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business plan cover Write a Winning Business Plan. B usiness P lanning. Help? What are the Benefits? Every wholesale, retail, and/or service business can benefit from the preparation of a carefully written business plan. There are two main purposes for writing that plan. There is an additional benefit if you do business internationally. Your business plan will serve as your guide during the Help with a dissertation lifetime of your operation. It is the blueprint of your business and will provide you with the Study italy tools to analyze your operation and implement changes that will increase your sales and, ultimately, your profitability. Nursing Case Studies? A business plan is abroad, a requirement if you are planning to seek financing.

It will provide potential lenders or investors with detailed information on essays kindred, all aspects of your company's past and current operations and help italy, provide future projections. If you do business internationally, a business plan provides a standard means of Essay essay evaluating your products' business potential in a foreign marketplace. Business Plan Outline. The following pages provide a suggested outline of the material to be included in your business plan. Your final plan may vary according to your specific needs or individual requirements of your lender or investor.

Cover Sheet (Serves as the title page of Study italy your business plan) Name, address, and phone number of the Help with writing company. Name, title, address, phone number of owners/corporate officers. Month and year your plan was prepared. Study Help Italy? Name of preparer. Copy number of the plan. To Do Video? Table of Contents (Quick reference to major topics covered in Study abroad, your plan) The executive summary is the abstract of your business plan. It summarizes the content and purpose of your finished plan, covering all of the key points. This is a key section if you are seeking funding. Your Company (introductory overview - who, what, where it is and why it is unique) Market Opportunity (opportunities your company is Essay essay, positioned to Study abroad help, take advantage of) Capital Requirements, Breakdown of writing Uses of Funds, Repayment of Loan or Benefits to Investors. (include only Study abroad, if you are seeking funding) Management (who they are and strengths each one brings to Help with writing a dissertation, the company) Competitors (direct and indirect); list their strengths and weaknesses. Your Company's Competitive Advantages.

Financial Projections (summary of Income Statement Projections for Study abroad italy next 3 years) Note : Write the executive summary after you have completed your business plan. It is a summary. Part I: The Organizational Plan. What is Help a dissertation, included? This section should include a summary description of your business statement followed by information on the administrative end of your company. Summary Description of the Business.

In a paragraph or two give a broad overview of the nature of your business, telling when and why the company was formed. Then complete the summary by Study abroad help italy briefly addressing: mission (projecting short- and long-term goals) business model (describe your company's model and why it is unique to Help writing, your industry) strategy (give an overview of the strategy, focusing on short- and long-term objectives) strategic relationships (tell about any existing strategic relationships) SWOT Analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that your company will face, both internal and external) Products or Services. If you are the manufacturer and/or wholesale distributor of a product: Describe your products. Tell briefly about Study, your manufacturing process. Include information on suppliers and availability of Essay essay materials.

If you are a retailer and/or an e-tailer: Describe the products you sell. Include information about your sources and handling of inventory and fulfillment. If you provide a service: Describe your services List future products or services you plan to provide. Address Copyrights, Trademarks, and Study help italy, Patents. Back up in Supporting Documents with registrations, photos, diagrams, etc. Describe your projected or current location. Project costs associated with the written statement location.

Include legal agreements, utilities forecasts, etc. in Supporting Documents. Note: If location is important to marketing, cover in Part II - The Marketing Plan. Describe your legal structure and why it is Study abroad italy, advantageous for your company. List owners and/or corporate officers describing strengths (include resumes). List the people who are (or will be) running the business. Describe their responsibilities and abilities.

Project their salaries. (Include resumes in nursing case studies book, Supporting Documents) How many employees will you have in what positions? What are the necessary qualifications? How many hours will they work and at what wage? Project future needs for adding employees. Accounting: What system will you set up for daily accounting? Who will you use for a tax accountant? Who will be responsible for Study abroad help periodic financial statement analysis? Legal: Who will you retain for Professional papers written statement an attorney? (Keep 'Murphy's Law' in mind.) What kinds of abroad italy insurance will you carry? (Property Liability, Life Health)

What will it cost and who will you use for a carrier? Address security in Writing nursing book, terms of inventory control and theft of information (online and off). Project related costs. Part II: The Marketing Plan. What is a marketing plan?

The Marketing Plan defines all of the components of your marketing strategy. You will address the details of your market analysis, sales, advertising, and public relations campaigns. Abroad Italy? The Plan should also integrate traditional (offline) programs with new media (online) strategies. Overview and Original essays, Goals of help italy Your Marketing Strategy. With Writing? Target Market (identify with demographics, psychographics, and niche market specifics) Competition (describe major competitors assessing their strengths and Study, weaknesses. Market Trends (identify industry trends and customer trends) Market Research (describe methods of research, database analysis, and results summary) General Description (budget % allocations on- and off-line with expected ROIs) Method of Sales and Distribution (stores, offices, kiosks, catalogs, d/mail, website) Packaging (quality considerations and packaging) Pricing (price strategy and Essay essay, competitive position.

Database Marketing (Personalization) Sales Strategies (direct sales, direct mail, email, affiliate, reciprocal, and viral marketing) Sales Incentives/Promotions (samples, coupons, online promo, add-ons, rebates, etc.) Advertising Strategies (traditional, web/new media, long-term sponsorships) Public Relations (online presence, events, press releases, interviews) Networking (memberships and abroad help italy, leadership positions) Description of Customer Service Activities. Expected Outcomes of Achieving Excellence. Implementation of Marketing Strategy. Out-Sourced Functions (advertising, public relations, marketing firms, ad networks, etc.) Assessment of Marketing Effectiveness* * To be used by existing companies after making periodic evaluations. Part III: Financial Documents. The quantitative part of your business plan. This section of the business plan is the Essay essay quantitative interpretation of everything you stated in the organizational and marketing plans. Do not do this part of your plan until you have finished those two sections.

Financial documents are the records used to show past, current, and projected finances. The following are the major documents you will want to include in your Business Plan. The work is abroad help, much easier if they are done in the order presented because they build on each other, utilizing information from the ones previously developed. Summary of Essay essay Financial Needs (needed only if you are seeking financing) This is an outline giving the following information: Why you are applying for financing. How Much capital you need. Loan Fund Dispersal Statement (needed only if you are seeking financing) Tell How you intend to disperse the loan funds. Back Up your statement with supporting data. Study Abroad Help? Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement (Budget) This document projects what your Business Plan means in terms of dollars. It shows cash inflow and outflow over a period of time and is used for internal planning. It is of prime interest to the lender and shows how you intend to repay your loan. Cash flow statements show both how much and when cash must flow in and out of your business.

Three-Year Income Projection. A Pro Forma Income PL (Income) Statement showing projections for your company for the next three years. Use the papers written revenue and abroad help italy, expense totals from the Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement for the 1st year's figures and project for papers written statement the next two years according to expected economic and industry trends. Projected Balance Sheet. Projection of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth of Study abroad help your company at end of next fiscal year. The break-even point is the point at Help which a company's expenses exactly match the sales or service volume. It can be expressed in: (1) Total dollars or revenue exactly offset by help total expenses -or- (2) Total units of production (cost of which exactly equals the with a dissertation income derived by abroad italy their sales). This analysis can be done either mathematically or graphically. Revenue and college, expense figures are drawn from the three-year income projection. Note : The following (G-J) are Actual Performance (Historical) Statements.

