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Jan 27, 2018 Essay related educational your, how to buy an essay online -

bressay whalsay Shetland is a former county, now a council area, occupying an archipelago lying about 160 km (100 mi) northeast of the Scottish mainland. There are at least 100 islands, of which 16 are inhabited. Shetland was a Norse colony during medieval times, becoming part of Essay your, Scotland in 1472. The islands are accessible by Essay writing my school, air and by NorthLink ferries from Essay related educational Aberdeen. The Northern Lighthouse Board is responsible for building and maintaining the lighthouses in these northern islands. My School. In recent years, the Board has replaced many smaller lighthouses with modern light towers, not all of which can be considered lighthouses. On the other hand, increasing ship traffic in the area has caused the Board to construct a series of new towers in Essay your Yell Sound and along the western edge of the islands. In Shetland place names, a ness is a cape or headland, a voe is a narrow bay, a holm is a small rounded island, and the ending -ay (from the Norse ey ) means island.

Muckle is Scottish for large. ARLHS numbers are from the ARLHS World List of Lights . Admiralty numbers are from Volume A of the Admiralty List of Lights Fog Signals . U.S. NGA numbers are from Publication 114. Northern Lighthouse Board - Lighthouse Library The Board's web site includes information and photos for many of the lighthouses. Assignment Notebook. Majaky - Shetland Photos posted by related your, Anna Jensikova. Online List of Lights - Scotland Photos by various photographers posted by Alexander Trabas.

Lighthouses in Shetland Photos by various photographers available from Wikimedia; many of How to do a biography, these photos were first posted on Geograph.org.uk. World of Lighthouses - Scotland Photos by your, various photographers available from Lightphotos.net. Leuchttürme in Großbrittanien Several pages on Shetland lighthouses are available on How to write a good common app my the Pharologie.de web site. Essay Educational Your. Britische Leuchttürme auf historischen Postkarten Historic postcard images posted by Klaus Huelse. The Stevensons The history of Student assignment help, Scotland's remarkable family of lighthouse engineers. Bressay Light, Lerwick, August 2009. Flickr Creative Commons photo by cowrin. Southern Shetland Mainland Lighthouses.

Sumburgh Head Light, Virkie, July 2010. Geograph Creative Commons photo by Colin Smith. Western Shetland Lighthouses. Fugla Ness Light, Hamnavoe, May 2004. Flickr Creative Commons photo by Essay educational, Iain R. Note: Northmavine is a wedge shaped peninsula at the northwestern corner of Shetland Mainland. The peninsula is help, connected to the rest of Shetland Mainland by an exceptionally narrow isthmus called Mavis Grind. Your. Esha Ness Light, Stenness, October 2013. Dissertation. Wikimedia Creative Commons photo by Essay educational, Christiantomato. Note: Located northeast of Shetland Mainland, Yell is the second largest of the Shetland Islands. The island has a population of a little less than 1000 and How to do a thesis for a bullying, is readily accessible by auto ferries from Toft on Shetland Mainland.

Ness of related educational, Sound Light, Ulsta, June 2006. photo copyright Anna Jensikova; used by permission. Muckle Flugga Light, Unst, June 2010. Flickr Creative Commons photo by Roine Johansson. Firth and college essay common, Lunna Area Lighthouses. Firths Voe Light, Firth, 2006. Unattributed Shetlopedia.com Creative Commons photo. Out Skerries Lighthouse.

Whalsay Lighthouses Note: Whalsay (Whale Island) is an island off the east coast of related educational, Shetland Mainland. The island has a permanent population of about 1000, mostly living in the fishing port of Symbister. The island is accessible by passenger ferries from Laxo on How to thesis Shetland Mainland. * [Symbister Ness (2)] Date unknown (station established 1904). Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); two flashes every 12 s, white or green depending on direction. 7 m (23 ft) square cylindrical skeletal tower enclosed by white aluminum panels. Lighthouse Digest has a postcard view of the original lighthouse contributed by Michel Forand, and Google has a satellite view. Essay Educational Your. Located at the southwestern point of Whalsay, about 500 m (0.3 mi) west of the harbor of Symbister, the principal town of the write college essay common app my, island. Island accessible by ferry from Essay your Laxo on Shetland Mainland. Student Assignment Help Notebook. Site open, tower closed. Operator: Northern Lighthouse Board. ARLHS SCO-235; Admiralty A3802; NGA 3412. * [Suther Ness (2)] Date unknown (station established 1904).

Active; focal plane 8 m (26 ft); flash every 3 s, white, red, or green depending on direction. 7 m (23 ft) square cylindrical skeletal tower enclosed by Essay educational, white aluminum panels. John Dally has a distant view, and Google has a satellite view. How To Write A Good. Located on a low cape sheltering the north side of the Essay educational your, harbor at Brough, on the north coast of Dissertation thesis zamorano, Whalsay. Island accessible by ferry from your Laxo on Shetland Mainland; lighthouse accessible by a short walk.

Site open, tower closed. Operator: Northern Lighthouse Board. ARLHS SCO-233; Admiralty A3804; NGA 3416. Out Skerries Light, Bound Skerry, June 2006. photo copyright Anna Jensikova; used by permission. Eswick Area Lighthouses [Moul (Mull) of Eswick (2)] 1995 (station established 1904). Active; focal plane 50 m (164 ft); flash every 3 s, white, red, or green depending on direction. 7 m (23 ft) square cylindrical skeletal tower enclosed by Dissertation of consent to sex, white aluminum panels.

Robert Sandison has a distant view, and Google has a satellite view. The original lighthouse was destroyed when a large section of the cliff collapsed into the sea on 5 November 1994. The site is famous for its spectacular view of the related educational, eastern Shetlands. Note: a mull is a cape or promontory. Located on a bluff about 1.2 km (3/4 mi) east southeast of Eswick and bloggers my school, 1.6 km (1 mi) north of Hoo Stack. Accessible by road and a short hike. Site open, tower closed.

Operator: Northern Lighthouse Board. Admiralty A3796; NGA 3408. [Hoo Stack] Date unknown. Active; focal plane 40 m (131 ft); four flashes every 12 s, white, red or green depending on direction. Trabas has a photo by Kees Aalbersberg, and related your, Google has a satellite view. Located atop a small island off the east coast of Shetland Mainland, about 5 km (3 mi) southeast of Brettabister. Accessible only by of consent, boat. Site status unknown. Essay Educational Your. Operator: Northern Lighthouse Board.

ARLHS SCO-102; Admiralty A3795.7; NGA 3407. Fair Isle Lighthouses Note: Fair Isle is an isolated island about writing bloggers my school, 50 km (30 mi) south of Shetland Mainland. The island is accessible by Essay related your, air from Lerwick on weekdays year round and also on Saturdays in the summer, or by ferry from Sumbergh three times a week in the summer and once a week in the winter. The permanent population is on lack, less than 100. Foula Lighthouse * Foula 1986. Active; focal plane 36 m (118 ft); three white flashes, separated by 2.7 s, every 15 s. Approx. 8 m (26 ft) round cylindrical metal tower with lantern and gallery; 4th order Fresnel lens. Lighthouse painted white. Charles Tait also has a good photo; the large fuel cylinder standing behind the light tower in related Tait's photo was removed when the light was solarized in 2000.

Google has a satellite view. Foula (from the Norse fuglaey , bird island) is an isolated island about 40 km (25 mi) west of Shetland Mainland. The permanent population is Essay my school, only about 30, all members of the same family. The island is Essay related educational, accessible by ferry, and ecotours and self-catering accommodations are available. Located at writing, the south point of the island; accessible by hiking trail. Site open, tower closed.

Operator: Northern Lighthouse Board. ARLHS SCO-085; Admiralty A3860; NGA 3562. Fair Isle South Light, Fair Isle, May 2006. Flickr Creative Commons photo by Jeroen Minderman. Information available on lost lighthouses: Notable faux lighthouses: Posted September 22, 2004. Checked and revised December 28, 2016. Lighthouses: 15.

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Jan 27, 2018 Essay related educational your, custom essay writing service -

octal 8 my homework My (never complete. ) Tube Tester Collection. (Last updated: 05-Okt-2017 9:43 ) We have done so much, for so long, with so little, we are now qualified to do anything with nothing. Before you read the rest. When you are here, you probably are interested in tube testers in some kind of a way.

Same as me! I remember I threw away a shoe box full of used ECC81, many Mullard and Philips, using a defective tester (in 1988) and they tested all in the ? range. I didn't have much knowledge about tube testers. I thought an old tube tester is Essay related like an Student assignment help old multi meter. Not very accurate, but when it works it is probably ok. Later I learned the related educational, old tester was indicating too low value for write a good essay all tubes, and perhaps these tubes were all fine. More later, I learned that almost any old tube tester has a large potential for indicating complete nonsense results. It is amazing how completely wrong they can read.

You may not notice, and use it 20 years like that, and feel great about Essay your it. That is because you have no reference. A voltmeter you can plug into the mains, or test a battery with it, and you know if it is good. With a tube tester what will you do? You stick unknown tubes in I need now customer it, and when some are good, and some are bad, it gives satisfaction. Sorry for some of the critical writing here, when it comes to buying tube tester on Ebay. Also for Essay related educational your me, there is sometimes no alternative for having to buy there. So I prefer to assignment help write about things as they are, and in Essay related educational some cases it is beneficial for all of us, to I need a paper have good understanding of the (real) habits at Ebay.

My opinion is, Ebay is the most unreliable buying place to buy a tube tester. This page has grown much larger as expected. Please note this: This website is a commercial one, meaning I live from it. I understand you probably have many questions, since you are reading this text for some reason. Still I need to Essay related educational your take care of orders first, so I can not answer emails asking for free technical support. Not so much because most people don't want to pay for information, I understand that. It is writing my school just I don't HAVE the time to take care of this for you. So for any questions about a broken tester you bought on Ebay, or somewhere else, just post it on Essay related your, the Jacmusic tube tester forum.

When I have time, I may even answer it myself perhaps, and like that the information doesn't get lost and is helpful to writing all of Essay us. For questions of how to repair a broken tube tester, we advise to use the Tube Testers Forum. After registration first write a normal topic, because only like this we can see you not a spammer. Student Assignment Notebook. After this, you are released for free posting. On these pages that follow now, you can read about typical strength and weakness of some tube testers. In case you decide to calibrate your tube tester, that is usually the ONLY GOOD thing to do. Feel free to ask some advise about it, but please be a gentleman, only Essay related your, ask things you need to know prior to buying the calibration tubes, if you have the intention indeed to thesis buy those. And if you really do, you can just as well ask afterwards. So we try to do it in that order ;)

Why to use a vintage tube tester? The answer is simple. They offer functions new made digital testers do not have. Related Your. Digital testers suggesting precision. However that is How to write college essay common very probably not the case, and not what you need anyway.

What is more important is this: Is the tube still good, and how long will it still last? Modern testers like the AT1000 give no clear answer to that. The tester itself is your a source of unreliability. How To Write A Good College App My. So fine, you know the Essay, plate current is for instance 80%, it says. But 80% of writing what? Wel. 80% of 100% of course.

But was that the question you had? Will you reject this tube, because 80% is not 100%? You and the digital tube tester make a bad team, if neither of you don't know when a tube is bad or not, and this is often the situation. Put the same tube on Essay educational, a Funke W19, and it says. 20mA.

Good starts at 12mA. Look! Now that is clear. Put the same tube on a Hickok and it will come very far into green. Wow. and you were so disappointed about writing my school 80% of 100% as the AT1000 told you. Such experiences I made many. Or even the (not so) famous AT1000 will say the tube is at related educational your, 100%, so you are happy. You put in an amplifier and thesis statement biography bullying, after 10 hours the speakers say: CRAX%%$.

Well, you better should have passed it through the Hickok or AVO leakage test, that would have spotted that leaky electrode. Related Your. Or, you dig up some radio tubes from the Essay bloggers, 1940's and the new made tester -OF COURSE- doesn't have the Essay, sockets for it. Do A Thesis Bullying. Or the settings are missing, which you can -OF COURSE- make yourself, but is that what you wanted? I say no! So all in the end, you must see of a vintage tester as a concentrated amount of experience and usefulnes, made by those old tube guys, and you're buying this experience and comfort along with the old tester. Sorry for saying this, but the lack of experience you get presented with the AT1000 is painful. Related Your. So if Hickok found out How to write common app my, exactly this or that setting to reject a 6SN7, you can never replace that by Essay related educational your, a plate current measurement, not even giving a clear indications if the tube is ok or not.

I have learned to How to write essay common app my trust a test result from a vintage tester which is a good condition, more than anything else. I have a fully restored Hickok 750. When this tester says: Bad tube, well than that's what it is. At the moment I see many people returning to those good old analog tube testers, and I can understand it. Another compare is Essay related with the uTrace curve tracer. Same situation here. In contrary to the AT1000, the Dissertation thesis zamorano, uTrace software is related educational constructed with a lot of pride, and so are the results. However, also here, you have to judge for yourself if you like the results or not. The question is, are you really capable of Dissertation on lack that. I see very often users begin to do funny things, and make mistakes without knowing. Meaning: Replace tubes that are still useful, or define self made very important requirements which are not realistic, and Essay your, wrong for that reason.

It stays the way it is: There is no replacement for a really fine, vintage tube tester. So I prefer to test a tube with a professional tester, from the How to do a for a biography, period when these tubes were in your daily use. How To Thesis For A Biography. These were made just to say how good the tubes still are, and for Essay educational me that is often the main question. If the zamorano, tube is Essay educational your still fine by such a tube tester, then transconductance etc suits normal applications. For very old tubes like the 45, or old rectifiers, I prefer an How to thesis biography old (but good) tester like for related your instance the Hickok I-177. It gives me both Gm, and on lack of consent, Quality. Whereas the later model TV7, gives only Quality. Very high gain tubes like ECC83 should not be tested on related educational your, an I-177. Though official settings were created later, the input signal to this tube is too high. Such high gain tubes didn't exist at the I-177 was designed.

Or, the AVO Mk1. Mk4 are nor suited for tubes with very low plate impedance like the 6080, says the AVO valve manual. So you should not test tubes on a tester, it was not intended for, though it is not impossible. 1) Perhaps this is the best place to advertise our calibration tube set. TUBE TESTER CALIBRATION TUBES. Order Nr: 624-014-55. What you receive:: Guide to tube tester repair and calibration. 45 pages in color.

Binder like a small book, with many hints, color pictures and tips about tube tester calibration. This is not available anywhere in the internet. We see someone selling a similar item on Ebay, on DVD for a crazy prices. This material is partially copied from our website. You get it for free with the calibration tubes. Do A Thesis Statement Bullying. Also for sale as a book only. Test Tube1: RCA USA NOS 6L6 Steel can. Original Red box Test Tube2: Russian NOS 6SN7, Original box, or white box Test Tube3: Russian NOS 6SL7, Original box, or white box Test Tube4: Russian SQ NOS 6L6 with 10% heater voltage tolerance, Original blue box.

Leakage test tool. Instructions how to use it, is in the manual Tube curves, color printed, to related your check your tester at any point you like Quick overview of all test data of those tubes on statement for a bullying, a plastified card. Free email support about how to use those tubes. When it is finished, later, we add a free DVD, with all tube tester manuals, as we have on file now (not available yet) 6SL7, 6SN7 and 6L6 RCA are tested on a range of perfect tube testers, and documented results. Essay Your. 6L6 Russian is complimentary, this tube is to replicate the 6L6 RCA. (Instructions included). So the Russian 6L6 has no test data with it, and the RCA 6L6 is Essay writing fully tested on all testers. Guide to Essay related your tube tester repair and calibration. 45 Pages color printed, in binder.

The use of calibration tubes. You can say at every AC Tester, you simply need such a tube for calibration. There is no other way as to take a known tube, and set the tester's reading for thesis for a biography bullying that value. Essay Your. Even so, from Hickok you could even buy them, but that is long ago. Dissertation. Even so if you would find one of related educational your those on a flee market, it is not sure if has it's value after 50 years. At Hickok they used the RCA Steel tube 6L6 for this . At AVO they recommend smaller tubes, such as ECC82 or 6SN7. Also for I need any DC tester they are a safe ways to verify the tester with a range of tubes, and Essay related, check at several operating points. Also important it to check the leakage function of your tube tester, you need the leakage test tool. First the tester must be able to detect leakage in a reliable and write a good essay common app my, predictable way. Then, if this function is Essay related your verified, it also proves the deck with the How to biography, sockets is not leaky, since any problem here would false any test result. Where are you now?

Most tube collectors have a tube tester, that was not serviced for 50 years. Those testers that have serviceable parts inside, are likely to Essay related be off calibration in a terrible way, it shouldn't come as a surprise. If the tester was stored in a basement or a garage for the last 30 years, the components usually suffer from this very much. Capacitors have gone leaky and carbon resistors have internal cracks, and higher resistance resulting from this. This condition is where most tube tester are in, specially the Ebay ones. However most things inside the tester can be repaired professionally as long as the of consent to sex, basic material is good. Essay Educational. With this I mean the meter, the transformer, and Dissertation thesis zamorano, wiring. Essay Related. With an unknown condition tester comes first VERIFICATION, which means you check a tubes with known values, and the tester should reproduce this within it's specified tolerance.

Then, normally you find larger deviation than that, and you can do a calibration attempt. This means you calibrate the tester with a known tube. After this, some other types of known tubes should also indicate correctly, which is not necessarily the case. I Need A Paper. If you calibrate the Essay related educational your, tester for a 6L6, next you need to try if it works well with a know 6SN7, and then 6922. So this is what the calibration tubes are for. Suppose you find out then, your tester has some deviation even after calibration, you can still decide if you want to keep it, or repair it. The the tube calibration set we sell, has following contents:

A supreme quality METAL CAN 6L6, NOS RCA . It was exactly this type of tube, that was for on lack of consent to sex sale by Hickok, long ago. This tube you should use only short, to prevent burn in, and so it will hold it's correct data always. This tube is measured under exact specifications, on four different tube testers, all values you get printed on paper. The average is calculated, and printed on the tube. This is the reference tube of the calibration set.

A supreme Quality Russian 6L6, of educational your a type made for instruments. (Page1- Page2). How To A Good Common. From this tube, you make a replica of your reference tube. It is explained in Essay related educational your the calibration manual how to do this. This tube you can use for thesis as long as you want, and simply re-calibrate it yourself from time to time, using the RCA METAL CAN reference tube. Then put the RCA tube to rest again. Essay Educational. A Russian 6SN7 also intended for instruments A USA 6922 with military specification. The 6SN7 and 6922 are double triodes, so we have a total of five tube systems that are exactly measured, on four different tube testers, in different ways. The tube testers used for this are the best we have, and some are described below here in the restoration reports. The results we measure, must repeat on any good tube tester of the same kind. For instance if the 6L6 you get, has a transconductance of 5700 on a Hickok, then your Hickok must indicate just this.

Deviation max 5%. Also in the case your tester reads 5400 only Dissertation of consent, you know now, it tends to indicate lower than normal, and you can work around nicely with that. A simulator for various kind of leakage belongs to this tube set. This is has known resistors inside. Your tube tester must identify this correctly as leaky or shorted tubes. The values are chosen such that the Essay related, neon lamp of on lack of consent to sex your tester will shown three conditions: just on, just off and burn very bright.

You have to check for all three conditions. (more information about this product here) Remember heater to cathode leakage is the #1 cause of tube hum for educational your tubes that test good for Essay my school the rest of it. So you sure want the Essay, tester to be reliable on this point. I Need A Paper. Individual tube curves of the Steel can RCA 6L6, the 6SN7 and t he 6922. So you can check your tester at educational, any operating point you like, any tube you need, and from the curves even derive the transconductance at a random operating point by this formula: Gm= (Ua1-Ua2) / (Ia2-Ia1) Quick overview of all test data of those tubes, on a plastified card. A 17 page handbook with a description and some hints how to thesis zamorano use the materials, and data sheets etc. Educational. This allows you to check the tube tester at any random operating point you choose.

Customer feedback from Sweden, for the calibrated tube set (Dec 2009): Now i could verify with the 6P3C (6L6) and the value was : Ia 75 and assignment notebook, S 5.7 I got Ia 74 and Essay related, S 5.8 That's AMAZING. Also checked the Anode voltage by A1 and writing my school, ground when testing the 6922, i try to put in on 90V and on my RMS multi meter it was 89,7. So I'm very satisfied. Educational Your. THX to i i sold my AVO mk4 for the L3-3. I will always THANK u for that. Mine was calibrated in Ukraine, and i tried so hard to get instruction but i give up due to language circumstances. * * Scroll down to read about tube testers! * * 2) FOR SALE ITEMS. TUBE TESTERS FOR SALE. I am selling off some testers from on lack of consent to sex, my collection to free some space. Once these are gone, I will have not others for sale.

Please do not email that you have seen one cheaper somewhere on Ebay, then you must buy that one. For sale here are not the cheapest testers, but very good testers with all repairs and adjustments done. Essay Educational. Actually with Ebay prices going crazy, without logical reason, it can also be that you have to write college essay pay more at Ebay for a tester sold as is as for a good one here. On Ebay, with tuber testers relation between price and quality is random. Essay Related. Price is help determined by your, the highest bidder getting into this I must have it irrational mode, and by the optical appearance.

Not by Dissertation on lack of consent, the electrical condition of the tester. For instance I have been looking over 12 years to buy a SOFIA. Related Educational. On the other hand I see useless tube checkers sell for 300 Euro, which is 250 Euro too much. (like this one here) This meter is ideal for calibrating tube testers, when you need a precise indication of Student assignment MEAN Value for voltage or current, and it has to be tested with an analog meter giving load to Essay related the circuit. Many digital meters are RMS or mean value is simulated electrically.

Wheras needle meters just produce the real mean value naturally. So you can often not use a digital meter for Essay bloggers my school calibration of Essay your old equipment. This meter is in 100% good condition, all ranges are in within specs. Write Essay App My. The inside meter is a jewel! This is a 50uA Taut band meter. Essay Related. So the type that has no friction and can hardly damage from overload.

Such multi meters with taut band are NOT MADE ANY MORE, people don't even know what it is. A tout band panel meter is How to thesis biography more precise than a diamond bearing meter, and it has no friction. So for Essay precise scale reading a tout band is the finest panel meter possible. So yes, build the BEST multi meter requires a tout band. Even the loose panel meter when good, is worth minimum 50 Euro. Radio amateurs use such restore SWR meters. I have calibrated the internal meter for How to a good exactly 50uA, and it came out Essay educational your, perfect.

The good thing is, this multi meter has a direct mode. When you set it to 50uA, there is only the panel meter itself connected to I need a paper the outside world. So when you serialize it in the 50uA position with a 30uA AVO panel meter, you know exactly what you are doing. Also it can be used to related educational do the mains voltage calibration, grid voltage adjustment of AVO, and some other measurement that require an analog multi meter with exact mean value indication. How To Do A Statement Biography. Specially with the Essay related educational your, funny current wave shape of tube testers, you should better not use a digital meter for that. The battery is a strange type, but when you take a apart a 3V Photo battery, two batteries of the Dissertation on lack of consent, right dimensions come out. I have done so, and you get two new, long life batteries with it. Not pictured, but also added is a metal case.

The case is from your, another meter, but it fits exactly, and is very nice condition too. The manufacturer is assignment help MTM Mellenbach Germany, they still exist. Essay Educational. Specifications in German are on for a biography bullying, the back. You can also test high voltage capacitors with it, using the 220 Volts mains as a voltage source.That is why you have four connectors at the top. It works, I tested it, but I recommend not to play with this. When you make a mistake.. Educational. it's the mains voltage, I think you should not use this for testing of capacitors directly. But, I did so, and it works even very nice. Price is 100 Euro without VAT tax for export, and 119 Euro with 19% VAT tax (19 Euro) included.

Moreover, this is simply a wonderful and nice tester on your bench, for daily work. Very hard to find in such nice condition, inside all things are fine. Bakelite case is How to college essay common like new. I will be selling off more items before I retire. This is just one of them. 3) How to test tubes, on various testers. Who didn't read this before on Ebay: These tubes all test GOOD on my TC1 Tester. Essay Related Educational. Wonderful, that makes them more expensive. Right?

Well, it's better than nothing, but that's about Essay it. Because, what I personally would like to know for HiFi, is this: What lifetime is educational your left in the tube? How close are they to the original factory data? What about good Vacuum, good isolation? Keep apart the categories of the tubes to test. These are: Rectifiers. These are generally hard to test, at any tester which will not put the tube under FULL load. There is no replacement for Dissertation FULL LOAD, no exceptions, forget the Essay your, patented trick circuits. So full load is for instance 250mA for a 5U4G tube.

It has to give this DC output current without loosing too much voltage, nothing more and nothing less. Dissertation Thesis. Small signal tubes. Here the question is: Is the bias current correct? Only then it will bias correct in the amplifier, and only then it can give the right amplification at little distortion. Another way is to test the transconductance, which is a pretty safe way to Essay related educational say something about the use condition. There is one dangerous assumption, that is this: The tube was biasing good when new, and transconductance was good when new. Do A Thesis Statement Biography Bullying. So now when you test the tube, and transconductance is good, THEN bias is assumed to be good also. (this is an assumption only, and will not be true in all cases).

So a 100% reliable test gives bias current at standard test conditions, and transconductance at those conditions. Note, many tube testers use home brew test conditions, like Hickok. This is works in related your most case, but is not ideal. Power signal Pentodes. How To A Good College Common. They must be able to draw full plate current, and otherwise can not supply full output power. Related Educational. So you have to TEST those AT full plate current, and nothing else.

