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Blue Gold World Water Wars Essays and Research Papers. The Movie Blue Gold - World Water Wars is based on the book written by Maude Barlow and . Tony Clarke. Creative Place! In this report, I will try to put some the good points about and the most examples of misinformation. Maude Barlow is National Chair of the Council of Canadians and Tony Clarke is Executive Director of the Polaris Institute, another Canadian organization. Both Clarke and Barlow are featured prominently in the film, which is directed by Sam Bozzo. What I Liked • Visually impressive • Discussion. Scholarship 2015! Desalination , Drinking water , Water 1545 Words | 4 Pages. the natural resources, the world will cease to turn. In that event, can anyone still depend on the sun to rise?

Imagine a world . in which there was a shortage of water . Although lakes, oceans, rivers, and bays are natural resources, they are not everlasting. This world would become dry and cracked. Trees wouldn’t be able to grow; therefor oxygen would become scarce and rare. Imagine this horrifying land where eventually, the world runs out of water . Creative Writing Place! That is the world we live in today. The scary. Drinking water , Human , Third World 916 Words | 3 Pages. ? Water conflict is a term describing a conflict between countries, states, or groups over an access to water resources.[1][2][3] . The United Nations recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private.[4] A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though rarely are traditional wars waged over write essay explication water alone.[5] Instead, water has historically been a source of tension and a factor in conflicts that start for other reasons. However, water conflicts. Writing Essay! Freshwater , Hydrology , United Nations 1561 Words | 5 Pages. Disabled: World War Ii and Refugee Blues. “Disabled” by Wilfred Owen to that of civilian in “Refugee Blues ” by research proposal W.H Auden The poem “Disabled” written by plan Wilfred Owen speaks about the . affects of war and homework poem the tragic loss of an individual who happens to be a soldier. The poem contains many connotations of loss, tragedy, cruelty, depression and the contrasting point of view from plan place different people towards the person.

However, the poem “Refugee Blues ” is also based on the theme of war , and How to write essay introduction explication talks about many things in relation to loss, tragedy. Australia , English-language films , League of Nations 941 Words | 3 Pages. Water Crises of the World : We Are Not Immune Jeremiah Concelos Understanding Our Global Village Prof. Ian Matthews March . 26, 2012 Water is the basis of all life form on the planet, a fact that is undeniably truth. From wildlife to human life, to writing place, nature, to machinery, nothing is, was or ever will be without water . It essentially fuels all things created on our planet, and Clairefontaine paper the planet itself. This is writing plan place, no secret; it comes as common knowledge to every form of life on the planet, even those in. China water crisis , Deficit irrigation , Drinking water 2279 Words | 5 Pages. World War II April 15, 2012 World War II was a part of the effect of ivory, World . War I. According to World War 2 Info, “the origins of the Second World War are generally viewed as being traced back to the First World War .” ( World War 2 2012) World War 2 happened between 1930s to the mid 1940s in Europe and Asia. In Europe, the essay plan, war began on September 1, 1939 when the Nazi Germans led by Hitler invaded Poland.

On September 2, 1945; the war ended with the 2015, relinquishing of Japan. In the early 1930s in. Adolf Hitler , League of Nations , Nazi Germany 1117 Words | 4 Pages. ? California was a land where the American Dream came true for many. Writing! Before the gold rush, California was under the . Mexican rule since 1821. California’s population mainly consisted of about 6,500 Californios, 700 Americans and 150,000 Native Americans. Most of the Californians lived on vast ranches granted to them by the Mexican government. New settlers, mainly Americans, started moving into California for land and trade. Mexican control over California weakened following. California , California Gold Rush , Gold 1528 Words | 9 Pages.

I am personally convinced that gold is the Writing psychology nserc, most valuable commodity in the world , but my conviction flows from gold's physical . properties as opposed to its status as a reserve currency. On the one hand, logic dictates that gold is an anachronism in terms of its role as a reserve currency - because the amount of gold per capita has been decreasing over the years as the world's population has expanded faster than new gold has been mined. There is simply not enough gold - either in essay plan place existence or, probably. Central bank , Currency , Ethics 998 Words | 3 Pages. Water is a human right, not a commodity. Creative Writing 2015 Bucknell! It is the essence of life, sustaining every living being on the planet. Without it we would have no . plants, no animals, no people. However, while water consumption doubles every twenty years our water sources are being depleted, polluted and exploited by multinational corporations. Water privatization has been promoted by Creative writing plan corporations and Us history international lending institutions as the solution to the global water crises but the writing essay, only one’s who benefit from water.

Bottled water , Drinking water , Tap water 2196 Words | 7 Pages. Essay Movie! World War II Martyna Purvis U. S. History Daniel Vogel November 18, 2012 Abstract The . World War II, was a global military conflict that, was in terms of lives lost and destruction, was the most devastating war in human history. Creative Place! The World War II began in 1939 as a European conflict between Germany and How to essay explication an Anglo-French first started but grew to include most of the nations of the world . It ended in 1945, leaving a new world order that was dominated by the United States. Adolf Hitler , Germany , League of Nations 1207 Words | 4 Pages. World War 2 ID/Sigs Totalitarianism: a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every . aspect of public and private life. Essay Place! Fascism: an authoritarian nationalist ideology focused on solving economic, political, and social problems that its supporters see as causing national decline or decadence.

Nazism: the ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party under Adolf Hitler, and the policies adopted by the dictatorial government of Nazi Germany. Write A Poem Introduction Explication! Adolf Hitler , Empire of Japan , Fascism 1006 Words | 3 Pages. The Gobal War This paper will identify major historical turning points during War World II and through the 1970’s . while analyzing the writing essay, impact the Writing proposal nserc, war had on America’s current society, economy, politics and culture. I will also discuss why America in the late 1930’s wanted to stay out Creative place, of the European conflict that became WWII, which is one of the greatest debates of Us history help junior kent, all time. We examine the important role that women played in winning the war and what outcomes came from their hard work that impacted. Adolf Hitler , American Civil War , Franklin D. Roosevelt 1581 Words | 5 Pages. Japan’s development after the essay place, Second World War . 1. The real situation after World War After . the World War II ended, Japan was one of the defeated countries. The Best College! She was left with a lot of damages, especially the two cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki which suffered serious atomic bombing.

Severe food shortages were common; the economy was almost totally paralyzed from wartime destruction, rampant black marketeering and Creative runaway inflation; few Japanese had any money but there really wasn’t anything to. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Economic growth , Economics 934 Words | 4 Pages. ?The War of the World Niall Ferguson argues throughout The War of the World that “the twentieth . century was the most violent global century in history, due to economic volatility, ethnic conflict, and empires in conflict”. Ferguson argues this point by presenting concepts such as the Sino-Japanese War , the Holocaust, World War I, World War II and the Armenian Genocide. However, as Ferguson presents these ideas to argue his view, he does so in ivory a manner that portrays him as a revisionist. Writing Essay Plan! One.

Adolf Hitler , Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , Genocide 1123 Words | 3 Pages. Research Proposal Nserc! Shrapnel Shards on Creative essay, Blue Water Analysis. The Struggle of Cultural Assimilation: An Analysis of Cultural Clash in “Shrapnel Shards on Blue Water ” In “Shrapnel Shards . on Blue Water ” by Le Thi Diem Thuy, the narrator expresses her longing for Vietnam, her home country, and how she feels that she and other Vietnamese people represent “fragmented shards” in the American culture- isolated members of a foreign culture. She portrays her emotions almost as if she is pursuing an actual person by using the pronoun “you” in the first stanza to. Assimilation , Cambodia , Cultural assimilation 1075 Words | 3 Pages. The Influence Of World War And World. ?The Influence of World War II and Us history World War II WANG Jing MScPP TD2 Abstract: This article talk . about how World War ? and World War ? impact Europe. Describe it through three aspects of political, economic and cultural. Key words: World War I, World War II ,Europe, History, Culture 1. Introduction World War I and place World War II were the war mainly battlefield in Writing psychology research nserc Europe but spread to Creative writing essay, the world ad last for years in history. It has a very profound influence on Europe's economy, political and culture. Research Nserc! Asia , British Empire , Europe 1236 Words | 4 Pages. serving on the front-line (trench rapids, snipers, shelling), it is possible to distinguish major battles (or pushes) whose names have gone down in history . as some of the bloodiest conflicts ever waged.

There were many battles that took place during the war but the essay, most remembered were the Clairefontaine paper, five major battles. Those battles are, The Battle of Creative plan place, Marne (1914 and 1918), The Battle of homework help, Verdun (1916), The Battle of Ypres (1914, 1915, and 1917), The Battle of the Somme (1916), and The Battle of Cambrai (1917). Battle of the Creative writing plan, Somme , British Army , First Battle of Clairefontaine ivory, Ypres 926 Words | 3 Pages. ? War (Attracting the writing essay plan, reader)Do you think there is a” just war ” in the history of world ? Do you think it is the psychology proposal, . only way to Creative writing essay plan, solve problem by Motivation poem war ? (Providing background) Different people have different opinion. Herbert hover, who is the 31st President of the United States have ever said:” Whether you have to fight for justice or not, war is writing essay plan, a crime! “In his opinion, whether the war is just or unjust, it is cruel, and the death is inevitable. Marxist thought, making clear the nature of war is the How to write essay, necessary. Communism , Global conflicts , Korean War 1092 Words | 3 Pages. Issue: The short documentary, Blue Gold , presented an issue of our planet’s water supply.

Our planet is made out . of about 70% of water . However, less than 1% of that water is actually drinkable. The issue is that water is becoming scares and due to lack of rain, the precious water begins to dry out. Writing Place! As the water source rapidly declines, the corporations saw that as a chance to make profit. Therefore, we are forced to poem, buy overpriced water . Summary: Blue Gold did a great job representing the. Desalination , First World , Second World 618 Words | 2 Pages. Consequences of World War Two, and Whether They are Still Felt by Today’s Generations. Consequences of World . War II in the Past and Present World War II has been a pivotal factor in transforming the writing essay plan place, world as we see it today. College Essay! It was a six-year period which is characterized by hunger, family separation, bombing, and horrendous war crimes in a relatively prosperous European region. Writing Essay Plan Place! The objective of this essay is to highlight two of the most significant consequences of the War on the world as a whole. Great power , League of Nations , Soviet Union 859 Words | 3 Pages.

THE WAR OF THE WORLDS Jonathan P. Benitez IV-LopezJaena English-Mrs.Sanchez Introduction The War of The best, . the Worlds (1898), a science fiction novel by H. G. Place! Wells, is the first-person narrative of an unnamed protagonist's (and his brother's) adventures in London and writing the countryside around London as Earth is invaded by Creative Martians. Motivation For Doing Poem! Written in writing essay 1895–97,[2] it is one of the earliest stories that details a conflict between mankind and an extraterrestrial race. Bucknell! The War of the Worlds has two parts. Earth , Martian , Martian Manhunter 2571 Words | 7 Pages. Creative Writing Plan Place! World War III (abbreviated as WWIII, also known as the Third World War ) is the hypothetical future . successor to World War II (1939–1945). In fiction, the war is Creative writing scholarship bucknell, often suggested to be nuclear and extremely devastating in nature. This war is anticipated and Creative plan place planned for by military and writing 2015 civil authorities, and Creative writing explored in fiction by many authors all around the Us history junior kent, world . Creative Writing Essay Place! Concepts range from purely conventional scenarios or a limited use of nuclear weapons to the destruction of the planet. With the development. Cold War , Cuban Missile Crisis , Global conflicts 1271 Words | 5 Pages. A Poem! Water , is essential to all forms of Creative writing plan place, life. Research! Water plays a huge part in our lives whether you realize it or not.

It ties in with . many different factors, some being political, social, environmental and ethical. Singapore has her own water issue as well. Creative Writing Plan Place! Science plays a major role in today’s world this also includes issue of water and the benefits and limitation science can provide for Singapore in her water issue. Water is extremely vital for our survival. The Best Movie! According to ( Water Partners International. Desalination , Drinking water , First World 1252 Words | 4 Pages. Blue Gold This is place, a documentary about the ever increasing water crisis in our world today; what . is causing it, the consequences, and how to stop it. Ecologists everywhere began to take notice of the Writing psychology research proposal, “desertification” of our planet and the dire consequences ahead if it is not stopped. The urgency of this issue is one that cannot be brushed off because it is Creative writing plan place, not us destroying solely the planet we live on, but destroying our chances of Motivation for doing poem, survival on it. Writing Essay Plan! Desertification of the earth is caused.

Agriculture , Irrigation , Overpopulation 575 Words | 2 Pages. World War II and the War on Terror. ? World War II and the War on Terror Throughout America’s history there have been a handful of . wars that the United States has been a part of. We have proven that we are a strong country and that we can handle anything that comes our way. Along our journey, we have encountered our share of issues: moral, ethical and constitutional issues, specifically in World War II and the War on Terror. The Best Essay! We have seen our leaders lead our country and take us to become one of the most powerful countries in. 2003 invasion of Iraq , George W. Bush , Iraq War 1778 Words | 8 Pages.

Final Project Blue Mountain Spring Water , Inc. Three Year Marketing Plan III. Blue Mountain Spring . Water I. Creative Place! Opportunities ( external factors) A. The opportunity to ultilize the ivory paper, latest technology for essay, distribution and marketing. B. Expand outside of regional markets to other select markets but avoid mass marketing C. Blue Mountain has no debt therefore it can expand its RD (research and Motivation for doing poem development) to increase public knowledge about writing essay plan place, health benefits of purified water versus tap. Motivation For Doing Homework Poem! . Bottled water , Drinking water , Market segmentation 1068 Words | 4 Pages. The response, through music, to World War Two, particularly in writing plan place the concentration/death camps throughout Europe The Second . World War was a very sensitive time in the world , especially Europe, but one of the few benefits was the scholarship bucknell, music that came out of Creative writing essay place, it, there was the Clairefontaine ivory, music that was written about certain events of the war , the music that evolved during the war , and Creative writing place the music by the Jewish community (i.e. The Holocaust), especially in the concentration camps. The Holocaust was unequivocally. Eastern Bloc , Global conflicts , Jazz 1367 Words | 4 Pages.

First World War Essay World war one cannot emanate any war but itself; it yielded . a drastic jump in the technological weaponry and tactics, had soldiers live day in and day out while scarifying the true horror of trench warfare, and had citizens being pressured by a poem introduction their government through propaganda. World war one had many different nations in Europe involved, and the Unites States. The war lasted for writing plan place, 5 years, as it started in 1914 and ended at 1919. On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , Battle of the Somme , Chlorine 1447 Words | 5 Pages. The main cause of World War Two was the failure to bring a just peace between nations after the end of World . Motivation Homework! War One. Many argue that the main cause was the rise to writing essay, power of Adolf Hitler in Germany. The end of World War I left Germany feeling humiliated and defeated.

In order to restore their national honor and pride, Germans voted Hitler into Motivation for doing power and he tried to conquer Europe. Germany’s humiliation was mainly caused by the Treaty of Versailles. Despite the writing essay plan, opinions of many different people. Adolf Hitler , Germany , League of Nations 1560 Words | 4 Pages. ? The Global Effect of World War 1 European Civilization: The First World War has change the . aspect of European civilization. Essay Introduction Explication! The government was transformed to fight a total war . The war changed the European union socially, politically, economically, and intellectually.

European countries channeled all of their resources into total war , which resulted in enormous social change. Writing Plan Place! World war one had devastating effects on Europe. The Great War demolished the Austria-Hungary Empire and the Russian. Armistice with Germany , League of Us history homework, Nations , Paris Peace Conference, 1919 787 Words | 3 Pages. A Yellow Raft in Blue Water Michael Dorris Christina Penh Mrs. DiTanna AP English Alternative Assessment Answer: . Discuss the three female protagonists and the men in their lives.

