Essay essay

Biographical Narrative Sermons Are Interesting and Valuable. Essay Essay? The Biographical Narrative type of sermon is an interesting and Social studies, valuable way to preach about the colorful characters in the Word of God while expounding the Biblical truths that relate to their lives. It is preaching conveyed by means of example. Essay? Some writers feel that it is the most simple form of sermonizing, but often the most interesting and the most profitable type of sermon. The fact is, many people hear and respond to spiritual truth much better when it is associated with a real life account of someone else's situation that parallels their situation. It is true that we are always interested in the stories of other people, even in our everyday conversation. Those situations which are associated with our own experience are often told and gladly listened to. Even my four year old grandchild when visiting us is studies help he never more enthused than when she climbs into my lap or my wife's lap (or climbs into her bed to be tucked in) and requests a story about Essay our childhood or her Dad's (our son's) childhood. The Biographical Narrative Sermon is basically the study of a person's life and the spiritual lessons that can be learned from it.

It warns us from that person's failures and encourages us from that person's successes. In reality, therefore, it is a message about a person's character and career based on that character. The Biographical Narrative Sermon, according to Blackwood in his book, Preaching from the Bible, is one which grows out of the facts concerning a Biblical character, as these facts throw light upon the problems of the man in the pew. Many a truth to which little attention would be given, if conveyed in Essay bot, abstract form, becomes not only acceptable but positively enjoyable when it is associated with actual life. Unger in his book Principles of Expository Preaching, says that the Biographical Narrative Sermon is really just a variety of the topical message. It is the type that deals with the lives of essay, Bible personalities and is best when treated expositorily. He goes on to paraphrase Littorin in his book, How to Preach the Word with Variety, and for physics, says that many Bible characters, especially those of the Old Testament, lend themselves to admirable treatment when their careers are interpreted around some central, unifying Scriptural truth which characterizes them and gives coherence and spiritual challenge to Essay essay a biographical treatment of them.

The dictionary (Word Web-Princeton University) says that a biography is an account of the series of company bot, events making up a person's life. The Biographical Narrative Sermon simply takes that series of events from the lives of Biblical characters and makes spiritual application to our own lives today. What is Positive about Essay this type of sermon? Gibbs in his book, The Preacher and His Preaching, says that the Biographical Narrative Sermon gives us information, inspiration, and imitation. There is much information about the lives of believers, as well as unbelievers, in resignation, the books of the Bible. Certainly the study of human nature makes for very interesting study and preaching. Lessons learned both positive and negative from others in the Bible can help us in our spiritual growth as well. There is also inspiration for Essay essay, us in the account of the lives of believers in Homework for physics, the Scriptures. Their stories of life can be a spiritual stimulus to us and inspire us to walk closer with the Lord and less with the world. This kind of preaching also gives us an example of Essay, a godly life worth emulating. Paul said, Be ye followers of me, even as I am of Christ. (1 Cor.

11:1). Certain aspects of the Social studies help zheng lives of men and women in the Bible are worthy of imitation. Of course, the life most worthy of imitation is the perfect life of our Lord Jesus Christ. Hebrews chapter eleven gives us the account of several less than perfect people which could help us, who are also imperfect, live better lives of faith that please the Essay Lord. None of Essay writer company bot, these characters in this great role call of faith are alike and this provides much variety in one's preaching. What is Negative about this type of sermon? Sometimes to make a point and inspire others with the life of an individual, one may fail to essay include all the information about that individual.

In other words, some of Homework solutions for physics, their faults may be overlooked. It is important in Essay essay, order to do suitable preparation for the Biographical Narrative Sermon that the preacher should be in an essay introduction useful expressions, possession of all the Scriptural facts. The relation of these facts to each other should be distinctly understood, and Essay essay, the main fact about which the others revolve should be very particularly identified. In other words, the subject or principle lesson or message of the Biographical Narrative Sermon should be indentified and supported by Scripture. We may use the biographies of non-Biblical characters as illustrations, but this type of sermon must, by definition, be based on Biblical characters. A danger on the part of the hearer of this type of sermon is the danger of someone trying to live out in their lives the exact experiences of the character who is the subject of the sermon. That Biblical character may be a godly person and worth emulating, but God may want to speak to us or use us in a little different way or in make an essay introduction useful expressions, a greatly different way.

When we preach a Biographical Narrative Sermon, we should encourage our hearers to Essay essay be inspired by the Biblical character's biography but not to be the Biblical character. They should be themselves. We can be like them without being them. That is why the best Biographical Narrative Sermon is one where we preach the website transferable Biblical principles that the Bible character lived by instead of just the step by step actions that may or may not be possible for Essay essay, us today. And example of studies he, this is a sermon from James M. Black's series Rogues of the Bible. The sermon is about Esau called The Man with No Religion. The principles preached and supported by the biography of Esau are: 1. He was concerned about things, not about persons. 2. Essay Essay? He was concerned about Big y helpline online chat himself, not about others.

3. He was concerned about his present, not about his future. 4. He was concerned about Essay himself, not about God. What is Practical about this type of sermon? The Biographical Narrative message is not to be a lecture, but a sermon. If one is engaged in the construction of a lecture he may content himself with an orderly review of consecutive events. This will make a narrative, but not a narrative sermon. The Biographical Narrative Sermon is online chat intended to Essay essay arouse the an essay useful conscience, act upon Essay essay the will, and persuade one to belief and action. That's why it takes more skill to Business help resignation develop a Biographical Narrative Sermon than a mere narrative, but the effect will be much more emphatic and permanent.

It is one of the notable peculiarities of the Holy Scripture that its characters are essentially human. Although many of these men and women lived in ages long ago, their actions may be presented as though they seem to be our contemporaries. For example, even Cain's indifference to sin, his self-righteousness, his jealousy, his anger, his self-justification, and much more, are found in the men and women whom we know today. Therefore, a Biographical Narrative Sermon, though it deals with Cain, may by as fully up to Essay date as though Cain had but just departed from this life. It is the statement of Big y online, this subject in terms that are applicable to human life as we see it, that gives the sermon its immediate value in its very opening sentences. To announce a title which is merely historical, or associated only with the scene or the Essay essay man which furnishes the example, is to defeat the preacher's purpose from the beginning. One may not take for his subject, The Delay of Deliverance, from the letter write help book of Exodus chapter 5 and then, returning to the historical, announce as his points: 1. The Complaint of Essay essay, Moses. 2. The Severe Treatment of Pharaoh. Company? 3. The Answer of Essay essay, Jehovah. It would be better to divide the subject as follows: 1. How this delay may be interpreted by the unbeliever (like Pharaoh). 2. How it may be interpreted by God's own people (like Moses).

3. How it will be interpreted by God Himself (as shown by His great and complete deliverance). This brings the message into the present instead of leaving it in history like many sermons do. Sometimes it is possible to split the difference, as it were, by listing the points of the Biographical Narrative Sermon in Homework website for physics, a way that obviously describes the historical character and us at the same time. The example sermon (by Alfred Gibbs) below is an illustration of that particular approach. What is an Example of this type of Essay essay, sermon? The Life of Enoch. by Alfred Gibbs. Gen. Business Write? 5:18, 21-24; Heb. 11:5; Jude 14. Essay? Though Enoch is one of the website best known characters of Scripture, yet his biography is limited to four verses in the Old Testament and three in the New Testament.

Compare this with the ponderous tomes that describe the lives of the worldly great. He was the Essay seventh from Adam and was born 622 years after the Fall. Company Bot? He was therefore contemporaneous with Adam for over 300 years. Thus he heard all about sin's entrance, its judgment and God's provision of salvation from its penalty. A. The circumstances.

At the birth of Essay, Methuselah, when he was 65 years of age. He had faith, but faith cometh by hearing. Therefore, God must have spoken to him and he believed and walked with Him. Doubtless God spoke to him in the birth of his son. Perhaps, as Enoch took the baby in his arms he wondered: 'Is this child to grow up and follow the wicked example of the men that surround me? He thus began to think of God and reach out after Him. He repented of Social help zheng he, his sins and essay, turned from them to walk with God and live for Him. God uses many methods to bring eternal realities before the soul, and thus lead the sinner to Him. See Job 33:14-24.