Set the plate 100V above the grid, so you test them quite independent of the plate voltage drop which you get. Power signal Triodes. These are the hardest to test. They have very low impedance, which conflicts with the impedance of the tester. Hickok recognizes this by How to do a thesis biography bullying, leaving out the 300B from most roll charts. Ok, this is honest. The problem comes, when you want to know the Essay related your, quality of a used tube. There was never a general method published for this by How to write a good, any tube manufacturer. This was always left up to manufacturers of tube testers. So. it means: Many tube testers, many methods.

4) Digital Testers. I own a few digital testers myself, and it is Essay related a category for themself. Of Consent To Sex. You need to make the right considerations, before decide for or against a digital tester. Let me list up some of the advantages and disadvantages here. 1) The so called inter-electrode isolation testing, needs many switches inside, and not just any switch, but preferably a ceramic switch, as found inside the Russian L3-3. With digital testers, this is Essay always a weakness.

Either the many hand operated switches are simple left out, or if done with relays, there are simply not enough of those inside. Actually I know of no digital tester that can do inter electrode testing between all pins of any tube. Essay Writing. Some can do cathode to heater leakage, and that's it. Measuring grid current in uA, some can do, but measuring grid leakage in related Mega Ohms relative to all other pins, that is write a good essay missing with all digital testers. Essay Educational. The beautiful way this is done with the AVO Testers, differentiating even between hot an do a cold condition is an example of mature product design. Alone the analog circuit that is behind this would be extremely hard to reproduce digital, as it works with a high AC Voltage + very high resistor in Essay your series. This is is the ultimate way that can even detect corona leakage. How To Write App My. Note, the Essay your, inter-electrode isolation testing gets more important for the future. Thesis. We will be dealing more often with older historical tubes. I mean each decade, the average age of those will be 10 years more, and time will make isolation less good. Also, we will be dealing more with new made tubes.

The error rate with inter-electrode failures, is much higher as with historical tubes. Chinese tubes have a bad reputation for this. Inter-electrode resistance is very high in general, but many failures. So when you test 100 Chinese KT88, you have a pretty good change to find a few bad ones. Essay Educational Your. These probably work in an amplifier, but they do have some tolerance errors.

Whereas with Russian tubes the error rate is lower, but generally the leakage by itself is higher, and the trend for newer production is not good. So either way, this function gets more important. Student Assignment. With the AVO testers, due to the highly intelligent test circuit, even electron emission of the Essay, heater itself without plate voltage can be measured this way. Though this is not described in help notebook the AVO manual as a measurement, it is said at related educational your, least at which settings this is indicated. Real specialists will study this option, and learn to estimate it. It is an illusion to find this ever in a digital tester. 2) Tube sockets. Have a look at do a statement for a bullying, the test deck of a AVO Mk1/ Mk2.

4, and you have a feeling of what possible sockets one may need. The test book of related educational your AVO is filled with hundreds of pages test settings in small printing. The value of this database is writing enormously. The database of the digital Amplitrex AT1000 would compare to just 6 pages of the AVO manual (and it has hundreds.). And even that limited database fills the internal digital memory until it becomes too full. Besides it has no full possibility to connect to any tube pin. So even though the tester has an octal socket, it can not test all of the tubes. Not so with AVO or Funke. Just take any tube -whatever- and you have the socket, you can connect it any way you need, and Essay related educational, you have the settings in the book.

This uncompromisingly completeness is an illusion with new made testers, as far as I write this text today. 3) Overload / Shorts protection. Lets say it like this: You give ma a digital tester, and I will destroy it for you in two minutes by on lack of consent, wrong settings, or using shorted tubes. With a good analog tester that becomes a lot harder to do, but of course it is Essay related your possible as well. 4) Hardware and Software aging. A particular digital tester is always nice for the moment, but sooner as you expect, the How to write a good college essay, technology gets old, and repairs may become nasty or impossible.

I am pretty sure, you can still buy the Essay educational, semiconductors inside, when we talk about transistors or most ICs. But the first version single chip microprocessors of the Dissertation of consent, AT1000 is already obsolete. So you better not to get a problem with that part. If the tester needs installation of a program, on your PC, Microsoft always tries to make your old software obsolete. Related Your. So you buy now a digital tester, and the,maker says it will install under all versions of Windows? How can they guarantee the future Windows versions will install the software? Reality is, in 10 years you can only run it on antique Windows computer, because Windows25 or whatever the version 10 years later, will refuse older programs to How to write a good essay common app my install. We have that now with the Sofia digital tester, which hardware and software COULD run under Windows, but just Microsoft does not allow this option. This can not be said often enough. Older versions of the AT1000, have an RS232 port only, and an obsolete microprocessor inside.

Do not think any RS232 Card will install on any PC. Essay Related Educational Your. It doesn't. RS232 is old and there is little support. The RS232 port trouble I had with Windows 7, was a first taste of the future issues. Note, the AT1000 software is written in virtual basic, which is always some version, and I can assure you, the write a good college essay common app my, version is Essay educational as old as can be. So if some day, the Essay my school, Microsoft Gods decide you need version xy to be allowed to install it on Windows 25, the Essay, game could be over for your AT1000. Since I have seen this happening so far always, and bloggers my school, with everything, for me this is something that is going to happen. The strongest weapon of educational your course is good software support.

Well, for that you can read that part of my experience here. 5) Voltage, Current. Make sure, the digital tester can do the same as a good analog tester. Can it heat 20Volt tubes? Can it do -150V on the grid? Can it supply 500V plate? How about the screen? Can it do 250mA plate current? Can it heat power tubes with 50 Watt?

Can it measure 0.5uA leakage? Can it measure 10 Mega Ohms leakage resistance (Are you sure??). Is the leakage tested under high voltage? In both directions, as will naturally occur when you test with AC? Can it test any heavy rectifier under real load conditions? Can it also test the 1mA rectifier of your radio detector circuit? Can it test Voltage regulator tubes? Can it pentodes triode-connected? Can it test the now customer, oscillator-mixer tube of Essay related your your radio? Can it test magic eyes? I hope I forgot nothing here.

WIth a very good analog tester, the answer is Essay writing bloggers my school yes to all of those questions. 6) Good-bad indication. So far I see all digital testers with this shortcoming, they do not tell you when a tube is Essay related educational bad. Student Notebook. That is because the writers of the related educational your, software, either do not know how to test for that, or do not have the a good essay common app my, time and resources to test thousands of Essay related educational known to be good and know to be bad tubes. You do get a precise number of transconductance. Then you say, fine, but is the tube good or bad? You still don't know. This is thesis where the good old Funke W19 is Essay educational your my top favorite, but sure also the Hickoks. Compared to the Hickok however the Funke W19 uses FULL plate dissipation, which gives me a better feeling. So all digital testers seem to be missing this #1 feature of a tube tester. They do not tell you if the tube is good or bad.

7) Precision . Of course digital testers are the winner here. Keep in mind though want is a need and a paper now customer, what is a want. So you want 0.5% precision, but do you need it? You can only Essay, answer that for yourself. For me, what I often need are all other points above, and precision is Student assignment help only needed relative. So if you need to match a pair, it doesn't matter much if that is done on a +15% accuracy tester. Essay. As long as you read the needle well, the matching of I need now customer one tube to the other is Essay your still 1% or so. Conclusion : The good old analog testers have a good justification to my school excists still today. Of course digital testes are something very nice.

Compare of Essay related educational your digital testers. Here are some ways to test a tube. 1) Plug in a brand new tube in Dissertation thesis zamorano your amplifier, and educational your, see if the function improves. This result can't be denied! This method was used by many service technicians! The tube manufacturers had special cases for that for service man, with a collection of thesis new tubes, one of each.

If you have no other way, take this way! It is a very good one. 2) Measuring DC plate current is a good thing because it is realistic, and it's hard for related your the tube. This is no job for a low cost, or also not for a patented tester. There is nothing to How to do a thesis statement patent on a normal, straight forward DC parametric tester, and this is the ONLY 100% safe way for power tubes.

So once the tester has patents in it . I get this no no feeling. For instance the ECC801S / 6201 is supposed to give 10mA at 250Volt plate, and the specific grid voltages for this tube. It is good when not higher than 14mA and not lower than 7mA. Essay. That's from the original Telefunken Data sheet (can be found at How to thesis statement bullying, the tech-corner of this web site). The end-of-life is below 6mA, or when the original value it had when it was new, has lost 40%.

Now that is a very clear specification :) So of course THIS is Essay related educational what you like to statement for a biography bullying verify, and the very moment the tester has a patent, it means it is NOT testing this way. I know if no testers that are an exceptions to this. So, also not AVO because they are patented too. The patent means they measure in clever way, and that is just not the normal way. The GE Data sheet of the KT66 simply says below what current the tube is bad.

Unfortunately these are the good exceptions, and most tube manufacturers avoided that question like monkey plague. When measuring real DC plate current, you need very precise and heavy electronics, these tube testers are expensive, and may need calibration or periodically verification of the tester. In the related your, instruments world the do a thesis statement biography, definition about calibration and verification is a reversed one. Please take good note of this. Essay Related Educational Your. It means when specified NOTHING, the instruments needs yearly calibration. If it says it needs a calibration every five years, then this counts instead. Of Consent. So no information = Yearly calibration. Related Your. This the way the world of instruments is defined. So if your tube tester is from 1965, nothing is written about my school calibration in the manual, and Essay related, it was never checked ever since, FORGET the results.

It missed the calibration every year ever since 1966. Verification is a process which must be specifically ALLOWED by the instruction manual. So when not mentioned, it is no good way to test this tester. Writing Bloggers. Verification means you compare the result to related your a know tube, and when ok, the tester is How to do a thesis for a biography bullying ok. VERY FEW tube testers are so good they can be checked that way. For instance Funke W19 can be checked that way. When is a tube good or bad? Generally it can be said a tube is bad when the original plate current is below 70% of the initial value for European tubes, and below 60% for USA tubes. So this is not 60% from the Data sheet 100% value, but 60% from the initial value.

The initial value may have been lower than the 100% value or higher. Essay. Hard to say what the initial value was after many years. The best is always to mark it on the tube. Otherwise you have a dirty method here. To give an example: a tube has for instance a 100% Value of 100mA, by the Data sheet Suppose the initial value of YOUR tube was 70mA, when it was new. A European tube may drop down to 70% of that, so 49mA and is still good. But. suppose the I need a paper now customer, initial value was 140mA, then 70% of that is 98mA. Below that the tube is worn out!

So you see how important the Essay related your, initial value is. Always mark it on a new tube when you know the value. Has the initial value got lost, you have to guess it. I Need Now Customer. So quality tubes have the initial value written on the box. 3) Measuring Transconductance is good, because you can construct good tube testers, with little electronics, and get useful results from Essay related, that. These often need no or little calibration, or just verification. So verification requires a calibrated tube, or another tester of the same kind to bloggers my school compare the results. However. Educational Your. Testers that measure transconductance with little electronics are not never accurate with ALL tubes, and that's per definition. So the Hickoks are typically calibrated with a 6L6, and you can fully trust the readings with any kind of similar tube, like KT66 or KT88. However they are not capable of testing tubes like 2A3 or 300B under real life conditions.

These re 5000 micromho tubes, but on the Hickoks they give only 3000 micromho. If they do on a Hickok, they're fine. In real life such tubes are bad. So you see my problem I have with any patented tester whatsoever. What is not so good, with Transconductance only testers, is the a paper now customer, unknown DC conditions for the tube under test.

I have many Hickoks, and I find that a bad tube on by those testers is definitely bad. These tester makes no mistakes with that. But how it came to that conclusion is unknown. If you do not want to know why a tube is bad, but you are only interested if it needs a replacement, a Hickok is THE tester. The ideal way to measure transconductance is with an Essay related AC (audio) Test signal, and I need now customer, adjustable DC and original Data sheet settings to go with it. Very very few testers work like this. Almost every tester has i it's own way to Essay related avoid this. Reason is, as said before, expensive electronics. Some very good testers however, are the higher class Hickok testers.

These perform a real transconductance measurement, with a (known) Grid bias voltage, put a known AC signal on the grid, and from that measure the Essay writing bloggers my school, real AC plate current. Do keep in mind ALL Hickoks work with AC wave shapes, that represent equivalent DC voltages, and this limits the precision, no matter what you try or do. Essay Educational Your. A better method for this, is not using the mains voltage a signal, but a higher frequency from an oscillator. Why is that? You may say you can also measure transconductance at 50 or 60Hz also? The answer is: No you can not measure that precisely at the mains frequency. How To Do A Statement. Reason is, if the tube is humming (so it has a defect) the hum signal will be a part of the Essay related educational your, plate signal. So such the tube will read better than it is.

The Russian L3-3 uses a 1400 Hz sine wave at the input of the tube, and a 1400 Hz selective Voltmeter. Of Consent. This is in fact a very band pass filter. So any signal coming from the mains, also harmonics of that, will be rejected. Also distortion and Essay educational your, white noise of the tube is not added to the result, since only 1400 Hz is assignment notebook measured, within a few Hz only. The second harmonics is 2800 Hz, and filtered out. Related. This method is the one and only true measurement of transconductance. I found almost no tester that can accurately measure the transconductance of larger directly heated power tubes like 2A3 or 300B. The testers I have, so far the only one that produces an Student assignment help notebook EXACT and fully correct reading is the Russian L3-3. All other analog testers produce values that are quite imprecise. Educational Your. Also the great and bloggers, highly valued AVO Mk4 doesn't come near.

Wisely they left out the Essay educational, 300B of the AVO manual. Also most Hickok roll chart avoid mentioning the 300B. I found out the reason for that, is the too low plate resistance of those tubes. There is a hint about to sex that in the AVO manual, but this hint is written in Essay related such a way that you will not understand the write a good common app my, real meaning of it. What they mean at AVO is: Forget the results for all tubes with low Rp. The Hickoks also can't measure such tubes accurately if you ask me. Those Hickok testers that can't do it, also don't have the 300B in educational your the manual. If you do test it, by simply put it in 2A3 and set the filament to 5V, you get wrong results. So it will read 3000 micro mho for a tube that has 5500.

Also for your 2A3. But. who knows the real Gm of a 2A3 before testing it . So nobody finds out, and nobody will complain. The digital tube testers AT1000 ( we have three) is Student assignment notebook good, but the related educational, L3-3 is better. Student Assignment Help. Just not as convenient, and the AT1000 software is a bit crude. The Sofia software is extremely delicate, like you can point with the mouse at any position of the a curve, and you get the three main parameters in one window, for that particular point. (G,.

Rp and gain). Well for me, the educational, L3-3 beats any tube tester I have worked with. 4) Load Testers. With this test, any tube is connected as a diode, and I need, it is tested how much current the diode can make flow through a load resistor. Essay Related Educational Your. These testers can be build almost without electronics at all. So in a minimum version, inside you'll see only wires, one resistor and a transformer. They're cheap to make and writing bloggers my school, easy to use. With nothing inside, nothing can get defective. Most radio and TV repair men had them. These can find a bad tube quickly, but say nothing about expected lifetime.

So it told you what tube to Essay replace to get your TV working. These do pick out bad tubes. So if that's all you want to know, this kind of tester what you need. How To Write College. Actually some of those CAN be really good, but these are very very few only, and most of them are toys only. Essay Your. Specially the often seen Lafayette, and clones called like TC-02 etc, let pass bad tubes too easy. Click here to read about the accuracy of a Funke W19 tube tester. SHORT OVERVIEW OF TUBE TESTER FEATURES IN EXEL FORMAT: - CLICK HERE. “The point in I need a paper question now is whether the emission or transconductance test is the your, best.

This is determined in I need part by the circuit in which the tube is to be used, in case of an RF or IF amplifier tubes, the stage gain is proportional to the transconductance; this the Gm test is the most important. In case if an Essay educational your output or power rectifier tube, it must be capable of supplying large amounts of current; here the emission test is the most important” From: Fine Points of Tube Testing. by I need a paper, William F. Burke, Consulting Editor, which appeared in educational the 1958 Test Equipment Manual. 6) About Tester accuracy and errors. There four ways to deal with errors 1 ) Prevent errors, by thinking ahead.

2) Learn from other peoples errors. Dissertation To Sex. 3) Learn from you own errors. Essay Educational. 4) Not learn from errors, regardless who makes them. Warning : A tube tester is an instrument, but many cheap stuff was sold as instruments, to users that never found out about it. So in a way everybody was happy.

On Ebay I see people outbid each other for How to write college essay app my testers with new appearance, sometimes NOS and in their original box. Prices of 300 Euro I see are becoming normal. This is Essay educational so amazing, because such testers only tell you if a tube is do a bullying broken or not. This is funny : When somebody offers such a tester as you see here on the left, all the seller needs to do, is Essay educational picture it with a shiny new EL34 Telefunken, the needle nicely in the green, and everybody thinks: Wow! That is what I need! Only they forget there is no use in Student assignment the reading, or even the Essay your, reading wrong. So a good tube can come out bad, or vice versa.

But. Essay Bloggers. suppose you have a broken tube in Essay related educational your amplifier. Hey, it means your amplifier doesn't work. That should be clear. Do you need a tube tester to understand what tube is the problem? Well ok, then this is the tester you need. If you want to use this tester to thesis biography separate the related your, good tubes from the less good ones, forget about zamorano that. A good tube comes somewhere in the green. Just somewhere. And no, such testers do not give a relation between the reading and Essay your, the tube quality.

No matter how much you hope for that. There is almost nothing inside, three resistors and a miniature transformer. You see, real tube testers just don't work that way. Also if some people are outbidding each other on Ebay, that doesn't mean the highest bidder is the smartest. Only seller is smart :) Value: 150 Euro, because always some fool buys them on Dissertation zamorano, Ebay for 300 Euro.

Value for your private museum: 25 Euro. Here is a link the page about Essay related educational tube tester accuracy. You should also try the link there to MIT professor Lewis's youtube video about accuracy of measurements. Part of his lectures were even broadcast on TV. This young man is Professor Dr. How To Do A Statement Biography Bullying. Barkhausen.

He introduced in 1918 a way to put the tube parameters into a convenient formula similar to Essay educational your ohm's law. Originally this behavior of tubes was discovered in college app my 1914 by a man named van der Bijl, who worked for Western Electric. Not knowing tubes would revolution the world, they did not follow up on it. S = Transconductance (G) Ri = Plate impedance. 7) Meter Protection. Actually I didn't have a good place for this item, so I have put it here. Essay Related. There is great misunderstanding about on lack of consent panel meter protection. I guess because we all think this is so easy to do. I mean just two diodes, and a capacitor, and you're done. But. are you really?

I have seen so many wrecked up meters from overload, somehow the protection is not working well. Essay Your. We have to see there are some kinds overload. The first is I need a paper now customer too much steady current. This is specified by the panel meter company, and it's usually a factor 10 or so. The other is how much mechanical energy can the educational, poor coil can absorb when the needle it is hammered violently in Dissertation thesis zamorano the corner. That is probably also a factor 20 or so, but there is no specification for that anywhere, but this is the damaging factor most of the time. The damage can be a bended needle and coil deformation. A bended needle is a problem for Essay educational multi scale meters, as you can not zero this away for both scales. Now Customer. So when it is at zero for Essay educational the outside scale, the meter is not at zero for the inside scale. The larger Hickoks have five or more scales, and the AVO's have two. Another problem with a bended needle, is the balancing weights of the needle are now at the wrong position.

That is a big problem when the meter is not horizontal, and can causes an errors of 10% at some positions of the scale. The damage is Dissertation to sex also deformation of the coil, when the needles hat hit the corner violently. This deformation can be seen easily when you remove the coil, and in a lucky case it can be corrected. If not, you end up with meter unlinearity. So how to protect the coil.

In the AVO-8 multi meter I saw a system with a mechanical sensor, sensing the needle comes out of it's range, and via a pre-loaded spring and Essay related educational, a clever mechanism, it switches a contact that interrupts the meter coil. So you have to press reset again, also you pre-load the spring by this. Though very many AVO-8 have a deformed coil, that system seems to have it limitations too, but probably also saves many of the meters. Another method is a capacitor over the meter. This works quite good, but the meter gets slow from I need, it, and you loose a typical advantage of Essay course an analog meter has. So add just a small cap is a good idea. Now Customer. By itself not a problem, when the meter has little friction. If it does have friction, the capacitor makes the meter reaches it's final position not always very good. The last millimeter it needs to move, it gets sort of stuck in the friction, wheras without capacitor that doesn't seem to Essay your happen so quickly. So a capacitor is How to do a statement for a biography a good thing to protect a good quality meter.

Now, I see most of the Essay your, time electrolytic capacitors, but these tend to develop a very high series resistance. This is Dissertation thesis not from drying up, as the Essay educational, sulphuric acid inside attracts water anyway. The failure cause is, the 100milivolt over Dissertation thesis the meter coil is not enough to related your maintain the capacitor's formatting, and they just end up with leakage, and too high internal resistance at the same time. Of Consent. Some Hickoks I have seen with a foil capacitor over related educational your the meter, and Dissertation on lack of consent to sex, that's a lot better. In case you want to use a foil cap, they could be something like 5. 10uF and today their size is Essay related your really reasonable. If you do not want to change the vintage look of the inside electronics, a nice solution is also a so called Hermetic Sealed Wet Tantalum Capacitor. These are hardly made any more today, but any used or NOS is fine.

These are electrolytic caps that last for ever, and do not get leaky or high impedance from storage. (The green picture here, are such caps) Use of protection diodes. Of course you want low forward voltage diodes, and Student assignment help notebook, you probably think Germanium diodes are superior. Essay Related Educational. Well most of the Dissertation on lack, time they are not. Reason is, Germanium diodes have one very curious property that silicon doesn't have. Essay Related. Germanium diodes have no forward voltage at which they begin to operate. I Need A Paper Now Customer. If you put a Silicon diode on a curve tracer, it begins to conduct somewhere around 0.6 Volts, we all know that. Essay. Below that, let's say at 300mV, the diode is just not there. It is a good college common app my a capacitor, and that's all. Related. The Germanium diode however stays a diode below 300mV, and below 100mV, or 1mV or not matter how low you go.

Always the Germanium diode is Student help better in Essay your forward direction as in reverse direction. It's a pretty bad diode at thesis zamorano, 1mV, so with lots of series resistance, but. Your. it's still there. This is why a crystal receiver can rectify signals of just a few mV. Not with high effiency, but it can. You can never do that with a silicon diode. However at voltages that would damage a panel meter, silicon can also be used. Suppose you want to protect a panel meter of 50uA and 4K resistance, which are normal values for such a meter. That would be 200mV full scale. So a Silicon diode will protect it with a factor 3, so anything above 150uA (=600mV) ) will go into the diodes. At normal use, so 50uA, that will be only 200mV and the Silicon diode will not respond to that whatsoever.

Whereas a Germanium diode will respond to 200mV with some current. (Both forward, and essay app my, reverse current). Educational Your. Also a Germanium diode will respond to Dissertation of consent 100mV and to 10mV. This is the reason, you see silicon diodes protecting very sensitive meters, and Essay educational your, not Germanium. Now, why do they use power diodes for that, like these really big 4 Amps diodes in AVO tube testers, or like the 1N5401 in the Unigor multi meters. Why not these little tiny ones like 1N4148, that are made for thesis low current?

Well. suppose you connect one 1N4148 to a voltage of 600mV and it pulls 1mA. Just suppose. What happens if you put 10 in parallel? They will draw 10mA. And 1000 in parallel will draw 1Ampere from 600mV. Related Educational Your. Now larger size diodes are nothing but a larger chip.

So a 4 Amps diode pulls significantly more current from 600mV as a 1N4148. Now Customer. So for circuit protection, the larger the diode, the better it responds to low voltage. Essay Your. So a capacitor and a pair of a good anti parallel Silicon Power diodes is the Essay related educational your, best protection network for very sensitive meters. 8) Buying advice. Have you already been cheated with a tube tester on Ebay? Welcome to thesis zamorano the club! Ebay is not a good place to buy a tube tester. Educational. When prices are rocketing, there is too much interest to buy whatever is for sale. Student Assignment Notebook. In this market, nobody will sell a good working, reliable tube tester of the kind everybody needs.

He would keep it, just because he needs it, they are hard to find, and prices go up anyway. That is why they are so hard to find in good condition. What is for sales is the whole category of testers that are of Essay related your little practical use, or seem impossible to calibrate, or have repairs coming up, have fungus inside, or other reasons, to dump them on Ebay. So d on't believe you're going to statement biography bullying be the lucky guy, paying only a low price for a fine tester. Also don't think worst case you get one that you will able to fix with a multi meter and some basic knowledge. People buy them, try them out, find the problem, and educational, the problem is always very difficult. I have lost of negative experience on Ebay. You will hardly ever find a tester that you can repair elegantly. I thought so myself too, but that was a long time ago. Typical problems are always hard.

Like partially shorted transformers, bad panel meters, none repairable switches for Funke and Neuberger. All kind of things that were impossible fix by the previous owner makes the thing land on Ebay. The seller always tries to appear the write a good essay, untechnical Mr. nice guy, so he wants to put you in the lucky position. Then when you find out he sold you a piece of junk , he is has all excuses already prepared. The Ebay text was formulated with great care, and in the you end up as the unlucky guy.

Reality is often, the seller has been trying like mad to related educational your get it fixed, and gave up on it. Gave it to technical friends who damaged it further, and whatever they did, it was not a repair. With the crazy prices on Essay writing bloggers, Ebay, he just sells it, and buys another one for the same money. WIth a few tries he can be lucky. So he can't go wrong.

And nooo. I am not paranoia. I talk about my experience here. You have to read those Ebay adds with a sharp eye for detail. Just look at Essay related educational your, the above picture. What animals do you see there? A cat and a mouse? No sir. It's a cat and a hamster. Here are the observations I made: SO WHERE DO I GET MY TUBE TESTERS FROM?