They reflect the activity of your business in the past. Study? If your business is new and has not yet begun operations: the financial section will end here and Essay review, you will add a Personal Financial History. If yours is an established business: you will include the Study help italy following actual performance statements. Profit Loss Statement (Income Statement) Shows your business financial activity over a period of time (monthly, annually). It is a moving picture showing what has happened in your business and is an excellent tool for assessing your business. To Do? Your ledger is closed and balanced and the revenue and expense totals transferred to Study, this statement. Shows the nursing condition of the business as of a fixed date. It is a picture of Study abroad italy your firm's financial condition at a particular moment and will show you whether your financial position is strong or weak.

It is usually done at the close of an accounting period. Contains: (1) Assets, (2) Liabilities and (3) Net Worth. Help A Dissertation? Financial Statement Analysis. In this section you will use your income statements and balance sheets to develop a study of relationships and abroad italy, comparisons of: (1) Items in a single year's financial statement, (2) comparative financial statements for a period of time, or (3) your statements with those of other businesses. Measures are expressed as ratios or percentages that can be used to compare your business with industry standards. If you are seeking a lender or investor, ratio analysis as compared to industry standards will be especially critical in determining whether or not the loan or venture funds are justified.

Liquidity Analysis (net working capital, current ratio, quick ratio) Profitability Analysis (gross profit margin, operating profit margin, net profit margin) Debt Ratios (debt to assets, debt to equity) Measures of Investment (return on writers review writing, investment) Vertical financial statement analysis (shows relationship of components in a single financial statement) Horizontal financial statement analysis (percentage analysis of the increases and decreases in the items on comparative financial statement) Business Financial History. Study Help? This is a summary of financial information about your company from its start to the present. The Business Financial History and Loan Application are frequently one and the same. If you have completed the rest of the financial section, you should have all of the information you need to transfer to this document. Part IV: Supporting Documents. This section of What your plan will contain all of the records that back up the statements and decisions made in the three main parts of your business plan. The most common supporting documents are: Include resumes for owners and management. A resume should a one-page document. Study Abroad? Include: work history, educational background, professional affiliations and honors, and a focus on special skills relating to the company position.

Owners' Financial Statements. A statement of personal assets and liabilities. For a new business owner, this will be part of your financial section. Help With A Dissertation? Business and personal from suppliers or wholesalers, credit bureaus, and banks. Copies of Leases, Mortgages, Purchase Agreements, Etc.

All agreements currently in force between your company and a leasing agency, mortgage company or other agency. Letters of abroad help italy Reference. Letters recommending you as being a reputable and reliable business person worthy of being considered a good risk. (both business and personal references) Include all business contracts, both completed and currently in papers written, force. Other Legal Documents. Abroad Italy? All legal papers pertaining to Writing nursing, your legal structure, proprietary rights, insurance, etc. Limited partnership agreements, shipping contracts, etc. All other documents which have been referred to, but not included in abroad italy, the main body of the plan. (for example: location plans, demographics, competition analysis, advertising rate sheets, cost analysis, etc.) Putting Your Plan Together. Essay Essay? When You Are Finished: Your Business Plan should look professional, but the potential lender or investor needs to know that it was done by you. A business plan will be the best indicator that can be used to judge your potential for help italy success. It should be no more than 30 to 40 pages in length, excluding supporting documents. If you are seeking a lender or investor: Include only the supporting documents that will be of immediate interest to the person examining your plan.

Keep the others with your own copy where they will be available on short notice. Professional Papers Written Statement? Make copies for each lender or investor you wish to approach. Keep track of each copy that you give out. If you are turned down for financing, be sure to retrieve your business plan. Keep Your Business Plan Up-to-Date. Your business plan will be beneficial only if you update it frequently to abroad italy, reflect what is happening within your business. Measure your projections against what actually happens in Help writing a dissertation abstract, your company. Use the results to analyze the effectiveness of Study abroad help your operation. You can then implement changes that will give you a competitive edge and make your business more profitable.

Linda Pinson is a nationally-recognized business speaker, author and educator. She is the owner of Out of Your Mind. and Into the Marketplace#8482;, publisher of educational how-to books and software for with writing a dissertation abstract new and established businesses. Linda has authored nine books, one of abroad which is Anatomy of a Business Plan, winner of the Ben Franklin Best Business Book of the Year Award and basis of the U.S. Essay Writers Review? Small Business Administration (SBA) Publication, How to Write a Business Plan. She is also the developer of Automate Your Business Plan Version 2015 for Windows ® . Her books are in libraries and bookstores throughout the U.S. and help italy, have been translated into Spanish, Italian, Chinese and college, other languages for foreign use. The books and software are used as course material in italy, universities, colleges, SBDCs, BICs, and technical schools, and also for training and Professional statement, development within corporations.

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3 Ultimate Resume Makeovers (and What You Can Learn From Them) Earlier this year, we asked you to abroad help send us your resume challenges as part of our Mission: (Resume) Impossible contest. And you definitely did! We got submissions from new grads, from career changers, and from longtime job seekers, and we saw resumes from all types of fields and levels of experiences. Narrowing these down was tough, but we chose three finalists to receive a resume makeover. And today, we’re not only Essay essay, sharing their “before” and “after” resume looks, we’re giving you the Study abroad inside scoop on how to make over your own resume. Of course, everyone’s experience and goals are different, which means that everyone’s resume situation is different, too. But in written statement some ways, we all have the same challenge: It’s really, really hard to condense a career’s worth of Study abroad help experience into one page of with writing a dissertation compelling bullet points that will sell you as the abroad help italy best person for the job. So, we applied some of the to do same strategies across all three Mission: (Resume) Impossible winners, and we think they’ll be useful for you, too, no matter what job you’re gunning for. Study Abroad Help. Take a look at these resume makeovers, then read our expert tips to get started on yours. (Note: Names, contact information, and What for homework, company names have been changed to protect our winners’ privacy.) Background: Full-time nanny for a friend for abroad help italy, four years, while also running a film nonprofit on a volunteer basis. Professional Papers. Over a decade of involvement with film festivals, all as a volunteer.

Goal: To land a full-time production or marketing position in a film or entertainment-related company. Background: 11-year marketing veteran in Study help italy real estate. Goal: To launch a new career in the healthcare field, translating her marketing skills to Writing nursing a new industry. Background: 6 years of abroad italy social and email marketing experience, 2 years of events and publicity experience, and a military veteran. Recently completed bachelor’s degree. Goal: To land a new full-time marketing position with better salary and benefits. With each of our candidates, the first thing we did was look at the top third of the page—the part that will show up on the screen when the hiring manager clicks “open” on to do, that PDF. That’s what’s going to make your first impression—so, no matter what you have further down, you should ask yourself if the abroad top third of What for homework that page serves as a hook that makes the hiring manager to eager to read more. What does that mean in terms of specifics? First, don’t let your header (i.e., the Study abroad help block with your name and address) take up too much space. Not only do you want to papers written statement make sure you’re filling the page with your accomplishments, but you especially don’t want the recruiter missing out on seeing something important because it got pushed too far down the page.

Second, unless you’re a recent graduate, put your education after your experience —because chances are, your last 1-2 jobs are more important and relevant to you getting the job than where you went to college is. Study Help Italy. On the other hand, if you’re a recent graduate or you have particularly relevant or impressive education credentials, putting your education at the top might make sense. Finally, take a look at how much your header plus first job take up—is your second job appearing above the fold? Do you want it to? If your most recent job is less relevant than a previous job to the position you’re applying to, keep the bullets under that first job short so the second job also pops out. For an example, look at the Hunting Outdoors Equipment Co. experience on Jamie Lee’s resume—since it reflects only a four-month position, we wanted to make sure her experience at Smith Real Estate (where she worked for seven years across a variety of to do for homework marketing and design functions) was above the fold. All three of our resume impossible candidates came in with two-page resumes—and we condensed every one of them down to a page.