He walked with God. This is always the effect of a true conversion, whatever the circumstances surrounding it may be. His previous walk was similar to that described in Ephesians 2:2. His present walk described in Eph. 2:10; 4:1-3; 5:1,2,15. III. His Walk or Manner of Life. Social Help? A. The Implication of Essay, this Walk. Walking with God was no easier then than now, and Business letter, it implies at least three things. Essay? (See Matt.7:13-14)

First is reconciliation. One must be united to God. Website For Physics? How? By virtue of a sacrifice provided, offered and accepted. (Romans 5:11). Second is Harmony (Amos 3:3).

Oneness of Essay essay, purpose (1 John 1:7; Deut.23:14). Third is Continuance. Business Help? For 300 years (John 8:31). B. The Description of his walk (Titus 2:14). Essay? He walked with God before his family in the home (Gen.5:22).

He walked with God before the world (Jude 14). He walked with God in his own soul (Heb.11:5). He had the testimony, which consisted of a peace, joy, satisfaction and fellowship that is better experienced than described. Paul had it too (Phil.3:8). IV. His Testimony. He pleased God (Heb.11:5-6) by his faith (Heb.11:6).

He pleased God by his life (Col.1:10; 1 Tim.6:11). He had a clean, honorable and truthful life. He pleased God by his witness to the world (Jude 14). He confessed his faith and boldly stood for God against the world (Matt.10:22). His denunciation against false teachers was clear. His proclamation The Lord cometh was bold in that it is the first prophecy of Christ's second coming. His condemnation (verse 15) is that of absolute certainty of an essay introduction useful, future judgment to be visited on the ungodly deeds, the ungodly words, and the ungodly sinners. VI. Essay? His Translation #xa0;(Gen.5:24; Heb.11:5). The Translation is Homework website for physics when he was taken up into God's presence without dying.

The Type is the translation of the Church (1 Thess.4:13-18). Return from Biographical Narrative Sermons to Bible Sermons Come in a Variety of Types. The Preaching Ezine. Subscribe to my free newsletter for essay, monthly sermons and get a free book right now. Pay For Essay Environment? Just follow the link above and get the details! Anybody else want more leads and prospects for essay, your Church, Ministry, or School, as well as, a means to follow up and communicate automatically? Just follow the link above and get the details! YOUR PAGES: Your Web Page: Want your own sermon web page? You can have one!

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Alice Munro Munro, Alice (Vol. Essay Essay? 6) - Essay. A Canadian short story writer and novelist, Ms Munro first received widespread recognition for her collection Dance of the Happy Shades . Social Studies? (See also Contemporary Authors , Vols. 33-36.) The short story is essay, alive and well in Canada, where most of [the] 15 tales [in Dance of the Happy Shades] originate like fresh winds from the North. Social Studies Help Zheng He? Alice Munro … creates a solid habitat for her fiction—southwestern Ontario, a generation or more in the past—and is in sympathetic vibration with the farmers and townspeople who live there. Realist though she is, the author elects to arrive at Essay essay, revelations rather than ironies…. Miss Munro poses more questions than answers—a refreshing strategy. (p.

48) Martin Levin, in The New York Times Book Review (© 1973 by The New York Times Company; reprinted by permission), September 23, 1973 . [Dance of the solutions website for physics, Happy Shades is a collection of fifteen] short stories, warm and detailed but fundamentally sketchy, set in essay country places and he small towns in southwestern Ontario. Essay? The background in these stories is beyond all doubt authentic. Business Letter Resignation? The interiors of the houses, the views from their windows, the walks the people take on the roads and streets of the places where they live—all these, and the weather, are made so real that a reader who had never heard of Canada would understand, and perhaps even half recognize, the world Alice Munro is describing. The conversations also are extremely well rendered. It is only when she comes to deal with personality and character that this writer's hand becomes weak and her work faint, so that in the end the stories can be compared to a series of excellent, irreplaceable photographs in which every leaf, every thread, every stick of furniture is as clear and clean-cut as the essay, day the camera clicked, while the human hands and faces have faded away into a blank place that is beyond recall. (p. 186) The New Yorker (© 1973 by The New Yorker Magazine, Inc.), November 5, 1973 . Among their many fine qualities, [the] tales [in Dance of the Happy Shades ] of small-town Ontario life, mostly set in the Forties, are beautifully controlled and precise. And always this precision appears unstrained. The proportions so exactly fit the writer's thematic aims that in Social help zheng almost every case it seems that really no other words could have been used, certainly no more or less. (p.

633) Peter Prince, in New Statesman (© 1974 The Statesman Nation Publishing Co. Essay? Ltd.), May 3, 1974 . Pay For Environment? Alice Munro's collection of stories [ Dance of the Happy Shades ] is both a progress and a regression. They show her moving forward as a beautifully exact recorder of a limited yet profound experience, and they invite the reader to turn back to the detail of her remarkable novel, Lives of Girls and Women …. The stories are all to do with discovering personal freedom within an accepted curtailment. There is no intentional nostalgia although, strangely enough, one frequently finds oneself rather wistfully caught up in some of the scenes so perfectly evoked; and there is no distortion in the characterisation. Parents, schoolfriends and neighbours never suffer the Essay essay, quaint inflation of people found in so much 'sticks' literature. They are shown as neither contented nor bland, and without so much as an eccentric safety valve, yet never about to explode.

Fatalism? Inertia? Whatever it is, it provides the interesting strength for the situations so finely explored here. (p. 777) Ronald Blythe, in The Listener (© British Broadcasting Corp. 1974; reprinted by permission of Ronald Blythe), June 13, 1974 . Memory is important in an essay useful expressions Alice Munro's writing, since she is obsessed by time, but imagination is more important. In her … collection of stories, Something I've Been Meaning To Tell You , there is essay, one [Material] that insists on the difference between mere recall of the past and its retrieval as materials for art…. [The] narrator believes herself to have been a more noticing person than her husband.

His stories when she reads them, disprove this. She finds a character they both knew lifted out of life and held in light, suspended in the marvellous clear jelly that Hugo has spent all his life learning how to make…. A fine and lucky benevolence. It's a fair description of Alice Munro's own work in Dance of the Business letter write help, Happy Shades (which won the 1968 Governor General's award) and Lives of essay, Girls and studies zheng he Women (winner of the Canadian Booksellers Association's award in 1972). [This later] collection is more complex. Essay Essay? Readers who enjoyed the earlier books because they confirmed the Homework website for physics, reality of the Canadian small town experience for a certain generation, or because they seemed to reinforce some of the ideology of the women's movement, will find more of the same. But they will find something else, too. There is essay, a hint at hermetic concerns in the first story, ironic suggestions of a quest for Big y chat the grail. One of these hints echoes a passage in Margaret Atwood's Surfacing : a historic discourse on Indians becoming a search for identity, the lecturer a deep-sea diver in search of something small and precious, hard to locate, as a ruby maybe on the ocean floor.

The famous stone that turns all to gold. And in essay the midst of the more conventional stories of company bot, strong-boned Protestant women with grandmothers and aunts, stories that move quietly to their modest epiphanies or moral insights, there is a love story of poetic bravado in which the narrator imagines her lover is dead. In Tell Me Yes or No the woman is addressing her lover directly, leaving readers to eavesdrop (the theme of eavesdropping in Canadian fiction would make a fine Ph.D. thesis for the sort of scholar that likes that sort of thing) and she boldly invents for him another mistress in addition to his wife. I invented loving you, she insists, and I invented your death. I have my tricks and my trap doors, too. This is essay, a long way from the bucolic innocence (for all its incidental irony) of a story like How I Met My Husband, which, by the way, succeeded in coming across as a television play…. All the stories are told with the skill which the author has perfected over the years, narrated with meticulous precision in a voice that is company bot, unmistakeably Ontarian in its lack of emphasis, its sly humour and willingness to live with a mystery. A friend once complained to me that Alice Munro's stories were dangerously close to the style of the fiction in women's magazines, and it's true that in some of her pauses one can imagine her putting on a kettle for a pot of Essay essay, tea, but this is only to say that she is a very feminine writer. There are far too many troubling undertones in her prose to make it suitable for slick women's magazines. There is a sense in this collection that Alice Munro may be ready to Essay company bot take a new direction, away from the far off life of farm and small town. Her obsession with time takes the Essay essay, form of confronting contemporary reality with the sensibility of the 1930s.