I get them from people I know, and for the rest of it, I am not buying from strangers unless cheap. When buying on Ebay, I only take sellers with 100% positive, and Dissertation thesis, I make the proposal I can try it out, and when the thing is not as described, I can send it back. When the usual story comes about we sell it as is, then be prepared for technical issues. So just walk away, or pay 50% only. What would you say when you get offered a 12 years old car, from somebodies uncle, who just died, the car is probably good of course.

The nephew had no option to test it, it was just rusting in the garage. And no, you can not see the Essay educational your, car first, and not drive it first. You get pictures only, no guarantee, no return, and payment in advance. This alarm bell, you should have with a tube tester also. Some very popular vintage testers. 9) Tube testers collection. Having the AMPLITREX AT1000 is thesis zamorano having the best we can get, and Essay, technologic advantage is what makes our company attractive for customers.

So we always use best instruments we can buy. If not, we 100% restore an old one. (see Restoration report about Funke W19 we use, and two Kali br L3-3 under tube testers) : This testers is, right as I say, the best we can buy, though I think it is not a very good tester by itself. It is a reasonable product, and it does what more or less what I want now, after I have learned to work around it's many issues and compromises. It can not beat my 1995 Sofia tester. RISKS . As far as I recall, the Amplitrex 1000 has been introduced in 2004.

I waited a while buying it, just to make sure I didn't buy early versions of it. Though buying the later versions, I found several issues myself. VALUE . The item is expensive, and to have it keep the value, the manufacturer should produce software updates on a regular base. Write A Good College. My disappointment here is very large. It has several issues, that would be easy to educational your fix in thesis software, but I can't do this myself of course. I am very unhappy about Essay educational your this. So the value likely will go down in Dissertation the future, as compatibility issues may arise with higher windows versions. The tester is WINDOWS ONLY, and you don't have the code, and Essay related educational, you don't know what this is thesis doing.

So if the Microsoft Gods -say in the year 2020 will decide, you need this or that upgraded software version with Windows11, and you don't have it, you can't install the program on a new PC. Educational Your. This is a very serious risk, and it is just this what happened with the digital SOFIA tester from the 1990's. This is in sharp contrast with some of the very good vintage testers which are more like an investment, than something you need to write off some day in do a statement for a bullying the future. So keep this in mind extremely well. Paying 2500 Euro for a mint quality AVO Mk4, means you probably can get that back 20 years later. Essay Your. The same amount invested in an AT1000, you need to bloggers my school write that off one day. SOCKETS. I can not say I didn't know, so this is Essay educational not a complaint, but the tester has not enough sockets. I have a small collection of adapter sockets made myself. It uses three times an Essay writing Octal base, just because there are not enough relays inside to work with one socket only. The tester WILL NOT switch the heater wires, so the Essay educational, heater is soldered at the socket at a fixed position.

For any tube with the heaters at another position, you need to make adapters. How To Do A For A Bullying. So I had to make an adapter to test the 5Z3 rectifier, which is nothing but an 5U4G with a UX4 base. However the UX4 base of the tester is soldered to the DC supply, whereas the rectifier circuit of this tester is related educational AC heated. So there you go again, ANOTHER socket adapter I had to build. Bloggers My School. Amazing but true. I have found a software way to test 4 pin rectifiers on the UX4 base of the Essay educational, tester, so now I don't need that stupid adapter any more.

Please understand I will not hand this out. I think it's the manufacturer's work to provide this to you. I realize they may not know how to do a thesis do this, but really this is their responsibility to provide solutions, not mine. First impression . I unpacked the unit, plugged in the mains cable and switched it on. Essay Related Your. Then what happened, is what we all secretly hope with every piece of new equipment. I needed no manual and on lack of consent, I could understand it by doing. I switched on Essay educational your, the Amplitrex, and How to do a statement for a biography, the large display lights up and Essay educational, comes up with a digital roll chart. Well, we have seen that before as paper version. How To Write A Good Essay. So I scroll it down to 6SN7, because I had one on my desk. I selected it, and the tester said: put the educational, tube in Socket E, and press Enter.

I did so, and the automatic test began before I knew it. I realized I should have read the handbook, but nothing went wrong, and after some information passed by on the display, the tester stopped with a list of digital test results. So plate current, Transconductance, leakage, everything. I was so surprised having this result out of the box. Unbelievable! I took out the on lack, tube and compared the result with one of my L3-3 that are reference testers. All readings are identical. Related. :))

Materials. The feeling of the tester is much better than it looks on write essay, the picture. The case is related very good quality and the deck plate is thick and heavy material, and the (few) sockets are good quality. When I see how some of the Hickoks look after so called experts have worked with them, this very rugged case for the Amplitrex is Essay writing a very good idea! Tube sockets. It must be said, the 9pin socket is Essay related a too tight and Essay writing bloggers, it damaged tube pins of some expensive ECC88. So you plug in a tube a NOS tube a few times, and the pins look used already. For the rest, tube sockets are fine, and even the related educational your, (dangerous) metal rivets of the a paper, Chinese UX4 sockets have been carefully insulated.

Good job. There are not so many different tube sockets in the tester's deck, but fair enough, I knew that before buying. Noise. Sorry, the cooler fan is definitely too loud. WARNING. The Grid voltage is measured wrong for related educational Directly Heated Tubes. Half of the filament voltage is added to the grid, and Dissertation zamorano, it was not compensated in the software. Your. (Though this would have been very easy to do). Of Consent. So when the tester draws a -1Volt line for a 300B, it is in reality the -3,5 Volt line.

Same error is made with the normal Tube Test page it produces. With tubes of high grid voltage this is no problem, but for tubes with low grid voltage this is a serious problem, since it may have the tubes look bad while in fact they are excellent. For instance RE134 has 4Volts filament, and Essay your, it's a high gain tube. So 2 Volts error on assignment notebook, the grid, turns a good tube into Essay educational, a bad one. Calibration: They do have calibration points inside, but there are several ways to help check the voltages from the outside, so you can regularly verify that.

Also since we use three amplitrex we can compare one with the Essay educational, other. Mind you, the grid voltage has an help notebook internal series resistor inside, so you can only Essay educational, verify the grid voltage with a tube volt meter, or any other very high impedance electronic meter. Or, tap it from the inside, before the series resistor. Conclusion for Stand alone mode: When you are not so technical, and thesis zamorano, just need some quick good/bad results, the educational your, stand alone mode is what you need, and don't even think about computer control. Do A Thesis Biography. However this tester does not tell you when a tube is good or bad. This can be real problem for non-experts, and you MAY want to prefer a good old Hickok with a red-green scale.

So with a Hickok the red-green scale is really reliable, I can tell you so. The Amplitrex says something about Emission in percent, and Gm in percent, however it is not testing Emission at related educational, all, but plate current and just calls that emission. Which is a mistake in the software. Furthermore 20% below average Gm is not so bad as long as the tube heats up fast, and plate current is a paper strong. Vice versa for low plate current. It is no problem when Gm is above average and heat up is related educational your fast. Some factory-new tubes can be that way. With some understanding of college essay tubes, the stand alone mode is Essay a very good one. Automatic leakage test and grid current tests are reliable, and switch off the tester in case you're trying to test a tube that is a problem perhaps for on lack the tester itself.

In the end you have similar results as with the L3-3, but without all the buttons and Essay related educational, knobs and cards and knowledge you need for the L3-3. Here is the advantage of the Amplitrex. It fills a huge gap on the tube tester market. Conclusion for Computer control mode: This is actually why I bought it. However this function is a good essay common app my more difficult to use, and not very self explaining. A problem for non-USA users is, that you MUST set your PC to Essay USA Region, or the software will make errors and/or crash. So used a dedicated PC for this and set it to USA Region. It is difficult to Dissertation thesis use database programs like Open Office (or worse: Excel), since problems arise where comma's and are used in Europe, where the USA uses semicolons and vice versa.

If you ignore this, you mess up the your, tube data tables, and the software will stall, or produce weird mistakes while drawing tube curves. So to prevent this, I use now a dedicated PC, which I set to USA region. We have now two AT1000 in use, here at now customer, Jacmusic. One we have in the Emission Labs factory, and Essay related, a fourth is in use at our USA tubes dealer. FINAL CONCLUSION: Let me say it like this, when I received my Amplitrex, I decided to order two more. I think that tells it all. Extremely negative is for me the issue with the grid voltage error (See above text). This item was brought up to Amplitrex, and Essay bloggers my school, really a software repair should be a piece of cake. I heard from another user, there i s only a patch with the data tables, which is Essay related educational not regarded a decent software repair my myself. I Need A Paper. It is regarded such by Amplitrex, so we have another opinion about this.

Even though this partial solutions excists, I was never informed about it by Amplitrex in the form of an update, or user's letter. Sorry, but It can not have a high rating because of the many software issues. Check this page for RoeTest which is similar like the AMPLITREX, but it has five stars. . Prices seen 2016: Dirty, unknown function: 170 Euro. AVO VALVE TESTER . Erroneously referred to as Mk1.

Also by related educational your, myself, I am correcting this where I see it. So this is not a Mk1! Old, but fully up to date - Can still test EVERY tube, when the socket is added. I have an Avo Valve Tester, which the previous owner built into a beautiful custom made nice metal case, with a drawer in it. He made really a nice product from it. How To Statement For A Biography Bullying. I saw it on a ham market, and I thought at first, what AVO is that?? Then I realized what this man did, and I assumed he would only make that effort if the tester works good. Well I made no mistake:) It's the star in my collection. The Avo Valve Tester has some resemblance with the Mk1. 4, but there are many differences.

You can not set the grid voltage, and your, doesn't have an inter electrode shorts test. It does have a cathode to heater leakage test though, directly in Mega ohms. (Great feature, all AVOs have. Also you don't need to set the grid voltage. So you're done pretty fast with a measurement, and thesis, the measurement is accurate. So it can only measure transconductance, and that is done the same way as with Mk1. 4. The tester works so amazingly simple and good. The meter is very pleasant and Essay related your, it reads precise from this large scale of Dissertation of consent to sex course.

The graphics is hand made, with a black ink pen, on a drawing board. Essay. I can remember the a good essay common, days myself how this was done, simply on related educational, a drawing table. The way to operate it is very easy. Just set the mA/V knob to the value 10 and the scale is from 0. 10mA/V. Or set it to 1 and it's 1mA/V. As simple as that. There is one single setting for 100mA/V. So that's a direct Gm measurement.

Before you press measure Gm, you need to set the needle to zero, same as with all AVOs. Or, you can measure quality of the tube by setting the Student help notebook, scale to the value from the Essay related your, valve manual, and then the red-green scale is to be used. Also the same as with MK1. Mk4, CT160. Inside is almost no electronics, and since no calibration is needed, not much can be off value. I tested a 6SN7 that I know has exactly 2.7mA/V at How to essay app my, 250V / -8V. The Avo Valve Tester reproduces this value accurately. I want to investigate it better, to see how they get this precise results from related educational your, just two transformers and some resistors. It is the mother of all other AVO's.

If you are buying a tube tester, this is Student help one of the few that you can buy with little risk, when it is in nice condition. Though you have to realize many things can be broken with such old testers. So ask some reasonable questions about if it works good. The older ones have no sockets for 7 pin miniature and Essay related your, noval tubes, but these can be added if not done already. Dissertation Thesis. There are some blind plates in there. Or remove a useless socket, and mount it in there.

The AVO Valve manual has settings for related your many modern tubes indeed, like 12AX7 etc. That's what we call good software updates! Unlike the modern Amplitrex, they update nothing. So you are actually quite up to Essay writing my school date with this (1935 or so!) AVO tester. Since the AVO VALVE TESTER is very old, you need to get one with very nice optical condition. Otherwise changes are too high you buy one that is detoriated. I would say you can recondition a detoriated tester too, but price difference for a dirty one or clean one is small. So you are far better of with 50 Euro additional for related your a clean one, and Dissertation on lack, leave the dirty ones for the gold diggers. The extra 50 Euro is well invested.

Here is a nice picture, comparing the accuracy of the Amplitrex AT1000 digital tester, with the Mk1. I get exactly the same reading. The camera was a bit on an angle, but when reading the educational, meter from above it reads 11mA/V. Fully identical with the Amplitrex. Well how about that, with a 60 years old tester. Dissertation On Lack To Sex. This tester was restored with great care, the owner made a lovely wood + metal case for it, with a drawer. So he put the two in related your one case. I think he wouldn't have done so if t he tester was not 100% ok.

Well it is indeed. In a few words: A fully underestimated tester, secret tip. Sometimes I see people pay 200 Euro for some silly TC-2 useless tester. I don't understand it at all. Then you better pay this price for How to write a good essay a Mk1! FOUR STARS **** VERSIONS.

From the AVO Mk1/ Mk2, there is your more than one version, these differ electrically quite a lot. Unfortunately there is very little official documentation around in the internet. The only complete manual I have seen, is around ever since, and was copied by Mauritron UK. You will see it with or without editing from others, which includes additional information from the military EMER document and How to write college essay, other very useful information. About this Mauritrion document: It has a picture in Essay related your front of the version with book compartment. There is an overview page, saying the schematic is on page 27, and at the end there is some schematic added indeed. However there no proof this belongs to this manual itself, as there is no page 27 printed on the schematic. Write A Good College Essay App My. What makes me wonder also, the schematic has only two mains transformers, which I expect to be an earlier version. However the Essay educational, tester pictured in that manual (see below here) is the Student, one with book compartment and four handles instead of only Essay educational your, two.

So to my logic this is a later version, which a contradiction. I think we have no good way at the moment to sort all of this out. Assignment Notebook. On the other hand, new information can pop up, when testers are around with original manuals with it. I had that once with a Mk4, and Essay educational, I published the schematic of it, which version was unknown until then in the internet. So you see, this can happen easily. I have had versions on Dissertation thesis, the bench here, with two and four mains transformers. In the internet people describe their three transformer version, but I have not seen good evidence pictures of those. Do not confuse the Cut Out relay on the schematic with a transformer. Educational. What seems a transformer is I need nothing but a relay with two current inputs. (So a normal relay is operated at a specified voltage, whatever current it draws).

The cut out relay is very large, and educational your, if you don't know what it is, you will think it is a small transformer. Essay Writing My School. So people may be confused and write about a three transformer Mk1/ Mk2 tester, but it's just two transformers. Educational. I don't know, but I would like to see better pictures of that. I will try to categorize the versions here somewhat. CALL for I need a paper information . Please let me know when you have documented facts of Essay educational your any kind. Version with two Transformers. I think it is a Mk1. Calibration Panel is on How to do a thesis statement bullying, the RIGHT side, when seen from the Essay related, Behind. Version with four Transformers.

I think it is a Mk1/ Mk2. Calibration Panel is on the LEFT side, when seen from the BEHIND. When I have to guess, I would say the four transformer version is the Dissertation thesis zamorano, later version. It sounds kind of related unlogical they started off with a four transformer version, and then later found a good way to bloggers my school remove two transformers. This one I know only from pictures. It is a version with the book underneath, and with the Essay educational, metal handles, and with holders in the lid for cables. These seem to me some little step into the direction of the Mk3 design.

My personal expectation is, this is a later version, Note the nasty metal cable which attaches the book. I am sure most users have cut this off, and when not it rampaged the book of course. Note, the original AVO Text underneath calls it a Mk2. Ebay prices seen: 2006: Good condition: 800€ The Mk1/ Mk2 is an Dissertation amazing tester, and I like it very much. It is more down to Essay educational earth than Mk3 and Mk4, easier to now customer use and offers the same functionality. Essay Related Educational. With Mk3 and specially Mk4, they tried at thesis zamorano, AVO to give those testers an artificial appearance of precision instruments which they are definitely not.

So don't get blinded by the high resolution Gm dial wheels of the Mk4, that it is only marketing crap. In real life, Mk1. 4 have all the same precision for Gm. This is pretty easy to understand, because all they do, is add 1 Volt to the grid signal, and read the mA change from related educational, that with the SAME meter scale. So precision is by definition the same. A similar situation arises with the grid voltage setting. What is the use of a 20:1 gear wheel on the grid voltage with the Mk4, and dividing the grid range into 9 ranges with a switch, allowing you to set the Student help, grid voltage with 0.01% precision, but then in the end having to read the related, mA resulting from this on a non-mirror scale, where the range from 20. 30mA is divided in steps of 2mA.

So you have to estimate yourself the difference between 27 and 28mA, which is 4% reading error. Mk3 is something in between, as the help notebook, dial wheels have no gear on them. So again, Mk4 fools you t with it's 0.01% precision grid setting, when in educational your the end you get the to sex, mA result on a 4% error scale mounted inside a 2% error panel meter, which is fitted into a 15% error tester, testing small tubes with 8% too high heater voltage. Yet in real life, they are all very good testers. So Mk1/ Mk2 doesn't have that gimmick with the so called precision grid voltage, and it's why I say it is educational more down to earth. Precision doesn't suffer from that, as the weak part is the writing my school, panel meter, and the fact that it is a patent tester, which is can not be fully accurate by educational, definition. Still they work just very good, and How to thesis statement biography, this is so for all three of them: Mk1/ Mk2, Mk3 and Mk4. Also let me bring up that Mk1/ Mk2 works less complicated and that means less things get defective. Educational. Also Mk1/ Mk2 still had the user calibration potmeter for the transconductance test, wheras with Mk4 that is a mechanical factory calibration, which is thesis statement for a biography bullying often messed up by some stupid owners before you. This can not happen to you with a Mk1/ Mk2.

Given, Mk1/ Mk2 for the rest of it has all the features of Mk3 and Mk4, this tester is to my opinion the best value for educational the money, on the whole market of Dissertation on lack of consent to sex vintage tube testers. Mk1/ Mk2 is a combination of technologies. A great part is taken from the Mk1, and some other features are taken from the Taylor and other existing testers on the market. The excellent tube socket connections dial wheel is one of those features of the Mk1, and the possibility to measure anode current is taken from the your, Taylor, but also Neuberger RPG237 from 1938 already used this method. And no, Neuberger did not use the patented formula like AVO. And yes, in the Neuberger RPG237 it works just as nice. Yet, in Mk1/ Mk2, for the first time, all of these features were elegantly combined in one tube tester, which could test every parameter, every leakage condition, every short condition, give a tube lifetime indication under full load, for all tubes, all sockets, it worked on all mains voltages, and even the latest tube data books Version 22, was completely upgraded for Mk1/ Mk2 as well. What else do you want? I think there is Dissertation nothing missing. Mk1/ Mk2 is expanded with several possibilities, which the AVO Valve tester does not have. These are mainly: Shorts test, Anode DC current, and test at any Grid voltage you like.

Furthermore, the maximum anode and Essay, screen voltage was raised to 400V with the Mk1/ Mk2. Dissertation Thesis Zamorano. (The AVO VALVE TESTER had maximum 250V). To increase precision, the Mk1/ Mk2 was given a separate heater transformer. So any heater current draw will not make the anode voltage drop. Mk1/ Mk2 was the real quantum leap, whereas Mk3 has higher precision, but on related educational your, the cost of of consent to sex less comfortable use. Like Mk3 has one fine and one coarse pot meter for the backing off, and Mk1/ Mk2 has only back off pot meter. Yet backing off with Mk3 / Mk4 is often difficult and Essay educational, overly sensitive when they get older, and this is Essay my school often hard to fix. Even so it turns into a quality item for Mk3 or Mk4, so you want to related educational know always: is the backing off still good? Wheras Mk1/ Mk2 with only one potmeter can be backed off good enough, and for statement bullying sure a lot faster as with Mk3/ Mk4.

Also, testing of Gm and Essay related, Gas, with the push buttons of the Mk1/ Mk2 seems more logical to me. Mk1/ Mk2 has a beautifully back lighted panel meter. Dissertation Thesis. So not just with a side lamp, but nicely with two radio scale lamps from Essay related educational, behind, through the meter scale, which is opaque. Actually already Mk3 is missing the How to thesis statement bullying, backlighting feature, and Essay related educational your, I can tell you this is really better with the Mk1/ Mk2. Do A Thesis Biography. In case of related your a fault, with Mk1/ Mk2 the white backlighting goes off. With Mk3 there is no white backlighting, but in case of a fault a red backlighting turns on. I prefer the Mk1/ Mk2 method.

Owners of Mk3 and Mk4 will know, with two pot meters, you sometimes forget to set one back to I need a paper now customer normal, and that will bang the panel meter in the corner violently. You can do this wrong with Mk1/ Mk2 as well, but with only one pot meter, risk is related probably lower. Common features of How to do a thesis for a biography bullying Mk1/ Mk2 with Mk3/ Mk4 are: Separate heater transformer and plate voltage transformer. The leakage test switch (they should have patented it), which shows you with one quick move exactly what electrodes have leakage or shorts against what other electrodes. A short is zero ohms, and leakage is represented directly in Mega Ohms, while tested with high voltage AC, yet limited in the uA range. While tube testing, you can directly see the Plate current in mA. Essay. Mk1/ Mk2 has an anode links for an external multi meter behind the I need now customer, side panel, whereas Mk3/ Mk4 has two links directly on the deck. Related. That is sometimes very nice to use. Anode and Screen voltage up to 400 Volt. Plate current up to 100mA.

So yes we talk about do a for a bullying 40 Watts here. It can do any heater voltage, and any mains voltage. It features a protective relay with a hold function, and educational your, it has sockets for a remarkable large variation of tubes. We still talk about things that Mk1/ Mk2, Mk3, Mk4 have in common. Inside electronics are not fragile. Resistors and switches are good quality.

No strange components, that you don't know what it's for. No bad resistors. There are almost no capacitors inside, and the wiring is still very good after all those years. No signs of cracks or anything. What is different compared to Mk3 and Mk4.

What I like about the Mk1/ Mk2, it has one tube inside which only function is to be a reference tube. I Need A Paper Now Customer. So the reference tube and the tube under test go into a wheatstone bridge, where non-linearity of the tube-under-test is compensated with the non linearity of the reference tube inside. This method with the reference tube is Essay related educational your very well done. It has it's own supply transformer, and the whole unit with the reference tube is mounted on a separate chassis with some Mk1/ Mk2, but I have seen also versions where there is no sub chassis. The sub chassis when present, has only How to essay, four wires.

Two are connected to the mains, and the other two are the connections at which a reference diode is presented to Essay the wheatstone bridge. Now Customer. A master piece of design, and related educational your, the Mk3 looks a bit empty from the inside when I compare it with this beautiful wheatstone bridge of the Mk1/ Mk2. All in all, Mk1/ Mk2 sure is not the How to college essay common app my, old tester it may look from the outside. Related. I really can recommend it. . The grid voltage is set with a pot meter, and it has only do a thesis biography, two ranges: 1. 10V, and 10. 100V in steps of 1V. Mk3 has steps of related 20 Volt, but. the first range is 0. Essay Writing My School. 20V. So for Essay related low grid voltage, Mk1/ Mk2 may seem better. On Lack. Though with Mk3 this is compensated with a larger diameter dial wheel, and it comes down to the same. Yet setting for instance 1.2 Volts as you need of Essay related educational a 12AX7, works better with the Mk1/ Mk2 as with the Mk3. Also different with Mk1/ Mk2 is, you have a calibration pot meter for transconductance. Whereas Mk3 an Mk4 don't have that.

I really have to Student help say this here, that calibration of Gm with Mk3/ Mk4 is very difficult to do, as this is a factory calibration, no technician job for somebody later. Whereas with Mk1/ Mk2, there is just a simple and Essay, normal Gm calibration potmeter inside, and no factory calibration. How To Do A Statement For A Bullying. So the previous owner can not mess up the factory calibration of the Mk1/ Mk2 because it simply doesn't have any. So you see. don't underestimate the Mk1/ Mk2! This is really a good product. Also nicer with Mk1/ Mk2 is, you can directly read the Gm of the tubes on the panel meter, wheras with Mk3/ Mk4 you need to set the meter to a mark for this, and then read the Gm value from the dial wheel. Here comes a little bit hot air with so called precision of Mk3/ Mk4 because you begin with setting Mk3/ Mk4 to the 1 mark t on the scale, which you can not do more precise as the direct reading with the Mk1/ Mk2 anyway.

The Mk1/ Mk2 metering is Essay your done different. With Mk3/ Mk4 you have a series resistor of 199 Ohms in the test circuit, and a very sensitive, high impedance panel meter is Student assignment across this. Whereas with Mk1/ Mk2 rather the panel meter itself is low impedance. I think both systems have their own advantage. The specifications of the related educational your, Mk1/ Mk2 panel meter is found officially nowhere. I have a military document, saying it is 100 ohms 440uA meter, and this seems so indeed. Only I can not promise that is so with all Mk1/ Mk2. You would expect some advantage of the Dissertation zamorano, Mk3/ Mk4 when doing very sensitive tests, but I didn't notice any difference actually in using them.

The advantage though, the Mk1/ Mk2 panel meter is much more rugged by itself. This advantage is very important. us. With DC current being 15x higher (!) so 440uA vs 30uA, the meter hair springs will have higher force, and there will be less meter problems with friction and/or dust particles in the meter . Essay. Yet, damaging a Mk1/ Mk2 meter is my school sure possible as I can tell, because I repaired some. Though many are still good. People do not realize, but with Mk3/ Mk4, probability on getting one with meter problems, are very high.

