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bitwise sftp resume The LibNcFTP FTP Client Library (or simply, LibNcFTP , or the library) is Accounting help melbourne used to build custom applications that use the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to exchange files between machines on a TCP/IP network. LibNcFTP provides an of an for a, Application Programming Interface (API) in Accounting melbourne, the C language. LibNcFTP is most often used as a quick way to add FTP functionality to an existing application, but can be used to build custom middleware, or even dedicated FTP client browser programs. The rest of the document provides information on how to paragraph literary, install and use the library. Accounting Assignment Weather! This document assumes you have a good working knowledge of how the FTP protocol works; we suggest you read An Overview of the File Transfer Protocol, which explains how FTP works without getting into too many technical details. For more information about LibNcFTP itself, visit the NcFTP Software page at http://www.ncftp.com/libncftp/ . LibNcFTP can be built and used on a variety of essay for medical school experience UNIX platforms, as well as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Accounting Assignment Weather! The library is provided only in source code form, which means you need a C compiler installed on the machine that LibNcFTP itself is to be installed on. Most vendors' proprietary C compilers can be used, as well as the GNU gcc compiler. For Microsoft Windows, Visual Studio 6 or later is required. Homework Help! For Mac OS X, the Developer Tools package must be installed.

The library itself will only Accounting melbourne, need about 10 megabytes of disk space to hold all the source code, object code, and sample program files. Programs using the library can support any of the platforms that the library can be compiled on, which means your programs can run on the same wide variety of UNIX platforms, Microsoft Windows, or Mac OS X. With a little work, you can write code that can be compiled by all of these platforms. Programs using the library will use approximately 100 kB of memory for library variables, internal buffers, etc. Likewise, your programs' executable will increase in essay for medical experience, size by approximately 100 kB, but this can vary wildly depending on Accounting assignment what type of optimization and debugging compiler options used, as well as which library functions your program uses. Downloading and Extracting the LibNcFTP Package File.

The library source code is provided in two package formats, a gzipped TAR file ( .tar.gz ) and ZIP ( .zip ) file. Before proceeding, you should check the official download page at Help chemistry textbook, http://www.ncftp.com/download/ to see if updated packages are available. UNIX users can extract the downloaded package file by typing the following from a shell prompt, where X . Y . Z denotes the help weather library version: The package contains 4 subdirectories: doc , Strn , sio , and libncftp . The doc directory contains documentation and READMEs. The Strn and sio directories contain the source code for the Strn string utility library and sio socket utility library respectively. Windows users should use their favorite ZIP file utility to extract the libncftp- X . Y . Assessment Of An Essay For A 5 Paragraph! Z -src.zip file, and Accounting assignment weather, then skip the following section. For Medical School! Building and Installing LibNcFTP for UNIX. Accounting Help Weather! From a shell prompt, change to the libncftp subdirectory.

There is a script you must run which will checks your system for Homework help certain features, so that the library can be compiled on Accounting assignment a variety of Help chemistry textbook UNIX systems. If you've built GNU or other open source software before, you're probably familiar with the help melbourne ./configure ; make ; make install sequence. Pdf! First, decide on assignment melbourne weather which C compiler to use, if you have more than one installed. It's common to have both a vendor's compiler as well as gcc available on Scholarship the same machine. You can set the CC environment variable to the path to your preferred compiler, for example using the Bourne shell: You can also set a CFLAGS environment variable, but you do not need to do this since the configure script will choose the library's recommended set of compiler flags automatically, depending on the C compiler in use and the host operating system. You are now ready to run the configuration script: $ sh ./configure --prefix=/usr/local. This will produce several pages of output, and if all goes well, will create all the necessary Makefiles for you. If you like, you can inspect the Makefiles and config.h files, but you probably won't need to do that. The --prefix=/usr/local option you passed to the configure script tells the script to have the library files ( .a files, .so files) set to install in help melbourne weather, /usr/local/lib and the header files ( .h files) set to install in /usr/local/include . If you don't want to use /usr/local , you can use a different directory using the --prefix option.

You are now ready to build the libraries and Scholarship unique, sample programs. Type: This should build everything, including the code in the Strn and sio subdirectories, as well as the sample programs in the libncftp subdirectory. Your build should say Done at the end, like this: Compiling simpleget: [OK] -rwx------ 1 gleason gleason 77492 Dec 7 19:41 simpleget. If the build did not succeed, send us e-mail and we should be able to help you build it, since we support almost all of the major UNIX variants. Finally, copy the finished libraries and headers to Accounting, a permanent location. The easiest way to do that is to do this while logged in as root : That will copy the libraries into /usr/local/lib , and the header files into /usr/local/include . Assessment Of An Essay For A 5 Paragraph! You can also make install while not logged in as root , but you'll need to make sure that /usr/local/lib and /usr/local/include have been created and that the user you are logged in as has write permission to assignment weather, those directories. Essay 5 Paragraph! You are now ready to Accounting help melbourne weather, build your own programs using LibNcFTP . You will need to chemistry textbook pdf, ensure that your compiler can find the library files and Accounting assignment melbourne weather, header files. You may need to add -I/usr/local/include when compiling and -L/usr/local/lib when linking, if your compiler does not search those directories by default. When linking, your programs will need to link with all three of the installed libraries; an easy way to proofreading, do that is to Accounting help melbourne, add the flags -lncftp -lsio -lStrn when linking. Homework Help Riemannian! Building and Installing LibNcFTP for Windows.

You will need Visual C++ 6.0 or greater to build the Accounting assignment weather library and History channel vikings, sample programs. This version includes two supplementary libraries which you must build and link with your applications: a string utility library ( Strn ) and a Winsock utility library ( sio ). Assignment Melbourne Weather! Keep the source hierarchy intact, so that the Introductory samples and libraries build without problems. Each project directory contains a visual studio project ( .dsp and .dsw files), but you don't need to manually build each project. Instead, open the LibNcFTP_ALL.dsw workspace file in the libncftp directory, and then Rebuild All to assignment help melbourne, build all the libraries and all the samples. To build your own applications using LibNcFTP , you'll need to make sure you configure your project to find the header files and essay school unique experience, library files.

Your application may not need to use the sio or Strn libraries directly, but you still need to Accounting assignment melbourne weather, link with them. For example, the simpleget sample uses ....Debug. ....StrnDebug. ....sioDebug in the project option for additional library paths for the linker, and kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ws2_32.lib Strn.lib sio.lib libncftp.lib for the list of libraries to link with. Note that LibNcFTP uses advapi32.lib and shell32.lib , in addition to Help college textbook pdf, the usual kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib . Of course, it also needs to Accounting weather, link with Winsock ( ws2_32.lib ). Similarly, you'll need to make sure one of your additional include directories points to the LibNcFTP directory containing ncftp.h . The simpleget sample uses .... since it is in a subdirectory of the library itself. If you actually use functions from essay 5 paragraph Strn or sio (as some of the samples do), you'll need to have your project look in their directories for their headers as well. About Winsock2: This version of the assignment help melbourne library was designed for use with Winsock version 2. Scholarship School! Note that older versions of Windows 95 do not include Winsock version 2, but can be upgraded by getting the updater from Microsoft. However, the library should also work with Winsock 1.1. That is Accounting assignment help left as an exercise to the coder to change the Editing essay Winsock initialization to use 1.1 and to link with the 1.1 library ( wsock32.lib ). The library avoids using global variables. However, you give each library routine a pointer to a structure with the library's state data. This state data must be maintained between calls, and you must pass a pointer to the same structure for each library function. For simplicity, this example puts the two library structures you pass around in two global variables: Somewhere early in assignment help melbourne weather, your program, before you try any FTP, you must initialize the help riemannian library. Do that like this: Then, when you want to open a host, you initialize a session structure.

Do that by assignment help melbourne, calling FTPInitConnectionInfo() to initialize to Scholarship essay unique experience, the default values, and then you set the fields that define the session: For this example, we will try a non-anonymous login to help, a server named ftp.cs.unl.edu with a username of mgleason and a password of au29X-b7 . Channel Vikings! I recommend that you use the optional debugLog parameter while you are testing. That is a FILE * pointer, and you are responsible for opening and closing it. You may want to use just stdout . Then open the host: Now try some downloads. Accounting! Note that our example no longer checks the return code ( result ) from the library functions, but you should check for errors by checking if the return code is negative. Homework On Geometry Riemannian! Make a few directories, setting the recursive parameter to Accounting melbourne weather, kRecursiveYes to simulate mkdir -p : Upload some files into the directory we just created: Finally, close the connection. If your FTPOpenHost succeeded, you should make a good effort to make sure you close it: To see a simple example in entirety, see the Assessment of an essay 5 paragraph simpleget.c source file included with the sample code. You should be able to assignment help, compile that program and run it, to see how things work.

This sample is located in the samples/simpleget subdirectory. Essay! The defaultAnonPassword field can be changed after the library has been initialized. You may need to set this manually if the library does not calculate a valid password for use with anonymous logins. There are other fields in the structure, but they are used internally and assignment help weather, should not be modified or relied upon. This structure is a mixture of of an mostly internal-use variables and configurable options. The structure is documented below, but some fields which are used internally have been omitted. The structure is large, but in practice you'll only help melbourne, use a handful of the fields and for medical school unique experience, let the library use appropriate default values for the others. Accounting Help! The magic field is used internally by the library to make sure the programmer isn't using an invalid structure with the library. College Chemistry Pdf! The library routines check this field against a well-known value to weather, ensure validity.

Do not modify this field! Before connecting, you will always set the host field, which is the hostname or IP address of the remote FTP server to connect to. Channel Vikings! If the server is running on a non-standard port number (not 21), you may set the port field. If you are logging in non-anonymously, you will need to use username and password authentication, which requires that you need to assignment help weather, set the user and pass fields (and very rarely, the acct field). Of An For A! Otherwise, you can leave the Accounting weather user field unset to indicate you wish to login anonymously. The most interesting field is the errNo field. If you an Homework help riemannian, error occurs within a library function, a negative result code is returned and the errNo field is set to the error number, which you can find listed in ncftp_errno.h . If you get an error, you may also want to inspect the lastFTPCmdResultStr field. This will contain the first line of the Accounting assignment weather most recent reply from the FTP server (i.e. 550 Permission Denied ). Similarly, the lastFTPCmdResultNum contains the numeric FTP protocol result code that came along with it (i.e. 550 ), and the lastFTPCmdResultLL is the FTPLineList containing the complete reply.

For debugging purposes you may want to History, use the debugLog field which you can set to stdio FILE * pointers. The debugLog writes the whole conversation that took place on Accounting help melbourne the control connection, and would be what you would get had you done an FTP manually. Instead of having the library write to files directly, you may wish to literary essay, use your own logging function. You can use the debugLogProc field to point to a custom logging function. The function should be of this type: The first argument is a pointer to the FTPConnectionInfo structure, and the second is the string produced for Accounting melbourne logging. The library can redial automatically, so if the History vikings connection or login attempt failed, it can retry. To do this, you set the maxDials field to 2 or more. The related field redialDelay can be set to the number of Accounting seconds to college chemistry textbook pdf, wait between each attempt. There are several timeout fields you can set if you want certain FTP operations to abort after a period of time.

These fields are xferTimeout , connTimeout , ctrlTimeout , and abortTimeout , and each value is in seconds. If you set a timeout field, library functions may return an error code when the timeout occurs. The xferTimeout refers to the amount of time to wait on an data transfer read or write; The connTimeout refers to the amount of help time to textbook, wait before establishing a successful control (FTP conversation) connection; The ctrlTimeout refers to the amount of time to wait for a response from the server on weather an established control connection; And the abortTimeout refers to a special case of the above when an abort transfer has been requested. Help! (Usually that is used when the user hits ^C and is intending to quit the program as soon as possible, so the time is much less than a regular control connection response.) You would use the connTimeout field when you are first trying to connect to a remote FTP server and want to place a reasonable time limit for the connection and login procedure. Once you have established a session, you could use the ctrlTimeout to prevent a particular command from blocking forever, since the server may become unresponsive (or time you out!) at any time after the session has been established. Once a file transfer connection has been established, the xferTimeout is assignment melbourne used to prevent uploads or downloads from stalling forever. Because of of an essay 5 paragraph network congestion, it is not uncommon for FTP data transfers to timeout despite having previously transferred hundreds of kilobytes of data. Assignment Weather! Note that the connTimeout is used when first trying to establish the data connection, but once the data transfer has started the xferTimeout is used. The reason for this is that it is usually best to have a relatively short timeout to see if you can connect to the remote host, and then to use a longer timeout for the actual data blocks so that the sending and receiving hosts have extra leeway to survive transient network congestion. The abortTimeout is used in one special case.

When a client wants to abort a transfer, the Introductory paragraph essay client is supposed to send an abort request ( ABOR ). This timeout is used to place a timeout on the response to the abort request; typically this is very short (3 seconds) as a courtesy to the server before assuming the server can't abort the transfer (which happens frequently). The alternative is to just close the data connection, but the protocol specification implies that is not good behavior. Accounting Melbourne! The abortTimeout is available so that the ctrlTimeout would not need to be used for this, since the ctrlTimeout is typically much longer. You don't want to wait around for an abort request to finish when you will most likely be closing the History vikings session anyway. Data connection type fields (PASV or PORT) The dataPortMode may be set to Accounting help melbourne weather, one of Scholarship for medical school unique experience kSendPortMode , kPassiveMode , or kFallBackToSendPortMode . If you want to assignment help, try passive FTP, you can use kPassiveMode . You can also use kFallBackToSendPortMode which means the library will try passive FTP first, and if the of an essay server does not support it, it will then try regular port FTP. The library provides a means to work with FTP proxies.

These proxies are traditionally older firewall implementations which do not implement automatic and help melbourne weather, transparent FTP with network address translation. Hopefully it will not be necessary to use this feature, but if your network administrator says you have to login to proofreading home, the firewall in order to assignment help weather, use FTP, you will need to use these fields and for a, get the necessary details on melbourne weather how your firewall is accessed. Note that the library does not support HTTP proxies which handle FTP! You would need to connect to the proxy server using the HTTP protocol and issue a GET request with a FTP URL, and LibNcFTP does not support HTTP. Examples of proxy servers which are not supported: Microsoft Proxy Server, Netscape Proxy Server, and Squid. Riemannian! The firewallType field can be set to a value from assignment help melbourne 0 to 7 . Each of the permutations that the library supports are listed below.

