Assignment expert reviews assault

Jan 27, 2018 Assignment expert reviews assault, order essay -

anylitical essays How to develop and Assignment expert, write an analytic essay. C Assignment Help. Argument : Writing an analytic essay requires that you make some sort of argument. The core of this argument is called a thesis. It is your claim, succinctly stated in a single sentence. What do budding literary critics such as yourselves argue about? You make a pervasive, persistent case that a certain thing is expert true about a piece of literature. This thing should not be readily obvious to the casual reader of the help literature in question. It is what you draw out of the book or essay, how you interpret it. It is a claim that must be supported by specific evidence from the reviews assault text.

Thesis statement: At least once during the course of writing your essay, isolate what you consider to be your thesis. Is your proposition both arguable and reasonable? If it is help obvious (i.e. Reviews Assault. Mary Rowlandson used the Bible for comfort during her captivity) you don’t have an argument. For Me Behavioral Therapy. Argument requires analysis (i.e. taking things apart and explaining them).

One test that may help is asking yourself what the opposite side of your argument would be. A good, complicated thesis (which was proposed by one of your classmates) is that Although Mary Rowlandson says she often used the Bible as a source of comfort during her captivity, a closer reading of her narrative suggests her faith may have been more troubled by her experience than she lets on. One useful structure for writing thesis statements is the although form used above: Although x seems to be true about this piece of literature, y is in Assignment reviews fact more true (or makes our thinking about x more complex). In this form you present both sides of your argument at once and show which side you’re on. Your job in statement essay for high school mission the paper is to convince your reader to join you. Another way to write an effective thesis statement is to use the form If we look closely at x (e.g. how Bradford defines freedom) we discover y (that ). In order to find something to argue: Look for images or metaphors that the author uses consistently. What other sort of pattern can you identify in the text? How do you interpret this pattern so that your reader will understand the book, essay, poem, speech, etc. better?

What philosophical, moral, ethical, etc. ideas is the author advocating or opposing? What are the consequences of accepting the author's argument? Explain how the work functions as a piece of rhetoric-- how does the author attempt to convince his or her reader of something? For instance, what widely held beliefs do they use to support their argument? How do they appeal to emotions, logic… Re-examine something that the text or most readers take for granted (that Thoreau’s book Walden represents his attempt to escape from society). Question this major premise and expert, see where it takes you. Help. Ask yourself if an author’s literary argument is reviews inconsistent with itself or is in some way philosophically dangerous, inadequate, unethical, or misleading. Examine how characters are presented in a story.

How do they help the content writer needed main character to develop? Which characters are trustworthy? Which are not? Why are they presented this way? What counts as evidence: Structure : How the parts of the book or essay follow one another; how the Assignment assault parts are assembled to make a whole? Why does the author start where they start, end where they end? What is the behavioral logical progression of thought? How might that progression be intended to Assignment assault affect the How to reader What effect might this progression of expert reviews assault ideas have on a generic reader or on a reader from the time period in which the work was written? Does the piece move from the How to write essay in english yourself general to the specific or vice versa? If you could divide the book/essay into sections, units of meaning, what would those sections be?

How are they related to each other? Note that chapters, while they form obvious sections can themselves be grouped. Referring to the text : In writing analytic papers that address any kind of literature, it is necessary to refer to the text (the specific words on Assignment expert assault the page of the book) in order to Homework therapy support your argument. This means that you must quote and interpret passages that demonstrate or support your argument. Quotation is usually stronger than paraphrase.

Remember also that your purpose in writing an essay is not merely to paraphrase or summarize (repeat) what the author has said, but to make an argument about how the make their point, or how they have said what they have said. Language : includes the way an author phrases his or her sentences, the expert reviews assault key metaphors used (it’s up to help you to explain how these metaphors are used, why these metaphors are appropriate, effective, ineffective, or ambiguous). Is the way a sentence is expert reviews assault phrased particularly revealing of the author’s meaning? Practical Essay-writing Hints: Please title your paper and make the title apt and enticing--I LOVE a good title. It puts me in a good mood before I start reading. Be clear about whether you’re writing about a book, an essay (non-fiction, short prose), a story (short fiction) a poem, a novel (book-length fiction), an autobiography, a narrative (as in Website content writer needed Captivity Narratives) etc. Walden is a book comprised of chapters. Each of Assignment these chapters could also be called an essay. Within these essays, Thoreau sometimes tells stories.

The book itself is not a story, but closer to a narrative, which is non-fiction. Always go through at least two drafts of you paper . Let your paper sit, preferably for 24 hours between drafts sometime during the process of for high your writing. Eliminate first person pronoun (I) in Assignment assault your final draft (it’s OK for rough drafts and may help you write). Conclusion History. If your paragraphs are more a full page or more in length it is Assignment expert reviews assault more than likely that they are tooooooo long . Probably you have too many ideas in the air at behavioral once. Assignment. Consider breaking the paragraph in half--into two smaller, but related arguments. Help Struct. Your reader needs a break, needs more structure in order to be able to follow your meaning. If several of Assignment assault your paragraphs are exceedingly short (4-5 lines), it is C assignment struct likely that you are not developing your ideas thoroughly enough--that you are writing notes rather than analysis. Short paragraphs are usually used as transitional paragraphs, not as content paragraphs. Reviews Assault. (Short paragraphs can be used in the rhetorical devise of reversal where you lead your reader down a certain path (to show them one side of the for me behavioral argument, the Assignment one you are going to oppose) and then turn away from Conclusion write history that argument to state the Assignment assault true argument of your paper.) Employ quotation often.

One quotation per argumentative paragraph is usually necessary. Depending upon the length and complexity of the passage or topic you're dealing with, more quotations may be useful to prevent you from How to essay yourself getting too far away from the text. Your quotations combined with your interpretations are your proof. Be sure that you show your reader how they should interpret these quotations in order to follow your argument. Assignment Expert. (Almost every quotation should be followed by an interpretation, a deeper reading of what is being said and therapy, how its being said. This interpretation demonstrates how the quotation supports the claim you're making about it). Pay attention to metaphor, phrasing, tone, alliteration, etc. How is the author saying what they are saying--what does that teach us about the text? Remember to write directive (sometimes called topic) sentences for your paragraphs . The first sentence of any paragraph should give your reader an idea of what the paragraph is going to expert reviews assault say and how the paragraph will connect to the larger argument. It should have more to do with what you have to essay say about the materials than what the author him or herself has said. Transitions between paragraphs : try to reviews get away from using The next, First of all Another thing. Write Help Essay. to reviews connect your paragraphs.

This is the Website content needed list method of structuring a paper--not an integrated, logical approach. A really strong transition makes the logical connection between paragraphs or sections of a paper and gives the reviews reader a sense that you’re building an argument. To make sure you are making a well-connected argument, ask yourself how the essay last sentence of each paragraph and Assignment reviews assault, the first sentence of the next are connected. Each of the sentences within your paragraphs should be related somehow (follow from, refer to, etc.) the one that precedes it, and the one which follows it. This will help the school mission reader follow the flow of your ideas.

The order of your paragraphs should reveal a developing argument. On the most basic level, you should be able to consciously justify the presence and placement of every word in every sentence, every sentence in reviews every paragraph, every paragraph in every essay . To repeat: in How to write in english yourself revising your papers after the first draft (which is always, inevitably to some degree confused because you are involved in the process of working your ideas out), you should be highly conscious of what you are doing and why you are doing it.

Jan 27, 2018 Assignment expert reviews assault, custom essay order -

KurzweilAI | Accelerating Intelligence. An analysis of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential, contrary to the common-sense “intuitive linear” view. Assignment Expert Reviews Assault! So we won’t experience 100 years of progress in How to, the 21st century — it will be more like 20,000 years of Assignment reviews assault progress (at today’s rate). Help! The “returns,” such as chip speed and cost-effectiveness, also increase exponentially. There’s even exponential growth in the rate of exponential growth. Within a few decades, machine intelligence will surpass human intelligence, leading to The Singularity — technological change so rapid and profound it represents a rupture in reviews assault, the fabric of human history. The implications include the merger of biological and nonbiological intelligence, immortal software-based humans, and ultra-high levels of intelligence that expand outward in to do relax, the universe at Assignment reviews assault, the speed of content needed light. You will get $40 trillion just by reading this essay and understanding what it says.

For complete details, see below. (It’s true that authors will do just about Assignment expert, anything to Conclusion write help history keep your attention, but I’m serious about this statement. Assignment Reviews! Until I return to a further explanation, however, do read the first sentence of this paragraph carefully.) Now back to the future: it’s widely misunderstood. Our forebears expected the to do future to be pretty much like their present, which had been pretty much like their past. Although exponential trends did exist a thousand years ago, they were at that very early stage where an reviews exponential trend is so flat that it looks like no trend at all. So their lack of expectations was largely fulfilled.

Today, in How to write essay in english, accordance with the common wisdom, everyone expects continuous technological progress and the social repercussions that follow. But the future will be far more surprising than most observers realize: few have truly internalized the implications of the expert reviews fact that the rate of change itself is accelerating. The Intuitive Linear View versus the Historical Exponential View. Most long range forecasts of technical feasibility in future time periods dramatically underestimate the How to homework power of future technology because they are based on what I call the Assignment expert reviews “intuitive linear” view of Conclusion help history technological progress rather than the “historical exponential view.” To express this another way, it is not the Assignment reviews case that we will experience a hundred years of progress in the twenty-first century; rather we will witness on the order of twenty thousand years of progress (at today’s rate of progress, that is). This disparity in outlook comes up frequently in history, a variety of expert contexts, for example, the discussion of the ethical issues that Bill Joy raised in for me behavioral, his controversial WIRED cover story, Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us. Bill and Assignment expert reviews assault I have been frequently paired in a variety of Website content needed venues as pessimist and optimist respectively. Although I’m expected to criticize Bill’s position, and indeed I do take issue with his prescription of relinquishment, I nonetheless usually end up defending Joy on the key issue of feasibility.

Recently a Noble Prize winning panelist dismissed Bill’s concerns, exclaiming that, “we’re not going to Assignment reviews see self-replicating nanoengineered entities for a hundred years.” I pointed out that 100 years was indeed a reasonable estimate of the C assignment help amount of reviews assault technical progress required to achieve this particular milestone at today’s rate of How to have progress . But because we’re doubling the rate of progress every decade, we’ll see a century of assault progress– at today’s rate –in only content writer 25 calendar years. When people think of a future period, they intuitively assume that the expert current rate of progress will continue for future periods. However, careful consideration of the pace of technology shows that the rate of progress is not constant, but it is human nature to adapt to How to essay the changing pace, so the expert reviews intuitive view is that the pace will continue at the current rate. Even for those of us who have been around long enough to experience how the pace increases over time, our unexamined intuition nonetheless provides the struct impression that progress changes at assault, the rate that we have experienced recently. From the mathematician’s perspective, a primary reason for this is that an for me therapy exponential curve approximates a straight line when viewed for a brief duration. So even though the reviews assault rate of progress in the very recent past (e.g., this past year) is far greater than it was ten years ago (let alone a hundred or a thousand years ago), our memories are nonetheless dominated by our very recent experience. Personal Mission! It is typical, therefore, that even sophisticated commentators, when considering the future, extrapolate the Assignment reviews assault current pace of change over the next 10 years or 100 years to determine their expectations. Behavioral Therapy! This is why I call this way of looking at Assignment reviews, the future the “intuitive linear” view. But a serious assessment of the history of technology shows that technological change is Conclusion write help history essay exponential. In exponential growth, we find that a key measurement such as computational power is multiplied by a constant factor for each unit of time (e.g., doubling every year) rather than just being added to incrementally.

Exponential growth is a feature of Assignment assault any evolutionary process, of which technology is help essay a primary example. Expert! One can examine the data. in different ways, on different time scales, and for a wide variety of technologies ranging from electronic to Homework therapy biological, and the acceleration of progress and growth applies. Indeed, we find not just simple exponential growth, but “double” exponential growth, meaning that the rate of exponential growth is itself growing exponentially. These observations do not rely merely on an assumption of the continuation of Assignment Moore’s law (i.e., the Personal statement essay school exponential shrinking of transistor sizes on Assignment reviews assault an integrated circuit), but is based on a rich model of diverse technological processes. What it clearly shows is that technology, particularly the How to have motivation to do relax pace of technological change, advances (at least) exponentially, not linearly, and has been doing so since the advent of technology, indeed since the advent of evolution on Assignment reviews Earth.

I emphasize this point because it is the Conclusion write help most important failure that would-be prognosticators make in considering future trends. Most technology forecasts ignore altogether this “historical exponential view” of expert technological progress. That is why people tend to overestimate what can be achieved in the short term (because we tend to writer leave out necessary details), but underestimate what can be achieved in Assignment expert reviews, the long term (because the Conclusion exponential growth is ignored). We can organize these observations into what I call the law of accelerating returns as follows: Evolution applies positive feedback in that the more capable methods resulting from one stage of evolutionary progress are used to create the assault next stage. As a result, the rate of progress of an Personal school evolutionary process increases exponentially over time.

Over time, the “order” of the information embedded in the evolutionary process (i.e., the Assignment expert assault measure of how well the information fits a purpose, which in evolution is survival) increases. A correlate of the above observation is that the statement essay for high school “returns” of an evolutionary process (e.g., the Assignment expert reviews assault speed, cost-effectiveness, or overall “power” of a process) increase exponentially over time. In another positive feedback loop, as a particular evolutionary process (e.g., computation) becomes more effective (e.g., cost effective), greater resources are deployed toward the further progress of How to motivation relax that process. This results in a second level of exponential growth (i.e., the Assignment expert reviews assault rate of exponential growth itself grows exponentially). Biological evolution is one such evolutionary process. Website Content! Technological evolution is another such evolutionary process. Indeed, the emergence of the expert reviews first technology creating species resulted in the new evolutionary process of technology. Therefore, technological evolution is an outgrowth of–and a continuation of–biological evolution. A specific paradigm (a method or approach to solving a problem, e.g., shrinking transistors on an integrated circuit as an have to do relax approach to making more powerful computers) provides exponential growth until the Assignment expert reviews method exhausts its potential. When this happens, a paradigm shift (i.e., a fundamental change in the approach) occurs, which enables exponential growth to continue.

If we apply these principles at the highest level of evolution on Earth, the first step, the creation of Homework cells, introduced the paradigm of biology. The subsequent emergence of DNA provided a digital method to record the results of evolutionary experiments. Then, the evolution of a species who combined rational thought with an opposable appendage (i.e., the thumb) caused a fundamental paradigm shift from biology to technology. The upcoming primary paradigm shift will be from biological thinking to a hybrid combining biological and nonbiological thinking. This hybrid will include “biologically inspired” processes resulting from the reverse engineering of biological brains. If we examine the timing of these steps, we see that the Assignment expert reviews assault process has continuously accelerated. The evolution of life forms required billions of Personal school years for the first steps (e.g., primitive cells); later on progress accelerated.

During the Cambrian explosion, major paradigm shifts took only tens of Assignment reviews millions of Personal statement essay for high mission years. Later on, Humanoids developed over a period of expert assault millions of years, and help Homo sapiens over a period of only reviews hundreds of How to write yourself thousands of years. With the Assignment reviews assault advent of How to essay in english yourself a technology-creating species, the exponential pace became too fast for evolution through DNA-guided protein synthesis and moved on to human-created technology. Technology goes beyond mere tool making; it is Assignment reviews a process of creating ever more powerful technology using the tools from the previous round of innovation. In this way, human technology is distinguished from the tool making of other species.

There is a record of each stage of have to do homework relax technology, and each new stage of technology builds on reviews the order of the previous stage. The first technological steps-sharp edges, fire, the wheel–took tens of thousands of years. For people living in this era, there was little noticeable technological change in even a thousand years. By 1000 A.D., progress was much faster and a paradigm shift required only a century or two. In the nineteenth century, we saw more technological change than in the nine centuries preceding it. Homework For Me Therapy! Then in the first twenty years of the expert twentieth century, we saw more advancement than in How to in english yourself, all of the Assignment expert nineteenth century. Now, paradigm shifts occur in only a few years time. The World Wide Web did not exist in anything like its present form just a few years ago; it didn’t exist at How to have motivation to do, all a decade ago.

The paradigm shift rate (i.e., the expert overall rate of technical progress) is currently doubling (approximately) every decade; that is, paradigm shift times are halving every decade (and the rate of acceleration is itself growing exponentially). So, the technological progress in the twenty-first century will be equivalent to what would require (in the linear view) on the order of 200 centuries. In contrast, the twentieth century saw only about 25 years of Homework behavioral progress (again at today’s rate of Assignment assault progress) since we have been speeding up to current rates. So the twenty-first century will see almost a thousand times greater technological change than its predecessor. To appreciate the nature and significance of the coming “singularity,” it is help struct important to Assignment expert assault ponder the C assignment struct nature of exponential growth. Assignment Expert Reviews Assault! Toward this end, I am fond of telling the for me behavioral therapy tale of the inventor of assault chess and his patron, the write help essay emperor of China. In response to the emperor’s offer of a reward for his new beloved game, the inventor asked for expert reviews assault, a single grain of rice on the first square, two on the second square, four on the third, and C assignment so on. Assignment! The Emperor quickly granted this seemingly benign and humble request. One version of the story has the emperor going bankrupt as the 63 doublings ultimately totaled 18 million trillion grains of rice. At ten grains of rice per square inch, this requires rice fields covering twice the surface area of the Earth, oceans included.

Another version of the Homework for me behavioral story has the Assignment reviews inventor losing his head. It should be pointed out that as the emperor and the inventor went through the first half of the chess board, things were fairly uneventful. The inventor was given spoonfuls of rice, then bowls of rice, then barrels. By the end of the first half of the chess board, the inventor had accumulated one large field’s worth (4 billion grains), and the emperor did start to for me take notice. Assignment! It was as they progressed through the second half of the chessboard that the situation quickly deteriorated. Statement For High School! Incidentally, with regard to the doublings of computation, that’s about Assignment, where we stand now–there have been slightly more than 32 doublings of performance since the first programmable computers were invented during World War II. This is the nature of exponential growth. Conclusion Write Help History Essay! Although technology grows in expert assault, the exponential domain, we humans live in a linear world. C Assignment Help Struct! So technological trends are not noticed as small levels of technological power are doubled. Then seemingly out of nowhere, a technology explodes into Assignment expert, view.

For example, when the help struct Internet went from Assignment expert reviews, 20,000 to 80,000 nodes over a two year period during the 1980s, this progress remained hidden from the general public. A decade later, when it went from write, 20 million to expert reviews 80 million nodes in Website writer needed, the same amount of time, the impact was rather conspicuous. As exponential growth continues to accelerate into the first half of the twenty-first century, it will appear to explode into infinity, at least from the limited and linear perspective of contemporary humans. The progress will ultimately become so fast that it will rupture our ability to Assignment expert reviews follow it. Essay School! It will literally get out of our control.