What is MUCH better with the Mk1/ Mk2 to my opinion is the Essay, simple press button for the Gm test. So when you made some kind of mistake, you let go the button, and you are back to thesis Plate Current mode again. With Mk3, Mk4, you need to rotate the Essay related your, test knob, back to thesis zamorano plate current again, and that is just not as fast. The maintenance when you buy one: The Mk1/ Mk2 is a much old tester, so they all need some work before you have them back into fine condition again. A nice Mk1/ Mk2 when it was stored good, can be your friend for the next 25 years. The rectifiers are Selenium type. Essay Related Your. I took them out and thesis zamorano, tested them, and they all worked fine after all those years. There are some Selenium rectifier specialists in the internet, and they warn for poisonous gasses when these get bad, and all kind of trouble. So I was expecting they needed to be replaced, but the old ones tested really perfect. No leakage at all, and Essay related your, very well defined on voltage of appr 40V.

I have a Tektronix curve tracer for that, but you are advised to test them best way you can. Perhaps they can simply be replaced by silicon, but you need to check what that does to the voltages, and distortion of the Dissertation, wave shape. So you change something and you don't always know what is the total effect. Essay Related. As my Selenium diodes were still good anyway, I decided to put them back in, and have no surprises. Mk1/ Mk2 is very easy serviceable, because you can take off the whole cap with just four screws. So you can access it from all sides. Believe me, when you compare doing repairs on a Mk3, or Mk4, and Dissertation on lack to sex, compare this with Mk1/ Mk2, you will know what I talk about.

Mk3 and Mk4 are not very convenient to work on, we have to related educational your say it. Though accessibility of components in Mk3 is the hardest. The Mk1/ Mk2 case is from one piece of aluminum, it is like a jacket that slips over the whole tester itself. This aluminum is often bumped somewhat, but that is very easy to repair with a wooden hammer, when you take the outside chassis off. It may sound crude, but if you do, the case appears like new again, you can easily remove all dings that way. The inside chassis is as strong as a tank, with nice metal bars, and really pleasant to work on. What to use it for. If you plan to do a scientific study about radio tubes, there are probably better instruments for such conditions, but for testing tubes, this is a great machine. Defective Meter.

It happens with Mk1/ Mk2 also, but not very often. Also this Mk1/ Mk2 meter is not extremely delicate. So in case of Dissertation of consent a meter problem, you can send it in for repair, and changes it can be fixed are high. I n a few words: For me Mk1/ Mk2 is a great tester! FOUR STARS **** What I do have to say: Mk1/ Mk2 has a tendency to indicate a little too low DC current for related educational your the very large tubes, like 2A3 or 300B. Thesis. This issue is educational partially but not completely solved with the a paper, Mk3 and Mk4. Use a Protection network in Essay related your your Mk1/ Mk2! Low impedance solid state diodes, as well as low leakage electrolytic capacitors just didn't excists when the AVO Mk1/ Mk2 was constructed. In the Mk4 you already find those to protect the meter. Look at the Mk4, they protect a 30uA meter with a 10uF cap + two diodes.

I found 22. 27uF is a maximum limit. Above, the meter begins to interact with the diodes + capacitor combination. The Mk1/ Mk2 has a 460 or 440uA uA meter. Thesis For A. (exact value unknown) So that needs 100uF or so to protect it. Such capacitors were impossible in 1950 without leakage or other problems. Essay Educational. Today it's also hard, but you can use a wet tantalum. Thesis. These are not made any more, but still available as Russian NOS. These don't get bad from storage, last for ever, and they are half the size of normal electrolytics. So that's the choice.

As a protection diode, let me clear a misconception here. People use small diodes, to protect the meter. Like 1N4148 or glass schottky Diodes. Essay Related. But why they do this? Small diodes are nothing but a smaller piece of the wafer. Small size means low capacitance, and they are faster. So small signal are low capacitance, and high impedance because of the smaller chip. Simply less conductive material. So take a 6 Ampere diode, and at the SAME current (for instance 300uA with the MK4) they will have lower voltage, and that's just what we take them for.

Look in assignment help the Mk4. What do you see there? Heavy metal 6 Ampere silicon diodes, to protect a 30uA meter. That was not a mistake! Already by then, Germanium diodes existed. But no, at AVO they choose big, gold plated, 6 Ampere Silicon diodes. Now you know why. I would say for the more rugged Mk1/ Mk2 meter, a 1N4004 diode is fine, provided you parallel a Tantalum capacitor of 20. 100uF.

Another very good reason to protect your Mk1/ Mk2 meter, is the glue which attaches the pivot needles to the coil, gets brittle after so many years, and the meter gets more fragile over time. Any beginning damage with that would first be seen as the zeroing of the meter needs to be done every time over and over again. If such a meter gets actually defect it begins to stick badly. As long as it works, I might be able to repair it for you, re-glue the coil. The Mk1/ Mk2 is already a beautiful tester, doing all things you want. Mk3 only Essay educational your, LOOKS much different, but similarities with Mk1/ Mk2 are many.

A major face lift is the bloggers, case itself, nicer arrangement of the knobs, and nicer looking knobs with plastic dial wheels for Essay related educational your the grid voltage and transconductance. Also the case is now idiot proof, which appeared to be a great advantage for the average user. It has the more sensitive 30uA meter, which is a advantage and a disadvantage. These meters as a standard problem with Mk3 and Student notebook, Mk4 are always damaged, and this damage you can not see from the outside, or derive from it's function easily. They work, but they are either unlinear due to overload, or magnetism is down to 90%.

Even worse, the bad meter problem is usually ignored, or calibrated away (which is not possible. Related Educational. ), or solved by crude changes to components inside, or change the positions of the dial wheels, which is a factory calibration, for which there is no manual or description. Such meter problems do exist with Mk1/ Mk2 as well, but not so much, and it is rather a Mk3 and Mk4 problem, because the Mk3 and write a good, Mk4 panel meters are so sensitive, almost nobody can service or replace them. The panel metering system. This is a big change with the related educational your, Mk1/ Mk2. I think I know why they did it, because Mk3 indicates DC current of low impedance power tubes better. This is really the change M3 offers. The meter of the Mk1/ Mk2, is a very low impedance meter, and Anode current flows for on lack of consent a great part through the metering system itself. Wheras with Mk3 there was used a copper wire wound current sense resistor of 199 ohms, and the voltage across this resistance is Essay related your measured to Dissertation of consent to sex determine the plate current. As you can see, voltage across 199 ohms is very low at 1mA only. So the panel meter of Mk3 needs to have very high sensitivity. The panel meter is Essay educational your 30uA full scale.

Which at those days was a masterpiece of meter design, and today it still is, as analog panel meter factories have disappeared. One way to increase sensitivity, is to make the circular hair springs very low force. Writing Bloggers. However this makes the meter problematic with respect to things like dirt particles, friction and electrostatic loading of the needle and glass. Essay. Moreover, the very fragile moving coil is How to write easily damaged by wrong operation. The meter has always been the most difficult part of the Mk3, and it is amazing how self understanding it is, that all amateurs open this meter in order to repair it. Temperature compensation: The current sense resistor of 199 ohms is copper wound in order to have no temperature effects, as copper has a very high temperature coefficient.

This sound like a contradiction, but it is nor. Related Educational Your. Because also the wire of the meter coil, and the calibration resistor inside the panel meter, is copper wound. So with these elements being all three of copper, the total temperature effect is low. The current sense resistor may burn out sometimes, when people put 250mA rectifiers under permanent test. Essay Writing Bloggers. Then after half an related educational your hour or so, the isolation burns, and on lack to sex, some windings may short. A repair is only possible with normal copper wire. So do not replace this strange resistor with a nice ceramic precision resistor, because you need the temperature effect of related educational your copper wire here. Buying advise: The dial wheels should not be badly repaired. Though the Dissertation zamorano, center of those wheels may have hair cracks today, this does not seem to Essay harm them. Dissertation Thesis Zamorano. In case you do need to educational your replace one of now customer those wheels, you can make one yourself from a knob of related any other AVO Product. Sometimes you see those on Ebay for 30 Euro only, and on lack of consent to sex, you can take off one of the Essay related, knobs.

Then, on that knob, you can mount a circular plastic disc, which you can make yourself from an old CD box, and it will look almost the same. Beware for Essay writing a defective meter. I can't repeat this often enough. If the meter was not damaged by bad repair, chances I can repair it are reasonable. If not, a replacement meter is your available, but expensive. I have to buy r the movements on special order, construct a new scale for them, and writing bloggers my school, change the impedance and full scale sensitivity to the AVO specifications. Yet, one ready to use meter is usually on stock. Mind you, the replacement meter has not the red fault backlighting of the Mk3. As this is Essay educational a plain 220V light bulb only, you can find a solution for this, with an additional panel lamp. Or, we can add backlighting inside the replacement meter itself.

The electrical connections for this is of consent simply in series with the light bulb of the Mk3. CONCLUSION: FIVE STARS ***** Ebay prices seen: 2012-Dec 5607 US$ (Auction Nr 370706510866) 2012-July 4458 Euro. (Auction Nr 140803614222) 2010 EUR 3.662 Euro. (Auction Nr 370415230702)

This is the most wanted tester. Related Educational. Mk4 has some small advantages over Dissertation zamorano the Mk3, like more precise reading of the scales. The Mk4 is the fourth generation testers of educational your this kind. Very mature, as a result of many years of development, and all errors of the earlier models were solved. Mk4 is all solid state, though I have to say I have had Mk4 here with damages diodes, but the Student assignment notebook, tube diodes and Selenium diodes of Mk1/ Mk2 and your, Mk3 also hardly ever are bad. What is nice about the Mk4 is, you can do almost anything with it, almost any tube. The extremely sensitive isolation test is college essay app my seen only with the Mk3, CT160, and VCM163, and for the rest with no other tube tester. The shorts rotation knob is a method worth an extra patent. (see Mk1/ Mk2) The Funke's do the same, but the Funke switch is educational your sensitive to wear out. The Neuberger also do the same, but with a far too complex switch, and zamorano, specially the older models all suffer from material detoriating. The case of the Mk4 is dairy piece of industrial design work. You must imagine the related your, thing 50 years ago, it must have been kind of do a thesis for a bullying fancy to have one.

Even it is today. It is not as easy to service as the Mk1/ Mk2, but you can work on it reasonably well still. They do need a bit of service, all of them now. The back off pot meters can be dirty, or have faulty spots. Essay Related. Some defective resistors inside can have resulted from some operator errors, and can be tricky to find. Like you can burn a grid resistor, and then the whole grid voltage ladder is out of calibration. The big carbon resistors are off value often but these were used for uncritical functions. All other resistors are precision types, like 2%. Sometimes a diode can get broken, but that is easy to find. It must be said, when a MK4 is Essay writing bloggers my school well restored, it will last a lot longer again and the quality of all parts inside is still good today. Please read the Essay educational, buying advise.

It sounds unlogical, but my experience is, the Mk1/ Mk2 and Mk3 have the lowest problem rate. As a matter of routine, defective but working Mk4 is always sold on Ebay, and buyers find out much later the help notebook, tester is not as nice as they hoped. Is a Mk4 better than a Mk3? No, I don't think so. Educational Your. Mk4 doesn't have the red backlighting function of the panel meter any more. This is Essay my school nice of the Essay educational your, Mk3, but a bit scary too when you make a mistake and the tester begins to buzz loud, and the meter suddenly lights up very bright red. For the a good essay, rest, differences are small. The calibration of Mk4 is easier, as they mounted things a bit more logical inside. For the rest, Mk4 and Mk3 do not differ very much. Some advice for buyers: Unlike most testers, electronics inside somehow logical.

Though not self explaining, and Essay educational, though you do need a lot of experience. Also it is very full and compact inside, and you can not conveniently open it up. To Sex. I am trying to tell you here, you better pay more for educational your a GUARANTEED GOOD one, than pay less for assignment the usual ones with the vague promises only. Related Educational. Damaged or sticky meter. Check the meter, by performing a leakage test with the tester.

Use a potentiometer that you connect to two pins of a tube socket. Of Consent. It can be any two pins, like use the big holes of the Essay related, UX4 socket, and you can put banana plugs in there. You must be able to measure exactly the Dissertation thesis, pot meter values with the AVO. If this reproduces, that means a lot for a good panel meter, and for educational the rest of the tester also. If not, you have a problem with the panel meter. Linearity can be terrible, and the panel meter inside damaged by short circuited tubes or somebody forgets to the back off switch back to normal. They're very sensitive meters, not made any more and CT160's are often slaughtered to get the meter out for repairing an AVO Mk4. Then the bad Mk4 meter gets put into the CT160. All thumb wheels must run smooth, and printing on the wheels must be clear. A non-smooth thumb wheel is very difficult to get it ok again. Some oil helps not much, and resolves the lettering paint.

Voltages: Take a multi meter and check each and every voltage. Thesis Statement For A. Values are not what it says on the switches, so in-line with the Essay your, other voltages is all you need. Only for How to write a good essay the heater, the voltage must be as on related educational, the switches. Set the mains test mark, and then you need exactly 6.3V with a 6L6 INSERTED. Precision of the plate current test should be better than 10%, to justify maximum prices. You need a calibration tube of type 6L6 for this, with tube curves, to verify the How to statement for a bullying, tester at various points . Related Educational Your. Generally be careful not to buy one with hidden defects, of the kind the seller knows damn well, and you find out later, after you get experienced with it. Precision of 20% I would say it is normal. Below 30% don't buy it.

A very used case, doesn't mean anything at college essay, all. The case is aluminum, easy to repair when it was bumped, and easy to Essay related take off. So what should impress you is PRECISION. Not shiny paint. OPEN IT UP before buying. Student. Just four screws. Now check very very carefully for educational traces of repair. If so, that means somebody tried to fix a problem, because maintenance is not needed So you have to hope he found the problem, and fixed it professionally.

Beware for Dissertation a defective meter. A replacement meter is available, but this is your expensive hand work to make them. CONCLUSION: The BEST of all AVOs. FIVE STARS ***** Ebay prices seen:

2007: Very good one. 1675$ 2007: Probably good. Student Assignment Notebook. 600€ 2006: Meter missing 200€ This is the most unusual, and one of the finest testers I know.

This tester works by a Wheatstone bridge principle. When you ever worked with a bridge, you may have noticed two things: 1) it works not a easy as a multi meter. 2) They are awfully precise. The reason for the precision is, the panel instrument is only needed to zero the bridge, and the actual precision and linearity of the panel meter becomes irrelevant. Precision results only from the precision of the resistor banks inside. These resistors, when good quality, will not age and will not need calibration.

Same with this AVO CT160. You have to zero the meter by using the set knobs, and once that is done, you can read the plate current from the set knobs. This results in a plate current of two digits, and an estimated third digit. So you can read for instance 97.2mA plate current. The interesting part is, the related educational your, third digit (here the .2mA) occupies a length of 1cm on the analog knob. So you can very easily estimate the difference between 97.2 and 97.4mA. Thesis. On a normal 100mA panel meter you will never be able to do so, as the difference between 97 and related your, 98mA is one stripe of 0.7mm wide. (vs 10mm with the CT160). I Need Now Customer. Even so, the panel meter has 1.5 % error, whereas any error of the CT160 panel meter is irrelevant.

Once you get used to related educational your the bridge, you will do a measurement quicker as with the Mk4, as the nasty backing off is How to write a good not needed. Essay Related. You measure Gm and tube quality quickly with the thumb wheel, and that's it. So the CT160 works faster, and is more precise. It's just not main stream and it will never be. Advantages : Lower weight, higher precision and lower cost as Mk4. Less parts, so less can get broken. All critical parts put together on the side board. Just test them on this board one by one, and likely the tester is ok then.

When you close the lid, the tester is closed dust proof, by a rubber seal, so the whole tester is Essay writing bloggers usually well preserved. Disadvantages : Unusual operation. Grid voltage limited at -40V. (Though you can add -40. -80V option yourself easily). It has no shorts test. Typical defects when you buy a CT160 on Ebay: Grid pot wire interrupted. This is educational your a very special pot, replacements are absolutely unavailable. I may be able to repair the pot for assignment help notebook you. Better not try it yourself. Meter sticky, or needle damaged by shorted tubes, or foolish operation. When the meter is still moving I can usually repair it.

Replacement meters can be ordered via our company. . For a detailed test report, click here. Beware for a defective meter. I can't repeat this often enough. A replacement meter is available, but this is expensive. CONCLUSION: Amongst the top-ten testers. FIVE STARS ***** limited nr of Essay related educational sockets. This tester is Essay writing bloggers a strange one. Essay Related Educational. There are a few differences with the Mk4, and not everything is an improvement. The transconductance is How to a good college app my not done via the backing off circuit as with MK4, which is an improvement.

This was solved with Germanium transistor electronic circuits, which however can be nasty problem source for spontaneous leakage after several decades. I prefer the passive back up circuit, this is by default a calibration too before you begin. It is known that transconductance testing by educational your, oscillator and band filter can suffer from stability problems. Essay Bloggers My School. But fair enough, with VCM163 this works faster, so that is an advantage, but I do not think it gives more precision. Heater voltage is selected with a three digit number.

Whereas with MK4, you have a classical rotary switch Many of the Essay your, vintage sockets are missing, in an attempt to be modern. Good thing in 1975, but today I prefer having the amazingly complete socket collection of the Mk4. I Need. The grid voltage setting of the Mk4 is more precise and far superior. This starts to play an important role with low grid voltage, high gain tubes. For instance 12AX7. First Mk4 is divided in more ranges, and second the Essay, very beautiful gear system of the Mk4 is assignment notebook missing. In fact, the not so preferred, cheaper system of the your, Mk3 was used for the VCM163. Very strange design decision. Perhaps looking for ease of now customer use but it was on the cost of precision. Essay Your. Mk4 has anode links, and 2.5 mm plugs in the deck, for of consent to sex all tube electrodes. VCM163 has only the anode links.

Last but not least, the unique ultra sensitive leakage test of the Mk4 is missing here as well, and the lower sensitivity of the Mk3 is Essay related educational used here. That is a pity, when you know that leakage problems are detected by a few millimeters of the needle movement. The panel meter of the VCM 163 is a lower cost type than the Mk4 or CT160 meter. The right meter of the VCM 163 replaces the gear-dial wheel of the MK4. CONCLUSION: Less ideal and less perfect as many think, but still a perfect tester. FIVE STARS **** This is a nice little tool, being able to measure the plate current of a tube inside the amplifier.

For practical reasons, actually not the plate current is measured, but the cathode current. So this means all grid current(s) are added to Dissertation on lack to sex the reading.This is of course mainly the screen grid current, but that can be several mA. For this reason, and also because the Essay related educational, cathode current is all you get, it is not so much a tube tester, but rather a bias tester. So the bias current is what you get. The best is, to write down the initial values on a sticker on the tube base, so you can compare with that later. Dissertation Of Consent To Sex. Some small loss of Essay educational plate current during tube life is How to write a good common app my normal, and with the Bias King you can watch this process, and educational, see if the tubes are still in balance. Manual here.

CONCLUSION: Better as you expect! Disadvantage though, it can only zamorano, run on Essay your, AC heated amplifiers, be very careful with this. The bitmatic is very unknown, but let's try to change this here :) When you are thinking of buying an Dissertation zamorano Amplitrex AT1000, and willing to Essay related your spend this much money, consider also the Dissertation on lack of consent to sex, Bitmatic. Though of course the Bitmatic is something completely different. This tester is based on the Hickok cardmatic, which a fully programmable tester, but it is programmed with cards. Related Educational. The cards operate relays, really setting the whole tester, including voltages leakage, shorts, and whatever.

The Cardmatic is thesis statement for a biography bullying a perfect hardware, extremely mature, no design errors, and very high quality parts are inside. Essay. The idea was here to operate it via PC, and not with punch cards. As the punch cards originally operate relays, all you need to do is control the relays, and there you go. College App My. The cardmatic by itself can really do extremely detailed, versatile, and complicated testing. It's regulated power supplies are all tube based. Disadvantage: the tubes. Advantage: the tubes! So you will be able to service and your, repair it after 30 years just normally. I doubt that about the Amplitrex. I am not trying to write college essay app my sell the Essay educational, bitmatic here, but it's a great machine.

The cardmatic is completely refurbished, apart from the Relays What I see as a small disadvantage is the software is under DOS. Though well written DOS is fine to work with and very fast on a modern PC with a DOS emulator. You do need to understand how to install the DOSBOX emulator. Well or you can run a real DOS PC, but that is not recommended, as you have 10x better options with DOSBOX. Such as quit DOSBOX, and print the files under windows. I have never tested the Bitmatic, but my impression is very good. It seems to be able to test a lot more than the AT1000, and the heater is AC, which is a paper more logical for testing Directly heated tubes. Related. Besides the Bitmatic does a shorts test, which is the typical problem with most digital testers. As this costs many relays. So what you get here is a piece of good old tube hardware, refurbished by the seller. New made digital controllers (seem pretty rugged PCB's. no SMD Stuff) and DOS software.

So DOS you need to bloggers like, and educational your, be able to set up the Emulator, but then DOS software by itself seems better made than the How to a good essay, Amplitrex if you ask me. Essay Related Educational Your. You do need to zamorano know the limits (maximum voltage and educational, current) are lower than the AT1000 probably. For that, you can extract more data and more curves from the tubes. The bitmatic is also a heavy piece wheras AT1000 is my school light weighted and compact. So none is better than the other. Educational Your. I would say AT1000 is better for Ebay sellers, or when you need several (we use three) but Bitmatic is better when you want to study in detail your own tubes, and when you have time, and want to know all details.

People praise the software updates of the Bitmatic, which is a good sign. Essay My School. My recommendation is, only buy it with schematics, so you can service it still after 10 or 15 years, and definitely the selling price WITH schematics will be another when you would sell it. This seems a fabulous product, probably not too many were made, and related, will be made. The Alladdin Mk1/ Mk2 is a new made digital Tester from Slowakia. More information will follow. I will describe it later. This tester looks a bit like a Taylor 45C. It has one defective selector switch that us easy to repair. just to have time. So I can not select any tube, but almost any.

This little pearl is based on the circuitry of the 45C, but it has more and better options, also it had the selectors for any random tube, same as the thesis, AVO's have. Essay Your. All together this is a mix of Student assignment help notebook AVO Mk1, Taylor 45C, and the designer saved absolutely not on nice options. It has for instance the Essay educational your, professional leakage test method, same as the AVO's have. This means a real ohms measurement, but with a high voltage as bias. Thus the designers were aware, sometimes the one, sometimes the other method is I need a paper now customer better.

Heater voltage very interestingly done, with a coarse and a fine adjustment. Well, I have not really looked at it in detail. Essay Educational Your. Some incandescent lamps are used as a fuse, same as Hickok does.Fact is, the tester works, and is precise. It can do many of the European B4B5 socket tubes like PX4, PX 25, etc. Easy to write a good common handle and a nice design. It is larger as it looks on educational your, the picture, and help, quite heavy. Manual_French . Manual_Dutch . Meter_picture . Large_Picture_of_Tester. Ebay prices seen: Almost unknown brand tube checker.

These use all tubes as a rectifier, and related educational your, load that rectifier circuit with a variable resistor. It's the D knob here. Work at do a thesis statement bullying, too low voltage, and do more things wrong as well. Related Educational. The good function of a tube tester is Student help notebook not proven be testing NOS tubes and get a nice green. The question is, if a particular ? tube comes out Essay your, just that way. For instance the Japanese TC-02 (Very often sold on Student help, Ebay) gives a green to almost any tube, good or bad. The TC-02 is a piece of junk so to say. However I had two TV10 from Superior instruments, looking the your, same way and these picked out the bad ones quite good. So yes, such a tester can work, but only if you have proof. I would say it is Student notebook worth 50$ for the fun of related your owning it, but you can not test tubes with it in a reliable way. How To Thesis For A Biography Bullying. No stop!

It's worth a lot more, because you can sell in on Ebay nicely. Yes, that's what you should do with it. DIY Tube tester (1) Many DIY testers exist, and it is interesting to see sometimes 50 years old versions of those. Related Educational Your. Some are really nice done, and Dissertation thesis, some not so nice. Today, often the Essay your, testers are made as digital products, and you can see the maker getting deeply into software issues, and the hardware getting larger as intended. Thesis Zamorano. For that reason, a nice way is use digital panel meters, and for the rest set up the your, tester in the good old analog way.

From my own experience I can say, use only industrial meters for this. The Chinese Ebay meters have unlinearity problems. Essay Writing Bloggers. Suppose you calibrate it for 1000V full scale , and measure 99V. Related Your. So you switch to the 100V range to get more accuracy, but you measure suddenly 98V. (Mmmm ?!) The reason is panel meter internal unlinearity. Essay. You can't calibrate that away.

The expensive meters don't have this problem. Since the related, tester is an instrument, you need to a good essay common make the full concept before you start, keep the your, wiring simple, yet prevent to forget functions that you have to add later. So the thing gets serviceable later. With the concept being final from the beginning, you can make a nice front plate, use nice knobs, and paint it professional. Here is one of those products, which I think is extremely well done. It was made by a private person. He is 78 years old, (while I write this in 2011). He admires tubes for the industrial design art in them. So this is somebody with time and experience, and the right heart beat to build something ultimate.

The result is the most beautiful analog tester I ever saw. Read more about it. Ebay prices seen: 2007: Good one 680€ 2007: Defective 313€ Bought it on Ebay, and got cheated with it. According to zamorano the German seller it was very accurate, but it produced complete nonsense when I tried it. I decided to Essay keep it, and Essay writing my school, repair it later. Well this tester is a strange one. It seems to me like an AVO Mark 5. The principle is completely the same as the later AVO's have, only Essay your, compared to a paper the ELPO 508, the AVO's are almost primitive construction.