Our reasoning was the same as above—you want to make sure everything important is front and center for the hiring manager. Most recruiters won’t flip to that second page (and some we know will automatically throw a two-page resume in the trash !). Study Abroad Help. The secret to shortening things up? Well, two things. First, take a look to Essay essay see if there is space you’re not making good use of. On Katherine Smith’s resume, the formatting she’d chosen for the title and abroad, section headers took up quite a bit of space—and by eliminating some of the lines and separations, we were able to Essay essay give her more space on the page without losing the feel of the formatting.

Second, condense your bullets. No matter how long you’ve been in a job, or how much you’ve accomplished there, you shouldn’t have more than 6-7 bullets in a given section. Why? Because, no matter how good your bullets are, the recruiter just isn’t going to Study help get through them. Recruiters are more often than not skimming your resume—and when skimming a page, nothing catches the eye like the Help with writing abstract start of a new section. On the other hand, when presented with a long list, the natural tendency is to skip over the end of it, and go on to the next section. So, pick your best accomplishments and abroad help, finesse the wording on them (more on that in writers review writing a minute). Then cut the abroad help italy rest—you can always talk about it in your interview.

For a before-and-after example, look at the Smith Real Estate experience on Jamie Lee’s resume—which we took from 17 bullets down to Professional papers written statement seven. Study Help Italy. It’s About the Highlights, Not the Play-by-Play. Essay Essay. You don’t have to Study abroad help italy share every single thing you did at your job on your resume. In fact, you shouldn’t. You want to tell a story, and you want to control the arc of that story—so pick out the writers review writing accomplishments that help you tell that story, and make those your bullets. Study Abroad Help. For example, on Katherine Smith’s resume, we wanted to tell the story that she established her company’s first marketing department, recruited a team, and then built a marketing strategy that led to 20% sales growth and reached an audience of with writing a dissertation abstract 60,000. All those points are in both versions of her resume—the difference is, in the final version, the bullets are crafted and ordered to tell a story, whereas in the original, they feel more like a collection of Study independent data points on Essay essay, Katherine’s accomplishments. Recognize, too, that if you’re telling a compelling story—it’s OK if you don’t include the number of Twitter followers you recruited.

If you drove a major Twitter campaign that resulted in impressive user acquisition, then by all means, share that and share the numbers. But if you were in charge of leading an integrated social media strategy, you might choose to highlight your strategic development of that plan or the particularly impressive results you got on Facebook—and choose to leave off that Twitter number, even if it’s not bad. And that’s OK. In the same vein, don’t let any of your experiences take up more space than they deserve. On Hannah Fitzgerald’s resume, we kept her pre-school teaching experience to two lines—giving her more space to elaborate on her achievements that were more relevant to Study abroad italy the film and entertainment positions to review which she’s applying. And we included four of the Study italy most impressive film festivals she’s had a part in, but we gave them their own section so that we could compress all this great information into five lines (compared to 15 lines on her original resume). When you’re giving your own resume a makeover, the #1 key is to put yourself in the shoes of a hiring manager. Is your resume clean, concise, and compelling? Does it send—loud and clear—the message that you’re the Original college right person for the job? Look at your resume with a critical eye and Study abroad help italy, with these factors in mind, and you’re bound to get noticed. Photo of Help writing a dissertation woman working on resume courtesy of Shutterstock . Melissa is Study, a Founder of Essay writing The Muse.

Melissa was recently named to INC's 15 Women to Watch in Tech. Study Abroad Help Italy. She was an Executive Editor of Original essays The Harvard Crimson, where she graduated summa cum laude with a degree in Physics. She was also a management consultant for help italy, McKinsey Company, where she learned the ins and Professional papers, outs of the business world—and many, many airports. Life-goals include running a marathon and filling up all the abroad help extra pages in her passport. Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for this class.

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Essay on Religion: Meaning, Nature , Role and other details (5931 Words) Here is your essay on religion, it’s meaning, nature, role and other details! Religion is an almost universal institution in Study, human society. It is case book, found in all societies, past and present. All the preliterate societies known to us have religion.

Religion goes back to the beginning of the culture itself. It is a very ancient institution. There is Study abroad italy, no primitive society without religion. Image Courtesy : upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Religios_collage_%28large%29.jpg/1280px-Religios_collage_%28large%29.jpg. Like other social institutions, religion also arose from the intellectual power of man in response to certain felt needs of men. While most people consider religion as universal and therefore, a significant institution of societies. It is the foundation on which the normative structure of society stands. It is the video social institution that deals with sacred things, that lie beyond our knowledge and control. It has influenced other institutions. It has been exerting tremendous influence upon political and economic aspects of life. It is said that man from the earliest times has been incurably religious.

Judaism, Christianity, Islam (Semitic religions), Hinduism and Buddhism; Confucianism, Taoism and Shinto (Chinese-Japanese religions) etc. are examples of the great religions of the world. Religion is concerned with the Study abroad shared beliefs and practices of Essay essay human beings. It is the human response to those elements in the life and environment of mankind which are beyond their ordinary comprehension. Religion is pre-eminently social and is found in nearly all societies. Majumdar and Madan explain that the word religion has its origin in Study italy, the Latin word Rel (I) igio. This is What to do for homework, derived from two root words. The first root is Leg, meaning “together, count or observe”. The second root is Lig, meaning ‘to bind’.

The first root refers to help belief in and practice of “signs of Divine Communication”. The second root refers to the carrying out those activities which link human beings with the supernatural powers. Thus, we find that the word religion basically represents beliefs and practices which are generally the main characteristics of all religions. Central to all religions is the concept of faith. Religion in this sense is the organisation of faith which binds human beings to their temporal and transcendental foundation. By faith man is written statement, distinguished from other beings. Study Abroad Italy! It is essentially a subjective and private matter.

Faith is What for homework video, something which binds us together and abroad, is therefore, more important than reason. Pfleiderer defined religion as “that reference men’s life to a word governing power which seeks to grow into a living union with it.” According to Original college James G. Frazer considered religion as a belief in “Powers superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and of human life”. As Christopher Dauson writes, “Whenever and wherever man has a sense of dependence on external powers which are conceived as mysterious and higher than man’s own, there is religion, and Study help, the feelings of awe and self-abasement with which man is filled in the presence of such powers is essentially a religious emotion, the writers review root of worship and prayer.” Arnold W. Green defines religion as “a system of beliefs and symbolic practices and objects, governed by Study abroad italy, faith rather than by knowledge, which relates man to an unseen supernatural realm beyond the known and beyond the controllable.” According to Maclver and Page, “Religion, as we understand the term, implies a relationship not merely between man and man but also between man and some higher power.” As Gillin and Gillin says, “The social field of religion may be regarded as including those emotionalized beliefs prevalent in a social group concurring the Essay essay supernatural plus crest and behaviour, material objects and symbols associated with such beliefs.”

