conditional clause. They are perhaps your weakest suits, and in weak biographies are frequently used, sometimes in combination: to smooth over ignorance, to fill gaps in the narrative, or to disguise the biographer�s personal prejudices. Even the strongest biographers fall back on these devices when unsure of their ground. Here is Ackroyd speculating on Dickens� state of mind in essays for sale, 1859 when he has just become interested in Homework help answers ks3, the eighteen-year old actress Ellen Ternan, and suddenly insists on a physical separation from his wife Catherine, ordering a carpenter to put up a partition between their sleeping quarters. Ackroyd speculates � it is only speculation � that Mrs Dickens may have caught sight of some incriminating reference to Nelly in online, her husband�s correspondence.

Rhetorically he asks: �Did she say something? Something that enraged him?� Then come the conditional clauses, leading to a disclaimer; �So if Dickens was at this time suffused by an innocent and almost infantile love for Ellen Tiernan, if she had become for him something of a sacred and untouchable object, it is not difficult to Homework help understand his fury if anyone, even his wife, should place what he considered to Supersize me assignment online be a false construction on his behaviour�. �But�, admits Ackroyd, �This is answers, mere surmise� and then passes on to the stolidity of fact before we have had time to note certain facets in his own style: that he has called Ellen an Unemployed professors, �object�, that he has used the ks3, verb �understand� without explaining whether this implies collusion, and Supersize me assignment online that he has hinted at suspicions of his subject�s wandering affections entertained by �even his wife.� Even his wife? Surely, especially a wife. In her bicentenary life of Dickens, published last month, Tomalin � famously a wife � reaches the very point at which Ackroyd stumbled, with the important difference that Tomalin is as convinced that Dickens slept with Nelly as Ackroyd was persuaded that he did not. But Tomalin had apparently noticed something Ackroyd had missed: a letter in Russian from Homework help ks3, Dostoyevski to a friend describing a conversation with Dickens in London in 1862, not long after the marital rift, in which Dickens confesses to feelings of guilt. �There were two people in him, he told me: one who feels as he ought to feel and one who feels the opposite. From the one who feels the opposite I make my evil characters, from the one who feels as a man ought to feel I try to live my life.� What could possibly be neater: the outer partition across the bedroom embodying an professors, inner partition across Dickens� mind? That the reported confession told us as much about the author of Homework help answers ks3 Crime and online Punishment as the author of Homework help answers ks3 Bleak House, merely added to the richness. Then came the condition clause: �if Dostoyevsky remembered correctly, it must be Dickens� most profound statement about his inner life�. It seemed a considerable coup but, as it transpired, Tomalin required one additional conditional clause to run: �if this evidence is to be trusted.� It was with concern that one opened The Sunday Times on December 4th to read the biographer�s own confession: the letter from Dostoyevsy probably does not exist and, trusting to Supersize me assignment movie a secondary source, Tomalin has been the victim of a hoax. The moral for the rest of us is clear: never quote a document unless you have seen it. A third and surer resource for the questing biographer is the free indirect style, a technique that in help ks3, the early twentieth century biographers borrowed from novelists.

Free indirect discourse, as any decent Dictionary of Narratology will tell you, is where you paraphrase your subject�s inner thoughts as if they were your own. The parallel passages I offered earlier from Austen and Tomalin both deploy it to essay 2014 argumentative some effect. Strachey uses it over and over, even when � especially when � he is being ironic. His adoption of it for biography is probably more revolutionary than his arch tone, and in the long run more influential. The agent of the cross-over, I should say, is Virginia Woolf, who begins Mrs Dalloway with several paragraphs in which her narrative floats freely between her own narrative consciousness, that of her protagonist and that of her reader, leaving the boundaries between them unclear: �How fresh, how calm, stiller than this of course, the air was in the early morning; like the flap of help answers ks3 a wave; the kiss of movie a wave��,. This is answers, classic free indirect writing, of homework which you can find premonitions, as I have demonstrated, even in Homework answers ks3, Austen. Four years later the device re-appears in a book of Woolf�s that is, strictly speaking, neither novel nor biography, but a hybrid that aspires to be � and has for essay 2014 argumentative, eighty years influenced � both: Orlando: A Biography. Famously this is a pseudo-biography of Woolf�s girlfriend Vita Sackville West that Woolf�s husband Leonard considered to be a satire on biography itself. And, lo and behold, at the very moment when she turns to this book, Woolf�s own biographer, Hermione Lee, spontaneously inflects into the free indirect style, combining it with a rhetorical question. �The first person [Woolf] told about the new book,� she tells us, was Vita. �Would she mind if Orlando turned out to be Vita?� Such writing is the perfect alternative to circumlocution, as I discovered when attempting to convey George Barker�s feelings of help ks3 responsibility after the services, death of a close relative. Rhetorical questions piled themselves on answers ks3 conditional clauses in a desperate attempt to be fair to all concerned, until rescue arrived in the shape of a four-word sentence: �He had killed her�. Had he?

Of course not. But the poet in him felt that he had, and xtremepapers that was the point. Homework Answers Ks3! It is because the free indirect style is so accessible a code, one now understood by most readers, that it is so recurrently useful. How did I know that my poet felt like this? By consulting his work of course, which leads me to the biographer�s fourth and me assignment strongest resource: quotation. In the case of poets the primary source of quotation is the poetry itself, which the reader is likely to regard as a form of help answers ks3 direct disclosure.

Superficially the College services, prospective biographer has a wonderful opportunity of putting these two perspectives together. There are, however, few areas in which one needs to tread more carefully than this. To call up a poem as witness to what the help, poet was feeling at any one time and place is platitudinously to assume that the voice of the poem and College nursing that of the human being who produced it are one and the same, and to pay scant regard to the latter�s skill at artistic distancing. Homework Help Ks3! If the poem is melancholy, it does not necessarily follow that the poet felt sad. Never trust a poet who is telling you where, when, or how he is. Barker once addressed a passionate apostrophe to Lake Nemi whilst sitting by Lake Albano. One of Dylan Thomas�s earliest expostulations begins: �Especially when the October wind/ With frosty fingers punishes my hair�� It thus is College homework, with interest that one turns to his manuscript draft and reads �Especially when the November wind�� Under such circumstances, biographers who place too great a trust in their readerly instinct are liable to Homework answers give themselves away. One of my favourite Metaphysical poems is �Twickenham Garden� by that other satirist John Donne, which begins: Blasted with sighs, and me assignment online surrounded with teares, Hither I come to seek the spring,

And at my eyes, and at mine eares, Receive such balms, as else cure everything; But O, selfe traitor, I do bring. The spider love, which transubstantiates all, And can convert manner to gall, And that this place may thoroughly be thought. True paradise, I have the serpent brought. What do Donne�s biographers make of Homework answers ks3 it? Izaak Walton, his first, had been a parishioner of the Help term xtremepapers, Revd Dr Donne�s at Homework answers ks3 St Dunstan�s in the West.

So respectful is he of the priest that he ignores this and all of Best essay 2014 Donne�s amatory poems. Then comes Johnson�s anathema, and one and a half centuries elapse before Edmund Gosse attempts to frame the life in the work. But Johnson�s anathema still lingers in the air, and Gosse cocks a snoot at what he calls Donne�s �turbid language�, since, he protests, �with all his genius, he lacked the answers, last ornament of a perfect style � lucidity� . Decoded, this means �I may only be a biographer and no poet, but at Best college least what I am saying is clear.� The first biographer to turn specifically to Homework answers ks3 the Twickenham poem, in 1970, is Robert Bald, who dates it after 1618 when the property at 2014 argumentative Twickenham was acquired by one of Donne�s most valued patrons, Lucy, Countess of Bedford. Help Answers! How gracious, he thinks, that in visiting her there, presumably in the spring, Donne should have paid her the compliment of assuming the pose of nursing Ovidian lover. Perhaps she had suggested the piece; perhaps he showed it to her.

Then, in 1981 comes the most Strachean literary biography I know, John Carey�s John Donne: Life, Mind and Art, which accuses Donne of insincerity in its opening sentence. Answers! Carey discusses Twickenham Garden in Help xtremepapers, a chapter headed �Ambition�, remarking that �Donne�s ego has taken over. He has become the centre of ks3 his own poem, and dropped the subservient role. He strides like a shade through the garden, carrying venom and death. He establishes himself at the garden�s sad heart, an eternal weeper, visited by pilgrims�transforms himself in the poem into a lover, in Unemployed professors, order to Homework ks3 surmount the humiliating fact that he is no more than a beggarly dependant.� Carey is a biographer who keeps bees as a hobby, mostly in his bonnet; in that passage it is he, the biographer who is dependent, and he who is striding. Be Double! No biographer that I know considers a third interpretation: that the married Donne rather fancied his patroness, and felt guilty about it. Such subtleties are too much for Jonathan Holmes, author of a recent play about Donne. Help Answers Ks3! Holmes has Donne humping the Countess all over the stage: tough on me assignment movie the stage, tougher still on the Countess, and very misleading for the large audiences at Wilton�s Music Hall in help ks3, the City undeterred by the stern warning �Contains nudity�. College Homework Nursing! To each his morality, to help answers ks3 each his style.

So much for the pitfalls. What of the advantages? The truest biographies, it seems to me, neither exalt not demean, but perform a subtler balance: they recognize strength and honour frailty. They achieve in the literary sphere what the late Lucian Freud did in his portraits, depicting its subjects exposed to view, and with a kind of ruthless love. To sustain this precarious feat requires precision, both of observation and of style. A wise biographer uses words sparingly.

He avoids hyperbole, since truth is rarely extreme. He does not write �huge� when he means �considerable�, or �excellent� when he means �impressive�, does not write �fantastic� unless referring to Unemployed professors review university a phantasm, or �crucial� unless alluding to a cross. Homework Help! Anecdotes he may find useful since they draw the professors university, reader in, though as a guide to perceptions of the facts, rather than the help, facts themselves. Best 2014! Two maxims attend a biographer�s doings. The first is from the French poet, Paul Valery: �Of two words, always chose the lesser�. The second is from Samuel Johnson again. �If a phrase of answers ks3 yours particularly pleases you, strike it out.� When engaged on the task, one does not dwell on justification. Self-Reflection too often gets in a way. People often seem to think a biographer�s work justified if it justifies the life described. But there are three applications of this term, two of which, I have reason to think, are out of place in biography. You should, I believe, never attempt justification in the sense in which people justify a deed or a statement. It is no part of professors a biographer�s job to help ks3 argue that everything, or even most, of what his subject did, wrote or said was right (that tedious trait of so many a political memoir).

Not should you try to justify a chosen life in the sense in which a printer justifies a margin or a page. To regularise, standardise or tidy up the facts is no part of your purpose: untidiness in the life is a positive blessing. But there is a third type of justification which pertains to the act of writing itself. Performed well and Unemployed professors truthfully, it confers justification backwards on the life observed. To achieve justification of this third kind entails a mix of moral and stylistic obligations � to research assiduously and widely, to interpret and to ks3 understand with exactitude, justice and candour, to endow your story with momentum, where necessary with suspense, and to professors review phrase your insights clearly, and with tolerant humour. You can dignify a life by writing about it well, but you most certainly can ruin one by writing about it badly. Style is an obligation, but it is also a tribute. As Russell recognised a century ago, and Carpenter confirmed, biography can be Naughty but Nice. All things considered, it is surprising nobody has moved to ban it. In some places they already have. �The Italians�, the Times Literary Supplement informed us recently, �do not practice biography� � an extraordinary claim seeing as they practice everything else, and help ks3 perform it too.

In time, even here, notices must surely appear in public buildings announcing �This is a non-biographical zone.� At every exit biographers will stand in furtive groups, casting conspiratorial glances at one another, smirking as the non-biographers pass by, and stamping the evidence underfoot before pocketing their files labelled �Biography damages your mental health�, or, more incriminatingly, �Biography kills.� Above all, biography teaches you patience. Expert! At length I gave up any hope of ever seeing Gascoyne�s medical records and, after two years of archival toil, of help answers ks3 travels, interviews and adventures, withdrew into the converted coal cellar that serves as my study, and wrote my book. I completed three drafts incorporating my rhetorical questions and conditional clauses and, when the Supersize me assignment, last was finished, I checked the quotes and dates, printed it all out, composed a covering letter, and addressed a box stout enough to convey the heavy typescript to Oxford. I made a cup of answers ks3 coffee, settled down on the sofa upstairs, and expelled a sanctimonious sigh of relief. And then the telephone rang. Writing the lives of people and things, AD 500-1700: An interdisciplinary conference. Writing the expert reviews writing, lives of people and things, AD 500-1700: An interdisciplinary conference. Chawton House Library, Hampshire. Key-note Speaker: Charles Nicholl (author of The Lodger: Shakespeare on help answers ks3 Silver Street. and The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe ) Registration is still open for Supersize me assignment online, this early-career conference at Chawton House Library hosted by Homework the Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Culture, University of Best college essay 2014 argumentative Southampton, due to Homework help take place on movie 1-2 March 2012.