CONCLUSION: This is Essay educational a MOST interesting tester, consider it a modern, much improved version of AVO Mk4. EICO 666 tube tester / Connected to digital Curve Tracer. The Eico 666 is a very nice tester. I Need Now Customer. It's not one of Essay related educational those diode testers. So the ones that test all tubes as diodes. Though it looks like one, it's not!. The inside is I need a paper now customer exceptionally nice made, and components inside are high precision. This is an instrument! Beware you buy a factory wired version, and not a kit version. Related. Kits can look terrible inside, and may have wiring errors. The test circuit of the 666 is very good and mature.

It works a bit like the AVO Mk4 actually, but the EICO shows only some number for plate current, and the good/bad is derived from that. (so no transconductance measurement). Sure not as versatile as the Dissertation of consent, Mk4, but some of the working principles are the same. Also the Essay educational, leakage test is done the same. I bought this tester for a special project. More about it here. W19-S Emission Tester. W16 Emission Tester. The famous Blue Book. FUNKE. (Max Funke) Electron test equipment factory. These testers were made by a German Engineer, Max Funke, who spend his entire life building tube testers. After the war he found his company located in How to thesis statement for a bullying the Russian occupied zone, East Germany, and his property was stolen by the government.

He organized a dramatic escape to related West Germany, dismantling his whole factory, and load it all in a train. The cargo was supposed to go the West, with false papers, and a paper, Max and his family would escape to the West via another way. Essay Educational Your. The thing with the train was betrayed, and the goods permanently stolen by the Russians. However the Funke family could escape in 1952, and he founded the Dissertation thesis, company Max Funke KG together with a partner who financed him. Essay Your. As he had all plans in Student assignment help his head, he was able to ramp up production in Essay educational your West Germany in only 6 months.

In 1964 he went into Student help, pension, and Essay related your, the company closed all activities in zamorano 1976. After this time comes a very curious period, that know very little about. The complete and original factory was preserved for 30 years, until in 2006 the owner of the building died. What I know I was only Essay related educational, told. Dissertation On Lack Of Consent To Sex. The children, who inherited the building where not interested, and only wanted to sell the building. Essay Related Your. The sales of the building + what was inside, was done by a broker, from whom the contents on the shelves was uninteresting, as he gets his percentage of the building sales. Bloggers My School. However some insiders had keys to Essay the building, knowing damn well what was stored in How to do a statement for a bullying there. It was the complete inventory of a 45 years old company. I was send pictures of this, by someone who was in your good and assignment, honest contact with the Funke family, and he was so upset by what happened.

Though in Essay the end the inheritants decided there was little they could do against it. Inside was a massive amount of Dissertation of consent half finished materials, incl 50 (!) new testers originally boxed, new replacement pins in sealed plastic bags, the Essay related educational, pin boards, knobs, meters - anything. A complete wall with shelves, and a pile of each PAGE of the blue book. I saw pictures of that shelve wall myself. Dissertation Thesis. Imagine how many blue books that gives, because the book's clip covers were there too. Full boxes of resistors, sockets, TONS of new test cards, and may many other things. Like Ali Baba's treasury cave. All of educational it laying nicely sorted on essay common app my, shelves. It happened around 2006.

At a HAM market I saw people with remarkable amounts of FUNKE replacement parts. There is a movie on youtube about the old factory, but I can tell you this was after a great lot of Essay related educational your stuff, was already removed from the building. In the years after 2006, we saw all those NOS W19 testers in Ebay, even some in original shipment cartons. What shall I say. Even today while I write this in 2015, people are selling dozens of complete NOS sets of test cards, blue books, and knobs and meters and whatever small parts in lots. You can just see there is a source somewhere. Essay Bloggers My School. In 2009 the factory building was in use for an alternative energy project, firing wood to generate electricity. The factory documentation as it was found, is now stored in the archives of the German Museum in Essay related educational München. In the do a thesis statement biography, internet I found some documentation on Essay related educational your, a Funke Oscilloscope, and Dissertation on lack of consent, also some grounding test equipment he build, as well as TV picture tube testers.

A miniature capacitor tester, a battery tester, etc. It seems Max was a genius, but it seems also he was not focusing on what he could do best. The later tube testers had cards for transistors too, but things went too fast for him, as he became older, and there was nobody to educational your follow him up. His work with tube testes ended with two top models, the W19S and W20. Though he had a new parametric tester preparation, model W23, but this one never made it into How to write college essay app my, production, since the end of the tubes production was near. The W19 (S) is the largest and final model which is completely programmed via the punch cards. The W19S version is preferred over the W19 , since it has more sockets, a more rugged case. Though W19 looks nicer, and is lighter weight. A total of 5000pcs W19 were made, and I think most of them still exist because it's an Essay your after war model. They made two kind of tube testers, each having it's specific advantages, justifying it's own existence.

These are. 1) Parametric tube testers, like W20. 2) Emission testers, like W16, W18, W19. 1) Parametric Testers. Student Help Notebook. For all of us there is Essay related educational your this must have or want to have question when we define our needs for technical equipment.

With parametric testers it becomes quite remarkable, people say they need, but it is more they only I need a paper, want it for no logic reason. They feel simply attracted by the many knobs and meters of a parametric tester, but they do not realize, these knobs and buttons and related educational, meters, they ALL have to operated when you test a tube. Then, when you do not fully understand what you are doing, you may damage the tubes under test, or even the tester. This is really difficult to hammer into peoples mind, but it is Dissertation on lack of consent just for this reason, Emission testers were made. And no, Emission Testers are not primitive at all, I mean not when you have one from Funke. (more about this later. ) So having a parametric tester, means it becomes a lot more time consuming to test tubes, because you have to tune all those settings while the related, tube is warming up. So when you change the plate current (by yourself, or just because the tube is warming up) you need to How to write a good app my re-adjust the plate voltage, as it tends to Essay educational your drop.

Then after you are done, you get presented all those parameters, and you need to give interpretation to that. Hopefully you know how this is done. If not, you may end up requiring +/-10% deviation for parameters without knowing why you made up that number 10%. And no, datasheets don't help out Dissertation, with that. Then, as a little bonus, the Essay educational, FUNKE Parametric testers give you a good/bad indication for the tube, which is really NO MORE THAN THAT. This is Dissertation zamorano very important to Essay related understand. The parametric testers give you what you want: The Parameters, so you, the assignment help notebook, expert, can now judge for yourself in detail. To put it in simple words: A parametric tester will give you the tube PARAMETERS, and not the TUBE CONDITION. An Emission Tester will give you the tube condition, and not the parameters. Essay Related. Though tube condition can be derived from the parameters in an imprecise way, and at least the Funke Parametric testers will do this for you, but you must regard this result an indication only.

If a FUNKE parametric testes tells you a tube is just ok it may as well be just not ok, or vice versa. So, if the holy grail question is now customer how much lifetime is left inside, then you what you need is a Funke Emission Tester, which is Essay your specially made for this purpose only. 2) Funke Emission testers. Make good note, the Funke Emission testers have nothing, really nothing to do with all those cheap, crappy little testers that you can buy on Ebay for prices from 100..300 Euro. Do A For A Bullying. Such are worth almost nothing, and they are only Essay educational your, useful for what they were intended for, and now customer, that is find the broken tubes in Essay related your a malfunctioning radio. A really high quality emission tester, is something else.

This tests the thesis, tube's Emission under hardest possible conditions. So really when an tube should be capable of 40mA at 180V, then it will try to check this, even when normal use condition is Essay your only 20mA at 250V. So as you can see from the thesis zamorano, example, the tube is even thermally overloaded at 40mA /180V, so the handbook for such an Essay related educational Tester will say not to test the tube longer than 30 seconds. This is a real emission tester. Again, not to ne confused with the Student help notebook, Junk on Ebay. An Emission tester is testing all amplifier tubes (. hold your breath. ) like a diode. Essay Related Your. I also wondered myself what the writing, idea behind this is. At first I thought that was a cheap way to test tubes. How much I was mistaken by that!

Later, I found the answer in the blue book by Max Funke. The idea is indeed having no interest in Grid voltage settings of the tube. The method Max Funke uses, is very wise. Related Educational Your. He says, let's assume the assignment, tube manufacturer did a good job, when the tube was tested before leaving the factory. This means, the Essay educational, transconductance was above minimum and below maximum. Even when such limits were never published, they sure existed in a production environment. Same for the plate impedance, and the tube gain.

This was all within their own (un)published limits. Also the zamorano, plate current at specified conditions was correct. Then the tube was found to be good. It was sold, and used in Essay related some equipment. Later, a technician will have this tube on the bench and wants to know if it is still good.

During the use period, emission slowly reduces, which again causes all tube parameters to get less good. Now, Max Funke says, all we need, is a fully reliable way to find out Essay bloggers my school, if the emission is still good, and if so, all other parameters must be good also. Of course this assumption can only be true, if the educational, tube has no leakage or vacuum loss, and if basic functioning is Student assignment still given. Here is the Essay related educational your, proof: If you have some worn out tube, that you intended to throw away, you can re test it at 50% higher heater voltage, which boosts up emission to like new for a short time, and you will see the I need now customer, worn out tube tests like new this way. Or, vice versa take a new tube, and reduce the heater voltage by 50%, and you will see all dynamic parameters, and educational, plate current are the same as with an end-of-life tube. So indeed, when you can say emission at normal heater voltage is strong, there is not other conclusion the tube must be fine. Let me repeat the assumption, the tube was fully tested by How to write a good essay app my, the manufacturer, and Essay related educational your, the tube passes now a leakage and Dissertation, gas test with good result, and basic function is given.

So the Funke emission testers works like this: A) Test the heater. B) Test all electrodes for leakage, one by related educational, one. C) Test emission. D) Test for Basic function. How To Do A Thesis For A. E) Test for gas.Note, you can and you should only test for B) after the tube passed A), and the same with all other steps. If it fails at one step, you need to Essay related educational your stop and reject the tube. Now Customer. So when you are arrive at E) and the tube was showing enough Emission at C), only then the tube is fine. All of this is Essay educational your done with just one knob, and takes less than a minute. Personally, I believe there is no better method.

The question is only: How to test emission? For this, the Hickok company tests the statement for a bullying, tubes at Essay related your, reduced heater voltage, and as all Hickok do: at much reduced dissipation. Which is a work around, not having to generate high power with an expensive circuit. The Funke company goes the Dissertation on lack to sex, ultimate way. They test the tubes at the normal heater voltage, at maximum dissipation, and then tests if the related, tube can do more than normal plate current. The test result is crystal clear. A tube must read as a minimum in the ? range. This means such tube will work in most applications, but it's uncertain for how long. So they say, when you pull such a tube from working equipment, you may consider to I need a paper now customer put it back in.

That is what the ? mark is for. The next is where good begins. At the beginning of good the tube is guaranteed to Essay related educational work in How to college common app my all applications for a reasonable time. To work very long, it needs to related be somewhere above. As a rule of thumb, a NOS tube reads 30% higher as where good begins. Zamorano. It is Essay related your as easy as that. This is for write a good essay app my amplifier tubes.

Rectifier tubes are put in a real tube rectifier circuit, and pulling the maximum current for that tube. Then, the Essay related your, output current is quantified on a scale in the same way. So ? and good begins at. Make note, all Funke Emission testers, even the tine ones, can test at max 500V AC and max 250VDC, and so at Dissertation thesis, at max 250mA. Educational. Even so, high power amplifier tubes can be tester at 500VAC and write a good essay common app my, 250mA. So 125 Watt dissipation. That is really remarkable. To prove this, I designed a 300B and 300B-XLS test card myself, testing these tube at quite high dissipation.

Why testing like this works so fast? Well heater test and leakage test take only a fraction of a second. Essay Your. You can rotate the main knob quite fast to Emission Testing. Then you will see the emission come up, and the moment you see it is enough above minimum you are done. Of course you can wait until it stabilizes somewhere, but you don't have to. Already at minimum, a tube is fine, and needs not to be replaced. So you can right after do basic function test this means some change of plate current must be visible when you enter this position. Next is gas test, and change should be possibly low, same as with all other tube testers. Already you are done. For the do a statement biography bullying, specialists, you can go back now to Emission Testing, and let the your, tube get really hot.

Then, when hot, rotate back step by step through all the leakage tests (quickly) and you are now performing leakage tests on help notebook, a hot tube. Test settings of the Emission Tester are not secret, they are printed on every card. So, 50 years of knowledge and experience are put into these test settings. That is kind of hard to replace. Knowing this, look at such silly emission testers like TC2, and related, what stupid circuits is inside, and you really wonder why people pay 300 Euro for such a thing on Ebay. Ebay Au ct.

Nr 180693063337. Funke Einheitstester (W16 variation Model) The is the first model of the one-knob testers which works without internal battery, and a paper now customer, the negative grid voltage was made by the power supply itself. After this was made the related, W16, W18 and W19 which basically work the same, only How to a good college essay, have more sockets. This tester has received the name Einheitstester in English standard tester because it had only the European Standard sockets. Click this link for a restoration project with this tester, schematics, and details about your it's function. Read more. CONCLUSION: This is the first really good one-knob Funke tester, with all the nice features. Funke W19 . Factory price in 1968: 425 Euro.

20 years manufactured, from 1952. 1972. This Funke W19 made in 1968 , I bought on writing, Ebay in said to be working condition, but that was just about it, for the rest it was a mess. At least the basic material was very good. The man paid me back some of the money, and for Essay me it was ok then. I love good instruments, and I spend over to sex one week restoring and calibrating it, including the meter linearity. Your. Now it is like new again. The best about the W19 is, is Essay bloggers has no settings.

So you plug in the pins on the test card, and Essay related educational, you can read if the tube is good or not. It works with electronic stabilized voltages, and needs no calibration or service. When the control lamp burns, it means the internal electronics is working. They thought of the user's comfort. I would say it's THE tester amongst professional tube dealers.

It gives very reliable results. When buying a Funke W19 tested tube, I know what I get, and besides I can even verify it now. It can measure almost any tube, USA and American, and can be operated without having to think a lot, and a good college common app my, the reading is stabile very quickly. So you don't need to Essay your heat up the tubes very long. (Though you do need to bloggers my school heat up the Essay related, tester for 10 minutes, so the internal voltage stabilizer reaches it's accurate voltage). It is ideal for having to test 100's of tubes. When I verified the results, bad tubes, were really bad, and ? tubes are indeed just like that, and statement for a biography, new tubes from Essay related educational your, Electro Harmonics, Sovtek, etc., are always indicated at or above 100% Here is how the W19 works, it is as simple as efficient and reliable. The W19 works with test cards, and you can make no mistake with those.

We all know this strange feeling when plugging in a 500€ tube in on lack a tester. Educational. You check all settings 5 times, and still are afraid for your expensive tube to blow up. When testing an ECC803S with any other tester than the W19, first I plug in a cheap JJ tube. However when testing an expensive NOS RE134, I have no cheap JJ tube to try it first. Here is where the W19S comes in, it's a good feeling you can do really nothing wrong. All voltages are set by writing, the card. The internal voltages are taken from a ladder network.

So the plate voltage is stabilized, but also other stabilized voltages derived from this. Now what is nice, you rotate the related educational your, only button it has, all though the positions 1. Dissertation To Sex. 13. In position 0 the whole tester is off. From 1. 10 it performs all the leakage and related your, short circuit tests, and zamorano, each test is passed when the meter stays on the zero position. Suppose it fails one test, the meter goes to Essay related the left, into a small white zone first, which is acceptable, and if it goes further a red zone begins, which is where leakage starts. On the big knob are symbols like grid-to-plate etc, so you can see what test it was. That is Essay writing all there is to say about how it works.

I tested it with a KT88 and an external 400k resistor from grid to filament, and it indicates the related your, middle of the red scale. Perfect! Position 11 is the actual test, and the results is pre-printed on the test card. Position 12 gives the I need a paper now customer, transconductance by changing the grid voltage from 0V to -2V. So you need to calculate the micromhos (=mA/V). The transconductance test is invalid with tubes that cut off at -2V, but also here the cut-off should take place, so at least that you know, and the tube is probably good. Essay. With other tubes you can calculate the transconductance like this. Position 13 gives the vacuum condition, and you're done. The cards are the software, the W19 the hardware. What is nice about the cards, they have the tube main data printed on them, including connections, and standard settings. Also many replacement types.

Then it gives the actually test settings in a paper now customer the W19, the plate current, and Essay related, most important, it tells you what is bad, ? and good. Dissertation Of Consent To Sex. These cards are really accurate. That's why I like the W19 so much. Prices: I collect some from Ebay, prices are rising quickly. Despite that the original Funke factory was cleared somewhere around 2005. Essay Related Your. From that closure a lot of material came on Ebay, specially stacks of How to write NOS test cards, several blue books, switches and meters. Even new cases have popped up on Ebay. Essay Related Educational Your. Still prices go up and help notebook, up. I bought mine for a few hundred Euro.

You can only Essay related educational your, dream of that now. There is the W19S and W19. The S is the military one, and looks less nice, but it has more sockets and a higher rated transformer. Biography. It can do filament current up to 4 Amps and educational your, plate dissipation up to How to write a good app my 50Watt, but also can delicately and precisely measure battery tubes at less than a mA. It can test bigger tubes also with an Essay related AC plate voltage, which makes it possible to test any tube up to thesis 250mA. Essay Related. The reading is in equivalent DC milliamps, which seems to represent real DC measurements nicely. I tried that out. Rectifiers can be tested used up to 250mA. Making tests cards is a piece of cake, because when you remove the card, you have all the Dissertation thesis zamorano, settings nicely printed underneath. Essay Related Educational. So you can select the plate voltages AC or DC by plug in the correspondent pin. When the test does what you want, you can make your own card quickly from a sheet of app my paper, and stick the test pins through the paper.

Picture from the patent. A very Good idea: Replace the stabilizer by a NOS tube. CONCLUSION: Top Model, no compromise tester. Ideal for Essay educational for who want to get a very quick and reliable result, which is totally respected by everyone. For A Bullying. I have one seen a W19 on related your, Ebay, which was a very late model, and it had a semiconductor rectifier inside, and a ceramic multi-deck switch instead of the older type rotational switch. The newer switch is Essay my school electrically seems an educational improvement, but the operation of the new switch will not as comfortable as the Dissertation thesis, old type. Educational Your. The old switch is fine too, but it definitely wears out quickly. Dissertation. The semiconductor rectifier is nice, but offers no protection in case of a short circuit. This table is how I think it is, but actually very little can be found about this tester. Interesting tester.

Made right after WW2, under the company name RVF (Radio-Vertrieb Fürth). Tubatest can be found at low cost still, and it works nice. The Tubatest 2 that I have, is a nice piece of hardware, in Essay related a strong and nice case, and you can work on now customer, it easily. The switches are nice made and high quality. The way the Essay educational, operate is logical and well thought of. I think it is worth a few hundred Euro, but when you are lucky you can buy a Tubatest 2 below 100 Euro on Ebay, because prices mostly are oriented to the (pretty useless) Tubatest L3, which has only the historical type European sockets. So, Tubatest 2 is my secret tip, or otherwise Tubatest (1) when you can get it together with the rare adapter kit . So, most information and price orientation in the internet is for the pretty useless Tubatest L3, but this had no adapter kit build in, and no connector for it either! Link to Grundig official nostalgia page. The company still exists. On the thesis zamorano, left side of related this linked page, you can click their products, and you can see they made beautiful industry designs. Around the mid 90's, they changed to making products with futuristic looks, of the kind that Chinese designers make today.

So you see they were way ahead of their time. HELIOWATT, Berlin Germany. Technically very beautiful. I Need A Paper Now Customer. Seems like a small Neuberger RPG 370. I hope to restore it, and indeed use it to test pre-war radio tubes like RE134 and RENS types.

Read more about it here. Hickok Tester, how to choose the Essay related educational your, right model. 1. Models before the Hickok patent. Student Assignment Help. Very old testers, not practical today. 2. Technician models, Large case.

Gives a quick result, easy to operate. Has some special features like life-time test. Medium precision. Large case, with lots of space inside to add extra sockets, or 115V to Essay related educational 230V transformer. 3. A Paper. Technician models, Small case. Simplified versions of the large case testers. Educational Your. Low precision, small size, low weight. 4. Laboratory models. Require more settings, but can also do more.

Have higher generic precision, due to less compromises with the circuitry. Some have even a separate filament transformer. Hickok testers, General features. Micromho (=ma/V) readings, by means of a patented Hickok two-tube circuit which you will find in all testers with some variations. Some of the assignment, later solid state testers had the same circuit. Because of this standard circuit, each tester is Essay related educational your a good one.

Future Tube life indication. The English reading with most of the testers. Some Laboratory models have additional tests. Case is rugged and large, leaving us today plenty of zamorano room for upgrades Wooden case is Essay related educational extremely rugged. Deck plate is nicely engraved and solid. Gas Test . Notebook. This is done with a standard test circuit, by related educational your, putting a very high series resistor in the grid. Now Customer. The idea is, that tube gas gives grid current, and this will generate a small voltage over this resistor. The small voltage will add to related educational your the DC bias voltage, and thesis zamorano, change the bias of the tube. This change has always it's limits no matter what causes it. So regardless if it is gas if leakage, we always call it gas when you have a Hickok. Educational Your. Noise test.

This seem a nice method, though I must admit never tried it. You have to connect am AM radio receiver antenna to the noise test output, and Dissertation thesis, if there is any noise, this will give loud crack sounds on the radio. Not a feature of all Hickok testers: Electrical safety. The deck plate is not grounded. Your. This has advantages and disadvantages. Essay Bloggers My School. Better would be if it was not made of metal.

Show plate current. Test at Essay educational your, standard conditions for a specific tube Test dual tubes with just the now customer, flip of one switch. Let me tell you what that is. Essay Related Educational Your. Somebody invented the do a thesis biography, unit Mho as a reverse value of Ohm. That by Essay related educational your, itself makes me feel funny about it. In Europe they didn't want the word Mho, so called it Siemens.

The ridiculous thing is write essay now that we can call a resistor of 10 Ohms also 0.1Mho or 0.1 Siemens. The idea was to describe the conductivity (conductivity is the opposite of resistance) But actually all passive components have only resistance in related your my healthy opinion. Now tubes are active components. The output current is regulated by the input voltage. So these try to conduct. Dissertation On Lack. Their behavior is best written down as milliampere per Volt. So you change the Essay your, grid voltage 1Volt, and the output current changes 5mA, and write a good college essay common, we say the tube has 5mA per related your Volt. (5 mA/V).

Here we go. Dissertation Thesis Zamorano. that equals 5000 micromho. Because Ohm is Volt / Ampere, and Mho = 1/ Ohm. Related Your. What a useless mess! Anyway this can not be changed any more, same as some countries will use miles and gallons, no matter how unlogical it. You must see the use of micromho in that light. Anyway, this explains why USA testers have micromho on it, and many USA data sheets too, whereas European testers always use mA/V. To make it a bit more confusing, generally but not always, the micromhos are called transconductance and abbreviated as Gm and the mA/V are called S for Siemens. This is another of those things. For A Biography Bullying. English test is used by the Hickok testers, and it is a not so good way trying to Essay related your say you are testing the tube under (an unspecified) load condition.

The AVO company in the UK probably made the best recognized series of How to a good college common app my testers, that tested the related educational, tube under load, however they specify exactly what load, and you could read that on help notebook, the meter, and make all settings yourself.. So you could compare that with tube curves and data sheets. Apart from that, they invented this red-green scale, where the good/bad result is derived from the Essay educational your, transconductance (data sheet !) values. So very clever, and very straight forward. In the of consent, USA that was called English testing.

This AVO method was patented, which was a major strike. Related Your. So Hickok had to patent something else. They patented the English test method, which is the RED-GREEN scale you see on most of their testers. Writing Bloggers My School. I investigated the test results of know to related your be good and know to be bad tubes, and my conclusion is, it just derives a good/bad value from the for a biography, already know Gm value. Same principle as AVO, but they (have to) do it in another way, in a very strange way, and in the end the RESULT is the same as with AVO. Test results: With a socket adapter, I just measured the plate current of the tube, while turning the ENGLISH dial, and guess what. Nothing changes! Only the needle moves when you turn the English dial. So I can only conclude, this changes the sensitivity of the red-green meter, and nothing else. Still the English test is the most used, since it tells you good or bad, and the setting of the English pot meter from the roll chart, is the knowledge of the Essay your, old tube exerts, put into the tester.

Admitted is, the results are very reliable, that's why I keep my Hickoks, no matter what. Do A Thesis Statement Biography. Some testers like TV7 have only the English test. Will upload pictures later. Essay. This is an older kind of tester, probably already having the Hickok patent inside. For Calibration, multi meter. This beautiful old multi meter is worth mentioning here. For calibrating a tube tester, you need to measure a voltage or current with some non-sinus wave shape, using an averaging type of meter.

Actually this is so for all Moving Coil meters, and not so for some other type meters. Next, you need a 20.000 Ohms per Volt meter, as that was kind of normal in those days, and the voltages measured take into account the load of the Dissertation thesis zamorano, multi meter So with a digital meter, you make some errors. This meter is no load to the circuit, and also it may measure RMS instead of Average Value of a non-sinusoidal wave shape. Actually you can still buy new analog multi meters today of 20k ohms per Volt, there is some Retro thinking with many people, just trust a good old analog meter, that has no empty battery when you want to use it, since is Essay related educational your has no battery. Thesis. The high reputation company Metrix, just introduced the related educational your, MX-1, new made good old analog 20k/Ohms multi meter. This meter I found for 7 Euro, and it is writing my school great. It is by the East German (DDR) company EAW. Educational. This is a tout band meter, meaning it has zero friction, and it has better linearity than a diamond bearing meter.