Thus, there are numerous definitions of religion given thinkers according to their own conceptions. As a matter of fact the forms in which religion expresses itself vary so much that it is difficult to abroad italy agree upon a definition. Some maintain that religion includes a belief in supernatural or mysterious powers and that it expresses itself in overt activities designed to deal with those powers. Others regard religion as something very earthly and materialistic, designed to achieve practical ends. Nursing Case! Sumner and Keller asserted that, “Religion in history, from the earliest to very recent days, has not been a matter of Study help italy morality at all but of rites, rituals, observance and ceremony”. Religion, in fact, is not a mere process of mediations about man’s life; it is also a means of preserving the values of life. While it is possible to define religion as belief in God or some super-natural powers, it is well to remember that there can also be a Godless religion as Buddhism. In sociology, the word religion is used in a wider sense than that used in religious books. A common characteristic found among all religions is What for homework, that they represent a complex of emotional feelings and attitudes towards mysterious and perplexities of life.

According to Radin it consists of two parts: (a) Physiological and (b) psychological. The physiological part expresses itself in such acts as kneeling, closing the eyes, touching the Study feet. The psychological part consists of college supernormal sensitivity to certain traditions and beliefs. While belief in supernatural powers may be considered basic to all religion, equally fundamental is the presence of a deeply emotional feeling which Golden Weiber called the “religion thrill”. If we analyse the italy great religions of the world, we shall find that each of them contains, five basic elements: (1) belief in supernatural powers, (2) belief in the holy, (3) ritual, (4) acts defined as sinful and (5) some method of salvation. The first basic element of religion is the belief that there are supernatural powers.

These powers are believed to for homework influence human life and control all natural phenomena. Some call these supernatural forces God, other call them Gods. There are even others who do not call them by any name. They simply consider them as forces in their universe. Thus, belief in the non-sensory, super-empirical world is the first element of help religion. There are certain holy or sacred elements of religion. These constitute the heart of the religion. There are certain things which are regarded as holy or sacred. But a thing is holy or sacred not because of a peculiar quality of thing. Writing Case! An attitude makes a thing holy. The sacred character of a tangible thing is not observable to the senses.

Sacred things are symbols. They symbolize the abroad help italy things of the Help with a dissertation abstract unseen, super-empirical world, they symbolize certain sacred but tangible realities. When a Hindu worships a cow, he worships it not because of the kind of animal the cow is, but because of a host of super-empirical characteristics which this animal is imagined to represent. Religious ritual is “the active side of religion. It is behaviour with reference to super empirical entities and sacred- objects”. It includes any kind of behavior (such as the wearing of special clothing and the immersion in certain rivers, in the Ganga for instance), prayers, hymns, creedal recitations, and other forms of reverence, usually performed with other people and in public. It can include singing, dancing, weeping, crawling, starving, feasting, etc. Failure to perform these acts is help italy, considered a sin. Each religion defines certain acts as sinful and papers written, profane (unholy). They are certain moral principles which are explained to have a supernatural origin. It is believed that the powers of the other world cherish these principles.

The violation of these principles creates man’s sense of help italy guilty. It may also bring upon Essay review, him the disfavour of the Study help supernatural powers. If the behaviour is not in accordance with the religions code, the behaviour or act is considered as sinful. A method of salvation is the fifth basic element of religion. Man needs some method by which he can regain harmony with the What video Gods through removal of Study abroad help guilt. In Hindu religion Moksha or Salvation represents the end of life, the realisation of an inner spirituality in man. The Hindu seeks release from the bondage of Karma, which is the joy or suffering he undergoes as a result of with a dissertation his actions in abroad italy, his life. The ultimate end of life is to attain Moksha. Abstract! The Buddhist hopes to attain Salvation by being absorbed in the Godhead and entering Nirvana.

The Christian has a redeemer in help, Christ who gave his life for man’s sins. In short, religion is the institutionalised set of beliefs men hold about supernatural forces. It is more or less coherent system of beliefs and practices concerning a supernatural order of beings, forces, places or other entities. Religion is interwoven with all aspects of human life: with kinship systems, economic and political institutions. Prior to the advent of what may be called as “the age of reason”, religion has been the chief supporter of the Essay essay spiritual and moral values of life. It has shaped domestic, economic and political institutions. Abroad Italy! Hence, it is obvious that religion performs a number of functions both for the religious group and for the wider society. Writers! These functions of Study help religion are discussed bellow. 1. Religion Helps in the Struggle for case book Societal Survival: Religion may be said to help in the struggle for help societal survival. Rushton Coulborn has shown that religion played a crucial role in the formation and early development of seven primary civilisations: Egyptian Mesopotamian, Indian, Cretan, Chinese, Middle American and Andean.

Religion in each of these societies gave its members the courage needed for survival in an unfavourable environment, by giving explanations to certain aspects of the human conditions which could not be explained in a rational manner. In present societies religion also performs this role. By relating the empirical world to the super-empirical world religion gives the individual a sense of security in this rapidly changing world. This sense of What security of the individual has significance for the society. Since religion helps man to forget the suffering, disappointments and sorrows in this life’, social dissatisfaction and social unrest become less frequent and the social system continues functioning. 2. Religion Promotes Social Integration: Religion acts as a unifying force and hence, promotes social integration in several ways. Religion plays an important part in crystallising, symbolising and abroad, reinforcing common values and norms. Essay Essay! It thus provides support for social standards, socially accepted behaviour.

Common faith, values and Study help italy, norms etc. are significant in unifying people. As the individuals perform rituals collectively their devotion to What to do video group ends is enhanced. Through a ritual individual expresses common beliefs and abroad, sentiments. It thus helps him to identify himself more with his fellows, and to distinguish himself more from members of other groups, communities or nations. By distinguishing between holy and unholy things, religion creates sacred symbol for the values and this symbol becomes the rallying point for all persons who share the same values. The cow as a sacred symbol of the Hindus, for example, is a rallying point which gives cohesion to Hindu society.

Religion performs its function of Original college kindred integration through social control. It regulates the conduct of individuals by enforcing moral principles on them and by prescribing powerful sanctions against them for violation. 3. Religion helps to knit the Social Values of a Society into a Cohesive Whole: It is the ultimate source of social cohesion. Abroad! The primary requirement of society is the common possession of social values by which individuals control the actions of self and papers written, others and Study abroad help italy, through which society is perpetuated. These social values emanate from religious faith. Help Writing Abstract! Religion is the foundation upon Study abroad italy, which these values rest. Children should obey their parents, should not tell a lie or cheat, women should be faithful to men; people should be honest and virtuous are some of the social values which maintain social cohesion. Video! It is religion that asks man to renounce unsocial activities and requires him to accept limitations upon Study italy, his wants and desires.

All the religions have preached love and non-violence. They have emphasized sacrifice and forbearance. 4. Religions Acts as an Agent of Social Control: It is one of the means of informal means of social control. Religion not only defines moral expectations for to do for homework members of the religious group but usually enforces them.

It supports certain types of social conduct by italy, placing the powerful sanctions of the supernatural behind them. It makes certain forms of social behaviour as offences not only against writers writing society but also against God. Hence, any violation of the acceptable norm is punishable not only by God but by society. Study Help Italy! Hinduism gives sanction to the caste system which regulates social relations of various classes in India. 5. Religion Promotes Social Welfare: Religion encourages people to render services to the needy and poor and promote their welfare. It develops philanthropic attitude of people. Help and nursing studies book, assistance are rendered to poor and destitute persons due to religion inspiration. It is believed that one can obtain the cherished goal of religion by Study abroad italy, way of giving alms and assistance to the helpless and needy persons. In this way religion promotes the What for homework welfare of individuals, groups and community. The priesthood often was dedicated to art and culture.

The priests laid the foundations of medicine. Magic supplied the roots of observation and experimentation from which science developed. It also inculcated the habit of charity among the people who opened many charitable institutions like hospitals, rest houses, temples to help the needy and the poor. 7. It Rationalizes and Makes bearable Individual Suffering in the known World: Religion serves to soothe the man in times of his suffering and Study, disappointment.

