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Office of the Australian Information Commissioner - Home. This guide provides general guidance for agencies and organisations when responding to a data breach involving personal information that they hold. Agencies and organisations have obligations under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) to to do economics, put in place reasonable security safeguards and to take reasonable steps to protect the paper on a books, personal information that they hold from misuse, interference and loss, and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. Those reasonable steps may include the preparation and implementation of a data breach policy and response plan (that includes notifying affected individuals and the OAIC). Data breaches are not limited to malicious actions, such as theft or ‘hacking’, but may arise from internal errors or failure to Help economics, follow information handling policies that cause accidental loss or disclosure.

In general, if there is an opinion paper on a books a real risk of economics, serious harm as a result of a data breach, the on a, affected individuals and the OAIC should be notified. Notification can be an important mitigation strategy for individuals, and can promote transparency and trust in the organisation or agency. Notification of a data breach supports good privacy practice. Notification of a data breach in compliance with this guide is not required by the Privacy Act. Help Assignment Economics! However, the steps and actions in in english, this guide are highly recommended by the OAIC. The ALRC has recommended that the Privacy Act be amended to impose a mandatory obligation to notify the Privacy Commissioner and affected individuals in the event of Help to do assignment economics, a data breach that could give rise to a real risk of serious harm to affected individuals. The operation of this guide could inform the Australian Government’s response to the ALRC’s recommendation that mandatory breach notification be introduced into law.

ALRC means the Australian Law Reform Commission. APPs means the Australian Privacy Principles set out Schedule 1 to the Privacy Act, which apply to APP entities. APP entity has the meaning set out in s6 of the Privacy Act, and paper, means an agency or organisation for the purpose of the to do, Privacy Act. Agency has the meaning set out in How to a comparison, s6 of the Privacy Act and includes most Australian Government and Norfolk Island departments, agencies and Ministers. Personal information has the meaning as set out in to do economics, s6 of the Privacy Act: personal information means information or an opinion about an identified individual, or an individual who is reasonably identifiable: whether the information or opinion is true or not; and whether the information or opinion is recorded in a material form or not. Data breach means, for uk the purpose of this guide, when personal information held by an agency or organisation is Help to do lost or subjected to Marketing homework help uk, unauthorised access, modification, disclosure, or other misuse or interference. Note : The Privacy Act regulates the handling of Help to do assignment, personal information, and does not generally refer to ‘data’. As such, in the interest of consistency with the Act, the on a books, previous edition of this guide used the term ‘personal information security breach’. However, the term ‘data breach’ has since entered into economics common usage in Australia and in various other jurisdictions.

Accordingly, in the interests of clarity and Importance of grammar in essay writing, simplicity, this guide uses the Help assignment economics, term ‘data breach’ rather than ‘personal information security breach’. OAIC means the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner. Organisation has the meaning set out in s6C of the Privacy Act and, in general, includes all businesses and non-government organisations with an annual turnover of more than $3 million, all health service providers and a limited range of small businesses (see ss6D and 6E of the Privacy Act). TFN means Tax File Number. How To Write Essay Introduction! The Privacy Act includes provisions relating to TFNs in Part III. The OAIC has issued rules under s17 of the Privacy Act to regulate the use of TFNs.

This guide was developed to assist agencies and organisations to respond effectively to data breaches. The OAIC developed this guide in August 2008 in Help assignment, response to requests for advice from agencies and Dissertation writing results section, organisations, and in recognition of the global trends relating to data breach notification. In July 2011, the OAIC revised this guide to keep pace with the changing attitudes and approaches to data breach management. In August 2014, the OAIC revised this guide again to take account of Help to do, amendments to the Privacy Act, including the introduction of the APPs. In its 2008 report titled ‘For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice’ [2] (Report 108), the ALRC recommended that the Privacy Act be amended to impose a mandatory obligation to notify the Privacy Commissioner and My hometown christmas, affected individuals in the event of a data breach that could give rise to a ‘real risk of serious harm’ to the affected individuals (recommendation 51-1). The OAIC strongly supports that recommendation. Accordingly, this guide is economics aimed, in part, at encouraging agencies and organisations to voluntarily put in place reasonable measures to deal with data breaches (including notification of affected individuals and the OAIC), while legislative change is considered by the Australian Government. Data breach notification is an important option in responding to a data breach. However, a key challenge in responding to a data breach is determining if and when notification is an My hometown in english, appropriate response. This guide provides general guidance on key steps and factors for assignment agencies and organisations to consider when responding to a data breach, including notification of breaches. This guide encourages a risk-analysis approach.

Agencies and organisations should evaluate data breaches on a case-by-case basis and make decisions on actions to Help papers, take according to their own assessment of risks and responsibilities in their particular circumstances. This guide also highlights the importance of preventative measures as part of a comprehensive information security plan (which may include a data breach response plan). It is not intended that the advice in this guide be limited to data breaches that are breaches of the APPs.[3] Rather, the guide is intended to apply to any situation where personal information has been compromised. While establishing appropriate thresholds and processes for data breach notification is good privacy practice, the steps and actions outlined in this guide are not specifically required under the Privacy Act. Therefore, while the OAIC strongly recommends compliance with this guide, compliance is to do economics not mandatory. This guide has been developed for Marketing homework help uk use by Australian Government and Norfolk Island agencies, and to do economics, private sector organisations, that handle personal information and How to zulu, are covered by the Privacy Act. State and territory government agencies, as well as private sector entities not covered by the Privacy Act, may find the guide helpful in outlining good privacy practice. However, the to do, OAIC would not have a role in receiving notifications about data breaches experienced by those entities, other than for ACT Government agencies.

State and territory government agencies should also consider the role of relevant Privacy or Information Commissioners (or applicable privacy schemes) in their own jurisdictions (listed at the end of this guide). Data breaches occur in Marketing homework help uk, a number of ways. Some examples include: lost or stolen laptops, removable storage devices, or paper records containing personal information. hard disk drives and other digital storage media (integrated in other devices, for example, multifunction printers, or otherwise) being disposed of or returned to equipment lessors without the contents first being erased. databases containing personal information being ‘hacked’ into or otherwise illegally accessed by individuals outside of the agency or organisation. employees accessing or disclosing personal information outside the requirements or authorisation of economics, their employment. paper records stolen from insecure recycling or garbage bins. an agency or organisation mistakenly providing personal information to the wrong person, for example by sending details out to the wrong address, and. an individual deceiving an agency or organisation into improperly releasing the personal information of another person. Preventing data breaches — obligations under the Privacy Act. Security is a basic element of information privacy.[4] In Australia, this principle is reflected in writing for payment results section, the Privacy Act in the APPs.

Agencies and organisations are required to take reasonable steps to protect the personal information they hold from misuse, interference and loss, and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. This requirement is set out in APP 11[5] (see Appendix A for APP 11). Sections 20Q and 21S of the Privacy Act imposes equivalent obligations on credit reporting agencies and all credit providers. Similarly, guideline 6.1 of the statutory TFN guidelines[6] requires TFN recipients to protect TFN information by such security safeguards as are reasonable in the circumstances. Depending on the circumstances, those reasonable steps may include the preparation and Help assignment, implementation of on a books, a data breach policy and response plan. Notification of the individuals who are or may be affected by a data breach, and the OAIC, may also be a reasonable step (see page 9). Many agencies are subject to Help assignment, agency-specific legislative requirements that add further protections for personal information (such as secrecy provisions), as well as legislative and Help papers, other requirements which apply more generally across government. Economics! These other requirements can include the write essay introduction zulu, Australian Government’s Protective Security Policy Framework [7] and the Information Security Manual .[8] Organisations may also be subject to additional obligations through sector-specific legislation in respect of particular information they hold. For example, Part 13 of the Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth)[9] sets out obligations on the telecommunications industry in relation to to do economics, the handling of certain telecommunications-related personal information. Some organisations may also have common law duties relating to the confidentiality of particular information.

These additional obligations need to be considered by agencies and organisations when taking steps to prevent or respond to data breaches. Considerations for keeping information secure. Note : Some of the information in essay in english christmas, Step 4 of this guide ( Prevent future breaches : see page 30) could equally be used by agencies or organisations as a way of assessing what security measures are necessary to prevent data breaches. What are the reasonable steps (as required by APP 11) necessary to secure personal information will depend on Help assignment economics context, including (but not limited to): the sensitivity (having regard to the affected individual(s)) of the personal information held by the agency or organisation. the harm that is likely to result to individuals if there is a data breach involving their personal information. the potential for Help writing harm (in terms of reputational or other damage) to the agency or organisation if their personal information holdings are breached, and. how the agency or organisation stores, processes and transmits the assignment economics, personal information (for example, paper-based or electronic records, or by using a third party service provider).

Appropriate security safeguards for personal information need to be considered across a range of How to write paper on a books, areas. To Do Economics! This could include maintaining physical security, computer and Help papers, network security, communications security and Help economics, personnel security. How To! To meet their information security obligations, agencies and organisations should consider the following steps: Risk assessment – Identifying the Help to do assignment, security risks to personal information held by the organisation and the consequences of a breach of security. Privacy impact assessments – Evaluating, in a systemic way, the degree to which proposed or existing information systems align with good privacy practice and legal obligations.[10] Policy development – Developing a policy or range of policies that implement measures, practices and procedures to reduce the identified risks to information security.

Staff training – Training staff and managers in university papers, security and fraud awareness, practices and procedures and assignment, codes of conduct. The appointment of a responsible person or position – Creating a designated position within the How to write essay introduction zulu, agency or organisation to to do economics, deal with data breaches. This position could have responsibility for establishing policy and results section, procedures, training staff, coordinating reviews and audits and investigating and responding to breaches.[11] Technology – Implementing privacy enhancing technologies to secure personal information held by the agency or organisation, including through such measures as access control, copy protection, intrusion detection, and robust encryption. Monitoring and review – Monitoring compliance with the security policy, periodic assessments of new security risks and the adequacy of existing security measures, and ensuring that effective complaint handling procedures are in Help, place. Standards – Measuring performance against relevant Australian and international standards as a guide.[12] Appropriate contract management – Conducting appropriate due diligencewhere services (especially data storage services) are contracted, particularly in terms of the IT security policies and practices that the service provider has in place, and then monitoring compliance with these policies through periodic audits.[13] Further, in help uk, seeking to prevent data breaches, agencies and organisations should consider their other privacy obligations under the APPs. Some breaches or risks of harm can be avoided or minimised by not collecting particular types of personal information or only keeping it for Help assignment economics as long as necessary. Consider the following:

What personal information is it necessary to collect? – Personal information that is Importance of grammar writing never collected, cannot be mishandled. APP 3 requires that APP entities must not collect personal information unless it is reasonably necessary, or directly related to, one or more of their functions or activities. Additional restrictions apply to the collection of Help, sensitive information (see APP 3.3). How long does the of grammar writing, personal information need to be kept? – APPs 4.3 and 11.2 require APP entities organisations to take reasonable steps to destroy information, on ensure that it is Help to do economics de-identified, if that information is no longer needed for any purpose permitted under the APPs. Agencies have record-keeping obligations with respect to Commonwealth records – this is books reflected in APP 11.2(c). Accordingly, agencies should carefully consider retention practices, subject to record keeping requirements such as those contained in the Archives Act 1983 (Cth)[14] (including their Records Disposal Authorities)[15] or other legislation. Why data breach notification is Help good privacy practice. Notifying individuals when a data breach involves their personal information supports good privacy practice, for homework help uk the following reasons: Notification as a reasonable security safeguard – As part of the obligation to keep personal information secure, notification may, in some circumstances, may be a reasonable step in the protection of personal information from misuse, interference and Help to do assignment, loss, and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure (as required by APP 11).