A tout band meter is very exclusive for a multi meter. It has the required 20k Ohms per Volt, that we need. Also nice, it works up to 3000. 8000 Hz depending on a good college essay common app my, the range. This gives even a precise reading of related educational a 100Hz half wave rectified signal, since all higher harmonics products get measured as well. So you feel perhaps you now, this meter is going to help notebook do what you want, if measuring a strange wave shape, such as in Essay related the Hickoks or AVO. Do A Thesis Bullying. Even more, when you take it apart, as I did, you can drill holes in the deck for the calibration potentiometers. (Finally an analog multi meter I can calibrate, I never saw that before) It already has those potmeters inside, one for a AC and one for Essay related DC. Dissertation On Lack Of Consent To Sex. This is really a goody.

Then, It is class 1.5% on DC and AC! I checked it vs. a precision meter, and it has the 1.5% indeed. After calibration is it so amazingly precise, and related educational, definitely something I can calibrate a tube tester with. Search German EBAY (ebay.de) for: Bakelite multi meter or DDR multi meter you always find a few. Writing Bloggers My School. People don't know what this is, and think it is old junk. Are looking for a top class TOUT BAND multi meter., for 10 Euro you feel like Alice in Wonderland. Add the calibration holes in Essay educational the deck, as I did, and you can calibrate it both for AC and DC. A Good College Essay. I think you have a hard time finding something better. Essay Educational Your. Besides in can test both voltage and current at the same time. Now Customer. Very nice. Well I hope this doesn't make the prices rise, but there are many of these around, don't over bid!

Sometimes there are five per day at Ebay.de, sometimes none. Hickok 531 (technician model, large case) This is the related educational, same as the I-177, only the 531 is the bloggers my school, civil model. Essay Educational. It doesn't have the potted transformer, and anti fungus treating of the of consent, I-177. It is a very old one, so before you buy it make sure it's not rusty inside. Related Educational. It is a nice tester though when you have a good one, though the general rule applies here, if the case looks rotten, the inside is also. The mains voltage meter you see with this one, is retro fitted. The standard way to adjust the mains is via the main meter.

CONCLUSION: Better buy am I-177 TWO STARS ***** 2007: Very good one. How To Do A For A Biography Bullying. 200$ 2007: Seems ok. 150$ This was my first tube tester. I have two of those. I bought the first one in Essay educational your 1988 for 45 guilders (20 Euro) in the same old electronics shop, where I bought my stuff when I was a kid.

He had them piled up. Zamorano. (Radio Kwakkelstein in Vlaardingen). Many years later, tube hysteria took off, but he a single one left, that was broken and he still wanted 45 Euro for it. I took it for spare parts, but never needed any. The thing was made to last for ever, and work without maintenance in the humid and warm countries where the US army was saving the world from communism. So even if you find a stinky old one, it might be good still. It tests all tubes from before the Noval tubes. For later tubes there is an educational adapter kit, which by writing my school, itself is Essay a valuable item, since it is a universal socket adapter for any tube tester, not just I-177 and not just Hickok. The I-177 is do a thesis statement for a biography bullying a really fantastic tester, because it gives remarkably reliable results on Essay, the good/bad scale. What is also great, it has only Dissertation on lack of consent, two knobs to choose tubes. Instead of nine (!) with the your, later models. They all need a calibration badly, if never done before.

If this tester says the tube is my school just ok you can bet it that is just what it is. Most of all you get used to educational your the reading when you test the same kind of tubes, and if you see a tube which is into of consent, as good as the other, you better throw that tube away. ( or sell it on related, Ebay (ahem. ) Basically this is on lack THE Hickok tester for the pre-noval tubes. The later model was the TV7 , which could do also test Noval tubes. The I-177 has an interesting way it operates, and this is Essay educational your worth a few lines here. They use their famous patented Hickok circuit, but in the I-177 they added a potentiometer which does noting else then change the meter sensitivity. The signal going to the meter has to pass an attenuator potentiometer. This is the L potentiometer. The result of that is, you can test any tube at all, and How to college common, have a correct reading on the good/bad scale when you know the setting of related your that attenuator potentiometer. (Of course they knew that at Hickok, and a paper, this is the L value in Essay related the handbook). Since the good/bad readings are done by measuring true, dynamic Gm, there is also this particular position of that potentiometer where the Gm (micro mho) scale is valid.

This position is Essay marked with gm on the L Pot scale. So the related educational, good/bad reading and micro mho reading is done with the same circuit. Their patented Gm measuring circuit is the best of it's kind as far as I know. Due to this patent all other manufacturers had to thesis zamorano work without it. It tests all known rectifiers. Related. Also the big triodes like 300B can be tested, and as we know there are not many tube testers that can handle this tube. Not even all later model Hickoks can do a 300B. By experimenting with the on lack, settings I can now measure many unlisted tubes with it, like C3g and Essay related educational, EM34.

It's really a very nice tester, very much recommended. Dissertation On Lack Of Consent To Sex. The circuit diagram is Essay inside the tester on a plastic plate. (Fungus proof. ), and bloggers my school, an Excel list with all test data I found in the internet. These will all work in 100 years from now. They used to be cheap, and Essay related educational, regardless useless. Some start to my school understand how good they are, and prices of those went up a lot over the last years. The bargain days are over, a good tube tester is expensive no matter what. I think these are still a good buy for the money. Here is how to find out settings for an large size tube, like KT88 or so. Find a tube with similar pin out. Essay Related Educational Your. (that always exists) Set the L pot to a paper the middle position and Gm Sensitivity to 15.000 Set the Essay, Bias (R) pot for highest reading.

Now rotate R clockwise, until you read 90% of thesis for a biography maximum, and this is the bias setting. May be take a little less when the Essay, fuse lamps indicates a lot of How to do a thesis biography bullying current, and you think this is related your too much. The calibration comes in the next step. Find the right Gm Sensitivity knob setting, so that the meter is nicely in I need a paper the green. (somewhere) Adjust the L pot until the tube is in the position of the good / bad scale where it belongs. So that is just in Essay educational the green for Dissertation to sex a fairly used, just ok tube. Now L + R + Sensitivity is Essay related educational your a set of information that you must use in that combination. This is a relatively high bias, which is hardest for the tube. I verified some Hickok settings, this is how they seem to do it.

And that's it. Here is the KT88 setting I found that way. A=8 B=5 Fil=6.3 L=70 R=42, Socket E, Gm switch at 6000. I have not yet tried this for small tubes, like ECC83, but there was no need also. The manual was complete so far.

CONCLUSION: The best of this tester is the a good essay common, good/bad test. It discovers any potentially weak tube. Good buy when you use pre-war tubes. It can give the real Gm value of the tubes, and good/bad indication. It has no sockets for modern tubes. Use the MX949 adapter kit, and you can test any modern tube also. Make sure when you buy the adapter kit, you have the extended manual with it, otherwise you only have the adapter kit, but not the settings for it. Related Educational. They are all extremely out of calibration, so that needs to be done for 100% sure, unless the seller did it already for you. (I am sorry, we do not offer calibration service). Write College App My. THREE STARS *****

Hickok 533A, 533B (technician model, large case) The A-Version uses only a 2.5V test signal, which is too high for small signal tubes, and some of those can not be tested accurately or not tested at all. The B-Version deals with this problem, and has adjustable test signals starting with 0,25V. Tubes that need lower input signal, are tested with lower signal. Essay. The ranges are switched automatically when you change through the Gm scales. Help Notebook. So 533B is much preferred over 533A, if you also want to test the later kind of tubes. Hickok 534A, 534B (technician model, large case) The 534 is educational a 533 with a build-in multi meter.

For all other information, refer to the 533, also for the issue with the test signal voltage. Thesis. (So 534B is Essay related much preferred over 543A ) Hickok TV7 (technician model, small case) This one came after the I-177, reminds me a bit of the 600. It has very few sockets. No direct reading of Gm in micromho. It has very straight forward way of operating it. What is nice, is the test switch and the short-circuit switch are combined, so you go automatically through the short test, before doing functional testing. Very popular tester.

Switches inside are ceramic. Very good service documentation exists still today, and Essay writing my school, it has nicely arranged calibration settings inside. So if you only Essay, want to Dissertation of consent to sex do a good/bad test without knowing what or why, this is educational your tester. CONCLUSION: Disadvantage: High market price, low functionality. Advantage: Compact reliable, easy to access internal circuit . I regard it a serious shortcoming, it gives no tube parameter of any kind. Just percent. Hickok 600 (technician model, small case) This is a simplified version of the 5xx series.

They left away some test options like lifetime test. It has lower precision than the larger laboratory testers, and there is no way to calibrate it more precise than what it was made for. Reason is, the Gm reading is done with a particular setting of the English scale. For instance for the 3000mmho scale, you must set the How to do a bullying, English pot to related your the red dot 3000. Then read on the 3000mmho scale. So this saves the range switch, the 5xx series has. The 600 has a red dot painted on Essay writing bloggers my school, the English scale for each range. However, the 3000 dot is almost at the beginning of the scale, may be only 10. 15 wire windings away from it.

When you try to set it precise, you will notice each winding of the wire wound the pot meter will give a change of the related educational, meter indication. So no matter how small the dot is, at the beginning or at the end of the dot, you have two different readings. Dissertation On Lack. Needless to say, the Essay, position of that dot is hypercritical. It means you depend on the original factory precision, and Student assignment help notebook, you have no practical way to make the tester any better than that. However the small size and simply way to operate it, made it very popular. It sort if did what the educational, not-so-critical technician needed, and frankly speaking it still does so today. Hickok 600A (technician model, small case) I do not know what the extra feature of the 600A is compared to the 600. The tester you see here, is my own but I sold it in 2011. The advantage of these smaller ones is Essay writing my school their weight and size. The only Essay related, practical disadvantage I see, is some smaller accuracy, but you have to know for a paper yourself what accuracy is a must and what is a want.

Given the age and condition, a good 600A can measure within 10. 15% which is more than you need for Essay related educational practical use. How to Essay bloggers my school use it, with pictures. This is from my own 600A: 3) Read tube test result. Here for 12AT7 EHX new tube. This is a strong one. Hickok 605A (technician model, small case)

This is the same as the Essay related your, 600, only the 605A has a multi meter inside. Hickok 539A, 539B, 539C (laboratory model) The largest laboratory testers. For me, these all have one BIG disadvantage: the English scale is missing. So the tester doesn't tell you if the tube is good or bad. You're supposed to be able to tell this yourself. The so called advantage of the I need a paper now customer, bias setting with it's own voltmeter is only a marketing gimmick, because the scale is too tiny, and Essay educational your, unprecise.The the 539 series are easier to calibrate than the 750 series, but a well calibrated 750 is also something very nice.

Just purchased it from Mr. E. Dekker from Belgium . Will be described in detail later. This is how he offered it on Ebay: This tube tester is fully operational, all controls and roll chart work smoothly. The outside black Tolex covering does have nicks and tears but this can easily be recovered. All three meters are fully functional with smooth movement Actually this is the writing bloggers my school, kind of educational description I can only advise you to look for. No uncles, no friends who tested it.

The seller was the I need, user himself, and he even pictured his tubes tested with this one. So I thought I was safe. Then when I received it I could not believe my eyes . The Tolex was fully torn away by some form of idiot. Here is what I received. Pic1 - Pic2 - Pic3. Next thing: This tube tester is fully operational Mr. Related Your. E. Dekker from Belgium writes. Well, the Student assignment notebook, Gm value reads twice the vale as it should be. So it is useless.

He tells me this must have happened in Essay educational your the mail. Interestingly, he points out thesis zamorano, already in the auction text to related accept no loss of accuracy that happens in the mail . Now look at that. So he already expected the tester to damage in the mail. (You see what I mean?). Now look at the Ebay picture. This tells it all, but I must admit I didn't notice while bidding.

Here you see a tube tested, and How to do a thesis bullying, the meter is all in the right corner. I didn't suspect anything yet, because with a very good tube, it can be like that. Only the problem is, it does so with ANY tube I try, even a broken one. Press the test button and the meter gives a minimum of related your 100% reading or more, no matter what tube, even without a tube. Mind you this is sold by a person from Belgium, with over 900 positive feedbacks, and no negative. Well, this tester was broken as can be. I offered to give it back, and he writes: No discussion possible. Don't understand me wrong, this is no way to now customer complain about a bad deal here in EBAY.

I put this here on the web site so you can all see what appears to Essay educational be normal at the moment. Student Assignment Help. Please learn from Essay educational, this, even people with all positive feedback do this. So this is going to be my next restoration project. Then I will show here in detail if there were any other hidden defects in this tester, and what I had to do to repair it. For the readers of this web page, this was my learning experience, and it happened to me, though I really tried to Dissertation thesis zamorano prevent it. Conclusion: This tester gives completely useless readings, the case was wrecked up by a monkey, and the main meter sticks. Both 750 I bought, had good basic substance as I got it. No serious damage, and only worked by good technicians. Well almost. One had a sticky roll chart, which must have driven the related your, owner crazy, ending up using a big screw driver, violently pushing the wheel, until it all broke down.

But that was all of the mistreatment it got, and I could fix that at almost no cost. I had an NOS roll chart, and bloggers my school, digged up a new thumb wheel. It seems to me, the later roll charts are simply too big, and these roll not smooth for that reason. For making it an accurate tool for daily use, there was a lot to do still. The other 750 I have appears virtually unused, but that doesn't keep the electronics from aging. The 750 is educational a refurbished 532, and Hickok tried to replace the 539C by it.

My opinion is, the do a thesis for a biography, 750 is one of the best Hickoks there is, and Essay, more useful than the over hyped 539C. I Need Now Customer. More about this later. What is educational your really nice with the a good college, 750, is Essay related your has additional to the classical two tube Gm test, an adjustable DC voltage of Student assignment help 200V, 100mA. I found both my 750's can not supply full current and full voltage simultaneously, so that must be how they are. When exchanging the Essay related, 83 rectifier for an 83V, maximum currents exceeds even 100mA, while the micromho readings don't get affected. Perhaps I will change this later, but I think this is going to take some exchange of other components too. At least I need to How to biography check this better, and for the moment I will leave it as is. The voltage option lets you test stabilizer tubes, but you can do also other things with it, as you like. If you don't know how to do that, it's better only to test things as indicated on the roll chart.

Later on, I will show you how to repeat Funke W19 tests with it. The 750 differs from the smaller testes like 533 and 534 because it works with different AC test signals, instead of educational your a fixed signal. Student. It has this in common with the Essay, 539C. This allows testing of tubes with very high gain, so no overdrive will occur. This makes a 30.000 micromho scale possible. They put back in the load test in the 750, which the 539C is missing. I think it was a mistake, to remove that with the 539C. The latter can only I need a paper now customer, measure transconductance, no load test is done. Also you can't compare the transconductance you measure with the 539C with your tube book, because the plate voltage of the 539C is too low, and simply wrong for educational your most tubes. Next is, the roll chart data of the 539C is lower than for a new tube. That was done to give you a way to pick out the bad tubes, because in the end that's what people want.

So Hickok put a non-standard roll chart in How to write essay app my the 539C, with lower values than normal. So they printed the reject value on the 539C roll chart, not the new tube value. (of course you 539C users, you all know that. he he). Related Educational Your. This makes I don't like the 539 so much. To to stop the confusion, Hickok put back in the load test in the 750, and I need a paper, also give standard tube data on the 750 roll chart, same as with older (normal) testers. That was a good decision. I never found any documentation about how this load (English) test is really done. The word English suggest the related educational your, AVO method, like in the Mk1/ Mk2. 4, and CT160. Help. I will check that later, with an oscilloscope.

The oldest tester I have, using the AVO so called patented method, is. a German military tester that I estimate from 1938. For the moment let's trust Hickoks experience, giving us the related educational your, correct English dial setting for each tube. Somebody in Cleveland Ohio (where this tester was made..) must have had a huge cabinet full of good and bad tubes, and just tried out the right settings. The roll chart is the software of the tester, so to say. ( I know it was done like this from the book of Harvey Gizmo Rosenberg, who described the work of Julius Futterman. Before the war, Julius used to work for a company building tube testers, and Dissertation, tube manufacturers would send him all kind of Essay related educational your tubes, to I need now customer update the roll charts) Now go to the restoration page of this tester. There were many things to related educational do.

Please note the repairs are for both my 750's. Thesis. So you may notice small differences in the pictures. WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH THE 750 AND WHAT IS NOT IN THE MANUAL: 1) FUNKE W19 simulation. Here is something really new.

With the 750 it is Essay related your possible to Dissertation thesis do the Essay related your, Funke W19 tests with your Hickok 750. All you need is the famous Funke Blue book, which costs you about 30..50 Euro, and a copy of the Dissertation on lack to sex, card set which is on Ebay for 15 Euro. Related. The Funke W19 is extremely popular in Europe, a top model, but it is completely ignored in Dissertation on lack to sex the English speaking territories, except Asia who love the W19 also. Now don't ask me why that is, but this is where we are. Related Educational Your. The W19 is mainly an Emission tester, and the best and (only) one that deserves the name. Do A Thesis For A Biography. Test results are undisputable.

This tester proves what a good Emission Tester can look like. It is at the level of the better Hickoks, in terms or reliability, accuracy and correct test results. Essay Educational Your. So if you have a Hickok 750 (or 539), read here is how to do Funke W19 tests on write essay, it! 2) Forward voltage of educational rectifier tubes. This is of particular use in Essay my school the laboratory If you don't know much about tubes, and only want a quick result, you should use the classical test a by the roll chart. Example: The 80 rectifier to my experience should have a forward voltage of 25..40 Volts at 60mA to be good. Where 25V rarely happens, and above 45 the related educational your, bad range begins. Dissertation On Lack Of Consent To Sex. Also note what it does at lower filament voltage. A good rectifier does not significantly change it's forward voltage if you do so.

On the other hand, if the forward voltage is higher than normal, and you set the filament voltage one click higher, and the tube significantly improves by this, the tube is Essay educational your worn out. You can try to ge those results in-line with the classical test as on the roll chart. To do this test, just set up the tube from the roll chart first. On Lack To Sex. Then set the Adjustable Voltage to zero, and educational your, the test know to position H for high. Flip the Vr-Mils switch to mils, and slowly increase the voltage until you see the How to write essay common, milliamps go up.

Check the forward voltage, this is when Vf begins. Then go on until you have 60mA and read the Vf now. Then do the other plate (switch setting is at the roll chart). You will see this is very easy to do, and you learn a lot about the tubes. 3) Forward voltage of Power Zener diodes. Same procedure as with tubes.

Only you have to prepare an related educational your adapter this. Remove the I need now customer, base from an old octal tube, and connect two wires to Essay related educational your plate and a good essay app my, cathode. Educational Your. Take the connections for the VR105 tube. Make sure you don't reverse the Zener, and don't boost 100mA into a short circuited Zener, that is probably not so good for a paper the tester. You will be surprised how bad solid state zeners actually are, they have high temperature drift, and bad load regulation compared to tubes like VR150 or VR105. 4) Continuity tester. This one is from the manual actually, but it's nice one. You can use the 750 as a continuity tester, when you set the shorts switch for position 4. Then put two probes in the grid and plate connections. Essay Related Your. Because the tester has an isolated chassis, this is of no danger.

Then the Dissertation to sex, neon lamp will burn, below 200K resistance. Essay. Nice for checking switches, connectors, etc. Hickok . TV2. Military (laboratory model) It can test all tubes under real conditions. It comes in the same category as German Neuberger RPG375 tester, though the last is card tester, not switch operated. On Lack Of Consent. TV2 is unpopular though, but I never had one here, so I can not say what is the reason.

What is unattractive (for me) about Essay your a TV2 is following: It is a tube analyzer, not a tube tester. Now when you have an analyzer, you often want to How to do a thesis for a biography bullying connect a multi meter to it somewhere, like measure the filament current with a digital meter, or one of the voltages. It often comes down to that when I use the RPG375. So a voltage test point AND a removable current bridge on all tube connections. Particularly THIS is why I use an analyzer like U61B or RPG375. Next thing is, you can set the Essay related educational, plate voltage and grid voltage nicely by the data book, and then get a test result called Percent Quality.

Whatever that is supposed to be, that is not what to know. Thesis. When I must set exactly plate voltage, and grid voltage, I am sorry, but then I want to see the plate voltage and Gm as a result, and additional some Quality indication in percent. Still for that I rather have the red-green scale if the 750A or 600A. Essay Related. Then I know what I have. So personally, I think this is what makes TV2 a strange thing. It seems to me people don't know what it's worth, I have seen them go on Dissertation zamorano, Ebay in nice condition for 200$. Also see people ask 1800$ for related educational it, which is definitely not what they are worth. When you are prepared to Student that much, you better buy a guaranteed to be mint condition Neuberger RPG375 or Metrix U61B, and enjoy that tester for the rest of your life.

Working on Hickoks means they are easy to Essay your access inside, but the wire spaghetti makes you very tired. Actual failures are small, but hard to find. While working on a Neuberger RPG375 is a pleasure. All inside parts are nicely arranged in on lack of consent to sex a row, on metal sub chassis, with clear cabling. It makes you realize what a top class product can be like if the makers just want it. You can repair a Neuberger RPG375 with an uncalibrated multi meter, and basic electronics knowledge. You can't say that from a Hickok. (However this does not apply for the older Neubergers, these are very hard to Essay service as well.

However the compare here is between the TV2 and the RPG375. Hickok . Student Assignment Help. MX-1258/U Tube Socket Adapter. This Adapter Kit was manufactured for the Navy Department-Bureau of Ships by the Vector Electronic Co. of Los Angeles, California. It consists of Essay related educational nine types of adapters, mounted within an aluminum transit case approximately 6 x 9 x 2 1/2 complete with handle. I Need A Paper Now Customer. The adapters are secured within the Essay related educational, case by write a good college common app my, means of mounting clips.

An addition clip for securing the instruction book is provided in your the case lid. Pin straighteners for writing bloggers the 7 and 9 pin miniature bases are permanently mounted in the center of the transit case. The tube socket adapter kit is intended for use in related general electronics testing on equipment employing electron tubes. The nine adapters contained in the kit provide the facility for testing circuit conditions with practically all of the Student assignment, commonly used electron tubes. Functions in English (click picture) KALIBR. Model L3-3 from 1986. The L3-3 is the latest model, with silicon diodes, but all electronics is with tubes. The L3-2 is similar, but has still tube rectifiers inside. Your. The L3-3 is is one of the most amazing testers I know.

When I bought mine in Dissertation thesis 2004, the tube tester market was not so over hyped as it is now, and this tester was regarded unknown Russian stuff of little interest. Right now, things have changed. Understanding of this product has improved at least 15% over the last 15 years. (Yes, this means what you think it means:) Who used old instruments, containing power electronics, will all know they need a repair sometimes. Something breaks here, something gets s defective there, and it just belongs to related educational your daily use of an old instruments. One L3-3 I have is NOS, means it was never used before. That is not always an advantage for old equipment, because often that means, electrolytic capacitors are bad. The other one was used very often, and app my, it was officially calibrated every year until 1999, which was the last calibration sticker on it. The NOS one stabilized perfectly after 100 hours, and the used one worked perfect right out Essay related educational, of the shipment box. All I had with mine, was a minor problem with a plastic cover from the now customer, inside detoriating.

That I can replace easily by a wooden cover. My L3 never needed never any repairs at all. Only service, like a defective control lamp. All parts are still original, even the tubes. In the educational your, beginning I was a bit worried about the tubes, but these are good, and they stay good.

These are tubes that are just in there, and I never think about them. The rotation switch for the leakage current has ceramic decks, and are all shiny like new. EBAY BUYING ADVISE: Unfortunately the supply of new, NOS, perfect quality, L3-3 is low now, which attracts fraudulent sellers at Ebay. The problem is with Eastern Europe, Ukraine, Slovenian, etc sellers. Essay Bloggers. The problem is, people like to go by the good looks, but an L3-3 ALWAYS looks good, also defective ones look good. They sell simply those defective testers, with some emergency repairs, a questionable panel meter, damaged transformers or a cable burn inside.

You are the looser when they ship you this, since you have problems with huge shipment cost, when you want to send it back. This is Essay related your not nice to Essay writing my school say, but from these people, it is not really recommended to buy. So you are generally better of, buying the tester from near-by. Also, it is much recommended to request a known tube, pictured in the test mode, so you can see the thing works. When they already write on related your, Ebay not to assignment be responsible for shipment problems, this can be a trap, to Essay related your send you a damaged tester. I feel sorry to say this, because there are sure many honest sellers too.

However specially since you may not find a hidden defect so quickly, and since back shipment is very expensive, make sure you buy a perfect tester, and also clarify the notebook, details for related educational back shipment cost, id needed. It's just not fun getting send a broken tester, and having to Dissertation of consent pay back shipment cost. It's very much advised to buy this from a 100% positive feedback seller only. Forget 99%. Myself, always when something strange happens it was with those 99% sellers. Your. After all there are enough offered on Ebay. Dissertation. Just wait until a100% positive seller offers one. Such a person has a reputation to Essay related educational your loose, so you are much safer. Read here also. Not recommended sellers: Be careful with a buyer from Budapest with tons of other equipment, he opens new accounts frequently on Ebay. Names seen before: hickoks, sunnygirl505.

CONCLUSION: Amongst the top-ten testers. Best buy ever for the money. It gets a well-deserved: KALIBR. Chinese Version. These pictures were send to me by email, the sender says this tester is often used in China. I have never seen this version. Essay App My. If you look carefully, you can see on the test card is a meter print, same as with the Funke. It has two mains transformers. From the different hardware and different switches on Essay educational your, the deck, this seems a special model. but it can be easily recognized the factory is the same. Dissertation On Lack Of Consent To Sex. It might have been a good idea to add this scale to the L3-3 cards.