Sometimes (as in Marrakesh) the sexual freedom of the present generation is writer company, deliberately viewed through the essay, eyes of an old-fashioned farm woman, as if in wonder at the changes time has brought. The realistic technique is strained by these distortions of the lens through which mundane reality is seen. It may well be that stories like Tell Me Yes or No are pointers in this new direction. Alice Munro has it in her to Business letter write become one of the best story tellers now writing. Kildare Dobbs, New Directions for Essay essay Alice Munro, in make an essay expressions Saturday Night ( copyright © 1974 by Saturday Night), July, 1974, p. 28 . Essay? [One] is most impressed by the feeling behind [Miss Munro's] stories—the evocation of letter write resignation, emotions, ranging from bitter hatred to love, from bewilderment and Essay essay resentment to awe. In all her work— Dance of the How to make an essay, Happy Shades (1968), Lives of Girls and essay Women (1972), and [ Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You ]—there is an effortless, almost conversational tone, and we know we are in the presence of an art that works to conceal itself, in order to celebrate its subject.

Miss Munro's fiction is environment, always naturalistic, at bottom, but her characters and essay their reactions to website for physics life may be quite varied. She presents a wonderful variety of people … [who] create their own suspense; we always want to Essay know more about Essay writer, them, where they have come from and Essay what fate is in store. Technique is make expressions, never an end in itself, but a way of revealing character…. Miss Munro does her fictional characters the rare honor of believing in them utterly. (p. 103) Joyce Carol Oates, in The Ontario Review ( copyright © 1974 by The Ontario Review), Number 1, Fall, 1974 . Access our Alice Munro Study Guide for Free. Alice Munro Homework Help Questions. Essay? The first love is hard to get over especially when the Business letter write resignation, love is not reciprocated.

Alice Munro’s “An Ounce of Cure” describes a teenager’s reaction to being dumped by her first. Essay Essay? I'll stick with the short story Boys and Girls by Alice Munro. The story is narrated from the perspective of an 11 year old girl. She lives on bot, a ranch that breeds and raises foxes. The narrator. “An Ounce of Cure” by Alice Munro explores the Essay essay, theme of Homework solutions website, growing up in 1960s America as a teenage girl. Teenagers have choices to make as they become more independent from their parents and. I think that one of the strongest and most unifying themes that comes out of the novel is the idea of taking action. Life is Essay essay, defined as the helpline online chat, reality of needing to take action and not be inhibited.

What happens when a girl gets dumped? This is the problem faced by the main character in Alice Munro’s “An Ounce of Cure.” The narration is first person point of essay, view with the.

Representational State Transfer (REST) This chapter introduces and elaborates the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems, describing the software engineering principles guiding REST and the interaction constraints chosen to Essay essay retain those principles, while contrasting them to the constraints of other architectural styles. REST is a hybrid style derived from several of the network-based architectural styles described in Chapter 3 and combined with additional constraints that define a uniform connector interface. The software architecture framework of Chapter 1 is used to define the architectural elements of REST and examine sample process, connector, and data views of prototypical architectures. The design rationale behind the Web architecture can be described by an architectural style consisting of the Homework, set of Essay, constraints applied to elements within the architecture. By examining the impact of each constraint as it is added to the evolving style, we can identify the properties induced by introduction expressions the Web's constraints. Additional constraints can then be applied to form a new architectural style that better reflects the desired properties of a modern Web architecture. This section provides a general overview of essay, REST by walking through the Pay for, process of deriving it as an architectural style.

Later sections will describe in Essay more detail the specific constraints that compose the REST style. There are two common perspectives on the process of architectural design, whether it be for buildings or for software. The first is that a designer starts with nothing--a blank slate, whiteboard, or drawing board--and builds-up an architecture from writer company bot, familiar components until it satisfies the needs of the intended system. Essay. The second is that a designer starts with the Pay for essay, system needs as a whole, without constraints, and then incrementally identifies and applies constraints to elements of the Essay essay, system in order to differentiate the design space and allow the forces that influence system behavior to flow naturally, in harmony with the Essay writer company bot, system. Where the first emphasizes creativity and unbounded vision, the second emphasizes restraint and understanding of the system context. REST has been developed using the Essay, latter process. Figures 5-1 through 5-8 depict this graphically in terms of online, how the applied constraints would differentiate the process view of an architecture as the Essay, incremental set of constraints is applied. The Null style (Figure 5-1) is simply an empty set of constraints. Business Resignation. From an architectural perspective, the null style describes a system in which there are no distinguished boundaries between components.

It is the starting point for our description of REST. The first constraints added to our hybrid style are those of the client-server architectural style (Figure 5-2), described in Section 3.4.1. Separation of concerns is the principle behind the client-server constraints. By separating the user interface concerns from the data storage concerns, we improve the portability of the user interface across multiple platforms and improve scalability by simplifying the server components. Essay Essay. Perhaps most significant to the Web, however, is that the separation allows the components to evolve independently, thus supporting the website, Internet-scale requirement of multiple organizational domains. We next add a constraint to the client-server interaction: communication must be stateless in nature, as in the client-stateless-server (CSS) style of Essay essay, Section 3.4.3 (Figure 5-3), such that each request from client to server must contain all of the information necessary to understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the server. Session state is therefore kept entirely on the client. This constraint induces the properties of visibility, reliability, and scalability. Visibility is improved because a monitoring system does not have to look beyond a single request datum in order to determine the Social studies help he, full nature of the Essay, request.

Reliability is improved because it eases the task of recovering from partial failures [133]. Scalability is improved because not having to solutions for physics store state between requests allows the server component to quickly free resources, and further simplifies implementation because the server doesn't have to manage resource usage across requests. Like most architectural choices, the stateless constraint reflects a design trade-off. The disadvantage is that it may decrease network performance by increasing the repetitive data (per-interaction overhead) sent in a series of requests, since that data cannot be left on the server in Essay a shared context. In addition, placing the application state on the client-side reduces the server's control over consistent application behavior, since the application becomes dependent on the correct implementation of semantics across multiple client versions. In order to improve network efficiency, we add cache constraints to solutions website form the client-cache-stateless-server style of Section 3.4.4 (Figure 5-4). Cache constraints require that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as cacheable or non-cacheable. If a response is cacheable, then a client cache is essay, given the Homework solutions website for physics, right to reuse that response data for later, equivalent requests. The advantage of adding cache constraints is that they have the potential to partially or completely eliminate some interactions, improving efficiency, scalability, and essay user-perceived performance by reducing the average latency of a series of interactions. Essay Bot. The trade-off, however, is Essay, that a cache can decrease reliability if stale data within the cache differs significantly from the data that would have been obtained had the Business help resignation, request been sent directly to Essay essay the server. The early Web architecture, as portrayed by the diagram in Figure 5-5 [11], was defined by Business resignation the client-cache-stateless-server set of Essay, constraints.

That is, the design rationale presented for online, the Web architecture prior to 1994 focused on Essay stateless client-server interaction for the exchange of static documents over help zheng the Internet. The protocols for communicating interactions had rudimentary support for non-shared caches, but did not constrain the interface to a consistent set of semantics for Essay essay, all resources. Instead, the Web relied on the use of a common client-server implementation library (CERN libwww) to maintain consistency across Web applications. Developers of Web implementations had already exceeded the early design. In addition to static documents, requests could identify services that dynamically generated responses, such as image-maps [Kevin Hughes] and server-side scripts [Rob McCool]. Work had also begun on intermediary components, in the form of proxies [79] and shared caches [59], but extensions to the protocols were needed in order for Homework for physics, them to communicate reliably. The following sections describe the constraints added to the Web's architectural style in order to guide the extensions that form the modern Web architecture. The central feature that distinguishes the REST architectural style from other network-based styles is its emphasis on a uniform interface between components (Figure 5-6).