How are their lives determined by the circumstances of their birth and subsequently by the men they “chose.” Michael Dorris divides the essay plan, novel A Yellow Raft in Blue Water into three sections narrated by 2015 bucknell three different Native American women: Rayona, Christine, and Ida. First introduced is teen-aged Rayona, whose. Creative Writing Plan Place! A Yellow Raft in Blue Water , African American , Book 724 Words | 3 Pages. War of the Worlds ? War of the Writing research, Worlds ' is Creative writing plan, a Sci-Fi Thriller. Extra-terrestrials have launched a . global crusade on our planet and they wish to exterminate the human race and use the planet for their own sinister reasons. The director Steven Spielberg incorporates many film techniques in order to portray the drama of the story. Essay! Some of these techniques include costumes, lighting, and sound. All of these techniques add to the drama and help convey the story and the characters' identity to the viewer. 2005 albums , Cinematic techniques , Drama 889 Words | 3 Pages. World War Ii the American Experience.

World War II: The American Experience HIS120 Date World War II: The American Experience It is Creative writing, . Clairefontaine Paper! no known secret that America attempted to reframe from becoming a part of what was projected as being a major war which started with the European culture. Historians believe that the second war was a contribution of the Great Depression which caused for America to seize from their investments in Europe. This caused for a struggle of power in Europe which provide an opportunity for Hitler and Stalin. Creative Writing! Allies of World War II , Axis powers , Nazi Germany 2571 Words | 7 Pages. The privatization of fresh water creates a global system of Creative 2015 bucknell, ‘have and have not’s Water privatization creates a . world where people ‘have’ access to Creative plan place, water and Clairefontaine those whom ‘do not have’ access to fresh water . Water privatization schemes throughout the world have a track record of exceedingly high prices, creation of water monopolies, and Creative place deteriorating quality and service and this does support the global system that water privatization creates of have and have not’s. Water privatization can negatively. 2000 Cochabamba protests , Bolivia , Hydrology 1598 Words | 4 Pages. ? The beginning of World War II. The contestants in WWII were divided into two groups, the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers. The . following countries were in the Allied Powers: Soviet Union,United States,Britain, China, France, Poland, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The Axis Powers consisted of the following: Germany, Japan,and Italy.

The Allied Powers during WWII were those that opposed the Axis Powers. At the beginning of How to write, war , Britain and place the Commonwealth Nations stood almost alone, but the. Adolf Hitler , Allies of Clairefontaine ivory paper, World War II , Axis powers 1303 Words | 5 Pages. World War II DBQ After the deaths of 37,508,686 soldiers by the end of World War I, . Europe was a mess. Countries had been dissolved and rearranged, governments had fallen and been replaced, and economies were thriving then crashing, all as a result from Creative essay plan World War I. One of the main goals at the end of World War I was to prevent another tragedy like World War I from happening again. Clearly that did not happen, as World War II still happened, causing over 50 million deaths. The repercussions. Adolf Hitler , Fascism , Germany 2347 Words | 6 Pages.

Central Asia’s Cold War ? WATER AND POLITICS IN UZBEK-TAJIK RELATIONS PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 217 September 2012 . Shairbek Juraev American University of How to write, Central Asia (Bishkek) At the end of 2011, Louise Arbour, head of the International Crisis Group (ICG), listed Central Asia among the Creative essay place, top ten crisis areas in the world and a region that has the Writing research nserc, potential to see war in 2012. This turned out nearly prophetic. Within several months, the already-troubled relations between Uzbekistan and. Afghanistan , Central Asia , Iranian peoples 1888 Words | 6 Pages. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION.

No country enters a war without a reason. United States in not an exception. It entered the Creative place, World . War Two after a tragic Pearl Harbor. It was necessary to stand up and Writing answer to Japanese at that moment. What were United States reasons for Creative writing essay plan, entering the World War I? Is there a connection between Russian February Revolution and President Woodrow Wilson decision to enter the junior kent, Great War ? Of course, it could not be a soul reason for declaring a war to Germany; Zimmerman Telegram and German. Allies of World War I , Russia , Russian Empire 1322 Words | 4 Pages. The Aftermath of World War II Introduction: World War II ended with the surrender of the Axis . powers. A week after Adolf Hitler committed suicide, Germany surrendered, on May 7th to the Western Allies, and on May 8th to writing essay place, the Soviet Union in Writing psychology research 1945.

Japan was able to writing plan, pull through for few months, but soon atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and The best essay movie Nagasaki by the USA on August 6th and 9th respectively. This finally convinced the Japanese Government that they had no choice but to Creative place, surrender. The. Allies of World War II , Cold War , French Resistance 1476 Words | 6 Pages. World War I Outline: I. Introduction A. Writing Nserc! What were the major power of the war B. The reasons for which . I find this topic to be of interest to writing plan, myself C. Psychology Research Nserc! The research question that I will be answering: What new inventions did the war encourage D. Thesis statement II. Background A. Shed a light on the history of the war B. Gives examples for the start of the war and how this may influenced the people III. Inventions A. Flamethrowers B. Poison gas . American Battle Monuments Commission , Barbed wire , Central Powers 2362 Words | 6 Pages. ? World War One was a brutal and deadly war that introduced the beginning of the modern war tactics. . No one thought this First World War to blow up the way it did- most expected the plan place, war to end quickly, however, this clearly was an writing scholarship, unrealistic expectation. Men and boys were eager to volunteer for war when it first began, unaware of the writing place, horrors that went along with the trench life and Motivation for doing homework poem scarring moments on the battle field. Between the battles, travels, diseases, unsanitary living, and expansion on weapons. Barbed wire , Battle , Combat stress reaction 1143 Words | 3 Pages.

World War I World War I was a time of struggle for Creative writing essay plan place, Europe. Many factors lead to great . tensions in Europe, sparking the need for a war . This war , otherwise known as “The Great War ”, occurred in 1914 until 1918. It had many famous battles, such as the battle of The Somme, a battle of writing scholarship 2015 bucknell, many casualties, especially for essay plan place, the British. The war was mainly fought between the members of The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and the members of junior, The Triple Entente (Great Britain, France. Belgium , German Empire , Schlieffen Plan 2343 Words | 7 Pages. breathable atmosphere, a suitable climate, availability of water and also because of its ideal distance from the sun, due to which it receives . the perfect amount of heat and light to allow human life to be sustained. Creative Writing Essay Place! But humans aren’t taking care of our exclusive mother earth and are busy in for doing homework poem polluting the Creative essay, earth. Pollution is mainly caused by Us history homework kent humans which is the introduction of contamination into the natural environment it may be in air, water , soil.

Air pollution is caused due to smoke and dust. Smoke. Carbon dioxide , Earth , Global warming 993 Words | 3 Pages. F indifference to frustration G upset to anger H calm to nervousness J nervousness to calm ______ 3. When the pilot describes a . Creative Plan! world that turns “from white to black, then back to Writing psychology research, white again,” he is referring to — A facing the Creative essay, clouds, which are all white, and Clairefontaine then facing the dark English Channel B a world full of good people and evil people C being awake and aware of himself and then losing consciousness D the difference between the English and. England , English Channel , France 791 Words | 3 Pages. War in the Modern World War has fascinated the minds of the greats throughout history.

Its concepts and essay place . understandings have been passed on to us through the few surviving works of those, whose lives were touched by war , in homework poem an ancient archive. Place! Some saw war as an How to write essay introduction explication, ordinary, inevitable phenomenon that has a place among natural order of human lives (Jacob Walter), while others interpreted it as devastating and terrible deviation from the natural order of Creative plan, things (W.T. Sherman). Over the course of. Agriculture , Human , Humans 1152 Words | 3 Pages. By Raphael Wixted The First World War was a conflict between 1914 and 1918 that was said to be the war ‘to end all . wars ’. The immense global involvement from Us history help junior kent nations spread over five continents resulted in the largest conflict than any war since. Of the writing essay plan place, total death toll of ten million, 60 000 were Australians.

This loss however, was justified to an extremely limited extent. A number of arguments are clearly visible to demonstrate this point, the first being that the war itself was the result of intentionally. Austria–Hungary , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina 1582 Words | 4 Pages. Movie! World War 1 DBQ Prior to essay plan, the start of Us history help, World War 1, several countries in Europe were fixated on being . the dominant country in Europe, seeking to hold the top position on Creative writing essay plan, the social hierarchy among the European nations. After the How to a poem essay explication, Age of Imperialism, many Europeans took great pride in their countries’ growth and Creative place prosperity. The most powerful countries in Europe at the beginning of the college, 20th century were becoming wealthier due to Creative writing essay, the trade from Writing research African colonies, while other countries (without income. Belgium , England , Europe 1180 Words | 3 Pages. Masculinity and writing plan World War II The image of Man has changed throughout time.

Dominant constructions of masculinity, which are . basically attempts to stabilize gender identity, are developed within the dynamics of shifting cultures and societies. The male stereotype, which is still prevails nowadays, started rising at the end of eighteenth – beginning nineteenth century in Europe with a great concentration on the male’s body. The stereotype made the world look at man more like a type rather than an. Gender , Gender identity , Gender role 2248 Words | 6 Pages. The World Is Blue Reflection Essay. Writing Psychology Proposal! Harper 4/10/2012 “The World is Blue ” Sylvia Earle Review . and Creative essay plan analysis by: Kylee Luckett “It is Clairefontaine ivory paper, our choices. Creative Writing Plan! that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.” -Albus Dumbledore They say only homework help junior a few will ever speak loud enough to be heard over the other seven billion voices on writing essay plan, the planet. Clairefontaine! Today someone is Creative writing essay plan place, shouting. Screaming off of the pages of “The World is Blue ” is Sylvia Earle, National Geographic Society’s. Exxon Valdez oil spill , Ocean , Oil spill 1791 Words | 5 Pages. For Doing! Germany would fight their last major battle against the Allied Forces in the summer of 1918 in the Second Battle of the Marne.

This was the last major . offensive that Germany would fight in World War I. This battle was supposed to be the battle that turned the tide for Germany but, it ultimately led to their downfall. Writing! It began on the Month of July 15 and lasted until the 5th of August 1918 and it brought a comeback plan devised by paper Erich Lundendorff the Chief of Creative plan, Staff for ivory, Germany. The plan called. 1918 , Allies , Allies of World War II 1377 Words | 4 Pages. Causes of the Second World War I believe Hitler’s actions and the appeasement that followed it are the writing essay, key reasons for the . Us History Homework Kent! outbreak of World War 2.Hitler’s foreign policy was firstly German need more Lebensraum and secondly to unite all German speaking people under one Reich in a Pan-German Empire. He did this in 2 phases: Phase 1 - 1933-1937 – Cautious Expansion Phase 2 - 1937-1939 – Aggressive Expansion Phase 1: In 1933 Hitler. Adolf Hitler , Germany , League of Nations 1443 Words | 4 Pages. America and Creative writing essay World War I Jeff Clark HIS/125 5/12/13 Michele Riley When war erupted in Clairefontaine 1914, the United . Creative Writing Essay Plan Place! States attempted to ivory paper, remain neutral and Creative writing plan was a proponent for the rights of neutral states. Isolationist foreign policy was encouraged by Congress's apprehensions about giving other countries a political door into Clairefontaine US policies and the cultural melting pot of the United States' population. In spite of these factors, the United States did enter World War I, as a result of Creative writing, several events.

In. Allies , Belgium , Charles Mangin 969 Words | 3 Pages. i?am, generally rendered outside Tamil-speaking areas ) is a proposed independent statethat Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora aspire to . create in the north and east of Sri Lanka. Tamil Eelam has no official status orrecognition by world states though sections of the Eelam were under de facto control of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) for most of Writing research, the2000s. The name is derived from the ancient Tamil name for Sri Lanka, Eelam. Creative! TAMIL PERIOD The Jaffna kingdom (1215-1624. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam , Northern Province, Sri Lanka , Sinhalese people 1792 Words | 5 Pages. the worst decisions that human kind has ever grasped on.

We take a glimpse of the world around us and Writing proposal nserc see nothing but hatred, detestation and . greed surrounding our human lives. The main factor for revulsion to be brought up is the power that leaders want to Creative essay plan, take hold of today and so they create a diversion, such as an example like the World War I and in this case, the rivalry between Germany and France. However, war isn’t about a battle being won through force or cupidity, to regain a land such as. Feeling , Global conflicts , Napoleonic Wars 1996 Words | 5 Pages. Tri-State Water Wars | The Issues of the Tri-State Water Wars | Almost for twenty tears, . Georgia, Alabama and The best movie Florida have been fighting over the amount of water in Apalachicola Chattahoochee Flint and the Alabama Coosa Tallapoosa (ACT) river basin that passes through their borders. Georgia wants plenty of water for essay plan, metro Atlanta so they can keep growing. The downstream users Alabama and Florida wants enough water flowing for their own economic goods.

But none of these state wants to research nserc, stop fighting. Plan Place! Apalachicola River , Chattahoochee River , Drainage basin 1119 Words | 4 Pages. The Blues is write a poem essay introduction explication, a musical form and genre, which originated in South America within the African-American communities. It originated near the end . of the 19th century, and was rooted from spirituals, work songs, field hollers (which are very similar to work songs, but some do not have lyrics), shouts and rhymes. Essay! The blues form in psychology proposal jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll; and each is characterised by Creative essay place a specific chord progression, the research proposal, most common being the twelve bar blues . The blues notes, are played or. Bass guitar , Blues , Delta blues 1357 Words | 4 Pages. Total War During The World Wars The term total war came into realization during the first and . second World War . President Franklin Roosevelt (2004) stated, “When our enemies challenged our country to stand up and fight, they challenged each and everyone of essay plan, us. And each and every one of us has accepted the challenge” (pg. 86). Total war involved the Writing nserc, commitment of an entire nation and to writing essay plan, the extent of all the participating nations, almost the Creative, entire world . The World Wars were much greater.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Nuclear weapon 1032 Words | 3 Pages. World War 1 to World War 2 Comparison. Plan Place! Fitzsimons 1 How were the The best, United States goals in World War I similar or different to the United States goals for fighting in essay . Iraq and Afghanistan? The United States goals in World War I and Iraq and writing scholarship bucknell Afghanistan are very different, and this is partly because they are in totally different time periods and the technology is very different. World War I took place from 1914-1918 (Strachan 1), whereas the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan started in 2003 and writing place are still going (Deese 1), although many of. 2003 invasion of Iraq , Al-Qaeda , Canada 2090 Words | 6 Pages. Women of World War I and World War Ii.

March 28, 2010 Western Civ. 102 World War I and World War II had a . profound effect on many people living during those time periods. During World War I and World War II thousands lost their lives fighting for their respective countries. Men played a crucial part in fighting for their countries on the war front, but on the home front women played a crucial part also. During both World War I and World War II, women were called on writing bucknell, to do work and take on major roles that. Feminism , Gender , Gender role 1488 Words | 5 Pages. World War II and Creative writing essay plan place the Cold War The world was left unhappy after World . War I and another war broke out, World War II. This was followed by yet another war , the Creative writing 2015 bucknell, Cold War . The aggression of European and writing plan place Asian dictators led to war . These dictators were totalitarian dictators.

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not to do homework Copyright 2002 by Elizabeth Yeow. Included here with permission of the writing plan author. #9;Every fall excitement fills the air as students arrive at Writing psychology school with new backpacks and school supplies, eager to meet their new teacher. Always a new beginning, the start of school allows every student to Creative essay have a fresh beginning and make this year the best year ever. Yet within weeks of the start of school, teachers begin to Clairefontaine see a certain pattern emerging: the same students repeatedly neglect to turn in homework. The teacher will then remind, reprimand, take away recess, and threaten to call home and writing essay plan talk to their mom and dad. Occasionally, this will work and the student will miraculously appear with homework in hand, most of the Creative scholarship 2015 bucknell time there are just excuses. More often, the teacher becomes more frustrated and writing plan place disheartened, the student#146;s grades drop and Motivation for doing poem he or she will feel like a failure.

The repetition of Creative writing place this scenario caused me to really consider the value and effect of homework. Every year, and this year is no exception, I have at least one student, usually two, who never bring their completed homework back on time. I was puzzled by these students#146; attitudes towards homework. I wanted to The best essay understand more about their perceptions of homework and to find out what kind of support they were receiving at home. Perhaps, these students do not understand the essay homework or maybe their parents are unable to help them.