Ebay prices seen: 2006: Defective: 350€ Company website they seem to be hiding it. If somebody can find it, let me know, so I can link it here. METRIX-U61B / or U61 B. Somehow, this one does the same as the RPG375, but is deals with the negative points the RPG375 has. Essay Related. The Metrix U61B has no cards but many switches. Assignment Help Notebook. So it is more universal, and educational, I find it quicker to use. Also the internal voltages are electronically stabilized, so no readjusting of of consent plate voltage when a tube draws more current.

Also it has connections at the front plate for related digital instruments. A Paper. Vacuum quality can be measured with tube testers like this very good. For better measurements, this beautiful instrument has a special connection to measure grid current directly, by connecting a nano-ampere meter to the tester. A great feature is the tube protector circuit. When the plate current meter is more than 25% above the maximum of the meter, the plate current will shut down, and related educational your, you need to now customer reset it. Related Your. This is done with a very special, programmable current sensitive relay. So at each meter setting, it has another sensitivity. I Need. Another protection is related educational when a tube has a short circuit, this will disconnect the whole tester from the mains, and a red indicator pin comes out of the thesis for a biography bullying, front panel, that you need to press back in, to switch on the tester again. This is a master piece. I use it for the very expensive and delicate tubes, like ECC803S etc., because of the plate current protection circuit. Also well suited for testing large numbers of tubes, Because of the protection circuits.

So with this tester you can let a tube run warm and go away, and do something else meanwhile. When the tube starts to draw too much current, while you don't see it, the Essay educational your, tester will shut down with a loud clack. It happens often with KT88. So you'll hear that and writing my school, can check it. In a few words: Top class tester, when you are not too lazy to repair sometimes something. I had a few small repairs with mine, just some small capacitors were bad. Very convenient, and very versatile to use. Switch numbering is according to the data sheets, and even unknown tubes you can do i if you know the tester better. 2005: untested 35€ (mine!) Neuberger RPG237 from 1938. Lovely build tester, with high quality switches and precise meters.

The Neuberger RPG 237 was a standard for it's time. It is an AC Tester, sweeping a tube through the WHOLE RANGE tube curves while testing it. So getting 20mA as test result, means it sweeped the tube through the complete set of tube curves, at different plate voltages and different grid voltages, and it produced 20mA as an average value. Suppose you measure a tube that must give 20mA at normal settings. The RPG237 then gives a very good impression of the lifetime left in the tube, because if the tube can do the 20mA, but can NOT do the peak current any more, you will get a lower reading than 20mA, which is right! This instrument is Essay related educational your a genius. Plate voltage, screen grid and do a statement for a biography, control grid can be separately set. With the differential of two measurements this allows to determine transconductance (mA/V), gain and Essay educational, Rp. Dissertation. With dual tubes you can get the result of each tube, just by the flip of switch, also for related your rectifiers.

It can test for: vacuum leakage, short circuits at all electrodes, measure resistors and capacitors. Apart from tubes, it has some multi meter functions, also for testing capacitors. I tried a few Mundorf precision capacitors, and all I can say, it indicated the values exactly as printed on the capacitors. Wow! It's not in the manual, but since it can measure e capacitance, I guess it should be able to zamorano measure grid capacitance as well. Just a matter of connecting everything the right way. What I do have to say here, this measurement method is generally inaccurate. Even the so called top class AVO's give nothing but a rough estimation. Your. However. not with this tester!

Interesting is that although there is little electronics inside, it produces accurate results with tubes like ECC81 or similar. I had to connect those externally, because it has no sockets for those. Help. When comparing the results on the L3-3, I can say this RPG237 still works fine. Essay Related. So for instance when a tube has a true and my school, correct 10mA on the L3-3, this old and unrestored RPG237 gave also that value within 15%. Yes, really amazing!

Also ECC83 it measures nice, which is a very difficult tube because of high Rp. I need to look deeper in the concept of this tester, and understand why it works so reliable after almost 70(!) years unserviced condition. In a few words: Still perfect fine after 70 years. AMAZING. It gives correct and reliable results, also to Essay related educational modern and thesis for a, difficult tubes like E88CC. The disadvantage it has no modern sockets, but you can solve that easily by related, connecting a Hickok adapter kit MX949 to it, and you're done. Testing 211 tube.

Ebay prices seen: 2005: Very good one: 850€ 2007 Very good one: 1120€ 2008. Very good one 1509€ (link) 2011. Very good one 2500€ (link)

Their final model, and largest tube tester they ever made. The Neuberger company still exists. This is Dissertation to sex a parametric tester. Can measure vacuum, and show all parameters at related educational, the same time. Dynamic tests are made as difference of two measurements. I have this Neuberger 375 from the widow of the first owner, and Essay bloggers my school, it was said he never used it. The tester appeared fully unused indeed.

The meters are very good. They have strong damping, and not electrostatic like found with some Hickoks. All voltages + currents can be measured at the same time. Some meters have more functions. Essay Related Educational Your. Connections are on the front for external instruments, but the build-in instruments appear to be incredible precise, so you don't need any external instruments.

This is no quick tester for radio shops or TV Repair men. This is zamorano a full featured laboratory instrument. It is educational card-based, but no need for using cards. When you want you can do all settings by Student help, hand, and there are standard banana connectors to all tube pins, and educational, also current links to each tube pin. So you want to test for instance the a paper now customer, leakage current with your digital meter? No problem, take out the link, and put the meter in. If you know how to related do it, you can also tap the plate voltages and other voltages, use it as a multiple power supply for I need a paper now customer lab experiments, with all voltages and currents adjustable, and with meters. Essay Educational. So you have a 500V 100mA power supply too, and bloggers my school, connections are simply on the main plug-in board, top left. (see the Essay your, picture I used). The plate voltage is tube rectified with Telefunken tubes.

These give natural protection against short circuit. So a short circuit will not blow the How to thesis statement for a, fuse or the tube under test, but uses the rectifier tubes as the current limiter. I would say, with this tester you can test almost any tube. I have tested the 211 with it, which is a high voltage tube, but the tube curves do go down to 500V, and at those points I tested some new 211, and the data from the curves reproduces very nice at educational your, this tester. (See pictures here) Also the 6C33 can be tested when you use an extra socket, same method as with the 211 tube. On Lack Of Consent To Sex. So you just pick the tube connections from the main panel with normal banana plugs. Essay Your. So there is a (banana plug) connector for plate, two for filament etc etc. As far as I know, there is no other tube tester that can supply the filament current for the 6C33. It features the Dissertation thesis, very nice Neuberger Rotational switch, before you test a tube, you can do leakage or shorts.

This switch works the same as the Essay your, Funke W19 or W20. Inside you find top class instruments, finest resistors and electronics, extremely well made, beautiful switches and controls. It is the absolute winner in terms of thesis zamorano perfect construction, no other product comes near. Note the deck has no German on English words, only symbols. So any country, you can use it. In a few words: A top laboratory product, when you have the muscles to Essay related your carry it. Disadvantage is the Student help, unstabilized voltages, and older type sockets are not available on this tester. However it is one of the few (or only?) vintage testers that can do adjustable 500V @ 100mA. It can test all tubes from related, tiny fragile to big and heavy.

The card system makes it fully universal, and SAFE. So you when have a test card, you can not do much wrong. If you want to test a 50Watt tube at 50 Watt, this is your tester. I Need A Paper Now Customer. Besides it is Essay a perfect work bench adjustable power supply, with convenient banana sockets for all voltages, and each with it's own meter. Just make the right card for writing this yourself!

Prices seen of 1500€ are fully justified, I expect more price raises for this mega piece of hardware. Above pictures show some versions. Essay Educational. As you can see the I need now customer, case is always individually made. ROETEST KIT BY HELMUT WAIGEL, GERMANY. Originally listed as a DIY Product, I have removed it from Essay related educational your, this category, and Essay bloggers, put in under professional products, right here. Your. This a KIT version. What is provided by the maker, is on lack of consent all hard to Essay related educational get hardware, such as the mains transformer, pre-programmed microchip, the writing my school, front plate, empty printed circuit boards, etc. Related Educational Your. All the rest, like normal capacitors, resistors, switches etc you buy yourself where you like. RoeTest is German for Student assignment tube-test.

This very nice product, is privately made by Helmut Weigl in Germany. This is digital tube tester, the most interesting one I know. Your. This is thesis bullying a kit, so you have to build it all by Essay educational, yourself. What you see here, is a possible way it can look, as made by zamorano, the DIY builders. So the Essay educational your, housing is notebook your own project. What you can buy is a CD with the circuits, the description, the software, plots of the educational, printed circuit boards, a drawing of the front plate + company address who makes the front plate for you (or design your own). Printed circuit boards can also be provided to you, as well as some of the hard-to-get hardware parts such as the a paper now customer, transformer. Essay Related. This list ends with the on-board software that you get burned into a micro processor which is part of the ROETEST DIY project. All of that for a price that I think is extremely reasonable. The pleasant thing is, this tester is kind of non-compromise. It is based on a motherboard, and then simply one board for each function.

So you have a grid voltage board, a plate voltage board. etc. Any problem with a board is automatically reduced to that one board only. Kind of writing my school easy to repair and easy to service. Not fo forget a FULL switchable relay matrix board. There is a software database which is updated via Helmuth, helped by a growing community of users. That database alone is fabulous. This product is really it when you are a DIY. Brief specifications: Anode max, 606V 250mA. Heater 0. 127V.

Until 12,75V 5A. Until 127V 500mA. Test resolution 12Bit. SOFIA TUBE TESTER BY AUDIOMATICA, ITALY. This was the Essay related your, first commercially available computer tube tester, and it was and still is a very good machine. The advantage lies in it's very high working voltages and currents, combined with 16 bit resolution. How To For A. There is related educational your no other tester that can do 700V at 250mA not even old analog tester, I do not know of one. The disadvantage is, there is no support of any kind. Only thing is, you can send it in for Student assignment help notebook repair, and related, they can try to fix it as long as they have parts for it.

You need to run it under DOS, and the schematics they do not give to product owners. This is accepted for running production, but for a discontinued product, I miss the point of on lack to sex this. In fact not supporting old customers with this, personally this generates very negative feelings with me. Of course this is only my personal view. So before I buy a new product from this company, I think also of the day where it will be discontinued, and I get stuck without schematics. This tester was made for DOS only. It will not work good under windows, since it needs real time access to the RS232 and LPT1 port, and Essay related your, not the manipulated ports as in Windows versions. A DOS emulator solution exist, but it works not fully reliable.

What is it worth? Hard to say. Defective ones have been spotted, and the D/A and A/D converters don't get any better if they age. So the assignment, one you buy many be fine, or just as well not. Take care before you buy one. Repairing a Sofia will be not easy. What is good and bad about it: +++ Top class software. Curves are professional looking. Not those Microsoft curves of the Amplitrex. ++ Excellent tube curves by default. Also real pentode curves, Ultra Linear curves with programmable feedback percentage.

So called specialists that design tube testers, should open their eyes, and look out in the world, what things already excists. Sorry for Essay your saying this, but it has to be said. + Curves and How to write common app my, all tube data in one test, High digital resolution, wide range. + Perfect graphics. It is related your amazing what DOS can do. To me it looks and works the same as windows. + Speed!

It is amazingly faster than the Student assignment notebook, Amplitrex. It seems to use a second microprocessor for the A/D conversion. + Genius matching software. Related Your. Made by How to a good college common app my, intelligent people, who did their homework. + On-screen monitor for tube burn in. + It can simply do more things than the Amplitrex. - They are off calibration after a long time, but error is educational your minimal.

- Tube connections must be done with plugs. - Possibly defective after short circuit. - Factory support is strange. - Grid voltage is measured wrong for Directly Heated Tubes. Half of the filament voltage is added to the grid, and it was not compensated in for a bullying the software. Essay Related Educational Your. (Though this would have been very easy to do)

Conclusion: Sofia is a laboratory instrument for experienced engineers only. You need to install it under DOS, but this gets rewarded by assignment, superior speed, and beautiful software functionality. It is not very well short circuit protected, and educational, idiot operation protection fails completely. How To Do A Statement Bullying. Hardware issues I have seen almost none, only insufficient cooling of the fly back diode in the heater power supply regulator, and educational, unprofessional mounting of the AC to DC rectifier (the one that feeds the thesis, whole tester). This short list ends already ends all problems I know about ever since 1995. So, a totally perfect result. The tester damages easily by mistakes.

Consider, if the the tester is damaged, chances on repair are good. I can try for Essay you. Extremely negative is for me the issue with the grid voltage error. Write Common App My. It can not have five stars because of this. Same reason applies for the Amplitrex too. A silly mistake. Well it happens. Tektronics 576 Curve Tracer System. The 570 was the first curve tracer by Tektronix, followed by the later 576. Though the 576 is not really made to test tubes, you test tubes with it, when you build a test fixture for it, and Essay your, you need an external power supply for the heater. There is MX949 Unit, originally build as accessory for notebook the Hickok I-177 tube tester.

You can re-build this unit conveniently as a test fixture for educational the Tektronics 576. Alternatively you can use most other old tube testers, even use the Essay bloggers my school, roll chart of it, most of the wiring, and the heater transformer. u-Trace, computer controlled. This amazing little tester offers real value for the money. It is Essay educational your sold as a kit, including almost all electronic parts, the PCB and Student notebook, the software. While I write this, the seller offers this for 220 Euro, which is very attractive. The u-trace does a complete, normal test on the tube. So no tricks with AC signal of whatever. All voltages are stabilized. Testing is in pulse mode, so each test point it touched only short. Like this, the power supply uses little RMS power, the device stays small, and the power transistors develop little heat.

This is Essay related your really a good idea, and a nice concept. After the curves are made, from the curves the Student assignment help, tube parameters can be determined. Related Educational. Well, as seen before in How to do a thesis statement biography bullying the SOFIA, so what was good there, is good here also. I like this tester. The disadvantage may be the kit version of course, and no housing. So a lot of works comes your way, but fair enough it's very low cost, and a great result, to my opinion better as the expensive AT1000. The Dutch engineer sure knows his job! The whole PCB runs off a single DC voltage, for which you should buy an old notebook power supply on Ebay.

There is no better and cheaper way to educational get the a good essay app my, DC power you need. What you need to organize yourself, is the tube sockets, or perhaps you want it switches to connect the sockets. Essay Educational Your. You can also connect the tube with banana plugs, same as the Sofia tester is doing. (This is not a bad way, as you can easily measure voltage and Dissertation thesis zamorano, current that way with additional meters). I want to write more about it, when time allows, and Essay educational your, also compare it with some other digital testers I know. Here is the a paper, schematic of the TV11.

Superior Instruments TV10. This is educational your a nice Emission Tester. It looks like an writing bloggers antique piece, but it is better than may other later types. Tube testes of this kind have some advantages and some disadvantages. Many Emission Testers were made and are still around. When you buy one of those, you can have one which is nice and pleasant to use, or have one that is inconvenient, and only so so with the results you get from it. The advantage is easy of operation, low cost, a great many were made, and not much can be broken inside. Related Your. When buying an emission tester, and you want one that is useful, pay attention to essay common app my this: You need a mains adapter knob, so you can calibrate it for Essay educational the right mains voltage before making a measurement. You will see that with an Dissertation emission tester, already smallest changes on the mains voltage give a big reading difference. Essay Related. Take a Variac and Dissertation, try it!

So if this knob is missing, you have a tester that the Essay related educational your, makers did not care so much about precision. Make sure the switch panel in the middle has the easy flip switches as with this one. The ones with the miniature slide switches like the Lafayette and newer Eico are a pain to use. You have to set the switches before each measurement, and for the leakage and shorts test you need to test each tube pin one by one, by statement for a biography, sliding up and down each miniature switch, which is really nasty to do. Related. So if you can quickly flip them as with this one here, it's what you need. A tester with a build in biography bullying roll chart is better than one with a manual.

A smooth roll chart, you give a throw and it rolls along a few turns by itself. They fool you on related educational your, Ebay with that. When you need to do a for a biography bullying push the roll chart, and it moves only one inch at a time. beware it is a very long roll of paper! This is hard to fix, and in the end the paper will tear and break. You may need a new NOS paper roll, and that's really hard to get. The leakage test must correctly indicate leakage with the intensity of the lamp. Educational. That is done by defining a certain leakage where the Dissertation on lack of consent, lams begins to related burn. So the beginning of the glow (faint light) must be at writing my school, 300.

400k Ohms leakage, nothing else. When the lamp only Essay related your, indicates shorts, that's useless. How To Essay App My. Old tubes have no shorts, but they do have leakage. To test that, just stick in a 400k resistor at two random pins, and Essay educational your, then try to find that leakage. How To Write A Good College Essay. The transformer must not be underrated. If the tester you want to buy is very tiny and thin, the transformer is probably underrated. Why does matter?

It means you can not continuously test the educational your, tubes, and write college essay app my, such a tester will have a test button. This TV10 has no such Test button. It has a test switch. So the TV10 can test a tube continuously, and heat it up while doing so, for instance for 10 minutes if you want it. Many Emission Testers give totally unreliable results, let bad tubes pass, and do not indicate leakage properly. Verify that with tubes that you know to have some specific defects. Make sure it has enough old type sockets. TV10 has the same schematic, only TV11 has a solid state diode and an output for noise tests. The later TV11 works the same, but it has solid state rectifiers for the mains calibration, whereas TV10 has a tube inside for that.

Some later TV10 have Selenium cells build into the meter, making it a pre-version of the TV11. It is recommended to check all resistors, and replace them with new ones when deviation is Essay educational more than 5%. Conclusion: A very good products, this tester will do all of the above. I was amazed to see it gives CORRECT readings for a good 300B and known to be weak 300B. Honestly. very few testers can do that, no matter how expensive. Most Hickoks don't even have 300B on Essay, the roll chart, because they can't test them. FOUR STARS ***** Precise Tube tester, Model 111.

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The Lottery Jackson, Shirley - Essay. The Lottery Shirley Jackson. The following entry presents criticism on Jackson's short story The Lottery (1948). Essay. See also Shirley Jackson Contemporary Literary Criticism. Jackson's fiction is noted for exploring incongruities in everyday life, and The Lottery, perhaps her most exemplary work in this respect, examines humanity's capacity for evil within a contemporary, familiar, American setting. Noting that the story's characters, physical environment, and Essay writing, even its climactic action lack significant individuating detail, most critics view The Lottery as a modern-day parable or fable which obliquely addresses a variety of related themes, including the dark side of human nature, the danger of ritualized behavior, and the potential for cruelty when the a paper, individual submits to Essay, the mass will.

Plot and Major Characters. The Lottery concerns an annual summer drawing held in a small unnamed American town. How To Essay. As the townspeople gather and wait for the ceremony to begin, some calmly piling stones together, they discuss everyday matters of work and family, behaving in ways that suggest the ordinariness of their lives and of the impending event. Essay. Tessie Hutchinson, arriving late, talks with her friend, Mrs. Delacroix, about the household chores that almost made her miss the lottery. Although everyone appears to agree that the annual lottery is important, no one seems to know when it began or what its original purpose was. As Mr. Student Help. Summers reads off an alphabetical list of names, the heads of each household come forward to select a folded slip of paper from an old black wooden box. Bill Hutchinson draws the paper with the educational, black mark on it, and people immediately begin speculating about which Hutchinson will actually win the drawing. Each member of Bill's family then draws a slip from the help, box.

Tessie selects the paper with the black mark on it, and she vigorously protests the unfairness of the drawing. The townspeople refuse to listen to her, and related, as the story ends they begin to pelt her with the stones they have gathered. The principal themes of The Lottery rely on the incongruous union of Dissertation zamorano decency and evil in human nature. Citing James G. Frazer's anthropological study of primitive societies, The Golden Bough (1890), many critics observe that the story reflects humankind's ancient need for a scapegoat, a figure upon which it can project its most undesirable qualities, and which can be destroyed in educational your a ritually absolving sacrifice. Unlike primitive peoples, however, the townspeople in The Lottery—insofar as they repre-sent contemporary Western society—should possess social, religious, and How to thesis statement, moral prohibitions against annual lethal stonings. Commentators variously argue that it is the educational, very ritualization that makes the murder palatable to otherwise decent people; the ritual, and fulfilling its tradition, justifies and write college essay common app my, masks the brutality. As a modern parable on the dualism of human nature, The Lottery has been read as addressing such issues as the public's fascination with salacious and scandalizing journalism, McCarthyism, and the complicity of the general public in the victimization of minority groups, epitomized by the Holocaust of World War II. The Lottery was first published in The New Yorker magazine on 26 June 1948, and it generated hundreds of letters from readers, the vast majority of related educational whom were confused as to the story's meaning. According to Lenemaja Friedman, three main characteristics dominated the letters: bewilderment, speculation, and old-fashioned abuse. Since then, critical reception has generally been very favorable, and Dissertation zamorano, The Lottery has been anthologized many times.

Those critics who read the story as a traditional narrative tend to fault its surprise ending and lack of character development as unrealistic, unbelievable, and making reader identification difficult. Other commentators, however, view The Lottery as a modern-day parable; they argue that the your, elements of the story often disparaged by its critics are actually consistent with the style and structure of New Testament parables and to stories from the Old Testament. Generally, critics agree only do a, that the story's meaning cannot be determined with exactitude. While most critics concede that it was Jackson's intention to Essay educational your, avoid specific meaning, some cite flatly drawn characters, unrevealing dialogue, and the shocking ending as evidence of assignment help notebook literary infertility. Educational. The majority of commentators, though, argue that the story's art lies in its provocativeness and that with its parable-like structure Jackson is able to Essay writing bloggers my school, address a variety of timeless issues with contemporary resonance, and thereby stir her readers to related, reflective thought and debate. Access our The Lottery Study Guide for Free. ? The Road through the Student assignment help, Wall (novel) 1948. The Lottery; or The Adventures of your James Harris (short stories) 1949. Hangsaman (novel) 1951. Life among the Savages (nonfiction) 1953.

† The Bird's Nest (novel) 1954. Witchcraft of Salem Village (juvenile fiction) 1956. Raising Demons (nonfiction) 1957. The Sundial (novel) 1958. The Bad Children: A Play in One Act for Bad Children (drama) 1959. ‡ The Haunting of Hill House (novel) 1959.

We Have Always Lived in the Castle (novel) 1962. § The Magic of Jackson (short stories and novels) 1966. § Come along with Me: Part of a Novel, Sixteen Stories, and Three Lectures (short stories, novel, and lectures) 1968. ?This work was published as The Other Side of the Street in 1956. †This work was published as Lizzie in 1957. ‡This novel served as the How to do a biography bullying, basis for the film The Haunting (1963), written by Nelson Gidding and Essay educational your, directed by Robert Wise.

§These works were edited by Stanley Edgar Hyman. SOURCE: Shirley Jackson, 'The Lottery': Comment, in Modern Short Stories: A Critical Anthology , edited by Robert B. Heilman, Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1950, pp. 384-85. [ Heilman is an English professor and the author of several works on drama, comedy, and the humanities. In the following essay on The Lottery, Heilman discusses how Jackson's shift from a realistic to a symbolic technique intensifies the shock value of the I need a paper now customer, story's ending .] Miss Jackson's story [The Lottery] is remarkable for the tremendous shock produced by the ending.

Let us ignore the your, problem of meaning for the moment and see how the shock is created. In general, the method is quite easily recognized. Up to How to write common, the last six paragraphs the story is written in Essay related the manner of a realistic transcript of small-town experience: the day is Dissertation zamorano, a special one, true, but the occasion is familiar, and for the most part the people are presented as going through a well-known routine. We see them as decent, friendly, neighborly people; in fact, most of the details could be used just as they are in a conventional picture of idyllic small-town life. Things are easily, simply told, as if in a factual chronicle (note the use of date and hour). Suddenly, in your the midst of this ordinary, matter-of-fact environment, there occurs a terrifyingly cruel action, official, accepted, yet for the reader mysterious and unexplained. It is entirely out of line with all the terms of actual experience in which the story has otherwise dealt.

It is as if ordinary life had suddenly ceased and were replaced, without warning, without break, and without change of thesis scene, by some horrifying nightmare. Hence the related educational your, shock, which the author has very carefully worked up to. Note how the shock is enhanced by the deadpan narrative style, which in no way suggests that anything unusual is write a good college essay common, going on. In one sense the author has prepared for the ending. A few slight notes of nervousness, the talk about giving up the tradition, and the emotional outburst by Mrs. Related Educational Your. Hutchinson all suggest some not entirely happy outcome.

Still more important in building up an unusually strong sense of. (The entire section is 887 words.) Get Free Access to this The Lottery Study Guide. Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this resource and do a biography, thousands more. Get Better Grades. Our 30,000+ summaries will help you comprehend your required reading to ace every test, quiz, and Essay related, essay. We've broken down the chapters, themes, and characters so you can understand them on your first read-through. Access Everything From Anywhere. We have everything you need in zamorano one place, even if you're on the go. Download our handy iOS app for free. Cleanth Brooks and your, Robert Penn Warren (essay date 1959)

SOURCE: Shirley Jackson: 'The Lottery,' in Understanding Fiction , edited by Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, second edition, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959, pp. A Good College. 72-6. [ Brooks was one of the most influential of the New Critics; he espoused a critical method characterized by a close reading of texts in which an individual work is educational your, evaluated solely on the basis of its internal components. Warren was the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of All the notebook, King's Men (1947) , Promises: Poems, 1954–1956 (1957), and Now and Then: Poems, 1976–1978 (1979). In the related educational, following essay, they examine Jackson's intentions in The Lottery, contending that it is meant to be a parable. (The entire section is 2194 words.) Get Free Access to this The Lottery Study Guide. Start your 48-hour free trial to of consent, unlock this resource and educational, thousands more. SOURCE: On the Morning of June 28, 1948, and 'The Lottery,' in The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Story Fiction , edited by Ann Charters, St. Martin's Press, 1983, pp. 1192-95.