Type 1 : Connect to firewall host, but send USER user @ real.host.name . The real.host.name will be filled in by the chemistry library. Type 3 : Connect to and login to assignment melbourne, firewall, and then use SITE real.host.name , followed by the regular USER and PASS . Type 4 : Connect to and login to firewall, and then use OPEN real.host.name , followed by the regular USER and PASS . Type 6 : Connect to Introductory literary essay, firewall host, but send USER fwuser @ real.host.name and melbourne weather, PASS fwpass followed by a regular USER user and PASS pass to complete the login. Type 7 : Connect to firewall host, but send USER user @ real.host.name fwuser and PASS pass followed by ACCT fwpass to History channel, complete the login. Type 0 : Do NOT use a firewall (the default). The firewallHost field must be set to the hostname or IP address string of the firewall machine.

You may need to use an IP address string (i.e. 192.168.200.250 if Domain Name Service is not available. The firewallPort field may be set to a TCP port number, if the firewall requires you to connect to the firewall on a port other than the assignment melbourne default port ( 21 ). The firewallUser and History vikings, firewallPass fields is available if your firewall requires you to login with a username and password ( fwuser and fwpass as noted above). The socket buffers used for the control connection and data connections can be tuned if you want to Accounting help weather, use something other than the default values (which vary by platform and individual kernel tuning). Scholarship Essay For Medical School Experience! Each of the Accounting assignment help weather options below can be set to the number of channel bytes you wish to use for the buffer. The library will then attempt to set the socket option SO_SNDBUF or SO_RCVBUF as needed. ctrlSocketRBufSize - control connection, receive buffer ctrlSocketSBufSize - control connection, send buffer dataSocketRBufSize - data connection, receive buffer dataSocketSBufSize - data connection, send buffer. If the data connection socket buffers are set by you, the help melbourne weather library will also attempt to negotiate TCP Large Window support with the server by using SITE commands ( SITE RETRBUFSIZE , RBUFSIZ , RBUFSZ , BUFSIZE , STORBUFSIZE , SBUFSIZ , SBUFSZ ). Introductory! This could also significantly increase performance depending on assignment help the type of links (i.e. History Vikings! satellite) between client and Accounting help melbourne weather, server. The downside to this is paragraph literary essay that not many FTP servers support the needed SITE commands to enable this feature.

Note that it is usually not a good idea to set the buffers for the control connection. Accounting Assignment Help Weather! The default sizes are already more than large enough, so setting the Introductory sizes larger will not increase performance. Functions such as FTPGetFiles and FTPPutFiles transfer groups of files at a time. Accounting Melbourne! The asciiFilenameExtensions field gives you an opportunity to automatically have files in these groups which end in certain extensions be transferred in channel vikings, ASCII rather than binary. This field requires a special format, which is best illustrated by an example: The extensions are delimited by pipe characters ( '|' ) and the string must both begin and end in a pipe character. If you set both the ephemLo and ephemHi fields, this range of ports will be used when selecting port numbers to use for active data connections (i.e. what we use with PORT ). For example, you could set ephemLo to 50000 and ephemHi to 60000 to have PORT only use ports between 50000 and 60000. The library provides a few hooks so that if your program wants to update its user interface with FTP status information it can do so.

The following callbacks are defined: Some of the callbacks pass you a pointer to a Response structure, which looks like this: The only thing you should need to access in the structure is the msg field, which contains a FTPLineList with the text from the FTP server. The onConnectMsgProc and Accounting help melbourne, onLoginMsgProc callbacks provide a way for you to paragraph essay, display the connect and login messages, respectively. When you FTP to Accounting help, a remote server, the first thing the server does is send the connect message (also known as a welcome message). Editing Essay Home! The server then expects you to login with a username and help, password. Once you have logged in, it sends a login message in reply. Neither the connect nor the login message are guaranteed to contain anything except a terse FTP reply message, but popular servers often have useful information in college chemistry textbook pdf, one or both. The redialStatusProc is called to Accounting assignment help, indicate what the Assessment of an essay for a 5 paragraph library is doing.

The mode parameter will be either kRedialStatusDialing or kRedialStatusSleeping . If it is kRedialStatusDialing , then the value parameter will contain how many connection attempts to melbourne weather, the server (number of dials) and after your function is called the library will immediately attempt to connect. If it is kRedialStatusSleeping , value will be how many seconds the library is delaying until the school next attempt. The printResponseProc is called whenever the library would be printing a Response structure to the debug log. Help Melbourne! It could be used to modify the printMode field of the Response structure to determine if the Response should be printed, but generally you should be filtering that information from Introductory paragraph a debugLogProc instead. When attempting a user (not anonymous) login, you may leave the pass field blank (set to an empty C-string, ) and set passphraseProc to a: When the library needs the password, it will call your function to allow you to Accounting, present a prompt to an end-user. As parameters your function will receive the message from the Editing essay home remote FTP server (useful for one-time password systems which provide information to assignment help, the user) in riemannian, the pwPrompt parameter, a pointer to assignment weather, a C string in pass , and the size of the string in dsize (i.e., do not write more than dsize - 1 bytes to pass ). The library computes statistics for each data transfer. Channel Vikings! If you are interested in those, you can inspect the bytesTransferred , sec , and melbourne, kBytesPerSec fields for the results. Those correspond to the size of the file, how long it took in seconds to essay, transfer, and how fast it was in kilobytes per second. Assignment Help Weather! You may also want to implement a progress meter, which updates while the transfer is in progress.

To do that you set the progress field to a: The second argument tells you which state the essay for medical experience transfer is in. You will get a kPrInitMsg message before the first block of data transferred, and Accounting weather, an kPrEndMsg at History, the end. In addition, you get a kPrUpdateMsg for each block transferred. The sample source code included with the package shows how to use progress meters. During the transfer (and when your progress meter function is called) the following additional fields are valid. t0 - the time when the transfer started; expectedSize - How many bytes the destination file should contain after the transfer completes; secLeft - An estimate of how many seconds are remaining based on the current throughput (if expectedSize is Accounting assignment help melbourne weather known) percentCompleted - Percentage of the Homework help transfer that has been completed (0 to 100%) (if expectedSize is known) mdtm - The modification timestamp of the source file; nextProgressUpdate - the next timestamp we will update the progress meter; rname - name of the remote file; lname - name of the local file; stalled - if non-zero, the transfer is currently waiting for the remote host for data; dataTimedOut - if non-zero, the transfer was aborted because the xferTimeout expired; There is one more important field to mention, the Accounting assignment melbourne weather cancelXfer field. This can be set during a transfer (from within your progress meter function) to non-zero to indicate that the current transfer should be aborted. Note that aborting a transfer will often cause the remote server to not only stop sending over the data connection, but it may also disconnect your FTP session altogether. Besides providing a way for you to abort a transfer in paragraph literary essay, progress, progress meter functions also provide a way for you to have your code do something else while the transfer proceeds. This can be something related to the transfer, such as drawing a bar graph on screen, or something totally unrelated. When the library connects to the FTP server you designate with the host field, the library does a DNS lookup and stores the assignment melbourne weather actual DNS hostname for the host in actualHost , and an IP address string in ip . One of the for medical unique experience first things the library does after successfully logging in to a remote server is determine the current working directory. The startingWorkingDirectory is set as a result.

It may be NULL if the login failed. This is often the root directory if you are performing an anonymous login. For user logins, it is often the home directory of the user. Near the end of the Accounting help melbourne weather structure the library provides a few fields for private use by the programmer. A common use for these fields is to set one to Editing home, contain a pointer to another structure which you want to associate with the library structure without having to use a global variable. The iUser is an integer, the pUser is assignment help melbourne a void pointer, and of an for a 5 paragraph, the llUser is a longest_int field. Hopefully your longest_int will be at Accounting assignment, least a 64-bit value, such as long long , otherwise it will fallback to being a 32-bit value, long . If longest_int is only 32-bit, then Large File Support will be unavailable on your system which will effect your capability to work with files larger than 2 gigabytes. Use longest_int and longest_uint variables just as you would with int or unsigned int variables. Be cognizant when casting to and from longest_int variables, since this could result in truncation similar to the effect of miscasting shorts and longs . Introductory Literary Essay! In effect, you can do: But you cannot do: You also must take care when passing longest_ints to the C library functions in the printf() and scanf() family. You will need to know your operating system's method of printing and scanning 64-bit values.

Usually for UNIX systems you use %lld , and on Microsoft Windows you use %I64d . If the manual pages for printf() and scanf() aren't helpful, you can look at Accounting assignment weather, the libncftp/config.h file in your extracted and configured LibNcFTP source code -- look for PRINTF_LONG_LONG and Help, SCANF_LONG_LONG . Do not use the init , proc , curPathAllocSize , noAutoMallocAndFree , dirSeparator , rootDir , or reserved fields. The proc field is of type FtwProc , which is: Your FtwProc is called during Ftw functions, and it should return (-1) if they should abort directory traversal, or 0 if they should continue to help weather, iterate through the directory tree. You may use the following fields only from within your FtwProc callback function: The curPath field is proofreading essay a C-string which contains the complete or relative pathname of the file or directory. Important: treat this field as read-only! curPathLen is the melbourne weather length of the help on geometry riemannian string (i.e. strlen(curPath) ). Accounting Assignment Help Weather! startPathLen is the length of the starting directory. Paragraph Literary! An easy way to compute pathnames relative to Accounting, the starting directory is to essay 5 paragraph, simply use curPath + startPathLen + 1 . curFile is the filename-only portion of the pathname (also known as the basename of the path). Note that curFile is really an offset into curPath (so do not modify curFile ). curType will be set to 'd' if the pathname is Accounting a directory, '-' for a regular file, or 'l' for a symbolic link. This corresponds to the first character in the lines from Introductory paragraph essay UNIX ls -l . Accounting Assignment Help Melbourne Weather! curStat contains useful information such as the modification timestamp, file size, etc. Assessment Of An For A! depth is the current subdirectory recursion level, i.e., how deep into the directory tree you are. You may want to monitor the Accounting melbourne depth from your FtwProc and of an, have your function return an error if the depth gets too deep.

cip is a pointer to your FTPConnectionInfo structure, but only assignment melbourne weather, if your FtwProc was called by FTPFtw . userdata is a variable given to you for private use, so you can set it to whatever you like. This can be useful if you need to access other parts of your program from within your FtwProc without having to declare a global variable. Help Textbook Pdf! The following fields are kept as statistics and may be monitored from within your FtwProc callback function, and also after you call Ftw or FTPFtw . You will need to cast it to a FTPCIPtr before using it. maxDepth is the assignment melbourne deepest level reached into the directory tree. numDirs is the number of items that were directories. numFiles is the number of items that were regular files. numLinks is the on geometry riemannian number of items that were symbolic links. void FTPAbortDataTransfer(const FTPCIPtr cip); Prior versions of the library advised you to call this function directly. Assignment Help Melbourne Weather! The new recommendation is to use a progress meter function, and if you would like to Help college chemistry textbook, abort a transfer in progress, set the Accounting assignment melbourne weather cancelXfer field to 1 (in the FTPCIPtr passed to your progress meter callback function). This gives you the capability of aborting a transfer without having to use a signal handler, and on geometry riemannian, gives the melbourne library a better chance of vikings aborting the Accounting assignment transfer at a point where the server won't abruptly disconnect the entire session. Nevertheless, you can call this function yourself if you must. Essay! Note that not doing this from a progress meter callback (in which case you should use the method described above) essentially means you'll be doing this from a signal handler, which is generally undesirable. Accounting Assignment! int FTPChdir(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const cdCwd); Changes the current remote working directory to the path specified by cdCwd . The path is essay system-dependent, so it need not be a UNIX-style path if the system you are connected to is not a UNIX system. If the change succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. When you first connect, the default working directory is Accounting help assumed to be the root directory for anonymous FTP access.

For a user login, the default is Scholarship for medical experience often the home directory of the user. int FTPChdirAndGetCWD(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const cdCwd, char *const newCwd, const size_t newCwdSize); This is assignment melbourne weather a combination of FTPChdir and of an 5 paragraph, FTPGetCWD . The reason this can be useful is that some servers return the new path after a change of directory, thus saving a PWD . If the change succeeded, 0 is Accounting help returned, otherwise a number less than zero is essay home returned upon weather, failure. College Textbook! int FTPChdir3(FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const cdCwd, char *const newCwd, const size_t newCwdSize, int flags); Changes the current remote working directory to the path specified by cdCwd . The path is system-dependent, so it need not be a UNIX-style path if the system you are connected to is not a UNIX system. This is a more advanced version of FTPChdir , which is Accounting assignment help controlled by the flags parameter. The flags must be either 0 ( kChdirOnly ), or a bitwise-OR of one or more of the following: kChdirAndMkdir - Change to the directory, creating it if necessary. Editing Essay Home! kChdirAndGetCWD - Change to the directory, and note the new full working directory in the newCwd parameter. Assignment Melbourne! kChdirOneSubdirAtATime - Change to the directory, one sub-directory at a time. For example, if the directory was pub/FreeBSD/ISO-IMAGES , it would essentially be doing cd pub followed by cd FreeBSD followed by cd ISO-IMAGES . kChdirFullPath - Change to chemistry, the directory, as one complete pathname, i.e. cd pub/FreeBSD/ISO-IMAGES . The kChdirOneSubdirAtATime option is useful for Accounting help melbourne weather strict RFC 1738 URL compliance. However, if strict compliance is not required, it is recommended that you use both kChdirOneSubdirAtATime and kChdirFullPath , i.e. Of An Essay 5 Paragraph! ( kChdirFullPath|kChdirOneSubdirAtATime ). This would have the library attempt to change to the complete path, and Accounting assignment help melbourne weather, if that fails, then fallback and try one subdirectory at a time. If kChdirAndGetCWD is not used, then you may pass NULL for Introductory literary essay newCwd and melbourne, 0 for newCwdSize . int FTPChdirList(FTPCIPtr cip, FTPLineListPtr const cdlist, char *const newCwd, const size_t newCwdSize, int flags); This is identical to FTPChdir3 , only proofreading, instead of a pathname (which can be thought of as a list of subdirectory nodes) you pass a FTPLineList with each line being one subdirectory node.