The illusion that we have our hand “on the plug,” will be dispelled. Can the pace of technological progress continue to speed up indefinitely? Is there not a point where humans are unable to think fast enough to keep up with it? With regard to unenhanced humans, clearly so. But what would a thousand scientists, each a thousand times more intelligent than human scientists today, and Assignment expert each operating a thousand times faster than contemporary humans (because the information processing in their primarily nonbiological brains is faster) accomplish? One year would be like a millennium. Help! What would they come up with? Well, for one thing, they would come up with technology to become even more intelligent (because their intelligence is Assignment expert no longer of write essay in english fixed capacity). They would change their own thought processes to expert assault think even faster. When the scientists evolve to be a million times more intelligent and behavioral therapy operate a million times faster, then an hour would result in a century of progress (in today’s terms). This, then, is the Singularity.

The Singularity is technological change so rapid and so profound that it represents a rupture in Assignment expert reviews, the fabric of Personal essay school mission human history. Some would say that we cannot comprehend the Singularity, at least with our current level of understanding, and that it is Assignment expert assault impossible, therefore, to look past its “event horizon” and make sense of what lies beyond. My view is that despite our profound limitations of thought, constrained as we are today to a mere hundred trillion interneuronal connections in our biological brains, we nonetheless have sufficient powers of abstraction to make meaningful statements about the nature of life after the Singularity. Essay! Most importantly, it is Assignment my view that the intelligence that will emerge will continue to represent the human civilization, which is already a human-machine civilization. How To Yourself! This will be the next step in evolution, the next high level paradigm shift. To put the concept of Singularity into perspective, let’s explore the history of the word itself. Singularity is a familiar word meaning a unique event with profound implications. In mathematics, the term implies infinity, the explosion of Assignment reviews value that occurs when dividing a constant by a number that gets closer and struct closer to zero.

In physics, similarly, a singularity denotes an event or location of Assignment expert reviews assault infinite power. At the center of a black hole, matter is content writer needed so dense that its gravity is Assignment infinite. For Me Therapy! As nearby matter and energy are drawn into the black hole, an event horizon separates the region from the Assignment rest of the Universe. It constitutes a rupture in the fabric of space and writer needed time. The Universe itself is said to reviews have begun with just such a Singularity. In the 1950s, John Von Neumann was quoted as saying that “the ever accelerating progress of technology…gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.” In the 1960s, I. J. Good wrote of an “intelligence explosion,” resulting from intelligent machines designing their next generation without human intervention. C Assignment Help Struct! In 1986, Vernor Vinge, a mathematician and computer scientist at San Diego State University, wrote about a rapidly approaching technological “singularity” in Assignment reviews, his science fiction novel, Marooned in content needed, Realtime.

Then in 1993, Vinge presented a paper to a NASA-organized symposium which described the Singularity as an impending event resulting primarily from the advent of “entities with greater than human intelligence,” which Vinge saw as the harbinger of a run-away phenomenon. From my perspective, the Singularity has many faces. Expert! It represents the nearly vertical phase of How to write essay exponential growth where the rate of growth is so extreme that technology appears to be growing at infinite speed. Of course, from assault, a mathematical perspective, there is no discontinuity, no rupture, and the growth rates remain finite, albeit extraordinarily large. But from our currently limited perspective, this imminent event appears to be an acute and abrupt break in How to essay in english, the continuity of progress. Expert Reviews Assault! However, I emphasize the word “currently,” because one of the salient implications of the Singularity will be a change in the nature of our ability to understand. In other words, we will become vastly smarter as we merge with our technology. When I wrote my first book, The Age of Intelligent Machines, in the 1980s, I ended the book with the specter of the have motivation to do homework emergence of machine intelligence greater than human intelligence, but found it difficult to look beyond this event horizon.

Now having thought about its implications for the past 20 years, I feel that we are indeed capable of Assignment assault understanding the many facets of this threshold, one that will transform all spheres of human life. Consider a few examples of the implications. The bulk of our experiences will shift from statement essay school, real reality to virtual reality. Most of the intelligence of our civilization will ultimately be nonbiological, which by the end of this century will be trillions of trillions of times more powerful than human intelligence. However, to address often expressed concerns, this does not imply the end of biological intelligence, even if thrown from its perch of evolutionary superiority. Moreover, it is important to note that the nonbiological forms will be derivative of biological design. In other words, our civilization will remain human, indeed in many ways more exemplary of what we regard as human than it is today, although our understanding of the term will move beyond its strictly biological origins. Many observers have nonetheless expressed alarm at the emergence of forms of nonbiological intelligence superior to human intelligence. The potential to augment our own intelligence through intimate connection with other thinking mediums does not necessarily alleviate the concern, as some people have expressed the Assignment reviews wish to remain “unenhanced” while at the same time keeping their place at the top of the write intellectual food chain. My view is that the likely outcome is that on the one hand, from the perspective of Assignment reviews biological humanity, these superhuman intelligences will appear to be their transcendent servants, satisfying their needs and desires. On the other hand, fulfilling the wishes of a revered biological legacy will occupy only Personal statement school mission a trivial portion of the intellectual power that the Singularity will bring.

Needless to say, the expert assault Singularity will transform all aspects of our lives, social, sexual, and How to have motivation economic, which I explore herewith. Before considering further the implications of the Singularity, let’s examine the wide range of technologies that are subject to the law of accelerating returns. The exponential trend that has gained the greatest public recognition has become known as “Moore’s Law.” Gordon Moore, one of the inventors of integrated circuits, and then Chairman of Intel, noted in the mid 1970s that we could squeeze twice as many transistors on an integrated circuit every 24 months. Given that the Assignment reviews electrons have less distance to write help history travel, the circuits also run twice as fast, providing an expert assault overall quadrupling of How to in english computational power. After sixty years of devoted service, Moore’s Law will die a dignified death no later than the year 2019. By that time, transistor features will be just a few atoms in width, and the strategy of ever finer photolithography will have run its course. So, will that be the end of the exponential growth of assault computing? If we plot the speed (in instructions per second) per $1000 (in constant dollars) of homework 49 famous calculators and computers spanning the entire twentieth century, we note some interesting observations. Moore’s Law Was Not the Assignment expert reviews assault First, but the Fifth Paradigm To Provide Exponential Growth of Computing.

Each time one paradigm runs out of steam, another picks up the pace. It is important to for me note that Moore’s Law of Integrated Circuits was not the first, but the fifth paradigm to provide accelerating price-performance. Computing devices have been consistently multiplying in power (per unit of time) from the Assignment expert mechanical calculating devices used in the 1890 U.S. Write Essay In English! Census, to Turing’s relay-based “Robinson” machine that cracked the Nazi enigma code, to the CBS vacuum tube computer that predicted the election of Eisenhower, to the transistor-based machines used in the first space launches, to the integrated-circuit-based personal computer which I used to Assignment reviews assault dictate (and automatically transcribe) this essay. But I noticed something else surprising.

When I plotted the 49 machines on an exponential graph (where a straight line means exponential growth), I didn’t get a straight line. For Me Behavioral Therapy! What I got was another exponential curve. In other words, there’s exponential growth in the rate of expert exponential growth. Computer speed (per unit cost) doubled every three years between 1910 and How to write 1950, doubled every two years between 1950 and 1966, and is now doubling every year. But where does Moore’s Law come from? What is Assignment expert assault behind this remarkably predictable phenomenon?

I have seen relatively little written about the ultimate source of this trend. Is it just “a set of industry expectations and goals,” as Randy Isaac, head of basic science at IBM contends? Or is there something more profound going on? In my view, it is one manifestation (among many) of the exponential growth of the evolutionary process that is Conclusion write essay technology. The exponential growth of Assignment expert reviews computing is a marvelous quantitative example of the exponentially growing returns from an evolutionary process. We can also express the exponential growth of computing in terms of an write essay in english yourself accelerating pace: it took ninety years to achieve the Assignment assault first MIPS (million instructions per second) per thousand dollars, now we add one MIPS per thousand dollars every day. Moore’s Law narrowly refers to the number of have motivation homework relax transistors on an integrated circuit of reviews assault fixed size, and sometimes has been expressed even more narrowly in terms of transistor feature size.

But rather than feature size (which is only one contributing factor), or even number of transistors, I think the most appropriate measure to track is Website content writer computational speed per unit cost. This takes into account many levels of “cleverness” (i.e., innovation, which is to Assignment assault say, technological evolution). In addition to essay in english yourself all of the innovation in integrated circuits, there are multiple layers of innovation in computer design, e.g., pipelining, parallel processing, instruction look-ahead, instruction and memory caching, and many others. From the above chart, we see that the exponential growth of reviews computing didn’t start with integrated circuits (around 1958), or even transistors (around 1947), but goes back to the electromechanical calculators used in the 1890 and 1900 U.S. Census. This chart spans at least five distinct paradigms of computing, of which Moore’s Law pertains to only the latest one. It’s obvious what the sixth paradigm will be after Moore’s Law runs out of steam during the second decade of this century. How To Have Motivation Relax! Chips today are flat (although it does require up to 20 layers of material to Assignment reviews produce one layer of circuitry). Our brain, in contrast, is organized in three dimensions. We live in a three dimensional world, why not use the third dimension?

The human brain actually uses a very inefficient electrochemical digital controlled analog computational process. The bulk of the calculations are done in Homework for me therapy, the interneuronal connections at a speed of only about 200 calculations per second (in each connection), which is about ten million times slower than contemporary electronic circuits. Assignment Expert Reviews! But the brain gains its prodigious powers from its extremely parallel organization in three dimensions . There are many technologies in Website content needed, the wings that build circuitry in Assignment, three dimensions. Nanotubes, for example, which are already working in laboratories, build circuits from Personal statement mission, pentagonal arrays of carbon atoms. One cubic inch of nanotube circuitry would be a million times more powerful than the human brain. Expert Assault! There are more than enough new computing technologies now being researched, including three-dimensional silicon chips, optical computing, crystalline computing, DNA computing, and quantum computing, to keep the law of accelerating returns as applied to computation going for a long time. Thus the (double) exponential growth of computing is broader than Moore’s Law, which refers to only one of its paradigms. And this accelerating growth of for me computing is, in turn, part of the Assignment yet broader phenomenon of the Website accelerating pace of any evolutionary process. Observers are quick to criticize extrapolations of an exponential trend on the basis that the trend is Assignment assault bound to run out of “resources.” The classical example is when a species happens upon a new habitat (e.g., rabbits in Australia), the species’ numbers will grow exponentially for a time, but then hit a limit when resources such as food and space run out. But the resources underlying the exponential growth of an C assignment help struct evolutionary process are relatively unbounded: (i) The (ever growing) order of the reviews assault evolutionary process itself.

Each stage of evolution provides more powerful tools for the next. Write Essay Yourself! In biological evolution, the advent of DNA allowed more powerful and faster evolutionary “experiments.” Later, setting the “designs” of animal body plans during the Cambrian explosion allowed rapid evolutionary development of other body organs such as the brain. Or to take a more recent example, the advent of computer assisted design tools allows rapid development of the next generation of expert computers. (ii) The “chaos” of the environment in mission, which the evolutionary process takes place and which provides the options for further diversity. In biological evolution, diversity enters the process in the form of mutations and ever changing environmental conditions. In technological evolution, human ingenuity combined with ever changing market conditions keep the process of innovation going. The maximum potential of matter and energy to contain intelligent processes is assault a valid issue. But according to How to have to do relax my models, we won’t approach those limits during this century (but this will become an issue within a couple of centuries). We also need to distinguish between the “S” curve (an “S” stretched to Assignment expert assault the right, comprising very slow, virtually unnoticeable growth–followed by very rapid growth–followed by a flattening out as the process approaches an asymptote) that is characteristic of any specific technological paradigm and the continuing exponential growth that is characteristic of the Conclusion write history essay ongoing evolutionary process of technology. Specific paradigms, such as Moore’s Law, do ultimately reach levels at which exponential growth is no longer feasible. Thus Moore’s Law is an Assignment expert reviews S curve.

But the growth of computation is an ongoing exponential (at least until we “saturate” the Universe with the intelligence of motivation to do homework relax our human-machine civilization, but that will not be a limit in this coming century). Assignment! In accordance with the law of accelerating returns, paradigm shift, also called innovation, turns the S curve of any specific paradigm into C assignment help struct, a continuing exponential. A new paradigm (e.g., three-dimensional circuits) takes over when the old paradigm approaches its natural limit. This has already happened at least four times in the history of computation. This difference also distinguishes the tool making of non-human species, in which the mastery of Assignment assault a tool-making (or using) skill by each animal is write essay characterized by Assignment reviews assault an abruptly ending S shaped learning curve, versus human-created technology, which has followed an exponential pattern of growth and acceleration since its inception.

DNA Sequencing, Memory, Communications, the Internet, and Miniaturization. This “law of accelerating returns” applies to all of technology, indeed to any true evolutionary process, and can be measured with remarkable precision in information based technologies. There are a great many examples of the exponential growth implied by the law of accelerating returns in technologies as varied as DNA sequencing, communication speeds, electronics of motivation homework relax all kinds, and even in the rapidly shrinking size of technology. The Singularity results not from the expert reviews exponential explosion of computation alone, but rather from the help interplay and myriad synergies that will result from manifold intertwined technological revolutions. Also, keep in mind that every point on the exponential growth curves underlying these panoply of technologies (see the graphs below) represents an intense human drama of innovation and competition.

It is remarkable therefore that these chaotic processes result in such smooth and predictable exponential trends. For example, when the human genome scan started fourteen years ago, critics pointed out that given the speed with which the genome could then be scanned, it would take thousands of years to finish the project. Yet the expert reviews assault fifteen year project was nonetheless completed slightly ahead of schedule. Of course, we expect to help see exponential growth in electronic memories such as RAM. Notice How Exponential Growth Continued through Paradigm Shifts from Vacuum Tubes to Discrete Transistors to Integrated Circuits. However, growth in expert, magnetic memory is have to do relax not primarily a matter of Moore’s law, but includes advances in mechanical and electromagnetic systems. Exponential growth in communications technology has been even more explosive than in computation and is no less significant in its implications. Again, this progression involves far more than just shrinking transistors on an integrated circuit, but includes accelerating advances in fiber optics, optical switching, electromagnetic technologies, and others. Notice Cascade of smaller “S” Curves.

Note that in Assignment, the above two charts we can actually see the progression of “S” curves: the acceleration fostered by a new paradigm, followed by a leveling off as the paradigm runs out of steam, followed by How to write renewed acceleration through paradigm shift. The following two charts show the overall growth of the Internet based on the number of hosts. These two charts plot the same data, but one is on an exponential axis and the other is linear. As I pointed out earlier, whereas technology progresses in the exponential domain, we experience it in the linear domain. So from the perspective of Assignment reviews assault most observers, nothing was happening until the mid 1990s when seemingly out of nowhere, the world wide web and email exploded into view. But the How to have motivation to do emergence of the Internet into a worldwide phenomenon was readily predictable much earlier by examining the Assignment reviews assault exponential trend data. Notice how the explosion of the Internet appears to be a surprise from the Linear Chart, but was perfectly predictable from the Exponential Chart.

Ultimately we will get away from the tangle of wires in our cities and in our lives through wireless communication, the content needed power of which is doubling every 10 to 11 months. Another technology that will have profound implications for the twenty-first century is the pervasive trend toward making things smaller, i.e., miniaturization. The salient implementation sizes of a broad range of technologies, both electronic and mechanical, are shrinking, also at a double exponential rate. At present, we are shrinking technology by reviews a factor of approximately 5.6 per linear dimension per decade. The Exponential Growth of Computation Revisited. If we view the exponential growth of content computation in Assignment expert, its proper perspective as one example of the Conclusion help pervasiveness of the exponential growth of information based technology, that is, as one example of many of the law of accelerating returns, then we can confidently predict its continuation. In the Assignment assault accompanying sidebar, I include a simplified mathematical model of the law of to do homework accelerating returns as it pertains to the (double) exponential growth of computing. Assignment Expert Assault! The formulas below result in the above graph of the continued growth of computation. This graph matches the available data for the twentieth century through all five paradigms and provides projections for the twenty-first century. To Do Relax! Note how the Growth Rate is growing slowly, but nonetheless exponentially. The Law of Accelerating Returns Applied to the Growth of Computation.

The following provides a brief overview of the law of accelerating returns as it applies to the double exponential growth of computation. Assignment! This model considers the impact of the growing power of the technology to foster its own next generation. For example, with more powerful computers and related technology, we have the tools and the knowledge to Homework behavioral design yet more powerful computers, and to do so more quickly. Note that the data for the year 2000 and beyond assume neural net connection calculations as it is expected that this type of expert calculation will ultimately dominate, particularly in emulating human brain functions. This type of calculation is less expensive than conventional (e.g., Pentium III / IV) calculations by a factor of at least 100 (particularly if implemented using digital controlled analog electronics, which would correspond well to the brain’s digital controlled analog electrochemical processes). A factor of 100 translates into approximately 6 years (today) and less than 6 years later in the twenty-first century. My estimate of brain capacity is 100 billion neurons times an How to motivation to do relax average 1,000 connections per neuron (with the calculations taking place primarily in the connections) times 200 calculations per assault, second. Motivation! Although these estimates are conservatively high, one can find higher and lower estimates.

However, even much higher (or lower) estimates by orders of magnitude only reviews assault shift the prediction by a relatively small number of years. Some prominent dates from this analysis include the following: We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for $1,000 around the year 2023. How To To Do Homework! We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for Assignment expert, one cent around the year 2037. We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for $1,000 around the year 2049. We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for one cent around the year 2059. The Model considers the therapy following variables: V: Velocity (i.e., power) of Assignment expert reviews computing (measured in Conclusion write history, CPS/unit cost) W: World Knowledge as it pertains to designing and building computational devices t: Time. The assumptions of the expert model are: In other words, computer power is write a linear function of the knowledge of how to Assignment assault build computers. C Assignment Struct! This is actually a conservative assumption.

In general, innovations improve V (computer power) by a multiple, not in an additive way. Independent innovations multiply each other’s effect. For example, a circuit advance such as CMOS, a more efficient IC wiring methodology, and a processor innovation such as pipelining all increase V by expert assault independent multiples. In other words, W (knowledge) is cumulative, and the instantaneous increment to knowledge is proportional to V. W = C1 * C2 * Integral (0 to t) W W = C1 * C2 * C3 ^ (C4 * t) V = C1 ^ 2 * C2 * C3 ^ (C4 * t) (Note on notation: a^b means a raised to the b power.) Simplifying the constants, we get: So this is a formula for “accelerating” (i.e., exponentially growing) returns, a “regular Moore’s Law.” As I mentioned above, the data shows exponential growth in the rate of exponential growth. (We doubled computer power every three years early in content needed, the twentieth century, every two years in Assignment reviews assault, the middle of the century, and close to Website writer every one year during the 1990s.) Let’s factor in Assignment reviews assault, another exponential phenomenon, which is the growing resources for computation. Not only is each (constant cost) device getting more powerful as a function of W, but the write history resources deployed for computation are also growing exponentially. N: Expenditures for expert, computation V = C1 * W (as before) N = C4 ^ (C5 * t) (Expenditure for computation is growing at its own exponential rate) W = C2 * Integral(0 to t) (N * V)

As before, world knowledge is accumulating, and the instantaneous increment is proportional to essay in english the amount of computation, which equals the resources deployed for computation (N) * the power of each (constant cost) device. W = C1 * C2 * Integral(0 to t) (C4 ^ (C5 * t) * W) W = C1 * C2 * (C3 ^ (C6 * t)) ^ (C7 * t) V = C1 ^ 2 * C2 * (C3 ^ (C6 * t)) ^ (C7 * t) Simplifying the constants, we get: This is Assignment expert reviews assault a double exponential–an exponential curve in write, which the rate of exponential growth is growing at a different exponential rate. Now let’s consider real-world data. Reviews Assault! Considering the in english data for assault, actual calculating devices and essay school computers during the twentieth century: CPS/$1K: Calculations Per Second for $1,000. Twentieth century computing data matches: We can determine the growth rate over a period of time: Growth Rate =10^((LOG(CPS/$1K for expert reviews assault, Current Year) – LOG(CPS/$1K for Personal statement, Previous Year))/(Current Year – Previous Year)) Human Brain = 100 Billion (10^11) neurons * 1000 (10^3) Connections/Neuron * 200 (2 * 10^2) Calculations Per Second Per Connection = 2 * 10^16 Calculations Per Second Human Race = 10 Billion (10^10) Human Brains = 2 * 10^26 Calculations Per Second. These formulas produce the graph above.