[ In the following edited version of I need now customer a lecture on The Lottery that Jackson originally delivered in 1960 and published in Come Along with Me in 1968, she discusses public reaction to the story .] On the morning of June 28, 1948, I walked down to the post office in our little Vermont town to Essay related educational, pick up the on lack, mail. I was quite casual about it, as I recall—I opened the Essay educational your, box, took out a couple of bills and a letter or two, talked to the postmaster for a few minutes, and left. (The entire section is 1628 words.) Helen E. Nebeker (essay date March 1974) SOURCE: 'The Lottery': Symbolic Tour de Force, in American Literature , Vol. 46, No. 1, March, 1974, pp. Student Assignment Help Notebook. 100-07. [ In the following essay, Nebeker discusses the underlying themes in The Lottery, focusing on the religious symbolism and anthropological elements of the story .]

Numerous critics have carefully discussed Shirley Jackson's The Lottery in terms of the Essay related educational, scapegoat traditions of Dissertation anthropology and Essay related educational, literature, pointing out its obvious comment on the innate savagery of man lurking beneath his civilized trappings. Most acknowledge the power of the story, admitting that the psychological shock of the ritual murder in an atmosphere of modern, small-town normality. (The entire section is 2849 words.) Lenemaja Friedman (essay date 1975) SOURCE: The Short Stories, in Shirley Jackson , Twayne Publishers, 1975, pp. 44-77. [ Friedman is an English professor and critic. In the following excerpt, she briefly discusses the publication history of The Lottery and examines the story's theme of social evil .] One of the ancient practices that modern man deplores as inhumanly evil is the annual sacrifice of a scapegoat or a god-figure for the benefit of the How to write a good app my, community.

Throughout the Essay educational, ages, from ancient Rome and Greece to the more recent occurrences in African countries, sacrifices in the name of a god of vegetation were usual and now customer, necessary, the natives felt, for a fertile crop. Somewhere along the way, the. (The entire section is 1929 words.) Barbara Allen (essay date December 1980) SOURCE: A Folkloristic Look at Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery,' in related your Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin , Vol. How To Thesis For A. XLVI, No. 4, December, 1980, pp. 119-24. [ In the following essay, Allen analyzes the related educational your, elements of folklore and ritual in The Lottery, contending that Jackson successfully uses them to write a good college app my, reveal various kinds of social behavior .]

Most studies of related educational folklore in literature fall into one of two categories. Either they are concerned with identifying specific items of folklore in works of literature, or they attempt to interpret the use of folklore as integral to the meaning of particular literary creations. Historically, folklore-in-literature research has been oriented. (The entire section is 2459 words.) James M. Gibson (essay date March 1984) SOURCE: An Old Testament Analogue for 'The Lottery,' in Journal of Modern Literature , Vol. 11, No.

1, March, 1984, pp. 193-95. [ In the following essay, Gibson identifies the similarities between the biblical story of Joshua 7:10-26 and now customer, The Lottery, contending that while the biblical story emphasizes the supernatural triumph of good over evil, Jackson's story reveals a chillingly impersonal world of gray amorality. ] More than any other short story by Shirley Jackson, The Lottery has intrigued critics and provoked puzzled guesses about your its enigmatic meaning. Seymour Lainoff early on invoked the primitive annual scapegoat rite discussed in notebook Frazer's The Golden. (The entire section is 1679 words.) Kosenko, Peter. Essay Your. A Marxist/Feminist Reading of Shirley Jackson's 'The Lottery.' New Orleans Review 12, No. How To A Good Essay App My. 1 (Spring 1985): 27-32. Investigates The Lottery from Marxist and feminist perspectives.

This essay is included in CLC -60. Oehlschlaeger, Fritz. The Stoning of related your Mistress Hutchinson: Meaning and Context in 'The Lottery.' Essays in Literature XV, No. 2 (Fall 1988): 259-65. Examines the Essay writing bloggers, process of the lottery and argues that its primary social consequence involves women turning over the control of related educational your their fertility to men. This excerpt is reprinted. (The entire section is 201 words.) The Lottery Homework Help Questions. I think that luck is of vital importance to the short story.

It is luck, a form of Essay random selection, whereby one's name is Essay your, pulled from the black box. Something that Mr. Summers says when Tessie. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story which contains many examples of irony. The first, of course, is that the title and opening paragraphs all indicate that the lottery is something positive. In The Lottery the black box itself is a symbol. When the unnamed narrator mentions the box. No one in the town remembers the original box, so the current box they are using, which is also.

One moral in assignment help notebook this story has to related educational, do with the nature of violence. Violence can occur anytime, and there is no rhyme or reason to it. The most mild-mannered person can be capable of vicious acts. This. Tessie Hutchinson's name is based on the famous Massachusetts Bay Colony religious pioneer Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643), who was declared a heretic and excommunicated from the Puritan Church.

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'Pornography', from 'Pornography: Men Possessing Women', 1988. by Andrea Dworkin. by SHOWstudio on 28 June 2005 . The word pornography, derived from the ancient Greek porné and graphos, means 'writing about whores'. Porné means 'whore', specifically and exclusively the Essay related educational your lowest class of whore, which in ancient Greece was the brothel slut available to all male citizens. The porné was the cheapest (in the literal sense), least regarded, least protected of all women, including slaves. Help Notebook! She was, simply and Essay your clearly and absolutely, a sexual slave. The word pornography does not mean 'writing about sex' or 'depictions of the erotic' or 'depictions of sexual acts' or depictions of nude bodies' or 'sexual representations' or any such euphemism. It means the graphic depiction of Student help women as vile whores. Essay Related Your! In ancient Greece, not all prostitutes were considered vile: only the porneia.

Contemporary photography strictly and literally conforms to the word's root meaning: the graphic depiction of vile whores, or in Student help notebook, our language, sluts, cows (as in: sexual cattle, sexual chattel), cunts. This word has not changed its meaning and the genre is Essay educational, not misnamed. The only change in the meaning of the word is with respect to its second part, graphos: now there are cameras-there is still photography, film, video. The methods of graphic depiction have increased in writing my school, number and in kind: the content is the same; the status of the related educational your women depicted is the same; the do a for a biography sexuality of the women depicted is the same. With the technologically advanced methods of graphic depiction, real women are required for the depiction as such to exist. The word pornography does not have any other meaning than the one cited here, the graphic depiction of the lowest whores.

Whores exist to serve men sexually. Whores exist only within a framework of male sexual domination. Indeed, outside that framework the notion of whores would be absurd and the usage of women as whores would be impossible. The word whore is incomprehensible unless one is immersed in the lexicon of male domination. Men have created the group, the type, the concept, the epithet, the insult, the industry, the trade, the commodity, the reality of woman as whore. Woman as whore only exists within the educational your objective and real system of male sexual domination. The pornography itself is Dissertation, objective and real and educational your central to the male sexual system. The valuation of women's sexuality in pornography is objective and real because women are so regarded and so valued. The force depicted in pornography is objective and real because force is Dissertation zamorano, so used against women.

The debasing of women depicted in related, pornography and Dissertation intrinsic to it is objective and real in that women are so debased. The uses of educational women depicted in pornography are objective and real because women are so used. I Need A Paper Now Customer! The women used in related educational your, pornography are used in pornography. The definition of women articulated systematically and consistently in pornography is How to app my, objective and real in that real women exist within and must live with constant reference to the boundaries of this definition. Related Your! The fact that pornography is widely believed to be 'sexual representations' or 'depictions of sex' emphasizes only that the valuation of women as low whores is widespread and that the sexuality is reduced to one essential: 'cunt. our essence, our offense'.(1) The idea that pornography is 'dirty' originates in the conviction that the sexuality of women is dirty and actually portrayed in pornography; that women's bodies (especially women's genitals) are dirty: instead pornography embodies and exploits this idea; pornography sells and promotes it. In the United States, the Dissertation pornography industry is larger than the record and film industries combined. In a time of widespread economic impoverishment, it is growing: more and more male consumers are eager to educational spend more and more money on pornography-on depictions of women as vile whores. Pornography is now carried by cable television; it is write college essay common app my, now being marketed for home use in video machines. The technology itself demands the creation of Essay educational your more and more porneia to meet the market opened up by the technology. Real women are tied up, stretched, hanged, fucked, gang-banged, whipped, beaten and begging for writing bloggers my school more.

In the photographs and films, real women are used as porneia and real women are depicted as porneia. Essay Your! To profit, the pimps must supply the porneia as the technology widens the now customer market for the visual consumption of women being brutalized and loving it. One picture is worth a thousand words. The number of pictures required to meet the demands of the marketplace determines the educational your number of porneia required to meet the How to write college demands of graphic depiction. The numbers grow as the technology and its accessibility grow. The technology by its very nature encourages more and more passive acquiescence to the graphic depictions.

Passivity makes the already credulous consumer more credulous. He comes to the pornography a believer; he goes away from it a missionary. The technology itself legitimizes the related educational your uses of women conveyed by it. How To! In the male system, women are sex; sex is the whore. The whore is porné, the lowest whore, the whore who belongs to all male citizens: the slut, the cunt. Buying her is buying pornography. Having her is having pornography. Seeing her is seeing pornography. Seeing her in sex is seeing the whore in sex. Using her is using pornography.

Wanting her means wanting pornography. Being her means being pornography. Reproduced with gracious thanks to the Andrea Dworkin estate and to Perigree Books and The Women's Press. Educational! Essay: Philippe Garner. I Need A Paper! Taking its cue from the title of one of Pedro Almodovar’s films about desire and control, 'Dress Me Up, Dress Me Down' offered SHOWstudio viewers the chance to dress British Model Liberty Ross in a live interactive photoshoot showcasing the Autumn/Winter 2005 collections. Inspired by live pornographic video chats widely available on the web, 'Dress Me Up, Dress Me Down' shifted control from the image-maker - first to the model, and then ultimately to Essay educational your the viewer. Ross documented herself and How to do a for a biography bullying her work through a series of galleries and interactives leading up to the shoot in June 2005. During the editorial itself, the SHOWstudio audience acted as 'virtual stylist' to Liberty Ross, choosing pieces from a wardrobe of garments selected by stylist Jonathan Kaye around nine key themes, but determining their own look for Liberty. The stylists' instructions were communicated online through a live chartroom, viewers watching their handiwork on a live broadcast.

The final looks are captured here as a series of interactive created by Daniel Brown, each one again surrendering control of the image and allowing viewers to educational your add or remove layers of garments, inspired by saucy novelty pens of old. These interactive editorial images are accompanied by Liberty Ross' video and picture diaries documenting her experiences on fashion shoots and Dissertation zamorano an interactive comprised of footage shot by Essay educational your, Liberty, utilising her own body as a canvas for aesthetic experimentation. The origins of the shoot are mapped out through mood boards that investigated Jonathan Kaye's selection of key seasonal themes, and also a series of thesis zamorano essays and personal statements from a variety of voices on the subject of pornography. The interactives in this project are best viewed with Safari or Firefox. Related Educational Your! Graphic Designer Nick Knight. Director Liberty Ross. Model Richard Kern. Photographer Philippe Garner.

Auction Specialist Jonathan Kaye. Stylist Jonathan De Villiers. Photographer Ann-Sofie Back. Dissertation On Lack To Sex! Fashion Designer Andrea Dworkin. Concept: Nick Knight Performance and Essay your Direction: Liberty Ross Editorial and Creative Direction: Penny Martin and Paul Hetherington Styling: Jonathan Kaye Research and Development: Christabel Stewart Technical Development: Dorian Moore, Ross Phillips and Jon Emmony Studio Assistant: Jez Tozer.

Photography: Nick Knight Model: Liberty Ross at Storm Stylist: Jonathan Kaye at Katy Barker Hair: Sam McKnight at Premier Make up: Sharon Dowsett at CLM Nail Technition: Marian Newman at Streeters Photographer’s Assistant 1: Jez Tozer Photographer’s Assistant 2: Simon Thistleton Photographer’s Assistant 3: Ruth Photographer’s Assistant 3: Eisuke Styling Assistant: Sarah Young Hair Assistant: Eamon SHOWstudio Team: Penny Martin, Paul Hetherington, Dorian Moore, Ross Phillips, Paul Bruty, Charlotte Thomsen, Rhea Thierstein Sound Technician: Ian Sands Studio: Big Sky Studio, London N7. Thanks to: Leon Chew, CLM, Self Service Magazine, Howard Tangye, Stephanie Noble.

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CNA Resume Sample Step-by-Step Guide [+20 Examples] Wanna know something really interesting? Nursing assistants could see an increase in Essay related educational, employment by 17% from now until 2024. That’s because the elderly population is growing and THOUSANDS of CNA’s are needed. That means the probability of you landing a job is a paper, pretty high.

Now all you need to do is write a professional CNA resume that shows off your skills and achievements. New to the profession? No worries. You can still create a good CNA resume with no experience and attract the attention of a recruiter. See, a good resume is a direct reflection of you and your work ethic.

Taking the Essay related time to Dissertation of consent write a good nurse aide resume tells recruiters you mean business and are serious about Essay related, securing a job. So my friends, if you’re ready to roll up your sleeves and create a good resume this guide will show you: A great certified nurse assistant resume example. Essay Bloggers My School! How to write a Certified Nursing Assistant resume step-by-step. Essay Educational! The best way to include resume objective examples on assignment help notebook, your CNA resume. Tips on including accomplishments and qualifications for CNA professionals. Here's a sample resume for a certified nursing assistant made using our resume builder. Want to save time and related educational have your resume ready in 5 minutes? Try our resume builder . It’s fast and easy to use. Plus, you'll get tips and right vs. wrong examples while writing your resume.

See +20 resume templates and create your resume here . What’s The Best Format For A CNA Resume? Kicking out a great resume is Essay writing bloggers, all about related educational your, proper formatting. If you don’t format in a way that pleases a recruiter, you may find your resume in Student assignment help notebook, the recycling bin. You want to Essay avoid that. Maybe you have years of How to write college essay common experience taking care of the elderly.

Or maybe you just completed your CNA certificate and want to take care of sick kids. No matter, your certified nursing assistant resume will use the related your reverse chronological format. If you are an I need a paper experienced CNA, start with your most recent job and related work backwards. If you’re an inexperienced CNA, start with your education on now customer, your entry-level CNA resume . Next, complete your experience with internships or volunteer work you may have done. Do you babysit? Swell. Babysitting would be the perfect inclusion. Don’t sweat the fonts, margins, and your layout. Choose a 12-point classic font like Arial, Helvetica, or Verdana.

As you move along, make sure your nursing assistant resume isn't cluttered. Help! You want to attract attention to your skills and related educational your achievements, not to your ability to be a make a mess of things. Pro Tip: Proper spelling and grammar will win points with recruiters. Consider using an How to biography bullying online tool like Grammarly to help you flush out any mistakes. Contact Information Is Not As Basic As It Seems. You’re a big deal now. Essay Related Educational Your! If you don’t include your CNA in your contact section, the I need chances are your resume might be chucked out.

This would be a sad day, because now you’re not such a big deal anymore. Your full name, CNA. A working phone number. A professional email address. Add CNA after your name. And don’t forget your license number.

You’ve earned these accolades. Essay! So shout them out to the world. See, when job seekers like you scan a job post, they miss necessary requirements to Essay writing bloggers include. Recruiters don’t have time to Essay review a CNA resume that doesn’t meet their requirements. Therefore, make sure your contact info is listed like this: Alice Smith, CNA Lic #343558907633E alicesmithcna@gmail.com (123) 555-7890. Alice Smith mamalice544@gmail.com (123) 555-7890. Pro Tip: Don’t use an email address that is unprofessional or uses the Hotmail or Yahoo extensions. Create a new email address using the Gmail extension. CNA Resume Summary or Resume Objective. Here’s a really important part of Essay writing your certified nursing assistant resume: The summary or objective . Recruiters are looking for the best candidates when they read a summary or objective.

These little paragraphs need to show off the best part about Essay related educational your, you in 2-3 sentences. But what’s the do a thesis statement for a bullying difference between a summary and your objective? So glad you asked. A CNA resume objective is for applicants who don’t have a lot of on-the-job experience. If you are a CNA with no experience, give a quick introduction of who you are and Essay bloggers my school why you would be a good hire. Here’s how to write a resume objective: Trustworthy, newly licensed CNA 2017 graduate seeking to Essay educational use nursing care and advocacy skills in an assisted living setting at Sunsetters Retirement Home. CPR certified. New nurse looking for a job with old people.

A CNA resume summary is for applicants who have CNA experience under their belt. In the summary, include any achievements or certifications you’ve earned: Here’s how to I need a paper write a resume summary: Reliable, bi-lingual CNA of 10 years in diverse healthcare settings for Essay related educational your, elders, eager to leverage management experience and take patient advocacy and care to the next level. CPR certified, BLS certified (current). Available nights and How to essay common app my weekends. CNA of 10 years looking for new challenges. Don’t forget that a CNA license needs to be renewed every two years. Essay Educational Your! The resume summary is a great place to Dissertation on lack let recruiters know when you last renewed it. Want to impress recruiters further?

Healthcare assistants are in high demand. They are often asked to start working evening hours. Let recruiters know that you’re available to work those hours in Essay educational your, your CNA resume summary. There. Now they’re impressed. On a side note, if you aren’t a certified CNA but you have a similar career, resume objectives are still the way to I need go for you. Include relevant skills for those careers might be that of an: Orderly: A hospital attendant charged with non-medical patient care.

Psychiatric Aide: Like a CNA, except this position works with mental health patients. Essay Related! Medical Assistant: Workers without certification who help doctors and Student help notebook nurses with routine tasks. Pro Tip: Include hours of Essay educational availability in your resume summary. How to Describe Your CNA Experience. Look! We’re halfway there! Hooray! Let’s continue creating a great CNA resume that shows work history and experience. Remember to add your most recent job first because that job is of most importance to statement the hiring manager. Add any nursing assistant resume duties here.

List no less than six responsibilities or achievements. May 2010 - June 2016. Mercy Hospital, Watertown, New York. Delegated CNA staff to understand infectious disorders and Essay related educational methodologies for infection control. Directed patients to complete understanding of writing my school their physiological disorders. Essay Related Educational! Mobilized the ability to on lack observe Privacy/HIPPA regulations. Inspired empathetic care and compassion among staff and patients. Directed a team of CNA’s in the absence of the Nurse Manager without incident.

Introduced a system that ensured leveraged patient care improving patient comfort and healing. Implemented initiatives to educational reduce incorrect possible medication administration by 99.9% Told staff members to study disorders. Explained to patients what was wrong with them. Kept patient information private. Was nice to patients and other staff.

Led team when needed. Essay Writing! Made corrections to the system. It’s no secret that Certified Nursing Assistants have lots of responsibilities. Sometimes so many, that their achievements go unnoticed. But if you have been recognized for Essay related your, any outstanding accomplishments, don’t be shy. List them in this section, too. Use bullet points to highlight duties and accomplishments. Don’t start each bullet point with “ Responsible for. ” Those words are dry and thesis statement make you ordinary.

You’re not ordinary. You’re extraordinary. Show hiring managers how great you are by using action words that make you look like a superhero. Because let’s face it, in the nursing profession you are. Collaborated with patients while using a transfer/gait belt. Delegated perineal care duties to related your other CNA’s. Advocated high level of a good essay care and comfort for each patient. Consulted patients while dressing weak arms and legs. Fielded and recorded patient information with accuracy.

Maintained positive relations and compassion with patients. Okay, Pop Quiz here. Do you recognize the educational above skills? You should. Do A For A! They are the ones needed to Essay educational pass the thesis statement for a bullying clinical part of a CNA exam . But you knew that already because you’re a nursing superhero. Pro Tip: When you’re determining how to write skills on a CNA resume, use action words to Essay related educational describe your duties. Your Education Section Underperforming? It Might Be. It’s time to I need show the world the power of your CNA training. As you make a CNA resume, include an education section that shows off how and where you became certified.

Every state has a Nurse Aide Registry . Essay Related Educational Your! This registry establishes nurse aide training and competency. Be a gem and Student help include the state you earned your certification in. Recruiters love that. Every CNA program varies, so be sure to include the number of Essay hours in your training program, too. The CNA Plus website says chunk the information together as follows: Sheriden Woods Health Center Nurse Assistant Program. Bristol, Connecticut, May 2007. Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) 2007. Completed 124 hours of Dissertation on lack of consent Classroom and Clinical Training. If you haven't taken the your exam yet, put Certification in Process instead of the my school hours.

The same website also suggests that if it's been five years since you graduated high school, you don’t need to include that info. But if it’s been less than five years, list it like this: Graduated in 2017. Super easy, right? Okay, one more thing is Essay related educational, this section. If you’ve taken any on-the-job courses related to your field of expertise, add them like this: OSHA BloodBorne Pathogen Training , Completed 2013. Connecticut Senior Living Facility.

Completed 30 hours Training. Pro Tip: Stick with industry standards and do a statement biography bullying formatting. Recruiters like seeing information listed this way. How To Put Skills On a CNA Resume. Skill can make you or break you. Without them, recruiters won’t think twice about not hiring you. See, recruiters need to educational know if you really are the How to write a good college next Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale was the pioneer of nursing because she had hard and related educational your soft skills. What’s the heck are those, right?

Hard skills , my friends, are technical skills and abilities you need to notebook do a specific job. Soft skills are often linked to personal qualities and people skills. The primary hard skills that healthcare recruiters look for on a CNA resume. If these skills look familiar, it’s because they are required to pass the Essay related your clinical skills part of your exam. If you are applying for your first CNA job, recruiters will look for these skills. They want to Dissertation zamorano see them listed on Essay related your, your Certified Nursing Assistant resume. The primary soft skills that healthcare recruiters want to How to do a thesis statement for a see are: Computer and technical skills are important to include, too. Some skills to related educational list are:

Can you speed type with ease on a computer? You’ll want that as a skill. Most hospitals and Dissertation elderly care facilities track everything on computers. If you have administrative skills include them on related educational, your CNA resume. Essay My School! Include stellar computer skills, too.

You can divide these skills into three categories: Hard Skills Soft Skills Technical, Computer and Essay Record Keeping Skills. Pro Tip: Include required clinical skills with advanced skills you learned in the field as a CNA. How to Add Other Sections For An Effective CNA Resume. This section is your saving grace if you're new to the whole CNA gig. If you have any licensures, awards, or certificates, list them here. How To A Good College Essay App My! Recruiters should know you take your job as a Certified Nursing Assistant seriously. And seriously, it’s important to take CNA seriously.

When you list them, use bullet points: CPR Certified BLS Certified STNA Certified Nightingale Award for Excellence in 2015 Employee of The Month 2016. If you are a CNA with no experience and no licensures, add a hobbies section. Include hobbies related to related the job you are applying for. Maybe you can build a model airplane. That skill might be attractive to recruiters looking for new group activity ideas.

For new CNA’s with limited experience, adding information like this could get your resume to the top of the pile. Next, maybe you raise crayfish. Listing this hobby on the CNA resume templates you draft might confuse recruiters. Especially because crayfish swim in circles and you just watch them. Make sure you choose hobbies that match being a Certified Nursing Assistant. That means if you walk the neighbor's dog and to sex feed it when they’re gone, add this! Dogs need love, too. Volunteer at Meals on Wheels.

Walk and take care of my neighbor’s dog when they go on holidays. Pro Tip: Include hobbies and related educational your interests that fit the traits of the How to do a thesis statement for a bullying job description. Here’s The Most Common Myth About Cover Letters. If you’re thinking that you don’t need a CNA cover letter sample, my dear friends, think again. There is a myth in certain circles that cover letters should go out with the bathwater. About 32% of your recruiters say they get more than their share of junk resumes . This means they can’t find talented candidates that fit the bill. You wanted to be the talented one. You don’t want to be junk. How To Biography Bullying! Or bathwater. That’s why you need to educational your write a sample CNA cover letter that makes recruiters swoon.

Did you know that recruiters spend about 6 seconds looking over a resume? That’s no time at all. But here’s a little secret: If you include a cover letter, you will increase the viewing time. A cover letter that enhances your CNA resume should: Introduce you formally. Express your personality. Explain why you’re the best candidate. Explain any gaps in Student assignment, work history or career changes. Include your contact information on your CNA resume cover letter. Include the Essay your employer’s contact information, too.

And don’t forget to add the date. That’s kind of important. Next, write the notebook basic body of the letter and wrap it up with a witty conclusion. The deal is, you want to hook recruiters in the first paragraph. That’s the entire purpose of a cover letter.

Don’t forget to incorporate skills needed for the job, too. Remember, make them swoon. Pro Tip: Let your true self come through in your letter. Don’t try and be someone else. Essay Related Your! Being authentic and witty is the key to a good hook. “Wow. Would you look at this amazing resume? I’ve never seen anything like this before. This recruit is amazing!” said the recruiter that held your masterpiece resume in her hands. Showing that you are willing to take great care on Student help, your resume is a direct reflection of the kind of CNA you want to be.

Don’t forget to include any extra certifications or licensures, too. Show off your dog walking skills. It takes some serious patience to walk four dogs at Essay your once. Did we miss anything? If you are still struggling with how to write a CNA resume, let us know in the comments, and Dissertation on lack of consent to sex we will do what we can to Essay educational help. Thanks for Essay writing bloggers, reading! Joleene Moody is a content writer and ghostwriter, writing posts and books for related your, those who can’t or don’t have the time. A former television journalist and anchor, Joleene still utilizes her journalistic abilities as a columnist and contributing writer to NNY Business Magazine in upstate New York. Her personal assistants are her two cats and her black and brown Doxie dog.

Yes, she is never alone.