Maybe the instructions were unclear or the Motivation for doing homework homework is too difficult for them. I wanted to understand more about their parents#146; views about school and Creative writing essay plan homework. I also wanted to know more about other issues that may be going on at home. Clairefontaine? What are some things that I could do to help them bring their homework back? As I began this study, I had several assumptions.

I saw homework is an important part of their schoolwork and is a reinforcement of what is learned at school. This extra practice is helpful to students and when students do not do their homework it affects how they do in school. Also, lack of finished homework may be an indication of their attitude towards school or learning. I teach at Clara Barton Elementary School (pseudonym), a public elementary school in the suburbs of Creative place a metropolitan area, about Clairefontaine ivory paper, 15 miles outside of essay place Washington, DC. At the beginning of this school year Clara Barton Elementary School switched from a traditional school calendar to college essay movie a year round calendar. On the year round calendar school is in session for nine weeks and then there is essay a two or three week intersession break. During the intersession remediation and enrichment classes are offered to writing bucknell students. The cost of attending intersession is five dollars. The community around Clara Barton Elementary School is comprised of single family homes, townhouses, and multifamily dwellings.

The majority of the students that attend Clara Barton Elementary School live in the townhouse community directly behind the school. The townhouse community accepts Section 8 housing certificates. Many of the townhouses house more than one family. There is a high transience rate at Clara Barton Elementary School of about 40 percent. Creative Place? Seventy-five percent of the school is composed of Us history junior kent ethnic- and language-minority students. More than 22 countries and Creative writing essay many different languages are represented at Clara Barton Elementary School. Many of the paper students that attend Clara Barton Elementary School are from low-income families. Clara Barton Elementary School receives funding from Title I and many of the students receive free or reduced lunches.

The school is organized primarily into self-contained classrooms. The school does not have a formal homework policy, but in the staff handbook there is a recommended amount of time students should spend on homework based on grade level. Third grade students should have between 30-60 minutes of homework per evening. The school slogan is Clara Barton Reads and students are encouraged to read 20 minutes at home every night as part of their homework. This is my fourth year teaching and I have taught third grade at Creative writing plan place Clara Barton Elementary for all four years.

I am an Asian female. The students in my class are all in for doing poem, the third grade. The class is composed of 18 students, 8 boys and 10 girls. Sixteen out of the 18 are ESOL students. Eight of the students speak Spanish at home, 5 speak Vietnamese, and Creative writing essay place 1 speaks another language.

Homework in for doing poem, my classroom is Creative essay plan place assigned Monday through Thursday evenings and usually includes spelling, reading, and math. When students arrive at school in the morning they take out their homework and stack it on a table at the back of the room. Clairefontaine? While they are putting their backpacks, books, and jackets away I check in their homework. Creative Writing Essay Plan Place? Any student who does not bring in completed homework has to finish their homework during free activity time. Selecting a Focus Group. As I looked over my homework grade sheet I noticed that I had three students, all boys, who repeatedly did not bring in their homework. Two of the boys, Jose and Juan (pseudonyms), are Hispanic and one, Aaron (pseudonym), is African-American. Originally I decided to look at all three students, but then Juan moved mid-year. So, I had two students to focus on, but the more I collected data and How to essay reflected I realized that I really was focusing more on Jose. Due to Creative place time constraints and the inability to contact Aaron#146;s mother I decided to bucknell focus this study about Jose.

#9;Jose is Creative writing plan a third grade, ESOL student. His primary language is Spanish; however he is very fluent in Writing research nserc, English. Jose has helped translate a few words for writing plan me before. He is the oldest child in his family and has one younger sibling who is write essay introduction explication not old enough yet for Creative writing plan place school. He lives with his mother, father, grandmother, and younger sister. His father and mother both work full-time. His father often has to work night shifts and sometimes does not get to see Jose much because of his work schedule. Jose has attended Clara Barton Elementary School since kindergarten and lives in the townhouse community behind the school. Jose loves to Clairefontaine ivory draw during his free moments and will frequently take out a notebook and essay draw action figures. Write Essay Introduction Explication? Jose takes Tae Kwon Doe classes in the evenings and essay frequently talks about How to write a poem introduction explication, how he enjoys these classes. He is well-liked at school and has many friends, both boys and Creative plan girls, in his class.

He is reading on grade level, but his writing and math are below grade level. Frequently Jose needs short extensions on in-class assignments. As I considered my puzzlement over students#146; attitudes towards homework I realized there may be many different things contributing to poem this puzzling situation. My own beliefs and values may be contributing to this puzzling situation. Perhaps my expectations for Creative writing essay place completed homework are too high or I am giving too much homework. My expectation that students should have and do homework may be influenced by my experience with homework as a child. #9;In the last thirty years the proposal nserc controversy over the value of plan place homework has come up again and again. Depending on the decade there are either demands for more homework or cries for less homework. Proponents for homework believe that it can help students retain more, improve study skills, and teach students that learning can take place anywhere.

In addition, homework can promote independence and responsibility and it can help parents connect with what their children are learning in school. Scholarship 2015? Opponents of homework believe that homework can hinder children from participating in other beneficial activities, such as sports or scouts. In addition, parental involvement with homework can confuse students if their parents use techniques that are different than their teachers. Homework can also accentuate the disparity between students from low-income homes and Creative essay plan place students from middle-class homes. Students from low-income homes may have more difficulty completing an Writing research proposal nserc, assignment (Cooper, 2001). It is writing place also possible that there is a cultural mismatch between what is emphasized at home and what is Creative writing emphasized at school. My belief that homework is important and should be given Monday through Thursday nights is also emphasized by the administration at my school. Perhaps Jose#146;s parents do not value schoolwork and homework as much as it is emphasized in Creative writing essay, school. Help Junior Kent? They may feel that homework is Creative writing essay repetitious and unnecessary for their child. Maybe they feel they can provide more authentic learning after school for their children by providing them with cultural, athletic, or other experiences.

Parents may feel that these other activities will benefit their child more and Us history homework help junior may therefore not stress homework. Creative Plan Place? It is also possible that parents may not value school and this feeling is How to write a poem essay introduction explication conveyed to students. Outside influences may also affect Jose. Creative Plan Place? Perhaps he has seen older friends or relatives who do not do their homework. Creative Writing Scholarship 2015? He may view these older ones as cool or maybe he has seen kids on television or in movies that do not do their homework. Another outside influence might be the plan economic situation of the family. The family may be struggling to make ends meet and there may be difficulties at home that are a higher priority to The best college essay movie students than homework. #9;These cultural influences are important for me to Creative essay place look at The best because they could change the way I administer homework or the amount of homework that I give.

After considering all of the possible cultural influences, I decided to narrow them down to the two that I believe to be the writing essay most significant. The two cultural influences that I thought might be the most applicable to my puzzlement are teacher beliefs (CIP 3.1) and a cultural mismatch between home and school (CIP 3.3.2). My beliefs as the teacher affect my giving of homework, my expectation that it be done, and how much I actually assign to students. Motivation For Doing Homework? I believe that one of the strongest influences on young children is their family and their home. Since young children are still very much under the Creative writing essay plan direct charge of their parents, if they bring in their homework or not is especially dependent on their parents. Their parents have control over whether or not they are given time after school to writing scholarship 2015 bucknell complete homework.

The school culture emphasizes an importance on homework and this may not coincide with parental beliefs or practices. This discord will ultimately affect how a child is perceived by essay, his/her teacher and how successful he/she is academically. In order to How to explication determine what cultural influences were contributing to my puzzlement I needed to gather information about my beliefs. I chose to look at writing essay place these by Creative scholarship 2015, journaling, a technique recommended in the Cultural Inquiry Process (Jacob, 1999). In my journaling I needed to consider why this situation was puzzling to me and why I think this situation is happening.

My beliefs, background, and essay previous experience influence how I look at this puzzling situation and how I approach this situation. If I can identify my beliefs and values then I can see how they might be contributing to the puzzling situation. After reflecting and journaling about my homework beliefs I had the opportunity to discuss the scholarship bucknell topic of my research with my colleagues at school. Creative Essay Plan? Through this discussion I realized that I should ask them what their beliefs were about Motivation for doing homework poem, homework and find out how much homework the Creative writing plan place other third grade teachers were giving (CIP 4.1). #9;Information also needed to be gathered about a mismatch between the student#146;s home culture and the school curriculum (CIP 4.3.2). The school or the school district might have a homework policy that I am unaware of. If there is a homework policy then there is not a strong emphasis on Clairefontaine ivory, it and it does not seem to influence teachers and how often or how much homework they give. Weisenthal, Cooper, Greenblatt Marcus, (1997) found that schools with a strong emphasis on homework influenced how often teachers gave homework.

I realized it was important to look at Creative writing plan the school culture and How to a poem essay explication then to look at the home culture and Creative writing see if there was a mismatch. In order to find out more information about Motivation poem, Jose#146;s home culture I considered visiting his home but I had difficulty contacting his parents. I sent many notes home, called home and tried to leave messages. Eventually I was able to speak to Jose#146;s father. I also interviewed students using a modified version of The Student Survey of Homework Practices (Grajria, M. Salend, S. J., 1995) to writing essay try to determine what the home environment and culture was like as well as to find out what their attitude was toward homework.

I looked at Jose#146;s school history and contacted Jose#146;s second grade teacher to see what Jose had been like as a second grader. #9;I grew up in an environment where receiving and doing homework was part of a daily routine. Teachers gave me homework, my parents expected that I would have it done, and if I did not do it I felt horrible. My parents always made sure that my homework was done when I was in Writing proposal nserc, elementary school. By the time I reached middle school and high school I had acquired the writing essay plan habit of doing homework independently. I have always believed that homework helps students learn and reinforces concepts. The question I have to ask myself in psychology research nserc, this puzzlement is Do I know for sure that homework benefits students?

In order to answer this question I decided to look at some research that has been done on the benefits or detriments of Creative essay homework. How To A Poem Introduction? The correlation between completing homework and academic achievement has been the subject of much research. Depending on which side of the homework argument one is on, research can have both positive and negative effects on students. According to Cooper (2001) some positive academic effects of homework include retention and understanding of Creative essay plan material, improved study skills, improved attitudes toward school. Some nonacademic effects of homework include promoting independent and responsibility in students and involving parents in what is going on in the classroom. Homework also has some negative effects, such as boredom, denying students leisure time and the benefits of wholesome learning from scouts or sports. Homework can lead to cheating and can emphasize the disparity between the homes of Clairefontaine low-income and middle class students. Essay Plan? Students from low-income homes may have to work after school or may not have a quiet place to study at home.

When looking at 50 studies done on homework and student achievement, Cooper (2001) found that homework had little or no effect on student achievement at Us history junior kent the elementary level. #9;After reading some research on the effects of homework on academic achievement I had to seriously consider how my beliefs fit into this. I realized that giving homework benefited me as the teacher. Plan Place? These benefits matched the benefits teachers expressed having in the Homework Attitude and Creative writing 2015 Behaviour Inventory for Teachers (Weisenthal et al., 1997). Homework improved my ability to cover the curriculum and writing essay plan acted as a kind of bridge between the last lesson and homework help junior kent the next one. Although homework benefited me, as the teacher, I found myself reconsidering why I was handing out homework to students. According to Kralovec and Buell (2001), elementary school students show no significant academic gain from doing homework.

So, if homework was not helping students academically then how worthwhile was giving homework? #9; I found out that the other two third grade teachers, both males, at writing essay plan my school were not giving as much homework as I was. One teacher usually gave only spelling and reading as homework. Every once in a while he would give math homework. The other third grade teacher usually gave math and reading as homework and rarely gave spelling homework. I, on the other hand, gave math, spelling, and reading as homework. Why weren#146;t the other teachers giving as much homework as I was? According to The best essay Weisenthal et al. (1997) some teachers may go easy on themselves so they have less homework to collect and to grade. Place? I decided to scholarship 2015 bucknell go back and interview the other third grade teachers to find out what their beliefs about homework were. One of the teachers did not believe that giving homework was a big deal unless a child did not understand the homework.

He believed that homework should be given for students to build responsibility and for character building. In his experience the ones that don#146;t bring their homework back are usually the ones that don#146;t understand the concepts. He also felt that at the elementary level if students pay attention in class then they will achieve and homework will not necessarily help them achieve. Creative Essay Plan? The other third grade teacher believed that homework should be a reinforcement of what is taught in school and college essay he felt that it made a difference in their achievement at Creative writing essay school. Homework Kent? He said that he could tell the Creative essay place next day by student performance if a student did or did not do their homework. Clairefontaine Paper? He also believed that homework helped students learn to be responsible and build a good work ethic. After discussing homework policies and their beliefs about homework with my colleagues I went to the principal and asked her if we had a school wide homework policy. She referred me to the staff handbook. Although there is not a school wide homework policy, there were some generally accepted principles that should govern teachers when assigning homework. Some of the principles include, flexibility and Creative plan differences in the assignments to Motivation individual students, homework should be reasonable in view of the pupil#146;s situation including health, housing conditions, outside work or responsibility, leisure-time activity and conflicting demands of home and school. On the daily announcements students are encouraged to read for writing essay plan 20 minutes every night as homework.

Any homework given out in The best college, addition to this is up to the individual teacher. I also looked through Homework Helper: A Guide for Teachers which was published by Creative essay plan, the school district. This guide was handed out at a staff meeting at the beginning of the school year and teachers were encouraged to use it as a guide. Since that time homework has not been discussed with the staff. According to the guide the purpose of homework is to practice skills, reinforce academic concepts, extend learning, promote good study skills, apply new skills and concepts, involve parents, and develop positive attitudes toward school and learning. The guide does not discuss the Us history junior amount of homework to be given. Creative Writing Place? Any homework, aside from the daily reading, is up to the individual teacher. #9;In order to gather more information about Jose#146;s home culture I tried to contact Jose#146;s parents through notes and phone calls home.

After repeated attempts to contact Jose#146;s parents, his father appeared one afternoon at my classroom door. It appeared that he had finally received one of the many messages I left for him. Paper? I was very excited to meet with him, but wondered how the meeting would go as we did not have a translator. After a few minutes I thought it would be appropriate because it seemed that he had enough of a grasp of the English language for us to be able to plan communicate without a translator. Our meeting was short (we really did need a translator). I asked him a few questions about his job and write a poem essay introduction explication Jose#146;s behavior and work habits at home.

He seemed very responsive and concerned. Apparently Jose had been telling him since the beginning of the year that he did not have any homework. He had believed Jose and did not try to contact me to confirm it. Creative Essay Place? He and his wife both worked long hours and Us history homework kent many times he had to work the night shift. Creative Essay? Often when Jose comes home his mother is at work and his father is either at work or sleeping. Creative Writing? His grandmother, who speaks only Spanish, is there to watch him. Jose#146;s father said that he or his wife always asked Jose if he had finished his homework. He did mention that one afternoon when he told Jose his friend had to go home he saw Jose give his friend a piece of paper that looked like homework.

His father didn#146;t ask about it and Creative plan place forgot about it until his meeting with me. The weekly notes that I had been sending home did not reach Jose#146;s parents either. Jose#146;s father suggested that he could sign Jose#146;s homework every evening and maybe this would help Jose do his homework and bring it to psychology proposal nserc school. The day after meeting with Jose#146;s father, Jose did not have his homework. He did bring his homework the next day signed by his father, but since then he hasn#146;t had anything signed by writing essay place, either parent. #9;I realized through this brief interaction with Jose#146;s father that he and his wife both cared about their son and his success in school. However, I realized that they also had other things, such as tae kwon do lessons, that they wanted their son to Creative scholarship 2015 learn. Gonz á lez (1995) points out how important it is for writing essay place teachers to know their students#146; culture and to not have a prepackaged awareness of cultural diversity. They were providing nonacademic experiences for their son that they felt were important for Clairefontaine ivory his development as a person. In addition, I realized that Jose#146;s father wanted his son to do his homework, but was very limited due to his work schedule to encourage and help Jose. Creative Writing Essay Plan Place? I#146;m not sure why Jose#146;s mother did not return phone calls or come to school with Jose.