Notification as openness about privacy practices – Being open and transparent with individuals about how personal information may be handled is recognised as a fundamental privacy principle.[16] Part of being open about the handling of personal information may include telling individuals when something goes wrong and explaining what has been done to try to avoid or remedy any actual or potential harm.[17] Notification as restoring control over personal information – Where personal information has been compromised, notification can be essential in How to write essay, helping individuals to Help to do economics, regain control of that information. Dissertation Writing For Payment Section! For example, where an individual’s identity details have been stolen, once notified, the individual can take steps to regain control of their identity information by changing passwords or account numbers, or requesting the reissue of identifiers. Notification as a means of Help to do assignment economics, rebuilding public trust – Notification can be a way of demonstrating to the public that an agency or organisation takes the security of personal information seriously, and My hometown essay in english christmas, is working to protect affected individuals from the harms that could result from a data breach. Customers may be reassured to know that an agency or organisation’s data breach response plan includes notifying them, the OAIC, and relevant third parties. The OAIC strongly encourages notification in assignment, appropriate circumstances as part of good privacy practice, and in the interest of maintaining a community in which privacy is valued and respected. The role of the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner. A data breach may constitute a breach of information security obligations under the Privacy Act; for example, the obligations imposed by the APPs, the TFN guidelines, or the Importance of grammar in essay, credit reporting provisions of the Act. To Do Economics! In those circumstances, the breach will be an interference with an individual’s privacy.[18] Individuals can complain about such interferences to the OAIC. The OAIC has the function of investigating possible breaches of the Privacy Act. It also has the function of providing guidance and help uk, advice to agencies and organisations on the operation of the assignment economics, Privacy Act.[19] As such, the writing, OAIC may provide general information on how to respond to a data breach.

Step 3(d) of this guide provides guidance on when it may be appropriate to notify the OAIC of a data breach. Help To Do Assignment! Consistent with its statutory functions, the OAIC may consider whether it needs to investigate the conduct. However, the OAIC cannot make a decision on whether there has been a breach of the Privacy Act until it has conducted an investigation. If an individual thinks an agency or organisation covered by the Privacy Act has interfered with his or her privacy, and they have been unable to resolve the matter directly with the agency or organisation, they can complain to Importance of grammar, the OAIC.[20] The OAIC may investigate[21] and may attempt to resolve the matter by conciliation between the parties. The Commissioner also has the power to initiate an to do, investigation on Help their own initiative in appropriate circumstances without first receiving a complaint.[22] The Commissioner has a range of enforcement powers, including the power to: make a determination requiring the payment of compensation for damages or other remedies,[23] such as the provision of access or the issuance of an apology (enforceable by the Federal Court or Federal Magistrates Court) accept an enforceable undertakings,[24] seek civil penalties of assignment economics, up to or apply for Marketing civil penalty orders of to do, up to $340,000 for individuals and up to $1.7 million for companies,[25] and. seek an injunction regarding conduct that would contravene the How to, Privacy Act.[26]

Contraventions of some of the Help economics, credit reporting provisions in Part IIIA of the Privacy Act carry specific penalties. Agencies should also be aware that, under s28B(1)(b) of the Privacy Act, the Information Commissioner can inform the homework, Minister responsible for Help the Privacy Act of action that needs to be taken by an agency in order to a comparison, comply with the APPs. In general, the Help to do, OAIC will publish the outcomes of How to essay zulu, its investigations (in consultation with the subject agency or organisation). In some circumstances, consistent with its roles of education and enforcement, the OAIC may publicise information about the to do economics, information management practices of an agency or organisation. Responding to data breaches: four key steps. Data breaches can be caused or exacerbated by a variety of factors, affect different types of personal information and give rise to a range of actual or potential harms to individuals, agencies and organisations. As such, there is no single way of How to write, responding to a data breach. Each breach will need to Help to do assignment, be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, undertaking an writing university, assessment of the risks involved, and using that risk assessment as the basis for deciding what actions to take in the circumstances.

There are four key steps to assignment economics, consider when responding to a breach or suspected breach: Step 1: Contain the breach and do a preliminary assessment. Step 2: Evaluate the risks associated with the write paper on a, breach. Step 4: Prevent future breaches. Each of the steps is set out in further detail below. A chart summarising the data breach response process is set out at page 40. Agencies and organisations may wish to consider distributing this chart to staff as a data breach response resource.

Be sure to take each situation seriously and move immediately to contain and assess the suspected breach. Breaches that may initially seem immaterial may be significant when their full implications are assessed. Agencies and organisations should undertake steps 1, 2 and 3 either simultaneously or in quick succession. Assignment Economics! In some cases it may be appropriate to notify individuals immediately, before containment or assessment of the breach occurs . The decision on Dissertation for payment how to respond should be made on a case-by-case basis. Depending on the breach, not all steps may be necessary, or some steps may be combined. In some cases, agencies and organisations may choose to take additional steps that are specific to the nature of the breach. Step 1: Contain the breach and to do economics, do a preliminary assessment. Once an agency or organisation has discovered or suspects that a data breach has occurred, it should take immediate common sense steps to limit the breach.

These may include the following: Take whatever steps possible to immediately contain the breach. For example, stop the unauthorised practice, recover the records, or shut down the system that was breached. If it is writing for payment results section not practical to shut down the system, or if it would result in economics, loss of evidence, then revoke or change computer access privileges or address weaknesses in physical or electronic security. Assess whether steps can be taken to mitigate the harm an essay in english christmas, individual may suffer as a result of a breach.

For example, if it is detected that a customer’s bank account has been compromised, can the affected account be immediately frozen and the funds transferred to a new account? Initiate a preliminary assessment. Move quickly to appoint someone to lead the initial assessment. This person should have sufficient authority to conduct the initial investigation, gather any necessary information and make initial recommendations. Help To Do Assignment! If necessary, a more detailed evaluation may subsequently be required. Determine whether there is a need to help, assemble a team that could include representatives from appropriate parts of the agency or organisation. Consider the following preliminary questions: What personal information does the breach involve? What was the cause of the breach?

What is the extent of the breach? What are the harms (to affected individuals) that could potentially be caused by to do, the breach? How can the Help writing papers, breach be contained? Consider who needs to be notified immediately. Determine who needs to be made aware of the breach (internally, and potentially externally) at this preliminary stage. In some cases it may be appropriate to notify the affected individuals immediately (for example, where there is a high level of risk of serious harm to affected individuals). Escalate the matter internally as appropriate, including informing the person or group within the agency or organisation responsible for privacy compliance. It may also be appropriate to report such breaches to Help to do assignment, relevant internal investigation units. If the breach appears to involve theft or other criminal activity, it will generally be appropriate to My hometown in english christmas, notify the police.

If the data breach is likely to involve a real risk of serious harm to individuals, or receive a high level of media attention, inform the OAIC. The OAIC may be able to provide guidance and assistance. For more information on what the OAIC can and to do, cannot do, see page 37. Where a law enforcement agency is investigating the breach, consult the investigating agency before making details of the breach public. Be careful not to Marketing help uk, destroy evidence that may be valuable in determining the cause or would allow the agency or organisation to take appropriate corrective action.

Ensure appropriate records of the suspected breach are maintained, including the steps taken to rectify the Help assignment, situation and the decisions made. An example of How to write a comparison introduction, breach containment and assignment economics, preliminary assessment. An online recruitment agency accepts resumes from university papers, jobseekers and makes these available to recruiters and employers on a password protected website. Jane, a jobseeker whose resume is on the website, receives an Help assignment, email which she suspects is a ‘phishing’ email. The email is personalised and contains information from her resume. It contains a number of zulu, spelling mistakes and offers her a job.

The email claims that all Jane has to do to to do, secure the job is to provide her bank account details so she can be paid. Jane advises the My hometown essay in english christmas, recruitment agency of her suspicions, and assignment economics, forwards a copy of the How to write a comparison introduction zulu, email to the recruitment agency. The recruitment agency assigns a member from its IT team to undertake a preliminary assessment. To Do! It is found that the email is homework indeed a phishing email. It claims to assignment, be from a recruiter and Dissertation for payment section, directs the recipient to a website which asks them to enter further information. It also installs spyware on Help to do assignment the recipient’s computer. The recruitment agency attempts to introduction, establish how phishers came to have the resume details of the jobseeker. Help! The recruitment agency’s preliminary assessment reveals that the phishers have stolen legitimate user names and passwords from recruiters who use the agency’s website and have fraudulently accessed jobseeker information.

The IT team escalates the issue internally by informing senior staff members and quickly contains the How to write paper books, breach by disabling the compromised recruiter accounts. Based on the IT team’s preliminary assessment, senior staff move to to do assignment, evaluate risks associated with the breach and consider what actions should be taken to mitigate any potential harm. Step 2: Evaluate the risks associated with the breach. To determine what other steps are immediately necessary, agencies and Help writing papers, organisations should assess the risks associated with the breach. Consider the following factors in assessing the risks: The type of personal information involved. The context of the Help, affected information and Marketing homework help, the breach. The cause and extent of the breach.

The risk of serious harm to to do economics, the affected individuals. The risk of writing, other harms. a) Consider the type of personal information involved. Does the type of personal information that has been compromised create a greater risk of harm? Some information is more likely to cause an individual harm if it is compromised, whether that harm is physical, financial or psychological. For example, government-issued identifiers such as Medicare numbers, driver’s licence and health care numbers, health information, and financial account numbers such as credit or debit card numbers might pose a greater risk of harm to Help to do assignment, an individual than their name or address. Also, a combination of personal information typically creates a greater risk of harm than a single piece of personal information.

It may also matter whether the information is Importance permanent or temporary. Permanent information, such as someone’s name place and to do assignment, date of uk, birth, or medical history cannot be ‘re-issued’. The permanence of the information may be more significant if it is protected by encryption – over time, encryption algorithms may be broken, so such information may be at greater longer term risk of being compromised. On the other hand, temporary information may have changed by the time it has been decrypted. Employees, contractors, the public, clients, service providers, other agencies or organisations? Remember that certain people may be particularly at Help assignment risk of harm. A data breach involving name and address of a person might not always be considered high risk.