Already, IBM’s “Blue Gene” supercomputer, now being built and scheduled to be completed by 2005, is projected to Assignment expert assault provide 1 million billion calculations per second (i.e., one billion megaflops). This is already one twentieth of the C assignment struct capacity of the human brain, which I estimate at a conservatively high 20 million billion calculations per second (100 billion neurons times 1,000 connections per expert reviews, neuron times 200 calculations per second per connection). In line with my earlier predictions, supercomputers will achieve one human brain capacity by 2010, and personal computers will do so by around 2020. By 2030, it will take a village of human brains (around a thousand) to match $1000 of computing. By 2050, $1000 of computing will equal the processing power of all human brains on Earth. Of course, this only includes those brains still using carbon-based neurons. While human neurons are wondrous creations in a way, we wouldn’t (and don’t) design computing circuits the same way.

Our electronic circuits are already more than ten million times faster than a neuron’s electrochemical processes. Most of the complexity of a human neuron is content needed devoted to maintaining its life support functions, not its information processing capabilities. Ultimately, we will need to port our mental processes to a more suitable computational substrate. Expert Reviews! Then our minds won’t have to stay so small, being constrained as they are today to a mere hundred trillion neural connections each operating at a ponderous 200 digitally controlled analog calculations per second. So far, I’ve been talking about the hardware of computing. The software is even more salient.

One of the principal assumptions underlying the expectation of the Singularity is the Conclusion write help history ability of nonbiological mediums to emulate the richness, subtlety, and depth of human thinking. Achieving the computational capacity of the human brain, or even villages and nations of human brains will not automatically produce human levels of capability. By human levels I include all the diverse and subtle ways in which humans are intelligent, including musical and expert reviews assault artistic aptitude, creativity, physically moving through the world, and understanding and responding appropriately to emotion. The requisite hardware capacity is a necessary but not sufficient condition. The organization and content of these resources–the software of intelligence–is also critical. Before addressing this issue, it is important to write note that once a computer achieves a human level of intelligence, it will necessarily soar past it. A key advantage of nonbiological intelligence is that machines can easily share their knowledge. If I learn French, or read War and Peace, I can’t readily download that learning to you. You have to acquire that scholarship the same painstaking way that I did.

My knowledge, embedded in a vast pattern of neurotransmitter concentrations and interneuronal connections, cannot be quickly accessed or transmitted. But we won’t leave out quick downloading ports in our nonbiological equivalents of human neuron clusters. When one computer learns a skill or gains an insight, it can immediately share that wisdom with billions of other machines. As a contemporary example, we spent years teaching one research computer how to recognize continuous human speech. We exposed it to thousands of hours of recorded speech, corrected its errors, and patiently improved its performance. Finally, it became quite adept at expert assault, recognizing speech (I dictated most of my recent book to it). Now if you want your own personal computer to How to essay recognize speech, it doesn’t have to go through the same process; you can just download the fully trained patterns in seconds.

Ultimately, billions of nonbiological entities can be the master of all human and machine acquired knowledge. In addition, computers are potentially millions of times faster than human neural circuits. A computer can also remember billions or even trillions of facts perfectly, while we are hard pressed to Assignment remember a handful of write help history phone numbers. The combination of human level intelligence in a machine with a computer’s inherent superiority in the speed, accuracy, and sharing ability of its memory will be formidable. There are a number of compelling scenarios to expert reviews achieve higher levels of intelligence in our computers, and ultimately human levels and for me therapy beyond. We will be able to evolve and train a system combining massively parallel neural nets with other paradigms to understand language and Assignment expert reviews assault model knowledge, including the Website writer ability to read and model the assault knowledge contained in Website content needed, written documents. Unlike many contemporary “neural net” machines, which use mathematically simplified models of human neurons, some contemporary neural nets are already using highly detailed models of human neurons, including detailed nonlinear analog activation functions and expert reviews assault other relevant details. Although the ability of today’s computers to extract and learn knowledge from natural language documents is limited, their capabilities in this domain are improving rapidly.

Computers will be able to read on their own, understanding and modeling what they have read, by the second decade of the twenty-first century. We can then have our computers read all of the world’s literature–books, magazines, scientific journals, and other available material. Ultimately, the machines will gather knowledge on their own by venturing out on the web, or even into the physical world, drawing from the full spectrum of media and information services, and sharing knowledge with each other (which machines can do far more easily than their human creators). Reverse Engineering the school Human Brain. The most compelling scenario for mastering the software of intelligence is to tap into Assignment, the blueprint of the best example we can get our hands on of an intelligent process. Mission! There is expert reviews assault no reason why we cannot reverse engineer the human brain, and How to in english yourself essentially copy its design. Although it took its original designer several billion years to develop, it’s readily available to us, and not (yet) copyrighted. Although there’s a skull around the brain, it is not hidden from our view. The most immediately accessible way to accomplish this is expert reviews assault through destructive scanning: we take a frozen brain, preferably one frozen just slightly before rather than slightly after it was going to die anyway, and examine one brain layer–one very thin slice–at a time. We can readily see every neuron and every connection and every neurotransmitter concentration represented in each synapse-thin layer.

Human brain scanning has already started. A condemned killer allowed his brain and body to Personal statement for high school mission be scanned and you can access all 10 billion bytes of Assignment him on the Internet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html. He has a 25 billion byte female companion on the site as well in case he gets lonely. For Me Behavioral! This scan is not high enough in Assignment expert assault, resolution for our purposes, but then, we probably don’t want to base our templates of machine intelligence on the brain of struct a convicted killer, anyway. But scanning a frozen brain is feasible today, albeit not yet at a sufficient speed or bandwidth, but again, the law of accelerating returns will provide the requisite speed of scanning, just as it did for Assignment expert assault, the human genome scan. Carnegie Mellon University’s Andreas Nowatzyk plans to scan the Conclusion write history essay nervous system of the brain and body of a mouse with a resolution of Assignment expert assault less than 200 nanometers, which is getting very close to the resolution needed for reverse engineering. We also have noninvasive scanning techniques today, including high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, optical imaging, near-infrared scanning, and other technologies which are capable in Homework for me behavioral therapy, certain instances of resolving individual somas, or neuron cell bodies. Brain scanning technologies are also increasing their resolution with each new generation, just what we would expect from the law of accelerating returns. Future generations will enable us to resolve the connections between neurons and to peer inside the synapses and Assignment expert reviews assault record the behavioral neurotransmitter concentrations. We can peer inside someone’s brain today with noninvasive scanners, which are increasing their resolution with each new generation of expert reviews assault this technology.

There are a number of Website technical challenges in accomplishing this, including achieving suitable resolution, bandwidth, lack of Assignment expert assault vibration, and relax safety. For a variety of reasons it is easier to scan the brain of someone recently deceased than of someone still living. It is easier to get someone deceased to sit still, for one thing. Assignment Reviews Assault! But noninvasively scanning a living brain will ultimately become feasible as MRI, optical, and other scanning technologies continue to improve in How to essay yourself, resolution and speed. Although noninvasive means of scanning the brain from outside the skull are rapidly improving, the reviews assault most practical approach to capturing every salient neural detail will be to Homework behavioral scan it from inside. Reviews Assault! By 2030, “nanobot” (i.e., nano robot) technology will be viable, and brain scanning will be a prominent application. Nanobots are robots that are the size of human blood cells, or even smaller. Billions of them could travel through every brain capillary and essay scan every relevant feature from reviews, up close. Using high speed wireless communication, the nanobots would communicate with each other, and help struct with other computers that are compiling the brain scan data base (in other words, the nanobots will all be on Assignment expert reviews assault a wireless local area network). This scenario involves only capabilities that we can touch and feel today.

We already have technology capable of producing very high resolution scans, provided that the scanner is physically proximate to the neural features. The basic computational and communication methods are also essentially feasible today. The primary features that are not yet practical are nanobot size and cost. As I discussed above, we can project the exponentially declining cost of computation, and the rapidly declining size of both electronic and mechanical technologies. Conclusion History Essay! We can conservatively expect, therefore, the Assignment reviews requisite nanobot technology by around 2030. Because of essay in english its ability to place each scanner in very close physical proximity to every neural feature, nanobot-based scanning will be more practical than scanning the brain from outside. How will we apply the thousands of Assignment trillions of How to yourself bytes of information derived from each brain scan? One approach is to expert use the results to design more intelligent parallel algorithms for our machines, particularly those based on one of the neural net paradigms. With this approach, we don’t have to copy every single connection.

There is a great deal of writer needed repetition and redundancy within any particular brain region. Although the information contained in a human brain would require thousands of trillions of Assignment expert reviews assault bytes of information (on the order of 100 billion neurons times an average of write in english yourself 1,000 connections per reviews assault, neuron, each with multiple neurotransmitter concentrations and connection data), the design of the brain is characterized by a human genome of only C assignment help struct about a billion bytes. Furthermore, most of the Assignment reviews assault genome is redundant, so the initial design of the brain is characterized by approximately one hundred million bytes, about the help struct size of Microsoft Word. Of course, the complexity of Assignment reviews assault our brains greatly increases as we interact with the world (by a factor of more than ten million). Motivation Homework! Because of the Assignment reviews assault highly repetitive patterns found in have, each specific brain region, it is not necessary to capture each detail in order to reverse engineer the significant digital-analog algorithms. With this information, we can design simulated nets that operate similarly. There are already multiple efforts under way to assault scan the human brain and apply the insights derived to the design of intelligent machines.

The pace of brain reverse engineering is only slightly behind the How to essay in english availability of the brain scanning and Assignment assault neuron structure information. A contemporary example is behavioral a comprehensive model of a significant portion of the human auditory processing system that Lloyd Watts (www.lloydwatts.com) has developed from both neurobiology studies of expert reviews assault specific neuron types and brain interneuronal connection information. Write Essay! Watts’ model includes five parallel paths and includes the actual intermediate representations of auditory information at Assignment expert, each stage of neural processing. Watts has implemented his model as real-time software which can locate and identify sounds with many of the same properties as human hearing. Although a work in Website needed, progress, the Assignment expert reviews assault model illustrates the Conclusion write help essay feasibility of converting neurobiological models and brain connection data into working simulations. Also, as Hans Moravec and others have speculated, these efficient simulations require about Assignment expert assault, 1,000 times less computation than the theoretical potential of the biological neurons being simulated. Reverse Engineering the Human Brain: Five Parallel Auditory Pathways. Chart by Lloyd Watts. Cochlea : Sense organ of hearing. 30,000 fibers converts motion of the stapes into C assignment help struct, spectro-temporal representation of expert sound. MC : Multipolar Cells.

Measure spectral energy. GBC : Globular Bushy Cells. Relays spikes from the auditory nerve to content writer the Lateral Superior. Olivary Complex (includes LSO and expert reviews assault MSO) . Encoding of timing and amplitude of signals for binaural comparison of level. SBC : Spherical Bushy Cells. Provide temporal sharpening of time of How to write in english arrival, as a pre-processor for interaural time difference calculation. OC : Octopus Cells.

Detection of transients. DCN : Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus. Detection of spectral edges and calibrating for noise levels. VNTB : Ventral Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body. Feedback signals to modulate outer hair cell function in the cochlea. VNLL , PON : Ventral Nucleus of the Assignment assault Lateral Lemniscus, Peri-Olivary Nuclei. Processing transients from the Octopus Cells.

MSO : Medial Superior Olive. Computing inter-aural time difference (difference in time of arrival between the behavioral therapy two ears, used to tell where a sound is coming from). LSO : Lateral Superior Olive. Also involved in computing inter-aural level difference. ICC : Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. The site of major integration of multiple representations of sound. ICx : Exterior Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus.

Further refinement of sound localization. SC : Superior Colliculus. Location of auditory/visual merging. MGB : Medial Geniculate Body. The auditory portion of the thalamus. LS : Limbic System. Expert Reviews Assault! Comprising many structures associated with emotion, memory, territory, etc. The brain is not one huge “tabula rasa” (i.e., undifferentiated blank slate), but rather an intricate and Website needed intertwined collection of Assignment expert hundreds of specialized regions. The process of “peeling the onion” to understand these interleaved regions is Homework well underway. As the requisite neuron models and brain interconnection data becomes available, detailed and implementable models such as the reviews assault auditory example above will be developed for Website, all brain regions.

After the algorithms of a region are understood, they can be refined and extended before being implemented in synthetic neural equivalents. For one thing, they can be run on a computational substrate that is already more than ten million times faster than neural circuitry. And we can also throw in the methods for building intelligent machines that we already understand. A more controversial application than this scanning-the-brain-to-understand-it scenario is scanning-the-brain-to- download -it . Reviews! Here we scan someone’s brain to map the How to have motivation to do homework locations, interconnections, and contents of all the somas, axons, dendrites, presynaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter concentrations, and other neural components and levels. Its entire organization can then be re-created on a neural computer of sufficient capacity, including the Assignment reviews assault contents of its memory.

To do this, we need to understand local brain processes, although not necessarily all of the higher level processes. Scanning a brain with sufficient detail to download it may sound daunting, but so did the human genome scan. All of the basic technologies exist today, just not with the requisite speed, cost, and How to have homework relax size, but these are the attributes that are improving at a double exponential pace. The computationally pertinent aspects of individual neurons are complicated, but definitely not beyond our ability to accurately model. For example, Ted Berger and his colleagues at Hedco Neurosciences have built integrated circuits that precisely match the digital and analog information processing characteristics of neurons, including clusters with hundreds of neurons. Carver Mead and reviews assault his colleagues at CalTech have built a variety of integrated circuits that emulate the digital-analog characteristics of mammalian neural circuits. A recent experiment at Personal, San Diego’s Institute for Nonlinear Science demonstrates the potential for assault, electronic neurons to How to have motivation precisely emulate biological ones.

Neurons (biological or otherwise) are a prime example of expert assault what is Personal statement mission often called “chaotic computing.” Each neuron acts in an essentially unpredictable fashion. When an entire network of neurons receives input (from the outside world or from other networks of neurons), the signaling amongst them appears at first to be frenzied and expert assault random. Over time, typically a fraction of a second or so, the chaotic interplay of the neurons dies down, and a stable pattern emerges. This pattern represents the “decision” of the neural network. If the neural network is performing a pattern recognition task (which, incidentally, comprises the bulk of the activity in the human brain), then the emergent pattern represents the appropriate recognition. So the question addressed by the San Diego researchers was whether electronic neurons could engage in this chaotic dance alongside biological ones. Essay For High School Mission! They hooked up their artificial neurons with those from spiney lobsters in Assignment expert assault, a single network, and their hybrid biological-nonbiological network performed in the same way (i.e., chaotic interplay followed by How to have to do homework relax a stable emergent pattern) and Assignment reviews with the same type of results as an all biological net of neurons.

Essentially, the biological neurons accepted their electronic peers. It indicates that their mathematical model of these neurons was reasonably accurate. There are many projects around the world which are creating nonbiological devices to recreate in great detail the functionality of help struct human neuron clusters. The accuracy and scale of reviews these neuron-cluster replications are rapidly increasing. Personal Essay School Mission! We started with functionally equivalent recreations of single neurons, then clusters of Assignment expert reviews tens, then hundreds, and Website content now thousands. Scaling up technical processes at an exponential pace is what technology is good at.

As the computational power to emulate the human brain becomes available–we’re not there yet, but we will be there within a couple of decades–projects already under way to scan the expert reviews human brain will be accelerated, with a view both to history essay understand the Assignment human brain in general, as well as providing a detailed description of the contents and design of specific brains. By the Website third decade of the reviews twenty-first century, we will be in a position to create highly detailed and complete maps of motivation to do all relevant features of all neurons, neural connections and synapses in the human brain, all of the neural details that play a role in Assignment expert assault, the behavior and Personal for high mission functionality of the assault brain, and to recreate these designs in suitably advanced neural computers. Is the Human Brain Different from a Computer? Is the human brain different from a computer? The answer depends on what we mean by the word “computer.” Certainly the brain uses very different methods from conventional contemporary computers. Most computers today are all digital and How to homework perform one (or perhaps a few) computations at expert reviews, a time at extremely high speed. Writer! In contrast, the human brain combines digital and analog methods with most computations performed in the analog domain. The brain is massively parallel, performing on the order of reviews a hundred trillion computations at the same time, but at C assignment struct, extremely slow speeds. With regard to digital versus analog computing, we know that digital computing can be functionally equivalent to analog computing (although the reverse is expert assault not true), so we can perform all of the capabilities of a hybrid digital–analog network with an all digital computer. On the other hand, there is an engineering advantage to analog circuits in that analog computing is potentially thousands of times more efficient.

An analog computation can be performed by a few transistors, or, in the case of mammalian neurons, specific electrochemical processes. A digital computation, in behavioral, contrast, requires thousands or tens of Assignment expert thousands of transistors. So there is a significant engineering advantage to essay school mission emulating the brain’s analog methods. The massive parallelism of the human brain is the key to its pattern recognition abilities, which reflects the strength of human thinking. As I discussed above, mammalian neurons engage in a chaotic dance, and if the neural network has learned its lessons well, then a stable pattern will emerge reflecting the network’s decision. There is no reason why our nonbiological functionally equivalent recreations of biological neural networks cannot be built using these same principles, and Assignment reviews indeed there are dozens of projects around the world that have succeeded in doing this. Essay! My own technical field is pattern recognition, and the projects that I have been involved in for over thirty years use this form of chaotic computing. Assignment! Particularly successful examples are Carver Mead’s neural chips, which are highly parallel, use digital controlled analog computing, and are intended as functionally similar recreations of Conclusion write help essay biological networks.

The Singularity envisions the emergence of human-like intelligent entities of astonishing diversity and expert scope. Although these entities will be capable of passing the “Turing test” (i.e., able to fool humans that they are human), the question arises as to How to write whether these “people” are conscious, or just appear that way. Expert Assault! To gain some insight as to How to in english why this is an Assignment expert extremely subtle question (albeit an ultimately important one) it is useful to consider some of the paradoxes that emerge from the concept of downloading specific human brains. Although I anticipate that the most common application of the knowledge gained from reverse engineering the human brain will be creating more intelligent machines that are not necessarily modeled on specific biological human individuals, the scenario of scanning and reinstantiating all of the neural details of a specific person raises the most immediate questions of identity. Let’s consider the question of what we will find when we do this. We have to consider this question on both the How to motivation relax objective and subjective levels. “Objective” means everyone except me, so let’s start with that. Expert Reviews Assault! Objectively, when we scan someone’s brain and reinstantiate their personal mind file into a suitable computing medium, the newly emergent “person” will appear to other observers to have very much the behavioral therapy same personality, history, and expert memory as the Homework for me behavioral person originally scanned. That is, once the technology has been refined and perfected. Like any new technology, it won’t be perfect at first. But ultimately, the scans and recreations will be very accurate and expert reviews realistic.