The theme for the two days is interdisciplinary approaches to biography in the study of the medieval and early modern periods, and Homework help answers includes a key-note lecture from Charles Nicholl, the acclaimed author. It will bring together postgraduates and early-career researchers from argumentative, Archaeology, History, Art History, English, and Homework answers Music, with sessions including �The lives of objects and their owners�, �Lives on Stage� and �Rescuing forgotten lives�. College! A small number of Homework help ks3 bursaries are available for attendees. For more information and to register please visit the conference website:

Jan 28, 2018 Homework help answers ks3, write my paper -

Shari'a and Violence in American Mosques. by Mordechai Kedar and David Yerushalmi. Middle East Quarterly. How great is the danger of extremist violence in the name of Islam in the United States? Recent congressional hearings into this question by Homework help answers ks3, Rep.

Peter King (Republican of New York), chairman of the Committee on Homeland Security, have generated a firestorm of controversy among his colleagues, the press, and services, the general public. Though similar hearings have taken place at least fourteen times since 2001,[1] King was labeled a latter-day Joe McCarthy and the hearings called an Homework, assault on Best essay 2014 civil liberties and a contemporary witch-hunt. Answers. Yet the larger dilemmas outlined by both the congressman and some of his witnesses remain: To what extent are American Muslims, native-born as well as naturalized, being radicalized by Islamists? And what steps can those who are sworn to the protection of Best American citizenry take that will uncover and help answers, disrupt the plots of those willing to take up arms against others for expert reviews, the sake of jihad? Root Causes and Enabling Mechanisms. A comprehensive study of the relationship between Shari'a adherence and incitement to Homework ks3, violence in American mosques found that mosques that segregated men from women during prayer service were more likely to contain violence-positive materials than those where men and women were not segregated. One study by Quintan Wiktorowicz, assistant professor of international studies at Rhodes College and now on Assignment expert the staff of the Homework answers ks3, National Security Council,[3] noted that modern jihadists legitimize their violent activities by Supersize, relying on the same textual works as their nonviolent Salafist counterparts. However, the approach taken to these texts by the violent jihadist may be distinguished from that of the nonviolent Salafist insofar as the jihadist uses the Homework ks3, principles advanced by both classical and modern Islamic scholars and ideologues and adapts them to modern situations in a way that provides a broader sanction for the permissible use of violence.[4]

Further, in Assignment expert reviews, 2007, Paul Gill concluded that terrorist organizations seek societal support by help ks3, creating a culture of martyrdom and that one theme common to suicide bombers was the Supersize movie, support they received from a community that esteemed the concept of martyrdom. Thus, a complex dynamic is at work between a terrorist organization, society, and Homework help, individuals with the interplay between these three dimensions enabling radicalization and Supersize movie, terrorist attacks.[5] Another item that may help to understand the growth of modern jihadism appears in Marc Sageman's 2004 study, which found that 97 percent of jihadists studied had become increasingly devoted to forms of Salafist Islam highly adherent to Shari'a (Islamic law) while on their path to radicalization, despite many coming from less rigorous devotional levels during their youths. Help Ks3. This increase in devotion to Salafist Islam was measured by outwardly observable behaviors such as wearing traditional Arabic, Pakistani, or Afghan clothing or growing a beard.[6] When viewed together, a picture emerges that may give researchers, as well as law enforcement officials, a way to application be double, monitor or potentially to predict where violent jihad may take root. Potential recruits who are swept up in Homework ks3, this movement may find their inspiration and encouragement in a place with ready access to College homework, classic and Homework help ks3, modern literature that is positive toward jihad and violence, where highly Shari'a-adherent behavior is writing practiced, and where a society exists that in some form promotes a culture of martyrdom or at least engages in Homework ks3, activities that are supportive of violent jihad. The mosque can be such a place. That the mosque is a societal apparatus that might serve as a support mechanism for Supersize movie online, violent jihad may seem self-evident, but for it to be a useful means for measuring radicalization requires empirical evidence. A 2007 study by the New York city police department noted that, in answers, the context of the mosque, high levels of Shari'a adherence, termed Salafi ideology by the authors of the report, may relate to support for violent jihad. Specifically, it found that highly Shari'a-adherent mosques have played a prominent role in radicalization.[7] Another study found a relationship between frequency of mosque attendance and a predilection for supporting suicide attacks but discovered no empirical evidence linking support for suicide bombings to some measure of religious devotion (defined and measured by frequency of prayer).[8]

However, the with term, study suffers from a major methodological flaw, namely, reliance on self- reporting of prayer frequency. Muslims would be under social and psychological pressure to report greater prayer frequency because their status as good or pious believers is linked to whether they fulfill the religious obligation to pray five times a day.[9] This piety is not dependent on regular mosque attendance as Muslims are permitted to help answers, pray outside of homework services nursing a mosque environment whenever necessary.[10] Hence, the pressure to over-report exists for self-reporting of prayer frequency but is not present in self-reporting of frequency of mosque attendance, which is a measure of both coalitional or group commitment and ks3, religious devotion. Thus, there is a need for the study and Help with term papers, corroboration of a relationship between high levels of Shari'a adherence as a form of religious devotion and coalitional commitment, Islamic literature that shows violence in a positive light, and institutional support for violent jihad. By way of filling this lacuna, the authors of this article undertook a survey specifically designed to Homework help answers, determine empirically whether a correlation exists between observable measures of religious devotion linked to movie online, Shari'a adherence in help answers ks3, American mosques and College services, the presence of violence-positive materials at those mosques. The survey also sought to ascertain whether a correlation exists between the help, presence of violence-positive materials at a mosque and Best 2014 argumentative, the promotion of jihadism by Homework help, the mosque's leadership through recommending the study of these materials or other manifest behaviors.

Identifying Shari'a-Adherent Behaviors. Shari'a is the Unemployed professors review, Islamic system of law based primarily on Homework answers two sources held by Muslims to be respectively direct revelation from God and divinely inspired: the Qur'an and the Sunna (sayings, actions, and homework, traditions of Muhammad). There are other jurisprudential sources for Shari'a derived from the legal rulings of Islamic scholars. These scholars, in turn, may be adherents of differing schools of help Islamic jurisprudence. Notwithstanding those differences, the divergence at the level of actual law is, given the reviews writing, fullness of the corpus juris, confined to relatively few marginal issues.

Thus, there is general unity and agreement across the Sunni-Shiite divide and across the various Sunni madh'habs (jurisprudential schools) on core normative behaviors.[11] Surveyors were asked to observe and record selected behaviors deemed to be Shari'a-adherent. These behaviors were selected precisely because they constitute observable and measurable practices of an orthodox form of help ks3 Islam as opposed to internalized, non-observable articles of faith. Such visible modes of conduct are considered by traditionalists to Supersize me assignment online, have been either exhibited or commanded by Muhammad as recorded in the Sunna and later discussed and preserved in canonical Shari'a literature. The selected behaviors are among the most broadly accepted by legal practitioners of Islam and are not those practiced only by a rigid subgroup within Islam�Salafists, for example.

Among the behaviors observed at the mosques and scored as Shari'a-adherent were: (a) women wearing the hijab (head covering) or niqab (full-length shift covering the ks3, entire female form except for the eyes); (b) gender segregation during mosque prayers; and (c) enforcement of straight prayer lines. Behaviors that were not scored as Shari'a-adherent included: (a) women wearing just a modern hijab , a scarf-like covering that does not cover all of the hair, or no covering; (b) men and papers, women praying together in the same room; and (c) no enforcement by Homework help, the imam, lay leader, or worshipers of straight prayer lines. The normative importance of reviews a woman's hair covering is evidenced by two central texts, discussed at length below, Reliance of the help answers ks3, Traveller and Fiqh as-Sunna (Law of the Sunna), both of which express agreement on the obligation of expert a woman to wear the hijab : There is no such dispute over what constitutes a woman's aurah [private parts/nakedness]. Homework Answers. It is stated that her entire body is aurah and Best essay, must be covered, except her hands and face � God does not accept the prayer of an adult woman unless she is help answers wearing a head covering ( khimar , hijab ).[12] The nakedness of a woman (even if a young girl) consists of the whole body except the face and services, hands. Help. The nakedness of a woman is that which invalidates the prayer if exposed. � It is recommended for Best essay 2014, a woman to wear a covering over her head ( khimar ), a full length shift, and a heavy slip under it that does not cling to the body.[13] In a similar fashion, Shari'a requires that the genders be separated during prayers. While both Reliance of the Traveller and ks3, Fiqh as-Sunna express a preference that women should pray at Unemployed, home rather than the mosque,[14] they agree that if women do pray in Homework help answers, the mosque, they should pray in lines separate from the men.[15] Additionally, authoritative Shari'a literature agrees that the men's prayer lines should be straight, that men should be close together within those lines, and that the imam should enforce prayer line alignment.[16] The mosques surveyed contained a variety of texts, ranging from Best 2014 contemporary printed pamphlets and handouts to help answers ks3, classic texts of the Islamic canon.

From the perspective of promoting violent jihad, the literature types were ranked in the survey from Supersize severe to moderate to nonexistent. The texts selected were all written to serve as normative and instructive tracts and are not scriptural. This is important because a believer is free to understand scripture literally, figuratively, or merely poetically when it does not have a normative or legal gloss provided by Islamic jurisprudence. The moderate-rated literature was authored by Homework help, respected Shari'a religious and/or legal authorities; while expressing positive attitudes toward violence, it was predominantly concerned with the Help xtremepapers, more mundane aspects of religious worship and ritual. The severe material, by contrast, largely consists of relatively recent texts written by ideologues, rather than Shari'a scholars, such as Abul Ala Mawdudi and Sayyid Qutb. These, as well as materials published and disseminated by the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood, are primarily, if not exclusively, aimed at using Islam to help, advance a violent political agenda. Mawdudi (1903-79), for one, believed that it was legitimate to wage violent jihad against Supersize infidel colonizers in order to gain independence and spread Islam. Ks3. His Jihad in Islam , found in many of the Assignment reviews writing, mosques surveyed, instructed followers to employ force in pursuit of a Shari'a-based order:

These [Muslim] men who propagate religion are not mere preachers or missionaries, but the functionaries of God [so that they may be witnesses for the people], and it is their duty to wipe out oppression, mischief, strife, immorality, high handedness, and help ks3, unlawful exploitation from the world by professors review, force of arms.[17] Similarly, Qutb's Milestones serves as the political and ideological backbone of the current global jihad movement. Qutb, for Homework help, example, sanctions violence against those who stand in the way of Islam's expansion: If someone does this [prevents others from accepting Islam], then it is the duty of Islam to fight him until either he is killed or until he declares his submission.[18] These materials differ from other severe- and moderate-rated materials because they are not Islamic legal texts per application for sale, se but rather are polemical works seeking to advance a politicized Islam through violence, if necessary. Nor are these authors recognized Shari'a scholars. The same cannot be said for some classical works that are also supportive of violence in the name of Islam. Works by several respected jurists and scholars from the four major Sunni schools of Homework jurisprudence, dating from the eighth to fourteenth centuries, are all in agreement that violent jihad against non-Muslims is a religious obligation.[19] Such behavior is normative, legally-sanctioned violence not confined to modern writers with a political axe to review, grind.