However, a breach to a women’s refuge database containing name and How to essay, address information may expose women who attend the refuge to a violent family member. There may be less risk if the Help economics, breach only relates to businesses that service the Importance in essay writing, refuge. b) Determine the context of the affected information and the breach. What is the context of the personal information involved? For example, a list of customers on a newspaper carrier’s route may not be sensitive information.

However, the same information about customers who have requested service interruption while on vacation may be more sensitive. The sensitivity of personal information that may also publicly available information (such as the Help economics, type found in a public telephone directory) also depends on context. For example, what might be the implications of How to paper books, someone’s name and phone number or address being associated with the services offered, or the professional association represented? What parties have gained unauthorised access to the affected information? To whom was the information exposed? Employee records containing information about employment history such as performance and disciplinary matters or a co-worker’s mental health might be particularly sensitive if exposed to other employees in the workplace and could result in an individual being the subject of Help economics, humiliation or workplace bullying.

Have there been other breaches that could have a cumulative effect? A number of small, seemingly insignificant, breaches could have a cumulative effect. Separate breaches that might not, by themselves, be assessed as representing a real risk of serious harm to an affected individual, may meet this threshold when the cumulative effect of the breaches is writing considered. This could involve incremental breaches of the Help to do, same agency or organisation’s database. It could also include known breaches from a number of different sources. How could the personal information be used? Could the information be used for fraudulent or otherwise harmful purposes, such as to cause significant embarrassment to the affected individual? Could the compromised information be easily combined either with other compromised information or with publicly available information to create a greater risk of harm to the individual? c) Establish the cause and extent of the breach. Is there a risk of ongoing breaches or further exposure of the information? What was the Importance writing, extent of the assignment, unauthorised access to or collection, use or disclosure of personal information, including the number and nature of likely recipients and the risk of further access, use or disclosure, including via mass media or online?

Is there evidence that suggests theft, and was the information the target? For example, where a laptop is stolen, can it be determined whether the thief specifically wanted the information on the laptop, or the laptop hardware itself? Evidence of My hometown essay, theft could suggest a greater intention to do harm and heighten the need to provide notification to the individual, as well as law enforcement. Is the personal information adequately encrypted, anonymised or otherwise not easily accessible? Is the information rendered unreadable by security measures that protect the stored information? Is the personal information displayed or stored in such a way so that it cannot be used if breached? For example, if a laptop containing adequately encrypted information is stolen, but is subsequently recovered and investigations show that the information was not accessed, copied or otherwise tampered with, notification to to do assignment economics, affected individuals may not be necessary. What was the christmas, source of the breach? For example, did it involve external or internal malicious behaviour, or was it an internal processing error?

Does the information seem to have been lost or misplaced? The risk of harm to the individual may be less where the breach is to do assignment economics unintentional or accidental, rather than intentional or malicious. For example, the client may have a common surname which leads a staff member to accidentally access the wrong client record. The access records show that the staff member immediately closed the client record once they became aware of their mistake. University! The risk of to do, harm will be less in this case than in How to write essay introduction zulu, the case where a staff member intentionally and deliberately opens a client’s record to browse the record, or to use or disclose that information without a legitimate business reason for doing so. Has the to do assignment, personal information been recovered?

For example, has a lost laptop been found or returned? If the information has been recovered, are there any signs that it has been accessed, copied or otherwise tampered with? What steps have already been taken to mitigate the harm? Has the agency or organisation contained the breach? For example, have compromised security measures such as passwords been replaced? Has the full extent of the breach been assessed? Are further steps required? Is this a systemic problem or an isolated incident? When checking the source of the breach, it is important to check whether any similar breaches have occurred in the past. How To A Comparison Essay Zulu! Sometimes, a breach can signal a deeper problem with system security.

This may also reveal that more information has been affected than initially thought, potentially heightening the awareness of the risk posed. How many individuals are affected by the breach? If the breach is a result of to do assignment economics, a systemic problem, there may be more people affected than first anticipated. Even where the breach involves accidental and How to an opinion paper on a books, unintentional misuse of information, if the breach affects many individuals, the scale of the breach may create greater risks that the to do, information will be misused. A Comparison! The agency or organisation’s response should be proportionate. While the number of affected individuals can help gauge the severity of the breach, it is important to remember that even a breach involving the personal information of one or two people can be serious, depending on the information involved. d) Assess the risk of harm to the affected individuals. Who is the recipient of the information? Is there likely to be any relationship between the unauthorised recipients and the affected individuals? For example, was the Help to do economics, disclosure to How to an opinion paper books, an unknown party or to a party suspected of being involved in criminal activity where there is Help economics a potential risk of misuse? Was the disclosure to a person against whom the individual has a restraining order, or to co-workers who have no need to have the information?

Or was the results section, recipient a trusted, known entity or person that would reasonably be expected to return or destroy the information without disclosing or using it? For example, was the information sent to the individual’s lawyer instead of being sent to them, or to Help to do, another party bound by professional duties of confidentiality or ethical standards? What harm to individuals could result from the breach? identity theft financial loss threat to physical safety threat to emotional wellbeing loss of essay in english christmas, business or employment opportunities humiliation, damage to reputation or relationships, or workplace or social bullying or marginalisation. Other possible harms, including to Help economics, the agency or organisation that suffered the breach. the loss of public trust in writing university papers, the agency, government program, or organisation reputational damage loss of to do, assets (e.g., stolen computers or storage devices) financial exposure (e.g., if bank account details are compromised) regulatory penalties (e.g., for breaches of the Privacy Act) extortion legal liability, and breach of secrecy provisions in applicable legislation. An example of evaluating the risks associated with the breach. A newspaper publisher receives a call from writing papers, a newsagent that sells its newspapers. The newsagent says that the address labels on to do the bundles of newspapers delivered to for payment, his shop appear to show subscriber information printed on assignment the other side.

The information includes names, addresses and credit card details. Following a preliminary investigation, the newspaper publisher confirms that some labels have been inadvertently printed on Help university papers the back of subscriber lists. As a first step to to do economics, containing the breach, the How to write a comparison introduction, publisher attempts to contact newsagencies that have received the newspapers and asks them to check the labels on the bundles and securely destroy any that show subscriber details on the back. With these first steps completed, the newspaper publisher begins to evaluate the risks associated with the breach. The information that was involved in the breach was name, address and Help, credit card information. The newspaper has a large number of subscribers. My Hometown Essay Christmas! Further investigations into the breach are unable to reveal how many subscribers’ details have been exposed. The bundles of newspapers displaying subscriber information have been delivered to newsagencies in to do assignment, the early hours of the morning. The newspaper publisher notes that the subscriber information was therefore at risk of unauthorised access during the time between delivery and when the newsagents arrived to open shop. Further investigations reveal that many newsagencies have already discarded the labels before checking could be carried out as to whether they contained subscriber information. This means that, in many cases, the subscriber lists may not have been securely destroyed.

The newspaper publisher concludes that the exposure of this information could present a real risk of serious harm (in this case, financial harm) to many individuals. Based on the conclusion that this is a serious breach, the publisher moves to notify subscribers. Given the large number of potentially affected individuals and the risk of Marketing help uk, serious financial harm, the to do, publisher also notifies the OAIC, particularly as there is a real possibility that individuals may complain about the breach. An example of evaluating the risks associated with the discovery of routine breaches. An Australian Government agency undertakes a periodic audit of user access records. The audit reveals an unusual pattern of client account enquiries in one branch of the agency. The client records contain address information, financial information, and other details. The enquiries have occurred over a 12 month period. After some investigation, which includes interviewing the relevant staff, managers and the department head, it is determined that a specific staff member, John, has been browsing the homework, client accounts of his family and friends without any legitimate business purpose (and therefore without authorisation). There is no evidence that client information has been disclosed to any third party.

The agency recognises that some of the information in Help assignment economics, the client accounts (the financial information in writing papers, particular) is sensitive information that is not readily available. The agency considers that there is real risk of embarrassment or other harms from the release of that information, especially to a person such as John, who has a personal relationship with the affected individuals and could combine the information with the details about the individuals that he already knows. On that basis, the to do economics, agency decides to an opinion paper books, notify the individuals affected by assignment economics, the unauthorised access. It also takes measures to prevent unauthorised access to client accounts by essay in english, staff, and to ensure that all staff are aware of their obligations to act appropriately. The agency considers that, having regard to the sensitivity of the information and the context of the breach, the breach is sufficiently serious to warrant notification to Help to do assignment economics, the OAIC. Agencies and organisations should consider the particular circumstances of the breach, and: decide whether to notify affected individuals, and, if so consider when and how notification should occur, who should make the notification, and who should be notified consider what information should be included in My hometown essay in english christmas, the notification, and consider who else (other than the affected individuals) should be notified. Notification can be an to do, important mitigation strategy that has the potential to benefit both the agency or organisation and the individuals affected by a data breach. The challenge is to determine when notification is appropriate. While notification is an important mitigation strategy, it will not always be an appropriate response to a breach. How To Books! Providing notification about low risk breaches can cause undue anxiety and de-sensitise individuals to to do assignment, notice.

Each incident needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis to determine whether breach notification is required. In general, if a data breach creates a real risk of serious harm to the individual, the How to paper on a books, affected individuals should be notified. Prompt notification to Help to do, individuals in these cases can help them mitigate the damage by taking steps to protect themselves. Writing For Payment Results! Agencies and organisations should: take into account the ability of the individual to take specific steps to mitigate any such harm, and. consider whether it is appropriate to inform other third parties such as the OAIC, the Help assignment, police, or other regulators or professional bodies about the How to a comparison essay introduction, data breach. a) Deciding whether to notify affected individuals. Agencies and organisations should consider whether their obligations under APP11 require them to notify affected individuals and the OAIC[27] (as a ‘reasonable step’ to ensure the security of personal information that they hold). The key consideration is whether notification is necessary to avoid or mitigate serious harm to an affected individual. Agencies and organisations should consider the to do assignment, following factors when deciding whether notification is required:

What is the risk of writing section, serious harm to the individual as determined by step 2? What is the ability of the individual to avoid or mitigate possible harm if notified of to do economics, a breach (in addition to How to write an opinion paper, steps taken by the agency or organisation)? For example, would an Help economics, individual be able to have a new bank account number issued to avoid potential financial harm resulting from a breach? Would steps such as monitoring bank statements or exercising greater vigilance over their credit reporting records assist in mitigating risks of financial or credit fraud? Even if the individual would not be able to take steps to fix the situation, is the information that has been compromised sensitive, or likely to cause humiliation or embarrassment for the individual? What are the legal and contractual obligations to notify, and writing for payment section, what are the to do economics, consequences of notification? There may be adverse consequences if an agency or organisation does not notify affected individuals.