Odds are you won't use this function, unless you use FTPDecodeURL which provides you with a FTPLineList as the directory path component. int FTPChmod(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const char *const mode, const int doGlob); This is equivalent of the UNIX /bin/chmod program, only for remote files. This is help melbourne weather not in the FTP standard, but many UNIX hosts implement this as a site-specific command. If the mode change succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is History channel returned upon failure. int FTPCloseHost(const FTPCIPtr cip); Closes the connection to Accounting assignment weather, the current host, and Introductory paragraph literary essay, disposes the library's data structures associated with it. This function may block because the remote server is melbourne weather notified that we want to close the Homework on geometry riemannian connection via the melbourne FTP protocol command QUIT and help on geometry riemannian, a reply to that command is read back before cleanup is complete. Upon a normal close, 0 is Accounting assignment returned, otherwise if something bizarre happened a number less than zero is returned. Assessment 5 Paragraph! int FTPCmd(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const cmdspec, . Assignment Weather! ); This allows you to issue an FTP command directly on the control connection. You do not get back the textual response string, but you are returned the home first digit of the numeric response, which will be from 1 to 5, or a negative error code. The function behaves like printf , so you can pass a variable number of Accounting assignment melbourne weather parameters. int FTPDecodeURL(const FTPCIPtr cip, char *const url, FTPLineListPtr cdlist, char *const fn, const size_t fnsize, int *const xtype, int *const wantnlst); The purpose of this function is to parse a RFC 1738 FTP URL, such as ftp://ftp.ncftp.com/pub/ncftp/README . The URL is of the form ftp://user:password@host:port/url-path;type . Upon return, it will return a chdir list ( FTPLineList) , with each line representing one directory level.

This is required by RFC 1738, so that instead of doing a chdir /pub/ncftp , you need to do a chdir pub followed by a chdir ncftp . See FTPChdirList for an easy way to change to chdir list. It returns an paragraph essay, integer indicating if the URL was successfully parsed. Zero means success, while the error code kMalformedURL means that it appeared to be a URL, but it had syntax errors. The error code kNotURL means that it didn't even resemble a URL at all. The fn parameter points to a string to hold the filename for the requested file. For the example above, it would be set to README . For a directory URL, this will be set to an empty string. The fnsize parameter should be the maximum size of the fn buffer. Besides giving you back a chdir list, it may also set the assignment user , pass , and port field of the connection structure, if the URL contains those fields, and optionally the transfer type or whether the URL should be a directory listing. If the xtype parameter is Assessment of an for a not NULL, it will write whether the transfer type was specified, as either kTypeAscii or kTypeBinary . Accounting Help! If the wantnlst parameter is not NULL, it will write whether the user requested a listing instead of a download of that directory. The url is modified by Assessment of an essay for a 5 paragraph, the function, so make a copy of Accounting melbourne it if you need to preserve the contents. int FTPDelete(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const int recurse, const int doGlob); Removes remote files on college the remote system, like /bin/rmdir does locally. This can also delete entire directories, if recursion is Accounting assignment help weather specified.

The doGlob parameter must be set to either kGlobYes or kGlobNo . When set, the pattern is considered a shell-wildcard-style regular expression. The recurse parameter must be set to either kRecursiveYes or kRecursiveNo . When set, the library attempts to remove all files and subdirectories also (i.e. like /bin/rm -rf on UNIX). Example 1: Delete all files in proofreading essay home, the current directory whose names end in .zip . Example 2: Delete one file whose name is *README* , but not files named README nor *README-NOW* . If all deletions succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned if one or more deletions failed. All files matched are attempted to Accounting assignment help melbourne, be deleted, so if one deletion fails, that does not cause the essay for medical unique experience remaining list to be aborted. int FTPFileExists(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file); This tries to determine if a file or directory specified in the file parameter exists on the remote server. Unfortunately this can be a very expensive operation on assignment help older servers because there was no standard functionality available in the protocol specification. On these servers, the library tries a variety of methods until it succeeds or exhausts the Homework list. The good news is that once the library has found a reliable way that works on the remote server, it remembers this for subsequent iterations so it does not need to repeat the learning process. If the Accounting assignment help weather item exists, 0 ( kNoErr ) is returned. If the server has a reliable way to college, determine file existence and the file did not exist, kErrNoSuchFileOrDirectory is returned.

Otherwise, the result is inconclusive and a negative error code is Accounting assignment help melbourne weather returned. int FTPFileModificationTime(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, time_t *const mdtm); This tries to determine the History channel vikings last modification timestamp of the remote file specified by file . This may or may not work, because this relies upon the implementation of the MDTM low-level FTP command. There are still a lot of Accounting assignment help melbourne weather traditional servers out there that do not support it nor the SIZE command. There may also be a question of whether the time returned is in local time or GMT. Unfortunately this also varies among servers, most likely because there are no formal specifications of MDTM in essay school unique, RFC-959. If the query succeeded, 0 is returned and the mdtm parameter is assignment melbourne weather set to the timestamp of last modification, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon channel, failure. int FTPFileSize(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, longest_int *const size, const int type); This tries to determine how many bytes would be transferred if you downloaded file . The size in bytes is returned in Accounting, the size parameter. The type parameter exists because this number varies depending on the transfer type. Introductory Literary Essay! Set it to melbourne, kTypeBinary , kTypeAscii , or kTypeEbcdic . On Geometry Riemannian! If the Accounting assignment melbourne weather query succeeded, 0 is returned and the size parameter is set, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure.

int FTPFileSizeAndModificationTime(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, longest_int *const size, const int type, time_t *const mdtm); This function is a hybrid of college chemistry textbook pdf FTPFileSize and FTPFileModificationTime . Some newer FTP servers have the assignment help weather capability to unique experience, return both of these values at the same time, so it is more efficient than doing them individuallly. This tries to determine how many bytes would be transferred if you downloaded file . The size in bytes is returned in the size parameter. The type parameter exists because this number varies depending on the transfer type. Set it to kTypeBinary , kTypeAscii , or kTypeEbcdic . The mdtm parameter is set to the time of last modification for Accounting assignment the file or directory specified. If the query succeeded, 0 is returned and Scholarship essay unique, the size and Accounting melbourne, mdtm parameters are set, otherwise a number less than zero is returned if both could not be determined. This function can be used to determine if a particular pathname is a directory or regular file.

It returns 'd' in the ftype parameter if the item was a directory, or '-' if it was a regular file. The ftype parameter return result should only be used if the function returns 0 ( kNoErr ). For A 5 Paragraph! If the assignment melbourne item exists but the type could not be determined, the error code kErrFileExistsButCannotDetermineType is returned. Other types of errors are returned as negative error codes. This function calls FTPFileExists , which may be an expensive call. int FTPFtw(const FTPCIPtr cip, const FtwInfoPtr ftwip, const char *const dir, FtwProc proc); This can be used like the C library function ftw() , except it works on the remote server rather than the local machine. Ftw stands for file tree walk and like the ftw() function, this function provides you an proofreading essay, opportunity to recurse through an entire directory and Accounting assignment, process each file within it. This function is actually the remote version of the Ftw function.

The setup and necessary details for college chemistry textbook pdf FTPFtw are the same as Ftw , so refer to Accounting, Ftw for more information. The dir parameter specifies the remote directory tree to walk. The proc parameter is a callback to a custom function which you provide. This function will be called by Editing, FTPFtw for file or directory in Accounting, the tree. A proc is of the FtwProc type, which is: When your FtwProc is called by Help, FTPFtw on a remote directory tree, there are some slight differences than when it is called by Accounting help weather, Ftw on a local directory tree. The primary difference is that the curStat field (which is of type struct stat ) of the FtwInfo structure is not entirely populated. The reason is that FTPFtw has to Homework on geometry riemannian, simulate stat() on the remote filesystem, whereas Ftw can actually call stat() and get all the information. Specifically, you should only use the st_mode , st_size and st_mtime fields. In addition, st_size and st_mtime may not be available if the remote FTP server doesn't support SIZE or MDTM , but you can check the field values against weather, kSizeUnknown and kModTimeUnknown respectively. You may find that st_size is literary invalid for a directory, or st_mtime is invalid for a directory ( wu-ftpd is one example of a server that doesn't let you do MDTM on a directory). The st_mode field is primarily populated so you can do S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) and Accounting help melbourne, S_ISREG(st.st_mode) like you would be accustomed to.

The actual permission bits will be obtained if possible, but you shouldn't rely upon the presence or validity of these bits. FTPFtw tries a variety of methods to figure out how to recurse a remote directory using the FTP protocol, but since the Assessment of an 5 paragraph protocol doesn't formally specify a mechanism to melbourne weather, do that, FTPFtw may not be able to traverse the directory structure if a remote FTP server doesn't support enough functionality to enable FTPFtw to Homework help on geometry riemannian, do this. Compounding this problem, the Accounting melbourne weather FTP protocol does not provide a mechanism to detect symbolic links. FTPFtw can sometimes detect links depending on History vikings the server software, but some servers could fool FTPFtw into Accounting assignment melbourne weather following a symbolic link to another directory which may result in infinite recursion! To prevent this, your FtwProc should check the depth field and return an error if the remote directory tree is getting too deep. This function may call FTPFileType , which could be an expensive call. It may call it numerous times! In any event, traversing a remote directory tree is a very expensive operation . Textbook! Be very careful and considerate when you use FTPFtw . Example: Traverse /pub on assignment weather the current remote host, and attempt to remove any core files found. Help Chemistry Textbook Pdf! This is an abridged example, but the library includes a more detailed example, ncftpftw.c , in the samples directory. int FTPGetCWD(const FTPCIPtr cip, char *const newCwd, const size_t newCwdSize); This writes up to newCwdSize bytes of the pathname of the current remote working directory in newCwd . If the request succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon Accounting help melbourne, failure. int FTPGetFiles(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const char *const dstdir, const int recurse, const int doGlob); int FTPGetFiles2(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const char *const dstdir, const int recurse, const int doGlob, const int xtype, const int resumeflag, const int appendflag); These functions have been superceded by Homework riemannian, FTPGetFiles3 and melbourne weather, are only provided for backward-compatibility with code based off of older versions of the library. int FTPGetFiles3(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *pattern, const char *const dstdir, const int recurse, int doGlob, const int xtype, const int resumeflag, int appendflag, const int deleteflag, const int tarflag, const FTPConfirmResumeDownloadProc resumeProc, int reserved); Downloads (reads) files from the remote system. The pattern parameter is the remote pathname to download. When coupled with globbing, the pattern can denote a regular expression so that multiple files can be downloaded with a single wildcard expression.

The dstdir parameter is local directory where the files are to be written. If you want them placed in the current local directory, just use . as the dstdir . The files retrieved are named to be the same as they were on the remote system. For A! The recurse parameter must be set to either kRecursiveYes or kRecursiveNo . Accounting Melbourne! When set the library attempts to download the entire directory structure if pattern is a directory. Assessment! Recursion is not very portable; For it to work properly, the remote server must produce UNIX-like listings for the LIST primitive, and it must also support the assignment help melbourne -R flag ( LIST -R ). The good news is that many non-UNIX FTP servers do try to Scholarship experience, emulate that behavior. The doGlob parameter must be set to either kGlobYes or kGlobNo . When set, the pattern is considered a shell wildcard-style regular expression, and FTPRemoteGlob is Accounting melbourne weather used if needed to build a list of files to retrieve. The xtype parameter must be set to either kTypeAscii or kTypeBinary . Unless the help on geometry file is known to melbourne weather, be stored in the host's native text format, where ASCII text translation to your host's text format would be useful, you should use binary transfer type. The resumeflag parameter must be set to either kResumeYes or kResumeNo . When set, the library will attempt to resume the download. On Geometry Riemannian! This is Accounting help melbourne weather done if the local file already exists and is smaller than the remote file.

In addition, the library tries to use modification times when possible to determine if this should be done. College Textbook Pdf! The appendflag parameter must be set to assignment help weather, either kAppendYes or kAppendNo . When set, the Assessment of an 5 paragraph entire remote file is downloaded, and the local file is appended to, if present. Generally that is not very useful. The deleteflag parameter must be set to either kDeleteYes or kDeleteNo . When set, after the file is downloaded successfully the remote file is deleted. This requires the applicable permissions on the remote file. Accounting Help! The tarflag parameter must be set to either kTarYes or kTarNo . When set and home, the recurse parameter is also set, the library attempts to see if the Accounting assignment melbourne weather server supports on-the-fly TAR and uses that to transfer the entire directory.

The advantages to this are two-fold; first, it will be faster since a separate data connection is not required for each file in Assessment of an for a 5 paragraph, the directory, and second, since it is a TAR file it also preserves the exact file permissions and timestamps. Assignment Weather! The downside to channel, using this mode is that you always get the entire directory structure. Assignment Help! There is no resumption of of an for a broken downloads. The resumeProc parameter can be set to a callback function to give you fine-grained control on Accounting help melbourne what to do when the History vikings local file already exists. Your function can determine whether to resume the download, overwrite and download the help melbourne weather entire file, append to the local file, or skip the file transfer. This is on geometry riemannian useful for melbourne weather interactive programs where you want the user to choose which action to take. This parameter must be set to kNoFTPConfirmResumeDownloadProc to indicate you do not want a callback function, which is most of the time.

Otherwise your callback function should be a valid FTPConfirmResumeDownloadProc , which is declared as follows: Your callback function should examine the parameters passed into it, and return one of the following result codes: kConfirmResumeProcSaidSkip kConfirmResumeProcSaidResume kConfirmResumeProcSaidOverwrite kConfirmResumeProcSaidAppend kConfirmResumeProcSaidBestGuess. For A! Your callback function should also set the startPoint to the offset into Accounting assignment help the file where to Editing home, resume the download at. You also have the option of assignment help changing the localpath parameter, which could be useful if your function decides it can save to a new name. The reserved parameter must be set to textbook pdf, zero. This is reserved for future use. If all transfers succeeded, FTPGetFiles3 returns 0 ( kNoErr ), otherwise a number less than zero is returned if one or more transfers failed. All files matched are attempted to be transferred, so if one fails, that does not cause the remaining list to Accounting weather, be aborted. Introductory Paragraph Essay! Example 1: Retrieve all files in weather, the current directory whose names end in History vikings, .zip and write them to the /tmp local directory. Help Melbourne! Example 2: Fetch one file whose name is *README* , but not files named README nor *README-NOW* , and write it to the current local directory. Example 3: Fetch the entire contents of the school unique directory /pub/zzz into a local directory named /tmp/aaa/bbb/zzz : int FTPGetOneFile(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, const char *const dstfile); int FTPGetOneFile2(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, const char *const dstfile, const int xtype, const int fdtouse, const int resumeflag, const int appendflag); These functions have been superceded by FTPGetOneFile3 and are only help, provided for backward-compatibility with code based off of older versions of the library. int FTPGetOneFile3(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, const char *const dstfile, const int xtype, const int fdtouse, const int resumeflag, const int appendflag, const int deleteflag, const FTPConfirmResumeDownloadProc resumeProc, int reserved);

This is provides a way to download a single remote file and write it under a different name (if required) locally. The file parameter specifies the remote file name to download, and the dstfile parameter specifies the local file name to save it as. The xtype parameter must be set to either kTypeAscii or kTypeBinary . Unless the file is known to be stored in Assessment of an, the host's native text format, where ASCII text translation to your host's text format would be useful, you should use binary transfer type. The fdtouse parameter must be either an Accounting help melbourne, opened file descriptor for writing, or less than zero if the function should open the file as needed. Help! Most of the time you will use (-1) for this parameter and let the library open the local file for you. The resumeflag parameter must be set to either kResumeYes or kResumeNo . When set, the library will attempt to resume the assignment help download. Home! This is done if the local file already exists and is smaller than the remote file.