Nor does its presence in classical Muslim works make it a relic of some medieval past. While Umdat as-Salik (Reliance of the Traveler) may have been compiled in the fourteenth century, al-Azhar University, perhaps the preeminent center of Sunni learning in the world, stated in its 1991 certification of the English translation that the book conforms to the practice and faith of the orthodox Sunni community.[20] While addressing a host of Homework answers theological matters and detailed instructions as to how Muslims should order their daily routine to demonstrate piety and College application for sale be double spaced, commitment to Islam, this certified, authoritative text spends eleven pages expounding on help answers ks3 the applicability of jihad as violence directed against non-Muslims, stating for example: The caliph � makes war upon Jews, Christians, and papers xtremepapers, Zoroastrians � provided he has first invited them to Homework answers, enter Islam in faith and practice, and Help term xtremepapers, if they will not, then invited them to enter the social order of Islam by help answers, paying the non-Muslim poll tax.[21] The caliph fights all other peoples until they become Muslim � because they are not a people with a book, nor honored as such, and are not permitted to settle with paying the poll tax.[22] The Fiqh as-Sunna and Tafsir Ibn Kathir are examples of works that were rated moderate for online, purposes of this survey. The former, which focuses primarily on the internal Muslim community, the family, and the individual believer and not on violent jihad, was especially moderate in its endorsement of Homework violence. Relatively speaking, the Fiqh as-Sunna expresses a more restrained view of movie violent jihad, in that it does not explicitly call for a holy war against the West even though it understands the Western influence on Islamic governments as a force that is destructive to Islam itself.[23] Nonetheless, such texts do express positive views toward the use of violence against the other, as expressed in the following: Ibn Abbas reported that the Homework answers, Prophet, upon whom be peace, said, The ties of Islam and the principles of the religion are three, and whoever leaves one of expert them becomes an unbeliever, and his blood becomes lawful: testifying that there is no god except God, the obligatory prayers, and the fast of Ramadan. � Another narration states, If anyone leaves one of [the three principles], by God he becomes an unbeliever, and no voluntary deeds or recompense will be accepted from him, and his blood and wealth become lawful. This is a clear indication that such a person is to be killed.[24] Similarly in Tafsir Ibn Kathir : Perform jihad against help the disbelievers with the sword, and be harsh with the hypocrites with words, and this is the jihad performed against them.[25]

The survey's findings, explored in depth below, were that 51 percent of with term mosques had texts that either advocated the use of violence in the pursuit of a Shari'a-based political order or advocated violent jihad as a duty that should be of Homework help paramount importance to Help with papers xtremepapers, a Muslim; 30 percent had only texts that were moderately supportive of violence like the Tafsir Ibn Kathir and Fiqh as-Sunna ; 19 percent had no violent texts at all. A representative sample of one hundred mosques throughout the United States was surveyed. Homework Help. Table 1 presents the distribution of mosques by state. One quarter of the Unemployed review, mosques had 10 or fewer worshipers; 50 percent had up to 28 worshipers; 75 percent had up to 70; the largest mosque had an estimated 1,700 worshipers. Table 1: Number of Mosques Surveyed by State. The study found a statistically significant association between the help answers, severity of violence-positive texts on College application for sale be double mosque premises and Shari'a-adherent behaviors. As indicated in Homework help ks3, Table 2, mosques that segregated men from online women during prayer service were more likely to contain violence-positive materials than those mosques where men and Homework ks3, women were not segregated. Mosques that did not segregate genders were also less likely to possess violence-positive materials (26 percent) but nonetheless did carry both moderate (27 percent) and Help with xtremepapers, severe materials (47 percent). Table 2: Shari'a-adherent Mosques and Violence-positive Materials. Segregation in prayer.

Imam or lay leader has Sunna beard. [ii] Has Riyadh as-Salaheen (n=7) or more extreme fiqh material. [iii] In 1 mosque there was no prayer and surveyor could not determine the usual practice. [iv] 4 mosques did not have a leader. [v] 3 with no beard included in ks3, this category. [vi] 3 had traditional beards with henna; and all were in the severe group. They were combined with this group for Best essay argumentative, ease of reporting.

[vii] In 1 case it was not determined. As was the case with gender segregation, those mosques that displayed strict alignment of Homework help ks3 men's prayer lines were more likely than their less observant counterparts to contain materials from both the moderate and severe categories. Thus, 59 percent of with papers xtremepapers such mosques contained severe texts as opposed to 42 percent of mosques that did not enforce strict prayer line alignment. Conversely, only 4 percent of mosques with strict prayer line alignment possessed no violence-positive texts while 36 percent of their less observant counterparts exhibited no such literature. Whether the mosque's imam or lay leader wore a traditional beard was also predictive of Homework help ks3 whether the with term xtremepapers, mosque would contain violence-positive materials on premises. Of the mosques led by traditionally bearded imams, 61 percent contained literature in the severe category, 33 percent contained only moderate-rated materials, and 7 percent did not contain any. Forty-six percent of the mosques in which the imam did not wear a traditional beard contained severe materials, 28 percent had moderate-rated texts, and help ks3, 26 percent contained none on site. Other aspects of an imam's or lay leader's appearance, such as wearing a head covering or traditional garb like a thoub (full-length, white gown with long sleeves) were not statistically significant. Table 3 reveals another statistically significant finding associated with mosque attendance. Term Xtremepapers. Mosques that contained written materials in the severe category were the best attended, followed by those with only Homework help moderate-rated materials, trailed in turn by Help with term, those lacking such texts.

Mosques with severe materials had a mean attendance of Homework ks3 118 worshipers while mosques containing only Unemployed review university moderate materials had a mean attendance of 60 worshipers; mosques that contained no violence-positive literature had a mean attendance of 15 worshipers. Table 3: Violence-positive Materials, Mosque Attendance, and Shari'a-based Worshiper Characteristics. [ii] Has Riyadh as-Salaheen (n=7) or more extreme fiqh material. [iii] In 2 mosques only the imam was present. [iv] Data in Homework help ks3, parentheses that follow percentage figures denote the Supersize movie, standard deviation. [v] Women were present in 65 mosques. [vi] Boys were present in 63 mosques. The adoption or rejection of Western dress by male worshipers was yet another telling indicator of the presence of ks3 violence-positive materials.

In mosques that contained no violence-positive materials, an average of 73 percent of the men wore Western garb. In those mosques in which only moderate literature was available, 35 percent of male worshipers wore Western clothing; almost the college essay 2014, same figure (34 percent) was exhibited in mosques featuring Qutb, et al. The survey was unable to find a statistically significant indicator when it came to women wearing a modern hijab as opposed to the more conservative traditional hijab , which covers all of the hair, or the niqab , which covers the whole body other than the eyes. This category recorded the distinction between an adult female worshiper wearing the less conservative modern hijab and the traditional Shari'a-adherent hijab and niqab . Perhaps more troubling than the Homework help answers ks3, correlation between jihadist literature and Shari'a-adherent behaviors within a mosque was the role played by imams in recommending that worshipers study material that promote violence. The more manifestly Shari'a-adherent a mosque, the more likely its imam was to recommend the study of application essays for sale spaced violence-positive texts. Thus, as seen in Table 4, 96 percent of the imams in mosques that observed strict prayer line alignment recommended such reading material. Similarly, 93 percent of the imams who sported a traditional, full beard endorsed the study of such writings.

But while the presence of certain Shari'a-adherent behaviors correlated almost one-to-one with the promotion of the violence-positive texts, the absence of these attributes should not be construed as a sign of true moderation. In mosques that did not practice strict prayer line alignment, a striking 72 percent of imams nonetheless recommended violence-positive materials. Similarly, 78 percent of imams who did not wear a traditional beard were proponents of help answers these texts. Table 4: Shari'a-based Mosque Prayer, Shari'a-based Imam Characteristics, and Assignment reviews, Imam Recommended Violence-positive Material. Segregation in prayer. Beard of imam or lay leader. [ii] In 4 mosques, neither an imam nor a lay leader was present. However, in 1 of these 4 cases the imam had made clear recommendations on the mosque's webpage. [iii] In 1 case it was not determined. Moreover, mosques where the help ks3, imam recommended violence-positive materials for study were marked by review, a higher presence of worshipers�both men and women�who took on a Shari'a-adherent appearance and a lower percentage of worshipers of a more assimilative or Western appearance (see Table 5).

As such, these mosques were much better attended than those where such materials were not promoted. Imams at 82 of the 100 mosques surveyed recommended that worshipers study violence-positive materials; these mosques experienced a mean attendance of 96 worshipers and a median attendance of help ks3 39. At the same time, at the 15 mosques surveyed where the imam did not recommend the study of such texts, the Help with term papers xtremepapers, mean attendance was approximately 17 worshipers with a median attendance figure of 4. Table 5: Mosque Attendance, Shari'a-based Worshiper Characteristics, and Imam Recommended Violence-positive Material. [ii] Data in parentheses that follow percentage figures denote the standard deviation. [iii] Women were present in Homework help answers, 65 mosques. Data collected on percent women with niqab (rare), hijab, and modern hijab. The survey found a strong correlation between the services nursing, presence of severe violence-promoting literature and mosques featuring written, audio, and help answers, video materials that actually promoted such acts. By promotion of jihad, the study included literature encouraging worshipers to engage in terrorist activity, to provide financial support to jihadists, and to promote the establishment of a caliphate in the United States. These materials also explicitly praised acts of terror against the West; praised symbols or role models of Assignment expert reviews writing violent jihad; promoted the Homework ks3, use of force, terror, war, and violence to Help papers xtremepapers, implement the Shari'a; emphasized the inferiority of non-Muslim life; promoted hatred and intolerance toward non-Muslims or notional Muslims; and endorsed inflammatory materials with anti-U.S. views.

As Table 6 demonstrates, of the Homework help answers, 51 mosques that contained severe materials, 100 percent were led by imams who recommended that worshipers study texts that promote violence. Table 6: Violence-positive Materials and Promotion of Violent Jihad. [ii] Has Riyadh as-Salaheen (n=7) or more extreme fiqh material. [iii] Denominator is 17, 2 in this column had no imam or leader. For example, mosques containing violence-positive materials were substantially more likely to movie online, include materials promoting financial support of terror than mosques that did not contain such texts. A disturbing 98 percent of mosques with severe texts included materials promoting financial support of terror. Those with only moderate-rated materials on site were not markedly different, with 97 percent providing such materials. These results stand in stark contrast to the mosques with no violence-positive materials on their premises where only Homework help answers ks3 5 percent provided materials urging financial support of College nursing terror. These results were comparable when using other indicators of help answers jihad promotion. Thus, 98 percent of mosques that contained severe-rated literature included materials promoting establishing an Islamic caliphate in the United States as did 97 percent of mosques containing only moderate-rated materials.

By contrast, only one out of the 19 mosques (5 percent) that had no violence-positive literature advocated this. Similarly, mosques with severe or moderate materials invited speakers known to have promoted violent jihad (76 percent and 60 percent respectively) versus one mosque out of 19 (5 percent) which did not contain violence-positive texts. Finally, three patterns of Supersize movie online behavior indicating promotion of violent jihad did not strongly correlate to the presence of violence-positive literature. Help. Despite the presence of severe texts in such mosques, only Assignment writing a small number actually encouraged joining a terrorist organization, openly collected monies for help answers, such organizations, or distributed memorabilia featuring jihadists or terrorist organizations. Unemployed Professors. Although very few mosques engaged openly in Homework help answers ks3, these activities, a correlation between these activities and Help term papers xtremepapers, the presence and severity of violence-positive literature was shown to exist. The conclusions to Homework answers ks3, be drawn from this survey are dismal at professors, best, offering empirical support for Homework answers ks3, previous anecdotal studies on the connection between highly Shari'a-adherent mosques and political violence in Unemployed professors, the name of ks3 Islam.

The mosques where there were greater indicators of review Shari'a adherence were more likely to contain materials that conveyed a positive attitude toward employing violent jihad against the West and non-Muslims. Homework Answers. The fact that spiritual sanctioners who help individuals become progressively more radicalized are connected to highly Shari'a-adherent mosques is me assignment movie online another cause for deep concern.[26] In almost every instance, the imams at the mosques where violence-positive materials were available recommended that worshipers study texts that promoted violence. The survey also demonstrates that there are mosques and mosque-going Muslims who are interested in Homework ks3, a non-Shari'a-centric Islam where tolerance of the other, at least as evidenced by the absence of jihad-promoting literature, is the norm. Help With Term Xtremepapers. Mosques where violence-positive literature was not present exhibited significantly fewer indicators of orthodox, Shari'a-adherent behaviors and were also significantly less likely to promote violent jihad or invite speakers supportive of violent jihad. Homework Answers Ks3. These non-Shari'a-centric mosques may provide a foundation from which a reformed Islam and its followers can more completely integrate into liberal, Western citizenship. The results of this survey do not indicate the professors review, percentage of American Muslims that actually attend mosques with any regularity, nor does it reveal what relative percentage of American Muslims demonstrate Shari'a-adherent or non-adherent behaviors. Moreover, although this study shows that imams at answers, Shari'a-adherent mosques recommend studying violence-positive materials and utilize their mosques for support of violent jihad, it does not capture the individual attendees' attitudes toward religiously sanctioned violence. However, it is at least reasonable to conclude that worshipers at such mosques are more sympathetic to the message of the literature present at those mosques and to what is being preached there. A follow-up survey of expert individual mosque attendees would provide insight regarding the ks3, relationship, if any, between Shari'a-adherence on the individual level and the individual's attitude toward violent jihad. A recent study by Andrew F. March examined whether Islamic doctrine would allow Muslims to Supersize online, cooperate socially with non-Muslims and sincerely affirm liberal citizenship as that term is understood in its Western, democratic sense. He argued that there were grounds for an overlapping consensus but also noted that present-day Salafists cite texts holding that Muslims are either at war with non-Muslims or, at best, are in a state devoid of any obligation to cooperate socially with them.[27] Additionally, March noted that the underpinnings of ks3 his theoretical consensus might be negated by empirical evidence showing that a large percentage of Muslims are unaware of [or reject] arguments that advocate for homework services, Western notions of liberal citizenship.[28]

Although released before March's study, an April 2007 survey conducted by WorldPublicOpinion.org presented such empirical evidence. Help. The survey found that majorities in Morocco, Egypt, Pakistan, and Indonesia�ostensibly moderate Muslim countries�favored a strict application of Shari'a law in every Islamic country and keeping Western values out of Islamic counties.[29] However, that survey reports the attitudes of residents in non-Western countries that enforce Shari'a to varying degrees. College For Sale. It might be expected that Muslims in the West�who are immersed in Western culture, values, and democracy�would express different attitudes than their counterparts in the Middle East, Far East, and help answers, North Africa. Unfortunately, the results of the College homework, current survey strongly suggest that Islam�as it is generally practiced in mosques across the United States�continues to manifest a resistance to the kind of tolerant religious and legal framework that would allow its followers to make a sincere affirmation of liberal citizenship. This survey provides empirical support for the view that mosques across America, as institutional and social settings for mosque-going Muslims, are at help ks3, least resistant to social cooperation with non-Muslims.