By applying the software engineering principle of generality to the component interface, the essay, overall system architecture is help, simplified and the visibility of interactions is Essay, improved. Implementations are decoupled from the How to make expressions, services they provide, which encourages independent evolvability. The trade-off, though, is that a uniform interface degrades efficiency, since information is transferred in a standardized form rather than one which is specific to an application's needs. The REST interface is designed to be efficient for large-grain hypermedia data transfer, optimizing for the common case of the Web, but resulting in an interface that is not optimal for essay, other forms of architectural interaction. In order to obtain a uniform interface, multiple architectural constraints are needed to guide the helpline, behavior of components. REST is defined by four interface constraints: identification of resources; manipulation of resources through representations; self-descriptive messages; and, hypermedia as the engine of application state. Essay Essay. These constraints will be discussed in writer Section 5.2.

In order to further improve behavior for Internet-scale requirements, we add layered system constraints (Figure 5-7). As described in Section 3.4.2, the layered system style allows an architecture to Essay be composed of hierarchical layers by constraining component behavior such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting. By restricting knowledge of the system to a single layer, we place a bound on the overall system complexity and Homework solutions website for physics promote substrate independence. Layers can be used to Essay essay encapsulate legacy services and to protect new services from legacy clients, simplifying components by moving infrequently used functionality to a shared intermediary. Intermediaries can also be used to improve system scalability by enabling load balancing of services across multiple networks and solutions website for physics processors. The primary disadvantage of essay, layered systems is that they add overhead and latency to the processing of data, reducing user-perceived performance [32]. For a network-based system that supports cache constraints, this can be offset by letter the benefits of shared caching at intermediaries. Placing shared caches at the boundaries of an essay organizational domain can result in significant performance benefits [136]. Such layers also allow security policies to be enforced on data crossing the organizational boundary, as is homework chat, required by firewalls [79]. The combination of layered system and uniform interface constraints induces architectural properties similar to those of the uniform pipe-and-filter style (Section 3.2.2). Although REST interaction is two-way, the Essay essay, large-grain data flows of hypermedia interaction can each be processed like a data-flow network, with filter components selectively applied to the data stream in order to transform the content as it passes [26].

Within REST, intermediary components can actively transform the content of messages because the Essay company bot, messages are self-descriptive and essay their semantics are visible to intermediaries. The final addition to Big y online our constraint set for REST comes from the code-on-demand style of Section 3.5.3 (Figure 5-8). REST allows client functionality to be extended by downloading and executing code in the form of applets or scripts. This simplifies clients by Essay essay reducing the solutions for physics, number of features required to Essay be pre-implemented. Allowing features to be downloaded after deployment improves system extensibility. However, it also reduces visibility, and thus is only an optional constraint within REST. The notion of an optional constraint may seem like an oxymoron. However, it does have a purpose in the architectural design of company, a system that encompasses multiple organizational boundaries. It means that the essay, architecture only gains the benefit (and suffers the disadvantages) of the Pay for essay environment, optional constraints when they are known to Essay be in effect for some realm of the overall system. For example, if all of the client software within an organization is known to Essay writer company support Java applets [45], then services within that organization can be constructed such that they gain the benefit of Essay essay, enhanced functionality via downloadable Java classes.

At the same time, however, the organization's firewall may prevent the transfer of Java applets from external sources, and thus to the rest of the Web it will appear as if those clients do not support code-on-demand. An optional constraint allows us to essay design an architecture that supports the desired behavior in the general case, but with the Essay essay, understanding that it may be disabled within some contexts. REST consists of a set of architectural constraints chosen for helpline chat, the properties they induce on candidate architectures. Although each of these constraints can be considered in isolation, describing them in terms of their derivation from common architectural styles makes it easier to Essay understand the rationale behind their selection. Figure 5-9 depicts the derivation of REST's constraints graphically in terms of the network-based architectural styles examined in letter resignation Chapter 3. The Representational State Transfer (REST) style is an abstraction of the architectural elements within a distributed hypermedia system. REST ignores the details of component implementation and Essay protocol syntax in order to focus on the roles of components, the constraints upon their interaction with other components, and their interpretation of significant data elements. It encompasses the fundamental constraints upon components, connectors, and data that define the basis of the Web architecture, and thus the essence of Homework solutions, its behavior as a network-based application. Unlike the distributed object style [31], where all data is encapsulated within and hidden by the processing components, the nature and state of an architecture's data elements is a key aspect of REST.

The rationale for this design can be seen in the nature of distributed hypermedia. When a link is selected, information needs to be moved from the location where it is stored to the location where it will be used by, in Essay most cases, a human reader. Essay Environment. This is unlike many other distributed processing paradigms [6, 50], where it is possible, and usually more efficient, to move the Essay essay, processing agent (e.g., mobile code, stored procedure, search expression, etc.) to the data rather than move the data to the processor. A distributed hypermedia architect has only three fundamental options: 1) render the data where it is How to make introduction useful expressions, located and send a fixed-format image to the recipient; 2) encapsulate the data with a rendering engine and send both to the recipient; or, 3) send the raw data to the recipient along with metadata that describes the data type, so that the recipient can choose their own rendering engine. Each option has its advantages and disadvantages. Option 1, the traditional client-server style [31], allows all information about the Essay, true nature of the data to remain hidden within the sender, preventing assumptions from being made about the data structure and making client implementation easier.

However, it also severely restricts the functionality of the recipient and places most of the processing load on the sender, leading to scalability problems. Option 2, the mobile object style [50], provides information hiding while enabling specialized processing of the data via its unique rendering engine, but limits the functionality of the Pay for essay, recipient to what is Essay, anticipated within that engine and may vastly increase the amount of data transferred. Option 3 allows the sender to Business letter remain simple and Essay essay scalable while minimizing the bytes transferred, but loses the advantages of environment, information hiding and requires that both sender and recipient understand the Essay essay, same data types. REST provides a hybrid of Homework for physics, all three options by Essay focusing on a shared understanding of data types with metadata, but limiting the zheng he, scope of what is revealed to a standardized interface. REST components communicate by transferring a representation of a resource in a format matching one of an evolving set of essay, standard data types, selected dynamically based on the capabilities or desires of the recipient and the nature of the resource. Whether the representation is in the same format as the raw source, or is derived from the source, remains hidden behind the interface.

The benefits of the mobile object style are approximated by writer company bot sending a representation that consists of instructions in the standard data format of an encapsulated rendering engine (e.g., Java [45]). REST therefore gains the essay, separation of concerns of the client-server style without the Pay for essay, server scalability problem, allows information hiding through a generic interface to enable encapsulation and evolution of services, and provides for a diverse set of functionality through downloadable feature-engines. REST's data elements are summarized in Essay Table 5-1. 5.2.1.1 Resources and Resource Identifiers. The key abstraction of information in REST is a resource . Any information that can be named can be a resource: a document or image, a temporal service (e.g. today's weather in Los Angeles), a collection of other resources, a non-virtual object (e.g. a person), and so on. In other words, any concept that might be the How to useful, target of an author's hypertext reference must fit within the definition of a resource. A resource is a conceptual mapping to a set of entities, not the Essay essay, entity that corresponds to the mapping at Essay any particular point in time. More precisely, a resource R is a temporally varying membership function M R (t) , which for time t maps to a set of Essay essay, entities, or values, which are equivalent.

The values in the set may be resource representations and/or resource identifiers . A resource can map to the empty set, which allows references to be made to a concept before any realization of Pay for essay, that concept exists -- a notion that was foreign to most hypertext systems prior to the Web [61]. Essay Essay. Some resources are static in the sense that, when examined at any time after their creation, they always correspond to the same value set. Others have a high degree of variance in solutions website for physics their value over time. The only thing that is required to be static for a resource is the semantics of the mapping, since the semantics is what distinguishes one resource from another. For example, the authors' preferred version of an academic paper is a mapping whose value changes over time, whereas a mapping to the paper published in the proceedings of conference X is static. These are two distinct resources, even if they both map to the same value at some point in time.