In addition, the library tries to assignment help melbourne, use modification times when possible to determine if this should be done. The appendflag parameter must be set to either kAppendYes or kAppendNo . When set, the entire remote file is downloaded, and the local file is appended to, if present. Generally that is not very useful. The deleteflag parameter must be set to either kDeleteYes or kDeleteNo . When set, after the file is downloaded successfully the remote file is deleted. This requires the applicable permissions on the remote file. The resumeProc parameter can be set to a callback function to give you fine-grained control on college chemistry what to Accounting help melbourne, do when the local file already exists. See the description of Introductory paragraph essay FTPGetFiles3 for more information on how to use this. Assignment Help Weather! The reserved parameter must be set to zero. Essay For Medical Unique Experience! This is Accounting help reserved for future use. Example: Retrieve a file named /pub/README.TXT and write it as /tmp/xx . If the fetch succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is History channel vikings returned upon failure. int FTPInitConnectionInfo(const FTPLIPtr lip, const FTPCIPtr cip, size_t bufSize); Before you can attempt to assignment help melbourne weather, connect to a host using the FTP protocol, you must have first initialized the library using FTPInitLibrary . Then, when you want to open a host, you use this function to initialize a session structure to the default values.

After you have done that, you may change whatever non-default values you need. Typically you use a global variable to hold the library's session information, and then pass a pointer to it for all FTP functions. The bufsize parameter specifies the size of the data transfer I/O buffer to use, which is reserved using malloc() . Essay For Medical School Unique! You should use kDefaultFTPBufSize as the Accounting value for bufsize in most cases. Here are some default values that may be of chemistry textbook interest: If the initialization succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int FTPInitLibrary(const FTPLIPtr lip); Before you can attempt to connect to a host using the FTP protocol, you must have first initialized the library using this function. Typically, you use a global variable to hold the library's internal data structures.

int FTPIsDir(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const dir); This function returns 1 if the pathname is a valid directory, zero if it is a plain file, or a negative error code if an error occurred. This function may also return 0 if the Accounting melbourne item is known to exist but the for medical file type could not be determined (so, if the Accounting assignment help melbourne weather item exists it is essay assumed to be a regular file; however due to the way the test is performed, the item in question could not be changed to so it is most likely a regular file, and less likely an inaccessible directory). This function calls FTPFileExists , which may be an expensive call. Accounting Assignment Help Melbourne! int FTPIsRegularFile(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file); This function returns 1 if the pathname is help a file, zero if it is a valid directory, or a negative error code if an error occurred. This function may also return 0 if the item is known to exist but the file type could not be determined (so, if the Accounting assignment melbourne item exists it is assumed to be a regular file; however due to the way the test is Help college pdf performed, the item in question could not be changed to so it is assignment melbourne weather most likely a regular file, and Assessment 5 paragraph, less likely an inaccessible directory). This function calls FTPFileExists , which may be an expensive call.

int FTPList(const FTPCIPtr cip, const int outfd, const int longMode, const char *const lsflag); This is a simple way to get a remote directory listing dumped to the screen. The outfd parameter specifies which file descriptor to write to, so you do not necessarily have to use stdout (file descriptor 1) here. Assignment Melbourne Weather! The longMode parameter determines which method of listing you want. Scholarship Essay Unique Experience! The FTP Protocol currently has two methods, one which is a simple one file per Accounting assignment help melbourne weather line style (longMode == 0) , and another host-specific output method (longMode == 1) . Typically for UNIX systems, these methods equate to /bin/ls -1 and /bin/ls -la . The lsflag parameter can be used to Assessment of an essay for a 5 paragraph, give a specific directory (or file) to list, and also as a way to specify alternate flags. For example, many systems accept UNIX's /bin/ls flags, like -CF . Example 1: Dump a simple listing of the current directory to Accounting assignment help, the screen. Example 2: Dump a long listing of the directory /pub to the screen. Example 3: Simulate /bin/ls -CF behavior on the current remote working directory. For Medical School! Note: This really isn't too useful for doing programmatical analysis with. If you want to do that, FTPListToMemory is a much better choice. If the listing succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. Accounting Assignment Help! int FTPListToMemory(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const FTPLineListPtr lines, const char *const lsflags); This allows you to get a directory listing of a remote directory, and have it loaded into a dynamic data structure.

The pattern parameter specifies a directory to list, or a wildcard expression of files to list. The output is loaded into the FTPLineList specified by the lines parameter. The lsflags parameter lets you specify additional /bin/ls style flags. If you use it, you must have a trailing space, like -CF and if you don't want any flags, you must use an Assessment, empty string, like . Example 1: Get a listing of files in assignment help weather, the /pub directory. Example 2: Get a long listing of files in college pdf, the current directory, sorted by older files first. Note: If all you want is a list of files, it may be easier to just use FTPRemoteGlob . Help! That function calls FTPListToMemory for you. If the listing succeeded, 0 is Scholarship experience returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int FTPListToMemory2(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const FTPLineListPtr llines, const char *const lsflags, const int blanklines, int *const tryMLSD); This function is Accounting identical to Introductory paragraph literary essay, FTPListToMemory , except it has a few more parameters (which you probably won't need, which is why you'll probably not use this function). In fact, FTPListToMemory is assignment melbourne actually FTPListToMemory(cip, pattern, llines, lsflags, 1, NULL) . The blanklines parameter can be set to 0 if you want blank lines removed from the list output. The tryMLSD parameter can be used if you want to try the new MLSD FTP command primitive which newer FTP servers support to enable machine-readable (i.e. Channel! parseable!) directory listings. To use it, set an integer local variable to Accounting weather, 1 and pass a pointer to it to this function.

If the essay home listing was successful and MLSD was used, your variable will remain 1. If MLSD failed or could not be used, your variable will be set to 0. If you pass NULL or a pointer to a variable containing 0 for the tryMLSD parameter, then MLSD is not attempted. int FTPLocalGlob(FTPCIPtr cip, FTPLineListPtr fileList, const char *pattern, int doGlob); This gives you a way to do a shell-expansion of a wildcard pattern on the local host. Accounting Assignment Help Melbourne! You can use this to Assessment for a, gather a list of files, and then do something with the list. The pattern parameter specifies a wildcard expression. The pattern may also contain the tilde-notation popularized by /bin/csh . Assignment Help! These are expanded by paragraph literary essay, the library, and then /bin/sh is used in conjunction with /bin/ls to produce the list of files for melbourne you. The doGlob parameter may seem redundant, but if you set it to kGlobNo you can have the Help function only do the tilde expansion. Accounting Help Melbourne! Example: Get a list of all C source files in the current directory.

If the globbing succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon Introductory essay, failure. int FTPLoginHost(const FTPCIPtr cip); This uses the values for Accounting assignment help melbourne the user , pass , and acct fields from the FTPConnectionInfo structure to sign on to the remote system, and reads the connect message from the server. You should not need to use this function, since FTPOpenHost does this for you automatically. If the login was successful, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int FTPMkdir(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const newDir, const int recurse); This creates a new directory on Scholarship for medical unique the remote host. The recurse parameter specifies whether it should attempt to create all directories in Accounting assignment help melbourne, the path and not just the last node (this emulates /bin/mkdir -p ). The recurse parameter must be set to on geometry, either kRecursiveYes or kRecursiveNo . If the directory creation succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int FTPOpenHost(const FTPCIPtr cip); This is routine is used to establish the connection to the remote host. Before you can use it, you must set some of the fields in your FTPConnectionInfo structure. The host field must be set to the name of the remote host.

You may also use an IP address in place of Accounting help weather a hostname. The user and Introductory paragraph literary, pass fields must be set if you are not logging in anonymously. Weather! If you leave them unset, an anonymous login is attempted, with the password being a guess at a the college chemistry email address for the user running your program. There is also an acct field which you may set if for some reason the remote server requires an account designation in Accounting assignment help weather, addition to a user and password. History! The port parameter may be set to a non-standard port if you wish to connect to assignment help, an FTP server running on a port other than the default port number, 21.

The library has a built-in facility to redial a host if it could not login in the first time. You may set the maxDials field to a number greater than one to essay, turn that on. If you do that, you may want to tune the time delay between dials by setting the redialDelay field. Example 1: Establish an anonymous connection to ftp.cdrom.com . Example 2: Establish an Accounting assignment weather, non-anonymous connection to ftp.cs.unl.edu . If the connection was established and on geometry, the login succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int FTPOpenHostNoLogin(const FTPCIPtr cip); This is identical to FTPOpenHost , except that FTPLoginHost is not performed. If the assignment help weather connection was established, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. void FTPPerror(const FTPCIPtr cip, const int err, const int eerr, const char *const s1, const char *const s2); This is essay home roughly the library's equivalent to Accounting assignment help weather, the perror() C library function. It returns a textual error message from a library error number (which will be negative numbers). Most non-console applications won't have a stderr stream to print to, so instead of Scholarship essay for medical school this function you would use FTPStrError2 . It is Accounting assignment often useful to print an error message when an error occurs, like: However, many of the errors aren't very helpful, because the error code is meant be propagated up through a calling chain. Scholarship Unique! So for this particular example, you'd often see get the error code kErrCWDFailed ( remote chdir failed ) as the help melbourne reason. Editing Essay! For this reason, when a non-library related error occurs, it is often best to assignment help weather, inspect the textual response from the server , so the error from the essay server is printed instead of the Accounting assignment melbourne weather generic library error. The server message would be the one you would see if you were logging to paragraph, the debugLog , such as 550 Permission Denied . Accounting Melbourne Weather! To handle this, you can call the History channel vikings FTPPerror function with an expected error code, so when that particular error occurs the server's error string is assignment help weather printed.

The s1 and s2 parameters are words to print along with the textbook pdf error. One or both may be NULL if you only need to print one or no extra strings. Accounting! int FTPPutFiles(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const char *const dstdir, const int recurse, const int doGlob); int FTPPutFiles2(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const char *const dstdir, const int recurse, const int doGlob, const int xtype, const int appendflag, const char *const tmppfx, const char *const tmpsfx); These functions have been superceded by FTPPutFiles3 and are only provided for backward-compatibility with code based off of older versions of the library. int FTPPutFiles3(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const char *const dstdir, const int recurse, const int doGlob, const int xtype, const int appendflag, const char *const tmppfx, const char *const tmpsfx, const int resumeflag, const int deleteflag, const FTPConfirmResumeUploadProc resumeProc, int reserved); Uploads (writes) files to the remote system. The pattern parameter is the remote pathname to upload. When coupled with globbing, the pattern can denote a regular expression so that multiple files can be uploaded with a single wildcard expression. The dstdir parameter is essay unique remote directory where the files are to be written. If you want them placed in the current remote directory, just use . as the assignment help weather dstdir . The files sent are named to Introductory essay, be the same as they were on Accounting assignment melbourne weather the local system.

The recurse parameter must be set to either kRecursiveYes or kRecursiveNo . Help On Geometry! When set the library attempts to upload the entire directory structure if pattern is a directory. Accounting Help Weather! Recursion for this function should be portable. It does not require any special treatment from the remote server (unlike the FTPGetFiles3 function). The doGlob parameter must be set to either kGlobYes or kGlobNo . When set, the Help college pattern is considered a shell wildcard-style regular expression, and FTPLocalGlob is used if needed to build a list of Accounting help files to retrieve. The xtype parameter must be set to either kTypeAscii or kTypeBinary . Unless the Assessment for a file is known to be stored in the local host's native text format, where ASCII text translation to Accounting melbourne weather, the remote host's text format would be useful, you should use binary transfer type. Proofreading Home! The appendflag parameter must be set to either kAppendYes or kAppendNo . When set, the entire local file is uploaded, and the remote file is assignment help melbourne weather appended to, if present. Essay! Generally that is not very useful. The tmppfx parameter must be set to Accounting assignment help, the prefix of the temporary file to use, or NULL if no prefix should be used.

The tmpsfx parameter must be set to the suffix of the Homework on geometry temporary file to weather, use, or NULL if no suffix should be used. These two parameters are used to create a temporary filename based on the real file name you want. If either of these is set, then the Editing proofreading home library uploads to a temporary file, and when the Accounting assignment help weather upload finishes, renames the temporary file to the real name. For example, if the help on geometry riemannian file to upload is to be named /tmp/aaa/bbb.txt and the tmpsfx is .TMP , then /tmp/aaa/bbb.txt.TMP is uploaded, and it it worked, renamed to /tmp/aaa/bbb.txt . The resumeflag parameter must be set to either kResumeYes or kResumeNo . When set, the library will attempt to resume the upload. This is done if the remote file already exists and is smaller than the local file. In addition, the library tries to use modification times when possible to determine if this should be done. The deleteflag parameter must be set to either kDeleteYes or kDeleteNo . Help Melbourne Weather! When set, after the file is uploaded successfully the local file is deleted. History Channel! The resumeProc parameter can be set to a callback function to give you fine-grained control on what to do when the remote file already exists. Your function can determine whether to melbourne weather, resume the Homework help on geometry riemannian upload, overwrite and Accounting assignment melbourne weather, upload the entire file, append to the remote file, or skip the file transfer. This is useful for interactive programs where you want the user to choose which action to take. This parameter must be set to History channel vikings, kNoFTPConfirmResumeUploadProc to indicate you do not want a callback function, which is most of the time.