Indeed, the overwhelming majority of argumentative mosques surveyed promoted literature supportive of violent jihad and a significant number invited speakers known to have promoted violent jihad and other behaviors that are inconsistent with a reasonable construct of liberal citizenship. This survey suggests that, first and foremost, Muslim community leaders must take a more active role in educating their own faith community about the dangers associated with providing a safe haven for violent literature and its promotion�whether that safe haven is the mosque or the social club. These results also suggest that researchers and counterterrorist specialists should pay closer attention to the use and help answers ks3, exploitation of classic Islamic legal doctrine and jurisprudence for recruiting and generating a commitment to violence against the perceived enemies of Islam. Finally, these findings should engender at least an college essay argumentative, interest among researchers to begin to Homework, study carefully Muslim attitudes toward citizenship and violence but one that differentiates between those who are Shari'a-adherent and Best 2014, those who are not. And, among Shari'a adherents, this future survey data must be sensitive to answers, the distinction between traditionalism, orthodoxy, and services nursing, Salafism, along with the more obvious sect distinctions, such as between Sunnis and Shiites. Non-Shari'a-adherent communal prayer occurs when men and women are not segregated during the prayer service and Homework help ks3, the genders mix. Non-Shari'a-adherent alignment of men's prayer lines occurs when there is no observable attention paid to strict alignment of the men's prayer lines. A non-Sunna style beard is either limited to a chin-beard or if the imam or lay leader wears no beard at Help with xtremepapers, all. Non-Shari'a adherent behavior is that the imam or lay leader did not wear a religious head covering.

Non-Shari'a-adherent garb is ks3 Western-style clothing such as modern-style dress or casual pants and Best, shirt. Wearing the watch on help the left wrist or not wearing a watch at College homework services, all. Non-Shari'a-adherent behavior is for an adult male worshiper to have no beard. Non-Shari'a-adherent behavior is for an adult male to Homework ks3, not wear a religious hat. Non-Shari'a-adherent behavior is to wear Western-style clothing such as pants not rolled up above the ankles.

Non-Shari'a-adherent behavior is to wear the modern hijab (a scarf that does not completely cover the hair) or to not wear any hair covering. Non-Shari'a-adherent behavior is to Help term xtremepapers, not wear the hijab. Non-Shari'a-adherent behavior is to not wear a religious head covering. If the help ks3, surveyor found the Riyadh as-Salaheen , works by Qutb or Mawdudi, or similar materials, then the mosque was categorized as containing severe-rated materials. If the College application for sale be double, surveyor found no violence-positive materials or if the violence-positive materials constituted less than 10% of all available materials, then the mosque was categorized as containing no materials. If the Homework answers, imam or lay leader recommended studying any of the materials mentioned above except the Best college essay, Qur'an and/or Sunna, then the imam or lay leader was recorded as having recommended the study of texts promoting the rated material. [1] According to Islamic jurisprudence, Shari'a adherence can be measured across several normative axes, such as obligatory-prohibited, recommended-discouraged, and simply permissible.

In theory, every act of a Shari'a-adherent Muslim falls within one of the normative categories�that is, there is answers no behavior outside of Shari'a. For purposes of this survey, the authors have chosen, except where indicated by notation, the reviews, obligatory-prohibited and the recommended-discouraged or recommended-permissible axes, which we have demarcated Shari'a-adherent/non- Shari'a-adherent, respectively. [2] If a mosque, on the basis of materials observed by the surveyor, was recorded as having: (a) promoted violent jihad; (b) promoted joining a terrorist organization; (c) promoted financial support of terror; (d) collected money openly at Homework help, the mosque for a known terrorist organization; (e) promoted establishing the Caliphate in the U.S.; (f) praised terror against the West; (g) distributed memorabilia featuring jihadists or terrorist organizations; or (h) invited imams or preachers who are known to have promoted violent jihad, then the online, materials that the surveyor relied on to record the ks3, presence of this material were subject to Unemployed, a secondary review by a committee of three subject-matter experts. This secondary review was collected and reviewed by the experts evaluating the materials independently of help answers one another. A consensus view of two of the three experts was required to confirm the surveyor's observation. With Term Papers. In 63 percent of the cases, the materials were so explicit in their promotion, praise, or support for the above behaviors that the committee's decision was unanimous. In no instance was there not a consensus and agreement with the surveyor's observation. [3] The different legal schools vary on whether a beard is obligatory or preferable; they also differ on whether the beard for Homework answers, purposes of fiqh is application essays only the help ks3, chin hairs or also the Assignment expert writing, lateral hairs of the sideburns and Homework answers ks3, cheeks; and they differ on the minimum required length before trimming is permitted.

The majority view, taking into account all schools and the Salafist opinions, is that a full beard is Sunna (following the behavior of Muhammad) and if not obligatory, preferable. For purposes of this survey, the full beard, trimmed or not, was considered Shari'a-adherent and a chin beard or no beard, was considered as non-Sunna, and in the survey's lexicon, non-adherent. [4] While wearing a watch on College the right hand is not strictly speaking a Shari'a requirement, during the preparation of the methodology of this survey, the help answers ks3, authors identified literature at several mosques attended by Salafists advocating the Help with term xtremepapers, wearing of Homework help answers a watch on the right hand for two reasons: not to wear jewelry on the left hand to Assignment reviews, follow the mode of dress of Muhammad, who, based upon certain Sunna, did not wear jewelry on his left hand; and to Homework help answers, avoid dressing in College essays spaced, the way of non-Muslims. The authors decided to add this observation to determine whether this behavior translated into observance by the more fundamentalist Salafists. They also observed that the 12 imams who wore the watch on the right hand were right handed. [5] All of the materials characterized from this point to the end of the survey were dated or produced prior to Homework help answers, September 11, 2001 but were still available or sold by Best college essay 2014 argumentative, the mosque in prominent fashion. Sampling: The survey analyzed data collected from a random sample of 100 mosques. This sample size provided sufficient statistical power to find a statistically significant association between most of the Homework answers ks3, selected Shari'a-adherent behaviors and violence-positive variables. Most Shari'a adherence and violence-positive variables exhibited a strong correlation while some exhibited a weak or no correlation.

A sample size of 100 mosques also allowed the survey to extrapolate to all mosques in the United States at a 95 percent confidence interval with a margin of error of +/-9.6 percent. The survey was developed by reviews, using state-by-state estimates of the Muslim population extracted from the only extant such survey.[30] This was then used to help ks3, create a listing of all states whose Muslim population represented at least 1 percent of the estimated total United States Muslim population. Supersize. Fourteen states and the District of Columbia (15 randomly selected states) were randomly selected from the final listing to ks3, accommodate limits on physical logistics and personnel resources for the actual survey. For each of the fourteen states and D.C., cities with the highest estimated concentrations of Muslims were identified, and mosques within those areas were eventually selected. The survey combined the data on 1,209 mosques listed in The Mosque in America: A National Portrait[31] with the professors review university, data on the 1,659 mosques obtained online from Harvard's Pluralism Project,[32] with duplicates eliminated. Mosques were excluded from the list if there were indications that they were no longer operating, with a final site list yielding a total of 1,401 potential mosques for the survey. The dates and prayer times for visiting mosques were also randomly selected. Homework. If a mosque was found to term papers, be closed, abandoned, or not at the address listed, then the next mosque that appeared on the randomized list for that city was visited.

When the dominant language of the subject mosque was determined to answers ks3, be other than English, such as Arabic, Urdu, or Farsi, the surveyor who visited the mosque was fluent in that language. Each mosque was visited twice, once between May 18, 2007, and December 4, 2008 (Survey Period), and then again between May 10, 2009, and application for sale be double, May 30, 2010 (Audit Period). The results of the Audit Period confirmed the findings in the Survey Period in all but nine mosques. Data Collection: A surveyor visited a subject mosque in answers, order: (a) to observe and record 12 Shari'a-adherent behaviors of the worshipers and the imam (or lay leader); (b) to observe whether the mosque contained the selected materials rated as moderate and severe; (c) to Help with papers xtremepapers, observe whether the mosque contained materials promoting, praising, or supporting violence or violent jihad; and help, (d) to observe whether the mosque contained materials indicating the mosque had invited guest speakers known to College services nursing, have promoted violent jihad. Homework Answers Ks3. (See Appendix A for a more detailed presentation of the survey variables and methodology.) Thus, the survey only examined the presence of Shari'a-adherent behaviors, the college essay argumentative, presence of violence-positive materials in help answers ks3, mosques, whether an reviews, imam would promote the study of violence-positive materials, and whether a mosque was used as a forum to help answers ks3, promote violent jihad. Since there is no central body to which all mosques belong, it was difficult to ascertain that the sampling universe list was complete. This may have introduced bias into Supersize, the sampling although the authors find no evidence of any systemic distortions. Mordechai Kedar is an assistant professor in the departments of Arabic and Middle East studies and a research associate with the Begin-Sadat (BESA) Center for Homework answers, Strategic Studies, both at Bar Ilan University, Israel. David Yerushalmi is me assignment general counsel for The Center for Homework, Security Policy in Washington, D.C., and director of application be double policy studies at the Institute for Advanced Strategic and help answers, Political Studies in Potomac, Md. [1] Timeline of the Help with papers xtremepapers, Committee's Work on Violent Islamist Radicalization, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Washington, D.C., accessed Mar.

24, 2011. [3] Morning Edition , National Public Radio, Jan. 24, 2011. [4] Quintan Wiktorowicz, A Genealogy of Radical Islam, Studies in help ks3, Conflict and Terrorism , 28 (2005), pp. 75-97. [5] See Paul Gill, A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Suicide Bombing, International Journal of Conflict and Violence , 2 (2007), pp.

142-59. [6] Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of College essays spaced Pennsylvania Press, 2004), p. 93. [7] Mitchell D. Silber and Arvin Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat (New York: New York City Police Department, 2007), pp. 2-90. [8] Jeremy Ginges, Ian Hansen, and Homework help, Ara Norenzayan, Religion and Support for Suicide Attacks, Psychology Science , 2 (2009), pp. 224-30. [9] Saba Mahmood, Rehearsed Spontaneity and the Conventionality of Ritual: Disciplines of Salat, American Ethnologist , Nov.

2004, pp. 827-53. [10] Daniel Winchester, Embodying the Faith: Religious Practice and the Making of Muslim Moral Habitus, Social Forces , June 2008, pp. 1753-80; Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqh as-Sunna (Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1991), vol. Best College 2014 Argumentative. 2, pp. 67-74. [11] Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller and Tools for the Worshipper , trans.

Sheikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, p. vii, accessed Nov. 21, 2010; Wael B. Hallaq, Shari'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. Help. 72-8, 113-24. [12] Sabiq, Fiqh as-Sunna , vol. 1, p. 113.

[14] Ibid., F12.4; Sabiq, Fiqh as-Sunna , vol. 2, pp. 50, 56. [18] Sayyid Qutb, Milestones , in Help with papers, Studies in Islam and the Middle East, 2005, p. 34. [19] Hallaq, Shari'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations , pp.

324-34; Majid Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), pp. 42-137; Rudolph Peters, Jihad in help ks3, Classical and Modern Islam , 2nd ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener Publications, 2005), pp. 1-57; David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), pp. Best College Essay 2014 Argumentative. 13-92; Majid Khadduri, trans., The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's Siyar (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1965), pp. 1-22; Mary Haybeck, Knowing the answers, Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 107-33; David Yerushalmi, Selected Classical Sources on Jihad, 2009, accessed Nov. Unemployed Professors Review. 6, 2010. [20] Al-Azhar certification of Reliance of the Traveller , Islamic Research Academy, al-Azhar University, Cairo, Feb. 11, 1991. [23] Sabiq, Fiqh as-Sunna , vol. Homework Help Answers. 3, p. 76.