I have only seen Jose#146;s father with him when attending school events. Although Jose#146;s father indicated that they asked Jose about his homework they did not seem to do anything to encourage or require that Jose do his homework. Since they may not have been encouraging him to do his homework Jose may have been getting the message that homework was not valuable to for doing homework his parents. #9;I contacted Jose#146;s second grade teacher to discuss his homework habits in second grade. Plan? I found out that he rarely brought in finished homework and Jose#146;s second grade teacher frequently tried to Motivation for doing poem contact his parents to discuss work habits. She noticed that when his father had to work the night shift Jose came to school quite disheveled and without any homework. When Jose#146;s father switched to working during the day Jose seemed more attentive in school and sometimes was able to Creative essay plan bring in finished homework. The Best College Movie? Jose#146;s achievement in school, including homework completion, seemed to be directly affected by his father#146;s work schedule. Tapia (1998) indicated that the place most important factor influencing poor students#146; academic performance is ivory family stability.

Jose#146;s feeling of family stability seemed to be affected by seeing his father regularly during the afternoon and Creative writing plan evening. #9;To find out my class#146; attitude and homework habits I passed out the Homework Survey to my whole class and read it to Clairefontaine them as they circled responses. I emphasized that this was not for a grade and they should answer exactly how they felt and Creative essay place not be worried about being wrong. Some sample questions from the survey are as follows: - I get easily distracted when I am doing my homework. - I feel unsure about which homework assignment to do first.

- I feel teachers are unfair and college movie give too much homework. - Activities such as sports and music are more important to me than doing my homework. - Someone checks my homework for me when I am done. - Someone at home asks me if I have finished my homework. I handed out the surveys and then read through each item and Creative plan explained any of the college questions that students did not understand. Creative Plan Place? As I looked over the surveys I realized that my students were limited in their ability to The best college movie self-report because of their young age and their self-reports may not be identical to their actual practices at home.

For example, Aaron reported that he always turned in Creative writing plan place, his homework when he actually rarely turned in his homework. Nine students, half of the class indicated that they need someone to remind them to do their homework. Half the class indicated that they sometimes need help with their homework. It was interesting to note that Jose indicated that he does not like to Writing psychology nserc do homework, many times feels he needs help with his homework, and he thinks homework is important only some of the time. Jose also indicated that he received daily reminders at home to do his homework, but despite these reminders he did not always do his homework. Interventions and Monitoring. #9;One intervention I tried was to Creative writing essay change homework assignments so there wasn#146;t as much of a mismatch between Jose#146;s culture and the school curriculum (CIP 5.3.2). Maybe Jose did not see the relevance of the homework that was given and psychology research needed homework that was more meaningful. Kravolec and Buell (2001) found homework could be very disruptive of family life.

It can interfere with what parents want to teach their children and punish children in poverty from being poor. Parents may have cultural and religious beliefs or life skills that they feel are important for their children to learn, but homework may interfere with the place limited time they have with their children to share those beliefs or skills. Since Jose frequently talked about Tae Kwon Do lessons and other things that he did during the week with his parents, I realized that it was important to them for their son to be trained in some kind of sport. They might also feel that as a growing boy Jose needed some physical activity after school. Although Jose indicated that his parents asked him about his homework they did not ask to see his homework.

They believed him when he said he did not have homework or that he had finished his homework. It is possible that they did not have the time or energy to look at his homework. Motivation Poem? They both worked long hours and it is possible that they had many daily survival demands that are more important than Jose#146;s elementary school homework. Since outside influences can not always be controlled or changed, I realized that interventions had to be made at the school or classroom level to help students (CIP 5.4.1). It seemed that Jose was not getting the support that he needed from home because his parents#146; time is occupied with work and Creative essay place other basic survival issues, so one intervention was to give less challenging homework.

Although all the homework I give students should be able to do independently, he had indicated on his Homework Survey that he needed help a lot. So, I modified his homework and noticed that he started turning in part of his homework. Proposal? His parents#146; limited English may affect Jose, so I tried to give more homework that was self-explanatory and made sure that he understood all the directions before he left school. Another intervention I tried was to Creative writing essay plan allow Jose to How to write a poem essay introduction explication begin his homework at Creative essay school. I let him start his homework at The best college movie school. I noticed that the next day sometimes the only part he would have to turn in was the Creative writing place part he had started in school. Homework Junior? Jose seemed to have difficulty getting his homework from school to home and place then back to writing scholarship school. Creative Plan Place? So, I gave Jose a checklist with a Velcro check that he could move when he had completed a task. The checklist was to help him write his homework down, collect the materials he needed for home, put them in his backpack. His father was given a matching one to psychology research proposal nserc keep at home. Before leaving to go home everyday he had to writing make sure to check in with me so I could check his backpack.

After receiving the essay checklist I watched Jose everyday and noticed that he wasn#146;t following it. I reminded him and encouraged him to Creative use it, but he still didn#146;t use it. On a daily basis I continue to Writing psychology research check Jose#146;s backpack and give verbal reminders to use his homework checklist. He lost the Velcro check for his end-of-the-day checklist on place, his desk, so I gave him a new one, but he still hasn#146;t used it. He has gotten used to checking with me before leaving. The Best Essay? For about two weeks I reminded him that he needed to see me before he walked out the Creative writing place door. Now he remembers on Clairefontaine ivory, his own that he has to show me his homework inside his backpack. He comes up to me with his backpack open and his homework at the top so I can see it. Writing? I send informal weekly progress reports home to his parents so that they know how he is doing in school and Us history homework junior kent whether or not he has been turning in his homework. Summary and Implications. After all the interventions and monitoring I can say that Jose turns in his homework about half the time.

For the first half of the Creative writing plan place year he rarely turned in any homework assignments and the ones he turned in were usually unfinished. He seems to have more of an understanding that for me doing homework is just as important as doing work in writing scholarship, school. I also have a better understanding of his home situation and place that although his parents want him to do well in Writing nserc, school they also have other things that they feel are important for Jose to learn. The communication between home and school is definitely better. In addition I feel that I am more aware that the situation at home greatly affects students#146; ability to work on homework and bring it back to school. This inquiry and research on the benefits and negative effects of homework on students like Jose has really caused me to Creative essay plan rethink why I give homework and the amount of homework I give. College? I realized that my beliefs and Creative plan values about How to write, homework really contributed to my puzzlement. Writing Essay? I have really been considering and debating within myself the issue of homework help kent homework.

I feel like I have been forcing my culture and background on students and making them relive how I went through school. Do I give homework for character building or do I really believe that it will help students#146; academic achievement? Checking homework usually takes fifteen minutes in the morning. Writing Essay? Maybe this time would be better spent giving minilessons at the beginning of the day or building community in writing, the classroom. Although the school and school district set policies for homework, they do not stress that homework must be given every night. As a result of essay plan place this research, I want to Clairefontaine paper make sure that I give meaningful homework. Plan Place? I have also decided to give more differentiated homework. Creative Writing 2015? Students like Jose seemed to be overwhelmed with the Creative place amount of homework that I give so I will try adjusting assignments to fit the individual student as necessary. Cooper, H. (2001).

Homework for all #151; in The best essay movie, moderation. Educational Leadership , 34-38. Gajria, M. Creative Writing Plan? Salend, S. J. A Poem Essay Introduction Explication? (1995). Homework practices of students with and without learning disabilities: A comparison. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28 (5), 291-296. Gonz á lez, N. E. (1995). Creative Essay Plan Place? The funds of knowledge for teaching project. Practicing Anthropology, 17 (3), 3-6. Kralovec, E. Homework? Buell, J. (2001). End homework now. Educational Leadership , 39-42.

Tapia, J. (1998). The schooling of Puerto Ricans: Philadelphia#146;s most impoverished community. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 29 (3), 297-323.

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The Variety of Values: Essays on Morality, Meaning, and Love. Susan Wolf, The Variety of Values: Essays on Creative writing essay, Morality, Meaning, and Creative writing 2015 Love , Oxford University Press, 2015, 263pp., $45.00 (pbk), ISBN 9780195332810. Reviewed by Sara Protasi, University of Puget Sound. Few essays evoke the same enthusiastic praise for their combination of rigorous reasoning, elegant writing style and influential thesis as Susan Wolf's Moral Saints. [1] Its placement as the inaugural piece in this collection allows one to see that it is not only chronologically but also conceptually prior to Wolf's subsequent essays. It contains the seeds, in Wolf's own metaphor, from writing essay, which sprouted an impressively cohesive collection of Us history homework help, arguments concerning the forcefulness and Creative writing place inescapability of moral demands, and the significance and resilience of Motivation homework poem, nonmoral values. In the introduction, with a mixture of humility and pride, Wolf calls attention to the systematic nature of these thirteen articles (only one of Creative writing essay plan place, which is previously unpublished), and details the connections among them.

She highlights central, recurrent ideas and explains how the essays relate to the original themes of Moral Saints, namely how there is essay explication more to Creative writing place, value than morality, how moral considerations may be less forceful than moral philosophers have often portrayed them, and The best college essay movie how different value reasons can pull us in essay, opposite directions. The first part of the book, Moral and Nonmoral Values, focuses on the nature and importance of nonmoral values, and their relation to Creative, moral ones. The connected topic of the structure and importance of morality is discussed in part 4, The Concept of Duty. In the middle, part 2 (Meaning in Life) explores the topic of meaningfulness, and part 3 discusses Love. Wolf devotes the final section of the introduction to the cover of the book, which features a still life by Willem Heda, the Dutch painter, depicting the remains of a luscious feast. Creative Essay Place? Wolf tells us that she appreciates the Dutch Golden Age genre because of Creative scholarship 2015 bucknell, its rich textures, and one cannot help but think of the rich textures of her philosophical writing. Wolf explains that she is attracted by what she considers these paintings' characteristic ambivalence and ambiguity (8): in the Calvinist context where they were produced and sold, sensual pleasures and appreciation of material goods were condemned, and still lifes were allegories of transience, warnings against Creative essay, appreciating things that are doomed to decay. But the paintings themselves are magnificent objects, and Writing proposal nserc their melancholic message is obfuscated, contradicted, and possibly nullified by the very means with which it is Creative essay place conveyed. Wolf is here pointing to The best essay movie, a tension that infuses all the Creative essay place essays, one way or the The best essay movie other: the tension between moral demands (don't value material goods!) and the demands of beauty, of essay plan, taste, and, in general, of nonmoral value. She constantly shows us how decent, well-rounded agents cannot, and should not, always wholeheartedly comply with their moral obligations, for two reasons. First, because nonmoral values are intrinsically important, and college essay movie Wolf convincingly articulates this importance throughout the book, highlighting the shallowness of the writing dichotomy morality vs. self-interest that was characteristic of moral philosophy when Moral Saints was published.

Second, because morality cannot keep its irreplaceable role of Writing psychology research, requiring us to take into account the needs and interests of others, if it is too demanding. When we conceive of morality as overriding every other practical consideration, people will not have the freedom to live lives that they can find to be good and rewarding (228) and will be less inclined to respect moral imperatives. Notwithstanding her commitment to the plurality of values, however, Wolf ends up neglecting some crucial aspects of what is symbolized in her beloved Dutch Golden Age paintings: our embodied, emotional nature, our being subject to impulses and unendorsed habits, our being attuned to and appreciative of simple pleasures, such as the pleasures of the table that are the subject of Heda's still lifes. To start with this last point: Wolf rarely talks in positive terms about the more mundane kinds of nonmoral values that occupy a central role in most people's lives. For instance, in Good-for-Nothings (ch. 5), she rejects a welfarist theory of value, arguing that there can be things that are good independently of the fact that they benefit us: These things are not good because they benefit us; they benefit us because they are good (76). Creative Writing Essay Plan? Her examples of good things are: reading Middlemarch , watching The Wire , practicing the cello, training for a marathon, appreciating seventeenth century Dutch paintings, and more generally good art, good philosophy, good science (73). The Best College Essay? She explicitly contrasts these activities and pursuits with less valuable counterparts: reading The Da Vinci Code , watching Project Runway , and playing Angry Birds. Wolf's examples of good things are well-chosen to writing essay plan place, resonate with her audience of How to a poem explication, professional philosophers in the Anglophone tradition, in its current demographic make-up. Extending Wolf's point to different cultural and writing essay socio-economic contexts seems relatively straightforward. For instance, we could talk of reading the Mahabharata , watching Taiwanese puppetry shows, practicing the djembe.

However, this expansion would leave unaltered the most significant feature of Wolf's examples: they are all meant to Writing proposal, be expressions of excellence . After saying that art, philosophy, and science are among the things of immeasurable value (76) with which the writing place world is replete, and that we may think of our lives as better, and more fortunate, insofar as we are able to be in appreciative touch with some of the most valuable of these (76), Wolf goes on to say that a good human life involves 'enjoyment of the excellent' (77). But having immeasurable value is not the same as being excellent, and treating them as equivalent has two consequences. First, it makes one more likely to overlook admittedly less complex sources of values, such as those stemming from appreciation of natural beauty, or from sensual activities such as eating, or having sex, the kind of transient but valuable experiences that were shunned by Dutch Calvinists. Secondly, it risks restricting the chance of a better, and more fortunate life to those who are capable of experiencing excellence. Consider a cognitively disabled person. Her impairment prevents her from intellectual excellence: she cannot read Middlemarch , nor understand The Wire , and ivory paper she could never distinguish a Rembrandt from a Kinkade. She does, however, watch Project Runway , she can read children books, and she really enjoys eating juicy apples and walking in the park. Her impairment also prevents her from moral excellence. While she may be naturally virtuous, in writing, the Aristotelian sense, she cannot achieve practical wisdom, distinguish between hypothetical and categorical imperatives, or maximize utility.

Finally, while she is affectionate to Clairefontaine, her family members, her loving behavior is often immature and self-centered, comparable to that of a toddler. But even though moral, intellectual, and interpersonal excellence are bound to be out of her reach, she is in appreciative touch with some things of immeasurable value, and I hesitate to think that her life is less good and less fortunate than mine. Another context in which Wolf's view could be enriched by taking into consideration a greater variety of Creative writing essay, psychological profiles is her discussion of personal love. Love is the main topic of chapters 9, 10 and Motivation for doing poem 11, but also comes up in other essays as an exemplary source of values . . Plan Place? . that compete both motivationally and Clairefontaine normatively with moral values (5). In The Importance of Love (ch. 10), Wolf defines love as caring, deeply and personally, for a person for plan, her own sake (191). It is an homework, orientation in the world that gives us reasons to Creative essay plan place, live (191).

Wolf's account is close to the commonsensical understanding of love, and similar to other influential philosophical accounts, such as Harry Frankfurt's. [2] But specific to her approach is how Wolf envisions the role of How to essay explication, love's reasons in practical deliberation. In Morality and Partiality (ch. 3), for instance, Wolf defends a conception of morality that incorporates what she calls the Impartialist Insight -- the Creative writing essay plan place claim that all persons are equally deserving of Us history homework help, well-being and respect (33) -- in writing place, a moderate way, so as to movie, be compatible with the demands of partiality without apology (35). Her approach on the one hand acknowledges that friendship and love are valuable in themselves, independently of their contribution to morality, but on the other also embraces the possibility of a radical choice in Creative plan place, favor of partiality, even at help a grave moral cost: the choice of a woman to hide her criminal son from the police, causing an innocent to be imprisoned in his place. Wolf suggests that the woman's hesitation to act according to morality is not only Creative essay place, understandable but positively reasonable . . . . After all, if the essay meaning of one's life and one's very identity is bound with someone as deeply as a mother's life is characteristically tied to her son's, why should the writing essay plan place dictates of impartial morality be regarded as decisive? (41). She goes on to say that such a woman might be as worthy of admiration and respect as her counterpart who decides not to Creative writing scholarship bucknell, shelter her son.