In this world man often suffers disappointment even in the midst of all hopes and achievements. The things for with which he strives are in some measure always denied to him. When human hopes are blighted, when all that was planned and striven for has been swept away, man naturally wants something to console and compensate him. When a son dies man seeks to assuage his grief in ritualistic exchanges of condolence. On God he puts faith and entertains the belief that some unseen power moves in mysterious ways to make even his loss meaningful. Faith in God compensates him and Study help italy, sustains his interest in life and makes it bearable. Book! In this way religion helps man to bear his frustrations and encourages him to accept his lot on earth. 8. Religion Enhances Self-importance: It expands one’s self to infinite proportions. Man unites himself with the Study abroad italy infinite and feels ennobled.

Through unity with the infinite the self is made majestic and triumphant. Man considers himself the noblest work of God with whom he shall be united and his self thus becomes grand and to do, luminous. Besides this, religion shapes domestic, economic and political institutions. Religion supports institutional pattern more explicitly. All the great religions of the world have attempted to Study regulate kinship relations, especially marriage and family. Political institutions are often sanctioned by religion: the emperor of China or Japan was sacred; the ruling caste of India was sanctioned by Brahmanism; the kings of France were supposed to rule by divine right. Religious rites are performed on many occasions in relation to vital events and with writing, dominant interests: birth, initiation, marriage, sickness, death, hunting, animal husbandry and so on; and Study help, they are intimately concerned with family and kinship interests and with political institutions. Religion is the central element in What to do for homework, the life of civilisation. Religion has also performed some other services to humanity among which Sumner and Keller included the provision of work, the Study abroad help italy spread of education, the nursing studies book accumulation of capital and the creation of a leisure class.

For thousands of years, religion has exerted a great influence over economic and political life. Even today religion is called upon to support rulers, contacts and other legal procedures. In addition to positive functions of religion, there are some negative aspects of Study abroad italy its social functions. What To Do For Homework Video! Although religion is an integrative force, it may be disruptive for the society as a whole. Sumner and Keller, Benjamin Kidd, Karl Marx, Thomas F. O’ Dea and others have pointed the dysfunctions of religion. The dysfunctions of religion are as follows. 1. Study Abroad Help! Religion Inhibits Protests and Hinders Social Changes:

According to Thomas F. O’ Dea, religion inhibits protests and impedes social changes which may even prove to be beneficial to the welfare of the society. All protests and conflicts are not always negative. Protests and conflicts often become necessary for bringing out changes. Some changes would certainly lead to positive reforms. By inhibiting protests and preventing changes religion may postpone reforms.

2. Hampers the Adaptation of Society to Changed Conditions: Social values and norms emanate from religious faith. Some of the norms which lose their appropriateness under changed conditions may also be imposed by religion. This can “impede a more functionally appropriate adaptation of society to changing conditions.” For example, during the medieval Europe, the Church refused to grant the ethical legitimacy of money lending at interest, despite the great functional need of Original this activity in a situation of developing capitalism”. Even today, traditional Muslims face religio-ethical problems concerning interest-taking. Similar social conflict is evident in the case of birth control measures including abortion, in the Catholic world. 3. Religion may Foster Dependence and Irresponsibility: Religion often makes its followers dependent on religious institutions and leaders. But it does not develop an Study italy, ability in them to writers assume individual responsibility.

For example, a good number of people in India prefer to take the help advises of priests and religious leaders before starting some ventures. But they do not take the Essay writers review writing suggestion of those who are competent in the field. In its course of development religion has supported and promoted evil practices such as cannibalism, slavery, untouchability, human and animal sacrifice etc. As religion interprets misfortune and suffering in Study abroad help italy, this world as manifestations of the supernatural order itself, it sanctifies the existing social structure. Religion preaches submission to the existing socio-economic condition and to What video fate. It is this control function of religion that caused Marx to call religion as “the sigh of the oppressed creature, the sentiment of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions.

It is the italy opiate of the people.” By sanctifying norms and legitimizing social institutions, religion serves as a guardian of the Help with writing a dissertation status quo. Religion is the source of many superstitions. Italy! These superstitions have caused harm to human being. Video! Superstitions like evil spirits and ghosts cause diseases; poverty is the desire of the God etc. hinder the welfare of Study abroad italy human beings. Religion results in inter-group conflicts by dividing people along religious lines. It is deeply related with conflicts. Wars and battles have been fought in the name of religion. Sumner and studies, Keller are of the opinion that religion often causes economic wastes. For example, investing huge sums of italy money on building temples, churches, mosques, etc., spending much on religious fairs, festivals and ceremonies, spoiling huge quantity of food articles, material things etc., in the name offerings. It leads to waste of human labour, energy and time. Religion creates diversities among people.

It creates a gap among them. In the Professional papers name of God and religion, loot, plundering, mass killing, rape and other cruel and inhuman treatments have been meted out to people. Religion has made people blind, dumb and deaf to the reality. They have faith without reasoning which is blind. On the contrary, it has often made people to become bigots and fanatics. Bigotry and fanaticism have led to persecution, inhuman treatment and misery in the past. Religion preserves traditions. It preaches submission to the existing conditions and Study abroad, maintenance of status quo. Writing Nursing Studies! Religion is not readily amenable to Study social change and writers, progress. 12.

Religion Retards Scientific Achievement: Religion has tried to Study prevent the scientists from discovering new facts. For example, it tried to suppress the doctrines of Darwin, Huxley and others. By placing high premium on Professional papers written statement, divine power religion has made people fatalistic. They think that all events in life is due to some divine power and hence due to fate. Study Italy! As a result, his power and potentiality is undermined. Thus, religion affects the creativity of man. Marx has strongly criticised religion.

For Marx all that was fundamental in the science of society proceeded from the material and especially the economic sphere. For him therefore religion is, to be sure, superstition, but to stop at this point is to limit religion to merely abstract belief. It leaves the impression that religion may be dislodged simply by new, rational belief. Marx’s sense of the matter is more profound. Merely changing beliefs is not enough. The transformation of an entire social order is required, for belief is deeply rooted in the social relations of men. Religion, writes Marx, “is the ‘self-consciousness and self-feeling of man who either has not yet found himself or has already lost himself. But man is no abstract being, squatting outside the world.

Man is the world of man, the state, and Professional, society. This state, this society produce religion, a perverted world consciousness, because they are a perverted world. Religion is the Study help compendium of that world, its encyclopedic, its enthusiasm, its moral sanction, its solemn completion, its universal ground for consolation and justification. It is the fantastic realization of the human essence because the human essence has no true reality. Marx believed, like Luduig Feuerbach, that what man gives to God in the form of worship, he takes from himself. That is, man is persuaded through suffering or through false teaching to project what is his to a supernatural being. Professional Papers! But he was convinced, unlike Feuerbach, that what is fundamental is not religious forms – against which Feuerbach had urged revolt-but the economic forms of existence. The abolition of religion as the “illusory happiness” of the people is required for their real happiness, declared Marx. But before religion can be abolished the conditions which nurture it must be done away with. “The demand to give up the illusions about its condition is the demand to give up a condition which needs illusion”.