[25] Hafiz Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Houston: Darussalam Publishers, 2000), vol. Best Argumentative. 4, p. 475. [26] See, for example, The New York Daily News , Nov. 11, 2009. [27] Andrew F. March, Islam and Liberal Citizenship: The Search for an Overlapping Consensus (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 266. [29] Muslim Public Opinion on U.S. Policy, Attacks on Civilians, and Al Qaeda, The Program on International Policy Attitudes at Homework help, the University of Maryland, WorldPublicOpinion.org, Apr. College Homework Services. 24, 2007. [30] Barry A. Kosmin and Seymour P. Homework Answers. Lachman, One Nation under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society (New York: Harmony Books, 1993), pp. 96-7.

[31] Ihsan Bagby, Paul M. Perl, and Bryan T. Froehle, The Mosque in America: A National Portrait, Council on Assignment expert reviews writing American Islamic Relations, Washington, D.C., Apr. 26, 2001. [32] Directory of Religious Centers, Pluralism Project, Harvard University, Cambridge, accessed Oct. 30, 2010. Related Topics: Islamic law (Shari'a), Muslims in the United States | Mordechai Kedar | Summer 2011 MEQ receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free mef mailing list This text may be reposted or forwarded so long as it is presented as an integral whole with complete and accurate information provided about Homework answers, its author, date, place of publication, and original URL.

Jan 28, 2018 Homework help answers ks3, custom essay writing service -

The 2009 H1N1 Pandemic: Summary Highlights, April 2009-April 2010. Updated: June 16, 2010. This document summarizes key events of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and CDC��s response activities for historical purposes. This document is a summary; it is not a comprehensive account of all CDC actions and activities nor is answers ks3 it intended to represent response efforts by other agencies and partners. The 2009 H1N1 influenza (flu) pandemic occurred against College essays for sale, a backdrop of pandemic response planning at Homework help ks3 all levels of government including years of essays be double spaced, developing, refining and regularly exercising response plans at the international, federal, state, local, and ks3, community levels.

At the time, experts believed that avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses posed the Unemployed, greatest pandemic threat. H5N1 viruses were endemic in poultry in help answers parts of the world and were infecting people sporadically, often with deadly results. Given that reality, pandemic preparedness efforts were largely based on a scenario of severe human illness caused by an H5N1 virus. Despite differences in planning scenarios and the actual 2009 H1N1 pandemic, many of the systems established through pandemic planning were used and useful for the 2009 H1N1 pandemic response. CDC��s response to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic response was complex, multi-faceted and long-term, lasting more than a year. This document seeks to document for the public the key events of the pandemic as they unfolded and CDC��s response.

The following is a summary narrative of highlighted CDC-related events from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. 2009 H1N1 was first detected in the United States in April 2009. This virus was a unique combination of influenza virus genes never previously identified in either animals or people. For Sale Be Double Spaced? The virus genes were a combination of genes most closely related to North American swine-lineage H1N1 and Eurasian lineage swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses. Because of answers, this, initial reports referred to the virus as a swine origin influenza virus. However, investigations of initial human cases did not identify exposures to pigs and quickly it became apparent that this new virus was circulating among humans and not among U.S. pig herds. Infection with this new influenza A virus (then referred to as ��swine origin influenza A virus��) was first detected in a 10-year-old patient in California on April 15, 2009, who was tested for influenza as part of a clinical study. Help Papers Xtremepapers? Laboratory testing at CDC confirmed that this virus was new to humans. Two days later, CDC laboratory testing confirmed a second infection with this virus in another patient, an 8-year-old living in help California about 130 miles away from the first patient who was tested as part of an influenza surveillance project. Best College 2014 Argumentative? There was no known connection between the two patients. Laboratory analysis at CDC determined that the viruses obtained from these two patients were very similar to each other, and different from any other influenza viruses previously seen either in humans or animals.

Testing showed that these two viruses were resistant to the two antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine, but susceptible to the antiviral drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir. CDC began an immediate investigation into Homework ks3 the situation in Supersize online coordination with state and local animal and human health officials in answers California. The cases of 2009 H1N1 flu in College application California occurred in the context of sporadic reports of human infection with North American-lineage swine influenza viruses in the United States, most often associated with close contact with infected pigs. (During December 2005 �� January 2009, 12 cases of human infection with swine influenza were reported; five of these 12 cases occurred in patients who had direct exposure to pigs, six patients reported being near pigs, and the source of Homework help answers ks3, infection in one case was unknown). Human-to-human spread swine influenza viruses had been rarely documented and had not been known to result in College homework services widespread community outbreaks among people. In mid-April of 2009, however, the answers ks3, detection of two patients infected with swine origin flu viruses 130 miles apart, raised concern that a novel swine-origin influenza virus had made its way into the human population and College services, was spreading among people. CDC remained in close contact with the ks3, international health community as the Best college argumentative, outbreak unfolded and on help answers ks3 April 18, 2009, under the International Health Regulations (IHR) the United States International Health Regulations Program reported the 2009 H1N1 influenza cases to the World Health Organization (WHO). The cases also were reported to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Canada and Unemployed university, Mexico, as part of the Homework answers, Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America. CDC worked closely with state and local animal and human health officials on epidemiological investigations by for sale tracing contacts of Homework, both patients to try to determine the source of their infection and by examining whether there was any link between the patients and pigs. Assignment Expert Reviews? Surveillance also was enhanced to try to detect additional cases of human illness with this virus. Based on the geographic location of the first cases, lack of contact between these cases and swine, and data collected through contact tracing and laboratory testing, CDC epidemiologists suspected that human-to-human transmission of this virus had taken place. In an article entitled Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children --- Southern California, March-April 2009 published on April 21, 2009 in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), CDC described the cases and requested that state public health laboratories send to CDC all influenza A specimens that could not be subtyped.

That same day CDC responded to Homework help, media inquiries related to the MMWR from me assignment medical reporters. Within a day, three additional samples of this new virus were identified in ks3 San Diego County and Imperial County California hospitals and sent to CDC for further testing. CDC laboratory testing confirmed that these samples also were positive for the virus that would come to Unemployed review, be called ��2009 H1N1.��. By April 21, 2009, CDC had begun working to develop a virus that could be used to make vaccine to protect against Homework help ks3, this new virus (called a candidate vaccine virus). Unemployed Review? There are many steps involved with producing a vaccine �� the first step is getting a good high yield vaccine virus. A high-yield vaccine virus is a sample of the Homework help ks3, virus that is used to grow the virus in mass quantities in chicken eggs. Once the virus is grown in mass quantities, the virus particles are then purified to Unemployed review university, make vaccine. Recognizing that 2009 H1N1 was a new flu virus �� and, like all flu viruses, unpredictable - CDC simultaneously pursued multiple scientific methods to create a high-yield virus.

A virus isolated at Homework answers ks3 CDC, (called A/California/07/2009) was eventually chosen to be the vaccine virus used to make vaccine. CDC sent the vaccine virus to vaccine manufacturing companies so that they could begin vaccine production, in the event that the U.S. government should decide a vaccine was necessary. CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center (EOC) on April 22, 2009, to Assignment reviews writing, coordinate the response to this emerging public health threat. Response activities were organized into ks3 a team structure according to the National Incident Management System (NIMS)These teams had different areas of focus including but not limited to: surveillance, laboratory issues, communications, at-risk populations, antiviral medications, vaccine, and traveler��s health issues. As the outbreak unfolded, team structures and staffing were periodically assessed for functionality and utility. On April 23, 2009, samples submitted by Texas revealed two additional cases of human infections with 2009 H1N1, transforming the review, investigation into a multistate outbreak and response. At the help, same time, CDC was testing 14 samples from Mexico, some of Best college argumentative, which had been collected from patients who were ill before the first 2 U.S. (California) patients. Results from seven of the samples were positive for 2009 H1N1 and similar findings were reported for specimens submitted by Mexico to Canada. Homework? It had now become clear that cases were occurring in multiple countries and Best, human to human spread of the virus appeared to help, be ongoing. That same day CDC held the first formal full press briefing to inform the media and homework services nursing, guide the Homework answers, public and health care response to the rapidly evolving situation. CDC held nearly 60 press briefings during the 2009 H1N1 response.

On April 24, 2009, CDC uploaded complete gene sequences of the application essays be double, 2009 H1N1 virus to a publicly-accessible international influenza database, which enabled scientists around the world to use the sequences for public health research and for comparison against influenza viruses collected elsewhere, and an updated report on the outbreak was published online in Homework help the MMWR. World Braces for Possible Pandemic. On Saturday, April 25, 2009, under the rules of the International Health Regulations, the Director-General of WHO declared the 2009 H1N1 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of College essays be double, International Concern and recommended that countries intensify surveillance for unusual outbreaks of influenza-like illness and severe pneumonia. Also on Homework answers ks3 April 25, 2009, New York City officials reported an investigation into Unemployed a cluster of Homework help answers, influenza-like illness in Assignment expert writing a high school, and answers, CDC testing confirmed two cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza infection in College essays be double spaced Kansas, and another case in Ohio shortly after. On April 26, 2009, the help answers, United States Government determined that a public health emergency existed nationwide; CDC��s Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) began releasing 25% of the supplies in the stockpile that could be used to protect and treat influenza. This included 11 million regimens of antiviral drugs, and personal protective equipment including over 39 million respiratory protection devices (masks and respirators), gowns, gloves and professors university, face shields, to states (allocations were based on each state��s population).

As part of the help ks3, nation��s pre-pandemic planning efforts, by April 2009 the Federal Government had purchased 50 million treatment courses of Help with term papers, antiviral drugs �� oseltamivir and zanamivir �� for the SNS, and Homework help, states had purchased 23 million antiviral regimens. After the determination of the public health emergency, FDA also took action to Unemployed review university, expand possible usage of antiviral drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir by issuing Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs). The EUAs allowed for use of the products in a manner different from what they were FDA-approved for. This included allowing for off-label use of: oseltamivir to treat children younger than 1 year of age and to help prevent influenza in children 3 months to 1 year of age, and; oseltamivir and zanamivir to treat patients who are symptomatic for more than two days before initiation of Homework help answers ks3, treatment, or who had complicated illness requiring hospitalization. On April 27, the online, WHO Director-General raised the level of influenza pandemic alert from phase 3 to phase 4, based primarily on epidemiological data demonstrating human-to-human transmission and the ability of the virus to cause community-level outbreaks.

Based on reports of widespread influenza-like-illness and help ks3, many severe illnesses and reviews writing, deaths in Mexico, CDC issued a travel health warning recommending that United States travelers postpone all non-essential travel to Mexico. As in past influenza seasons, CDC urged the Homework help ks3, public and especially those people at highest risk of influenza-related complications, to protect themselves by taking antiviral drugs early in their illness when recommended by Unemployed professors their doctor; CDC also advised that everyone take every day preventive actions like covering coughs and sneezes and staying home from help answers ks3 work and school when ill to help reduce the spread of illness. On April 29, 2009 WHO raised the Supersize me assignment movie, influenza pandemic alert from phase 4 to phase 5, signaling that a pandemic was imminent, and requested that all countries immediately activate their pandemic preparedness plans and be on high alert for unusual outbreaks of help ks3, influenza-like illness and severe pneumonia. Homework Nursing? The U.S. Government was already implementing its pandemic response plan. CDC continued to post and update guidance for states, clinicians, laboratories, schools, partners and Homework, the public on topics ranging from the non-pharmaceutical measures communities could take to limit spread of disease, to how to evaluate a patient for me assignment, possible infection with 2009 H1N1 influenza, to Homework ks3, how to care for children who might be sick with 2009 H1N1 influenza. On April 30, 2009, CDC issued an MMWR Dispatch describing the initial outbreak of 2009 H1N1 influenza in Mexico. Findings in Mexico indicated that transmission in Mexico involved person-to-person spread with multiple generations of transmission. CDC also issued an MMWR Dispatch on Help with papers xtremepapers the outbreak of 2009 H1N1 influenza infection in a high school in New York City, that was, at the time, the largest reported cluster of 2009 H1N1 cases in the United States.

The Dispatch suggested that the high school age students had respiratory and help answers, fever symptoms similar to those caused by a seasonal flu, but in addition, about half had diarrhea, which is more than expected with seasonal flu. As the details of the outbreak unfolded, the homework services nursing, Federal response continued in high gear. Homework Ks3? Also on April 30, 2009, HHS announced that the Federal government would purchase an additional 13 million treatment courses of 2014 argumentative, antiviral drugs to Homework ks3, help fight influenza. The additional treatment courses would be added to the SNS. As the outbreak spread, CDC began receiving reports of university, school closures and implementation of ks3, community-level social distancing measures meant to homework, slow the spread of disease. School administrators and public health officials were following their pandemic plans and doing everything they could to slow the spread of Homework answers, illness. (Social distancing measures are meant to increase distance between people. Measures include staying home when ill unless to seek medical care, avoiding large gatherings, telecommuting, and implementing school closures). CDC Laboratories Bolster Nation��s Testing Capacity. While initial efforts were underway to develop a safe and effective vaccine to protect people against 2009 H1N1, work also was being done at CDC to Supersize me assignment, help laboratories supporting health care professionals to more quickly identify the 2009 H1N1 virus in samples from patients. The real-time PCR test developed by answers CDC was cleared for use by homework services nursing diagnostic laboratories by Homework help answers FDA under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) on April 28, 2009, less than two weeks after identification of the new pandemic virus.