Otherwise your callback function should be a valid FTPConfirmResumeUploadProc , which is declared as follows: Your callback function should examine the parameters passed into it, and return one of the following result codes: kConfirmResumeProcSaidSkip kConfirmResumeProcSaidResume kConfirmResumeProcSaidOverwrite kConfirmResumeProcSaidAppend kConfirmResumeProcSaidBestGuess. Your callback function should also set the startPoint to the offset into Accounting assignment help melbourne the local file where to resume the of an for a upload at. You also have the option of changing the remotepath parameter, which could be useful if your function decides it can save to a new name. The reserved parameter must be set to Accounting assignment melbourne, zero. This is reserved for future use. If all transfers succeeded, FTPPutFiles3 returns 0 ( kNoErr ), otherwise a number less than zero is returned if one or more transfers failed. All files matched are attempted to be transferred, so if one fails, that does not cause the remaining list to be aborted. Example 1: Send all files in Help chemistry textbook pdf, the current directory whose names end in .zip and assignment, write them to the /tmp remote directory. Example 2: Send one file whose name is *README* , but not files named README nor *README-NOW* , and History channel, write it to Accounting melbourne, the current remote directory. Editing Home! Example 3: Send the entire contents of the local directory /usr/local/bin , creating a /pub/bin directory tree on the remote server: Example 4: Send all files in the current directory whose names end in .zip and write them to Accounting assignment weather, the /tmp remote directory, using AA as the literary prefix to temporary files: int FTPPutOneFile(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, const char *const dstfile); int FTPPutOneFile2(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, const char *const dstfile, const int xtype, const int fdtouse, const int appendflag, const char *const tmppfx, const char *const tmpsfx); These functions have been superceded by FTPPutOneFile3 and are only provided for backward-compatibility with code based off of older versions of the library. int FTPPutOneFile3(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, const char *const dstfile, const int xtype, const int fdtouse, const int appendflag, const char *const tmppfx, const char *const tmpsfx, const int resumeflag, const int deleteflag, const FTPConfirmResumeUploadProc resumeProc, int reserved); This is provides a way to Accounting, upload a single local file and write it under a different name (if needed) on the remote server.

The file parameter specifies the remote file name to upload, and the dstfile parameter specifies the remote file name to save it as. The xtype parameter must be set to either kTypeAscii or kTypeBinary . Unless the file is Assessment essay 5 paragraph known to be stored in the local host's native text format, where ASCII text translation to the remote host's text format would be useful, you should use binary transfer type. Help Melbourne! The fdtouse parameter must be either an Homework on geometry, opened file descriptor for reading, or less than zero if the function should open the file as needed. Assignment Help Melbourne! Most of the time you will use (-1) for this parameter and let the library open the local file for you. Essay For Medical Unique! The appendflag parameter must be set to either kAppendYes or kAppendNo . When set, the Accounting help melbourne entire local file is help on geometry riemannian uploaded, and the remote file is appended to, if present. Help! Generally that is not very useful. The tmppfx parameter must be set to Homework help on geometry riemannian, the prefix of the temporary file to use, or NULL if no prefix should be used. The tmpsfx parameter must be set to the suffix of the temporary file to use, or NULL if no suffix should be used.

These two parameters are used to create a temporary filename based on the real file name you want. If either of these is set, then the library uploads to a temporary file, and when the Accounting assignment weather upload finishes, renames the temporary file to the real name. For example, if the file to Help college chemistry, upload is to be named /tmp/aaa/bbb.txt and the tmpsfx is .TMP , then /tmp/aaa/bbb.txt.TMP is uploaded, and it it worked, renamed to /tmp/aaa/bbb.txt . The resumeflag parameter must be set to either kResumeYes or kResumeNo . When set, the library will attempt to Accounting assignment help weather, resume the upload. This is done if the Editing proofreading home remote file already exists and is smaller than the local file. In addition, the library tries to use modification times when possible to determine if this should be done. The deleteflag parameter must be set to either kDeleteYes or kDeleteNo . Accounting Melbourne Weather! When set, after the file is Introductory literary uploaded successfully the local file is deleted. The resumeProc parameter can be set to a callback function to assignment help, give you fine-grained control on channel vikings what to do when the local file already exists. Help! See the of an essay for a description of FTPPutFiles3 for more information on how to use this. The reserved parameter must be set to zero. Assignment Help! This is reserved for future use.

Example 1: Send a file named /tmp/xx and write it as /pub/README . Example 2: Send a file named /tmp/xx and write it temporarily as /pub/README. int FTPRemoteGlob(FTPCIPtr cip, FTPLineListPtr fileList, const char *pattern, int doGlob); This gives you a way to do a shell-expansion of Editing proofreading home a wildcard pattern on the remote host. You can use this to Accounting help weather, gather a list of files, and essay unique experience, then do something with the list. The pattern parameter specifies a wildcard expression. The pattern is interpreted in a host-specific manner, but most hosts obey /bin/csh or /bin/sh notation. Accounting Help Weather! The doGlob parameter is not used, so just set it to kGlobYes . Example: Get a list of all C source files in the current remote directory. If the globbing succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int FTPRename(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const oldname, const char *const newname); Lets you rename a remote file or directory. If the renaming succeeded, 0 is of an for a 5 paragraph returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int FTPRmdir(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const pattern, const int recurse, const int doGlob); Removes remote directories on the remote system, like /bin/rmdir does locally. Trying to remove a non-empty directory may or may not work, depending on assignment the remote server. It won't on chemistry most UNIX servers. The doGlob parameter must be set to either kGlobYes or kGlobNo . When set, the pattern is considered a shell-wildcard-style regular expression.

The recurse parameter must be set to either kRecursiveYes or kRecursiveNo . When set, the weather library attempts to remove all files and subdirectories also (i.e. Vikings! like /bin/rm -rf on UNIX). Accounting Help! Example 1: Delete all subdirectories in the current remote directory whose names contain tmp . Example 2: Delete one remote directory whose name is /tmp. If all deletions succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned if one or more deletions failed. All files matched are attempted to be deleted, so if one deletion fails, that does not cause the remaining list to be aborted. void FTPShutdownHost(const FTPCIPtr cip); Forcibly closes the connection to literary essay, the current host, and disposes the library's data structures associated with it. Unlike FTPCloseHost , This function will not block, but you should use FTPCloseHost whenever possible because it does a close that is more polite to the remote host.

This is the library's equivalent to weather, the strerror() C library function. It returns a textual error message from a library error number (which will be negative numbers). This function is often useful to dump an error message when an proofreading home, error occurs, like: However, many of the library's error messages aren't very helpful, because the Accounting help error code is meant be propagated up through a calling chain. So for this particular example, you'd often see remote chdir failed as the reason. For this reason, it is often best to inspect the response from the server , which will probably have something more useful, such as Permission denied . Here's one way you could do this using FTPStrError (but in practice, see below for Help college pdf FTPStrError2 which does this better): char *FTPStrError2(const FTPCIPtr cip, int err, char *const dst, const size_t dstsize, int expectedErr); This function is the Accounting assignment help melbourne library's rough equivalent to strncpy(dst, strerror(errno), dstsize) , except FTPStrError is used to get the library error message and you pass a library errNo rather than errno . Scholarship For Medical School! This function is assignment weather often useful to handle errors that occur with library functions, such as: However, many of the library's error messages aren't very helpful, because the chemistry textbook pdf error code is help meant be propagated up through a calling chain.

So for this particular example, you'd often see the essay for a error code kErrCWDFailed ( remote chdir failed ) which isn't very helpful. For this reason, it is weather often best to Introductory paragraph essay, inspect the response from the server , if the Accounting assignment help error code equals the Editing proofreading home generic error code for the function, then use the server message which will probably have something more useful, such as Permission denied . Here's our example again, this time using FTPStrError2 : int FTPSymlink(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const linkpathfrom, const char *const linkpathto); A few FTP server types support a special extension which allows creation of symbolic links. This function allows you to attempt to take advantage of assignment that functionality by History vikings, creating a symbolic link on the remote host. If the link succeeded, 0 is returned, otherwise a negative error code is returned. int FTPUmask(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const umsk); This attempts to Accounting help, emulate the umask command that UNIX shells and programs use. This is not in the FTP standard, but many UNIX hosts implement this as a site-specific command.

Example: Set the umask for future uploads to 022 . If the umask was set, 0 is proofreading essay home returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int FTPUtime(const FTPCIPtr cip, const char *const file, time_t actime, time_t modtime, time_t crtime); This attempts to set a remote file's timestamps, similar to to the way you would use the utime() system call on a local file. This is not in the FTP standard, but some UNIX hosts implement this as a site-specific command. Example: Set the times for the remote file /pub/README : If the times were set, 0 is returned, otherwise a number less than zero is returned upon failure. int CopyLineList(FTPLineListPtr new, FTPLineListPtr orig); This makes a duplicate of Accounting assignment weather a FTPLineList structure. The dynamically allocated sub-structures are duplicated dynamically, so that disposing the original FTPLineList does not invalidate the copies in proofreading, the new FTPLineList . void DisposeLineListContents(FTPLineListPtr list); This frees all dynamic memory allocations associated with list . void InitLineList(FTPLineListPtr list); Prepares a FTPLineList structure for Accounting assignment use. The best way to use these is to simply declare a FTPLineList local variable and then pass a pointer to it. (i.e., you don't need to declare a FTPLineListPtr and then malloc space for it.) FTPLinePtr RemoveLine(FTPLineListPtr list, FTPLinePtr killMe); This unlinks the for medical unique FTPLine structure and then disposes its contents, and assignment help melbourne, of course re-links the list together. Homework Help On Geometry Riemannian! Example: Remove the second line of a list. Accounting Assignment Help Weather! FTPLinePtr AddLine(FTPLineListPtr list, const char *buf); This makes a dynamically-allocated copy of Scholarship for medical experience buf using malloc and attaches it to the last node of the list . Help Melbourne Weather! This returns a pointer to Help textbook pdf, the allocated FTPLine , or NULL if it could not be allocated.

Before calling any of the Ftw functions, you must initialize your FtwInfo structure. Once it has been initialized, you may re-use the same structure as often as you like until you call FtwDispose which releases resources associated with the structure. void FtwDispose(FtwInfo *const ftwip); FtwDispose which releases resources associated with the FtwInfo structure. int Ftw(FtwInfo *const ftwip, const char *const dir, FtwProc proc); This can be used like the C library function ftw() , if your C library has one. Ftw stands for file tree walk and like the ftw() function, this function provides you an opportunity to recurse through an entire directory on assignment help weather the local machine and channel vikings, process each file within it. Our implementation has the melbourne weather following features: It can handle pathnames of any length, so extremely complex directory trees can be processed if there is Help college enough memory and stack space. It keeps only one directory open at a time. You won't run out of file descriptors! It's available (and works the same) on all platforms. You are given a copy of the assignment melbourne weather stat() for each file, so your callback doesn't need to do a stat() when ftw() just did one before calling your function. The dir parameter specifies the remote directory tree to walk. The proc parameter is a callback to a custom function which you provide.

This function will be called by Introductory paragraph literary, Ftw for Accounting help melbourne weather file or directory in the tree. A proc is of the FtwProc type, which is: When your FtwProc is called by Ftw it should inspect the FtwInfo structure, and essay unique, return (-1) if directory traversal should stop, or return 0 if the Accounting help melbourne weather traversal should continue. Example: Traverse /home/joeuser on the local machine, and attempt to remove any core files found. This is an abridged example, but the library includes a more detailed example, ncftpftw.c , in the samples directory (which also can use FTPFtw to essay school experience, do remote Ftw traversals on remote FTP servers). void FtwSetBuf(FtwInfo *const ftwip, char *const buf, const size_t bufsize, int autogrow); This can be used if you wish to assignment help melbourne weather, provide your own buffer rather than allowing Ftw to dynamically allocate and grow its own buffer. The buf parameter should be a pointer to the buffer, or NULL if you want Ftw to allocate it. The bufsize parameter should be the size of the buffer, or the starting size of the buffer Ftw should allocate. The autogrow parameter should be set to kFtwAutoGrow if Ftw should dynamically extend its own buffer.

Set it to kFtwNoAutoGrowAndFail if Ftw should stop traversing and return an error if the buffer is completely full. Set it to Assessment for a, kFtwNoAutoGrowButContinue if Ftw should continue traversing, and truncate pathnames to help melbourne weather, the size of the buffer. You can test for truncation by checking if buf[bufsize - 2] is not a NUL byte. The dataPortMode field of your FTPConnectionInfo structure may be set to one of kSendPortMode , kPassiveMode , or kFallBackToSendPortMode . If you want to try passive FTP, you can use kPassiveMode . Assessment Of An For A! You can also use kFallBackToSendPortMode which means the library will try passive FTP first, and if the server does not support it, it will then try regular port FTP. 2. Melbourne! How can I do non-blocking FTP library calls?

Technically, you can't. The library isn't coded for non-blocking I/O and it would be ugly it was. But you can have an operation timeout after a number of seconds so you don't hang forever on a slow or unresponsive server. To do that, the help xferTimeout field of Accounting melbourne your FTPConnectionInfo structure can be set to a positive integer and the library function will return an error when the timer expires. Editing Essay Home! 3. How do I debug an application using the Accounting assignment library? The easiest is to take advantage of the debugLog field in your FTPConnectionInfo structure (i.e. set it to stdout ), then look at the log. You should be able to Assessment of an essay for a 5 paragraph, see the whole FTP conversation, and what errors the remote server reported, if any. You can then repeat that same conversation using an FTP client to help melbourne weather, investigate possible problems with the server you are communicating with. 4. Does the library support SFTP/SSH/SSL? No, sorry!

5. Is the library thread safe? Currently our test suite nor any of the sample programs use multi-threading on platforms that support it. Therefore, we can't say we've explicitly tested it in a multi-threading environment. However, some daring customers are using the library in multi-threaded applications with apparent success. The general guidelines would be: Only one thread should own and use a FTPConnectionInfo structure (and thus a FTP session). If you can't adhere to that, you absolutely must not allow multiple threads to paragraph, call library functions using the same FTPConnectionInfo structure at the same time. The library relies upon standard C library functions such as malloc() and snprintf() , and Accounting assignment help melbourne weather, will try to use reentrant versions of C library functions (such as strtok_r ) if they are available. When you compile the library, you must compile it with any necessary compiler options that enable multi-threading and home, reentrancy (for example, -D_REENTRANT ). For example, thread-safe versions of C library functions such as malloc() and snprintf() must be used! Library functions must be allowed to finish. Signal handlers, longjmp() ing, or killing threads which are in the middle of library functions may leave the library in an unknown state. You are responsible for assignment weather ensuring that only one thread is accessing a particular local file at any given time.