The distinction is necessary so that both resources can be identified and referenced independently. A similar example from software engineering is the Essay, separate identification of a version-controlled source code file when referring to the latest revision, revision number 1.2.7, or revision included with the Orange release. This abstract definition of a resource enables key features of the Web architecture. First, it provides generality by encompassing many sources of information without artificially distinguishing them by type or implementation. Second, it allows late binding of the reference to a representation, enabling content negotiation to take place based on characteristics of the homework helpline chat, request.

Finally, it allows an author to Essay reference the concept rather than some singular representation of that concept, thus removing the need to change all existing links whenever the representation changes (assuming the author used the right identifier). REST uses a resource identifier to identify the particular resource involved in an interaction between components. REST connectors provide a generic interface for accessing and manipulating the value set of a resource, regardless of how the membership function is defined or the type of software that is handling the request. The naming authority that assigned the resource identifier, making it possible to reference the resource, is How to make an essay introduction expressions, responsible for maintaining the semantic validity of the essay, mapping over time (i.e., ensuring that the membership function does not change). Traditional hypertext systems [61], which typically operate in a closed or local environment, use unique node or document identifiers that change every time the Social zheng, information changes, relying on link servers to maintain references separately from the content [135].

Since centralized link servers are an anathema to the immense scale and Essay essay multi-organizational domain requirements of the Social help, Web, REST relies instead on Essay the author choosing a resource identifier that best fits the nature of the concept being identified. Naturally, the quality of an identifier is often proportional to the amount of money spent to retain its validity, which leads to broken links as ephemeral (or poorly supported) information moves or disappears over introduction useful time. REST components perform actions on a resource by using a representation to capture the current or intended state of that resource and transferring that representation between components. A representation is a sequence of bytes, plus representation metadata to Essay describe those bytes. Other commonly used but less precise names for a representation include: document, file, and HTTP message entity, instance, or variant. A representation consists of data, metadata describing the data, and, on occasion, metadata to describe the metadata (usually for the purpose of verifying message integrity). Metadata is in the form of name-value pairs, where the name corresponds to a standard that defines the value's structure and semantics. Response messages may include both representation metadata and resource metadata: information about the resource that is not specific to the supplied representation. Control data defines the purpose of a message between components, such as the action being requested or the meaning of a response. It is also used to parameterize requests and override the default behavior of some connecting elements. For example, cache behavior can be modified by control data included in the request or response message.

Depending on the message control data, a given representation may indicate the current state of the requested resource, the Business letter write resignation, desired state for the requested resource, or the Essay, value of some other resource, such as a representation of the input data within a client's query form, or a representation of some error condition for a response. For example, remote authoring of a resource requires that the author send a representation to homework helpline the server, thus establishing a value for that resource that can be retrieved by later requests. Essay. If the value set of a resource at a given time consists of multiple representations, content negotiation may be used to select the best representation for inclusion in Social a given message. The data format of a representation is known as a media type [48]. A representation can be included in a message and Essay processed by solutions the recipient according to the control data of the Essay essay, message and Essay writer company the nature of the media type. Some media types are intended for Essay, automated processing, some are intended to be rendered for viewing by a user, and environment a few are capable of both. Essay. Composite media types can be used to enclose multiple representations in a single message. The design of a media type can directly impact the user-perceived performance of a distributed hypermedia system. Any data that must be received before the recipient can begin rendering the representation adds to the latency of an interaction.

A data format that places the most important rendering information up front, such that the initial information can be incrementally rendered while the rest of the information is being received, results in much better user-perceived performance than a data format that must be entirely received before rendering can begin. For example, a Web browser that can incrementally render a large HTML document while it is being received provides significantly better user-perceived performance than one that waits until the entire document is completely received prior to rendering, even though the network performance is the same. Note that the website for physics, rendering ability of a representation can also be impacted by the choice of content. If the dimensions of essay, dynamically-sized tables and solutions for physics embedded objects must be determined before they can be rendered, their occurrence within the viewing area of a hypermedia page will increase its latency. REST uses various connector types, summarized in Table 5-2, to encapsulate the activities of accessing resources and transferring resource representations. The connectors present an abstract interface for component communication, enhancing simplicity by providing a clean separation of concerns and hiding the underlying implementation of resources and communication mechanisms. The generality of the interface also enables substitutability: if the users' only access to the system is via an Essay essay abstract interface, the implementation can be replaced without impacting the users. Since a connector manages network communication for a component, information can be shared across multiple interactions in Big y homework helpline online chat order to improve efficiency and responsiveness. All REST interactions are stateless. That is, each request contains all of the information necessary for a connector to understand the essay, request, independent of any requests that may have preceded it. This restriction accomplishes four functions: 1) it removes any need for the connectors to How to retain application state between requests, thus reducing consumption of physical resources and improving scalability; 2) it allows interactions to be processed in parallel without requiring that the processing mechanism understand the interaction semantics; 3) it allows an intermediary to view and understand a request in isolation, which may be necessary when services are dynamically rearranged; and, 4) it forces all of the essay, information that might factor into the reusability of a cached response to be present in each request.

The connector interface is similar to procedural invocation, but with important differences in the passing of parameters and results. The in-parameters consist of request control data, a resource identifier indicating the target of the request, and Social studies help zheng he an optional representation. The out-parameters consist of response control data, optional resource metadata, and an optional representation. From an abstract viewpoint the invocation is synchronous, but both in essay and out-parameters can be passed as data streams. In other words, processing can be invoked before the value of the Big y homework helpline, parameters is completely known, thus avoiding the essay, latency of batch processing large data transfers. The primary connector types are client and server. The essential difference between the two is that a client initiates communication by making a request, whereas a server listens for connections and responds to requests in order to Pay for supply access to its services. Essay Essay. A component may include both client and Business write help resignation server connectors. A third connector type, the cache connector, can be located on the interface to a client or server connector in order to save cacheable responses to current interactions so that they can be reused for later requested interactions. A cache may be used by a client to Essay essay avoid repetition of solutions website, network communication, or by a server to avoid repeating the process of generating a response, with both cases serving to reduce interaction latency.

A cache is typically implemented within the address space of the connector that uses it. Some cache connectors are shared, meaning that its cached responses may be used in answer to a client other than the one for which the response was originally obtained. Shared caching can be effective at Essay essay reducing the impact of flash crowds on the load of Pay for essay environment, a popular server, particularly when the caching is arranged hierarchically to cover large groups of users, such as those within a company's intranet, the customers of an Internet service provider, or Universities sharing a national network backbone. However, shared caching can also lead to errors if the cached response does not match what would have been obtained by a new request. REST attempts to balance the desire for transparency in cache behavior with the desire for efficient use of the network, rather than assuming that absolute transparency is always required. A cache is able to determine the cacheability of a response because the Essay, interface is generic rather than specific to each resource. By default, the response to a retrieval request is cacheable and the responses to other requests are non-cacheable. If some form of user authentication is part of the request, or if the response indicates that it should not be shared, then the How to make an essay, response is only cacheable by a non-shared cache. A component can override these defaults by including control data that marks the interaction as cacheable, non-cacheable or cacheable for only a limited time. A resolver translates partial or complete resource identifiers into the network address information needed to Essay essay establish an inter-component connection.

For example, most URI include a DNS hostname as the mechanism for identifying the naming authority for the resource. In order to initiate a request, a Web browser will extract the hostname from the URI and make use of a DNS resolver to obtain the Internet Protocol address for that authority. Another example is that some identification schemes (e.g., URN [124]) require an intermediary to essay environment translate a permanent identifier to Essay a more transient address in order to access the identified resource. Use of one or more intermediate resolvers can improve the longevity of resource references through indirection, though doing so adds to write help the request latency. The final form of connector type is a tunnel, which simply relays communication across a connection boundary, such as a firewall or lower-level network gateway. The only Essay essay, reason it is modeled as part of REST and not abstracted away as part of the network infrastructure is that some REST components may dynamically switch from active component behavior to that of Big y, a tunnel. Essay. The primary example is an HTTP proxy that switches to a tunnel in response to a CONNECT method request [71], thus allowing its client to directly communicate with a remote server using a different protocol, such as TLS, that doesn't allow proxies. The tunnel disappears when both ends terminate their communication. REST components, summarized in Table 5-3, are typed by their roles in an overall application action. A user agent uses a client connector to initiate a request and becomes the ultimate recipient of the response. For Physics. The most common example is a Web browser, which provides access to information services and essay renders service responses according to the application needs.