Prior to the availability of this EUA, public health laboratories had been able to identify whether influenza A viruses were seasonal influenza viruses or were a novel strain, but the new diagnostic kits allowed labs to confirm a virus as 2009 H1N1. On May 1, 2009, CDC test kits began shipping to domestic and international public health laboratories. Unemployed Professors Review? (Each test kit contained reagents to test 1,000 clinical specimens). From May 1 through September 1, 2009, more than 1,000 kits were shipped to 120 domestic and 250 international laboratories in 140 countries. Once labs had the test kits and verified that their testing was running properly, they were able to identify new cases more quickly than before and no longer needed to send samples to CDC for lab confirmation. The transition away from CDC lab confirmation testing didn��t happen overnight though - between April 23 and Homework help, May 31, 2009, CDC influenza laboratory analyzed about 5,000 influenza virus samples, five times the number that were processed in a similar timeframe in 2008, and more than during any previous influenza season. By May 18, 2009, 40 states had been validated to expert, conduct their own 2009 H1N1 testing, with eight states having multiple laboratories able to do their own testing. CDC alerted the public that the expansion in testing capacity would likely result in a jump in Homework the number of 2009 H1N1 cases, but that this would actually present a more accurate picture of the true scope of 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States. By May 1, 2009, CDC had identified some interesting things about the 2009 H1N1 virus. Researchers had confirmed earlier testing that the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus was a quadruple-reassortant virus, meaning that it contained virus genes that originated from four different influenza virus sources. Some of the gene segments originated from North American swine influenza viruses, some gene segments originated from North American avian influenza viruses, one gene segment originated from a human influenza virus, and two gene segments were normally found in swine influenza viruses from Asia and in Supersize movie Europe. Testing of a number of the virus samples submitted to ks3, CDC showed that they were very similar, which means they likely originated from the same source.

Laboratory testing showed that the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus did not have any 1918-like markers that had been associated with increased risk of professors review, severe disease. Testing also did not find genetic markers that were previously associated with high death rates in people infected with the avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in other countries.. On May 4, 2009, CDC shifted from reporting confirmed cases of 2009 H1N1 to reporting both confirmed and probable cases of Homework help, 2009 H1N1. Me Assignment Movie Online? At that point, more than 98% of ��probable�� flu virus samples were testing positive for 2009 H1N1, indicating the ever-growing scale of the help answers, outbreak. Probable cases were reported to CDC by state health departments and occurred in people who tested positive for influenza A and negative for seasonal influenza A(H1N1) and college argumentative, A(H3N2) subtypes at their state health department laboratory, but whose samples had not had confirmatory testing for the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. CDC Shares Personnel, Guidance, Early Results of ks3, Studies. CDC deployed a large number of staff to the field to support the Help with term, outbreak response; by Homework May 1, 2009, 50 staff people were deployed, and that number climbed to more than 100 by May 11, 2009, before gradually declining as field teams returned from deployment to complete studies, analyze collected data, and help inform policy decisions for the prevention and control of Best 2014 argumentative, 2009 H1N1 influenza. Over the course of the help ks3, outbreak, more than 3,300 people from throughout CDC would support the response. On May 6, 2009, CDC distributed recommendations for the use of influenza antiviral medicines to provide guidance for College for sale be double spaced, clinicians in prescribing antiviral medicines for treatment and prevention (chemoprophylaxis) of 2009 H1N1 influenza. Help Answers? CDC recommended that testing and antiviral treatment be prioritized for people with severe respiratory illness and people at review high risk of answers ks3, complications from seasonal influenza.

This included children younger than 5 years old, pregnant women, people with chronic medical conditions, and people 65 years and older. On May 8, 2009, CDC issued an MMWR updating the situations in Mexico, the professors review university, United States, and worldwide, and on May 15, 2009, CDC��s Travel Health Warning recommending against non-essential travel to Mexico, in effect since April 27, 2009, was downgraded to a Travel Health Precaution for Mexico. By this point in the outbreak, about half of all influenza viruses being detected through laboratory surveillance were 2009 H1N1 viruses, with the Homework ks3, other half being regular seasonal influenza viruses, including seasonal influenza A H1N1, influenza A H3N2 and Supersize online, type B viruses. Surveillance reports indicated that the largest number of Homework help answers, 2009 H1N1 influenza confirmed and be double, probable cases (about 57% of cases) were occurring among people between 5 years and 24 years of age, and 41% of the hospitalizations were occurring among older children and answers ks3, young adults. The highest rates of hospitalization were among children younger than 5 years of age; the next highest hospitalization rate was in people 5 years to 24 years of age.

Based on data from previous influenza pandemics and university, seasonal influenza, pregnant women had been recognized as a high-risk group early in the outbreak. Early data on 2009 H1N1 illness among pregnant women was reported in an article published as an MMWR Dispatch on May 12, 2009. This article emphasized the importance of empiric treatment (treatment without confirmatory testing) of pregnant women suspected to have 2009 H1N1. People with other previously recognized medical conditions that placed them at high risk of help ks3, complications from seasonal influenza also appeared to expert, be at answers ks3 increased risk of complications from me assignment online 2009 H1N1 influenza. In this report, seventy-one percent (71%) of hospitalized patients had one or more underlying chronic medical conditions. Reported deaths had occurred in help answers people ranging in College homework services nursing age from 22 months old to 57 years old. Also, only 13% of Homework answers ks3, hospitalizations had occurred in people 50 years and older, and Best college essay 2014, there were few cases and no deaths in people older than 65 years, which was unusual when compared with seasonal flu.

Early results of an antibody study conducted by CDC indicated that children had no existing cross-reactive antibody to the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, while about help ks3 one-third of College application essays for sale be double spaced, adults older than 60 years of age had cross-reactive antibody against Homework ks3, the 2009 H1N1 flu virus. One possible explanation for this pre-existing antibody in essays for sale older adults was that they may have had previous exposure, either through infection or vaccination, to an influenza A H1N1 virus that was more closely related to the 2009 H1N1 flu virus than contemporary seasonal influenza A (H1N1) viruses are. Data from a similar study suggested that seasonal influenza vaccine would not provide any significant protection against 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. On June 11, 2009, WHO signaled that a global pandemic of 2009 H1N1 influenza was underway by further raising the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 . That day, CDC held its first press conference with the ks3, new CDC Director Thomas Frieden, MD, MPH. Expert Reviews Writing? The press conference had a total of 2,355 participants. At the time, more than 70 countries had reported cases of answers, 2009 H1N1 infection, and community level outbreaks of 2009 H1N1 were ongoing in multiple parts of the world. The WHO decision to raise the pandemic alert level to Phase 6 was a reflection of me assignment movie, spread of the virus in other parts of the world and Homework help ks3, not a reflection of any change in the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus or associated illness.

To date, most people in the United States who had become ill with 2009 H1N1 influenza had not become seriously ill and had recovered without hospitalization. After the WHO declaration of a pandemic on College application for sale be double June 11, the 2009 H1N1 virus continued to help, spread and the number of countries reporting cases of 2009 H1N1 nearly doubled from mid-June 2009 to early July 2009. Expert Reviews? Significant levels of answers ks3, 2009 H1N1 illness continued, with localized and in some cases intense outbreaks occurring. By June 19, 2009, all 50 states in the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands had reported cases of 2009 H1N1 infection.

The United States continued to report the largest number of 2009 H1N1 cases of any country worldwide, although most people who became ill recovered without requiring medical treatment. By late June more than 30 summer camps in the U.S. had reported outbreaks of 2009 H1N1 influenza illness, and CDC released guidance for day and residential camps to reduce the spread of influenza. Assignment Expert? At the Homework help answers, June 25, 2009 Advisory Committee on College application for sale be double Immunization Practices Meeting, CDC estimated that at answers ks3 least 1 million cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza had occurred in the United States. In early July, 2009, three 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses that were resistant to the antiviral drug oseltamivir were detected in three countries. (Antiviral resistance is when a virus changes in such a way that the antiviral drug is less effective in Supersize me assignment treating or preventing illnesses caused by the virus.) CDC and WHO partners continued to conduct surveillance for antiviral resistance, although instances of antiviral resistance continued to be detected very rarely. Also in July 2009, CDC reported findings in the MMWR that indicated a striking prevalence of obesity in intensive care patients who were confirmed to have 2009 H1N1 influenza. Throughout the answers, pandemic, CDC would continue to examine the nursing, relationship between 2009 H1N1 influenza, obesity, severe disease and other underlying risk factors. CDC continued to work with the Council of State and Homework help, Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) to enhance surveillance for 2009 H1N1 influenza.

As 2009 H1N1 cases continued to occur through the spring and summer, the College be double spaced, task of counting cases became increasingly difficult. On May 12, 2009, CDC transitioned from reporting individual confirmed and Homework answers, probable cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza to reporting aggregate counts of 2009 H1N1 lab confirmed and probable cases, hospitalizations and deaths with the launch of an aggregate reporting web site. Once the numbers of cases increased beyond the point where counting of individual cases was practical, on July 23, 2009, CDC reported the number of 2009 cases for the last time. Reporting of 2009 H1N1 hospitalizations and deaths continued. Supersize Movie Online? In addition, CDC continued using its traditional surveillance systems to track the progress of the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak. Traditional surveillance systems do not count individual cases, but instead monitor activity levels and virus characteristics through a nationwide surveillance system. CDC worked closely with countries in Homework answers ks3 the Southern Hemisphere to monitor and enhance surveillance for influenza viruses throughout the summer months.

The Southern Hemisphere��s influenza season began in May 2009 and countries there reported that 2009 H1N1 virus was spreading and causing illness along with regular seasonal influenza viruses. After mid-July, disease activity in most countries decreased, and by papers xtremepapers November, temperate regions of the Homework answers ks3, Southern Hemisphere were reporting very little 2009 H1N1 disease activity. In general, the experience of the Southern Hemisphere with the 2009 H1N1 virus was similar to what is usually seen during a regular influenza season and did not seem to excessively impact the health care systems in the Southern Hemisphere. Also, surveillance systems did not find significant changes in the 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses circulating in the Southern Hemisphere as compared to viruses isolated from people in the Northern Hemisphere. These findings provided the U.S. with valuable clues related to what the essay argumentative, 2009-2010 influenza season in the United States might be like. Importantly, the lack of significant changes in the virus indicated that the 2009 H1N1 vaccine being manufactured would closely match the currently circulating 2009 H1N1 viruses and likely provide people with good protection against 2009 H1N1 influenza. 2009 H1N1 influenza summer activity peaked in the United States during May and June and declined during July and early August. However, levels of ks3, influenza activity would remain above normal throughout the summer months with localized outbreaks. During the last two weeks of August, 2009 H1N1 influenza activity again began to increase United States. In August 2009, CDC reported an additional two instances of online, oseltamivir-resistant virus infection in two immunosuppressed patients in Seattle, Washington. Later, in help ks3 mid-September, CDC reported two additional cases of oseltamivir-resistant 2009 H1N1 influenza in two summer campers in North Carolina.

CDC and partners continued to carefully track 2009 H1N1 influenza antiviral resistance. As of College services nursing, June 2010 the 2009 H1N1 virus remains susceptible to the antiviral drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir, with rare exception. Cases of antiviral resistance are carefully tracked and updated numbers are posted each week as part of the CDC publication FluView. In late August, CDC began working with the commercial supply chain (manufacturers, distributors, retailers) for certain influenza countermeasures to Homework answers, monitor national inventory levels of critical supplies (antivirals and homework services, respiratory protective equipment) on a weekly basis. This visibility provided important data to guide SNS decision-making leading to the release of answers ks3, additional SNS countermeasures. FDA and the manufacturer of the antiviral drug Tamiflu� (oseltamivir) recognized that commercial and review university, stockpiled supplies of Tamiflu� oral suspension (liquid formulation meant for children) were limited in October 2009. Homework Help Answers Ks3? CDC worked with partners to reach pharmacists with background information, updates on antiviral drug supplies, and instructions on how to compound oral suspension from Tamiflu� capsules meant for expert reviews writing, adults (Compounding is the answers, mixing of drugs by a health care professional to fit the unique needs of the patient).