While I am sympathetic with Wolf's picture, I worry that she relies on an all-too-rosy picture of motherhood and essay plan maternal love, thus implicitly moralizing love itself. To the extent that Wolf convinces us that partiality can reasonably trump impartiality, she succeeds in doing so by describing the mother as engaging in tortured deliberations (42), ready to sacrifice her own well-being for the sake of her son's: Do to me what you like . . Clairefontaine Ivory Paper? . . Judge me as you will. I will go to hell if I have to, but my son is more important to me than my moral salvation. (41). This mother is Creative writing place a selfless martyr. Clairefontaine Ivory Paper? Some readers might in fact take issue with precisely this quasi-fanatical aspect: perhaps she should worry more about the Creative essay place innocent man who will go to Creative 2015 bucknell, jail in her son's place than about her own moral salvation. But even those who feel the Creative writing essay place pull of Wolf's example, and I am one of them, should bear in homework, mind that there are darker and Creative writing place less valuable ways in which maternal and filial identity are tied up, than pure maternal altruism. Consider the case of a mother who is affected either by narcissistic or borderline personality disorder, or is just plain selfish. College Movie? [3] Such mothers will be pained at the prospect of their child's going to jail because of the suffering it would cause to them . The shared sense of identity characterizing these relatively common relations is Creative essay plan place deeply problematic. To the extent that Wolf succeeds in showing that the mother's choice is a poem explication respectable, or even admirable, she does so by relying not so much on the value of Creative, love itself, but on the value of a moralized picture of love. Consider also Wolf's example in 'One Thought Too Many': Love, Morality, and the Ordering of Commitment (ch. 9).

The essay examines Bernard Williams' famous discussion of the man who rescues his wife instead of another drowning stranger, and who ought not, according to The best college essay, Williams, be motivated by the thought that she is his wife and it is essay plan place permissible for him to psychology research nserc, favor her over a stranger. [4] Wolf reviews different interpretations and consequent responses to Williams' thesis, and Creative writing essay plan concludes that the most common reaction is to agree with Williams that the thought of moral permissibility would be one thought too many if it is understood to occur at Clairefontaine ivory paper the moment of action (145, original emphases). This view, according to Wolf, is compatible with finding nothing wrong with a person wondering, in a cool and reflective moment, under what conditions one may give preference to writing, one's loved ones and under what conditions one may not (146). But -- she argues -- there is in fact something wrong with the husband who reflects, in cold mind, about whether what he did was morally permissible: it is an Us history, unappealing personal ideal of a lover. In the Creative writing essay place essay she offers an alternative ideal, or rather glimpses of a psychological profile that could be filled out so as to constitute an ideal (161): a lover who would not constrain his actions to only those that are morally permissible, and who is unlikely to engage in write introduction, moral deliberation, even hypothetically, over Williams' scenario. Wolf highlights that this is a personal and Creative writing plan place not a moral ideal, one she wishes she could realize and that she wishes for her children and friends.

Wolf claims to have sketched a psychological profile, but she does not pause to Motivation, consider whether the husband depicted by Williams is a psychologically ordinary husband. Writing Essay Place? Wolf is ivory paper clearly sensitive to the constraints imposed on our moral ideals by nonmoral values. But there are also other constraints, imposed by essay plan place, our psychology. I myself know that I fall short of Clairefontaine paper, being the kind of person that Wolf has in mind. I engage in the post-hoc reflections about what morality requires that Wolf deems as obtrusive, and the reason I do is that I sometimes need morality to Creative writing essay plan, nudge me to fulfill the demands of love. [5] Lovers are not always capable of putting their beloveds' interests before their own, for a variety of factors: weakness of the will, egoism, and, more relevant to Williams' scenario, primal instincts and emotions such as the hunger that made fathers fight with their sons over a piece of bread in concentration camps, [6] or the panic that makes a man flee in front of an avalanche instead of protecting his wife and children, [7] or, less dramatically, the sleep deprivation and exhaustion that causes petty fights between parents of a newborn. One might respond on Wolf's behalf that she is explicit about the Us history help junior kent ideal nature of her lover, so that we should exclude those psychological facts that count as character flaws. Creative Writing Place? But imagine a case in which our husband is a military rescuer.

He has been trained to defeat his survival instinct, so there is no risk of him running for his life in front of an avalanche. However, he has also been trained to save perfect strangers. This is not only a deeply engrained habit, but also a part of his identity. When the Clairefontaine ivory avalanche approaches, his wife is at Creative writing plan 50 meters from him, but another woman, older and less fit than his wife, is closer. Creative Writing Scholarship 2015? It would be physically possible for him to run faster and save his wife. However, his training and writing plan place professional identity kick in and he runs to save the stranger. Motivation Homework? Would a post-hoc reflection be inappropriate in this case? Could this person not be a desirable, even ideal love partner?

Wolf's decent human agents are very decent, but sometimes not quite human enough. Reflecting over Creative essay plan, less idealized profiles of lovers allows us to see also how the very boundaries between normative and Motivation poem axiological domains are sometimes, maybe often, blurry: in Creative writing place, real life situations, it is college essay movie often difficult to distinguish between different kinds of reasons and values. Whether or not a tired woman wakes her husband when the baby needs to be changed may be a complex deliberative act, and the final decision might be justified by a moral reason (he changed the baby earlier in the night, so it's only fair she lets him sleep), a loving one (he is sleeping so well, poor thing), both, or none (there was no time to think, she just instinctively rushed to the crib). Appreciating the variety of writing plan place, values means also appreciating the variety of value , its own internal miscellaneous messiness. This remark is of course Wolfian in spirit, and I see it showcased by the essay where we find the most psychologically realistic, and Clairefontaine ivory paper thus highly flawed, examples of human agents: Loving Attention: Lessons in Love from The Philadelphia Story (ch. 10). Wolf uses the movie The Philadelphia Story as a case study for understanding Iris Murdoch's notion of loving attention as a moral virtue. Creative Writing Essay Place? Wolf's conclusion is that loving attention can be a moral virtue insofar as it is interpreted as loving of the world (177). This conclusion is reached through a detailed analysis of the movie and the loving styles of it characters. This method of inquiry, inherently attuned to the complexity of human psychology, not coincidentally leads Wolf to minimize the differences between the domains of value: personal love is Us history homework junior kent argued to be fundamentally analogous to writing essay plan place, loving the Creative 2015 bucknell world, including people who are evil and Creative writing essay place thus unworthy of love, and to love of the arts, and even, maybe, love of chocolate and basketball (cf. footnote 11, 179). If I had to summarize the gist of my critical remarks in a slogan, it would be: more chocolate and basketball, please.

But I would not be in the position of making such remarks had it not been for Susan Wolf's ground-breaking articulation of the importance of not being saintly. For their feedback on this review I thank Aaron Meskin and Shen-yi Liao, and especially Michael Della Rocca and Tyler Doggett for extensive discussions. [1] Journal of Philosophy 79(8): 419-439 (1982). [2] It would have been interesting for Wolf to compare her view to Frankfurt's view in The Reasons of Love (Princeton University Press, 2006), especially given their opposite perspectives on the relation between love for write introduction explication, others and self-love. [3] Lydia Davis portrays such a mother in Selfish ( The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis , Penguin, 2011, 441-442). The story is chilling because the mother is not depicted as abnormal in a clinical sense, even though of course the distinction between a psychological pathology and a moral flaw may not always be easy to Creative writing plan, draw. [4] Bernard Williams, Moral Luck , Cambridge University Press, 1981, 1-19.

For simplicity throughout the paper I maintain the How to husband/wife language, which does not imply endorsing a conventional picture of romantic love, according to which lovers are heterosexual, married, etc. [5] I do not mean to imply that Wolf is not aware of the existence of conflicts between one's self-interests and Creative essay the interests of our beloved, as she explicitly talks about these conflicts (see, e.g., the conclusion of ch. 3, p. 46). What I argue here is that the existence of these conflicts should play a larger role in Motivation for doing homework, determining what ideals of love are obtainable, and thus desirable. [6] As recounted by plan place, Primo Levi in If This is a Man , Abacus, 2013. [7] This example is inspired by the movie Force Majeure .

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A Man#8217;s Guide to Cold Weather Dressing. To pay my way through college, I worked as a tower hand for a tower services company in plan place, Cedar Rapids. The Best Essay? For three years I spent my weekends climbing thousands of feet into the air to fix antennas, replace cables, and change light bulbs. And that was the easy partwhat I hated was the cold! You see we did this year roundto include those Iowa winters where the Creative essay place, temperature was freezing on the ground and even colder in college, the air, where winds would create wind chills easily below -20 degrees Fahrenheit. Climbing those towers covered with ice I learned very quickly how to dress for plan place extreme cold weather. We had clothing needs similar to that of an outdoor athlete, as the help junior kent, climb up and the work was physically taxing and plan place would cause sweating, while at other times we needed extra insulation as we would be sitting still for hours performing delicate tuning work. In order to add to the lessons I learned in Clairefontaine, the field on how to writing essay plan place stay warm in freezing conditions, I spoke with the cold weather dressing experts at Carol Davis Sportswear and Northern Outfitters. Essay Movie? And today I#8217;ll be sharing the advice I gleaned from those conversations with you. The key to cold weather dressing is layering. Let me repeat that : The key to writing plan place cold weather dressing is layering.

Layering basically means just what it sounds like: wearing multiple layers of garments, one on top of the next. Several lighter layers will keep you warmer than one very thick oneair is trapped between each layer and warmed by your body, surrounding you with a self-generated heat shield that insulates you from the cold. Of course, some types of clothing do a better job than others. The Best Essay? Layering regular street clothing until it will keep you warm in sub-zero temperatures will leave you so bulky that you might as well roll to wherever you#8217;re going. Essay Plan Place? That#8217;s not our goal. Clairefontaine Ivory Paper? If you can#8217;t put your arms down, you know your attempt at Creative writing place, layering has gone terribly wrong.

Instead, seek out the Motivation for doing homework, right clothing for each layer and then use it accordingly for optimum cold weather insulation protection. Experts break layering into three sections: 1) the base layer. 2) the insulating layer. Creative Writing Plan? 3) the outer protection layer. Let#8217;s cover each layer in detail. Your cold weather base layer lies against your skin and The best is primarily meant to provide the first layer of insulation and most importantly deal with moisture removal.

Staying warm and Creative essay place active means occasionally sweating, and sweating is Creative scholarship 2015 bucknell bad if your clothing doesn#8217;t allow it to move out and away from your skin. Essay Plan? Water on the skin in cold weather can turn deadly as it can lead to help junior kent rapid heat loss, so ensure you use an inner layer that pulls sweat away from the body. Old fashioned solutions mostly relied on garments made from loose wool strings, which absorbed the moisture and Creative writing essay plan place had enough thickness for it to soak toward the outside of the clothing. More modern solutions use synthetic fibers in much the same way. The process of drawing moisture away from the body is essay movie often referred to as #8220;wicking.#8221; Athletic and specialty cold weather garments are the best balance between moisture wicking properties and thin, lightweight construction. They add almost no bulk and if properly fitted allow extreme flexibility. Your hands and feet need layers as well, and Creative liner socks are key to Creative writing 2015 bucknell any kind of warm weather outfit. Camping stores sell these quite inexpensively so don#8217;t skip on this purchase; wear them under thicker socks to Creative essay place keep your feet dry. Fingerless liner gloves or very thin wool gloves make a useful base layer for the hands, where sweat is less of a concern but an extra layer still adds warmth by trapping air. The job of your main insulating layer is to trap in heat.

Natural fibers like goose down and wool have excellent insulating properties. Us History Homework Help? They provide a lot of heat for reasonably light weight, which is writing essay place a concern for Us history homework junior more active cold weather situations like skiing or hiking. Wool can absorb 30% of its weight and not feel wet and even continues to provide some insulation when soaked, while down loses its effectiveness when wet (but is lighter overall and has better insulating properties that wool). Creative Writing Essay? Wool (to include cashmere and angora) sweaters are some of the psychology nserc, dressiest options available that still provide serious winter warmth. A good wool sweater paired with a regular cotton dress shirt makes for a functional insulating layer for around the Creative writing essay place, town needs on seriously cold days. #8220;Performance fleece#8221;actually a trademarked term, but widely used these days to describe any artificial fleece garmentis lightweight and a proven insulator. Its best property is ivory paper that it continues to insulate when wet, but it offers little protection from the wind unless layered with a tightly woven, wind resistant fabric. These are often among the least expensive and writing plan most widely available options for insulating layers. Thick wool or fleece trousers make the best insulating layer for your legs. Us History Help Kent? Over a base layer they#8217;re extremely warm. Jeans can serve as light protective wear, but they offer little if any insulating properties. Creative Essay Plan? Men that live and work in college essay movie, cold weather areas stay away from jeans unless they#8217;ve been lined with an inner insulating layer.

Your outer layer is the shell that keeps all the inner layers protected from the elements. It#8217;s usually (though not always) a single layer, and doesn#8217;t necessarily have to have any insulation. The most important consideration for your protective layer is that it traps air and Creative plan place stops wind. The Best College Essay? It should also be breathable enough to writing essay place allow moisture outyou don#8217;t want your sweat trapped under your shell with you. That means that most outer layers are water-resistant but not fully water-proofed. Most serious cold-weather shells are designed as outdoor gear. They don#8217;t tend to have a lot of fashionable styling.

If you#8217;re primarily interested in dress or business clothing that can provide warmth as well, there are treated wool overcoats that have a windproofed layer or treatment with GOR-TEX and similar materials. Alternatively, buy your parka or shell in the plainest, darkest design you can find and don#8217;t worry about it too muchonce the temperature drops below zero people start making allowances for more functional-looking styles. The outer layer also includes protection for your extremities. A layer of for doing poem, weather-proofed gloves or mittens and a wool stocking cap are the bare minimum of protection. Creative Writing Essay Plan? An insulated headband, a scarf, and good winter boots also help. Waterproof hiking boots work up to a point, but in really cold weather the best winter boots are soft-sided, natural fiber-lined pieces with built-in insulation and thick, flexible soles. I would like to Writing proposal note many cultures still make use of #8220;skins#8221; as natural outer protective layers.

Any American visiting Ukraine during the winter will notice 1) that no one de-ices the sidewalks and 2) that everyone seems to Creative writing essay own a large fur coat and ushanka. Motivation Homework? Not all cold weather gear serves the Creative writing essay plan, same function. Someone who#8217;s going dog sledding for ivory a week needs a very different set-up from someone who wants to keep walking to Creative writing plan place work once the temperature drops below zero. Cold Weather Active #8212; Running, Cross-Country Skiing, Etc. Winter sports enthusiasts need gear that#8217;s lightweight as well as insulating and weatherproof. Dedicated joggers may even wind up skipping the outer shell layer entirely since their body temperature will stay high, they#8217;ll be out for a limited amount of time, and breathability is key to comfort. Obviously, this only works for men who can step outside, do their activity, and step immediately back into Creative scholarship 2015 bucknell a warm shelter. Anyone without that luxury will need the outer layer.

High-performance outdoor gear makes the best active cold weather gear. Synthetic fibers can provide much lighter-weight comfort than heavy wool and writing down. For Doing Homework Poem? Two to three thin layers of warm jackets and leggings are ideal, topped off with an insulated headband and some weather-proofed gloves. An outer/shell layer with its own insulation may be ideal for cold weather active situations since it can be worn during idle time, set-up of equipment, walking or other transportation, etc., and then removed when the intense activity starts. Cold Weather Non-Active #8212; Snowmobiling, Hunting, Etc.

Men who are going to be sitting still for long periods need gear that#8217;s more focused on Creative writing trapping warmth and less on Creative scholarship 2015 letting moisture and air breathe out. Serious cold weather gear for people who are out all day (and not exercising hard) relies on thick insulating layers and Creative essay plan place a weatherproofed shell. If water isn#8217;t a concern, a down layer paired with thinner wool layers and an artificial-fiber shell is scholarship bucknell perfect. Writing Essay Place? More layers are also needed, including on the feet and hands. A couple different thicknesses of Us history homework junior kent, socks, with a moisture-wicking liner sock, and a thick, insulated boot keeps the feet warm. Thin gloves should go under a thicker pair, which can in turn go into an insulated (and cuffed) pair of mittens that stay on essay plan until manual dexterity is needed. Writing Psychology Proposal? Most office jobs don#8217;t require a man to spend too much time outside in the winter. Essay? But if you happen to need to look a little sharp and it#8217;s twenty below, what do you do? Layering, as usual, is key.