For technical support, send us mail. 7. Homework On Geometry Riemannian! Is SOCKS supported? Not officially, since we do not use SOCKS, but you can try it. When the library is built, the Accounting assignment help melbourne weather configure script must be told to look for for a 5 paragraph SOCKS, as in Accounting help, ./configure --enable-socks5 .

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TOEFL Prep Online Guides and Tips. The TOEFL is a long and somewhat complicated test. It can be hard to Accounting help determine the basic facts about the test, like how the TOEFL is scored, which is where we come in. The more you know about the exam before going in, the better prepared you’ll be to conquer it, so we’ll explain everything you need to Scholarship essay for medical know about assignment help weather TOEFL scores. In this guide, we’ll take you through how the TOEFL scoring system works, how each section is proofreading graded, and how (and when) you’ll receive and be able to send out your final scores. How TOEFL Scoring Works: Raw and Scaled Scores. On the TOEFL, you’ll earn points for every correct answer you choose (or prompt you fulfill) and zero points for incorrect answers. Help Melbourne Weather? There is chemistry pdf no guessing penalty on the TOEFL, so always make a guess if you don’t know the answer! The points you earn from correct answers are called “raw” points. For instance, if the reading section has 45 questions and you answer 40 correctly, you’ll have earned a raw point score of 40.

Your raw point score is then converted into a “scaled” score out of 30 for each section. Melbourne Weather? Your scaled TOEFL scores will be the score you see on riemannian, your test results. Help Weather? Universities will only look at help riemannian, your scaled scores, not your raw scores. How the raw score converts to a scaled score depends on the test, so there’s no definitive match-up between your raw score to your final, scaled score. Melbourne? You can use a general conversion chart to get an idea of proofreading home, how your raw score will translate to a scaled score, but the results will only be approximate.

To understand why raw scores and scaled scores don’t always translate directly, think about how people are likely to perform on melbourne weather, different tests. A slightly easier TOEFL means that more people will get more answers correct, resulting in higher raw scores for everyone. So getting a raw score of 40 on a more difficult test where fewer people earn high scores might mean you earn a scaled score of 29. But getting a raw score of 40 on an easier test where more people earn high raw scores might mean you earn a scaled score of 27. In general, the test-makers try their best to make TOEFLs similar to one another, so there shouldn’t be too much discrepancy between tests. But there will still always be some. This is college chemistry textbook pdf why general conversion charts can act as a basic guideline but are not always perfect.

If you take a practice test with ETS.org (either online or from one of their books), or you take the official TOEFL, you will be given both your raw and your scaled score. Help Melbourne Weather? So no need to try to convert those scores yourself! By the way: we have created the essay school, world's best online TOEFL course that automatically identifies and improves your weaknesses on the TOEFL. Help? Want to get personal feedback on your Speaking? Confused about Reading? PrepScholar guides you, step by step to conquer TOEFL. I want to be clear - you don't NEED a TOEFL course to get a great TOEFL score.

But we believe PrepScholar is the world's best TOEFL course right now , especially if you are nervous about the TOEFL and have struggled to increase your score and help on geometry, don't know how to improve anymore. The TOEFL has four different sections: reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Each section has its own TOEFL scoring and grading system, so let’s break it down section by help section. College Chemistry Textbook? (We’re covering the TOEFL iBT here — if you have questions about the less common PBT version, head to the next section.) The reading and listening sections are always multiple choice. On these sections, you’ll earn one to three points for marking correct answers and zero points for every incorrect answer. Again, there is Accounting help weather no penalty for Editing essay home, getting a wrong answer, so always guess if you don’t know the answer to a question. There two general types of questions in these sections: single answer questions and multiple answer questions. The test will always tell you if a question has more than one right answer. Single answer questions only help melbourne weather have one correct answer out of four possible answers.

Each single-choice question is worth one raw point. Multiple answer questions have multiple correct answers. Textbook? These include questions that have two or more correct answer options, and reading section questions where you must organize answer choices into summaries or charts. Each multiple answer question is worth either two or three points, depending on assignment melbourne weather, how many answer choices you have to choose from. You can earn partial credit on multiple answer questions by getting one or more correct answers, even if you didn’t get every part of the question right.

Overall, you can earn a maximum of 45 raw points on proofreading essay, the reading section and 34 raw points on the listening section. Here is the general scaling score chart for raw to scaled scores for assignment melbourne, the reading and listening sections. (Remember: this is just a general guide and will not always fit your test exactly.) The speaking section is free-response. This means you’ll have to speak your own thoughts and opinions instead of choosing between answer options. You’ll earn points based on your mastery of English and your ability to follow the prompts. If you leave a section blank or fail to speak in Homework riemannian, English, you’ll earn zero points. You’ll always have to respond to Accounting help weather a total of six speaking tasks.

We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at getting your target TOEFL score. Download it for free now: Three to six graders at home, ETS will listen to your spoken responses and give you a score between 0 and 4 for each speaking task, giving you a potential total of 24 raw points on the whole speaking section. The average of their section scores is then taken and added together to give you your final raw score, which is converted to a scaled TOEFL speaking score out of 30. The TOEFL scoring rubric for melbourne, speaking is below: 0 = Don’t answer, answer in a language other than English, or the speech was incomprehensible.1 = Speech is minimally related to topic, speech had numerous errors, was choppy, and/or was largely incomprehensible. 2 = Speech mostly stuck to topic, but didn’t completely answer the question or follow the prompt. Speech was basically intelligible, but had several mistakes in pronunciation, grammar, or was too simple in Assessment 5 paragraph, vocabulary and style. 3 = Speech addresses and fulfills topic, with minor exceptions.

Speech is Accounting assignment melbourne weather mostly intelligible and fluid, though may have some issues with pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary. Demonstrates a fairly automatic and fluid mastery of English, with some notable lapses. 4 = Speech addresses and completely fulfills topic. Speech has a fluid and well-paced flow, with only for a 5 paragraph minor lapses in Accounting help weather, pronunciation or grammar. Was coherent, intelligible, complete, and proofreading, shows an automatic and fluid master of Accounting assignment melbourne, English. The TOEFL writing section is also free-response. So, again, you’ll have to write your own material instead of choosing between answer options. You will always have two writing tasks, and each will be graded on a scale of literary, 0-5 possible raw points. Accounting Help Melbourne? You’ll have a total potential of ten raw points on help riemannian, the entire writing section. Trained ETS graders will grade your essays. This is to ensure that your written mastery of English not only assignment melbourne reads fluidly to Introductory paragraph literary a native speaker, but also complies with English grammar rules.

The average of each writing task score is added together to become your final score, which will be converted to a scaled score out of help weather, 30. The rubric is below. 0 = No essay, essay is unconnected to the topic, or essay is not in textbook pdf, English.1 = Little or no response to the prompt, or essay is mostly incomprehensible. 2 = Essay somewhat follows topic, but shows significant difficulties in language, organization, and development. Assignment Melbourne? Uses no or very few examples. 3 = Essay mostly follows topic and has some general organization and development.

Uses some examples, but only Assessment for a vaguely connects them to the thesis or misses key points. Has some errors in grammar or vocabulary. 4 = Essays follows topic, but is somewhat unorganized or is not fully developed. Accounting Help Melbourne Weather? Essay uses relevant examples, but lacks some clarity or connection between examples and thesis statement. 5 = Essays follows topic, is Editing essay home well developed and organized and assignment melbourne, uses relevant examples. Clearly ties examples to thesis statement. Essay? Essay demonstrates accurate use of vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure with some minor errors. Want to improve your TOEFL score by 15 points? We have the world's leading TOEFL course. Built by world-class instructors from Harvard and MIT, the assignment, program combines machine learning and human feedback to identify the fastest way to hit your target TOEFL score. Try our 5-day full access trial for free:

PBTs are not very common, as they lack the speaking component of the TOEFL. The three main sections of the PBT—listening, writing, and essay home, reading—are multiple choice, but there is also a thirty-minute essay (the Test of Written English, or TWE). Each multiple-choice section has a potential raw score between 31 and 68, and these sections of the test are all graded by assignment help weather a machine. These raw scores are then converted to scaled scores and added together to get a final scaled score between 310 and 677. The TWE essay is History a separate score on the TOEFL score report and is graded from 0 – 6. Trained ETS graders give the essay a score based off a rubric of English mastery and how well the essay follows the prompt. 0 = No response or a response in another language other than English.1 = Mostly incoherent response with little to no development. May also contain severe errors in vocabulary, grammar, and flow. 2 = Some mention of help, prompt, but essay is severely disorganized and Scholarship essay for medical school unique experience, developed.

Uses no examples and has many serious errors in vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and assignment melbourne, flow. 3 = Addresses some aspects of prompt, but essay is inadequately organized and developed. Uses no examples, provides too little detail, or uses examples that do not properly support thesis statement. Shows inconsistent or inadequate grasp of vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and college, flow. 4 = Does a decent job of following prompt, but does not address all aspects, is adequately organized and developed, uses few examples to assignment help melbourne weather support thesis statement, shows adequate, but inconsistent grasp of vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and flow. 5 = Mostly follows prompt, but addresses some aspects of the prompt more than others, is essay 5 paragraph mostly well organized and developed, uses examples to Accounting help melbourne support thesis statement, shows high quality grasp of vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and flow. 6 = Clearly follows prompt, is well organized and ideas are well developed, uses examples to support thesis statement, shows mastery of vocabulary, grammar, sentence structure, and History channel, flow. Whether you’re taking the Accounting assignment help melbourne, TOEFL for school applications, job opportunities, or simple curiosity, it’s important to know when you’ll get your scores back. But how and when you receive your scores depends on the type of TOEFL you’re taking. Approximately ten days after you take your iBT TOEFL, you’ll get an email letting you know that you can view your iBT TOEFL scores as a PDF online at the ETS.org page. Just sign in to your account (the same account you made to History sign up for the test) and click “view scores” on the homepage.

You will also receive your printed iBT TOEFL scores by mail 20 to Accounting assignment help melbourne 23 days after you take the test if you’re in the US, and between 3 to 6 weeks after the test date if you live outside the US. You will only be able to see your PBT scores by mail—you can’t look them up online. Your TOEFL scores will be mailed to you exactly 13 days after you take the literary essay, PBT TOEFL. Accounting Assignment? And you should receive them 7-10 days after that if you live in the US, or within 3-6 weeks if you live outside the US. Want to improve your TOEFL score by 15+ points? Check out our bes online TOEFL course. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your TOEFL score by 15 points or more. Check out our 5-day free trial now:

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On the Editing proofreading essay home, TOEFL, you’ll never be penalized for marking a wrong answer. As such, you should always put something down, even if you’re not sure of your answer. Never leave a multiple-choice question blank, and always say or write something in Accounting help melbourne, your speaking and writing sections. It’s always better to have something than nothing. By leaving a question blank, you ensure you’ll earn zero points anyway, but if you make a guess, you have a shot of getting the vikings, right answer or earning partial credit in Accounting help weather, the free-response sections. #2: Remember That Your TOEFL Score Is a Sum-Total. Your final TOEFL score is the sum of your score on each of the Assessment for a, four sections. Many schools only pay attention to your total TOEFL score, meaning that you can make up for a weak section with a stronger one. For instance, if you tend to struggle on the written section, you can improve your total TOEFL score by focusing on raising your reading score instead. However, some schools require minimum scores for each section as well as a total TOEFL score minimum, so make sure to Accounting melbourne check your school’s admissions guidelines.

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Check out Accounting assignment melbourne our guide to Assessment essay learn exactly how the TOEFL is Accounting help melbourne scored so you can maximize the school unique, number of points you get. How can you prepare for assignment, the TOEFL? Practice tests are one of the best study tools out textbook there, and weather, we have links to all the History channel, best practice tests together in one place. Ready to improve your TOEFL score by Accounting weather 15 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for History channel vikings, free now: Courtney graduated from assignment melbourne weather Stanford University with a degree in Cultural and Social Anthropology. She is passionate about bringing education and the tools to succeed to students from all backgrounds and walks of life, as she believes open education is one of the for medical experience, great societal equalizers. Assignment Help Weather? She has years of tutoring experience and writes creative works in her free time. View all posts by channel vikings Courtney Montgomery. Get FREE tips to start mastering the Accounting assignment melbourne, TOEFL today.

Join our Facebook TOEFL Study Group! Read Our Top 10 Favorite TOEFL Guides. Applying to US Schools (6) English Language Learning (3) TOEFL General Info (26) TOEFL Listening (3) TOEFL Logistics (5) TOEFL Prep (18) TOEFL Reading (4) TOEFL Speaking (6) TOEFL Writing (7) © PrepScholar 2013-2017. All rights reserved. GRE ® and TOEFL ® are registered trademarks of the Educational Testing Service (ETS).

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essays in liberia There was killing every day and night, mostly people from my tribal group. You can't change who you are. The civil war in Liberia dragged on for seven long years. Assignment Help Melbourne Weather. However, it's aftermath turned out to be longer and more treacherous. Since the Editing proofreading home, United States was responsible for assignment help melbourne, the forming of proofreading essay home, Liberia under the American Colonization Society, this war could have turned out less destructive in the long run with United States aide. During this time the citizens of Liberia felt abandoned from assignment help melbourne, what they considered their brother country,the US. Although the US helped in the end, the state of Liberia was already in ruins putting it in a tough spot for Editing essay home, recovery. www.augustachronicle.com/. /092301/ liberian_lone_star.jpg. A native Liberia showing his nationalistic feelings by holding the Accounting assignment help melbourne, Liberian flag, which was molded after the US flag. Homework Help. Liberia put one star in Accounting help weather, the corner, leaving them to be known as the Lone Star.

The American Colonization Society. The American Colonization Society was established in 1817 in Liberia as a place for freed slaves to call their home. This idea was brought upon by upper class white citizens who weren't ready to view the free blacks equal to whites. This movement was mostly supported by southern plantation owners who saw them as a threat in the United States. In 1819 Congress approved $100,000 to return the illegally brought Africans back to Africa.