CDC also provided instructions for parents and caregivers on how to Supersize movie, make a medicine mixture for their child using adult Tamiflu� capsules and thick, sweetened liquid. CDC also analyzed related surveillance data and based on the analysis over 500,000 bottles of pediatric oral suspension were distributed from the CDC SNS to states to fill production gaps and meet the increasing demand for the formulation. On October 23rd, 2009, FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for Peramivir IV. Peramivir IV is an investigational intravenous antiviral drug used to treat people who have been hospitalized due to severe flu illness. This drug was held in the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) and distributed by CDC under an EUA. Licensed clinicians were able to request this product through the CDC website electronic request system, and product was delivered directly to help ks3, hospital facilities. Also in October, HHS authorized the release of an additional 59.5 million N95 respirators. CDC closed out reports of 2009 H1N1 hospitalizations and deaths for the 2008-09 season in late August. On August 30, 2009, reporting modifications were implemented to allow states to report hospitalizations and deaths associated with any influenza or to report hospitalizations and deaths using a pneumonia and influenza syndromic case definition through the Unemployed professors review university, Aggregate Hospitalizations and Deaths Reporting Activity (AHDRA). This change in reporting was implemented in order to provide a fuller picture of the burden of serious flu illness and deaths during the help ks3, pandemic. The new reporting season for the 2009-2010 flu season began on August 30, 2009, and the first new numbers for the 2009-2010 season were reported in the September 11, 2009 issue of college, FluView.

Over the course of the pandemic, CDC refined and revised its surveillance methods, eventually developing a methodology based on ks3 surveillance data to professors review university, estimate the range of 2009 H1N1 cases, hospitalizations and deaths in the United States. CDC released its first official estimates for 2009 H1N1 cases, hospitalizations and deaths on November 12, 2009, and updated these on December 10, 2009, January 15, 2010, February 12, 2010, March 12, 2010, April 19, 2010 and for the final time on May 14, 2010. The emergence and spread of the Homework help answers ks3, 2009 H1N1 virus resulted in extraordinary influenza-like illness activity in the United States throughout the summer and fall months of 2009. Essays? During this period, influenza activity reached its highest level in help the reporting week ending October 24, 2009, with 49 of 50 states reporting geographically widespread disease. A cornerstone of the U.S. Unemployed Professors? Government response to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was the launch of the national influenza 2009 H1N1 vaccination campaign that began in October. Much activity led up to the launch of the vaccination campaign. Starting in early June 2009, weekly calls were held to provide state and help answers, local planners with vaccine-related updates, and on July 8, 2009, CDC issued guidance for state and local public health departments to assist them in planning for the 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccination campaign. On July 9, 2009, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Education, and the White House held an influenza preparedness summit for federal, state, local and tribal officials to discuss existing pandemic plans, lessons learned, and preparedness priorities. Assignment Reviews Writing? At the summit, the Federal government announced the availability of $350 million in supplemental funding for use by state, local and territorial health departments to bolster their response activities to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic and strongly encouraged state, tribal and local partners to be ready to begin a 2009 H1N1 influenza immunization program by mid-October 2009.

The 2009 National Influenza Vaccine Summit, a partnership of public and help answers, private stakeholders committed to achieving the Healthy People 2010 goals for influenza vaccine, convened on June 29. During the 2009 Summit, attendees were provided updates by experts in several professional fields, including private medicine, public health, health communication, vaccine manufacturing, vaccine distribution, and vaccine-related policy. CDC has been a cosponsor of this event, along with the American Medical Association, since 2001. In preparation for the 2009 H1N1 influenza immunization program, on July 22, 2009, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced the start of review, a series of answers, clinical trials to test pilot lots of two manufacturers�� versions of 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine in healthy people, as well as people with underlying health conditions like asthma and HIV. Preliminary results from the clinical trials were announced publicly. On July 23, 2009, FDA��s Vaccines and Related Biological Advisory Committee indicated support of FDA��s proposed plan to license monovalent 2009 H1N1 vaccines via a ��strain change�� pathway, similar to how seasonal influenza vaccines are licensed. Best Essay 2014? This meant the 2009 H1N1 vaccine would be made in the same way using the same standards already in place for help answers, seasonal vaccines; it also allowed licensure to expert reviews writing, proceed more quickly since it did not require immunogenicity data or additional safety (except for the live attenuated vaccine) data for Homework answers ks3, licensure. On July 29, 2009, the College application for sale, Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) met to make recommendations for 2009 H1N1 vaccine. The ACIP recommended that as many people as possible receive 2009 H1N1 vaccine as quickly as possible. Certain groups of people were targeted to Homework help, receive initially limited supplies of the 2009 H1N1 vaccine based on epidemiologic and virologic data indicating they were at papers xtremepapers higher risk for infection or for help answers ks3, severe influenza complications.

The initial target groups for vaccination were estimated to consist of about 159 million people and included: pregnant women, people who live with or care for infants younger than 6 months of age, health care and emergency medical services personnel, infants 6 months through young adults 24 years of age, and adults 25 through 64 years of age who are at me assignment online higher risk for 2009 H1N1 complications because of answers, chronic health disorders or compromised immune systems. The ACIP also recommended that local public health authorities and health care practitioners have flexibility to Help papers xtremepapers, determine at the local level how quickly and answers, when to expand vaccination to other groups because vaccine availability and Unemployed professors review university, demand would likely vary by area. CDC convened three public engagement sessions in mid-August in ten regions of the help ks3, United States with the purpose of soliciting citizen input into vaccination planning. The public provided opinions to reviews writing, CDC regarding how vaccine should be provided in the U.S., and the information that was collected helped to inform how 2009 H1N1 vaccine was distributed after it was manufactured. Ultimately, it was decided that vaccine should be distributed as soon as it was ready so that people could be protected against influenza as soon as possible, versus waiting to distribute vaccine until large quantities were prepared. In late August, CDC published a study in the MMWR that summarized an investigation of laboratory-confirmed cases of Homework answers ks3, 2009 H1N1 influenza identified during April 24-July 25, 2009 in Chicago, Illinois. The study found that the overall attack rate was highest among children aged 5-14 years (147 per 100,000 population), which was 14 times higher than for adults older than 60 years of age. A total of 205 (13%) patients were hospitalized, with the highest rate observed among children aged 0-4 years (25 per 100,000), followed by children aged 5-14 years (11 per Assignment writing 100,000). These findings would also provide input into vaccination strategy. By the end of August 2009, prototype vaccines to Homework help, prevent 2009 H1N1 virus had been developed but were not yet licensed.

Production of the enormous quantities of vaccine necessary to protect the homework services, entire U.S. Homework Help Answers? population was underway. CDC expanded its contract for the childhood Vaccine for Children program in the United States (McKesson Specialty Distribution), to provide centralized distribution of 2009 H1N1 vaccine. Available vaccine supplies were allocated to states proportional to their total populations and shipped to with term papers, public and private provider vaccination sites based on orders placed by the states. Help? Participating providers were asked to with term xtremepapers, sign a Provider Agreement assuring they intended to meet state requirements for administering vaccine. On September 3, 2009, CDC published in the MMWR a study that had analyzed data related to 2009 H1N1 influenza pediatric deaths reported to Homework, CDC from Help with papers xtremepapers April to help, August, 2009.

Data showed that as of August 8, 2009, 477 deaths with laboratory confirmed 2009 H1N1 flu in professors review the United States had been reported to CDC, including 36 children younger than 18 years of age. Sixty-seven percent (67%) of children who died with 2009 H1N1 influenza had at least one high-risk medical condition. Ks3? CDC continued to urge parents to recognize 2009 H1N1 in their children early and to seek medical attention when needed. CDC also reiterated that all children 6 months or older and caregivers of children younger than 6 months should receive the 2009 H1N1 vaccine when it became available. On September 10, 2009, the HHS Secretary and CDC Director joined the Supersize me assignment online, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID) in a news conference to stress vigilance against seasonal influenza in an unusual season and urged Americans to get their seasonal flu vaccine early. Answers Ks3? In addition to NFID, HHS and essay argumentative, CDC, the news conference was held in answers collaboration with the American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American College of Physicians (ACP), AARP, and the National Influenza Vaccine Summit.

On September 15, 2009, the expert reviews writing, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its approval of four 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccines, and help answers, later, on November 16, FDA announced its approval of a fifth 2009 H1N1 vaccine to protect against the 2009 H1N1 flu virus. The NIH announced on with papers September 21, 2009, that early results from Homework help answers ks3 clinical trials of 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine in children looked promising. Preliminary analysis indicated that the homework nursing, vaccines were safe, and that only one dose of 2009 H1N1 vaccine for the majority of 10 to 17 year olds would be needed to generate a sufficient immune response to be protective against 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, but younger children generally had a less robust early response to the vaccine. CDC recommended that children younger than 10 years receive two doses of 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine. Results of trials conducted among adults were later published in December, and the data indicated that the immune response among vaccinated adults was excellent. The safety data from these trials also indicated that vaccine side effects were similar to those seen with the answers ks3, seasonal flu vaccines. On September 30, 2009, states were able to place their first orders for the 2009 H1N1 vaccine; forty-seven states placed orders on that day, and by October 9, 2009, all states and the District of Columbia had placed orders for vaccine. The first doses were administered on October 5, 2009. Because initial supplies of vaccine were limited, most state and local health departments requested that vaccine be given only to those in the initial target groups, and many restricted use to those in Supersize me assignment sub prioritization groups that had also been outlined by ACIP.

The first six weeks after vaccines were initially released where characterized by high demand for vaccine and limited availability. On October 23, the ACIP discussed pandemic vaccine issues, including suitability of the initial target groups developed in July 2009, and concluded that the answers ks3, July guidance remained appropriate. The ACIP continued to emphasize the role of local decision-making in determining when to begin offering vaccine to persons outside initial target groups. As vaccine supply increased, by late November and Best college essay 2014 argumentative, early December most states had begun easing restrictions for 2009 H1N1 vaccine use, and by late December vaccination had been opened up to anyone who wanted it. Also beginning in December 2009, the HHS Center for Faith-Based Neighborhood Partnerships partnered with the HHS Regional Offices to host eleven teleconferences to engage community and faith-based organizations in the 2009 H1N1 flu response. Since most states were easing vaccination restrictions, these calls presented an opportunity to remind key partners that they should check with their local health departments to help answers, determine availability of vaccine.

By the application for sale, week of December 22, distribution of 2009 H1N1 vaccine had been opened up to retail pharmacies so that they could place orders for vaccine directly, thereby expanding the reach and Homework answers, availability of vaccine. In December 2009, CDC published in the MMWR preliminary safety results for the 2009 H1N1 vaccines from the first months of Help with term, reports received through the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a national voluntary reporting surveillance system and data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Homework Help Answers? Results indicated that the vast majority (95%) of adverse events reported to VAERS after receipt of the 2009 H1N1 vaccine were not serious (e.g., soreness at the vaccine injection site). Help With Term Papers Xtremepapers? Of the 3,783 reports, 204 (5%) were reports that involved what would be coded as serious health events (defined as life threatening or resulting in help ks3 death, major disability, abnormal conditions at birth, hospitalization, or extension of an existing hospitalization). The percentage of reports involving what would be considered serious health events was not substantially different between 2009 H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines.

The 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine was manufactured in several formulations, using the same manufacturers and expert writing, the same manufacturing practices used to produce seasonal influenza vaccine. Monitoring the safety of the flu vaccine continues to be a top priority. CDC and the Food and help, Drug Administration (FDA) worked with other agencies to Help papers, establish and enhance existing surveillance systems to rapidly detect any unexpected adverse events among persons who are vaccinated and to adjust the vaccination program, if necessary, to minimize risks and maximize benefits from vaccination. Homework Help Answers? Two important systems used to monitor vaccine safety that have been active for 20 years, are the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS), jointly operated between CDC and FDA, and Supersize me assignment movie online, the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) , a collaborative project between the CDC and eight managed care organizations covering more than nine million members(about 3% of the Homework help answers ks3, US population). These systems are designed to determine whether adverse events are occurring among vaccinated persons at a greater rate than what would be expected.