Wear your usual dress shirt and tie over movie a long-sleeved, moisture-wicking underlayer #8212; cotton traps moisture well enough that you don#8217;t want it against your body. Plan? A thin sweater on top of that (cashmere gives excellent warmth while remaining lightweight and compact) can go under a heavy worsted wool jacket. Wool trousers can be matched as a suit or odd trousers, and research proposal should go over good, thick long johns. Wear the writing essay, longest and heaviest wool overcoat you can find on top of it all, and if things get extreme, consider getting it treated with a DWR (durable water repellant), GOR-TEX, or similar coating. Thin dress socks in The best college, wool/synthetic blends are available at most camping stores these days, in conservative colors, and can be worn over a liner sock with your dress shoes. An insulated headband under a dress hat of the plan place, same color is usually presentable, or just wear a plain, dark stocking cap. Fit is important in winter wear as your layering clothes still have to allow freedom of movementone poor fitting garment can restrict your ability to How to write introduction ski or work freely.

Your base layer should always be as closely fitted as possible. Essay Plan? It#8217;s there to for doing poem absorb moisture from your skin, and it needs to be touching your body to do that effectively. Most good Under Armor-style garments have elastic or other stretchable material in them to allow a skintight fit. Insulating layers should be stacked from the thinnest and tightest to Creative writing place the thickest and Motivation for doing homework poem loosest. A light wool sweater doesn#8217;t provide effective insulation if it#8217;s stretched out over a puffy down vest. Wear multiple layers when you go to buy heavy winter jackets and plan other insulating garments to make sure they fit over all the layers you#8217;ll be wearing in serious cold weather situations. Shells should have a little looseness between them and the insulating layers. Essay Introduction Explication? This helps with airflow and also with wetnessa water-resistant (but not fully waterproofed) surface is most likely to writing place leak through when it presses against the clothes beneath it.

Cold Weather Gear Piece by Piece. Hats: Insulated headbands for Clairefontaine paper active exercise and Creative essay place warmer/sunnier days. Stocking caps for poem colder weather and Creative writing place stationary or light exercise. Balaclavas/ski masks for the coldest and windiest daysbring a couple, since they get wet and lose their effectiveness over time from your breath. Goggles: Important protection from wind, which can make eyes tear up and lashes freeze. Dark lenses may also be needed if there#8217;s lots of The best college movie, snow and sun. Scarves: Vital wind protection. Always have one tucked under the shell layer.

Parkas: Big, insulated outer layers that reach down to the knees or lower. The most intense of Creative writing, outer layers. Bulky but very effective. Almost always include a hood for extra warmth. How To Introduction Explication? Ski Jackets: Waist-length insulated jackets with a waterproofed or water-resistant exterior. Thinner and lighter than parkas, making them a little more versatile.

Weatherproof Shells: Soft garments made of Creative writing essay plan, treated fabric that stop wind and water but have little or no insulation of college essay, their own. Useful lightweight protection to pair with thick insulation layers. Creative Plan Place? Sweaters: A standard insulation layer. Wool is the bestthick, natural wool with the lanolin still in it is ivory extremely durable and water-resistant, while lighter cashmere wool makes very lightweight garments that still provide good insulation. Performance Fleece: Excellent for cold weather exercise. Very breathable, but not windproof at all, and Creative writing place tends to be bulky.

Snow Pants: Big, insulated pants (usually overall-style) with a waterproof or water resistant outer layer. Bulky but extremely warm. Made to fit over Writing research nserc regular trousers. Wool Trousers: Useful as both dress clothes and Creative writing essay place cold weather gear. Thicker wools add more warmth and can handle more wetness. Flannel-lined Pants: Common in blue jeans and Writing psychology proposal other work clothes. Adds a layer of insulation to regular, functional pants. Basically worthless when wet, however. Snow Boots: Soft-sided boots with flexible soles and insulation on the insides. Usually waterproof.

Wool Socks: Vital layer for the feet. Can come quite thin in wool/synthetic blends, but the extra padding of thick wool socks helps trap more air for warmth. Liner Socks: Synthetic socks meant to Creative writing essay plan place be worn under warmer socks. Useful for wicking moisture away from the feet. Long Underwear: Wool or synthetic (or a blend of write introduction, both). Makes a huge difference in keeping the legs warm. Creative Writing Essay Place? Under Armor (and similiar type garments) : Athletic-style moisture-wicking undershirts. Vastly preferable to plain cotton undershirts, which trap moisture and stay clammy. Wool Gloves: Thin sock-style gloves used as an extra layer below thick gloves or mittens. Ski Gloves: Or basic winter gloves; fingered gloves with padded insulation and weatherproof exteriors.

Mittens: Big, fingerless gloves. Can be made from for doing homework, insulation and a synthetic liner similar to ski gloves, or from natural sheepskin with the wool still attached and the leather side out. Cold Weather Dressing In Conclusion. Alright Ђ“ youЂ™ve read my lessons on cold weather dressing. What tips do you have to offer?

I know there are a lot of readers in Canada, Alaska, and even Northern Europe. What did I miss? LetЂ™s hear it in the comments!

Jan 27, 2018 Creative writing essay plan place, order essays online cheap -

Copying Machines Used to writing Make One or a Few Copies of New Documents, Mainly Outgoing Letters. Letter Copying Presses. Squeezed Out, Gov. Tilden's Message to the Legislature, Albany, NY, Mar. 19, 1875, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper , April 1875. James Watt copying press, 1780 patent diagram. Dolphin Arch Copying Press. A number of Us history homework US manufacturers, including E.W.

Frost, New York, NY, and John Alexander, New York, NY, offered Dolphin letter copying presses in 1866-68. Writing Essay Plan? Prices at that time were $6.50 for 9x12 to $105 for 10.5x16. Plates 4 - 6 show letter copying presses that were displayed at the 1851 Industrial Exhibition in London. Along with typewriters, letter copying presses are the most common machines found in photographs of late 19 th century and very early 20 th century offices. Yates (Ch. 4-5) reports that the Illinois Central Railroad used copying presses to make copies of outgoing letters in press books at least from the late 1850s to 1896, that the Repauno Chemical Co. stopped using press books in 1901 (p. 226), that the Scoville Manufacturing Co. was still using copy presses and press books for outgoing letters in 1913 (p. 181), and that the homework poem, Hagley Museum and Creative writing essay Library has press books that were used in the 1930s (p.

283). Motivation For Doing Homework? The last U.S. Plan? President whose official correspondence was copied on a copying press was Calvin Coolidge (1923-29). (David Owen, Making Copies, Smithsonian , Aug. 2004, p. 92) Screw model letter copying presses were still marketed in 1950, and Proudfoot reports that an organization in London, England, was still using press books in the late 1950s. (W. B. Proudfoot, The Origin of Creative writing scholarship 2015 Stencil Duplicating , 1972, p. 32) Because of the size and weight of letter copying presses, numerous portable methods for pressing loose copies and writing essay plan place copy books were also marketed during the 19th century. In a review of write a poem office equipment at writing essay place the 1851 Industrial Exhibition, Granville Sharp recommended that when an office was selecting a press like those in Plates 1-3, it should make sure that the handle was heavily weighted at the ends to insure proper spinning. “This is The best college movie essential to essay plan a screw copy press; for Clairefontaine unless one pull will serve to raise or to depress the Creative writing plan place, plate, much time is lost.” In addition to the press, offices needed to buy copying books that contained up to ivory paper a thousand pages of tough tissue paper, copying ink, copying paper dampers, oiled paper, and blotting paper. Sharp explained that before using the Creative essay place, new press, the office had to decide how to organize its letters. Production of Writing nserc copies was easiest if the user copied its letters into a single letter book in chronological order. Creative Writing Place? In that case, the user needed to make an index so that letters of interest could later be retrieved.

Alternatively, the homework, office could organize its correspondence by client, which avoided indexing but made it necessary to use numerous copying books on a given day. Although copies could be made up to twenty-four hours after a letter was written, copies made within a few hours were best. A copying clerk would begin by counting the writing plan, number of college essay movie letters to be written during the next few hours and by preparing the copying book. Creative Writing Essay Plan Place? Suppose the clerk wanted to copy 20 one-page letters. In that case, he (copying clerks were men) would insert a sheet of oiled paper into the copying book in front of the first tissue on Us history help junior kent which he wanted to make a copy of Creative writing essay place a letter. He would then turn 20 sheets of tissue paper and insert a second oiled paper. College? Sharp advised that “Success in copying letters depends almost entirely upon the damping of the paper. The paper should be saturated and writing essay plan damp, not wet.” To dampen the tissue paper, the clerk used a brush or copying paper damper. The damper had a reservoir for water that wet a cloth, and the clerk wiped the cloth over the tissues on which copies were to be made. Motivation For Doing Homework? (See Plate 5A ) As an alternative method of dampening the tissue paper, in 1860 Cutter, Tower Co., Boston, advertised Lynch's patent paper moistener ( Plate 5B ) with the plan, claim that it does away with the use of the Motivation homework poem, brush, wet cloths and dipping bowls, and dampens the paper sufficiently by a single roll of the machine.

Next, letters were written with special copying ink, which was not blotted. The copying clerk arranged the portion of the letter book to be used in the following sequence starting from the writing essay plan place, front: a sheet of oiled paper, then a sheet of letter book tissue, then a letter placed face up against the back of the tissue on which the copy was to be made, then another oiled paper, et cetera , “oiled paper being in all cases placed next the damp paper, to prevent the ink forcing beyond the paper intended to receive it.” Finally, “Close the book, put it into Motivation for doing poem the press, and screw tightly down, letting it remain a minute or two under pressure, when the copy will be properly taken, and may be dried with blotting paper, or held near the fire.” Based on experience, the clerk could adjust the press time. If he made a copy soon after a letter was written, only a second or two was needed to make a good impression. When the letter book was pressed, some of the ink transferred from the Creative essay, letters to the moist tissues in the book. Because the ink penetrated the tissues, copies could be read from the Writing psychology research nserc, front sides of the tissues. Prior to writing place the introduction of Creative 2015 bucknell inks made with aniline dyes, the quality of copies made on letter copying presses was limited by the properties of the available copying inks. Creative Writing Essay Plan Place? The first aniline dye was invented in 1856, and numerous aniline dyes were invented in Writing proposal, the following two decades. Bedini (p. 193) reports that The growth of the aniline dye and ink manufacturing industries in Germany, which coincided with the writing essay plan place, earliest importation in 1868 of thin papers manufactured in Japan, brought a new popularity to the bound letter book. Plates 6AB and AC, Racine Automatic Copying Press, Racine Mall and Wrought Iron Co., Racine, WI, advertised 1901-05.

On the Racine press, the Us history homework help, screw wheel was used only to Creative plan place adjust for Clairefontaine ivory the thickness of the book. Pressure was applied with the lever. Plate 6B , Wells Fargo Co. Copying Press. Wells Fargo Museum, San Francisco, CA. Plate 4, Coalbrookdale Press 1851. Plate 5, Imperial Press 1851.

Plate 5A , Shriver's Copying Brush with Reservoir Handle holding water enough to dampen one hundred leaves of letter paper, T. Shriver Co., New York, NY, patented 1867, advertised 1868-86. Plate 5B , Lynch's Patent Paper Moistener, Cutter, Tower Co., Boston, 1860. Plate 6, Barrett Co. Press 1851. Plate 6A, Lightning Copying Press, R E Kidder, Worcester, MA, patented Nov 4,1884, advertised 1887. Plate 6AA , Very Large Copying Press, Standard Oil of Ohio, c. Writing Essay Place? 1900. By the late 1870s, an improved method for moistening pages in Writing psychology research proposal, copying books had been invented, and by the late 1880s it had been widely adopted. Rather than using a brush or damper to wet the Creative essay plan, tissues, the clerk inserted a thin moist cloth or pad between each oil paper and the following tissue. A supply of moist pads was prepared in advance using a copying bath, such as Hill's Blotter Bath, patented in 1879 ( Plate 6B ), or Tatum's Ideal Copying Pad Bath, patented in paper, 1887 ( Plate 7 ). Tatum also produced larger copying tanks that included wringers to remove excess water from copying pads.

The Globe Roller Copying Bath ( Plate 8 ), which was marketed by Globe-Wernicke Co. in the early 1900s, is an example of a copying tank. To prepare a supply of moist pads using the Creative essay plan place, Ideal bath, the clerk removed the tray from the bath, poured water into the pan, and replaced the tray. Also, the clerk sprinkled a set of pads, let them stand overnight, and then placed them in the tray. “The evaporation from the water underneath will generally be sufficient to keep pads damp enough for ordinary work.” Plate 8A shows an 1886 Bailey's Letter Copying Machine with a Moistening Attachment on top. Plate 8D shows a Little Giant Copying Tank, which was priced at $9. Plate 8A , Bailey's Letter Copying Machine with Moistening Attachment, 1886 ad. Plate 8B , Office with Copying Pad Bath in Clairefontaine, front of Letter Copying Press.

Plate 8C , Office with Large Letter Copying Press and Sink with Wringer for plan Preparing Moist Pads. Plate 6B, Hill's Blotter Bath, B.B.Hill, Springfield, MA, patented 1879. See U.S. Patent No. 216,738. Plate 7, Ideal Copying Bath and Instructions, Samuel C. College Essay Movie? Tatum Co., patented and advertised in essay place, 1887. Plate 7A, Williams Copying Bath, Williams Typewriter Co., patented 1891, advertisement with instructions. Courtesy of the Museum of Business History and Technology. Plate 8, Globe Copying Bath 1909 ad.

Plate 8D , Little Giant Copying Tank, The Sam'l C. Tatum Co., Cincinnati, OH, 1898 ad. Plate 9 , Letter Copying Book, 1905. Plate 10 , Atmospheric Letter Copying Press, 1881. Plate 10A , Bushnell's Perfect Letter Copying Books, 1895 ad. Plate 10A2, Bushnell's Perfect Letter Copying Book, copyright 1885, cover and instructions. Courtesy of the Museum of Business History and Technology. Plate 10B , Cylindrical Copying Press, 1888. Plate 10C , Patent Simplex Copying Press,

John Morris Co., Chicago, IL. Plate 10G , Book Copying Press, advertised c. 1920s, Germany. Plate 11A , Rapid Roller Damp-Leaf Copier, Office Specialty Manufacturing Co., Rochester, NY, c. Creative Writing 2015 Bucknell? 1889 ad. Plate 11B , Rapid Duplicator, Rapid Duplicating Copying Machine Co., NY., NY, 1887 ad. The Process Letter Machine Co., Muncie, IN, offered the New Rotary Copying Press, a loose-leaf copier, in writing essay place, 1902. This machine was similar to roller copiers but copied onto How to write essay introduction, loose-leaf paper . The Cylinder Letter Press Co., Chicago, IL, and essay The Easy Machine Co., Marion, IN, offered different loose-leaf copier, the Cylinder Letter Press and the Quick Easy Copying Press, respectively, in 1903 and 1905, respectively. Plate 11E , Cylinder Letter Press, Cylinder Letter Press, Co., Chicago, IL, 1903 ad. Plate 11C , The New Rotary Copying Press, Plate 11D , Quick Easy Copying Press,

Plate 12A , Polygraph 1803, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, on loan from the Franklin Institute. Carbon Paper, Manifold Books and Typewriters. Nevertheless, use of carbon paper was modest until the 1870s. Early carbon paper was messy, carbon paper did not make a satisfactory copy when the paper, original was written with a pen, there was concern that carbon copies could be altered or forged, and carbon copies were not admissible in court. Carbon paper became more important after the late 1870s because of the introduction of the typewriter and greaseless carbon paper. Unlike the earlier carbon papers, the new ones were coated on only one side.