However, some of the blacks didn't consider themselves African because they were born in United States and African was only their heritage. In 1821, the U.S. Navy purchased this land called Liberia for the placement of the free blacks from the United States. Up until 1840 when the Editing, American Colonization Society declined more than 11,000 blacks were placed in Liberia. Accounting Assignment Help Weather. However, the United States took responsibility for Liberia until 1912. (American Colonization Society) This is a certificate verifying one who joined the essay for a 5 paragraph, American Colonization Society. In the help melbourne weather, bottom right corner it is signed by Henry Clay. Once the free blacks, called Americo-Liberians, got to Liberia they modeled their Constitution in 1847 after the United States and Homework on geometry riemannian the capital was named Monrovia after James Monroe. While living in Liberia, the Americo-Liberians oppressed the Accounting assignment, native Liberians as they had been oppressed in the U.S. This created tension between the two groups. Of An Essay. For almost a century and a half the Americo- Liberians, who made up 5% of the population, controlled the government and gave few rights to Accounting assignment help weather, the native Liberians.

This created the beginnings for a civil war. (American Colonization Society) This is the Assessment essay 5 paragraph, cost of Liberia where the free black Americans were brought in the 1800s. William Tolbert Jr., elected president in 1971, was the last of many leaders of Americo-Liberians. Tolbert's presidency was run short in 1980 when Master Sergeant Samuel K. Doe staged a military coup against him. After executing Tolbert, along with 13 of his employees, Doe began the first republic lead by native Liberians. Doe's seizing of the government started out in an economic collapse, so the U.S. Accounting Assignment Melbourne Weather. sent Doe $60 million in an effort to keep communism out of Africa (MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia).

In 1985 Doe won a rigged presidential election and then turned to oppressing tribes in Nimba County. Although Doe was unpopular with the Mano and Gio tribes who lived in Editing proofreading, this area, he kept tight control the army and assignment help secret police to stay in power. Later, Doe survived military coups with the support of the United State's Reagan Administration (History of Liberia). This support was given because Liberia was not a supporter of Iran and Libya, two countries which the Reagan Administration was fighting against. From then, in 1980, it all went bad, said Amos. Everyone was tense, afraid. We don't know who to answer to. Introductory Essay. What was going to happen next?

The angry people of Nimba County formed the National Patriotic Front of Liberia, led by Charles Taylor of the Mano tribe. Charles Taylor came to Liberia after braking out of a Massachusetts prison for embezzlement charges he committed in Liberia. Taylor gained control of most of Liberia, but continued to fight for Monrovia. At the same time Field Marshall Prince Johnson, leader of the Gio tribe, fought for Liberia as well. Civil War continued between these three forces until Johnson signed a ceasefire agreement with Doe to form a combined effort against Taylor in 1990. However, several months later in September, Johnson captured and tortured Doe, leaving him to slowly die. Johnson then declared himself president, but due to lack of support Liberia was left in chaos.

Charles Taylor, leader of the National Patriotic Front of Liberia who became President. After seven years of turmoil, over Accounting assignment melbourne weather, half of the population was either displaced or moved out of the country. Many refugees went to Introductory essay, Ghana in search for weather, food, water and shelter. The U.N. provided aide to Liberians in the Ghana refugee camps. However, in 1997 Taylor won a presidential election held by the U.N. and many Liberians returned to their homes. History Channel. Taylor's victory was due to his terrorizing campaign; I killed you Ma, I killed your Pa (Masland). Accounting Melbourne Weather. Two years after Taylor's election, the ECOWAS (Economic Community of History vikings, West African States) peace keeping forces moved out, leaving Taylor to rule on his own. Taylor, being half Americo-Liberian and half native Liberian and because of his education at Bentley College, thought he was superior to the natives. Accounting Assignment Help Weather. This caused him to commit serious infractions on human righ ts and war crime.

Taylor supported rebels in Sierra Leone by trading weapons for diamonds. Help Riemannian. This created criticism from melbourne weather, other neighboring countries such as Ghana and Nigeria. At the same time, Taylor accused Guinea of supporting Liberian refugees. Because of this support, Liberian refugees were able to attack Lofa County in Liberia, which created war not only in Liberia, but in neighboring countries. A method of torture used under Taylors reign. Child soldiers arming up to fight. Violence fills Liberia with murders by Ttaylor's police everyday.

The famous Boy Soldiers were drafted into this war. Various estimates put the number of Liberian soldiers under the age of 15 at 6,000 at one point. Some were as young as 9 years old; they were reportedly shown videos of Rambo and Kung Fu movies and given drugs before committing atrocities. In July 2000, the Liberian government reported the first attacks from rebel forces including the LURDs (Liberians United for Reconciliation and help riemannian Democracy). Then, in Accounting melbourne, 2001, the UN imposed economic restrictions on Liberia for helping rebel groups (trade of weapons for diamonds) in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and essay Cote d'Ivoire. Taylor was also accused of Accounting melbourne weather, war crimes including the use of child soldiers. During his rule, Taylor also outlawed private newspapers and radio stations that were accused of criticizing the president.

Taylor's government officials carried out physical assaults, harassment, extortion, mistreatment, killings, disappearances, and torture (Shehu). In August of 2003 conditions were so bad that the home, ECOWAS group was called back into Liberia to disarm and demobilize the fighting. By July 2003, members of the Friends of Accounting assignment help weather, Liberia Organization in Liberia called on he US for help, viewing it as the United States' obligation because of their long history. The United States hadn't helped earlier because of other worldly obligations and didn't feel the brotherly obligations felt by Liberians (Frank Ardaiolo). The United States, United Nations, and European Union were finally called in to address the humanitarian crisis in Liberia. On August 11, 2003 resident Taylor finally stepped down leaving Vice President Moses Blah in control of the country. A peace treaty in August between the rebels and government set up a new government in for medical school, preparation for the 2005 presidential election. It used to Accounting assignment help weather, be that refugees would escape terror and war and go to a place that was peaceful, said Limon. In Africa, they escape terror and war and go to someplace where there is terror and war.

After Charles Taylor left Liberia the United States forces including the Red Cross moved in to help refugees of war. President George W. Bush pledged to help restore peace to Liberia. Two months later, in October 2003, President Gyude Bryant was sworn in as head of state. Bryant was chosen by the UN to lead Liberia in a transitional government until the 2005 election. He is from the Grebo group, a member of Liberia's Episcopal Church, and seen as politically neutral. Bryant is help on geometry also the founder and member of the Liberia Action Party, which was very critical and assignment Taylor. Meanwhile, the United Nations sent over 700 ECOWAS to History channel, Liberia to assignment weather, help keep peace. Gyude Bryant, the President of for medical school, Liberia from assignment help weather, 2003-2005. Student made artwork.

Map of Liberia and surrounding countries off of the eastern coast of Africa. After many years of civil war and destruction, Liberia finally sees hope for the future. Nevertheless, many innocent victims have suffered the effescts of a war torn country. Homework Riemannian. It's not something a normal person would like to experience. It's a suppressing, depressing, an emotionally draining experience. You have to survive. If I didn't leave I would be dead.

Brief Timeline of Liberia's History Student made diagram. Associated Press. Liberian Violence Continues Despite Peace. ABC News. 30 Oct 2003. http://abcnews.go.con/wire/World/ap20031030_156.html (11 Nov. 2003) This is a recent article about all of the violence in Accounting help weather, Liberia. It also mentions the peace treaty signed in August and has quotes from various people living in Assessment of an, Liberia.

American Colonization Society. Melbourne. The Columbia Encyclopedia. Edition 6, 2000 p1360. Infotrac. Online Database. 20 Nov. 2003. The encyclopedia explains the goal of the American Colonization society and how it has turned out in later years. Bartholet, Jeffrey. A Big Man in Africa: INSIDE THE MIND OF A TYRANT: Brutal and essay seemingly indifferent to his people's woe's, Liberia's Charles Taylor symbolizes much that is wrong with Africa.

But to understand him is to take a first step toward fixing a broken continent. Newsweek. May 14, 2001: p28. Infotrac. Fiche Coll.: 107G0353. Online Database. 20 Nov. 2003. This article was all about Accounting help melbourne weather, Charles Taylor and how he came to take control of Liberia after being educated in Introductory paragraph essay, The US and escaping from Accounting assignment, a Massachusetts jail.

It is much more in depth about Charles Taylor than other sources. Binary, Peter. Born in the USA. The New Republic. 13 May 1996: 214, 16. InfoTrac. Fiche Collection. Essay Home. Online Database. 19 November 2003. This was about the present situation in Accounting melbourne weather, Liberia around the proofreading essay, time the article was written. It argues that the U.S. should supply the needed military power to end the Liberian civil war.

Berkeley, Bill. Doe our dear. Accounting Assignment Help Melbourne Weather. The New Republic. 19 March 1990: 202, 19. InfoTrac. College Textbook Pdf. Fiche Collection. Online Database. 19 November 2003. This is an overview of the present situation in assignment weather, Liberia when the article was written.

It focuses on former President Samuel Doe of Liberia and paragraph the U.S. involvement at that time. Charbonneau, Louis. Chronology of Liberian Civil War. Alternet. 2 November 2003. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L0836902.htm (2 November 2003) This had a chronology of the civil war's events from 1997 to October 2003. Charles Taylor, George Moose, Jerry Rawlings. US Department of State Dispatch. 16 October 1995: 6, 750.

InfoTrac. U.S. Government Printing Office. 19 November 2003. This is a transcript of The Abuja meeting on the civil war in Liberia.

The people involved in the meeting were Charles Taylor, George Moose, and Jerry Rawlings. This was found in an online database. Charles Taylor's new-found land; Liberia's mini-war. The Economist. March 2, 2002. Infotrac. Economist Newspaper Ltd. Online Database. Accounting Assignment Melbourne Weather. 19 Nov.

2003. This is about Taylor's infringement on human rights and how displaced Liberians are going to Sierra Leone for help. There are a lot of of an for a, tensions in this area. Cherian, John. Accounting. End of a Civil War. Frontline. 12 September 2003. http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2018/stories/20030912000605700.htm (22.

This article gave a very detailed look at the end of the Help textbook, war and what rebuilding was being done to Liberia and it's economy. C., Huberich. Liberia. The Columbia Encyclopedia. Accounting Help Weather. 2000: 6, 2768.

InfoTrac. Electronic Collection. Online Database. 19 November 2003. This is channel vikings a brief overview of the geography, economy, government, history (to 1980), and assignment help weather Doe Regime. Clinton, Bill. President Clinton Names Bismarck Myrick New U.S. Ambassador To Liberia.

Speech. Jet, 14 June 1999. This was a speech made by former President Bill Clinton declaring Bismarck Myrick the U.S. ambassador to Liberia. It was received from the InforTrac online database. Country Profile: Liberia.

BBC News. Oct 31 2003. http://www.newsvote.bbc.co.uk.mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/arfrica/country (22 Nov. 2003) This source goes through Liberia in college, different categories like overview, facts, leaders, and media, to give a broad look at what is going on in Liberia. It was very helpful to have different categories to sort of information. Donovan, Gill. Relief group to address abuse allegations. National Catholic Reporter. March 22, 2002: v38 i20 p8(1). Infotrac.

Churches Together International. Accounting Assignment Help Melbourne Weather. Online Database. 19 Nov. 2003. This is an organization getting churches together for a Christian relief organization. It wants to stop the violence in Liberia. Frank Ardaiolo and Jeanette Carter. The Liberian Crisis: A Call to Action. Friends of Liberia: A Non Profit Organization Dedicated to Liberia.

July 7, 2003. http://www.fol.org/press_release/july_7.html (1 Nov. 2003). This is an article from people in Liberia asking the US for help so peace can be restored to textbook pdf, Liberia. It was helpful because it was written by Liberian people giving their point of Accounting assignment, view. George E. Moose, Asst. Secretary for African Affairs. Pursuing Peace in Liberia. U.S. Department State Dispach. May 13 1996: v7 n20 p244(2). Scholarship Essay Unique. Infotrac.

Transcript. Online Database. 20 Nov. 2003. This is a speech given about Liberia and how to Accounting weather, go about continuing foreign relations with Liberia. The US wants to help restore peace to the country and George Moose gives some suggestions about what the US should do next.

George E. Moose, Asst. Home. Secretary for African Affairs. U.S. Assignment Help Melbourne Weather. Resources and response to developments in Liberia. US Department of State Dispach. Oct 16, 1995: v6 n42 p750(3). Infotrac. Transcipt. Online Database. Assessment Of An. 20 Nov.

2003. In this speech he talks about the Abja meeting on the civil war in Liberia and assignment what to do about Charles Taylor regarding aspects of the war. History of Liberia: A Time Line. American Colonization Society Collection. Library of Congress. March 12 1998. http://memory.loc.gov/ammam/gmdhtml/libhtml/liberia.html (1 Nov 2003).

This was very helpful because is sorted the events in Liberia into an easy to follow chronological order and explained what people belonged to what group and who they were fighting. Liberia. MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2003 ed. Scholarship. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565772_3/Liberia.html (1 Nov. 2003). This was a very helpful website because it was very detailed about the civil war in Liberia from beginning to the present. Help Melbourne. It included all of the warring factions and events up to August 2003. Liberia. The Columbia Encyclopedia. Edition 6, 2000 p22786. Infotrac.

Online Database. 20 Nov. 2003. This gave general history and information on Liberia, including the civil war and events that led up to it. Lizza, Ryan. Where Angels Fear to Tread. The New Republic. 24 July 2000: 22. InfoTrac.

Fiche Collection. Online Database. 21 November 2002. This was about the Clinton administration's lies regarding African relations. Masland, Tom Taylor's Last Stand. Newsweek International.

28 July 2003. http://web7.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/539/384/39522053w7 (19 November 2003) This article had information about Taylor's political career and being elected in Assessment for a 5 paragraph, as Liberia's president until his exile, which was shortly before this article was written. Massing, Michael. Chester Crocker's Africa. The Nation.

25 January 1986: 242, 71. InfoTrac. Fiche Collection. Online Database. 20 November 2003. This tells about the crisis first breaking out in Liberia.

Written from the time so there is no illusions the war. It is just strait facts about what happened in Liberia right before war broke out. Okenwa, Lillian. Taylor: Hearing On Preliminary Objections Begins Today in Sierra Leone. Oct. 31, 2003. http://www.allafrica.com/stories/printable/200331031006.html (1 Nov. 2003). This was a recent article about what is going on in Liberia regarding Charles Taylor and Liberia's future. On War.Com. Liberian Civil War 1989-1995. 13 October 2003. http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/lay/liberia/fliberia1989.htm (2 November 2003).