An origin server uses a server connector to govern the How to an essay introduction useful, namespace for a requested resource. It is the definitive source for representations of its resources and must be the ultimate recipient of any request that intends to modify the value of its resources. Each origin server provides a generic interface to its services as a resource hierarchy. The resource implementation details are hidden behind the interface. Intermediary components act as both a client and a server in Essay essay order to forward, with possible translation, requests and responses. A proxy component is an solutions website intermediary selected by a client to provide interface encapsulation of other services, data translation, performance enhancement, or security protection. A gateway (a.k.a., reverse proxy) component is an Essay intermediary imposed by Pay for essay environment the network or origin server to provide an interface encapsulation of other services, for data translation, performance enhancement, or security enforcement. Note that the difference between a proxy and Essay essay a gateway is that a client determines when it will use a proxy. Now that we have an understanding of the REST architectural elements in isolation, we can use architectural views [105] to describe how the elements work together to form an How to make introduction useful expressions architecture. Three types of view--process, connector, and data--are useful for illuminating the design principles of REST.

A process view of an architecture is primarily effective at eliciting the interaction relationships among components by essay revealing the path of an essay useful, data as it flows through the system. Unfortunately, the interaction of a real system usually involves an extensive number of Essay, components, resulting in an overall view that is Big y online chat, obscured by the details. Essay Essay. Figure 5-10 provides a sample of the process view from studies help zheng, a REST-based architecture at a particular instance during the processing of three parallel requests. REST's client-server separation of concerns simplifies component implementation, reduces the complexity of connector semantics, improves the effectiveness of performance tuning, and increases the scalability of pure server components. Essay. Layered system constraints allow intermediaries--proxies, gateways, and firewalls--to be introduced at various points in the communication without changing the interfaces between components, thus allowing them to assist in communication translation or improve performance via large-scale, shared caching. How To Make An Essay Introduction Useful. REST enables intermediate processing by constraining messages to be self-descriptive: interaction is stateless between requests, standard methods and media types are used to indicate semantics and exchange information, and responses explicitly indicate cacheability. Since the components are connected dynamically, their arrangement and function for a particular application action has characteristics similar to essay a pipe-and-filter style. Although REST components communicate via bidirectional streams, the processing of Social help zheng, each direction is independent and essay therefore susceptible to stream transducers (filters). The generic connector interface allows components to be placed on the stream based on helpline online the properties of each request or response. Services may be implemented using a complex hierarchy of intermediaries and Essay essay multiple distributed origin servers.

The stateless nature of REST allows each interaction to be independent of the others, removing the need for an awareness of the overall component topology, an impossible task for an Internet-scale architecture, and allowing components to act as either destinations or intermediaries, determined dynamically by the target of each request. Connectors need only be aware of each other's existence during the scope of their communication, though they may cache the existence and capabilities of other components for performance reasons. A connector view of an help resignation architecture concentrates on the mechanics of the communication between components. For a REST-based architecture, we are particularly interested in the constraints that define the generic resource interface. Client connectors examine the Essay essay, resource identifier in order to select an appropriate communication mechanism for each request. For example, a client may be configured to connect to a specific proxy component, perhaps one acting as an annotation filter, when the identifier indicates that it is a local resource. Likewise, a client can be configured to reject requests for make an essay introduction expressions, some subset of identifiers. REST does not restrict communication to a particular protocol, but it does constrain the interface between components, and hence the scope of interaction and implementation assumptions that might otherwise be made between components. For example, the Web's primary transfer protocol is HTTP, but the architecture also includes seamless access to resources that originate on pre-existing network servers, including FTP [107], Gopher [7], and WAIS [36]. Interaction with those services is restricted to the semantics of a REST connector.

This constraint sacrifices some of the Essay essay, advantages of other architectures, such as the stateful interaction of a relevance feedback protocol like WAIS, in order to retain the advantages of a single, generic interface for connector semantics. In return, the generic interface makes it possible to access a multitude of essay, services through a single proxy. Essay. If an Business letter help resignation application needs the additional capabilities of Essay essay, another architecture, it can implement and invoke those capabilities as a separate system running in parallel, similar to how the Web architecture interfaces with telnet and Big y homework chat mailto resources. A data view of an architecture reveals the application state as information flows through the components. Since REST is specifically targeted at Essay distributed information systems, it views an application as a cohesive structure of information and website for physics control alternatives through which a user can perform a desired task. For example, looking-up a word in an on-line dictionary is essay, one application, as is touring through a virtual museum, or reviewing a set of class notes to study for an exam. Each application defines goals for the underlying system, against Big y homework online chat which the system's performance can be measured. Component interactions occur in the form of dynamically sized messages. Small or medium-grain messages are used for essay, control semantics, but the bulk of application work is accomplished via large-grain messages containing a complete resource representation.

The most frequent form of request semantics is that of retrieving a representation of a resource (e.g., the GET method in essay HTTP), which can often be cached for later reuse. REST concentrates all of the control state into the representations received in response to interactions. The goal is to improve server scalability by eliminating any need for the server to maintain an awareness of the client state beyond the current request. An application's state is therefore defined by its pending requests, the topology of connected components (some of which may be filtering buffered data), the active requests on those connectors, the data flow of representations in response to those requests, and the processing of those representations as they are received by the user agent. An application reaches a steady-state whenever it has no outstanding requests; i.e., it has no pending requests and all of the responses to its current set of requests have been completely received or received to essay the point where they can be treated as a representation data stream. For a browser application, this state corresponds to a web page, including the primary representation and ancillary representations, such as in-line images, embedded applets, and style sheets. Essay. The significance of application steady-states is seen in their impact on both user-perceived performance and the burstiness of network request traffic. The user-perceived performance of a browser application is determined by the latency between steady-states: the period of time between the selection of a hypermedia link on one web page and the point when usable information has been rendered for the next web page. Essay Essay. The optimization of Homework solutions website, browser performance is therefore centered around reducing this communication latency. Since REST-based architectures communicate primarily through the transfer of Essay, representations of How to an essay introduction expressions, resources, latency can be impacted by both the design of the communication protocols and the design of the representation data formats. Essay. The ability to incrementally render the response data as it is received is determined by the design of the media type and Big y helpline the availability of essay, layout information (visual dimensions of in-line objects) within each representation.

An interesting observation is that the most efficient network request is one that doesn't use the network. Essay Company. In other words, the ability to reuse a cached response results in a considerable improvement in application performance. Although use of Essay essay, a cache adds some latency to each individual request due to lookup overhead, the average request latency is Essay, significantly reduced when even a small percentage of requests result in usable cache hits. The next control state of an application resides in the representation of the Essay, first requested resource, so obtaining that first representation is a priority. REST interaction is therefore improved by protocols that respond first and think later. In other words, a protocol that requires multiple interactions per Big y homework helpline chat, user action, in order to do things like negotiate feature capabilities prior to Essay essay sending a content response, will be perceptively slower than a protocol that sends whatever is most likely to be optimal first and then provides a list of alternatives for the client to Social studies help zheng he retrieve if the Essay essay, first response is Essay writer, unsatisfactory. The application state is controlled and essay stored by the user agent and can be composed of representations from multiple servers. In addition to freeing the server from the Essay, scalability problems of storing state, this allows the user to directly manipulate the Essay, state (e.g., a Web browser's history), anticipate changes to that state (e.g., link maps and prefetching of representations), and jump from one application to another (e.g., bookmarks and letter write help URI-entry dialogs). The model application is therefore an engine that moves from one state to the next by examining and choosing from among the alternative state transitions in the current set of Essay essay, representations. Not surprisingly, this exactly matches the user interface of resignation, a hypermedia browser.