Marx’s criticism of religion is thus deeply connected with the criticism of right and the criticism of politics. Study Abroad! As Marx put it… “The criticism of heaven transforms itself into the criticism of Original essays earth, the criticism of religion into the criticism of law and the criticism of theology into the criticism of politics”. Marx was an atheist as well as a great humanist. He had profound sympathy for abroad help italy all who look up to religion for Writing nursing case studies book salvation. This is amply clear from his following observation: “The criticism of help italy religion ends with the teaching that man is the highest essence of man, hence with the categorical imperative to overthrow all relations in which man is debased, enslaved abandoned…” Change is the very essence of a living thing. A living religion must grow, must advance and must change. No form of religion is static. In some cases the change may be slow and minor, in others relatively rapid and major.

Every religion claims its first principle supreme, original and review writing, eternal. Hence, there is also an Study abroad, element of censure for change. Broadly, there are three types of changes in religion: (i) from simple to complex, (ii) from complex to simple and (iii) mixing forms. Contact with complex form of religion adds many new elements in the simple form of tribal religion. For example, with the Original gradual spread of Vaishnavism in chhotanagpur, the Oraons tribe which lives in that region, began to reorganise traditional faith. There are also examples of help italy simplification of complex form of religion, specially of rituals and ceremonies. Buddhism for writers review instance, came as a revolt against the Vedic ritual which was both complex and expensive, and also beyond the common man’s reach. In the Study italy 19 century, Brahmo Samaj again tried to simplify the complex nature of Brahmanic Hinduism. Mixing of more than one form has caused development of new religious organisation. The most excellent example is of Sophism.

It has evolved from writers review writing, Persian, Zoroastrianism and Arab Islamism. Sikhism, Kabirpantha and Study abroad help, many other Santa-Sampradayas of their kind are Sanatan Hinduism, modified by Buddhism and Suphism. The history of the development of religion shows that as mankind moves from small isolated village towards large, complex, urban, industrialised society the character of Essay essay influence of religion on man and his life changes. In the earlier phases of religion the primary needs of Study abroad italy mankind, those concerned with the review writing necessities of life, played a dominant part. As man’s knowledge of natural forces grows, he learns to control them by natural methods, that is, by a detailed scrutiny of their causes and abroad help italy, conditions.

As religious explanation of the What video universe is gradually substituted by rational scientific explanations and various group activities (such as politics, education, art and music) have been increasingly transferred from ecclesiastical to civil and other non-religious agencies, the conception of God as a power over man and his society loses its importance. This movement is sometimes referred to as secularisation. Thus secularisation as Bryan Wilson has defined, refers to the process in which religious thinking, practice and institutions lose social significance. In Europe, secularisation is held to be the outcome of the social changes brought about by urban, industrial society. It means that religious beliefs and practices have tended to decline in modern urban, industrial societies, particularly among the Study help working class in Western societies. Religion in Western societies has tended to place less emphasis on dogma and more on social values. It has tried to Essay essay reconcile its doctrine with scientific knowledge.

As Barnes has pointed out religion adapted to our changed conditions of life is worth preserving and it must seek to organise. Study Italy! The masses and college essays, guide their activities for the benefit of the society rather than for the purpose of pleasing the God. Secularism as an ideology has emerged from the dialectic of Study italy modern science and Protestantism, not from writers writing, simple repudiation of religion and the rise of rationalism. However, the process of secularisation has affected the domination of religious institutions and symbols. The process of secularisation was started in India during the British rule. But the process of secularisation took its course unlike Western Europe renaissance and reformation in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. The process was very slow. However, this worldly outlook, rationality and secular education gradually affected various aspects of religion in India. Various laws of social reformation, modern education, transport and Study abroad help, communication contributed towards decline in religiosity among the Hindus. No doubt we are moving from religiosity to secular way of life.

But evidences show that religious beliefs have not declined in West as well as in our society. First, organised Christianity plays an important political force in Europe and North America. Second, the essays kindred vitality of Zionism, militant Islam (Islamic fundamentalism), radical Catholicism in abroad, Latin America and Sikhism, fundamentalism and to do video, communalism in India suggest that no necessary connection exists between modernisation and secularisation. All these criticisms are formidable indeed. But it should be noted that the diversity of religious sects and abroad italy, cults in modern societies demonstrates that religion has become an individual matter and not a dominant feature of social life. Essay Essay! It can also be argued that, while religion may play a part in ideological struggles against colonialism (as in Iran), in Study help italy, the long run modernisation of society brings about secularisation. The history of the development of religion shows that as mankind moves from small isolated villages towards large, complex, urban, industrial society; the influence of religion on with a dissertation abstract, man and abroad, his life changes. In the earlier phases of religion the primary needs of mankind were very much influenced by it. As man’s knowledge of natural forces grows, he learns to control them by natural methods, that is, by a detailed scrutiny of their causes and conditions. As religious explanation of the universe is gradually substituted by rational scientific explanations and various group activities (politics, education, art and music) have been increasingly transferred from ecclesiastic to civil and other non-religious agencies, the conception of God as power over Essay essay, man and abroad, his society loses its importance.

This movement is sometimes referred to as secularization. Secularism as an ideology has emerged from the dialectic of modern science and Protestantism, not from a simple repudiation of religion and the rise of rationalism. ‘Secularisation’, in the words of Peter Berger, refers to ‘the process by which sectors of society and culture are removed from the domination of college essays kindred religious institutions and symbols. Brayan Wilson argues that the following factors encouraged the development of rational thinking and a rational world view. Firstly, ascetic Protestantism, which created an Study abroad italy, ethic which was pragmatic, rational controlled and anti-emotional.

Secondly, the rational organizations, firms, public service, educational institution, Government, the State which impose rational behaviour upon Essay essay, them. Thirdly, the greater knowledge of abroad social and physical world which results from the What for homework development of physical, biological and abroad, social sciences. He says that this knowledge is based on reason rather than faith. He claims that science not only explained many facts of to do video life and the material environment in a way more satisfactory (than religion), but it also provided confirmation of its explanation in practical results. The term ‘secularisation’ has been used in different ways. Some have misunderstood, misconceived and misinterpreted the meaning of the concept. Others have included discrete and separate elements loosely, put them together that create confusion. The range of meaning attached to the term has become so wide, that David Martin advocates its removal from the sociological vocabulary. There are two meanings of the word current in modern and modernizing India and even in the whole of this subcontinent. One of the two meanings is found by consulting any standard dictionary.

But there is the difficulty in finding the other, for it is non-standard, local meaning which, many like to believe, is typically and distinctively Indian or South Asian. The first meaning becomes clear when people talk of secular trends in history or economics, or when they speak of secularizing the State. The word secular has been used in this sense, at least in the English-speaking West, for more than three hundred years. This secularism chalks out an area in Study help italy, public life where religion is not admitted. One can have religion in one’s private life. Writing Case Book! One can be a good Hindu or a good Muslim within one’s home or at one’s place of worship. But when one enters public life, one is expected to leave one’s faith behind.

In contrast, the non-Western meaning of secularism revolves round equal respect for all religions. In the Indian context the word has very different meaning from italy, its standard use in the English language. It is held that India is not Europe and hence secularism in India cannot mean the nursing case studies same thing as it does in Europe. What does it matter if secularism means something else in Europe and American political discourse? As long as there are clear and commonly agreed referents for the world in the Indian context, we should go ahead and address ourselves to the specifically Indian meaning of secularism. Unfortunately the matter cannot be settled that easily. The Indian meaning of secularism did not emerge in ignorance of the European or American meanings of the word. Indian meaning of secularism is debated in its Western genealogies. New meaning is acquired by Study italy, the word secularism in India.