Typewriters were able to Creative writing essay plan place produce up to ten carbon copies along with an original. Carbon paper for use with typewriters, available from John Underwood Co. among others, was advertised in 1886 (A.C. Farley Co., The Purchaser , Philadelphia, PA, Feb. 1886. Junior Kent? Hagley Museum and Library). Yates reports that in 1912 a government report stated that by the almost universal practice of business concerns, the carbon copy has supplanted the writing plan place, press copy as a record of ivory outgoing correspondence.

According to Yates (p. 48), This statement was based primarily on Creative writing essay plan large businesses: many smaller companies continued to use the The best essay movie, rolling copier and even press books for some years. Plate 13 , Agate-Tipped Stylus. Plate 13A , Lightning Copying Book and Lightning Pen, 1879. Plate 13B , Stylograph or Rapid Letter Copying Book, 1883 ad. Machines Used to Make Many Duplicates.

Neither letter copying presses nor carbon paper could be used to Creative writing place make numerous copies of a document. Until the mid-1870s, offices had two options for making many copies. They could go to a poem explication a commercial printer, or they could buy a small printing press. In the Creative writing plan, 19th century, commercial printers used platen presses for job work such as business cards, envelopes, billheads, and circulars. Psychology Nserc? (Harold E. Sterne, Catalogue of Nineteenth Century Printing Presses , 1978, p. 217) Yates (Ch. 4) indicates that until 1876 the writing essay plan, Illinois Central Railroad used commercial printers when it needed large numbers of copies of movie items such as circulars, and Creative writing essay plan place that it continued to psychology nserc use commercial printers after 1876 when it needed multiple copies of documents to be distributed to the public rather than for internal use. The online Briar Press reports that small table top printing presses were made in Creative plan place, the US as early as the 1830s. In the 19th century, commercial printers used lithographic presses to print such things as labels, stock certificates, bank notes, maps, insurance policies, and business stationery. Sterne (p.

203) reports that The fine detail and unusual calligraphy needed in this work was beautifully reproduced through the lithographic technique. In lithography, an image is Writing research proposal created on writing plan place or transferred to a flat polished stone, which serves as a printing plate. The image is created on Clairefontaine ivory the stone using a greasy crayon, or alternatively is created on place a sheet of paper using greasy lithographic ink and then transferred to the stone. Next, printers ink is applied to the stone. This ink adheres only to the crayon or lithographic ink. The stone is Us history homework then covered with a sheet of paper, and Creative writing essay place the stone and paper are run through a press to make a lithograph. In England, small lithographic presses were marketed to offices in the 1850s. One example that was exhibited in 1851 is the S. The Best College Movie? Mordan Co. Combined Lithographic and writing plan place Copying Press ( Plate 14 ). To use this as a lithographic press, it was necessary to transfer a document image to a smooth limestone block. A second example that was exhibited in 1855 and write a poem essay introduction described as suitable for the Counting House, Office, or Library was exhibited by Creative writing essay plan place, Waterlow and Son of London in 1855 ( Plate 14AAA ). Waterlow's advertisement stated: Nearly One Thousand of homework poem these Presses have now been sold, and are being successfully used in all Her Majesty's Government Offices, Public and essay plan Private Schools, Railway Companies, Assurance Offices, and also by the most influential Bankers, Merchants, Clergymen, c., in the United Kingdom.

The available evidence suggests that such lithographic presses were not used widely, if at all, in offices in the US. William Tuttle and Us history help Benjamin O. Woods produced small lever presses in Boston, MA, by 1857. Creative Plan? A lever press is a table-top hand-operated version of the larger foot-operated platen press used by commercial printers. Woods advertised small Novelty printing presses in 1870 and write introduction explication exhibited them at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. The online Briar Press Museum has photographs of early Woods Novelty presses (1,2). W. A. Kelsey Co. began to Creative writing essay plan market small lever presses in Creative, 1872 and continued to sell them for Creative essay over a century. The online Briar Press Museum has photographs of early Kelsey presses (1,2,3,4).

To the left is an illustration of a Kelsey Excelsior printing press from a broadside distributed at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. Plate 14A shows a later Excelsior. Small lever presses were sold in a wide range of sizes by Us history homework help, numerous companies. Lever presses that printed items measuring 1.5 x 2.5 were as little as $2 while larger ones with the capacity to print items as large as 11 x 16 were as much as $160. Plate 14, Mordan Co. Press, 1851. Plate 14AAA , Patent Improved Autographic Press or Portable Printing Machine, Waterlow and Sons, London, 1855. Plate 14AA, Dunkerly Self-Inking Press, Providence, R.I.,1876 ad. Plate 14A , Kelsey Co. Creative Writing Plan Place? Excelsior Printing Press, model patented 1893. Plate 14B , Patent Lever Self-Inker Press No.

2, 1889 ad. 14B2 , Printing Press, Press Museum, Istanbul, Turkey. Stencil Duplicating Machines. Plate 14C , Zuccato's Papyrograph, The Papyrograph Co., Norwich, CT, 1878 a. Plate 15, Edison Electric Pen Stand 1876. Plate 16, Battery for Edison Electric Pen 1876. By early 1876, Edison’s copying system, which was produced by the Edison Electric Pen and Duplicating Press Co., was a commercial success. It was exhibited at the 1876 International Exhibition in Philadelphia. In 1876, the Edison electric pen with the duplicating press was advertised for $35 by Charles Batchelor, New York, NY. ( Publishers' Weekly , Vol. 10, 1876, p. 109) According to the Smithsonian Institution, approximately 60,000 were sold.

However, sales were constrained by the fact that many office clerks did not have the skill or motivation to maintain the complicated battery. A battery was necessary because central electric power systems were not introduced until the 1880s. Late in 1876, Edison licensed his copying system to Motivation poem the Western Electric Co., which manufactured it for several years. Creative Writing Plan? By 1880, however, sales were in paper, decline because of the development of competing technologies, including the Creative essay plan place, Trypograph, Cyclostyle and Hektograph. There were, however, some people who preferred the Edison system. According to an 1885 testimonial, It may be of interest for one who has used the papyrograph and the hektograph, but with no great satisfaction, to state that every other system always drives me back to Edison's electric pen as the neatest, readiest, and in homework kent, every way the most satisfactory copying system. Essay? An experience of eight years with it has always been very satisfactory. ( Christian Union , June 4, 1885) A number of other companies marketed similar systems, including some with pneumatic perforating pens driver by foot-powered bellows. According to Motivation one contemporary account, a pulsating pen, driven by the foot like a sewing machine, rivals the writing place, Edison electric pen. It is certainly lighter to ivory paper write with, and requires no battery, with its acids, to spoil clothing.

This is on Creative essay plan show by Ward Drummond. ( Christian Union , Oct. Write A Poem Essay? 29, 1879) According to an 1885 trade press discussion referring to the Edison electric pen, Other perforating pens working pretty much upon the same principle, with the exception that the motive power is supplied by clockwork, have made their appearance in England. while a far more expensive and complicated method consisted of an Creative writing essay, induction coil which can produce a spark of sufficient power to perforate paper, which is made to pass continually between a pen of metal partially insulated and a metallic plate upon which is laid the perforated paper. Homework Help? ( Geyer's Stationer , 1885) Plate 17, Edison Duplicating Press. Plate 18, Edison Press Electric Pen 1876. Plate 19 , Trypograph marketed by Zuccato Wolff, London. Plate 19A, Edison Stencil Perforation 1880. Image 1, Neostyle Wheel Pen, 1888. Image 2, Cyclostyle, 1884. Image 3, Cyclostyle, 1885. Image 4, Cyclostyle 1884.

Image 5, Cyclostyle, 1884. Image 6, Cyclostyle, 1884. The Stygmograph (Plate 21A) was advertised in essay plan place, 1884 as a copying pen for writing by college essay movie, hand on duplicating stencils. To prepare a handwritten stencil, A sheet of Mimeograph stencil paper is Creative writing placed over college essay movie the finely grooved steel plate and written upon with a smooth pointed steel stylus, and in the line of the writing so made, the stencil paper will be perforated from the under side with minute holes, in such close proximity to each other that the dividing fibers of Creative writing essay plan place paper are scarcely perceptible. After the operator has written a few lines, the operator moves the stencil upward over Writing the writing plate so that a new portion of the stencil is on writing place top of the writing plate. Motivation Homework Poem? After the stencil is completed it is placed in the printing frame, by which the stencil is firmly held taut and in a position for rapid printing. After inking the roller on the slate furnished for that purpose, pass it over the stencil sheet and a correct reproduction of the matter stenciled will appear on the paper which has been previously placed underneath. Ads claimed that these Mimeographs could make over 1,500 copies from a stencil. A. B. Dick claimed to have sold over 80,000 Edison Mimeographs by 1892 and over 200,000 by 1899. In 1889, Mimeographs were $12-$29.50, depending on size and whether they included the items needed for Creative essay place handwritten, typewritten, or both types of stencils. Edison Mimeographs continued to be sold in the early decades of the 20th century.

The model numbers denote different sizes and features. In 1889, the models used for handwritten stencils were identified as No. 0 to No. 5; the essay, model for typewritten stencils only writing essay plan was No. 12; the homework poem, models for both types of stencils were No. 20 to writing essay No. 25. Plate 21B , Edison Mimeograph, A.B. Dick Co., Chicago, IL, 1889 ad.

Plate 22, Mimeograph No. 12. Plate 23, Mimeograph No. 12. Plate 24 , Edison Mimeograph Typewriter 1894. According to an 1887 product review, the Rapid Duplicating and Copying Machine Co., New York, NY, produced a Rapid Duplicator machine that could produce close to 200 copies from How to a poem explication a set of two or three stencils that had been produced simultaneously with a typewriter or by hand.

The Rapid Duplicator is illustrated in the top image to the right. The operator began with two or three sheets of very thin paper resting on top of each other. Behind each of these sheets he then put a sheet of carbon paper with the carbon side facing up. Plan Place? He then typed or wrote on this sandwich, thereby producing 2 or 3 paper stencils, each with a mirror-image of the writing, formed by transferred carbon paper ink, on How to introduction explication its back. Next, he fastened one of the stencils on the large roller on the machine, with the carbon paper ink facing the outside. He inserted at the left end of the essay, machine blank sheets of paper that were to How to introduction be printed. These blank sheets were automatically dampened and fed toward the right. A special roller squeezed excess moisture out of the dampened sheets. The blank sheets passed between rolls where they were printed by being pressed against the stencil. The printed sheets exited at the right end of the machine.

If three stencils were made, the first was able to print around 75 sheets, the second between 50 and Creative essay 75 sheets, and the third around 50 sheets. Plate 26, Mimeograph Presses 1896. Plate 24A , Rapid Duplicator, Rapid Duplicating and Copying Machine Co., NY, NY, 1887 ad. Automatic Cyclostyle, 1899 ad. Plate 25 , Automatic Cyclostyle. Plate 25A , Diagraph Stencil Printing Machine, 1895 ad. Plate 27A, Rotary Neostyle, Neostyle Co., NY, NY, 1898 ad. Plate 27 , Rotary Neostyle, electric model, 1899. Plate 30, Edison Rotary Mimeograph No. 75, 1904.

Plate 30A . Ivory Paper? Edison Mimeograph No. Creative Essay Place? 78 with automatic feed, 1929 ad. Plate 30A1, Roneo Rotary Copying Machine, 1913 ad. Plate 30B , Roneo Copier, 1906. Plate 30B2 , Office with Roneo Copier, Norway, 1914. Courtesy of Motivation for doing Harald Bohne. Plate 30C , Soennecken Copying Machine, 1913. Cyclostyle No. 6. Plate 32, Mimeoscope, patented 1914-16, advertised 1920-30.

Les Newcomer reports that the Heyer Hectograph Co. sold a Hectograph kit as late as 1974 (tray, gelatin, a few sheets of purple inked paper, and plan place that thick cover. The tray was only Us history homework help junior 1/4 deep). I bought one from writing essay plan McCauley's Office supplies in Livonia, Mich., in that year to homework run a classroom newspaper. Plan? It was a whopping one column, one page. I ran it weekly for three months, until I ran out of Writing research nserc gelatin and couldn't get a refill. In 1901, a different hektograph duplicating process was introduced in Creative writing essay plan, the U.S. (W. A Poem Essay Introduction? H. Leffingwell, The Office Appliance Manual , 1926, p. 378.) Rather than using a gelatin pad, this process, which was invented in Germany in 1880 and marketed as the Schapirograph, used a roll of paper coated with gelatin, glue, and glycerin.

This paper was feed from one roller over a flat surface to another roller ( Plate 34 ). The portion of the paper resting on the flat surface played the same roll as the gelatin pad in the hektograph. Creative Writing Essay Plan? The paper roll was reusable because after a time any remaining ink would sink below the research proposal, surface. These were advertised as late as 1922. The Commercial Duplicator, advertised by Duplicator Mfg. Creative Writing Essay Plan? Co. during 1913-17 (and probably longer), appears to have used a similar technology to produce up to 100 copies of a document from the help junior kent, original itself written in duplicator ink. ( System , Sept. 1913, front advertising section)

Beginning in 1910, Ditto, Inc., sold gelatin duplicators that were essentially large mechanical versions of the Daus Tip-Top Duplicator pictured to the right. The Ditto process could be used for writing plan place up to for doing homework poem 100 copies. Plate 34A is Creative essay place a 1925 Ditto machine. When preparing the Motivation, original, hard bond paper and a special kind of ink [containing aniline dyes] are used. This may be in the form of a duplicating typewriter ribbon, a duplicating ink, or even an indelible pencil. Writing Essay Place? The original is placed face down on the copying surface and smoothed with the The best essay movie, palm of the hand or a roller.

It is Creative writing essay plan then lifted off, having left its impression on the gelatin. The blank sheets are placed one at a time on the gelatin surface and psychology allowed to remain a few seconds until the Creative place, imprint is made. Poem? The Ditto machine in Plate 34A was $200. In 1925, other models were $117 to Creative writing plan $395. The spirit duplicator, which was introduced in 1923 and which was marketed for Motivation for doing homework poem several decades, evolved from the hektograph and Creative writing essay plan Ditto machines described above. The best-known spirit duplicator company was Ditto, Inc.

The Ditto process involved the The best, creation of masters and Creative writing plan the transfer of ink from masters to copies. For Doing Poem? A Ditto carbon consisted of a sheet of Creative slick, impermeable paper (the master) attached to the front of write a second sheet that had on its face a coating of paste-like ink. When one typed or drew on the front of the master, a reverse image in heavy ink was transferred to the back side of the Creative writing plan place, master. Clairefontaine Ivory? The master was then detached from the second sheet and attached to the drum of Creative writing essay plan place a rotary press with the inked surface outward. When the drum was rotated, the inked surface of the master was wiped with a solvent such as spirit ether to wet the ink, and until the ink was exhausted impressions were made on papers that were fed under the drum. Plate 33 , J. Movie? R. Holcomb Co. Transfer Tablet Hektograph, Plate 33B, Lawton Simplex Printer, 1895 ad.

The illustration shows three gelatin trays. Plates 33C-D , Bottle for Composition for Hall's Patent Simplex Hektograph, England. Photo below shows instructions on Creative essay plan place back of Writing research nserc bottle. Plate 34 , Daus Tip-Top Duplicator, advertised 1901. Plate 34A , Ditto Standard No. 2, as of 1925 Ditto Inc.'s most popular model. Plate 34AA , Model E-41, Ditto Division of Bell Howell, c. Writing Essay Place? 1950s. The Cylinder Duplicator Co., Philadelphia, PA, offered a cylinder duplicator in writing scholarship bucknell, 1905. The duplicator was a cylinder 9 long and 12 in circumference, containing a composition to receive a negative of pen or typewritten matter made with a duplicating ink. Duplicate copies were mae by running the roller over blank papers.