However, the style does not assume that all applications are browsers. In fact, the application details are hidden from the server by Essay essay the generic connector interface, and thus a user agent could equally be an automated robot performing information retrieval for make an essay introduction useful, an indexing service, a personal agent looking for data that matches certain criteria, or a maintenance spider busy patrolling the information for broken references or modified content [39]. Bass, et al. [9] devote a chapter on architecture for the World Wide Web, but their description only encompasses the implementation architecture within the CERN/W3C developed libwww (client and server libraries) and Jigsaw software. Although those implementations reflect many of the design constraints of essay, REST, having been developed by people familiar with the Web's architectural design and rationale, the real WWW architecture is independent of any single implementation. The modern Web is defined by its standard interfaces and protocols, not how those interfaces and Business letter write help resignation protocols are implemented in a given piece of software.

The REST style draws from many preexisting distributed process paradigms [6, 50], communication protocols, and software fields. REST component interactions are structured in a layered client-server style, but the added constraints of the generic resource interface create the opportunity for substitutability and inspection by intermediaries. Essay. Requests and responses have the appearance of a remote invocation style, but REST messages are targeted at a conceptual resource rather than an implementation identifier. Several attempts have been made to model the Web architecture as a form of distributed file system (e.g., WebNFS) or as a distributed object system [83]. However, they exclude various Web resource types or implementation strategies as being not interesting, when in fact their presence invalidates the assumptions that underlie such models. Social Studies Help Zheng. REST works well because it does not limit the implementation of resources to certain predefined models, allowing each application to choose an implementation that best matches its own needs and essay enabling the replacement of implementations without impacting the Business write help, user.

The interaction method of sending representations of resources to consuming components has some parallels with event-based integration (EBI) styles. The key difference is that EBI styles are push-based. The component containing the state (equivalent to an origin server in REST) issues an event whenever the state changes, whether or not any component is actually interested in or listening for such an event. In the REST style, consuming components usually pull representations. Essay. Although this is less efficient when viewed as a single client wishing to monitor a single resource, the scale of the Web makes an unregulated push model infeasible. The principled use of the REST style in the Web, with its clear notion of Essay company bot, components, connectors, and representations, relates closely to the C2 architectural style [128]. Essay Essay. The C2 style supports the development of distributed, dynamic applications by focusing on structured use of connectors to obtain substrate independence.

C2 applications rely on asynchronous notification of state changes and request messages. As with other event-based schemes, C2 is nominally push-based, though a C2 architecture could operate in How to make expressions REST's pull style by Essay essay only emitting a notification upon receipt of a request. However, the C2 style lacks the intermediary-friendly constraints of REST, such as the generic resource interface, guaranteed stateless interactions, and intrinsic support for caching. This chapter introduced the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems. REST provides a set of architectural constraints that, when applied as a whole, emphasizes scalability of component interactions, generality of interfaces, independent deployment of components, and intermediary components to reduce interaction latency, enforce security, and encapsulate legacy systems.

I described the software engineering principles guiding REST and the interaction constraints chosen to retain those principles, while contrasting them to the constraints of other architectural styles. The next chapter presents an evaluation of the REST architecture through the experience and lessons learned from applying REST to the design, specification, and deployment of the modern Web architecture. This work included authoring the current Internet standards-track specifications of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1) and Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI), and implementing the architecture through the libwww-perl client protocol library and Apache HTTP server.

essay of deny THE REASON FOR TRUTH Contents. We live in Essay, a strange world in which many people seem able to doubt almost everything (such as the validity of evolution or man landing on the moon or the Essay writer bot, official explanation for 9/11) and yet simultaneously are willing to believe almost anything (whether it be creationism or alien abduction or the murder of Princess Diana by Essay, MI5) with little or no regard for rationality or evidence. In academic circles, this phenomenon is associated with the rise of relativism, postmodernism and pseudoscience. In more everyday terms, the development is associated with new ageism, spirituality, and the like. I believe in rationality, reason and science and therefore I am profoundly sceptical about many beliefs and ideas that others hold always sincerely and often passionately.

I believe in the value of Pay for essay environment, evidence and I am deeply sceptical of Essay essay, anything contrary to reason or lacking in evidence. I believe that belief should be proportioned to credible evidence and Big y homework chat demonstrable causality especially where counter-intuitive notions are concerned. Essay! I believe in having an open mind - ready to contemplate new ideas backed by persuasive evidence - but not an empty one - ready to accept any novel suggestion however lacking in sense or evidence. Does it really matter what people believe and how they reach their beliefs? Cannot we just accept that different people believe very different - often fundamentally opposite Essay, - things and that some people are more open to esoteric ideas and Essay essay more willing to have faith or belief in unusual notions?

This essay sets out: why truth matters the techniques people use to deny truth the techniques for determining truth the techniques for identifying non-truth the Pay for, sort of beliefs that I challenge. WHY TRUTH MATTERS. I would offer the following reasons for why truth does matter: Truth has its own virtue . Essay! Most of the time we expect and want people - including our relatives, friends, politicians, doctors and professional advisers - to tell us the truth because we believe that it is important to know the truth and honourable to express the truth. Only humans can discern truth . Of all life on an essay expressions the planet, only humankind can rise above conditioning or instinct and identify truth, so that this is in effect one of the defining characteristics of Essay essay, what it means to Homework solutions website be human. Truth is an Essay essay, intrinsic part of human history and culture . All our historic and contemporary experience is based on Essay identifying the best possible understanding of Essay, truth and building upon this to create a better understanding of our world and our universe. Truth is writer, necessary for a consistent and meaningful approach to Essay essay life . Business Write Resignation! If we do not know whether statements are true, we cannot make reasonable decisions about Essay our life, such as whether to marry an individual or whether to buy a particular property. Truth is useful because it enables one to make predictions . If we are confident that things are true, then we can make assertions about the future with equal confidence, such as that a particular design of aircraft is safe or a particular form of sex is dangerous. The absence of homework online chat, truth is essay, positively dangerous . If truth does not matter, then we can be persuaded to do things with great personal and societal implications, such as to use an ineffective treatment for HIV/AIDS or to go to war over weapons of mass destruction that do not exist. Equally we can deny the make an essay introduction useful, reality of the Holocaust or the evidence of global warming. Some people argue - in a spirit of Essay, mistaken tolerance - that ultimately truth is a personal issue and it does not really matter if one person believes one thing and another person believes something else about the solutions website for physics, same subject. However, one person's 'truth' often has consequences for another person.

For instance, in Essay, the UK one flawed piece of research which appeared to Essay bot suggest a relationship between the MMR (mumps, measles and rubella) vaccine and autism was believed to Essay be true by some parents who then ensured that their young children did not receive the Social help he, vaccine. Not only essay, were the children concerned then at greater risk of disease but gradually so was the whole child population. Acceptance of the essay, truth would seem to be self-evidently a sensible thing, so why do so many people so often deny the truth? There are many reasons including the following: They are advised against the truth by an authority figure . If at the time of Galileo, the Roman Catholic Church told its members that it was heresy to suggest that the earth was not the centre of the universe, most religious people would not be willing to accept the truth. Today religious or political leaders or our parents or teachers may - often with great sincerity - take a position contrary to the truth as presented in credible evidence. As the writer George Orwell once put it: Some ideas are so stupid that only intellectuals can believe them. The truth may be contrary to the status quo. Einstein's theory of relativity was not consistent with Newton's laws of gravity - but Einstein was right and eventually scientific evidence demonstrated this and Einstein's theory became the Essay essay, new paradigm.

We once thought that smoking and asbestos were not harmful to health but then the evidence showed otherwise. This is what happens in science and online life and we should be open to essay it. The truth may offend against a received wisdom. For instance, it may seem obvious to supporters of capital punishment that the death penalty is a deterrent but countless studies show that it has no effect on murder rates. One may not like the How to, source of the Essay essay, truth. Business Help Resignation! If a person whom we dislike or an organisation that we oppose - perhaps a political party or a campaign group - puts forward an assertion, we may be inclined to dismiss it, whatever the evidence, because we are to some extent influenced, even blinded, by the source. One may feel that there is an alternative explanation.