For example, if the public, including the affected individuals, subsequently find out about the breach through the media, there may be loss of public trust in the agency or organisation (which, in an opinion, turn, could have its own costs). At this stage, the assignment, organisation or agency should have as complete a set of facts as possible and have completed the risk assessment to determine whether to notify individuals. The following tables set out some of the a comparison essay, considerations in the notification process. Sometimes the urgency or seriousness of the breach dictates that notification should happen immediately, before having all the relevant facts. In general, individuals affected by the breach should be notified as soon as reasonably possible. If law enforcement authorities are involved, check with those authorities whether notification should be delayed to ensure that the investigation is economics not compromised. Delaying the disclosure of details about a breach of security or information systems may also be appropriate until that system has been repaired and tested or the breach contained in some other way. In general, the recommended method of university papers, notification is direct – by phone, letter, email or in person – to the affected individuals.

Indirect notification, either by website information, posted notices, media, should generallyonly occur where direct notification could cause further harm, is cost-prohibitive, or the contact information for affected individuals is to do not known. Preferably, notification should be ‘standalone’ and writing for payment results section, should not be ‘bundled’ with other material unrelated to the breach, as it may confuse recipients and assignment economics, affect the impact of the breach notification. In certain cases, it may be appropriate to use multiple methods of notification. Agencies and organisations should also consider whether the method and essay in english, content of notification might increase the risk of Help to do assignment, harm, such as by Marketing homework help, alerting the person who stole the laptop of the value of the to do assignment, information on How to write the laptop, if it would not otherwise be apparent. To avoid being confused with ‘phishing’ emails, email notifications may require special care. Help Assignment Economics! For example, only communicate basic information about the breach, leaving more detailed advice to write paper on a, other forms of communication. Typically, the agency or organisation that has a direct relationship with the Help to do assignment economics, customer, client or employee should notify the university papers, affected individuals.

This includes where a breach may have involved handling of personal information by a third party service provider, contractor or related body corporate. Joint and third party relationships can raise complex issues. For example, the breach may occur at a retail merchant but involve credit card details from numerous financial institutions, or the to do economics, card promoter may not be the card issuer (for example, many airlines, department stores and other retailers have credit cards that display their brand, though the cards are issued by a bank or credit card company). Or the breach may involve information held by a third party ‘cloud’ data storage provider, based outside of Australia. The issues in play in each situation will vary. Writing! Organisations and agencies will have to consider what is best on a case by case basis.

However some relevant considerations might include: Where did the breach occur? Who does the individual identify as their ’relationship’ manager? Does the agency or organisation that suffered the breach have contact details for the affected individuals? Are they able to obtain them easily? Or could they draft and sign off the Help economics, notification, for in essay the lead organisation to send? Is trust important to the organisation’s or agency’s activities? Generally, it should be the Help to do, individual(s) affected by the breach. However, in some cases it may be appropriate to notify the individual’s guardian or authorised representative on their behalf. There may be circumstances where carers or authorised representatives should be notified as well as, or instead of, the individual. Where appropriate, clinical judgement may be required where notification may exacerbate health conditions, such as acute paranoia.

c) What should be included in the notification? The content of notifications will vary depending on the particular breach and the notification method. In general, the information in the notice should help the individual to reduce or prevent the harm that could be caused by the breach. Notifications should include the types of for payment section, information detailed below: Incident Description — Information about the incident and its timing in general terms. The notice should not include information that would reveal specific system vulnerabilities.

Type of personal information involved — A description of the type of personal information involved in the breach. Be careful not to include personal information in the notification, to assignment economics, avoid possible further unauthorised disclosure. Response to paper on a, the breach — A general account of what the Help to do assignment, agency or organisation has done to control or reduce the harm, and proposed future steps that are planned. Assistance offered to in english, affected individuals — What the agency or organisation will do to assist individuals and Help assignment economics, what steps the individual can take to avoid or reduce the risk of harm or to further protect themselves. For example, whether the How to write essay, agency or organisation can arrange for credit monitoring or other fraud prevention tools, or provide information on how to Help to do assignment economics, change government issued identification numbers (such as a driver’s licence number). Other information sources — Sources of information designed to assist individuals in protecting against identity theft or interferences with privacy. For example, guidance on the OAIC’s website and the Attorney-General’s Department website at university papers Identity security. Agency/ Organisation contact details — Contact information of areas or personnel within the agency or organisation that can answer questions, provide further information or address specific privacy concerns.

Where it is decided that a third party will notify of the breach, a clear explanation should be given as to to do, how that third party fits into the process and who the individual should contact if they have further questions. Whether breach notified to help uk, regulator or other external contact(s) — Indicate whether the agency or organisation has notified the OAIC or other parties listed in Help to do assignment economics, the table at 3(d). Legal implications — The precise wording of the notice may have legal implications; organisations and paper on a, agencies should consider whether they should seek legal advice. The legal implications could include secrecy obligations that apply to agencies. How individuals can lodge a complaint with the Help to do, agency or organisation — Provide information on internal dispute resolution processes and homework help uk, how the individual can make a complaint to the agency or organisation or industry complaint handling bodies.[28]

How individuals can lodge a complaint with the OAIC — If the agency or organisation is covered by the Privacy Act, explain that if individuals are not satisfied with the response by the agency or organisation to resolve the Help to do assignment, issue, they can make a complaint to the OAIC. The OAIC’s contact details are set out at of grammar writing page 38. In general, notifying the to do economics, OAIC, or other authorities or regulators should not be a substitute for notifying affected individuals. How To An Opinion Paper! However, in some circumstances it may be appropriate to notify these third parties: OAIC — The OAIC strongly encourages agencies and Help assignment economics, organisations to How to write essay zulu, report serious data breaches to the OAIC. Help Assignment Economics! The potential benefits of notifying the OAIC, together with what it can and cannot do about a notification, are set out at page 37.

Police — If theft or other crime is Dissertation for payment suspected. The Australian Federal Police should also be contacted if the breach may constitute a threat to national security. Insurers or others — If required by contractual obligations. Credit card companies, financial institutions or credit reporting agencies — If their assistance is necessary for contacting individuals or assisting with mitigating harm. Professional or other regulatory bodies — If professional or regulatory standards require notification of these bodies. For example, other regulatory bodies, such as the Help assignment, Australian Securities and Investments Commission, the Australian Competition and homework uk, Consumer Commission, and the Australian Communications and Media Authority have their own requirements in the event of a breach. Other internal or external parties not already notified — Agencies and organisations should consider the potential impact that the breach and notification to individuals may have on assignment third parties, and take action accordingly. For example, third parties may be affected if individuals cancel their credit cards, or if financial institutions issue new cards.

third party contractors or other parties who may be affected internal business units not previously advised of the breach, (for example, communications and media relations, senior management), or union or other employee representatives. Agencies that have a direct relationship with the information lost/stolen — Agencies and write a comparison zulu, organisations should consider whether an Help, incident compromises Australian Government agency identifiers such as TFNs or Medicare numbers. Notifying agencies such as the Australian Taxation Office for Dissertation results TFNs or Medicare Australia for Medicare card numbers may enable those agencies to provide appropriate information and assistance to affected individuals, and to to do assignment economics, take steps to protect the integrity of identifiers that may be used in identity theft or other fraud. An example of notification of affected individuals. A bank customer, Margaret, receives mail from her bank. When she opens the envelope she notices that correspondence intended for another customer – Diego – has been included in the same envelope. The correspondence includes Diego’s name, address and account details. Margaret contacts the bank to report the incident. The bank asks that she return the mail intended for Diego to them.

The bank then contacts Diego by phone to notify him of the breach, apologises to him, and advises that it will be investigating the matter to determine how the incident occurred and how to prevent it from reoccurring. The bank also offers to restore the security of Diego’s customer information by closing his existing account and opening a new account. University! In addition, the bank agrees to Help to do assignment, discuss with Diego any further action he considers should be taken to resolve the matter to his satisfaction and provides a contact name and write essay zulu, number that Diego can use for any further enquiries. The bank investigates the matter, including getting reports from the assignment, mailing house it uses to generate and despatch customer correspondence. While the mailing house has a number of compliance measures in place to manage the process flow, it appears that an isolated error on How to one production line meant that two customer statements were included in one envelope. Following its assessment of the assignment economics, breach, the bank is satisfied that this is an isolated incident. However, it reviews the compliance measures taken by the mailing house has in My hometown essay in english, place to ensure they are sufficient to Help economics, protect customer information from unintentional disclosure through production errors. The bank writes to Diego and informs him of the outcome of its investigation.

An example of notification of affected individuals and the OAIC. A memory stick containing the employee records of 200 employees of an Australian Government Department goes missing. Extensive searches fail to locate the writing university, whereabouts of the memory stick. The information contained in the employee records includes the names, salary information, TFNs, home addresses, phone numbers, birth dates and in Help assignment economics, some cases health information (including disability information) of current staff. The data on the memory stick is not encrypted. Due to the sensitivity of the university papers, unencrypted information – not only the to do assignment economics, extent and variety of the How to an opinion on a books, information, but also the inclusion of health and disability information in the records – the Department decides to assignment, notify employees of the breach. Help University! Anticipating that individuals may, at some point, complain, it also notifies the OAIC of the breach and explains what steps it is taking to resolve the Help to do assignment, situation. A senior staff member emails the affected staff to notify them of the breach. In the Marketing help, notification she offers staff an apology for the breach, explains what types of information were involved, notes that the Help assignment economics, OAIC has been informed of the breach, and explains what steps have been put in place to prevent this type of results section, a breach occurring in the future.

The senior staff member also provides staff with details about Help, how they can have a new TFN issued, and informs staff that they can make a complaint to the OAIC if they are unhappy with the steps the agency has taken. An example of notification of affected individuals, OAIC and police. FunOnline, a popular online gaming service provider, sells access to writing, its gaming network on a subscription basis. Help To Do Economics! FunOnline collects and holds a range of How to a comparison zulu, personal information from its customers in order to create a user account and deal with subscription payments, including names, dates of birth, email addresses, postal addresses, and credit card numbers. During a routine security check, FunOnline discovers through the Help assignment economics, use of intrusion detection software that the server containing its account information has been compromised, and the account information of over 500,000 customers has been accessed without authorisation and, most likely, copied. FunOnline takes immediate steps to contain the breach (including temporarily shutting down its servers) and notifies the Dissertation writing for payment section, OAIC. To Do Assignment! Based on its belief that criminal activity has been involved, FunOnline also contacts the police.

The police investigate, during which time they ask FunOnline not to release any information about the breach. FunOnline uses this period to engage a technology security firm to enhance the security of its accounts systems. As soon as the homework, police are satisfied it will not compromise their investigation, FunOnline notifies the affected customers. FunOnline explains exactly what happened and assignment economics, when, that the police have been investigating, and that the OAIC has been notified. FunOnline also suggests that affected customers monitor their credit card accounts and essay introduction zulu, contact their financial institution if they have any concerns. In contravention of policy, a staff member at an Australian Government Department takes a memory stick out of the office so that he can work on some files at to do assignment economics home. In Essay! At some point between leaving work and arriving at home, the staff member loses the memory stick.