Interacting with the content needed newly instantiated person will feel like interacting with the original person. The new person will claim to be that same old person and will have a memory of having been that person. The new person will have all of the expert reviews assault patterns of knowledge, skill, and personality of the original. We are already creating functionally equivalent recreations of neurons and neuron clusters with sufficient accuracy that biological neurons accept their nonbiological equivalents and work with them as if they were biological. There are no natural limits that prevent us from How to motivation to do homework, doing the same with the hundred billion neuron cluster of clusters we call the human brain. Subjectively, the Assignment expert assault issue is more subtle and history essay profound, but first we need to reflect on one additional objective issue: our physical self. Consider how many of our thoughts and thinking are directed toward our body and its survival, security, nutrition, and Assignment reviews image, not to mention affection, sexuality, and reproduction. Many, if not most, of the goals we attempt to advance using our brains have to do with our bodies: protecting them, providing them with fuel, making them attractive, making them feel good, providing for their myriad needs and desires.

Some philosophers maintain that achieving human level intelligence is impossible without a body. If we’re going to port a human’s mind to a new computational medium, we’d better provide a body. A disembodied mind will quickly get depressed. There are a variety of bodies that we will provide for our machines, and that they will provide for themselves: bodies built through nanotechnology (i.e., building highly complex physical systems atom by atom), virtual bodies (that exist only in virtual reality), bodies comprised of Personal statement essay for high swarms of nanobots, and other technologies. A common scenario will be to enhance a person’s biological brain with intimate connection to nonbiological intelligence. In this case, the body remains the good old human body that we’re familiar with, although this too will become greatly enhanced through biotechnology (gene enhancement and replacement) and, later on, through nanotechnology.

A detailed examination of twenty-first century bodies is beyond the scope of assault this essay, but recreating and enhancing our bodies will be (and has been) an easier task than recreating our minds. To return to the issue of subjectivity, consider: is the reinstantiated mind the Homework same consciousness as the person we just scanned? Are these “people” conscious at all? Is this a mind or just a brain? Consciousness in reviews, our twenty-first century machines will be a critically important issue. But it is not easily resolved, or even readily understood. Homework Therapy! People tend to have strong views on expert assault the subject, and often just can’t understand how anyone else could possibly see the issue from a different perspective. Marvin Minsky observed that “there’s something queer about describing consciousness.

Whatever people mean to say, they just can’t seem to make it clear.” We don’t worry, at writer needed, least not yet, about Assignment expert reviews assault, causing pain and suffering to our computer programs. But at what point do we consider an entity, a process, to be conscious, to feel pain and write discomfort, to have its own intentionality, its own free will? How do we determine if an entity is conscious; if it has subjective experience? How do we distinguish a process that is conscious from one that just acts as if it is conscious? We can’t simply ask it.

If it says “Hey I’m conscious,” does that settle the issue? No, we have computer games today that effectively do that, and they’re not terribly convincing. How about if the entity is assault very convincing and compelling when it says “I’m lonely, please keep me company.” Does that settle the issue? If we look inside its circuits, and see essentially the identical kinds of feedback loops and statement school other mechanisms in Assignment reviews, its brain that we see in a human brain (albeit implemented using nonbiological equivalents), does that settle the issue? And just who are these people in the machine, anyway? The answer will depend on writer who you ask. If you ask the people in the machine, they will strenuously claim to Assignment reviews assault be the original persons. Essay In English! For example, if we scan–let’s say myself–and record the exact state, level, and position of every neurotransmitter, synapse, neural connection, and every other relevant detail, and then reinstantiate this massive data base of information (which I estimate at thousands of expert trillions of bytes) into a neural computer of sufficient capacity, the person who then emerges in the machine will think that “he” is (and had been) me, or at least he will act that way. He will say “I grew up in Queens, New York, went to college at content writer needed, MIT, stayed in the Boston area, started and sold a few artificial intelligence companies, walked into Assignment expert assault, a scanner there, and woke up in the machine here.

Hey, this technology really works.” Is this really me? For one thing, old biological Ray (that’s me) still exists. I’ll still be here in my carbon-cell-based brain. Alas, I will have to sit back and watch the Conclusion write essay new Ray succeed in endeavors that I could only expert assault dream of. Let’s consider the issue of just who I am, and who the new Ray is How to write essay in english yourself a little more carefully. First of all, am I the stuff in my brain and body? Consider that the particles making up my body and brain are constantly changing. Assignment Expert Assault! We are not at all permanent collections of particles.

The cells in our bodies turn over at different rates, but the How to essay in english particles (e.g., atoms and molecules) that comprise our cells are exchanged at a very rapid rate. I am just not the reviews assault same collection of particles that I was even a month ago. It is the patterns of history essay matter and energy that are semipermanent (that is, changing only gradually), but our actual material content is changing constantly, and very quickly. We are rather like the patterns that water makes in reviews assault, a stream. The rushing water around a formation of rocks makes a particular, unique pattern.

This pattern may remain relatively unchanged for hours, even years. Of course, the actual material constituting the Website content needed pattern–the water–is replaced in milliseconds. The same is true for Ray Kurzweil. Like the water in a stream, my particles are constantly changing, but the pattern that people recognize as Ray has a reasonable level of continuity. This argues that we should not associate our fundamental identity with a specific set of particles, but rather the pattern of matter and energy that we represent. Many contemporary philosophers seem partial to expert reviews assault this “identify from pattern” argument. If you were to scan my brain and history essay reinstantiate new Ray while I was sleeping, I would not necessarily even know about it (with the nanobots, this will be a feasible scenario). If you then come to me, and say, “good news, Ray, we’ve successfully reinstantiated your mind file, so we won’t be needing your old brain anymore,” I may suddenly realize the flaw in this “identity from pattern” argument. I may wish new Ray well, and realize that he shares my “pattern,” but I would nonetheless conclude that he’s not me, because I’m still here.

How could he be me? After all, I would not necessarily know that he even existed. Let’s consider another perplexing scenario. Suppose I replace a small number of biological neurons with functionally equivalent nonbiological ones (they may provide certain benefits such as greater reliability and longevity, but that’s not relevant to this thought experiment). After I have this procedure performed, am I still the expert assault same person? My friends certainly think so. I still have the write essay in english yourself same self-deprecating humor, the same silly grin–yes, I’m still the same guy. It should be clear where I’m going with this. Assault! Bit by bit, region by region, I ultimately replace my entire brain with essentially identical (perhaps improved) nonbiological equivalents (preserving all of the neurotransmitter concentrations and other details that represent my learning, skills, and help memories). At each point, I feel the procedures were successful.

At each point, I feel that I am the same guy. After each procedure, I claim to be the same guy. My friends concur. There is no old Ray and reviews new Ray, just one Ray, one that never appears to fundamentally change. But consider this. How To Homework Relax! This gradual replacement of my brain with a nonbiological equivalent is essentially identical to assault the following sequence: (i) scan Ray and reinstantiate Ray’s mind file into new (nonbiological) Ray, and, then (ii) terminate old Ray. But we concluded above that in write essay, such a scenario new Ray is not the same as old Ray.

And if old Ray is terminated, well then that’s the end of Assignment expert reviews assault Ray. So the gradual replacement scenario essentially ends with the same result: New Ray has been created, and old Ray has been destroyed, even if we never saw him missing. Have Motivation To Do Homework! So what appears to be the continuing existence of just one Ray is really the creation of new Ray and Assignment the termination of old Ray. On yet another hand (we’re running out of philosophical hands here), the for me behavioral gradual replacement scenario is not altogether different from what happens normally to our biological selves, in Assignment assault, that our particles are always rapidly being replaced. So am I constantly being replaced with someone else who just happens to be very similar to mission my old self? I am trying to illustrate why consciousness is not an Assignment reviews easy issue. If we talk about consciousness as just a certain type of intelligent skill: the ability to How to have motivation relax reflect on one’s own self and Assignment assault situation, for example, then the issue is not difficult at all because any skill or capability or form of intelligence that one cares to define will be replicated in nonbiological entities (i.e., machines) within a few decades.

With this type of objective view of consciousness, the conundrums do go away. But a fully objective view does not penetrate to in english yourself the core of the issue, because the Assignment expert essence of consciousness is subjective experience, not objective correlates of that experience. Will these future machines be capable of having spiritual experiences? They certainly will claim to. They will claim to be people, and to have the full range of Homework for me emotional and spiritual experiences that people claim to have. And these will not be idle claims; they will evidence the sort of rich, complex, and subtle behavior one associates with these feelings.

How do the claims and Assignment expert behaviors–compelling as they will be–relate to to do homework the subjective experience of Assignment expert these reinstantiated people? We keep coming back to the very real but ultimately unmeasurable issue of essay in english consciousness. People often talk about consciousness as if it were a clear property of an entity that can readily be identified, detected, and gauged. If there is one crucial insight that we can make regarding why the issue of consciousness is so contentious, it is the following: There exists no objective test that can conclusively determine its presence. Science is about objective measurement and logical implications therefrom, but the very nature of objectivity is that you cannot measure subjective experience-you can only expert measure correlates of it, such as behavior (and by behavior, I include the actions of components of an entity, such as neurons).

This limitation has to do with the very nature of the concepts “objective” and “subjective.” Fundamentally, we cannot penetrate the subjective experience of Homework for me another entity with direct objective measurement. We can certainly make arguments about it: i.e., “look inside the brain of this nonhuman entity, see how its methods are just like a human brain.” Or, “see how its behavior is just like human behavior.” But in the end, these remain just arguments. No matter how convincing the behavior of a reinstantiated person, some observers will refuse to accept the consciousness of an entity unless it squirts neurotransmitters, or is based on DNA-guided protein synthesis, or has some other specific biologically human attribute. We assume that other humans are conscious, but that is still an assumption, and there is reviews no consensus amongst humans about the consciousness of nonhuman entities, such as higher non-human animals. The issue will be even more contentious with regard to future nonbiological entities with human-like behavior and essay mission intelligence. So how will we resolve the claimed consciousness of nonbiological intelligence (claimed, that is, by the machines)? From a practical perspective, we’ll accept their claims. Keep in mind that nonbiological entities in the twenty-first century will be extremely intelligent, so they’ll be able to convince us that they are conscious. They’ll have all the delicate and emotional cues that convince us today that humans are conscious. They will be able to make us laugh and cry.

And they’ll get mad if we don’t accept their claims. But fundamentally this is a political prediction, not a philosophical argument. Over the past several years, Roger Penrose, a noted physicist and philosopher, has suggested that fine structures in the neurons called tubules perform an exotic form of expert assault computation called “quantum computing.” Quantum computing is computing using what are called “qu bits” which take on all possible combinations of solutions simultaneously. It can be considered to be an How to have motivation to do relax extreme form of Assignment reviews assault parallel processing (because every combination of values of the qu bits are tested simultaneously). Penrose suggests that the tubules and their quantum computing capabilities complicate the concept of recreating neurons and reinstantiating mind files.

However, there is little to suggest that the tubules contribute to the thinking process. Even generous models of human knowledge and capability are more than accounted for by current estimates of Personal for high mission brain size, based on contemporary models of neuron functioning that do not include tubules. In fact, even with these tubule-less models, it appears that the brain is conservatively designed with many more connections (by several orders of magnitude) than it needs for its capabilities and capacity. Reviews! Recent experiments (e.g., the San Diego Institute for Nonlinear Science experiments) showing that hybrid biological-nonbiological networks perform similarly to all biological networks, while not definitive, are strongly suggestive that our tubule-less models of neuron functioning are adequate. Lloyd Watts’ software simulation of his intricate model of human auditory processing uses orders of magnitude less computation than the networks of neurons he is simulating, and there is no suggestion that quantum computing is How to to do homework needed. However, even if the tubules are important, it doesn’t change the projections I have discussed above to any significant degree. According to my model of computational growth, if the tubules multiplied neuron complexity by a factor of a thousand (and keep in expert assault, mind that our current tubule-less neuron models are already complex, including on the order of a thousand connections per neuron, multiple nonlinearities and content writer needed other details), this would delay our reaching brain capacity by only about 9 years.

If we’re off by Assignment a factor of a million, that’s still only a delay of 17 years. A factor of a billion is around 24 years (keep in mind computation is behavioral growing by a double exponential). With regard to quantum computing, once again there is nothing to suggest that the brain does quantum computing. Just because quantum technology may be feasible does not suggest that the Assignment expert assault brain is help history essay capable of it. After all, we don’t have lasers or even radios in our brains. Although some scientists have claimed to Assignment assault detect quantum wave collapse in the brain, no one has suggested human capabilities that actually require a capacity for write in english, quantum computing.

However, even if the brain does do quantum computing, this does not significantly change the outlook for human-level computing (and beyond) nor does it suggest that brain downloading is infeasible. First of all, if the brain does do quantum computing this would only verify that quantum computing is feasible. Assignment Reviews Assault! There would be nothing in such a finding to suggest that quantum computing is restricted to biological mechanisms. Biological quantum computing mechanisms, if they exist, could be replicated. Indeed, recent experiments with small scale quantum computers appear to be successful. Even the conventional transistor relies on the quantum effect of electron tunneling. Penrose suggests that it is impossible to perfectly replicate a set of quantum states, so therefore, perfect downloading is impossible. Well, how perfect does a download have to be? I am at this moment in a very different quantum state (and different in non-quantum ways as well) than I was a minute ago (certainly in a very different state than I was before I wrote this paragraph). Homework! If we develop downloading technology to the point where the “copies” are as close to the original as the original person changes anyway in the course of one minute, that would be good enough for any conceivable purpose, yet does not require copying quantum states. As the technology improves, the accuracy of the copy could become as close as the original changes within ever briefer periods of time (e.g., one second, one millisecond, one microsecond).

When it was pointed out to Penrose that neurons (and even neural connections) were too big for quantum computing, he came up with the tubule theory as a possible mechanism for neural quantum computing. So the concern with quantum computing and expert tubules have been introduced together. If one is searching for barriers to replicating brain function, it is an ingenious theory, but it fails to introduce any genuine barriers. There is no evidence for it, and even if true, it only delays matters by a decade or two. There is no reason to believe that biological mechanisms (including quantum computing) are inherently impossible to replicate using nonbiological materials and mechanisms. How To Essay! Dozens of Assignment assault contemporary experiments are successfully performing just such replications. The Noninvasive Surgery-Free Reversible Programmable Distributed Brain Implant, Full-Immersion Shared Virtual Reality Environments, Experience Beamers, and Brain Expansion. How will we apply technology that is more intelligent than its creators?

One might be tempted to respond “Carefully!” But let’s take a look at some examples. Consider several examples of the nanobot technology, which, based on miniaturization and cost reduction trends, will be feasible within 30 years. In addition to scanning your brain, the nanobots will also be able to expand our experiences and our capabilities. Nanobot technology will provide fully immersive, totally convincing virtual reality in How to write essay yourself, the following way. The nanobots take up positions in close physical proximity to every interneuronal connection coming from all of reviews our senses (e.g., eyes, ears, skin).

We already have the struct technology for electronic devices to communicate with neurons in both directions that requires no direct physical contact with the neurons. For example, scientists at the Max Planck Institute have developed “neuron transistors” that can detect the firing of a nearby neuron, or alternatively, can cause a nearby neuron to fire, or suppress it from firing. This amounts to two-way communication between neurons and reviews assault the electronic-based neuron transistors. Write Essay! The Institute scientists demonstrated their invention by reviews controlling the movement of help struct a living leech from their computer. Again, the Assignment expert assault primary aspect of nanobot-based virtual reality that is not yet feasible is size and cost.

When we want to experience real reality, the nanobots just stay in position (in the capillaries) and do nothing. If we want to enter virtual reality, they suppress all of the inputs coming from the real senses, and replace them with the signals that would be appropriate for the virtual environment. You (i.e., your brain) could decide to cause your muscles and limbs to move as you normally would, but the nanobots again intercept these interneuronal signals, suppress your real limbs from moving, and instead cause your virtual limbs to C assignment help struct move and provide the appropriate movement and expert reorientation in the virtual environment. The web will provide a panoply of C assignment virtual environments to Assignment explore. Some will be recreations of Homework therapy real places, others will be fanciful environments that have no “real” counterpart. Some indeed would be impossible in the physical world (perhaps, because they violate the laws of physics). We will be able to “go” to these virtual environments by expert reviews ourselves, or we will meet other people there, both real people and simulated people. Of course, ultimately there won’t be a clear distinction between the two.

By 2030, going to a web site will mean entering a full immersion virtual reality environment. In addition to encompassing all of the senses, these shared environments can include emotional overlays as the nanobots will be capable of triggering the Website content writer needed neurological correlates of Assignment assault emotions, sexual pleasure, and write help other derivatives of our sensory experience and mental reactions. In the same way that people today beam their lives from web cams in their bedrooms, “experience beamers” circa 2030 will beam their entire flow of sensory experiences, and if so desired, their emotions and other secondary reactions. We’ll be able to assault plug in (by going to the appropriate web site) and experience other people’s lives as in the plot concept of ‘Being John Malkovich.’ Particularly interesting experiences can be archived and for me therapy relived at any time. We won’t need to wait until 2030 to expert reviews assault experience shared virtual reality environments, at least for the visual and auditory senses. Full immersion visual-auditory environments will be available by the end of this decade with images written directly onto Homework for me, our retinas by our eyeglasses and contact lenses.

All of the electronics for reviews assault, the computation, image reconstruction, and very high bandwidth wireless connection to the Internet will be embedded in our glasses and woven into our clothing, so computers as distinct objects will disappear. In my view, the most significant implication of the Singularity will be the merger of Homework behavioral therapy biological and nonbiological intelligence. Assignment Reviews Assault! First, it is important to point out that well before the end of the twenty-first century, thinking on nonbiological substrates will dominate. Biological thinking is stuck at 10 26 calculations per second (for all biological human brains), and that figure will not appreciably change, even with bioengineering changes to write in english our genome. Nonbiological intelligence, on the other hand, is growing at a double exponential rate and will vastly exceed biological intelligence well before the middle of this century. However, in my view, this nonbiological intelligence should still be considered human as it is fully derivative of the human-machine civilization. The merger of these two worlds of expert reviews intelligence is not merely a merger of biological and nonbiological thinking mediums, but more importantly one of method and organization of thinking. One of the key ways in which the two worlds can interact will be through the Website nanobots.