CDC worked with FDA and other partners to strengthen these vaccine safety monitoring systems and develop new ways to monitor vaccine safety. In addition, based on the recommendation of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC), HHS established the H1N1 Vaccine Safety Risk Assessment Working Group to review 2009 H1N1 vaccine safety data as it accumulates. This working group of homework, outside experts conducts regular, rapid reviews of available data from the federal safety monitoring systems and help answers, presents them to NVAC and homework services nursing, federal leadership for appropriate policy action and follow-up. Also in December 2009, HHS joined with the Homework, Ad Council to launch a new nationwide Public Service Announcements campaign called Together We Can Fight the Flu that encouraged Americans to get vaccinated against Assignment expert reviews writing, the 2009 H1N1 virus. The week of Homework help, December 18, 2009 marked the homework services nursing, first 100 million doses of 2009 H1N1 vaccine available for ordering. The year 2010 began with the National Influenza Vaccination Week (NIVW). NIVW is a national observance that was established to highlight the Homework answers ks3, importance of continuing influenza vaccination after the holiday season into January and beyond. The President of the United States proclaimed the expert writing, week of Homework help ks3, January 10-16, 2010, National Influenza Vaccination Week, and application for sale be double spaced, encouraged all Americans to observe the week by getting the 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine and by asking their families, friends and help answers ks3, coworkers to do the same. CDC and HHS - in conjunction with the College application essays for sale be double spaced, states and many other partners, both public and private - launched a comprehensive NIVW campaign with the objective of raising vaccination awareness, providing educational opportunities, free resources, as well as vaccination clinics. Every year, certain days during NIVW are designated to ks3, highlight the importance for certain groups; this year��s Week was dedicated to highlighting the importance of vaccination for the general public and health care workers, people with chronic health conditions that put them at high risk of serious influenza-related complications, children, pregnant women, and caregivers of term xtremepapers, infants less than 6 months old, young adults 19 through 24 years old, and people 65 years and older. For example, the events on ks3 Tuesday, January 12 centered on people with chronic medical conditions that put them at higher risk of professors review, serious influenza-related complications.

National activities included a webinar attended by approximately 1,000 participants. This joint effort was hosted by HHS, CDC, the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Lung Association. In addition, Secretary Sebelius participated in two press conference calls announcing new public service announcements (PSAs) tailored to African American and Native American audiences. The Director of the Indian Health Service joined the Secretary in stressing the importance and benefits of vaccination. On January 15, 2010, CDC published an article in the MMWR on influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage in the United States between October and December 2009. Results of the help answers, study indicated that efforts to get available vaccine to target groups had largely succeeded.

Early on during the expert reviews writing, 3-month period, 85% of available vaccine reached people within those initial target populations. By the end of December, with many programs expanding their vaccine efforts to Homework answers ks3, all populations, 74% of all vaccine given during the program had gone to people in the initial priority groups. On February 18, 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) published recommendations for the composition of influenza virus vaccines for the upcoming season in the Northern Hemisphere (November 2010-April 2011). The WHO recommended a trivalent (three component) vaccine including a 2009 H1N1-like pandemic virus. In February of 2010, the components of the 2010-2011 influenza vaccine were announced. The 2010-2011 flu vaccine will protect against a 2009 H1N1-like virus in me assignment movie online addition to an influenza A H3N2 virus and an influenza B virus.

The United States experienced its second wave of 2009 H1N1 activity in Homework help answers the fall with activity peaking during the professors university, second week in Homework help ks3 October. After that, activity declined quickly to Unemployed professors review university, below baseline levels in January, but persisted for several more months at lower levels. However, by May, influenza activity levels in the United States were low across key flu indicators. Reporting for Homework answers, the 2009-2010 influenza season was finalized on May 28, 2010. Even as flu activity reached normal summer-time levels in the U.S., CDC continued to recommend influenza vaccination, particularly for high risk persons, because of reports of ongoing sporadic cases of 2009 H1N1, ongoing spread of Best college argumentative, 2009 H1N1 in the Southern Hemisphere and the possibility that 2009 H1N1 viruses might circulate early during the upcoming flu season. CDC Communication Activities During the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic. The CDC response to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was led by science and continually evolved to meet the nation��s needs as events unfolded and help, as more information became available. However, a consistent underlying communications strategy underscored the entire CDC response.

The strategy is based on the emergency risk communications principles of quickly, proactively and transparently communicating accurate information to the public and to partners. College Nursing? This strategy included CDC clearly stating its goals and actions in response to the evolving situation and acknowledging what was not known, as well as what was known. Another important part of the help answers, strategy was CDC setting the expectation that information and advice would change rapidly as the situation evolved. From the College nursing, earliest days of the pandemic, CDC regularly articulated its goals to ��reduce transmission and illness severity, and provide information to help health care providers, public health officials and the public address the ks3, challenges posed by the new virus.�� Throughout the response, in an effort to Best college argumentative, provide the most helpful information in the most effective ways possible, CDC drew on existing knowledge but also worked with partners to conduct ongoing scientific research and evaluation of people��s knowledge, attitudes and practices related to a number of topics including 2009 H1N1 flu, infection control guidance, and vaccine. Especially during the answers, early days of the outbreak, the release of information from CDC and exchange of Best college argumentative, information with partners was conducted on Homework ks3 a 24-hour cycle. Best 2014 Argumentative? This included frequent updates to media and the public, the Homework help ks3, consistent use of a core group of spokespersons, daily information outreach to partners, and rapid establishment and ongoing maintenance of an extensive Web site dedicated specifically to the emergency response for College application essays for sale, 2009 H1N1 flu. The goal was not only to be as transparent as possible in Homework answers ks3 all activities related to managing the public health response, but also to Unemployed professors university, maintain credibility and help ks3, continue to be a trusted source of information for the public and for partners. Beginning early in Help term the response and continuing throughout the year and into 2010, special care was taken to keep state and local public health partners informed of CDC��s activities. Key messages were regularly provided to Homework help, help maintain consistent, clear communication across the response. Special care also was taken to regularly collect feedback from college essay state and local public health partners to Homework ks3, help ensure that CDC recommendations were finely tuned to Help with term papers xtremepapers, what was happening in the field.

Regularly scheduled conference calls with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, the help answers, National Association of City and Assignment expert writing, County Health Officials, and the National Public Health Information Coalition proved to be an effective way to share information. In addition, on April 24, 2009, CDC held the first of Homework answers ks3, more than 30 Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA) calls presented on a variety of 2009 H1N1-related topics. COCA is designed to reach a diverse group of health care providers and provide a system through which clinicians can communicate their educational needs to CDC and receive answers to questions about related emerging diseases. At the homework nursing, peak of the Homework help, 2009 H1N1 response, COCA had more than 41,100 listserv subscribers. CDC also worked hard to keep the policy community informed. CDC provided responses to congressional requests for information and briefings on essays for sale 2009 H1N1-related issues, and also provided email and web-based informational updates as the pandemic unfolded.

In all, CDC participated in 14 hearings, provided technical assistance in help answers ks3 another 12 hearings, issued over three dozen 2009 H1N1 newsletters to policymakers, arranged for over 40 congressional briefings or speaking engagements and fielded over application essays 350 congressional inquiries during the pandemic. There was a concerted effort to get information out as soon as possible and to keep the ks3, public and partners aware of developments as they unfolded, even as guidance was changing quickly. For example, when relatively few cases of human infection with this virus were lab confirmed and severity of the pandemic was not known, on April 28, 2009, CDC posted guidance for schools and advised that they close if they had a suspected or actual case of the flu in order to College for sale spaced, lessen the risk of spreading 2009 H1N1 into their communities. As more information became available suggesting a lower risk of severe illness and death from 2009 H1N1, six days later the recommendation was changed to recommend against school closure for community mitigation purposes. The development of CDC guidance is an example of the collaborative communication and sharing of information that took place between CDC, HHS, other federal agencies, and external partners. Development of appropriate guidance often relied on CDC communication with many external partners several times a week, with the goal of answers, achieving consensus on what the best practice would be given the Help, best science currently available. For example, CDC worked with representatives from a number of organizations including but not limited to Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), National Association of County and City Health Officials (NAACHO), American Academy of help answers ks3, Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Association of me assignment online, State and help answers, Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO), American College of Physicians (ACP), Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Food and essays be double spaced, Drug Administration (FDA) and Homework help, World Health Organization (WHO), during the development of guidance related to everything from surveillance systems to the appropriate use of antiviral drugs during the pandemic. Review University? On the Homework help ks3, topic of vaccination, these discussions helped inform decision-making by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Apart from ongoing collaboration between CDC and its external partners, the communications response for Assignment expert reviews writing, 2009 H1N1 flu also was characterized by ongoing, close coordination between CDC��s communicators and its scientists to ensure that messages stayed scientifically accurate. Also, CDC communicators took time to regularly analyze feedback from a variety of help, external sources, including polls and surveys, in online order to ensure that CDC's messages were clear. CDC provided a steady stream of information to audiences across the spectrum: from the public to pharmacists to help answers, laboratorians to international partners and Help with term, countries around the globe. Information provided by CDC reached a myriad of audiences through a variety of Homework, channels including but not limited to: a 24-hour information hotline, press briefings for the media, dissemination through health alert networks, daily postings (including video and audio podcasts) to the CDC 2009 H1N1 web site, regular updates on Facebook and Twitter, and further outreach by College homework nursing partners and partner organizations to Homework answers ks3, their own audiences, just to name a few channels. For example, in November 2009, CDC kicked off a national travelers�� health public awareness campaign and urged travelers to plan ahead and stay informed about what to College services, do if they got sick while they were away from home. Homework Ks3? The campaign used a variety of media, including informational posters distributed at over 300 ports of Unemployed professors review, entry in the United States, national radio and print advertising, and social media and help answers ks3, online outreach, which culminated in over 80 million exposures. Best 2014? CDC also coordinated with HHS and the Flu.gov web site and posted communication toolkits for the 2009-2010 influenza season for businesses, employers, childcare groups and institutions of higher education. The CDC 2009 H1N1 influenza and seasonal influenza vaccination campaign was made up of multiple outreach efforts including placement of articles geared to help answers ks3, numerous audiences like parents and young adults, in high-profile media outlets. Article placements led to nearly 403 million overall impressions. Other national outreach efforts made via social media tools, radio ads, two television public service announcements (PSAs), online media banners, and city bus ads.

Numerous print materials in multiple languages were made for partners to distribute and Best essay argumentative, were downloaded tens of Homework, thousands of times. Supersize Movie? Special audiences identified for Homework help ks3, additional print materials included Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics, pregnant women, young adults, first responders, and health care workers. In addition to materials provided for the 2009 H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccination campaign, CDC provided other key materials in Supersize multiple languages. For example, the entire English-language 2009 H1N1 web site was mirrored in Spanish. In addition, key tools and Homework answers, resources were created in Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, French, German, Arabic, Russian, Amharic, Farsi, Somali, Karen, Burmese, Cambodian, and Kirundi.. In all, between April 2009 when 2009 H1N1 flu first emerged and April 2010, CDC held 60 related media events �� 39 press briefings and 22 telebriefings �� for a total of more than 35,000 participants. CDC also hosted its first ever two-day workshop for the news media on the subjects of Unemployed review, both 2009 H1N1 influenza and seasonal influenza in Homework ks3 late August. Originally conceived to include 12 members of the news media, the attendance grew to over 40 journalists from national, regional and local news outlets representing radio, television, newspapers, magazines, and online news media. Speakers at College application essays be double the event included the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the CDC Director, influenza experts, vaccine safety experts, and laboratory experts.

The CDC hotline (1-800-CDC-INFO) responded to more than 211,000 related inquiries from the general public and health care providers, and Homework ks3, the CDC 2009 H1N1 web site had more than 219,595,000 page views. Also, the number of CDC Facebook fans rose to more than 55,000 fans and spaced, the CDC emergency profile on Twitter was tracked by more than 1,200,000 followers. To receive weekly email updates about this site, enter your email address:

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100 Easy Causal Analysis Essay Topics. VirginiaLynne has been a University English instructor for Homework answers, over 20 years. She specializes in helping people write essays faster and easier. Causal analysis essays answer the question, Why? Many times, answer to this question can't be proved absolutely, so sometimes this essay is called a speculating about causes essay. To write it, you will describe what happens and then state your answer (aka thesis) about the cause, providing support for papers, your answer with reasons and evidence. � Why do people do that? � Why does this happen? � Why is Homework, this a trend? � Why does it occur? What causes people to develop phobias? Why do some people become addicted to gambling when others can gamble and not become addicted? What causes people to rise above a disadvantaged background such as poverty, a single-parent household, or abusive parents? What are the chemical causes of falling in Help with term love?

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Title: The causal question makes a great title for your essay. However, you should probably make the question as short as possible for the title. Your answer to the question will be the Homework help thesis of Help term, your paper. Introduction: Start your introduction by interesting your reader in the topic and describing the situation or effect. See the chart for easy introduction and conclusion ideas. The end of your introduction will be your cause question and thesis. Homework Help Answers. Thesis: Start your thesis by asking your question and then answering it. To make your thesis into a clear roadmap of what you will talk about in your essay, add a because followed by the three reasons you will give in the body of your essay. Body: Be careful to write the College services reasons in Homework help answers parallel format. Sample Thesis: Why do people enjoy being scared at a horror movie? Humans enjoy scary movies because they feel an emotional release in Unemployed watching and talking with other people about the experience, and they get a vicarious thrill in seeing the Homework help ks3 forbidden on the screen. Professors. (Of course, you can have more than just three reasons, and you may have several paragraphs on one reason if you have several parts of that reason to discuss.) Topic Sentences of Body: For your body paragraphs, take your three reasons and Homework answers, turn them into full sentences.

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