He reports it missing the next day. Despite the assistance of the transport authority, the Department is unable to locate the memory stick. The Department conducts a preliminary assessment of the breach, then evaluates the risks associated with the loss of the memory stick. First, the Department assesses what (if any) personal information may have been lost.. While the Help to do, memory stick did not contain client records, it did contain the write an opinion paper on a, names, phone numbers and Help to do assignment economics, business email addresses of about 120 external stakeholders involved in a project lead by the Department, along with email correspondence from these stakeholders.

Further evaluation reveals that data held on the stick is protected by high level encryption technology. The Department consults with its IT team to confirm that the encryption on the memory stick is adequately secure and, following confirmation by that team, decides that notification of individuals whose personal information was held on the memory stick is unnecessary. In contravention of policy, a staff member at an Australian Government Department takes a memory stick out of the office so that he can work on results some files at home. At some point between leaving work and arriving at home, the staff member loses the memory stick. To Do Assignment Economics! He reports it missing the next day. Despite the assistance of the transport authority, the Department is unable to locate the memory stick. The Department conducts a preliminary assessment of the breach, then evaluates the risks associated with the loss of the memory stick.

First, the Department assesses what (if any) personal information may have been lost.. While the memory stick did not contain client records, it did contain the names, phone numbers and business email addresses of help uk, about 120 external stakeholders involved in a project lead by the Department, along with email correspondence from these stakeholders. Further evaluation reveals that data held on to do assignment economics the stick is Help writing university papers protected by economics, high level encryption technology. The Department consults with its IT team to confirm that the encryption on writing for payment results section the memory stick is Help to do economics adequately secure and, following confirmation by that team, decides that notification of of grammar writing, individuals whose personal information was held on the memory stick is unnecessary. A pathologist receives a phone call from a GP, Dr Jones, with whom he has a professional relationship. Dr Jones advises the pathologist that she has just received a fax from the pathologist’s office disclosing test results for an individual that is not her patient. When the pathologist checks his records, he discovers that the test results were intended for assignment a different GP. The pathologist asks Dr Jones to destroy the test results and considers whether notification of the patient is warranted. The pathologist recognises that Dr Jones is bound by ethical duties, and My hometown in english christmas, is familiar with principles of confidentiality and privacy.

Accordingly, the pathologist is Help assignment economics confident that Dr Jones can be relied upon Help university papers not to mishandle the information contained in the test results and the disclosure is unlikely to pose a serious risk to the privacy of the patient. The pathologist decides not to notify the patient, but he reviews his practices to avoid a similar breach occurring in the future. The pathologist ensures that administrative staff are trained to to do, exercise care in checking that fax numbers are accurate. The pathologist also begins to routinely phone recipients to tell them that results are being faxed. This reduces the risk that any fax, whether misdirected or not, will be left unattended on the machine for long periods of time. It also allows the My hometown essay in english, intended recipient to Help to do assignment, let the sender know if it a fax not received. Once the immediate steps are taken to mitigate the risks associated with the breach, agencies and organisations need to take the time to investigate the cause and consider whether to review the existing prevention plan or, if there is no plan in place, develop one. A prevention plan should suggest actions that are proportionate to the significance of the write an opinion books, breach, and whether it was a systemic breach or an isolated event. This plan may include: a security audit of both physical and to do, technical security a review of policies and procedures and any changes to write an opinion paper on a books, reflect the lessons learned from the to do assignment economics, investigation, and Help writing papers, regular reviews after that (for example, security, record retention and collection policies) a review of employee selection and training practices, and a review of service delivery partners (for example, offsite data storage providers). The plan may include a requirement for an audit at the end of the process to ensure that the prevention plan has been fully implemented.

Suggested preparations for Help to do assignment economics responding to a data breach include the papers, following: Develop a breach response plan — While the aim should be to prevent breaches, having a breach response plan may assist in ensuring a quick response to breaches, and greater potential for mitigating harm. The plan could set out contact details for Help assignment economics appropriate staff to be notified, clarify the roles and responsibilities of staff, and document processes which will assist the agency or organisation to contain breaches, coordinate investigations and write an opinion paper books, breach notifications, and Help, cooperate with external investigations. Establish a breach response team — Depending on the size of the agency or organisation, consider establishing a management team responsible for writing responding to personal information breaches. The team could include representatives from relevant areas that may be needed to investigate an incident, conduct risk assessments and make appropriate decisions (for example, privacy, senior management, IT, public affairs, legal). The team could convene periodically to review the Help assignment economics, breach response plan, discuss new risks and homework uk, practices, or consider incidents that have occurred in other agencies or organisations. It may also be helpful to conduct ‘scenario’ training with team members to allow them to develop a feel for an actual breach response. Key issues to test in to do economics, such training would be identifying when notification is an appropriate response, and Marketing homework, the timing of that notification.

Identify relevant service providers — Consider researching and identifying external service providers that could assist in the event of Help to do, a data breach, such as forensics firms, public relations firms, call center providers and essay in english, notification delivery services. To Do Economics! The contact details of the service providers could be set out in the breach response plan. This could save time and assist in responding efficiently and effectively to a data breach. Enhance internal communication and training — Ensure staff have been trained to respond to data breaches effectively, and are aware of the relevant policies and procedures. Staff should understand how to identify and report a potential data breach to the appropriate manager(s).

Enhance transparency — Include information in the agency or organisation’s privacy policy about how it responds to breaches. Homework Help Uk! This could include letting individuals know when and how they are likely to be notified in the event of a breach, and whether the agency or organisation would ask them to verify any contact details or other information. This would make clear to individuals how their personal contact information is to do economics used in the event of a breach, and may also assist individuals to avoid ‘phishing’ scam emails involving fake breach notifications and requests that recipients verify their account details, passwords and christmas, other personal information. Tips for assignment economics preventing future breaches. Some of the measures that have resulted from real-life data breaches include: the creation of a senior position in the agency or organisation with specific responsibility for data security[29] the institution of a ban on Dissertation results bulk transfers of data onto removable media without adequate security protection (such as encryption) disabling the economics, download function on computers in use across the My hometown christmas, agency or organisation, to prevent the download of data onto removable media. the institution of a ban on the removal of unencrypted laptops and Help, other portable devices from My hometown essay in english christmas, government buildings. the institution of a policy requiring the erasing of Help to do assignment, hard disk drives and other digital storage media (including digital storage integrated in other devices such as multifunction printers or photocopiers) prior to being disposed of Dissertation for payment, or returning to the equipment lessor. the use of economics, secure couriers and appropriate tamper proof packaging when transporting bulk data, and. the upgrading of passwords (for example, an increase from 6 to 8 characters, including numbers and punctuation), and the institution of a policy requiring passwords to be changed every 8 weeks. Technological advances allow increasingly larger amounts of information to be stored on increasingly smaller devices.

This creates a greater risk of My hometown in english christmas, data breaches due to Help to do, the size and portability of these devices, which can be lost or misplaced more easily when taken outside of the books, office. Help Assignment! There is also a risk of theft because of the value of the devices themselves (regardless of the information they contain). Preventative steps that agencies and a comparison essay introduction, organisations can take include conducting risk assessments to determine: whether and in what circumstances (and by assignment economics, which staff), personal information is permitted to Marketing homework, be removed from the office, whether it is removed in electronic form on DVDs, USB storage devices such as memory sticks, portable computing devices such as laptops, or in paper files,[30] and. whether their stored data, both in the office and when removed from the office, requires security measures such as encryption and password protection. Responding to a large scale data breach: An illustration of how to Help to do economics, work through the Four Key Steps.

A health insurer discovers that a backup tape containing customer details and other data has been lost. The information on the tape was not encrypted. The insurer routinely creates two copies of each backup tape. Marketing Help Uk! One tape is stored on site; the other tape is stored securely off-site. The lost backup tape was the copy stored on-site and included data collected during the previous month. Step 1 — Containing the breach and the preliminary assessment. The Chief Executive Officer nominates the Risk Compliance Manager to lead an Help to do economics, investigation.

The Risk Manager’s initial assessment suggests that the a comparison essay, tapes were lost when the insurer’s IT department moved some records between floors. The Risk Manager interviews the staff involved in moving the records, reviews the relocation plan and arranges for the building to assignment, be searched. Despite these efforts, the tape cannot be found. The Risk Manager moves on to assessing the breach. She thinks that the breach was most likely the result of poor practices and sloppy handling. However, while there is no evidence that the tape was stolen, theft cannot be ruled out. Dissertation Writing For Payment! The type of information that has been lost and how it could be used is an important part of the risk assessment.

Step 2 — Evaluate the risks associated with the Help assignment, breach. The evaluation shows that the information on the tapes falls into How to write essay 3 main groups: Type of information — Enquiry information collected via the website to provide quotes. Only included state, date of to do assignment, birth and gender and was retained for statistical marketing purposes. Identity apparent or ascertainable? — No. The information is aggregated statistical data only. How could the information be used? — The information is likely to be of little or no use other than for statistical purposes. Source — Probably unintentional and accidental.

But theft is also a possibility. As the source of the write an opinion paper books, breach is unclear, and given the sensitivity of much of the information, the insurer decides to assume a worst case scenario. Severity — The information was not encrypted or recovered. Help To Do Assignment Economics! The large number of records involved and the sensitivity of the many of the Dissertation, records (health and financial information, as well as identifying information), make this a serious breach. A real risk of serious harm? — No. Current contact details held? — No.

Type of information — Application information, including full name, address, contact details, and date of to do, birth. Also includes Medicare card number, and credit card details. Identity apparent or ascertainable? — Yes. Sensitivity — Substantial identifying information, Medicare card number and financial details. How could the essay christmas, information be used? — The information could be used for Help to do assignment identity theft and financial fraud. There is a lesser possibility that it could be used to attempt fraud against the Medicare and PBS systems. Source — Probably unintentional and accidental. But theft is also a possibility. As the source of the in essay writing, breach is to do assignment economics unclear, and given the sensitivity of much of the information, the insurer decides to assume a worst case scenario.

Severity — The information was not encrypted or recovered. The large number of Marketing help, records involved and to do, the sensitivity of the many of the records (health and financial information, as well as identifying information), make this a serious breach. A real risk of serious harm? — Yes. The information could be used to cause serious harm to individuals, including identity theft, financial fraud, and fraud against the Medicare and PBS systems. Possibly health fraud. Current contact details held? — Yes, from current member list and external sources. Type of information — Claims information, including full name, member number, contact details, and clinical information about the for payment results section, treatment being claimed. Identity apparent or ascertainable? — Yes. Sensitivity — Substantial identifying information, as well as information about the individual’s health condition. How could the information be used? — The information could be used for identity theft, as well as being potentially embarrassing or stigmatising to the individual. Source — Probably unintentional and accidental.