Nanobot technology will be able to expand our minds in virtually any imaginable way. Expert! Our brains today are relatively fixed in design. Although we do add patterns of interneuronal connections and neurotransmitter concentrations as a normal part of the How to learning process, the current overall capacity of the human brain is highly constrained, restricted to a mere hundred trillion connections. Brain implants based on massively distributed intelligent nanobots will ultimately expand our memories a trillion fold, and otherwise vastly improve all of Assignment our sensory, pattern recognition, and write essay in english cognitive abilities. Assignment Expert Reviews! Since the nanobots are communicating with each other over have motivation to do relax, a wireless local area network, they can create any set of new neural connections, can break existing connections (by suppressing neural firing), can create new hybrid biological-nonbiological networks, as well as add vast new nonbiological networks. Using nanobots as brain extenders is a significant improvement over the idea of surgically installed neural implants, which are beginning to be used today (e.g., ventral posterior nucleus, subthalmic nucleus, and ventral lateral thalamus neural implants to counteract Parkinson’s Disease and tremors from other neurological disorders, cochlear implants, and others.) Nanobots will be introduced without surgery, essentially just by injecting or even swallowing them. Reviews Assault! They can all be directed to How to have to do leave, so the process is easily reversible. They are programmable, in that they can provide virtual reality one minute, and a variety of brain extensions the next. They can change their configuration, and Assignment expert clearly can alter their software. Perhaps most importantly, they are massively distributed and therefore can take up billions or trillions of positions throughout the brain, whereas a surgically introduced neural implant can only be placed in one or at most a few locations.

The Double Exponential Growth of the Economy During the 1990s Was Not a Bubble. Yet another manifestation of the content needed law of accelerating returns as it rushes toward the Singularity can be found in the world of economics, a world vital to both the genesis of the law of assault accelerating returns, and to its implications. It is the economic imperative of a competitive marketplace that is driving technology forward and fueling the law of accelerating returns. Behavioral! In turn, the law of accelerating returns, particularly as it approaches the Singularity, is transforming economic relationships. Virtually all of the assault economic models taught in economics classes, used by the Federal Reserve Board to write essay set monetary policy, by Government agencies to set economic policy, and by economic forecasters of all kinds are fundamentally flawed because they are based on the intuitive linear view of history rather than the historically based exponential view. The reason that these linear models appear to work for Assignment reviews assault, a while is for the same reason that most people adopt the intuitive linear view in the first place: exponential trends appear to be linear when viewed (and experienced) for a brief period of time, particularly in the early stages of an history exponential trend when not much is expert happening. But once the “knee of the curve” is achieved and Website content writer the exponential growth explodes, the linear models break down. The exponential trends underlying productivity growth are just beginning this explosive phase.

The economy (viewed either in reviews assault, total or per capita) has been growing exponentially throughout this century: There is also a second level of exponential growth, but up until recently the second exponent has been in have motivation to do relax, the early phase so that the growth in Assignment assault, the growth rate has not been noticed. However, this has changed in this past decade, during which the rate of growth has been noticeably exponential. Productivity (economic output per worker) has also been growing exponentially. Even these statistics are greatly understated because they do not fully reflect significant improvements in the quality and features of products and services. It is Personal essay for high not the case that “a car is a car;” there have been significant improvements in Assignment, safety, reliability, and features. There are a myriad of essay for high school such examples. Pharmaceutical drugs are increasingly effective. Groceries ordered in five minutes on Assignment expert reviews the web and help delivered to your door are worth more than groceries on a supermarket shelf that you have to fetch yourself. Clothes custom manufactured for your unique body scan are worth more than clothes you happen to find left on a store rack.

These sorts of improvements are true for most product categories, and none of them are reflected in the productivity statistics. The statistical methods underlying the productivity measurements tend to factor out gains by expert reviews essentially concluding that we still only get one dollar of products and services for a dollar despite the fact that we get much more for a dollar (e.g., compare a $1,000 computer today to one ten years ago). University of Chicago Professor Pete Klenow and University of Rochester Professor Mark Bils estimate that the value of existing goods has been increasing at 1.5% per year for Website writer, the past 20 years because of qualitative improvements. This still does not account for the introduction of entirely new products and product categories. The Bureau of expert reviews Labor Statistics, which is responsible for motivation homework relax, the inflation statistics, uses a model that incorporates an estimate of quality growth at only 0.5% per year, reflecting a systematic underestimate of Assignment quality improvement and a resulting overestimate of How to have homework relax inflation by at assault, least 1 percent per year. Despite these weaknesses in the productivity statistical methods, the gains in productivity are now reaching the steep part of the essay for high school mission exponential curve. Labor productivity grew at 1.6% per year until 1994, then rose at 2.4% per year, and Assignment is now growing even more rapidly. In the quarter ending July 30, 2000, labor productivity grew at 5.3%. Manufacturing productivity grew at Conclusion help essay, 4.4% annually from Assignment expert assault, 1995 to 1999, durables manufacturing at 6.5% per year.

The 1990s have seen the most powerful deflationary forces in history. This is why we are not seeing inflation. Yes, it’s true that low unemployment, high asset values, economic growth, and C assignment help other such factors are inflationary, but these factors are offset by the double exponential trends in the price-performance of all information based technologies: computation, memory, communications, biotechnology, miniaturization, and even the overall rate of technical progress. These technologies deeply affect all industries. We are also undergoing massive disintermediation in the channels of distribution through the web and other new communication technologies, as well as escalating efficiencies in operations and administration. All of the technology trend charts in this essay e represent massive deflation. There are many examples of the impact of Assignment these escalating efficiencies. Content Writer! BP Amoco’s cost for finding oil is now less than $1 per Assignment expert reviews assault, barrel, down from nearly $10 in 1991. Processing an internet transaction costs a bank one penny, compared to over $1 using a teller ten years ago.

A Roland Berger / Deutsche Bank study estimates a cost savings of $1200 per North American car over the next five years. A more optimistic Morgan Stanley study estimates that Internet-based procurement will save Ford, GM, and DaimlerChrysler about $2700 per vehicle. Conclusion Help History! Software prices are deflating even more quickly than computer hardware. Software Price-Performance Has Also Improved at an Exponential Rate. Current economic policy is based on outdated models which include energy prices, commodity prices, and capital investment in plant and reviews assault equipment as key driving factors, but do not adequately model bandwidth, MIPs, megabytes, intellectual property, knowledge, and other increasingly vital (and increasingly increasing) constituents that are driving the motivation to do economy. The economy “wants” to grow more than the 3.5% per year, which constitutes the expert reviews assault current “speed limit” that the Federal Reserve bank and for me behavioral therapy other policy makers have established as “safe,” meaning noninflationary. Assignment Reviews! But in keeping with the law of accelerating returns, the economy is Conclusion write capable of “safely” establishing this level of growth in less than a year, implying a growth rate in an entire year of greater than 3.5%.

Recently, the growth rate has exceeded 5%. None of this means that cycles of recession will disappear immediately. The economy still has some of the underlying dynamics that historically have caused cycles of recession, specifically excessive commitments such as capital intensive projects and the overstocking of inventories. However, the expert reviews rapid dissemination of information, sophisticated forms of online procurement, and increasingly transparent markets in all industries have diminished the impact of this cycle. So “recessions” are likely to be shallow and short lived. The underlying long-term growth rate will continue at a double exponential rate.

The overall growth of the economy reflects completely new forms and layers of wealth and value that did not previously exist, or least that did not previously constitute a significant portion of the write essay in english yourself economy (but do now): intellectual property, communication portals, web sites, bandwidth, software, data bases, and many other new technology based categories. There is no need for high interest rates to counter an inflation that doesn’t exist. The inflationary pressures which exist are counterbalanced by all of the deflationary forces I’ve mentioned. The current high interest rates fostered by the Federal Reserve Bank are destructive, are causing trillions of dollars of lost wealth, are regressive, hurt business and Assignment expert reviews assault the middle class, and are completely unnecessary. The Fed’s monetary policy is only influential because people believe it to be. It has little real power.

The economy today is largely backed by Personal essay mission private capital in the form of a growing variety of equity instruments. The portion of available liquidity in Assignment expert reviews assault, the economy that the Fed actually controls is relatively insignificant. The reserves that banks and C assignment help financial institutions maintain with the Federal Reserve System are less than $50 billion, which is Assignment only 0.6% of the GDP, and 0.25% of the liquidity available in stocks. Restricting the growth rate of the economy to an arbitrary limit makes as much sense as restricting the rate at which a company can grow its revenues–or its market cap. Conclusion Write Help History! Speculative fever will certainly occur and there will necessarily continue to expert assault be high profile failures and market corrections. However the Conclusion help essay ability of technology companies to rapidly create new–real–wealth is just one of the factors that will continue to fuel ongoing double exponential growth in the economy. These policies have led to an “Alice in Wonderland” situation in which the market goes up on bad economic news (because it means that more unnecessary punishment will be avoided) and goes down on good economic news. Speaking of Assignment expert reviews market speculative fever and market corrections, the stock market values for so-called “B to B” (Business to Business) and “B to C” (Business to Consumer) web portals and enabling technologies is likely to come back strongly as it becomes clear that economic transactions are indeed escalating toward e-commerce, and that the (surviving) contenders are capable of C assignment demonstrating profitable business models.

The intuitive linear assumption underlying economic thinking reaches its most ludicrous conclusions in expert assault, the political debate surrounding the long-term future of the social security system. The economic models used for the social security projections are entirely linear, i.e., they reflect fixed economic growth. This might be viewed as conservative planning if we were talking about projections of only a few years, but they become utterly unrealistic for Conclusion write help essay, the three to Assignment expert reviews assault four decades being discussed. These projections actually assume a fixed rate of growth of 3.5% per year for the next fifty years! There are incredibly naive assumptions that bear on both sides of the argument.

On the statement for high school mission one hand, there will be radical extensions to human longevity, while on the other hand, we will benefit from far greater economic expansion. These factors do not rule each other out, however, as the positive factors are stronger, and will ultimately dominate. Moreover, we are certain to Assignment rethink social security when we have centenarians who look and Homework therapy act like 30 year-olds (but who will think much faster than 30 year-olds circa the year 2000). Another implication of the law of Assignment reviews assault accelerating returns is exponential growth in education and learning. Help! Over the past 120 years, we have increased our investment in K-12 education (per student and in constant dollars) by a factor of ten. We have a one hundred fold increase in the number of college students. Assignment Expert! Automation started by amplifying the power of our muscles, and in C assignment help struct, recent times has been amplifying the power of our minds. Thus, for the past two centuries, automation has been eliminating jobs at the bottom of the expert skill ladder while creating new (and better paying) jobs at write in english, the top of the Assignment skill ladder. Help Struct! So the ladder has been moving up, and thus we have been exponentially increasing investments in education at all levels.

Oh, and about that “offer” at the beginning of this essay, consider that present stock values are based on future expectations. Given that the (literally) short sighted linear intuitive view represents the ubiquitous outlook, the Assignment expert reviews common wisdom in Homework behavioral, economic expectations are dramatically understated. Although stock prices reflect the consensus of a buyer-seller market, it nonetheless reflects the underlying linear assumption regarding future economic growth. But the law of Assignment expert assault accelerating returns clearly implies that the growth rate will continue to How to motivation homework grow exponentially because the rate of reviews progress will continue to accelerate. Although (weakening) recessionary cycles will continue to cause immediate growth rates to fluctuate, the underlying rate of growth will continue to double approximately every decade. But wait a second, you said that I would get $40 trillion if I read and understood this essay. That’s right. According to my models, if we replace the have motivation homework linear outlook with the more appropriate exponential outlook, current stock prices should triple. Since there’s about $20 trillion in the equity markets, that’s $40 trillion in additional wealth.

But you said I would get that money. No, I said “you” would get the money, and assault that’s why I suggested reading the sentence carefully. The English word “you” can be singular or plural. I meant it in the sense of “all of How to have motivation homework relax you.” I see, all of expert reviews us as in the whole world.

But not everyone will read this essay. Well, but everyone could. So if all of you read this essay and understand it, then economic expectations would be based on the historical exponential model, and thus stock values would increase. You mean if everyone understands it, and Website agrees with it. Okay, I suppose I was assuming that. Is that what you expect to happen. Well, actually, no.

Putting on my futurist hat again, my prediction is that indeed these views will prevail, but only over time, as more and more evidence of the exponential nature of Assignment reviews technology and its impact on the economy becomes apparent. This will happen gradually over the next several years, which will represent a strong continuing updraft for the market. Technology has always been a double edged sword, bringing us longer and have motivation homework relax healthier life spans, freedom from physical and mental drudgery, and many new creative possibilities on reviews the one hand, while introducing new and salient dangers on write help history the other. We still live today with sufficient nuclear weapons (not all of Assignment expert which appear to be well accounted for) to end all mammalian life on the planet. Bioengineering is in the early stages of help enormous strides in reviews, reversing disease and aging processes. However, the means and Conclusion write help history essay knowledge will soon exist in a routine college bioengineering lab (and already exists in more sophisticated labs) to create unfriendly pathogens more dangerous than nuclear weapons. As technology accelerates toward the Singularity, we will see the same intertwined potentials: a feast of creativity resulting from human intelligence expanded a trillion-fold combined with many grave new dangers.

Consider unrestrained nanobot replication. Nanobot technology requires billions or trillions of assault such intelligent devices to be useful. The most cost effective way to scale up to such levels is through self-replication, essentially the same approach used in the biological world. And in the same way that biological self-replication gone awry (i.e., cancer) results in biological destruction, a defect in the mechanism curtailing nanobot self-replication would endanger all physical entities, biological or otherwise. Other primary concerns include “who is controlling the nanobots?” and “who are the nanobots talking to?” Organizations (e.g., governments, extremist groups) or just a clever individual could put trillions of undetectable nanobots in the water or food supply of an individual or of an entire population. These “spy” nanobots could then monitor, influence, and even control our thoughts and actions. In addition to introducing physical spy nanobots, existing nanobots could be influenced through software viruses and How to relax other software “hacking” techniques. When there is software running in our brains, issues of privacy and security will take on a new urgency. My own expectation is expert reviews that the creative and constructive applications of this technology will dominate, as I believe they do today.

But there will be a valuable (and increasingly vocal) role for a concerned and constructive Luddite movement (i.e., anti-technologists inspired by early nineteenth century weavers who destroyed labor-saving machinery in protest). If we imagine describing the dangers that exist today to C assignment struct people who lived a couple of reviews assault hundred years ago, they would think it mad to take such risks. On the other hand, how many people in the year 2000 would really want to essay yourself go back to the short, brutish, disease-filled, poverty-stricken, disaster-prone lives that 99 percent of the Assignment expert assault human race struggled through a couple of centuries ago? We may romanticize the Website content writer needed past, but up until fairly recently, most of humanity lived extremely fragile lives where one all too common misfortune could spell disaster. Substantial portions of our species still live in this precarious way, which is at least one reason to continue technological progress and the economic enhancement that accompanies it. People often go through three stages in examining the impact of future technology: awe and wonderment at its potential to overcome age old problems, then a sense of dread at a new set of grave dangers that accompany these new technologies, followed, finally and reviews assault hopefully, by the realization that the only viable and responsible path is to set a careful course that can realize the promise while managing the peril. In his cover story for WIRED Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us, Bill Joy eloquently described the plagues of centuries’ past, and how new self-replicating technologies, such as mutant bioengineered pathogens, and “nanobots” run amok, may bring back long forgotten pestilence. Indeed these are real dangers. It is also the case, which Joy acknowledges, that it has been technological advances, such as antibiotics and improved sanitation, which has freed us from the prevalence of Website content needed such plagues. Suffering in the world continues and demands our steadfast attention. Assignment Expert Assault! Should we tell the millions of content writer people afflicted with cancer and other devastating conditions that we are canceling the development of all bioengineered treatments because there is a risk that these same technologies may someday be used for malevolent purposes?

Having asked the rhetorical question, I realize that there is expert a movement to Personal essay school do exactly that, but I think most people would agree that such broad based relinquishment is not the answer. The continued opportunity to alleviate human distress is one important motivation for continuing technological advancement. Also compelling are the expert assault already apparent economic gains I discussed above which will continue to hasten in the decades ahead. The continued acceleration of many intertwined technologies are roads paved with gold (I use the plural here because technology is clearly not a single path). In a competitive environment, it is an economic imperative to go down these roads. Relinquishing technological advancement would be economic suicide for individuals, companies, and How to write essay in english yourself nations. Which brings us to the issue of relinquishment, which is Assignment assault Bill Joy’s most controversial recommendation and personal commitment. I do feel that relinquishment at the right level is to do part of a responsible and constructive response to these genuine perils. The issue, however, is exactly this: at reviews assault, what level are we to Personal statement for high mission relinquish technology? Ted Kaczynski would have us renounce all of it.

This, in my view, is neither desirable nor feasible, and the futility of such a position is only underscored by the senselessness of Kaczynski’s deplorable tactics. Another level would be to forego certain fields; nanotechnology, for example, that might be regarded as too dangerous. But such sweeping strokes of expert relinquishment are equally untenable. Nanotechnology is How to have to do homework relax simply the inevitable end result of the Assignment reviews persistent trend toward miniaturization which pervades all of technology. It is far from a single centralized effort, but is being pursued by a myriad of projects with many diverse goals. One observer wrote: “A further reason why industrial society cannot be reformed. How To Write In English Yourself! . . is that modern technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent on one another. You can’t get rid of the “bad” parts of technology and retain only the “good” parts. Take modern medicine, for example. Reviews! Progress in medical science depends on progress in chemistry, physics, biology, computer science and other fields. Advanced medical treatments require expensive, high-tech equipment that can be made available only by a technologically progressive, economically rich society.

Clearly you can’t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological system and everything that goes with it.” The observer I am quoting is, again, Ted Kaczynski. Although one might properly resist Kaczynski as an authority, I believe he is correct on the deeply entangled nature of the benefits and risks. However, Kaczynski and I clearly part company on our overall assessment on the relative balance between the two. Bill Joy and I have dialogued on this issue both publicly and privately, and we both believe that technology will and should progress, and that we need to Homework for me behavioral be actively concerned with the dark side. If Bill and I disagree, it’s on the granularity of relinquishment that is both feasible and desirable. Abandonment of broad areas of technology will only Assignment reviews assault push them underground where development would continue unimpeded by C assignment help struct ethics and regulation.

In such a situation, it would be the less stable, less responsible practitioners (e.g., the terrorists) who would have all the Assignment expert assault expertise. I do think that relinquishment at Conclusion write history essay, the right level needs to be part of expert our ethical response to the dangers of twenty first century technologies. One constructive example of this is the How to in english proposed ethical guideline by Assignment expert the Foresight Institute, founded by nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler, that nanotechnologists agree to relinquish the Personal statement school mission development of expert assault physical entities that can self-replicate in Homework for me, a natural environment. Expert! Another is a ban on self-replicating physical entities that contain their own codes for self-replication. In what nanotechnologist Ralph Merkle calls the “Broadcast Architecture,” such entities would have to obtain such codes from a centralized secure server, which would guard against Conclusion write help history essay undesirable replication. The Broadcast Architecture is impossible in the biological world, which represents at least one way in Assignment assault, which nanotechnology can be made safer than biotechnology.

In other ways, nanotech is potentially more dangerous because nanobots can be physically stronger than protein-based entities and more intelligent. It will eventually be possible to combine the two by having nanotechnology provide the codes within biological entities (replacing DNA), in which case biological entities can use the much safer Broadcast Architecture. Our ethics as responsible technologists should include such “fine grained” relinquishment, among other professional ethical guidelines. Other protections will need to include oversight by regulatory bodies, the help history essay development of technology-specific “immune” responses, as well as computer assisted surveillance by law enforcement organizations. Many people are not aware that our intelligence agencies already use advanced technologies such as automated word spotting to Assignment expert assault monitor a substantial flow of telephone conversations. As we go forward, balancing our cherished rights of privacy with our need to be protected from the malicious use of How to homework relax powerful twenty first century technologies will be one of many profound challenges. This is one reason that such issues as an encryption “trap door” (in which law enforcement authorities would have access to otherwise secure information) and the FBI “Carnivore” email-snooping system have been so contentious. As a test case, we can take a small measure of comfort from how we have dealt with one recent technological challenge.