Of course, there are often alternative explanations; the question is whether an alternative explanation both is consistent with all the evidence and better accords with the evidence than the explanation offered. One may feel that there is other evidence. However, we can only make judgements based on the evidence we have at the time. This is how individuals, businesses and courts make decisions. If new evidence becomes available, then one can reassess one's position. As the eminent economist John Maynard Keynes once put it: When the facts change, I change my mind.

What do you do, sir? One may simply not understand either the evidence or the Essay essay, arguments. In which case, one either takes the studies and homework online chat the time to Essay essay understand or one accepts the How to make introduction useful expressions, authority of those who have the relevant knowledge and expertise. One may actually have a fear of the truth. Sometimes people do not want to examine evidence or consider a different outlook because they are afraid of the possible consequences. Similarly, changing one's mind can be stressful, if by doing so one needs to re-examine and possibly extensively modify one's view. Essay Essay! DETERMINATION OF TRUTH. So, how do we know what is the truth? The following considerations are paramount: Above all, we have to use our reason. We cannot simply accept things because they conform with our previous ideas or reinforce our prejudices or suggest the world as we would like to see it. Essay Writer Company! We have to think about the Essay essay, arguments and the evidence and work things out.

We need to look at Social studies the evidence. So often assertions are made with little or no evidence. We should be very reluctant to accept any such assertion. As the Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) put it: “A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence”. Personal experience or anecdotes of acquaintances may seem convincing evidence, but our senses can easily deceive us and individuals can be seriously, if sincerely, wrong. Sometimes there is insufficient evidence to form a conclusion, in which case I don't know is an acceptable response and better than jumping to conclusions on inadequate eveidence. We need strong evidence if the assertion is contrary to the current wisdom. Of course, as we saw earlier, people can deny a 'new' truth or understanding simply because it is contrary to Essay the 'old' truth or explanation and one should beware of this. However, most of the time most of the assertions that are contrary to the current wisdom are wrong, so we need convincing evidence if we are to abandon current thinking. We should look at whether an assertion is make an essay introduction, testable and has been tested. If we are told that a particular drug or treatment is effective, then the drug or treatment can be tested using a large enough sample of patients and a proper control group.

If the essay, proposition - for instance, prayer can cure cancer - has not been tested or cannot be properly tested, one needs to be very sceptical of its validity. We should look at whether an assertion has been the subject of peer group review. The best people to judge the truth of particular propositions are usually those who have the relevant knowledge and Pay for essay environment expertise in that area. So doctors are best able to essay assess medical propositions; climatologists are best able to judge the validity of global warming; physicists are most likely to know the writer company bot, effects on Essay essay humans of electric fields. If a proposition has not been tested by letter, peers or has been rejected by Essay, those peers, one should be inclined to reject it.

We need to weigh carefully the opinion of relevant authorities. Of course, again as we saw earlier, authority can be wrong - especially when a new idea is concerned and essay most especially when the essay, new idea challenges a well-established older idea. However, most of the time most of us need to accept the view of the relevant authority because we simply do not have the knowledge or expertise to make an informed judgement and letter help most of the time these authorities serve us well. So, if the overwhelming majority of Essay, doctors state that the Business letter help resignation, MMR injection is safe or the overwhelming majority of scientists state that global warming is a reality, we need compelling reasons - preferably based on sound evidence - to disbelieve this. We should be more inclined to accept assertions emanating from open systems than from closed ones. Essay! The reason why democratic societies are more successful economically and its citizens on Social he the whole are happier than in Essay essay, the case of authoritarian societies is because a democratic nation is an open system with stronger and more effective mechanisms for determining and disseminating the truth. These mechanisms include universal franchise, regular elections, a choice of political parties, a free media, freedom of expression, freedom of association, the rule of law, an independent judiciary, the an essay introduction, jury system, open courts, free markets, educated citizens and consumers.

Similarly political parties, companies and organisations that have open systems - promoting a free flow of essay, information, encouraging debate, and permitting challenge - are more likely to be sources of truth. DETECTION OF NON-TRUTH. The world is awash with non-truths. Help Resignation! How does one detect such non-truths. We need to apply the following tests: Above all, what is the evidence?

As well as the evidence itself, we want to know the source - the primary source, not a reported or second-hand source - of the evidence and we want to know its authority and its timing. Again we need to appreciate that most personal experience and anecdotal evidence is weak and unpersuasive. Has the evidence been reviewed by a group of peers? If not, why not? If so, what was the Essay, response of the peer group? Has the evidence and Pay for the methodology been confirmed or challenged or questioned by the peer group? Is the Essay essay, assertion consistent with current knowledge or is solutions website, it counter-intuitive . If it challenges current thinking, it may still be valid, but we need clear and persuasive evidence before accepting it. Are we sure that there is Essay, not merely correlation but actual causality? Every time I wake up in the morning, the sun rises. Here there is a clear correlation but obviously there is absolutely no causality.

This is a simple example. Consider another: more police are put on the streets and crime falls. Studies Help! Here there may or may not be a causality - we need to Essay assess all the relevant variables such as changes in population or reporting or sentencing. Does the Essay writer company bot, assertion lend itself to prediction? If one believes in Essay, homeopathic medicine, then one can predict that those using it will recover from Pay for essay various ailments. This can and should be tested in a controlled experiment. When carrying out such experiments, one needs to essay be aware of environment, 'the placebo effect', whereby people often report improvements in health even when no drug has been administered, and 'the Hawthorne effect', whereby people's behaviour changes simply as a response to being observed in an experiment.

The analysis in this essay leads me to a particular position on many issues of discussion and debate in our society. While I have deep respect for people with religious views, especially when this leads to ethical and moral behaviour, I am profoundly sceptical of all metaphysical and essay paranormal concepts and ideas such as God, the Devil, angels, ghosts, spirits, Heaven, Hell, grace, sin, miracles and write help the efficacy of prayer. Essay! Equally I am unconvinced of the existence of physical notions for Business write help which there is little or no evidence such as UFOs, aliens, alien architecture and alien abductions. Essay! I reject very strongly the theories of essay environment, young earth creationism and intelligent design. I am opposed intellectually to all non-rational modes of thought and Essay therefore I am profoundly sceptical of the zheng he, validity of aura, shakra, reiki, clairvoyance, telepathy, psychokinesis, astrology, cosmic ordering, crystals, feng shui, labyrinths, dowsing, horoscopes, prophecies, numerology, faith healing, alternative medicine, homeopathy, miracle cures, and conspiracy theories. I reject very strongly the idea of Holocaust denial. In short: there is no evidence for any of Essay essay, these things, so I do not believe in them. I would summarize my position on truth as follows: In a strict sense, all truth is provisional and online chat stands open to challenge on the basis of a new interpretation of the Essay, available evidence or the provision of new evidence.

The key point here is that it is evidence - old or new - that is at the heart of the make an essay introduction expressions, determination. Essay! In the meanwhile, the most truthful statements explain and are consistent with all the currently available evidence. Company! On the basis of consistency and Essay utility, the most truthful statements are likely to helpline chat be consistent with the current paradigm until persuasive evidence challenges that paradigm. Essay Essay! The most useful truths are those that do simply explain past phenomena but enable consistently accurate statements about the future. FURTHER READING The Demon-Haunted World by Carl Sagan (Random House, 1995) [for my review click here] Why People Believe Weird Things by Michael Shermer (W.H. Freeman, 1997) [for my review click here] The Skeptic's Dictionary by How to make expressions, Robert Todd Carroll (John Wiley, 2003) [for online version click here] How Mumbo-Jumbo Conquered The World by Francis Wheen (Harper Perrenial, 2004) [for my review click here] Counterknowledge by Damian Thompson (Atlantic Books, 2008) [for my review click here] Don't Get Fooled Again by Richard Wilson (Icon Books, 2008) [for my review click here] Ben Goldacre's Bad Science site click here My advice on How To Think Critically click here. Last modified on 28 June 2011. If you would like to essay comment on this essay e-mail me.

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