But theft is also a possibility. As the Help economics, source of the breach is Marketing homework help unclear, and Help economics, given the sensitivity of write introduction zulu, much of the information, the insurer decides to assume a worst case scenario. Severity — The information was not encrypted or recovered. The large number of records involved and the sensitivity of the many of the assignment economics, records (health and financial information, as well as identifying information), make this a serious breach. A real risk of serious harm? — Yes. If misused, the How to essay, identification information could be used for identity theft. Help Assignment! Serious harm could also arise from misuse of the health information, including stigma, embarrassment, discrimination or disadvantage or, in extreme cases, blackmail.

Current contact details held? — Yes, from Help, current member list and external sources. The evaluation shows that there is to do a real risk of serious harm for How to write a comparison essay introduction Group 2 and 3 individuals, and that the information in Group 1 is not personal information. The evaluation indicates that Group 2 and 3 individuals should be notified about the breach, and that there is a real risk of serious harm to their interests. If notified, individuals could take steps to mitigate the assignment, risks of identity theft and financial fraud. This could include changing credit card details or monitoring their credit reports. How To A Comparison Introduction Zulu! While there may be limited steps that can be taken to mitigate the risks of their health information being mishandled, individuals should still be informed given the heightened sensitivities of this information. The Risk Manager also considered whether notification would cause harm by leading to unfounded concern or alarm.

Taking all these factors and the evaluation into account, it is decided that individuals in Groups 2 and 3 should be notified. Separate letters are drawn up for each group, outlining the general types of information that are affected. The Risk Manager also arranges for the notification letters to to do economics, include: a general description of the type of information that has been lost for each group what individuals can do to mitigate the harm caused by the breach, and who they can call to get further information or assistance. For example, the notification to individuals in Group 2 tells them that the information they provided on their application form, including their Medicare number and credit card details, may have been compromised. If an individual is concerned about either, they are advised to contact Medicare Australia or their financial institution so as to change their registration and account details.

Group 3 individuals are told that a record containing their claims information has been lost, including the clinical details held on their file. Both letters explain that there is no evidence of theft, and that the company is notifying the individuals as a precautionary measure only. The notifications also include contact details for the insurer’s customer care area and Dissertation writing results, the OAIC, and suggest that individuals should check their credit card account statements and credit reports for any unusual activity. The Risk Manager also notes that some claimants had an authorised representative acting for them. These records are separately assessed to determine whether notification should be made to the authorised representative rather than the member. Staff in the insurer’s customer care area are briefed about the breach and given instructions about how to help customers responding to a notification. Given the large number of individuals affected, and Help economics, the sensitive nature of the information, the Help writing university papers, insurer notifies the OAIC. The insurer explains what steps it has taken to address the breach. It also advises the OAIC of the contact details for the insurer’s customer care area, so that customers contacting the OAIC can be redirected to Help to do assignment economics, the insurer if appropriate. Step 4 – Preventing Future Breaches. Once immediate steps have been taken to in essay, respond to to do assignment, the breach, the Chief Information Officer (CIO) carries out an audit of the security policies for storage and My hometown essay in english, transfer of backup tapes and reviews the access of staff in the area.

The CIO also makes some amendments to the compliance program to ensure non-compliance with IT Security policies will be detected and reported in the future. Reporting a data breach to the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner. Agencies and organisations are strongly encouraged to notify the OAIC of a data breach where the circumstances indicate that it is appropriate to do so, as set out in Help assignment economics, Step 3(d). The potential benefits of notifying the writing university papers, OAIC of Help assignment economics, a data breach may include the following: An agency or organisation’s decision to notify the OAIC on its own initiative is likely to Help papers, be viewed by the public as a positive action.

It demonstrates to clients and to do assignment economics, the public that the agency or organisation views the protection of personal information as an My hometown essay, important and serious matter, and may therefore enhance client/public confidence in Help to do assignment, the agency or organisation. It can assist the OAIC in responding to inquiries made by How to write a comparison introduction zulu, the public and managing any complaints that may be received as a result of the breach. If the agency or organisation provides the OAIC with details of the matter and any action taken to Help to do assignment, address it, and prevents future occurrences, then, based on that information, any complaints received may be able to of grammar in essay writing, be dealt with more quickly. In those circumstances, consideration will need to be given to whether an Help to do economics, individual complainant can demonstrate that they have suffered loss or damage, and whether some additional resolution is required. How To Paper! Alternatively, the OAIC may consider that the steps taken have adequately dealt with the matter.

Note : Reporting a breach does not preclude the OAIC from to do economics, receiving complaints and conducting an investigation of the incident (whether in response to a complaint or on homework help the Commissioner’s initiative). If the agency or organisation decides to Help to do economics, report a data breach to the OAIC, the following provides an indication of what the OAIC can and cannot do: Provide general information about obligations under the Privacy Act, factors to consider in responding to a data breach, and steps to take to prevent similar future incidents. Respond to community enquiries about the breach and explain possible steps that individuals can take to protect their personal information. Provide detailed advice about Dissertation, how to respond to a breach, or approve a particular proposed course of action. Agencies and organisations will need to seek their own legal or other specialist advice.

Agree not to investigate (either using the Commissioner’s power to investigate on their own initiative, or if a complaint is to do made to the OAIC) if the OAIC is notified of a breach. When the OAIC receives a complaint about an alleged breach of the Act, in most cases, the OAIC must investigate. As set out above, the OAIC may also investigate an act or practice in for payment results, the absence of a complaint on the Commissioner’s initiative. The OAIC uses risk assessment criteria to determine whether to commence a ‘Commissioner’s initiative investigation’. Those criteria include: whether a large number of people have been, or are likely to Help to do economics, be affected, and How to write zulu, the consequences for those individuals.

the sensitivity of the personal information involved. the progress of an agency or organisation’s own investigation into the matter. the likelihood that the acts or practices involve systemic or widespread interferences with privacy. what actions have been taken to minimise the harm to individuals arising from the breach, such as notifying them and/or offering to Help to do assignment, re-secure their information, and. whether another body, such as the Help university papers, police, is investigating. These factors are similar to those included in the risk assessment criteria for responding to a data breach. What to put in Help to do economics, a notification to the OAIC. Any notice provided to the OAIC should contain similar content to that provided to individuals (see page 24).

It should not include personal information about the homework uk, affected individuals. It may be appropriate to assignment, include: a description of the breach the writing, type of Help economics, personal information involved in My hometown essay in english, the breach what response the agency or organisation has made to to do economics, the breach what assistance has been offered to affected individuals the name and contact details of the appropriate contact person, and whether the breach has been notified to other external contact(s). 1300 363 992 (local call cost, but calls from mobile and write an opinion paper on a, payphones may incur higher charges) 1800 620 241 (this number is dedicated for to do the hearing impaired only, no voice calls) Sydney NSW 2001.

Maintain information security—APP 11. Protect information from writing for payment results section, misuse, interference and assignment, loss, and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. To comply with their obligations under the APPs, agencies and writing papers, organisations should consider: the sensitivity of the personal information the harm likely to flow from a security breach developing a compliance and monitoring plan, and regularly reviewing their information security measures. Personal information is lost or subjected to unauthorised access, modification, use or disclosure, or other misuse or interference. Key steps in responding to a data breach. Contain the breach and make a preliminary assessment. Take immediate steps to contain breach Designate person/team to coordinate response. Evaluate the risks for individuals associated with the to do economics, breach. Consider what personal information is involved Determine whether the context of the section, information is important Establish the assignment, cause and extent of the breach Identify what is the risk of harm. Consider breach notification.

Risk analysis on a case-by-case basis Not all breaches necessarily warrant notification. Should affected individuals be notified? Where there is a real risk of serious harm , notification may enable individuals to take steps to My hometown essay in english christmas, avoid or mitigate harm. Help To Do Assignment! Consider: Legal/contractual obligations to notify Risk of harm to individuals (identity crime, physical harm, humiliation, damage to reputation, loss of How to write zulu, business or employment opportunities. When? - as soon as possible How? - direct contact preferred (mail/phone) Who? - entity with the direct relationship with the affected individual What? - description of breach, type of personal information involved, steps to help mitigate, contact details for information and assignment economics, assistance.

Should others be notified? Office of the Australian Information Commissioner Police/Law Enforcement Professional or Regulatory Bodies Other agencies or organisations affected by the breach or contractually required to notify. Review the How to write a comparison essay introduction zulu, incident and take action to Help, prevent future breaches. Fully investigate the cause of the breach Consider developing a prevention plan Option of audit to ensure plan implemented Update security/ response plan Make appropriate changes to policies and procedures Revise staff training practices. Australian Privacy Principle 11 – security of personal information. 11.1 If an APP entity holds personal information, the entity must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to Help writing papers, protect the information: from misuse, interference and loss; and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. an APP entity holds personal information about an individual; and assignment, the entity no longer needs the homework uk, information for any purpose for which the information may be used or disclosed by the entity under this Schedule; and the information is not contained in to do, a Commonwealth record; and the entity is not required by or under an Australian law, or a court/tribunal order, to retain the essay introduction, information; the entity must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to destroy the information or to ensure that the information is assignment economics de-identified. Appendix B – Contact list: State and How to a comparison zulu, territory privacy contacts. Information and Privacy Commission New South Wales.

Sydney NSW 2001. 1300 666 444 (Within Australia: local call cost, but calls from mobile and payphones may incur higher charges) +61 3 8619 8719 (From outside Australia) Melbourne Victoria 3001. Local call within Australia: 1300 666 445 (local call cost, but calls from mobile and payphones may incur higher charges) From outside Australia: +61 3 8619 8700. Office of the Information Commissioner, Queensland. BRISBANE QLD 4000. Adelaide SA 5001. (08) 9220 7555 (Western Australia)

1800 117 000 (toll free for country and interstate callers) Ombudsman Western Australia. St Georges Terrace. 1800 001 170 (Tasmania – toll free) 1300 766 725 (Within Australia: local call cost, but calls from Help to do assignment, mobile and payphones may incur higher charges) Office of the How to write an opinion paper on a, Information Commissioner, Northern Territory.

1800 005 610 (Northern Territory – toll free) ACT Government agencies are subject to Help assignment economics, the Territory Privacy Principles (TPPs) in Help writing, the Information Privacy Act 2014 (ACT). The TPPs came into Help to do assignment economics effect on 1 September 2014. A Comparison Essay! The OAIC is undertaking some of the Help to do, functions of the ACT’s information privacy commissioner, including receiving voluntary data breach notifications. The OAIC can be contacted at: [3] APP11 requires APP entities to take reasonable steps to Marketing homework help uk, protect information they hold from misuse, interference and loss, and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure; see Appendix A. [4] See the ‘security safeguards principle’ in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data (1980).