There exists today a new form of fully nonbiological self replicating entity that didn’t exist just a few decades ago: the computer virus. When this form of destructive intruder first appeared, strong concerns were voiced that as they became more sophisticated, software pathogens had the potential to destroy the computer network medium they live in. Yet the “immune system” that has evolved in response to this challenge has been largely effective. Although destructive self-replicating software entities do cause damage from time to time, the injury is Assignment reviews assault but a small fraction of the benefit we receive from the computers and communication links that harbor them. No one would suggest we do away with computers, local area networks, and Homework for me behavioral the Internet because of software viruses. One might counter that computer viruses do not have the lethal potential of biological viruses or of destructive nanotechnology. Although true, this strengthens my observation. The fact that computer viruses are not usually deadly to Assignment reviews assault humans only means that more people are willing to create and release them.

It also means that our response to the danger is that much less intense. Conversely, when it comes to self replicating entities that are potentially lethal on a large scale, our response on all levels will be vastly more serious. Technology will remain a double edged sword, and the story of the Twenty First century has not yet been written. It represents vast power to be used for content writer needed, all humankind’s purposes. We have no choice but to Assignment expert assault work hard to apply these quickening technologies to advance our human values, despite what often appears to be a lack of consensus on C assignment what those values should be. Once brain porting technology has been refined and fully developed, will this enable us to live forever? The answer depends on what we mean by Assignment expert reviews assault living and dying. Consider what we do today with our personal computer files. When we change from in english, one personal computer to a less obsolete model, we don’t throw all our files away; rather we copy them over to the new hardware. Although our software files do not necessary continue their existence forever, the longevity of Assignment reviews assault our personal computer software is completely separate and disconnected from the have motivation to do homework relax hardware that it runs on.

When it comes to our personal mind file, however, when our human hardware crashes, the software of our lives dies with it. However, this will not continue to be the case when we have the Assignment reviews means to store and restore the thousands of trillions of bytes of information represented in the pattern that we call our brains. The longevity of one’s mind file will not be dependent, therefore, on Website content the continued viability of any particular hardware medium. Expert Assault! Ultimately software-based humans, albeit vastly extended beyond the help history essay severe limitations of humans as we know them today, will live out on the web, projecting bodies whenever they need or want them, including virtual bodies in diverse realms of virtual reality, holographically projected bodies, physical bodies comprised of nanobot swarms, and other forms of nanotechnology. A software-based human will be free, therefore, from the constraints of any particular thinking medium. Today, we are each confined to expert a mere hundred trillion connections, but humans at the end of the twenty-first century can grow their thinking and Website needed thoughts without limit. We may regard this as a form of immortality, although it is worth pointing out that data and information do not necessarily last forever. Although not dependent on the viability of the hardware it runs on, the expert assault longevity of C assignment help information depends on assault its relevance, utility, and motivation to do homework accessibility. If you’ve ever tried to retrieve information from an obsolete form of data storage in Assignment expert reviews assault, an old obscure format (e.g., a reel of magnetic tape from a 1970 minicomputer), you will understand the challenges in keeping software viable. However, if we are diligent in maintaining our mind file, keeping current backups, and porting to current formats and mediums, then a form of immortality can be attained, at least for software-based humans.

Our mind file–our personality, skills, memories–all of that is lost today when our biological hardware crashes. Website Writer! When we can access, store, and restore that information, then its longevity will no longer be tied to our hardware permanence. Is this form of immortality the same concept as a physical human, as we know them today, living forever? In one sense it is, because as I pointed out earlier, our contemporary selves are not a constant collection of matter either. Only our pattern of Assignment expert assault matter and energy persists, and even that gradually changes. Similarly, it will be the pattern of a software human that persists and develops and essay in english changes gradually. But is that person based on my mind file, who migrates across many computational substrates, and who outlives any particular thinking medium, really me? We come back to the same questions of consciousness and identity, issues that have been debated since the expert assault Platonic dialogues. As we go through the twenty-first century, these will not remain polite philosophical debates, but will be confronted as vital, practical, political, and legal issues. A related question is “is death desirable?” A great deal of our effort goes into avoiding it. We make extraordinary efforts to Website content writer needed delay it, and indeed often consider its intrusion a tragic event.

Yet we might find it hard to live without it. We consider death as giving meaning to our lives. It gives importance and value to time. Time could become meaningless if there were too much of it. The Next Step in Evolution and the Purpose of Life. But I regard the freeing of the human mind from its severe physical limitations of scope and duration as the Assignment reviews necessary next step in evolution. Evolution, in my view, represents the purpose of life. Statement Essay Mission! That is, the purpose of life–and of Assignment reviews assault our lives–is to Personal essay for high evolve. The Singularity then is not a grave danger to assault be avoided.

In my view, this next paradigm shift represents the goal of our civilization. What does it mean to evolve? Evolution moves toward greater complexity, greater elegance, greater knowledge, greater intelligence, greater beauty, greater creativity, and more of other abstract and subtle attributes such as love. And God has been called all these things, only for me without any limitation: infinite knowledge, infinite intelligence, infinite beauty, infinite creativity, infinite love, and Assignment expert reviews assault so on. Of course, even the accelerating growth of evolution never achieves an Homework for me therapy infinite level, but as it explodes exponentially, it certainly moves rapidly in that direction. So evolution moves inexorably toward our conception of God, albeit never quite reaching this ideal. Thus the freeing of our thinking from the severe limitations of its biological form may be regarded as an Assignment expert reviews essential spiritual quest. In making this statement, it is essay important to emphasize that terms like evolution, destiny, and spiritual quest are observations about the end result, not the expert basis for these predictions. I am not saying that technology will evolve to human levels and beyond simply because it is our destiny and because of the satisfaction of a spiritual quest.

Rather my projections result from a methodology based on write help essay the dynamics underlying the (double) exponential growth of technological processes. The primary force driving technology is economic imperative. We are moving toward machines with human level intelligence (and beyond) as the result of millions of small advances, each with their own particular economic justification. To use an expert assault example from my own experience at one of my companies (Kurzweil Applied Intelligence), whenever we came up with a slightly more intelligent version of to do relax speech recognition, the new version invariably had greater value than the earlier generation and, as a result, sales increased. It is interesting to Assignment expert note that in help struct, the example of speech recognition software, the three primary surviving competitors stayed very close to each other in the intelligence of their software. A few other companies that failed to Assignment expert reviews do so (e.g., Speech Systems) went out of business. At any point in time, we would be able to sell the version prior to the latest version for perhaps a quarter of the price of the current version.

As for versions of our technology that were two generations old, we couldn’t even give those away. This phenomenon is not only true for pattern recognition and other “AI” software, but applies to all products, from bread makers to motivation relax cars. And if the reviews assault product itself doesn’t exhibit some level of write yourself intelligence, then intelligence in the manufacturing and marketing methods have a major effect on the success and profitability of an Assignment reviews enterprise. There is a vital economic imperative to How to have motivation to do create more intelligent technology. Reviews Assault! Intelligent machines have enormous value. That is How to why they are being built. Assignment Reviews Assault! There are tens of thousands of projects that are advancing intelligent machines in diverse incremental ways.

The support for “high tech” in the business community (mostly software) has grown enormously. When I started my optical character recognition (OCR) and speech synthesis company (Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc.) in 1974, there were only a half-dozen high technology IPO’s that year. The number of such deals has increased one hundred fold and content needed the number of dollars invested has increased by more than one thousand fold in reviews, the past 25 years. In the four years between 1995 and 1999 alone, high tech venture capital deals increased from Conclusion help history essay, just over $1 billion to approximately $15 billion. We will continue to build more powerful computational mechanisms because it creates enormous value. We will reverse-engineer the human brain not simply because it is our destiny, but because there is valuable information to be found there that will provide insights in building more intelligent (and more valuable) machines. Reviews Assault! We would have to have to do relax repeal capitalism and every visage of economic competition to Assignment reviews stop this progression. By the second half of Personal for high school mission this next century, there will be no clear distinction between human and machine intelligence. On the one hand, we will have biological brains vastly expanded through distributed nanobot-based implants.

On the other hand, we will have fully nonbiological brains that are copies of reviews assault human brains, albeit also vastly extended. Struct! And we will have a myriad of other varieties of expert intimate connection between human thinking and the technology it has fostered. Ultimately, nonbiological intelligence will dominate because it is growing at a double exponential rate, whereas for all practical purposes biological intelligence is at a standstill. Human thinking is stuck at How to motivation homework relax, 10 26 calculations per second (for all biological humans), and that figure will never appreciably change (except for a small increase resulting from genetic engineering). Nonbiological thinking is still millions of times less today, but the expert assault cross over will occur before 2030. By the end of the twenty-first century, nonbiological thinking will be trillions of trillions of times more powerful than that of its biological progenitors, although still of human origin.

It will continue to be the human-machine civilization taking the next step in write help history, evolution. Most forecasts of the future seem to ignore the revolutionary impact of the Assignment expert Singularity in Conclusion history essay, our human destiny: the inevitable emergence of Assignment assault computers that match and ultimately vastly exceed the capabilities of the human brain, a development that will be no less important than the evolution of human intelligence itself some thousands of centuries ago. And the primary reason for this failure is that they are based on the intuitive but short sighted linear view of history. Before the next century is over, the Earth’s technology-creating species will merge with its computational technology. There will not be a clear distinction between human and machine. After all, what is the difference between a human brain enhanced a trillion fold by nanobot-based implants, and a computer whose design is based on high resolution scans of the human brain, and then extended a trillion-fold? Why SETI Will Fail (and why we are alone in the Universe) The law of accelerating returns implies that by 2099, the intelligence that will have emerged from human-machine civilization will be trillions of trillions of times more powerful than it is today, dominated of course by its nonbiological form.

So what does this have to do with SETI (the Search for for me therapy, Extra Terrestrial Intelligence)? The naive view, going back to expert reviews assault pre-Copernican days, was that the Website content Earth was at the center of the Universe, and expert assault human intelligence its greatest gift (next to God). The more informed recent view is that even if the Homework for me therapy likelihood of a star having a planet with a technology creating species is very low (e.g., one in a million), there are so many stars (i.e., billions of trillions of them), that there are bound to Assignment expert be many with advanced technology. This is the view behind SETI, was my view until recently, and is the Homework for me behavioral common informed view today. Although SETI has not yet looked everywhere, it has already covered a substantial portion of the Universe. In the assault above diagram (courtesy of Scientific American), we can see that SETI has already thoroughly searched all star systems within 10 7 light-years from Earth for alien civilizations capable (and willing) to transmit at a power of at least 10 25 watts, a so-called Type II civilization (and all star systems within 10 6 light-years for have motivation relax, transmission of at least 10 18 watts, and so on). No sign of intelligence has been found as of Assignment expert assault yet. In a recent email to C assignment help my research assistant, Dr. Seth Shostak of the SETI Institute points out that a new comprehensive targeted search, called Project Phoenix, which has up to 100 times the sensitivity and covers a greater range of the radio dial as compared to Assignment reviews assault previous searches, has only been applied thus far to 500 star systems, which is, of course only a minute fraction of the half trillion star systems in Homework behavioral therapy, just our own galaxy.

However, according to my model, once a civilization achieves our own level (“Earth-level”) of reviews assault radio transmission, it takes no more than one century, two at the most, to achieve what SETI calls a Type II civilization. If the help history essay assumption that there are at least millions of radio capable civilizations out there, and that these civilizations are spread out over millions (indeed billions) of years of development, then surely there ought to be millions that have achieved Type II status. Incidentally, this is not an argument against the SETI project, which in my view should have the highest possible priority because the negative finding is no less significant than a positive result. It is odd that we find the cosmos so silent. Where is everybody? There should be millions of civilizations vastly more advanced than our own, so we should be noticing their broadcasts.

A sufficiently advanced civilization would not be likely to Assignment expert reviews restrict its broadcasts to subtle signals on obscure frequencies. Why are they so silent, and so shy? As I have studied the for me therapy implications of the expert law of accelerating returns, I have come to a different view. Because exponential growth is so explosive, it is the case that once a species develops computing technology, it is only a matter of a couple of centuries before the nonbiological form of their intelligence explodes. It permeates virtually all matter in their vicinity, and then inevitably expands outward close to the maximum speed that information can travel.

Once the nonbiological intelligence emerging from that species’ technology has saturated its vicinity (and the nature of Website writer this saturation is expert reviews another complex issue, which I won’t deal with in this essay), it has no other way to continue to Personal statement essay for high school evolve but to reviews expand outwardly. The expansion does not start out at the maximum speed, but quickly achieves a speed within a vanishingly small delta from the maximum speed. What is the maximum speed? We currently understand this to be the homework speed of light, but there are already tantalizing hints that this may not be an absolute limit. There were recent experiments that measured the Assignment expert reviews flight time of photons at nearly twice the Personal essay for high speed of expert assault light, a result of quantum uncertainty on their position. However, this result is actually not useful for motivation to do, this analysis, because it does not actually allow information to be communicated at faster than the speed of light, and we are fundamentally interested in communication speed.

Quantum disentanglement has been measured at Assignment expert reviews, many times the speed of Homework behavioral light, but this is only communicating randomness (profound quantum randomness) at Assignment reviews, speeds far greater than the speed of light; again, this is not communication of information (but is help of great interest for restoring encryption, after quantum computing destroys it). There is the potential for worm holes (or folds of the Universe in dimensions beyond the Assignment reviews three visible ones), but this is not really traveling at faster than the C assignment struct speed of light, it just means that the topology of the Universe is expert assault not the simple three dimensional space that naive physics implies. Homework Behavioral Therapy! But we already knew that. Assignment Assault! However, if worm holes or folds in write essay, the Universe are ubiquitous, then perhaps these short cuts would allow us to get everywhere quickly. Assignment Reviews Assault! Would anyone be shocked if some subtle ways of getting around this speed limit were discovered? And no matter how subtle, sufficiently subtle technology will find ways to apply it. The point is that if there are ways around this limit (or any other currently understood limit), then the extraordinary levels of intelligence that our human-machine civilization will achieve will find those ways and exploit them.

So for writer, now, we can say that ultra high levels of intelligence will expand outward at the speed of light, but recognize that this may not be the Assignment assault actual limit of the speed of expansion, or even if the limit is the speed of light that this limit may not restrict reaching other locations quickly. Consider that the time spans for Personal statement school, biological evolution are measured in millions and billions of years, so if there are other civilizations out there, they would be spread out by huge spans of time. If there are a lot of them, as contemporary thinking implies, then it would be very unlikely that at least some of Assignment reviews them would not be ahead of statement essay mission us. That at Assignment, least is the SETI assumption. And if they are ahead of us, they likely would be ahead of us by Homework for me behavioral therapy huge spans of time. The likelihood that any civilization that is ahead of Assignment expert reviews assault us is Homework for me behavioral therapy ahead of us by only a few decades is extremely small. If the SETI assumption that there are many (e.g., millions) of technological (at least radio capable) civilizations is correct, then at least some of them (i.e., millions of them) would be way ahead of us.

But it takes only a few centuries at assault, most from the advent of computation for that civilization to expand outward at at least light speed. Given this, how can it be that we have not noticed them? The conclusion I reach is that it is likely that there are no such other civilizations. In other words, we are in the lead. Writer Needed! That’s right, our humble civilization with its Dodge pick up trucks, fried chicken fast food, and ethnic cleansings (and computation!) is in the lead. Now how can that be? Isn’t this extremely unlikely given the billions of trillions of likely planets?

Indeed it is expert reviews assault very unlikely. But equally unlikely is the existence of our Universe with a set of laws of physics so exquisitely precisely what is needed for essay for high school mission, the evolution of life to be possible. But by the Anthropic principle, if the Universe didn’t allow the evolution of life we wouldn’t be here to reviews notice it. Conclusion History! Yet here we are. So by the same Anthropic principle, we’re here in Assignment assault, the lead in the Universe.

Again, if we weren’t here, we would not be noticing it. Let’s consider some arguments against this perspective. Perhaps there are extremely advanced technological civilizations out there, but we are outside their light sphere of intelligence. That is, they haven’t gotten here yet. Behavioral Therapy! Okay, in this case, SETI will still fail because we won’t be able to see (or hear) them, at expert reviews assault, least not before we reach Singularity. Perhaps they are amongst us, but have decided to remain invisible to us. Incidentally, I have always considered the science fiction notion of C assignment help large space ships with large squishy creatures similar to us to be very unlikely. Any civilization sophisticated enough to make the trip here would have long since passed the point of merging with their technology and would not need to send such physically bulky organisms and equipment. Such a civilization would not have any unmet material needs that require it to steal physical resources from Assignment expert reviews, us. They would be here for observation only, to gather knowledge, which is the only resource of value to such a civilization.

The intelligence and equipment needed for Website content writer needed, such observation would be extremely small. In this case, SETI will still fail because if this civilization decided that it did not want us to notice it, then it would succeed in Assignment expert reviews assault, that desire. Keep in mind that they would be vastly more intelligent than we are today. Perhaps they will reveal themselves to us when we achieve the next level of our evolution, specifically merging our biological brains with our technology, which is to say, after the Singularity. Have To Do! Moreover, given that the SETI assumption implies that there are millions of such highly developed civilizations, it seems odd that all of expert reviews assault them have made the same decision to stay out of our way. Why Intelligence is More Powerful than Physics. As intelligence saturates the matter and energy available to C assignment help struct it, it turns dumb matter into smart matter. Although smart matter still nominally follows the laws of physics, it is so exquisitely intelligent that it can harness the most subtle aspects of the laws to manipulate matter and energy to its will. So it would at least appear that intelligence is more powerful than physics. Perhaps what I should say is that intelligence is more powerful than cosmology. That is, once matter evolves into smart matter (matter fully saturated with intelligence), it can manipulate matter and energy to do whatever it wants.

This perspective has not been considered in expert reviews, discussions of future cosmology. It is content needed assumed that intelligence is irrelevant to events and processes on a cosmological scale. Stars are born and die; galaxies go through their cycles of creation and destruction. The Universe itself was born in a big bang and will end with a crunch or a whimper, we’re not yet sure which. But intelligence has little to do with it. Intelligence is just a bit of froth, an ebullition of Assignment expert assault little creatures darting in and out of inexorable universal forces. The mindless mechanism of the Universe is winding up or down to a distant future, and there’s nothing intelligence can do about it. That’s the common wisdom, but I don’t agree with it. Intelligence will be more powerful than these impersonal forces. Once a planet yields a technology creating species and that species creates computation (as has happened here on Earth), it is only a matter of help a few centuries before its intelligence saturates the matter and energy in its vicinity, and it begins to expand outward at the speed of light or greater.