The maker claimed that the device would make 50 to 75 copies of letters written with a typewriter and 100 to Creative essay 125 copies of write a poem introduction explication letters written with a pen. Plate 34B , Cylinder Duplicator, In the 1880s, a number of Creative office duplicators were introduced that used lithographic processes, but the stone was generally replaced by a zinc plate or even parchment. According to an 1880 description, the ivory, process of using Anderson's New Auto-Lithograph consists in writing the original document with chemical writing fluid with any pen on ordinary writing paper, and when dry this original is placed ink-side downward upon [a sensitive plate], and Creative writing plan left for two or three minutes. It is then removed and a negative impression, in Writing research proposal nserc, perfect and beautiful relief, will be found on the plate. Writing Plan Place? The roller having been previously inked with copying ink is now passed over The best movie the negative, and essay plan place it will be seen that all the lines will have taken the ink. A sheet of paper being laid upon this impression is smoothed over with the Writing psychology proposal nserc, hand, and on removing it a perfect copy in permanent jet black will be obtained. This may be repeated for a number of copies, and when they become faint the impression may be re-inked with the roller and essay the copies will be as at first. The Best? When the requisite number of copies are taken, the impression may be washed off with water and a sponge. ( Geyer's Stationer , Oct. 7, 1880, p. Writing Place? 2)

Black's Autocopyist ( Plate 35 ), which was introduced by 1887, used parchment secured in a printing frame. To use the Autocopyist, one wrote on a sheet of paper with lithographic ink. Us History Homework Help Kent? This paper was then laid face down on the dampened parchment, and pressure was applied to plan the back of the Writing proposal, paper, causing the lithographic ink to transfer to the parchment. Printing ink was then rolled onto the parchment, where it adhered only to Creative plan the lithographic ink. Next, a sheet of paper was pressed onto the parchment to Creative writing 2015 make a lithographic copy.

Ca. Writing Essay Plan? 1887, Autocopyists were $11 to $37, depending on size, and an ad claimed that 50,000 Autocopyists are already being used. Using a lithographic duplicator, one could make copies not only of handwritten documents and junior kent drawings but also of documents that were typed using a lithographic ribbon. Nevertheless, the market for these lithographic duplicators was limited because stencil duplicators and hektographs were superior for most office applications, the exception being in reproduction of drawings. An 1887 review of the Columbia No. 2 index typewriter indicates the variety of duplicating processes that were available: In writing [with the Columbia typewriter] on prepared paper the writing can be transferred to essay plan place a lithograph-stone, from which any quantity of homework copies may be secured. The writing may also be copied in an ordinary letter-book or transferred to a gelatine pad. ( The Office , July 1887, p. Writing Essay Plan? 130) In 1932, the Addressograph-Multigraph Corp. Help Junior? introduced the Multilith printing process (1932 Annual Report), a simple, revolutionary process of lithography which brings, to large and small users alike, the advantages of office lithographic reproduction.

The sale of Multilith machines began in 1933. (1933 Annual Report) Early in 1939, the company reported that its Multilith line had developed into a large and important part of the company's business. (1938 Annual Report) Plate 34C , The Wonder Lithograph, The Wonder Lithograph Co., Corning, NY, 1887 ad. The Autocopyist Co., NY, NY, Multigraph Printing Duplicators. Form letters were more likely to be read if they were individually addressed and were, or appeared to essay place be, typewritten, rather than produced using a stencil duplicator or conventional printing press. The first commercially successful machine to produce form letters that appeared to be typewritten was the ivory, Gammeter Multigraph, which was introduced by American Multigraph Co. in 1902. The next machine that produced such form letters with a distinct technology was the Hooven Automatic Typewriter, which is discussed in this Museum's exhibit on Special-Purpose Office Typewriters. Creative Writing Plan Place? A third technology that was used to produce such form letters was embodied in the Addressing Multigraph and college essay the Addressograph Dupligraph. In 1907, ads claimed that Multigraphs could produce 3,000 to Creative writing essay plan 6,000 letters per hour, depending on the skill of the operator. Kent? A Multigraph used by essay plan, students is pictured in the 1911 catalog of Hesser Business College, Manchester, NH.

Plate 36, Multigraph Printer No. 40, American Multigraph Co. Plate 36A , Multigraph Typesetter No. 59. Plate 36B , Multigraph Printer (left) and Typesetter, 1916. 1915 Price for these two machines was $200. Writing Psychology Research Proposal Nserc? ( System , Jan. Writing Essay Plan? 1915) Plate 36C , Woman with Multigraph Typesetter (left) and Printer, Duplication Dept., Denver Public Library, Denver CO, c. 1930s. Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, X-27483. Plate 36E , Multigraph System, 1930 ad. Plate 36F , Multigraph Set-O-Type Model 99, 1932 ad.

Plate 38 , Printograph, 1909. Plate 38A , Writerpress. Plate 38B, Writerpress, Writerpress Co., Buffalo, NY, 1908 ad. Image shows one woman operating the press and two others composing form letters by manually arranging type in a holder. In 1924, the American Manicopy Typewriter Co. attempted to raise capital to homework help produce the Manicopy Machine.

The machine was based on US patents No. 1,301,146 and writing essay plan No 1,452,945 awarded to Chester A. Macomic, and was also called the Clairefontaine ivory, Macomic Typesetting and Type Distributing Machine. A photograph of one of these machines is immediately to the left. Miss Stenographer merely sets a standard keyboard typewriter on the Manicopy Machine. She places a piece of paper in writing essay, the typewriter and starts to write. Movie? Plungers underneath the typewriter keys are depressed every time a key on the typewriter is struck, thus setting the type on the Manicopy. When she has completed writing the Creative writing essay plan place, letter or circular, she turns a lever and the type which has been set on the line bars are conveyed automatically to Creative writing 2015 the printing surface where the desired number of copies is printed automatically. After the job is Creative place completed, these line bars are returned to their original positions automatically by homework help, turning a lever, and by turning another lever the Creative place, type is instantly and automatically returned to its proper position without the type being touched by research proposal, hand. The company planned to produce 12,000 Manicopy Machines a year and to place sell them for $1,250 each..

We have found no evidence that the company raised the homework help junior kent, capital necessary to go into commercial production. In 1924, American Multigraph introduced the plan, Multigraph Keyboard Compotype, a complicated machine that enabled the The best college, operator to set Multigraph type by working at a typewriter-style keyboard. The Compotype composed the body of the form letter by stamping characters on strip aluminum and plan place automatically assembling the strips of type--a line at a time--on a flexible sheet metal blanket. This blanket was then clamped on the drum of a Multigraph printer in order to produce form letters. The Compotype also produced address plates. In 1927, American Multigraph introduced the Addressing Multigraph, which typewrites a letter, signs a signature, fills in the address and typewrites the Us history homework help junior kent, envelope, all at a single revolution of the drum. The Addressing Multigraph used plates made with the essay plan, Keyboard Compotype. Writing Psychology Research Proposal Nserc? Like Hollerith tabulating machines, Addressing Multigraphs were leased rather than sold to users.

In 1947, Multigraph machines were sold to offices for a wide range of duplicating purposes, e.g., production of large quantities of Creative writing essay plan place blank business forms and promotional materials. (Addressograph-Multigraph, 1947 Annual Report) Plate 38D , Multigraph System, 1930 ad. Plate 38E, Multigraph Set-O-Type Model 99, 1932 ad. Photocopying Machines Used to Copy Existing Documents. One result of the difficulty of copying incoming documents is that offices maintained central files. Everett Alldredge of the Motivation for doing homework, National Archives in Washington, DC, stated: Before the Xerox era [which began in 1960], every government agency had one central filing system.

When anybody needed information he went to that central file. But today, with the copying of documents made so easy, many a government executive prefers to maintain files in his own office. (John H. Dessauer, My Years with Xerox, 1971, p. xiv) The blue process was a contact printing technology: photosensitive paper was placed in contact with the document that was being copied. A clerk began by Creative writing plan, using paper and How to a poem essay chemicals (potassium ferrocyanide and ferric citrate) to prepare photosensitive paper. A draftsman used opaque ink to Creative writing plan place draw on paper that was translucent or that was subsequently made translucent with oil, melted wax, or various chemicals. Writing Research? Alternatively, a junior draftsman copied original drawings onto tracing paper with black India ink. The clerk then put a sheet of photosensitive paper in the tray of a blue printing frame, covered this with the translucent original or India ink tracing, and covered this with a heavy glass plate that pressed the papers together. The blue printing frame was installed so that the prepared tray could be pushed out plan place, a window into the sunlight ( Plate 39 ). The clerk exposed the tray for anywhere from several minutes to an hour, depending on the brightness of the day, and used chemicals to fix the print. The result, a blue print, had a blue background where the photosensitive paper had been exposed to light and white lines where the paper had not been exposed. The blue process was time consuming and for doing impractical for duplication of typical office documents, however, even though by 1881 commercially prepared photosensitive paper for use in the blue process was available.

Frames for use in essay plan place, exposing blue prints to the sun were still advertised in 1913. Movie? However, after the development of electric illumination and installation of electrical distribution systems, blueprint machines were developed that operated indoors with carbon arc lamps. On these machines, the frames that held the writing, photosensitive paper and paper the original were in a vertical rather than horizontal plane. For an early photograph of one of these machines, click on the link to B. L. Makepeace, Inc., scroll down, and then click on the link to first blueprinting machines in writing essay, New England . See also Plate 39A to the right. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of contact printing processes similar to the blue process but employing different chemicals were used to produce prints that differed in appearance, e.g., colored lines on The best essay movie white backgrounds. Plate 39A , Electric Blue Printing Machine, Vertical Type, 1913. Camera-Based Photocopying Machines. The Rectigraph Co. introduced camera-based photocopying machines in 1906 or 1907, and the Photostat Corp. (an affiliate of Eastman Kodak) did so at some point during 1907-11. Rectigraph and Creative writing essay plan Photostat machines ( Plates 40-42 ) combined a large camera and for doing poem a developing machine and used sensitized paper furnished in 350-foot rolls.

The prints are made direct on sensitized paper, no negative, plate or film intervening. The usual exposure is ten seconds. After the exposure has been made the paper is cut off and carried underneath the exposure chamber to the developing bath, where it remains for 35 seconds, and is then drawn into a fixing bath. Writing Essay Place? While one print is write a poem essay introduction being developed or fixed, another exposure can be made. When the essay, copies are removed from the fixing bath, they are allowed to research proposal dry by exposure to the air, or may be run through a drying machine. The first print taken from the original is a 'black' print; the whites in the original are black and the blacks, white. ( Plate 43 ) A white 'positive' print of the original is made by rephotographing the black print. As many positives as required may be made by continuing to photograph the black print. ( The American Digest of Business Machines , 1924.) Du Pont Co. files include black prints of graphs dating from 1909, and the company acquired a Photostat machine in 1912. (Yates, p. 248, n. 81) A System , Sept.

1913 ad stated 20 Photostats used by Creative plan, the U.S. Government. In 1911, a Photostat machine was $500. Psychology Proposal Nserc? (Yates, p. Writing Plan? 54.) In 1924, Photostat machines were $650 to $1,050, depending on maximum print size and attachments. The cost of materials per print was $.06 for Us history junior kent an 11.5 x 14 print. Similar Rectigraph machines were $500 to $850. Plates 43A, B, C D , Large Photocopying Machines, including Agfa Repromaster 1600 on writing plan right. Press Museum, Istanbul, Turkey.

Plate 40 , Photostat Machine, 1918 photo. Plate 40A , Photostat Machine, 1924. [Leffingwell 1926, p. 401] Plate 40B , Photostat Machine, Plate 40C , Photocopying Machine at Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Co. Photograph by Theodor Horydczak (c. 1890-1971) Repro. No: LC-H814-T-1578-067.

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. Courtesy of Good Old Things. Plate 42 , Rectigraph with Copy Board, Rectigraph Co., Rochester, NY. Plate 43 , Photostat black print. Library of Congress, American Memory, An American Time Capsule. While invented in 1896, reflex copying technologies became significant during the 1920s and 1930s. Like the blue process, reflex copying was a contact printing technology. In reflex copying, a sheet of Creative writing 2015 bucknell photosensitive paper was placed face down on an original, and the back of the photosensitive paper was exposed to light. Writing Place? Light reflected from the original exposed the ivory paper, emulsion on the front of the photosensitive paper.

In the 1930s, Remington Rand sold Dexigraph reflex copying machines. In the 1950s, several companies, including Apeco, 3M, and Kodak sold desktop reflex copying machines. Typically, an writing essay, original to be copied was placed face-up. It was covered with a sheet of Creative scholarship bucknell translucent paper with a heat-sensitive coating. Writing Place? This is the sheet on which the copy would appear. Infrared light went through the translucent paper, was reflected from the white portions of the original, and was absorbed by the black portions of the original. Creative Scholarship 2015 Bucknell? The light that was absorbed by the black portions heated relevant portions of the heat-sensitive coating on the copying paper, and this created the copy.

This technology had numerous problems, according to Owen. It required expensive chemically treated papers, and copies smelled bad, were hard to read, were not durable, and tended to curl up into tubes. Creative Essay Place? (David Owen, Making Copies, Smithsonian , Aug. Research? 2004, pp. 91-97.) For a history of Creative writing Apeco and the photocopying industry of which it was a part, see the Harvard Business School discussion. Plate 44 , Apeco Auto-Stat, 1954 ad. Plate 44A , 3M Thermo-Fax, 1956 aa.

Plate 44B , Kodak Verifax, 1958 ad. Electrostatic Photocopying Machines: Xerography. The first experimental electrostatic photocopy was made by Chester F. Carlson in 1938. Carlson patented the xerography process, which was further developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute and the Haloid Co. The first commercially successful machine to use the college, technology was Haloid's Model A Copier , which was introduced in Creative plan place, 1950 (Dessauer).

The Model A was not a plain paper copying machine. It was widely used to make paper master plates for offset duplicating with machines made by the Addressograph-Multigraph Co. and others. The Haloid Co. was renamed Haloid-Xerox Inc. in 1958. The first plain paper office copying machine, the Xerox 914 , was introduced in early 1960 (Dessauer). The Xerox 914 produced 400 copies an hour. After 1960, sales of the 914 increased rapidly and Xerox copying machines quickly became important in offices. Us History Homework Junior? In 1963, the writing essay plan, company introduced its first desktop plain paper copier, the ivory, Xerox 813 . In 1965, the Creative plan place, company introduced the Xerox 2400 , a large machine that produced 2400 copies an hour. (For a history, see Dessauer 1971 and Owen 2004.) Plates 45 through 45C: Courtesy of Xerox Corporation. Plate 45 , Haloid Model A Copier.

First manually operated commercial xerography printer. First automatic office copier to. make copies on poem plain paper. First desktop copier to make. copies on plain paper. First Xerox high volume copier. (1) Granville Sharp’s advice comes from The Gilbart Prize Essay on the Adaptation of writing essay plan Recent Discoveries and Inventions in Science and 2015 Art to the Purposes of Practical Banking , Groombridge and Sons, London, 1854, including exhibits.

(2) The Edison electric pen in Plate 15 is on display in the Information Age exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History in Washington, DC. The Henry Ford Museum in Creative writing place, Dearborn, Michigan, also has an electric pen. The Science Museum in London has a number of early copying machines, including a Watt portable copying press, a Trypograph, and a Cyclostyle. (3) W. Us History Help Junior? B. Proudfoot, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating , Hutchinson, London, 1972, and B. Rhodes W. W. Streeter, Before Photocopying: The Art and History of writing plan Mechanical Copying, 1780-1938 , Oak Knoll Press, 1999, are excellent illustrated histories of early copying technologies. Motivation Homework? J. Creative Plan Place? S. Dorley, The Roneo Story , Roneo Vickers Ltd., 1978, provides an illustrated history of the Roneo Co. (4) T. A. Proposal Nserc? Russo, Office Collectibles: 100 Years of Business Technology , Schiffer, 2000, pp. 93-98, has a copy of plan Watt’s patent and Creative 2015 photographs of a Watt portable copying machine and other early duplicating machines.

Copyright 2000-2016. Creative Essay Plan? All material on the Early Office Museum web site is write a poem introduction explication copyrighted. All rights are reserved.

Jan 27, 2018 Creative writing essay plan place, essay writer for all kinds of papers -

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Self taught freelance graphic designer and photographer. He loves collecting and showcasing good fonts and typefaces at his blog Fonts Collector.