The original concept is named by Writing, the English words, Secular and secularism in the Indian languages, by neologisms such as ‘Dharma-nirapekshata. This is translation of those English words and dharma-nirapekshata is used to refer to the range of meanings indicated by the English term. The term dharma-nirapekshata cannot be a substitute of Study help italy secular or secularism which is standardly used in talking about the role of Essay essay religion in a modern State or society. Dharma-nirapekshata is the outcome of vested interests inherent in Study help, our political system. Dharma-nirapekshata is understood in terms of What for homework video practice of any religion by any citizen. Besides, the State is not to give preference to any religion over another. But this term is irrelevant in a democratic structure and it bears no application in reality because three principles are mentioned in the liberal-doctrine (Liberty which requires that the State, permits the practice of any religion, equality which requires that State not to give preference to any religion and Study italy, the principle of Essay essay neutrality).

Indian secularism has been inadequately defined ‘attitude’ of goodwill towards all religions, ‘Sarvadharma Sadbhava’. In a narrower formulation it has been a negative or a defensive policy of religious neutrality on the part of the State. Hence, the original concept will not admit the Indian case with its range of references. Well-established and well-defined concept of secularism cannot be explained differently in terms of Western or Indian model. To Herberg, ‘authentic religion’ means an emphasis on the supernatural, a deep inner conviction of the Study abroad reality of supernatural power, a serious commitment to religious teaching, a strong element of the theological doctrine and a refusal to compromise religious beliefs and values with those of the Help with a dissertation wider society. If there is any trend of decline in any aspect of religion mentioned above, then it is indicative of the process of secularisation. Thus secularization, as Brayan Wilson has defined, refers to the process in which religious thinking, practice and abroad help, institutions lose social significance. Religion in What for homework, America is abroad help italy, subordinated to the American way of life. It means that religious belief and practices have tended to decline. Secularism is taken to mean that one’s religious ideals and beliefs should not interfere in general with social, economic and Essay, political field. Study Abroad Help Italy! Paying equal importance or constitutional guarantee for coexistence of religions does not mean secularism.

There are other aspects of secularism. Secularism is related to college kindred rationalism and empiricism. Secularisation involves reduction of religious influence on abroad italy, men, elimination of some aspects of Original essays it which are not beneficial to human welfare, elimination of superstitions and blind beliefs. Study Italy! In this manner, the process of secularisation implies the following assumptions. The process of secularisation implies the transformation of religious institutions as a whole. There is the need to secularise the religious institutions. This means less emphasis on supernatural power, lack of theological doctrine, and desirability to compromise with religious beliefs and values. The religious institutions undergo a process of change in the context of changing society. In a modern society sacred has little or no place, that a society undergoes a process of ‘desacrilisation’ . This means that supernatural forces are no longer seen as controlling the world. Action is not directed by religious beliefs.

People in a modern society increasingly look upon the world and their own lives without the benefit of What to do video religious interpretation. Help! As a result there is a ‘secularisation of consciousness’. Berger argues that the ‘decisive variable for secularisation is the process of rationalisation’. That is the review writing pre-requisite for abroad any industrial society of the modern type. Secularisation also implies rationality.

Wilson argues that a rational world view is the energy of religion. It is based on testing of arguments and writing, beliefs by rational procedure, on asserting truth by means of factors which can be quantified and objectively measured. Religion is based on faith. Its claim to abroad help italy truth cannot be tested by rational procedures. A rational world view rejects faith which is the basis of religion. It removes the mystery, magic and authority of religion. Writing Nursing Studies Book! A secular man lays more emphasis on help, physical laws rather than supernatural forces. The process of secularisation as the most important component of the process of modernisation is occurring in different forms in various contemporary societies.

Like modernisation, this process is good and desirable for the welfare of mankind. Finally, it is both a product and a process. Leave a Reply Click here to cancel reply. You must be logged in to post a comment. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages:

essay on open This article has been superseded by a major rewrite, “Open Source” misses the Study help italy point of Free Software, which is much better. What To Do Video? We keep this version for historical reasons. While free software by any other name would give you the help same freedom, it makes a big difference which name we use: different words convey different ideas . In 1998, some of the people in the free software community began using the term “open source software” instead of “free software” to describe what they do. The term “open source” quickly became associated with a different approach, a different philosophy, different values, and even a different criterion for which licenses are acceptable. The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are today separate movements with different views and goals, although we can and do work together on some practical projects. The fundamental difference between the two movements is in their values, their ways of looking at the world. For the case book Open Source movement, the issue of whether software should be open source is Study help italy a practical question, not an ethical one. As one person put it, “Open source is a development methodology; free software is a social movement.” For the Open Source movement, non-free software is a suboptimal solution. For the papers statement Free Software movement, non-free software is a social problem and free software is the solution. Relationship between the Free Software movement and Open Source movement.

The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are like two political camps within the free software community. Radical groups in the 1960s developed a reputation for factionalism: organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and then treated each other as enemies. Or at Study italy, least, such is the image people have of Writing nursing case, them, whether or not it was true. The relationship between the Study abroad help italy Free Software movement and the Open Source movement is just the opposite of that picture. We disagree on the basic principles, but agree more or less on case the practical recommendations. So we can and do work together on many specific projects. We don't think of the Study abroad Open Source movement as an enemy. The enemy is proprietary software. We are not against Original the Open Source movement, but we don't want to Study abroad help italy, be lumped in with them. We acknowledge that they have contributed to our community, but we created this community, and we want people to know this.

We want people to associate our achievements with our values and Essay essay, our philosophy, not with theirs. Italy? We want to be heard, not obscured behind a group with different views. To prevent people from statement thinking we are part of them, we take pains to avoid using the word “open” to describe free software, or its contrary, “closed”, in talking about abroad, non-free software. So please mention the Original college Free Software movement when you talk about the work we have done, and the software we have developedsuch as the GNU/Linux operating system. This rest of this article compares the two terms “free software” and “open source”. Abroad? It shows why the Original college term “open source” does not solve any problems, and in Study abroad help fact creates some. The term “free software” has an ambiguity problem: an unintended meaning, “Software you can get for to do video zero price,” fits the term just as well as the Study abroad intended meaning, “software which gives the user certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing a more precise definition of free software, but this is written statement not a perfect solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguously correct term would be better, if it didn't have other problems. Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own. We've looked at Study, many alternatives that people have suggested, but none is so clearly “right” that switching to it would be a good idea. Every proposed replacement for “free software” has a similar kind of semantic problem, or worseand this includes “open source software.”

The official definition of “open source software,” as published by the Open Source Initiative, is very close to our definition of Essay writers review, free software; however, it is a little looser in Study some respects, and they have accepted a few licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users. Nursing Case Studies Book? However, the obvious meaning for Study abroad help italy the expression “open source software” is “You can look at the source code.” This is abstract a much weaker criterion than free software; it includes free software, but also some proprietary programs, including Xv, and abroad help, Qt under its original license (before the QPL). That obvious meaning for “open source” is college essays not the meaning that its advocates intend. The result is Study abroad help italy that most people misunderstand what those advocates are advocating. Here is how writer Neal Stephenson defined “open source”: Linux is “open source” software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of to do for homework, its source code files. I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the “official” definition. I think he simply applied the Study abroad help italy conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition: Make use of open-source software (OSS).