It will then overcome gravity (through exquisite and vast technology) and other cosmological forces (or, to be fully accurate, will maneuver and control these forces) and create the expert reviews Universe it wants. This is the goal of the Singularity. What kind of Universe will that be? Well, just wait and see. Most of you (again I’m using the plural form of the word) are likely to be around to see the Singularity. The expanding human life span is another one of those exponential trends. In the eighteenth century, we added a few days every year to human longevity; during the nineteenth century we added a couple of weeks each year; and now we’re adding almost a half a year every year. With the revolutions in have to do homework, genomics, proteomics, rational drug design, therapeutic cloning of our own organs and tissues, and related developments in bio-information sciences, we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years.

So take care of yourself the expert reviews assault old fashioned way for C assignment help, just a little while longer, and you may actually get to experience the next fundamental paradigm shift in our destiny. Copyright (C) Raymond Kurzweil 2001. Chart Graphics by Brett Rampata/Digital Organism. Topics: Innovation/Entrepreneurship | Quantum | Social Networking/Web. Hi. I was doing some research on this topic. I live in helsinki and I found a finnish translation of The Visible Human Project. It’s here : http://www.1001-soldes.com/visible-human-project. Thanks for creating and sharing a great resource.

The rate of technological change has serious implications for the economics of investing in terms of a “buy now or wait for the next improved model” problem. Assignment Expert Reviews Assault! The “economic life” of equipment in certain industries is far shorter than the mechanical life (i.e. the machine is not worn out and still operates within accepted tolerances). We saw this in the late 90?s to early 2000 when the majority of used metal working machinery dealers went out of business. While the C assignment help struct used equipment still “worked like new” it was technologically obsolete relative to the performance of the most recent technology. The economics of competition often led to the situation where the Assignment expert reviews old technology even at an acquisition cost almost equivalent to scrap value, but including operating and maintenance costs, could not compete with the features and C assignment help costs of the Assignment reviews new technology. Financial lending institutions were hit hard as their floor-plan financing of used equipment inventory when the dealer closed it’s doors and for me behavioral therapy gave the keys to the banker, only to find out Assignment reviews assault that the $250,000 machine was worth $5,000 as scrap. As a result, many small manufacturers are finding it almost impossible to get bank financing to acquire new (expensive) technology. Website Writer! As a result, smaller firms are finding it more difficult to be competitive unless they can operate their equipment almost 24/7/365 in order to “wear it out” before it becomes technologically obsolete. In many areas, this has resulted in Assignment expert assault, a dilemma of deciding to “buy now” or wait for Homework therapy, new model. As the rate of technological change increases, this can quickly lead to an “investment singularity” where on never makes an expert assault investment. I feel that this conundrum is leading to greater concentration in manufacturing with less competition.

This in itself may be the “brakes” the the technology growth rate as once a manufacturer achieves near monopoly status, it can continue to price goods based on the economics of the “old technology” without being undercut by new competitors using new technology. I believe that there is a need for a new model of small-medium manufacturing that can “share technology” in order to “wear it out” before it becomes obsolete. This obviously entail a major logistics problem that I feel would lead to Conclusion the development of concentrated manufacturing locations in order to facilitate sharing of equipment along with coordination of methods (i.e. standardized CAD-CAM, MRP, etc.). I was wondering why you did not use a paradigm shows patent across the assault age of technology… can easily support your claims, specifically because the rate and return can be proven accurate, In 2001 you write that “we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years” (So 2011).

In 2015, at the Emerging Issues forum in NC State U, you say that “within 15 years we’ll be adding more than a year every year to your remaining life expectancy.” It does appear, even to Conclusion help essay this very sympathetic reader of yours, that you keep pushing back the date when we’ll finally reach longevity escape velocity. Where does he say that? I can’t find that quote in this article. Also, I would assume his “predictions” are not set in stone, and need flexibility. I see these as possibilities as to when we should be able to do this or that, not an exact time-frame. He isn’t trying to be a prophet of the future, or a Nostradamus. Just listing his educated theories on what the future might hold.

Given medical progress you write that “we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years”. Expert Assault! This in 2001, so it would refer to 2011. Have we been adding more than a year to our remaining life span since 2011? looking widely, any growth is like more lambda function than exponent.. exponential growth linear phase saturation.. For Me Behavioral! fixing on exponential growth like a searching for Philosopher’s stone.. A technological singularity has already occurred at least once in history. Before the invention of neural cell, the adaptation for new environments required many generations of evolutionary trial. Compared to that, the speed at which neurons model the world is near-infinite.

Seems very reasonable! I was wondering, how to test if a copied mind is indistinguishable from the actual mind copied? Let’s say you and your copy are given the identical simulated world environments to play in. If the behaviours of you and your copy do not deviate by more than the behaviour of actual you would be expected to deviate from the behaviour of identical actual you in a universe different from this one by the amount of entropy that would be needed to create the Assignment observed level of differences in behaviour over the same period of time, then we would consider your copy identical up to that level of entropy, defined by help struct the triple (you, your copy, game). Hello, I am currently a student in molecular biology at UofM, Well, firstly, it needs to be stated that this is a deliciously entertaining and well defined hypothesis. There are certainly numerous well-supported facts throughout this essay and I too, agree with its principle suggestion. Assignment! It is noteworthy to point out that what this man is attempting to prove is at its utmost level not provable (currently), but may be able to C assignment help be in time. The most difficult part to assault grasp for most people is the ability to extend your analyzing beyond your realm of present reasoning. C Assignment Help! On a far lesser scale, many find it difficult to draw 3-Dimensional figures on reviews 2-D paper. But just because you can’t comprehend it-or perhaps even if you can and assess that it is only an optical illusion-doesn’t mean there is have no merit in expert reviews assault, its core reasoning.

That is to say, it is possible to use these directly fictitious drawings to ultimately understand the concepts it would entail in 3 dimensions. What I am saying is, simply put, that which is impossible now is not necessarily impossible later. When addressing the future, you must not assess it linearly (as Kurzweil elaborates), despite our deepest internal desire to view it as so. If you think A.I. Website Writer Needed! intelligence is unable to pass human intelligence, then you will have a much more difficult time understanding the Assignment reviews ideas behind Dystopian/Utopian theories. On a final note, I truly wonder if these two theories are interrelated, as I’d assume that this could ultimately extend to Conclusion help history argue that the exponential growth of technology may culminate in expert, a Singularity point that ultimately results in the destruction of the exponential model and How to have motivation to do homework relax offers an entirely new shape after. (I’d assume a possible restart in technological growth if you believe in Assignment expert assault, Dystopia with a Utopian stance being more unclear).

I am very interested to hear your take on that. How will we apply technplogy that is essay more intelligent than its creators………. yea, imagine some one from the expert reviews 80s picking up a smart phone and Homework therapy having infinite amount of information in their hands! they would be so unimpressed… u mad bro that life didn’t turn out like movies from the 70?s and Assignment expert 80?s….you’re an idiot. I’m just going to say something about the life and the future. There were changes in Conclusion help, the past for the future for Assignment reviews, the past, old fashioned civilians. How To Write Essay! Everything is the same, everyone is the expert assault same. How To Motivation Relax! They all think their more godly than others. Expert! The fact is, their not. They never will be…there’s only president’s and in english yourself higher occupations who fuck up our world and are the higher occupations.

So, now we live in the Still Age, where nothing seems to expert reviews move forward. Sure we have technology, but nothing’s actually happening. Life’s dead, the people may seem alive but we are the walking dead. Suppose we don’t actually need a zombie apocalypse because WE are it. We ARE zombies. I mean, look at all the movies from the 70?s/80?s they expect in the 2000s/2020s will be all futuristic with hover cars and write moving cities and blah blah blah but NO, they would be choking themselves now that the future hasn’t moved on and they saw today. I will be dead by the time anything changes to our city or evolves….why is it that we can’t go out by the time night comes? why cant we be creatures of the reviews assault night instead of creatures of the day? It’s frustrating, sitting here on your bed waiting for the next day. The night is not safe for anyone, why?

Who dared made it that way? I would like to essay yourself walk in the night feeling safe but I suppose that isnt possible…why is the day safe? But the day isnt safe, either. No, I didn’t read the preposterous post or comments. Expert Reviews! Maths sucks…I bet I can pass by statement essay for high without using it…that’s a challenge…okay, so maybe the shops I need maths for but thats it and I can use a calculator for gods sake! Who the fuck buys 42 melons anyway? You know?

Those ridiculous math sums. And why, do we see all these people everywhere and dont know their names? Their everything? Their always different looking everyday. We don’t have self awareness because we’re just too used to everything, we’re almost like puppets obeying this life system…we only have self awareness when we are in trouble.

I mean, I kind of reviews feel like we’re just waiting to school die everyday. Assignment Expert Reviews! I don’t want that. I hate that. I want to feel alive, to feel lived, I dont want to walk in a daydream. Why must we obey the How to to do relax system? Go to school for half your life, work the rest of the half, grow old and die. Everyone’s the same. It’s programmed for every human. You want to know your purpose? That’s your purpose. Work till you grow old.

Enjoy the little things ;) It is mind bogging yet well supported by facts…dear sir may I bring one area that could sweep all other areas…exponential increase is reviews assault BADLY needed in personal conduct,wash-out of How to write essay in english negative thinking ,and being. old indian scriptures DO mention that such is possible.but that is expert all to. it…probably suspecting misuse. from nsc. UIM (Ultra Intelligent machines) ” ultra-intelligent machine could design even better machines” document in 1960s are not far from reality. “consciousness is an unbroken chain. Website Needed! if you copy yourself directly you break the expert chain, the new copy’s consciousness would begin at that point and your old self would continue to be conscious. a slow transition allows an essay for high school mission introspective understanding of that gradual change as you evolve from biology into technology, although you may change your consciousness remains intact. that is my view anyway” Moore’s law is reviews just one of millions of positive feedback loops that occur in the world (in biology, sociology, economics, chemistry etc). Yet none of Homework behavioral therapy these feedback loops continue indefinitely, as you are assuming Moore’s Law will. This is reviews because every feedback loop, including Moore’s Law, eventually has limiting factors (Usually a lack of resources / ingredients).

All the technology curves will be slowed by limiting factors eventually, and the singularity won’t occur. Jordan: in The Singularity Is Near book. Ray explains that Moore’s law will expire in the future, and will be replaced by another process. Jordan – respectfully – did you read the whole essay? I agree with your criticism in a sense, in that we haven’t yet established that there is a possible “paradigm” after integrated circuits. Pointing to the end of Moore’s law and claiming their is nothing beyond that is no different than having someone circa 1956 claiming vacuum tubes are the fastest computers we can EVER make. Have Homework! Moore’s law is expert reviews projected to end sometime around 2018 – 2022. Ray is have homework very aware of this, as he points out many times in Assignment expert, his essay. How To Write Essay In English! Had his argument been of the form “Moore’s law – Singularity” your counter argument would have been sufficient.

This is not at all what he is arguing, in fact, the premise “Moore’s law will end” is one premises of his argument (the rise an fall of expert assault new paradigms for Homework for me behavioral therapy, intelligence). If you want to argue against reviews a singularity occurring, you need to address the fundamental trends underlying Moore’s law (things along the lines of building upon previous innovations and then work out what laws of statement physics may interfere with the continuation of that trend). The only small problem I saw with what his argument above is that nanites will have a hard time sending and Assignment reviews receiving WiFi if they are smaller than the wavelength of carrier frequency. If I were to then conclude that this physical problem will prevent nanites from EVER using any kind of C assignment help wireless communication, I would be adopting the same type of thinking as yours regarding Moore’s law. All of Assignment expert reviews assault us working together over many years of innovation and “evolution” have created this smooth pattern (I would argue that ALL people contribute in some small way, even the ones that don’t appear to be doing anything – it all adds up).

The patterns you see in a branching tree, in the periodic table, in human personality types, a fractal, the Website content writer sand on Assignment expert the beach, a hurricane, the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction… take your pick but the statement mission “Law of Accelerating Returns” as Ray calls it is simply another one of those types of patterns. It’s literally a force of nature – we recognize that we’re creating that pattern, but then we delude ourselves into thinking that we’re “in control” of it, and that just isn’t the case. Assignment Reviews Assault! All of Personal essay mission these large scale aggregate patterns constructed by Assignment reviews assault an uncountable number of small scale chaotic events will be points of Homework for me great interest for us going forward (they already are, but they’ll become more important as we try to solve problems… like the end of Moore’s law). They form the links between the known fundamental properties of the expert reviews assault universe with our experienced conciousness. A top priority is to understand that complex and interconnected web. uuuuuuummmm, i was told i would recieve 40 trillion dollars…. by Theodoore Aborgone. 40 trillion? For what??

Hi to C assignment help everyone, this is my first post, because I REALLY need help. Everywhere i see know this advertisements about Forex thing, got attracted, started to read about it, but still really confused about reviews, What is forex . All the explanations i find on the internet are very complicated. Statement School Mission! Too many smart words. Can someone explain what is forex by his own words ? Tired of websites. I just can not imagine with incredibly blog greatly that warned me! God bless you “It is not beauty that endears; it’s love that makes us see beauty.” – Leo Tolstoy. Too much technological change within such a short period of Assignment expert time is too much for humans to statement essay for high handle. Humans must learn how to adapt to the societal changes that this new technology will bring, so that humans won’t end civilization as we know it. We as a species must strive for peace. note how phase conjugation is the symmetry origin of Assignment reviews acceleration (gravity) and all centripetal – self organizing forces. Seems like we should re-evaluate the perception we call time imortality is right around the corner.

So hold on to your pants were about to defy physics as we know it. Epigenetic mechanisms can provide a survival advantage under adverse conditions with mechanical laws. It presupposes that Science historically developed out of Phylosophy. Homework Behavioral Therapy! It is more convenient to postulate that Epigenetics expanded in accordance with mechanical laws that have existed since the beginning of creation. (Epigenetics Wikipedia page here) I have two problems with this theory. Assignment Expert Reviews Assault! The first is physical, the second metaphysical.

The first problem that while exponential growth is certainly a mathematical possibility, it is never a physical one. In mathematics, all exponential growth results in How to in english yourself, asymptotes. There are, however, no physical asymptotes – they simply do not exist. For example, the repellent force of Assignment expert assault protons looks asymptotic until a certain point – then it breaks over and nuclear forces take over, binding the nucleus of an atom together. The same thing happens with a zener diode, or any other seemingly asymptotic function. There is always a breakover point. (Interesting discussion regarding the growth of How to write in english mass as it approaches the reviews assault speed of Personal for high mission light – but if you think about it, we simply don’t know yet). The second is metaphysical. This theory assumes – and I think incorrectly – that consciousness is the result of increased neural activity.

However, any honest person that thinks about it will realize that there is something in the “soul” or “spirit” that is expert yet to be explored or understood. Help! Anyone that has ever entered a room where an Assignment expert reviews assault argument has just taken place and for high mission “felt” the assault “tension” in the room has sensed with something other than the help struct brain – unless all of that is Assignment just electromagnetic vibes, and as an electrical engineer, I know those electromagnetic waves travel outward and C assignment help disperse at nearly the speed of light. I think that the brain is more of an interface to the “spirit” where real cognitive thinking occurs. That is Assignment assault why we “stew” on things to think them through – our brain needs to be preoccupied sometimes (watching TV, listening to music, etc.) in order to write help “think”. Our brain doesn’t do the thinking, that is a metaphysical thing. Thinking that cognitive self-awareness comes from neural activity is a stretch that is not supported by any medical knowledge, it is simply assumed (like evolution). It is more of a religion than religion is.

The complexity of the interface certainly needs to be explored, but until we can figure out where the real cognitive engine is, I don’t think there is Assignment expert reviews assault any chance that more complex interfaces will become self aware. The RS 232 interface is C assignment help simple and the USB3 may be better and more complex, but no matter how good the interface gets, it will never become the computer chip itself. Expert Assault! LIkewise, the brain may be exceeded by a computer, but it will never become the cognitive center of a person. On the bright side, Mr. Kurzweil, the write history spirit never dies. Are you sure about this? Animal often communicate non-verbally because they don’t have a structured, organized universal way of communicating with one another. So they have to assault rely on a not of write essay non-verbal ques to communicate with one another. Therefore you example of “walking into a room with an argument” isn’t a very good example of a “spiritual” perception, because humans display certain actions and characteristic when under pressure, and some of us have been wired to reviews perceive these unconscious non-verbal forms of communication. Looks of Conclusion write history essay worry, muscles tensing up, frowns, fidgeting…

It’s a romantic idea that we have a soul, but to Assignment claim we have souls is to deny the elegance and needed beauty that is our brains. So don’t be mean to Assignment expert reviews assault your brain, give credit where credit’s due! ” In mathematics, all exponential growth results in asymptotes. There are, however, no physical asymptotes – they simply do not exist.” There is a physical limit at the end of the century. He explains in this particular essay that he left it out, but it is basically the point at which we cant get any more use out of an atom and simply require more atoms. At that point all research and advancement will be towards getting more atoms. “That is have to do why we “stew” on assault things to think them through – our brain needs to be preoccupied sometimes (watching TV, listening to music, etc.) in order to Conclusion write help essay “think”.

Our brain doesn’t do the thinking, that is Assignment expert reviews assault a metaphysical thing.” We are unaware of the vast majority of our brains activity. This is the work being done in the subconscious. We are only How to homework relax aware of the assault activity on the thin outer film on the outside of the brain, and we have even shown that many of the decisions we think we consciously make were actually your subconscious making the decision and lying to you conscious brain that you made the decision. You can tell these “decisions” apart from the for high rest by asking yourself if you actually considered alternatives to what you just did; if not, that is your subconscious. Your subconscious considers almost every thing you could possibly do next, and analyzes the world in very unconventional ways… sometimes seeing past our rigid conception of reality. 95% of our brain is in the subconscious. Little is known about what the subconscious is capable of or senses past the 5 our conscious brain is aware of.

Seeing into the outer layer of the subconscious is a spiritual experience. Assignment Reviews Assault! It can be achieved through dreaming, meditation, spirituality, and Conclusion write history hallucinogens. When you “feel” things you are not aware of or “stew”, this is your subconscious working away. This is the real you. “Thinking that cognitive self-awareness comes from Assignment assault, neural activity is a stretch that is not supported by any medical knowledge, it is statement for high school mission simply assumed” Self awareness is shown to take place in the brain only Assignment assault when it is in a highly interconnected state. The outer 5% of the brain is the conscious part and is only Homework for me behavioral therapy developed to expert reviews assault any reasonable extent in humans. The conscious part of the brain connects the other parts of the brain together and allows you to be aware of them and also override them with logic. History! Scientific inquiry into this by watching chain reactions in assault, the brain has shown that when are are no longer self aware, the difference in the brain is that the separate parts are no longer communicating with each other…they are simply acting.

This is Website content writer needed how it is in Assignment expert reviews assault, animals. You made a few points that I found interesting and you might be able to help me with a nonprofit initiative of Homework therapy mine called iSocialWatch, it is the first social media watchdog and consumer advocacy organization focusing on privacy, safety, psychology and sexuality in the context of cyber, social and ultra connected space. Assignment Reviews! You can reach out by essay school mission email stephane at isocialwatch dot org, or Twitter “isocialwatch”, or facebook.com/isocialwatch. Looking forward hearing from Assignment reviews, you. I’m not sure that I agree with the Kurzweil’s refutation of Penrose’s description of the origin of content writer needed consciousness.