The Privacy Act was enacted to implement the OECD guidelines in Australia, as recognised in to do economics, the preamble to the Act. [5] The OAIC has provided further guidance on compliance with the Australian Privacy Principles, available at APP guidelines. The OAIC’s Guide to information security provides guidance on a comparison what the Help assignment, OAIC may consider to be ‘reasonable steps’ as required by APP 11. [10] The OAIC has published a guide to Privacy Impact Assessments, available at homework help Guide to to do economics, undertaking prviacy impact assessments. [11] Agencies may wish to consider the OAIC’s Principles on open public sector information: Report on review and development of principles . Principle 3 provides that agencies should appoint a senior executive ‘information champion’ to be responsible for information management and governance. Principle 4 relates to robust information asset management.

The report is available at Open public sector information: from principles to How to an opinion paper, practice. [16] See the ‘openness principle’ in assignment, the Organisation for write introduction Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Help assignment, Personal Data (1980). Of Grammar Writing! This principle is reflected in APP 1 in the Privacy Act. [17] Agencies may also wish to Help assignment economics, consider Principle 2: Engaging the community set out in OAIC’s Principles on open public sector information: Report on review and development of principles (see footnote 11). [18] See s13 of the Privacy Act. [19] See ss 28 and 28B of the Privacy Act. [20] For more information about complaints, see the OAIC’s website: Privacy complaints.

[21] See s 40(1) of the Privacy Act. [22] See s 40(2) of the Privacy Act. [23] See s 52 of the Privacy Act. [24] See s 33E of the Privacy Act. [25] See ss 13G and 80W(5) of the write a comparison essay introduction zulu, Privacy Act. [26] See s 98 of the assignment economics, Privacy Act.

[27] For information on writing university notifying the OAIC, see page 37. [28] The OAIC has published guidance on resolving internal complaints. Organisations may wish to review the OAIC’s ‘Privacy fact sheet 9: Guide to internal investigations’. [29] Agencies: see footnote 14 re appointing a senior executive ‘information champion’ to be responsible for information management and governance. [30] For more information on appropriate security measures, see the OAIC’s Guide to information security (see footnote 5).

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On the other hand, there are increasing young adults who have achieved self-mastery and development despite their young age. They have acquired high level of emotional intelligence, they already know what they want, they can relate well to homework help uk, people and knows how to keep a win-win attitude, they stay focus on their priorities and Help to do economics important tasks, and they understand that life is what they make it. For Payment! Oftentimes, these young adults who have attained mature personality at an early age are the ones who succeed and live a well-meaning life. A mature person has achieved self-mastery through personal development and self-improvement. By learning and to do economics mastering the right principles and attitudes, a mature person can overcome any challenges life brings. Essay In English! If you want to become a mature person, take this as an opportunity to start improving your well-being through personal development. The first step to becoming a mature person is through personal development and Help assignment economics self-improvement. By keeping an open-mind to learn and apply the principles on personal growth, you will be able to develop yourself in living a more conscious life, like a mature person does.

I, too, have been in a stage where I wanted to escape and solve the miseries of my life. Luckily, I#8217;ve found my way out, and eventually became more mature in life, when I#8217;ve started opening myself to help, personal development. This website is a proof of how far I#8217;ve gone in my journey to maturity and Help assignment personal development. Help Writing University! Maturity is a choice. You can choose to live as a mature person that lives consciously with established principles and attitudes. Help To Do Assignment! Or you can choose to live as you are and homework help continuously be beaten by the struggles and miseries because you have did not choose to develop mature attitudes.

For a final note, The best years of your life are the ones in which you decide your problems are your own. You do not blame them on your mother, the ecology, or the president. You realize that you control your own destiny. By Albert Ellis. P.s.: The following books has created changed in my mindset and to do develop to become a better or a more mature person. Here are my book reviews: Especially when I think about people I know that I consider somewhat immature I think about lack of taking responsibility of ones action. This is also a character of Importance in essay, a leader. Help To Do! Can easily admit when their wrong. I think people act matured even though they#8217;re not but one thing they are not cool. firstly thank you for this lovely article posted, after reading this i have come to a conclusion that yes i have been really immature in certain areas of an opinion paper, my life.. and i am definately going to improve and work on Help economics the same.. thanks great stuff . nice article thanks. really love it. i miss my e-mail updates:) God bless and more lives to touch. really i got and How to an opinion on a books learnt so much from this website , really i admitted i have lots of economics, drawbacks and i got learnt lesson from them iam thankful to Help papers, all you give me way of spending my life jazakallah. Good article, but some points need to be taken with a grain of salt.

For example, criticism and Help economics confrontation are very often about the other person and their projections. Part of my maturing process has been to not absorb other people#8217;s attempts to define me, because it#8217;s not my job anymore to be what everyone else wants me to be. The real world is filled with abusive people, and although I take responsibility for help my own words and actions, I#8217;m not going to also take responsibility for theirs. Help Assignment! Let them go find another person to How to paper on a, project upon. I just wanted to provide some balance to this article, take it with a grain of salt, as you wish. Just wanted to add: Some people are never happy and will find a way to economics, criticize no matter what, and no matter what we do, we will probably be criticized or #8220;confronted#8221; (which could be abuse) by someone or something., usually a person who is not happy with their own life. Continuing on with our original intention, followed by putting up boundaries/energetic shields is a very useful practice and will gain a person more respect in the long run. Thank you for this article and the recommended reading list.

Yesterday I turned 24, I have realised now is the time to become mature, start behaving like an adult. The problem I think is with the society which we live in, maturity is seen as uncool, dull, not fun. Partying drinking being reckless seems to be the standard to How to essay, live up to for young people. But I am glad I am changing, I really appreciate your blog. Keep writing never stop, or at least never delete these posts. Really helpful to people like myself. Thanks alot for this article, it has really touched me. God bless you.

Very useful. The comments by Midori are also helpful. Help Assignment! [#8230;] 4 Qualities of a Mature PersonOct 15, 2009 #8230; Qualities of a Mature Person is an article that can help anyone, young, middle- aged and older adults, who wish to christmas, grow emotionally and #8230; [#8230;]

Jan 27, 2018 Help to do assignment economics, pay for essay writing service -

child curfew essay To a teenager a curfew law is Help assignment economics just another reason for police to pull you over at homework help night. Whether anyone wants to admit it or not, it is Help to do assignment also another way for the city to make money. Considering that each issued curfew ticket is $122, they eventually add up to a nice sum of Help university money. I know how much they cost because I've received one in the past. To Do Assignment! I was coming back from Walmart one Friday night when I was seventeen years old. It was 3:00 a.m. and I was driving a black Eagle Talon sports car.

The windows. Essay on How to write an opinion books Curfew Is Beneficial to Teenagers. I myself had a temporary curfew until I was seventeen, and I seen a great increase in my GPA and I was focused more during school. This is an important skill that will serve teenagers well as adults when they must keep appointments. Curfews also could encourage teens to get enough sleep every night, which is also an assignment economics, important part of for payment section time managing. A typical teenager is supposed to get at least eight hours of sleep every night in order to function properly the next day. This is much more difficult. Essay on Should Youth Curfew Laws Be Implemented and Help to do, Used?

Another issue with the youth time curfew laws is that they create a criminal record on adolescents that otherwise would not have any sort of criminal history. A youth that has no past encounters with law enforcement, but is in violation with the law, will be cited and charged with a crime simply for being out of the help, home after the hours stated by the ordinances, however these ordinances are unfair, the Help to do assignment economics, ‘crimes’ are not major [in many opinions], and are not effective. “Curfews sound like tough crime-fighting. (Love, Dennis 2). Before the curfew starts however, the curfew is not going to stop teens from mobbing and homework uk, running the streets at night because they are not going to go home as soon as the excitement commences. (Hall, Maggie 2). To Do! Curfew restrictions and tenacious measures are a response to youth crime. Towns and cities took the action of having school uniforms and laws that hold parents responsible for their children. For teens that repeat their offenses and crimes parents are sent to jail. Dissertation Writing For Payment Results Section! (Love.

Curfews help young adults get use to following a normal routine schedule by to do economics, being home before a certain time each night. One of the advantage of curfew is to help make sure that teens aren't out all night getting into trouble with other young adults. It will also help them get enough sleep at night since they have to of grammar in essay be home by a certain time. They will be able to function better at school also with work cause of Help assignment economics getting more sleep at night instead of at writing for payment results parties all night. Help To Do Economics! And having a set sleeping. Essay on Importance of grammar in essay writing Do Curfews Keep Teens Out of Help to do assignment Trouble? young adults above the curfew age also decline slightly.” Another study from 1999 was displayed in the Western Criminology Review.

The Analysis of Curfew Enforcement and Juvenile Crime in California came to the conclusion of, “Based on the current evidence, a crime reduction strategy founded solely on law enforcement intervention has little effect, suggesting that solutions are more complex and multifaceted.” However, mayors surveyed as part of the study argued that the curfews did reduce crime in their. Are Curfews a Good Idea for Teens? Essay. Secondly, when teens start to introduction drive most of the time they do not have limits on where they can go. They will go anywhere and everywhere they want to go. The risk of a teen being killed doubles during the late teen years; with the Help assignment, drinking and zulu, driving and teens using drugs and driving. Underage drinking is one of the Help to do, leading causes of death in teens who drive. Driving under the influence of drugs is another leading cause of death in writing, teens. If they are hooked on drugs, which by this time most. Family Curfews: Can Not Keep Teens Out of Trouble Essay. teens to escape to Help assignment the online world to Help university compensate their frustration in reality and behave violently to which they learn from Help to do assignment violent video games, and curfews give some teens excuses for staying at home and doing these geek things.

There was a news report from Nan Fang Daily, and Li (2003) said that a 15 year-old boy, whose parents gave him a curfew, was led to a serious addiction of computer games. When the parents finally found out, they tried many ways to solve this problem, but the boy was. aclu.org Curfews in American cities are increasing daily. Marketing Homework! Curfews are another example of how the government contradicts themselves. A curfew on the youth of America is ineffective and unconstitutional. Curfew laws are a terrible way to prevent crime and is draining on Help to do economics police resources.

In defense of the government, Officer Tom Dwyer a sergeant in the Sacramento police department says, It is an writing, effective crime prevention tool. But if in fact curfews are effective crime. Secondly, curfews does not help teenagers to Help assignment economics manage time effectively because they don’t use their time wisely but instead they use their free time to How to an opinion on a books text, talk to on the phone or even be on to do economics social networks all night. Thirdly curfew does not help teenagers to sleep at decent times because even when teenagers are at home, they find some activity to do such as watching tv, playing game or being on the phone all night where they leave no time to study, do homework’s or even interact more with their. Alternative to Incarceration Essay. is to ensure that the offender stays confined at How to write a comparison essay introduction home. There are three different levels of home confinement, each with a different degree of restricted freedom.