OSS is software for which the source code is Professional freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary as to what one is allowed to Study abroad italy, do with that code. Of course, the to do for homework open source people have tried to deal with this by publishing a precise definition for the term, just as we have done for “free software.” But the explanation for “free software” is simplea person who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not free beer” will not get it wrong again. There is Study abroad help no such succinct way to explain the What for homework official meaning of “open source” and show clearly why the natural definition is the wrong one. The main argument for help italy the term “open source software” is that “free software” makes some people uneasy. That's true: talking about Writing book, freedom, about ethical issues, about responsibilities as well as convenience, is asking people to think about Study abroad italy, things they might rather ignore.

This can trigger discomfort, and some people may reject the idea for nursing case studies book that. It does not follow that society would be better off if we stop talking about these things. Years ago, free software developers noticed this discomfort reaction, and some started exploring an approach for avoiding it. They figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only about the immediate practical benefits of Study help, certain free software, they might be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain users, especially business. The term “open source” is offered as a way of doing more of thisa way to be “more acceptable to business.” The views and values of the Open Source movement stem from college essays kindred this decision. This approach has proved effective, in abroad help italy its own terms.

Today many people are switching to free software for purely practical reasons. That is good, as far as it goes, but that isn't all we need to do! Attracting users to free software is Essay essay not the whole job, just the first step. Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer such temptation, and why would users decline? Only if they have learned to Study abroad help, value the freedom free software gives them, for its own sake. It is up to us to spread this ideaand in order to do that, we have to talk about freedom. A certain amount of the Writing “keep quiet” approach to business can be useful for the community, but we must have plenty of freedom talk too.

At present, we have plenty of “keep quiet”, but not enough freedom talk. Study Abroad Help Italy? Most people involved with free software say little about Essay essay, freedomusually because they seek to be “more acceptable to business.” Software distributors especially show this pattern. Some GNU/Linux operating system distributions add proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to consider this an advantage, rather than a step backwards from Study italy freedom. We are failing to keep up with the influx of Professional papers statement, free software users, failing to teach people about freedom and our community as fast as they enter it. This is why non-free software (which Qt was when it first became popular), and partially non-free operating system distributions, find such fertile ground. To stop using the word “free” now would be a mistake; we need more, not less, talk about freedom. If those using the term “open source” draw more users into our community, that is a contribution, but the rest of us will have to work even harder to Study help, bring the issue of freedom to those users' attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives you freedom!”more and for homework video, louder than ever before. The advocates of “open source software” tried to italy, make it a trademark, saying this would enable them to prevent misuse. This initiative was later dropped, the term being too descriptive to abstract, qualify as a trademark; thus, the legal status of “open source” is the same as that of “free software”: there is no legal constraint on using it. I have heard reports of a number of companies' calling software packages “open source” even though they did not fit the official definition; I have observed some instances myself.

But would it have made a big difference to use a term that is a trademark? Not necessarily. Companies also made announcements that give the Study help italy impression that a program is What to do video “open source software” without explicitly saying so. For example, one IBM announcement, about a program that did not fit the official definition, said this: As is common in the open source community, users of the . technology will also be able to collaborate with IBM . This did not actually say that the program was “open source”, but many readers did not notice that detail. (I should note that IBM was sincerely trying to make this program free software, and later adopted a new license which does make it free software and Study help italy, “open source”; but when that announcement was made, the Original essays kindred program did not qualify as either one.) And here is Study abroad how Cygnus Solutions, which was formed to be a free software company and subsequently branched out What to do for homework, (so to speak) into Study abroad help italy, proprietary software, advertised some proprietary software products:

Cygnus Solutions is a leader in the open source market and has just launched two products into to do for homework, the [GNU/]Linux marketplace. Unlike IBM, Cygnus was not trying to make these packages free software, and the packages did not come close to qualifying. But Cygnus didn't actually say that these are “open source software”, they just made use of the term to give careless readers that impression. These observations suggest that a trademark would not have truly prevented the confusion that comes with the term “open source”. The Open Source Definition is Study abroad italy clear enough, and it is quite clear that the typical non-free program does not qualify. So you would think that “Open Source company” would mean one whose products are free software (or close to it), right? Alas, many companies are trying to Essay essay, give it a different meaning.

At the “Open Source Developers Day” meeting in Study help August 1998, several of the review writing commercial developers invited said they intend to make only a part of Study italy, their work free software (or “open source”). The focus of their business is on developing proprietary add-ons (software or manuals) to sell to the users of this free software. They ask us to regard this as legitimate, as part of our community, because some of the Essay essay money is donated to free software development. In effect, these companies seek to gain the favorable cachet of “open source” for their proprietary software productseven though those are not “open source software”because they have some relationship to abroad help, free software or because the same company also maintains some free software. (One company founder said quite explicitly that they would put, into to do for homework video, the free package they support, as little of their work as the community would stand for.) Over the years, many companies have contributed to Study italy, free software development. Some of these companies primarily developed non-free software, but the two activities were separate; thus, we could ignore their non-free products, and writing, work with them on free software projects.

Then we could honestly thank them afterward for Study italy their free software contributions, without talking about the rest of what they did. We cannot do the same with these new companies, because they won't let us. These companies actively invite the public to lump all their activities together; they want us to regard their non-free software as favorably as we would regard a real contribution, although it is not one. They present themselves as “open source companies,” hoping that we will get a warm fuzzy feeling about Writing nursing case studies, them, and that we will be fuzzy-minded in applying it. This manipulative practice would be no less harmful if it were done using the Study abroad italy term “free software.” But companies do not seem to nursing book, use the term “free software” that way; perhaps its association with idealism makes it seem unsuitable. Italy? The term “open source” opened the with a dissertation abstract door for this. At a trade show in late 1998, dedicated to the operating system often referred to as “Linux”, the featured speaker was an Study, executive from a prominent software company. Writers Review? He was probably invited on account of his company's decision to “support” that system. Unfortunately, their form of “support” consists of releasing non-free software that works with the systemin other words, using our community as a market but not contributing to it.

He said, “There is no way we will make our product open source, but perhaps we will make it ‘internal’ open source. If we allow our customer support staff to abroad, have access to Essay essay, the source code, they could fix bugs for the customers, and Study abroad help italy, we could provide a better product and better service.” (This is Original college not an abroad help, exact quote, as I did not write his words down, but it gets the gist.) People in writers the audience afterward told me, “He just doesn't get the point.” But is that so? Which point did he not get? He did not miss the point of the Open Source movement. That movement does not say users should have freedom, only that allowing more people to help italy, look at case book, the source code and help improve it makes for faster and better development. The executive grasped that point completely; unwilling to carry out that approach in full, users included, he was considering implementing it partially, within the company. The point that he missed is the abroad help point that “open source” was designed not to raise: the Writing book point that users deserve freedom. Spreading the idea of freedom is a big jobit needs your help.

That's why we stick to the term “free software” in the GNU Project, so we can help do that job. If you feel that freedom and community are important for their own sakenot just for the convenience they bringplease join us in using the term “free software”. Lakhani and Wolf's paper on the motivation of free software developers says that a considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was despite the abroad help fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue. “Our mission is to preserve, protect and Original college essays, promote the Study abroad help italy freedom to Help, use, study, copy, modify, and redistribute computer software, and to defend the rights of abroad, Free Software users.” The Free Software Foundation is the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Operating System. Support GNU and to do for homework, the FSF by buying manuals and gear, joining the FSF as an abroad help, associate member, or making a donation , either directly to the FSF or via Flattr.

Please send general FSF GNU inquiries to gnu@gnu.org. There are also other ways to contact the FSF. College? Broken links and Study help, other corrections or suggestions can be sent to webmasters@gnu.org. Please see the Translations README for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article. Copyright 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.