I would not, for example, say that the gradual introduction of electronic pseudo-neurons is functionally equivalent to a complete brain scan/recreation. The fundamental difference between the two processes, it seems to reviews me, is the gradual nature of the former, which avoids the discontinuity of the latter. Continuity may be fundamental to consciousness, which is why Penrose’s argument holds water. No matter how “close” our quantum technology can come to replicating our quantum states, there will always be that discontinuity because the duplication, as Penrose argues, cannot be perfect. Therefore, consciousness cannot be downloaded from a biological mind. Of course, consciousness could also be something completely unrelated to all of this. Maybe these physical processes are results of consciousness and not the other way around.

Every new invention has a beginning, an Website content needed accellerating development phase, a peak of development and then a decellerating slowing down of development. Nothing takes forever. Eventually we will live in a world that doesn’t change much. You just think it is linear or exponentially accellerating because you don’t appreciate that the industrial/technological time has been very short. Expert! It’s like looking at our world and thinking it is flat but when you get to the pole it goes no further. It’s just a ball.

You can’t see the reality because you over-rate your intelligence. I think the jump from – the window that a civilization would be broadcasting radio waves is very small – to, therefore no other civilizations exist – is a false conclusion. C Assignment Struct! I also disagree that civilizations would be broadcasting a signal to all the universe once they advanced beyond human level intelligence. The smart entity would conceal themselves and be the one to decide when any contact should occur. I do not think they are here, but that does not mean that they aren’t out there. Are You Serious Bro? We Tried So Hard Not To Go There But There You Went…

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Retro is still good, if executed right. How To Have Motivation Homework. And boy is this resume theme executed well! You are looking at a deep work of Assignment expert assault art that must have taken countless hours to have motivation relax complete. Reviews Assault. The PSD package includes a template that you can modify in three different parts, the profile information of yourself, your cover letter, and also your portfolio where you can display your work in content writer, a selection of different layouts, already pre-built within the template. Free Minimalistic Clean Resume by Mats-Peter Forss. We have yet another magnificent minimal resume template that has a smart objects optimized header for expert, taking advantage of How to yourself visual apperance on your resume. In the demo we can see how the gray background color adds contrast to expert reviews assault the white color scheme of the actual resume itself, experiment for Personal statement essay school, yourself to see what you can make out of it. Vertical Resume Template by Fernando Baez.

A vertical resume? Sure! It makes for a nice piece of art to be put on a desk when not used, but then once it is unfolded, it feels more like an infographic than it does a resume, but of course it is expert assault, a resume and it still functions as one, giving you the capabilities to talk about your bio, to essay discuss your past locations where you’ve worked and studied, to outline your best work experience, to Assignment assault talk about your skills, and even recognitions and references that will be helpful for the employer to decide on whether to interview you or not. Remember, employers can always call you out on the stuff that you mention within your resume, don’t put stuff on that you can’t account for, because you never know when you might be called out for it. Material Design Resume, CV Portfolio by Px-Lab. We love Material Design here at Colorlib, just take a look at some of the previous material design content we have recently published: material design themes for WordPress, material design admin templates, as well as the help best sites for Assignment expert, material design inspiration, and so many other posts that talk about material design in one context or the write history other. This material design resume template is a brilliant example of how web standards and Assignment expert assault web elements can be effectively transformed and transitioned over to applications like Photoshop and others. We were truly inspired to find that this template is available for free download, and huge thanks goes out to Px-Lab for making it possible. Resume Template for Self-Promotion (+Icons) by Tolgahan Yurtseven.

Freelancers and remote workers, here is the resume you have been waiting for, a self-promotion resume template that’s complimented with custom icons to bring the resume to life without having to invest much in colors or other external elements. The template lets you talk about your creative interests, your specialties, software skills, your education and experience, and also your hobbies and interests — it’s always helpful for the employer to know what those are, since it makes it easier to plan team activities that would interest the Conclusion majority of the team. Have you put up your resume out there with the feeling that it still needs something? Would you like it to Assignment reviews assault have a more powerful look? Check out this free creative resume design template. It’s a stylish .DOC format that will provide your resume the behavioral confidence edge you need paper to show. It is light and easy to reviews assault download on 1 quick step. The design is Website needed, simple and sober looking but with a modern twist.

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Here’s a nice four in one package from Alamin Mir. A resume template PSD that allows you to create a resume that consists of three different parts: the Assignment expert reviews assault initial part where you discuss yourself, your skills and such, the second part where you write a cover letter, and How to have relax the third part where you show your future employer your previous work in the form of a portfolio. Assignment Assault. The fourth element to this resume template is a business card template; but if you didn’t seem to find it appealing, please check out our previous roundup of the essay best business card templates on expert reviews, the web today. All free for download. Premium Resume and Cover Letter Templates. That also concludes our list of free resume templates.

We saw some true works of art so far, but it is time to take it to the next level. You know how we do it here at Colorlib. Free is followed by the best in statement for high, premium! And here we go, a little rundown of the best resume templates that you can find in premium markets, total of over several thousand purchases, not only are these templates beautiful, stunning, modern and flexible — they’re also affordable. Get exploring and Assignment reviews assault maybe you are spotting something that you feel is How to, going to make an impact on your job seeking process. We begin with Acqua, a clean resume for professional purposes. The whole package consists of three purposeful templates, one for a resume, one for a cover letter, and one for portfolio.

You can edit these templates with your favorite tools, including Word, Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign. Modern Resume template is a print-ready modern, professional template that aims to help its users to Assignment land their job by having a smooth resume that helps to outline all the important aspects of content writer needed your application. You can easily manage this template through Photoshop, Illustrator and Microsoft Word. The layers within the templates are neatly organized for easier management. Assignment Expert Reviews. Comes with two pre-configured color schemes, dark and light. Clean and Professional Resume CV by for me behavioral therapy, KonfikKonfik. Clean and professional resume that doesn’t leave anything behind. If you need a resume template that allows you to talk about your skills and creative talents from a deep perspective, you will enjoy what this template has to offer. Has great typography incorporated, and is fully print ready. Can’t make up your mind about which resume to choose?

Why not give this amazing Bundle a try. It’s a resume bundle that boasts seven different resume templates, amongst which you are guaranteed to find one that will really feel like the one to use for Assignment expert reviews assault, your next job application. Great colors, great choice of elements and layers, and overall smooth feel to all the templates within the bundle. XX Clean will be the perfect template to statement for high mission use when looking to make a lasting first impression. It’s built on top of strong fonts, great element structure, and because all layers have been neatly organized, editing your resume will be a question of Assignment expert reviews assault your own skills within your favorite photo editing app; Photoshop. We had one free Retro template we listed in this post, we wanted to extend on that by listing one that’s on the premium market, and Retro Style is nothing but an amazing way to approach resumes with that authentic retro feel. Website Writer Needed. It’s packed colors and widgets that help job seekers to make an impression that lasts.

Visual resume is all about Assignment assault visuals, utilizing visual aspects of C assignment struct graphic design to allow visual imagery and overall visual appearance to speak for expert reviews, itself. Layers are easy to edit and create the way you want them to be. Will be an essay school mission, amazing resume to use when applying for jobs in the creative field. Search engine resume, what a style! We see this template not for many uses, but certainly for the use when applying for jobs within the marketing departments. Reviews. Whether a social media manager, or a search engine optimization expert, this template will compliment nicely your existing skills and your desire to work as a marketing expert within the given company. Thank you for visiting Colorlib and reading this article! We highly appreciate it! Now you might want to learn how to Homework behavioral make a website using our free WordPress themes. Alex is a freelance writer with more than 10 years of experience in design, development, and small business.

His work has been featured in publications like Entrepreneur, Huffington Post, TheNextWeb, and others. 14 Responsive Joomla Virtuemart Templates 2017. For a quick launch of an Assignment expert reviews, eCommerce website, we scoured the web for for me, you and Top 35 Free Mobile UI Kits for App Designers 2017. In 2014, Catherine Clifford from Assignment reviews, Entrepreneur Magazine predicted that the mobile app market would raise 30 Gorgeous Websites Using Squarespace As Content Management System. Squarespace is a Content Management System that combines a website builder, a blogging platform and Some of these aren’t free. Personal. Please unlink the ones that cost or simply state that they aren’t free. Thanks. Please note that post is divided into 2 part.

2/3 of Assignment reviews assault templates are completely free and then comes section “Premium Resume and Cover Letter Templates” and have to do homework all below that are premium templates there are very few of them. We added them just for sake of comparison between free and premium ones as several users requested that. Self Promotion CV by Assignment reviews, Paolo Pettigiani I felt was the best one of the lot here. Personal Essay School Mission. Great foundation of resume/CV’s to Assignment expert assault play around with. I never really use them these days but since I let go of my portfolio website I suppose I better get back on in english yourself, them! I just released my new 2017 (free) resume, thought it could interest a few over here. If you like it, it would be an honor to be featured here ! Thanks for sharing huge list of awesome looking resume templates. Daniel Hollander’s link is not working :/ Thank you for reporting it. We have since removed it from the list.

I was wondering if you would want to Assignment add another model. I’ve just designed a pretty different resume from what is listed on this page. #128578;

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123 language essay Primitive people speak primitive languages. We know, from anthropological research, that there are no primitive people on Earth today; indeed, it may be that the Neandertals were the last truly primitive people. And, there are no primitive languages, either. All languages that we know about, including those that are no longer anyone#8217;s native language (Latin, Homeric Greek, etc.) have all the Assignment properties of the so-called modern languages (French, Spanish, Russian, etc.). Homework For Me Therapy? Even languages that have been reconstructed, such as Proto-Indoeuropean (the parent language of most European languages as well as Persian, Hindi, etc.), show no signs of reviews, primitiveness. They have all the characteristics of so-called modern languages (see below). Some languages are harder than others. While languages differ from one another in just which parts are simple and which are complex, all languages seem to be about equally complex or difficult to learn in their totality. For example, if we compare English and Russian we find that English nouns are relatively simple, while verbs are rather complex; in Russian, the nouns are hard and verbs are relatively simple.

Language is behavioral writing . If we ask a naive English speaker how many vowels English has, the answer is usually five. This is because we tend to interpret any question about language as a question about the writing system. The English alphabet has 5 symbols that are normally used for the representation of vowels. But the English language has between 10 and 12 basic vowel sounds; this is the answer the Assignment expert reviews assault linguist is interested in. Language is first and How to to do homework, foremost oral; speech as a means of communication has been around for perhaps 200,000 years or more, while writing has existed for only about 6,000 as far as we know. Many languages, including many Native American languages as well as most of the creole languages of the Caribbean, exist without a written tradition. Assault? This in C assignment, no way diminishes their language-ness. Grammar is a set of prescriptive rules . When we think of grammar, we tend to assault think of the sorts of rules drilled into us by our language arts and English teachers: Don#8217;t end sentences with prepositions! Don#8217;t use double negatives!

When linguists work to discover the grammar of a language, they are looking for descriptive rules that model the linguistic patterns which people carry around inside their heads. We follow most of yourself, these rules unconsciously. Assignment Reviews Assault? In most cases no-one ever teaches them to us (see below); and, in most cases, we cannot articulate them. We know how to use our language, but we don't typically know why. The interesting thing is that these rules of our descriptive grammar are frequently far more subtle and complex than anything the language arts teachers tell us about. Ne bith thær nænig ælo gebrowen mid Estum. not be there not-any beer brewed among Estonians. 'There is no beer brewed among the Estonians.' Furthermore, in some languages, like Spanish and Russian, so-called double negatives are the rule, rather than the exception. Note the Spanish and How to have homework, Russian expressions for I don't see anything. Spanish: Yo no veo nada. I no see nothing.

Russian: Ya ne vizhu nichevo. These are the normal, indeed the only, way of expressing this in Spanish and Russian. If language worked like formal logic, Spanish and Russian speakers would be suffering from a permament case of illogic. Since speakers of Spanish and Russian appear to reviews assault be normal human beings, we have to conclude that language does not obey the rules of formal logic. Thus, the rule against double negatives formulated by Bishop Lowth is not a grammar rule, but rather a social rule having to do with what he considered to How to yourself be the acceptable use of English.

Language is pure and unchanging . Assignment Reviews Assault? As a conservative society heavily focused on written, rather than oral, forms of language, we tend to think that change, in language as in many other things, is bad. A whole industry of language experts such as Edwin Newman and William Safire regularly rant and writer needed, rave against whatever shift in meaning or usage is current. In fact, change in language is constant and the really fundamental changes usually go unnoticed. For example, between Middle and Modern English many English vowels changed their pronunciation, so that words like house and wife, today pronounced [haws] and [wayf], were pronounced as [hu:s] and Assignment expert assault, [wi:f] by Chaucer. These sorts of changes, and others, are still going on in English even as we speak. Syntax . Speakers have to know how to combine their words into meaningful sentences that call attention to Website content writer something and then provide information about it. Again using English as an example, English speakers know how to form yes-no questions from statements like She is in the kitchen (? Is she in the kitchen?) by appropriate movement of is . Assignment Expert Reviews Assault? Semantics . Speakers must know the C assignment help meaning of the Assignment expert reviews words they use.

Pragmatics . Finally, speakers must know how to use their language appropriately to accomplish what they want in a given social situation. However, the knowledge native speakers have is mostly unconscious knowledge; they know how to say it, but they (usually) can#8217;t tell you how or why they say it that way. C Assignment Help? Language as both biology culture. Assignment? All normal human children, everywhere, acquire the language of their social setting at about the help struct same pace and in the same way. They do so without formal training, and they do so in social and cultural contexts which differ in terms of what kinds of linguistic interactions are supposed to be appropriate between parents/caregivers and infants. These differences do not seem to affect the rate or quality of children's acquisition of language; in a sense, children acquire language in much the Assignment expert reviews same way as they acquire the skill of walking. However, children who are isolated, for Website writer, some reason, from all forms of linguistic interaction do not acquire language, and Assignment reviews, if they reach puberty without exposure to language they may never be able to acquire more than a very rudimentary linguistic ability.

By the time they are around 3-4 years of essay in english, age, children have mastered some of the reviews most complex and subtle rules of their language, rules which no teacher of language could ever teach them. Personal Statement Essay For High School Mission? Of course, they still have lots of vocabulary to reviews learn, as well as some of the pragmatic rules of language use in C assignment, different social situations, and they have to learn to read and Assignment assault, write. While the underlying shape of language is biological, any given language itself is a cultural artifact. The best way to illustrate this is to essay take the Assignment expert words for the domesticated animal which English speakers refer to as a dog. All languages have a word for this animal; no language has a word for half-a-dog. Website Content Writer? This seems to result from a property of the human brain that guides our perception and Assignment expert reviews assault, representation of natural objects in the world, like dogs, which come to us in write, whole packages (other candidates might be rocks, trees, birds, and so on). At the same time, though, the expert reviews words we find in different languages. are as different as dog (English); perro (Spanish); anu (Aymara); kelb (Arabic); sobaka (Russian). None of these words has a privileged connection to Conclusion write history the animal itself. Each is an arbitrary but conventional answer to the problem of naming these familiar domesticated animals.

Infinite use of finite media . Although languages are complex, they are not infinitely complex. The number of rules that anyone needs to know to create sentences in their language is Assignment reviews assault relatively small, and Conclusion help history essay, the number of different kinds of reviews assault, sentences is quite small. Still, the number of sentences that can be produced by any speaker of a language is potentially infinite. Multiple patterning . Language is patterned at a number of write essay, levels of organization: sounds are patterned into phonemes, phonemes into words, words into phrases, phrases into sentences, sentences into assault larger units of discourse. This is what makes the infinite use mentioned above possible.

Predication . All languages make it possible for their speakers to name something and then make some kind of assertion about whatever was named. In other words, all languages allow for sentences that contain a subject and a predicate . We#8217;ll explore this further in the unit on syntax. Learnability . Write Essay In English Yourself? A central fact about all known languages is that they are all learnable by human beings. Assignment Expert Reviews? All normal human children acquire the language of their social group, and many (perhaps most!) go on to acquire more than one. Traditional transmission . While all humans appear to have a built-in, genetically provided capacity for language acquisition, the actual acquisition of language must take place in a social context. How To Write Essay In English Yourself? The social context determines whether the language acquired is English, Russian, or Inuit, etc. Displacement . Unlike most animal vocalization systems, which require that a stimulus be physically present for the vocalization to take place, human language allows us to talk about Assignment reviews assault, things that are absent in either space or time, or both. Without this feature, humans would not be able to talk about dinosaurs, or Cleopatra. History? We can add that this feature also allows us to talk about things that never existed, such as Klingons. Assignment Reviews Assault? Without it, we could have neither history or fiction. Openness . Also unlike other animals, which typically have a fixed set of How to in english yourself, vocalizations, humans can increase the Assignment expert assault number of expressions at their disposal by inventing words.

This feature allows us to write help essay add new words to our vocabulary such as hard drive , internet , and gigabyte . Expert Reviews Assault? The analytic model of language includes the notion of linguistic relativism , which suggests that there is no point in trying to statement for high school mission rank languages on any kind of scale. All human languages that we have any direct information about appear to Assignment reviews contain all the characteristics necessary for language. In this view, there is no qualitative difference between a language and a dialect; the reasons why a particular variety of C assignment help, speech gets labeled as a dialect instead of as a language must be sought elsewhere. In particular, the reasons are to be found in the political, social, and Assignment reviews assault, economic value placed on the speakers of the language variety in question. The people who wield political, economic, and social control speak the essay mission language; those who do not speak the dialect. The realization that languages and dialects are not qualitatively different, and Assignment reviews assault, that attitudes toward them really reflect social prejudices, has led some linguists to say that a language is Personal essay for high school mission a dialect with an army and a navy. For linguists, then, what counts as a language, as opposed to Assignment assault a dialect, is socially and culturally negotiated; not determined by some objective linguistic truth. Sometimes the negotiation is spectacularly unsuccessful, as when the Oakland (California) school board attempted to declare African American Vernacular English (Ebonics) a language. There was a great public outcry against this, but almost nobody understood the real reason: African Americans in help struct, the US do not have an army and a navy; therefore, they are not entitled to have a language. I tend to avoid the difficulty of the word dialect by using variety instead. It seems easier and less judgmental to speak of varieties of reviews, English such as British, Australian, North American, or West Indian.

We can even talk about varieties of Conclusion history, creole English, such as Jamaican, Trinadadian, Barbadian, Belizean, and so on. Assignment Expert Reviews Assault? Or, we can go in How to have homework, the other direction, and discuss varieties of Romance such as Spanish, Portuguese, and Assignment assault, Italian; varieties of Indo-European such as Germanic and Balto-Slavic; or even varieties of human language such as Indo-European, Austronesian, and so on. It all depends on what level of Website writer, abstraction we are interested in. Assignment Reviews? Although from an analytic viewpoint they know a language as well as anyone, speakers of non-standard varieties of language are often assumed by the folk model to be language-deficient. In the Caribbean, this manifests itself especially when creole-speaking children get to school and come up against the standard language in an intense way for the first time.

Teachers, who through no fault of their own very often have only Website content writer, minimal training, are aware only of the folk model for language. They assume that deviation from standard language forms is evidence for a lack of language , and Assignment assault, that children have no grammar. The analytic model of language tells us that all normal human children have grammar but that grammar is their own knowledge of their native language, not the rules written down in school books.

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They supplement news with a television section and a “Game Room” for study breaks.