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Ordinary Christians believed the Jews to be responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus, and legend read that Jews used the blood of an opinion books Christian babies to. Her father believed in strict discipline requiring her to follow rules, such as a midnight curfew. Economics! He required that she read a book and write a report about a comparison essay introduction it each week. Even though Oprah's father was very strict, it was his way of instilling values he felt would make her successful in life. He would not accept anything less than Oprah doing her best. Help To Do Assignment Economics! A lesson that Oprah learned and adopted as her own. This was best expressed by Oprah in the December 2003 edition of writing for payment results section O Magazine, I believe the. William Shakespeare#x27;s Shylock: Villain or Victim Essay. persecution strictly, yet numerous individuals did suffer.

They did not have the same rights as Christian society and Help to do assignment economics, although they were authorized to erect property, only bare walls were sanctioned to face the rest of the city, and nightly curfews were forced upon them. Marketing Help Uk! The Jews had a colossal reputation by now, previously set out for them by. Elegy. Five candidate churchyards for Gray's setting include Stoke Poges(unlikely), Upton (near Slough), Grantchester and Madingley (near Cambridge), and Thanington (near Canterbury), but the features might as readily be non-specific. curfew: originally rung at eight o'clock as a. Boston Massacre vs. Economics! Kent State Shootings Essay. of banks, loan companies, and utility companies among others.

When the police and the Mayor Leroy Satrom eventually ended the riot, a total of five thousand dollars worth of windows were broken while many were arrested. The next day a dusk to Help dawn curfew was set up in Kent and not to the Kent State officials's knowledge, the Ohio National Guard was called to attention by the mayor at five p.m. Assignment! Some time after eight p.m. some two thousand. Lowering The United States Drinking Age To 18 Essay. the problem of writing papers alcohol abuse on college campuses and across the nation would begin to change itself. The idea is that an 18 year old is assignment not mature enough to be trusted with alcohol but can vote, pay taxes, serve on a jury, stay out an opinion on a later than curfew laws, leave home, drive, smoke (in some states), buy weapons, engage in financial contracts, get married, give birth, serve and die for our country in battle, and be tried as an assignment economics, adult in the court of for payment results law. Eighteen-year-olds have the same responsibility. indeed.

As the write of habeas corpus was suspended, the military picked up and incarcerated many innocent civilians on to do assignment trumped up charges of sedition. More often than not, these people were convicted without trial, and denied the due process of law. Curfew was imposed leaving many stranded in their offices, unable to return to Dissertation writing results the refuge of their homes. The right to assembly was also withheld, prompting many student and labor organizations to disband amidst threats of Help to do economics arrest. Writing Papers! The government controlled. welfare only cause people to believe that they can’t survive on their own.

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Child Rearing Practice Among Filipino Family by Help to do assignment economics, Zaira de Leon. and must learn the household chores as a preparation to be well developed ladies, as my grandparents will say. The boys must abide the writing papers, rules of my grandfather in assignment economics, making it to college and get a degree with a decent job to support their future family. How To Introduction Zulu! Curfew is observed as well with the siblings and it is necessary to eat our meals together. Typical Filipino family may have these traits with much more or less depends on the factors it may adhere. I grew up with my Mother playing both roles as parents.

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They don't have any rights. How to of grammar in essay writing Save Our Environment Essay. with the herd of impatient drivers that start to honk incessantly. We all know that loud music is justified when the weekend comes around. Try being a little sympathetic when it comes to your neighbors, and even to people across the street. Go by the curfew time, or make sure to turn it down at least when it's way past 11 p.m. Not everyone will be a fan of your music or noise that late, so try to be a little empathetic. Help To Do Economics! Don't Waste/Pollute Water Sources When it comes to how to save the environment. the only people sent to them.

Thousands of Italian-Americans, German-Americans, and Americans of European descent were also sent to internment camps. Though their punishments were not as harsh, many were subjected increased restrictions – such as curfews – as well as being classified as “enemy aliens” by the government. How To Zulu! Up until 2004, the United States government had not made a formal apology or any sort of reparation to Help to do assignment economics the people who were affected other than Japanese-Americans. Unfortunately. Essay Handling Conflict in in essay, My Family. and response loop. To Do Economics! They weren't acknowledging my input on in english the subject so I wouldn't observe their instructions. This scenario repeated itself over a number of issues. These conflicts were rarely solely based on Help assignment the merits of How to on a books a T.V. Help To Do Assignment Economics! embargo or a curfew. They were simply the vehicles for Dissertation writing for payment section what amounted to a power play. I wanted my input to be taken into consideration and they didn't.

Personal Experience: My Views and Feelings About My Family Essay. Since my mother worked, I was responsible for my younger siblings – one sister and one brother. This meant I had to be sure homework was done, dinner was served, chores were done and curfew was enforced. I took this responsibility on very young in life. Because of this, I was very mature for my age. So much so, that my mother nicknamed me “Old Lady”.

The younger siblings dared not disrespect their elders and we truly believed that it took a village to raise a child. Our family, both immediate and. closed? 34. Should abortions be legal? 35. Should children who commit violent crimes be tried as adults? 36. Should talking on a cell phone without a hands-free device while driving be illegal? 37. Help To Do Assignment Economics! Should everyone under the age of 17 have a 9:00 PM curfew?

38. Should students who fail their classes be retained and have to repeat the grade? 39. Of Grammar! Should openly gay parents e allowed to adopt children? 40 Should corporations be allowed to advertise in schools?

41. Should students be allowed to eat. would praise the ones that did well, and I would sanction the ones that acted up during the week. Based on my information I gave the judge, she would decide what reward and sanction she would give them. If a child is doing well she might push the curfew back so the child might have more time out with friends.

If the child was to Help assignment economics be punished, the judge had many alternatives that she can take. The usual punishment that I saw the essay, judge give was detention in our intake center during the weekend. The. to become a millionaire 1. Importance of to do communication 1. Marketing Help! Bottles versus cans 1. Help Assignment Economics! Real or fake Christmas trees 1. peer to peer technology 1. Motorcycle helmets 1. the assasination of How to an opinion paper a dictator can/cannot be justified 1. Curfews 1. Assignment! Alien abductions 1. The worst/best book you ever read 1. All time favorite movie 1. Writing! Your first memory 1. The best things in life are free 1. Clothes make the. parental morals attempting to keep their children out of harm’s way at all costs, only for to do assignment those beliefs to christmas be the assignment, very weapons that initiate their demise. Lux Lisbon causes a lockdown of the entire Lisbon home after coming home hours later then her curfew after her high school home coming dance. Mrs. Lisbon, so frightened by this, pulls. continued for Dissertation results hours.

Some kids ran around smashing car windows and vandalizing buildings. Help Economics! Police cracked more heads and fired more tear-gas grenades again the next night. Write! They attacked about 3,000 people in Lincoln Park shortly after the 11 P. M. curfew. Testifying later about that night, Robert Pierson, an undercover officer working as Hoffman's bodyguard, said that the to do, Yippie leader announced, We're going to hold the park. Shortly after midnight, Tom Hayden became the Help writing university, first of the assignment economics, alleged conspirators. Essay on Paul Bernardo: a True Dangerous Offender?

cause of death was listed as choking to death on her own vomit but later the truth came out that Homolka and Bernardo were responsible for an opinion paper her death. On June 14 1991, Lesley Mahaffy decided to walk home and face the fact that she was out Help to do economics past curfew. Bernardo was on Mahaffy’s street to steal license plates. He saw Mahaffy alone and kidnapped her and took her to the home he shared with Homolka. After 24 hours of university rape and Help assignment economics, abuse by both Bernardo and Homolka, Mahaffy was murdered. According. of Health and Human services sites in a report that children that live with both their parents have a lower rate of crime, drug use, and high school drop out rate than those of kids who live with one or no parents. There is a reason parents create curfews and rules. Help University! Nothing good happens after two in the morning. If more.

actual Jews. To me that says that the killing was mostly by religious differences or quick accusations. That also shows me that the Holocaust was jus plain out evil works. What also interested me the most about the holocaust is that Jews were given a curfew in Germany. Also Jews were required to wear yellow stars on their clothing, so they could be identified. One thing I was shocked to see is that in 1933 Nazi’s passed a law that allowed for to do “decontamination” of those who had genetic defects , following.

Bullying and Carrie Essay examples. overcome the fear of being lost and to results section ignore her mother protesting, “ its not to late, you can stay here with me”. Even when she makes a move to be independent from her mother she still feels the Help to do assignment, need to results obey her when Tommy asks her about Carrie’s early curfew stating “ I promised”. From that dialog, she still feels obligated to Help assignment follow her mother and remain to be somewhat trapped in that house with her. University! Throughout the story, Carrie has a sense of loneliness and a hunger for change from being the outcast. The Growth and Formation of Individual Ethics Essay. running him or her off the road to to do economics protect other families. For Payment Results Section! Most influencers are far more subtle than the to do assignment, extreme example I outlined.

Here are a few more examples of essay introduction more common influences. A parent grounds his or her child for staying out Help assignment economics after curfew. The child then learns disobedience has a consequence. Another would be a child receiving a reward for achieving good grades in school. The child then learns the value hard work and dedication in life. This one act of encouragement may not establish.

Chinese wanted to keep it that way. “The Guomindang generals left in charge of Shanghai declared that they would defend the city to the death. Their army dug itself into trenches before the city. Inside the city, police and army patrols kept order and a curfew was imposed from dark to homework early dawn.” (Dragon16) The people were fighting the new ideas, because they didn’t want to be controlled under this communist party they boasted was so great. They wanted to be free men and women who weren’t controlled by. from hearing. A public transcript restricts the subordinate group from acting or expressing how they feel. Subordinates have a public transcript for Help assignment a variety of How to write a comparison essay zulu reasons: to economics avoid conflict, to gain a good grade or job from the dominant, to get a curfew extended, etc. Although the public transcript may seem like the subordinates will gain some freedom out of following the rules, in many ways it actually restricts and diminishes personal freedom. If subordinates can not express how they truly feel. Corrections: Rehabilitation Is More Effective Than Retribution vs. leave the confinement area for work or school or they may be under the restriction of a curfew.

This is in my opinion the lightest of confinement sentences one can receive. Offender’s sentenced to a period of probation are considered likely candidates for rehabilitation; they may be required by the terms of their probation to Marketing homework help attend school, maintain employment, enroll in a treatment program, abide by a curfew, perform community service, submit to drug tests, refrain from alcohol consumption, have. The kids with less rules, were the kids that lived by a higher set of principles. They didn't need a curfew of midnight, because the kids knew to call their parents to let them know where they are or whatnot. Help! They did that in order to not lose the Marketing help, trust from the parents. the minute they lose the trust, here come more rules. Principles are what needs to be taught. The author basically stated the same thing, principles trump rules. Economics! By teaching and learning principles, this will enable the interpretation.

There are cases, however, in which the offender is non-violent, committing a misdemeanor, or even just a status offense, but the officer reacts aggressively. In the case of Help university fifteen year old Shelwanda Riley, the girl was out after curfew with a bag of assignment clothing. Upon meeting up with the girl Officer Dan Gilroy, responding to a call about a suspicious couple walking late with bags, stopped and eventually detained the girl. During the arrest, the girl, according.