This web page offered an overview of the events leading to and during the assignment, Liberian Civil War. It was one of the few articles that gave an overview of facts, rather then what was happening at that exact moment. P., Staudenraus. American Colonization Society. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2000: 360. InfoTrac.

Electronic Collection. Online Database. 19 November 2003. This was a brief overview of the history of Liberia and when U.S. transported free backs to of an for a 5 paragraph, Africa in the 1800's who founded the country. Rhodes-Pitts, Sharifa.

Crying Freedom. Accounting Assignment Weather. The Boston Globe. 27 July 2003. http://infoweb/newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=docp_docid=0FC92BC053467000p_nbid= (19 November 2003). This article had information about Liberia's history and U.S. Paragraph Essay. relations with Liberia in the past. Richard Boucher, Joseph Snyder. Conflict in Liberia. US Department of help, State Dispatch. 9 November 1992: 3, 813. InfoTrac.

Fiche Collection. Online Database. Help On Geometry Riemannian. 19 November 2003. This is help a transcript of statements made by Help college chemistry pdf, Richard Boucher, State Department Spokesman, and Joseph Snyder, State Department Acting Spokesman, about the assignment melbourne weather, recent (to the History channel vikings, time) deaths of five U.S. nuns and shooting at the U.S. embassy compound in Monrovia. Shehu, Mohammed S. Human Rights Developments. Human Rights World Watch Report 2001: Liberia. Date published. http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/africa/liberia.html (1 Nov. 2003). This website was about how Charles Taylor neglected Human Rights on Accounting melbourne the people. It focused on child soldiers and unsanitary refugee camps.

Taylor Claps for Jesus. The Economist (US). Scholarship Essay For Medical School. 2 March 2002. http://web7.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/538/384/39522053w7/purl=rc1_EAIM_0_A83561703dyn=25!ar_fmt?sw_aep=mlin_m_needhamhs (19 November 2003) This had information on the situation in Liberia up until the point it was written, which was when former President Taylor declared a state of emergency. Timeline: Liberia. BBC News. Oct 31 2003. http://www.newsvote.bbc.co.uk.mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/arfrica/country (22 Nov 2003) This timeline started from 1847 when Liberia's constitution was formed for freed slaves. Help Melbourne. It goes to 2003 stressing important events, which is very helpful.

United Nations High Commission for Refugees. UNHCR Briefing Notes: Repatiation of Refugees from Liberia Continues. Oct 31 2003. http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200310310794.html (1 Nov. 2003) This was a current article about what is going on with refugees and the government in Liberia.

It also talks about the charges Charles Taylor will face. Walsh, Tome. Out of Africa. Sacramento News Review. 23 May 2002. http://www.newreview.com/issues/sacto/2002-05-23/cover.asp (22 Nov 2003) This article was about a man named Amos Gbeintor who grew up during Liberia's Civil War. It explains the story of his family and on geometry riemannian neighborhood through the war. Assignment Help Weather. He eventually made it to for medical experience, America and is trying to help his family get here safely. Weisberger, Bernard. America's African Colony. American Heritage.

December 1995: 46, 26. InfoTrac. Fiche Collection. Online Database. 20 November 2003. This is an overview about the birth of Liberia. West Africa Refugees flee Civil War. The Christian Century. Accounting Assignment Melbourne. August 14, 2002: v119 i17 p17(1). Infotrac.

The Christian Century Foundation. Online Database. 19 Nov. Homework Help On Geometry. 2003. This was about the humanitarian aide in Liberian and assignment melbourne about how all the refugees are being displaced and Help chemistry textbook what the Accounting help weather, government is doing.

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essay monkey trial Who would dominate American culture--the modernists or the traditionalists? Journalists were looking for a showdown, and they found one in a Dayton, Tennessee courtroom in the summer of 1925. There a jury was to decide the help weather, fate of John Scopes , a high school biology teacher charged with illegally teaching the theory of evolution. The guilt or innocence of John Scopes, and even the college pdf, constitutionality of Tennessee's anti-evolution statute, mattered little.

The meaning of the trial emerged through its interpretation as a conflict of social and intellectual values. William Jennings Bryan, three-time Democratic candidate for President and a populist, led a Fundamentalist crusade to banish Darwin 's theory of evolution from assignment help melbourne, American classrooms. Bryan's motivation for mounting the crusade is unclear. It is possible that Bryan, who cared deeply about equality, worried that Darwin's theories were being used by supporters of a growing eugenics movement that was advocating sterilization of inferior stock. More likely, the Great Commoner came to home his cause both out melbourne weather a concern that the teaching of evolution would undermine traditional values he had long supported and because he had a compelling desire to remain in the public spotlight--a spotlight he had occupied since his famous Cross of Gold speech at the 1896 Democratic Convention. Bryan, in the words of columnist H. L. Mencken , who covered the Scopes Trial, transformed himself into History channel vikings, a sort of Fundamentalist Pope. By 1925, Bryan and his followers had succeeded in Accounting melbourne weather, getting legislation introduced in fifteen states to ban the proofreading essay, teaching of evolution. In February, Tennessee enacted a bill introduced by John Butler making it unlawful to teach any theory that denies the story of divine creation as taught by the Bible and to teach instead that man was descended from a lower order of animals. The Scopes Trial had its origins in a conspiracy at Fred Robinson's drugstore in help weather, Dayton.

George Rappalyea, a 31-year-old transplanted New Yorker and local coal company manager, arrived at the drugstore with a copy of a paper containing an American Civil Liberties Union announcement that it was willing to offer its services to anyone challenging the new Tennessee anti-evolution statute. Rappalyea, a modernist Methodist with contempt for the new law, argued to other town leaders that a trial would be a way of putting Dayton on the map. Homework On Geometry Riemannian. Listening to Rappalyea, the others--including School Superintendent Walter White--became convinced that publicity generated by a controversial trial might help their town, whose population had fallen from 3,000 in melbourne weather, the 1890's to Scholarship for medical unique experience 1,800 in 1925. The conspirators summoned John Scopes, a twenty-four-year old general science teacher and assignment help melbourne weather, part-time football coach, to the drugstore. As Scopes later described the meeting, Rappalyea said, John, we've been arguing and I said nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Scopes agreed. That's right, he said, pulling a copy of Hunter's Civic Biology--the state-approved textbook--from one of the shelves of the drugstore (the store also sold school textbooks). You've been teaching 'em this book? Rappalyea asked. Scopes replied that while filling in for the regular biology teacher during an illness, he had assigned readings on Introductory essay evolution from the book for review purposes. Then you've been violating the law, Rappalyea concluded.

Would you be willing to stand for a test case? he asked. Scopes agreed. Accounting Assignment Help. He later explained his decision: the essay unique experience, best time to melbourne scotch the snake is when it starts to wiggle. Essay For Medical School. Herbert and Sue Hicks, two local attorneys and friends of Scopes, agreed to prosecute. Rappalyea initially wanted science fiction writer H. G. Wells to head the defense team.

I am sure that in the interest of Accounting help melbourne weather science Mr. Wells will consent, Rappalyea predicted. Wells had no interest in taking the case, but others did. John Neal , an eccentric law school dean from Knoxville, drove to Dayton and volunteered to represent Scopes. When William Jennings Bryan offered to join the Homework, prosecution team--despite having not practiced law in melbourne, over thirty years--, Clarence Darrow , approaching seventy, jumped to join the battle in Dayton. Darrow was not the first choice of the ACLU, who was concerned that Darrow's zealous agnosticism might turn the trial into a broadside attack on religion.The ACLU first preferred former presidential candidates John W. Davies and Charles Evans Hughes, but neither was willing to serve alongside Darrow. Instead, it dispatched Arthur Garfield Hays, a prominent free speech advocate, to join the on geometry, defense team. The final member of the defense team was Dudley Field Malone, an international divorce attorney (and another volunteer who the ACLU might have preferred to stay at help melbourne weather home). Completing the prosecution team in Dayton were present and former attorneys general for Eastern Tennessee, A. T. Stewart and Ben B. McKenzie , and Bryan's son, federal prosecutor William Jennings Bryan, Jr. Time has a way of riemannian simplifying events and today Darrow and Bryan are remembered as the key adversaries in the trial, even though Hays for the defense and Stewart for assignment help melbourne weather, the prosecution played equally important roles at the trial. A carnival atmosphere pervaded Dayton as the Help textbook, opening of the assignment weather, trial approached in July of 1925.

Banners decorated the streets. Lemonade stands were set up. Chimpanzees, said to have been brought to town to testify for Introductory literary essay, the prosecution, performed in a side show on Main Street. Anti- Evolution League members sold copies of T. T. Martin's book Hell and the High School . Holy rollers rolled in Accounting assignment melbourne, the surrounding hills and on geometry, riverbanks. Nearly a thousand people, 300 of whom were standing, jammed the Rhea County Courthouse on July 10, 1925 for the first day of trial. (Judge John T. Raulston , the presiding judge in the Scopes Trial, had proposed moving the trial under a tent that would have seated 20,000 people).

Also in attendance were announcers ready to send to listeners the first live radio broadcast from a trial. Assignment Help Melbourne. Judge Raulston, a conservative Christian who craved publicity, was flanked by two police officers waving huge fans to keep air circulating. The proceedings opened, over Homework help, Darrow's objections, to a prayer. A jury of twelve men, including ten (mostly middle-aged) farmers and eleven regular church-goers, was quickly selected. The trial adjourned for the weekend. On Sunday, William Jennings Bryan delivered the sermon at Dayton's Methodist Church. He used the occasion to Accounting assignment help weather attack the defense strategy in the Scopes case. As Bryan spoke, Judge Raulston and school experience, his entire family listened attentively from their front pew seats. On the first business day of trial, the defense moved to assignment help weather quash the indictment on both state and federal constitutional grounds. This move was at Help college textbook pdf the heart of the defense strategy.

The defense's goal was not to help melbourne win acquittal for John Scopes, but rather to obtain a declaration by a higher court--preferably the U.S. Supreme Court--that laws forbidding the teaching of evolution were unconstitutional. (That goal, however, would not be realized for on geometry riemannian, another 43 years, in the case of Epperson v. Arkansas ). As expected, Judge Raulston denied the defense motion. Opening statements pictured the trial as a titanic struggle between good and evil or truth and ignorance. Bryan claimed that if evolution wins, Christianity goes. Assignment Help Weather. Darrow argued, Scopes isn't on trial; civilization is on help riemannian trial. The prosecution, Darrow contended, was opening the doors for a reign of bigotry equal to anything in the Middle Ages. To the gasps of spectators, Darrow said Bryan was responsible for the foolish, mischievous and wicked act. Melbourne. Darrow said that the proofreading home, anti-evolution law made the weather, Bible the yardstick to chemistry textbook measure every man's intellect, to melbourne measure every man's intelligence, to measure every man's learning. It was classic Darrow, and the press--mostly sympathetic to the defense--loved it.

The prosecution opened its case by asking the court to take judicial notice of the Book of Genesis, as it appears in the King James version. It did. Superintendent White led off the prosecution's list of witnesses with his testimony that John Scopes had admitted teaching about evolution from Hunter's Civic Biology . Chief Prosecutor Tom Stewart then asked seven students in chemistry textbook, Scope's class a series of questions about assignment melbourne weather, his teachings. Riemannian. They testified that Scopes told them that man and all other mammals had evolved from one-celled organism. Darrow cross-examined--gently, though with obvious sarcasm--the students, asking freshman Howard Morgan: Well, did he tell you anything else that was wicked? No, not that I can remember, Howard answered. After drugstore owner Fred Robinson took the stand to testify as to Scope's statement that any teacher in Accounting melbourne, the state who was teaching Hunter's Biology was violating the law, the prosecution rested. It was a simple case. On Thursday, July 16, the defense called its first witness, Dr. Maynard Metcalf, a zoologist from the Johns Hopkins University.

The prosecution objected, arguing that the testimony was irrelevant to Scopes' guilt or innocence under the statue. Before ruling the prosecution's evidence, Judge Raulston decided to hear some of Dr. Metcalf's testimony about the theory of evolution. The testimony evoked Bryan's only extended speech of the trial. Help. Bryan mocked Metcalf's exposition of the theory of evolution, complaining that the evolutionists had man descending not even from American monkeys, but Old World monkeys. Accounting Assignment Weather. Dudley Malone countered for the defense, arguing in Help college chemistry textbook pdf, a thundering voice that the prosecution's position was borne of the Accounting help melbourne weather, same ignorance which made it possible for theologians. to bring Old Galilee to trial. It was a powerful speech. Anti-evolution lawmaker John Butler called it the finest speech of the century. Members of the press gave Malone a standing ovation and most courtroom spectators joined in the sustained applause.

The next day, Raulston ruled the defense's expert testimony inadmissible. Raulston's ruling angered Darrow. He said he could not understand why every suggestion of the prosecution should meet with an 5 paragraph endless waste of time, and help, a bare suggestion of school unique experience anything that is perfectly competent on our part should be immediately overruled. Raulston asked Darrow, I hope you do not mean to reflect upon the court? Darrow's reply: Well, your honor has the right to hope. Raulston responded, I have the right to Accounting melbourne weather do something else.

The insult earned Darrow a contempt finding, which was later dropped when Darrow, to a big hand from Help textbook pdf, spectators, apologized for his remark. Darrow and Accounting, Raulston shook hands. After expressing concern that the courtroom floor might collapse from the essay, weight of the many spectators, Raulston transferred the proceedings to the lawn outside the assignment, courthouse. There, facing the jury, hung a sign--attached to Editing the courthouse wall-- reading, Read Your Bible. Darrow asked either that the sign be removed or that a second sign of assignment melbourne weather equal size saying Read Your Evolution be put up along with it. Raulston ordered the sign removed. Before a crowd that had swelled to on geometry riemannian about 5,000, the defense read into the record, for purpose of appellate review, excerpts from the prepared statements of assignment help eight scientists and four experts on of an 5 paragraph religion who had been prepared to testify. The statements of the Accounting weather, experts were widely reported by the press, helping Darrow succeed in his efforts to channel vikings turn the trial into a national biology lesson. On the seventh day of assignment help melbourne trial, Raulston asked the Homework help, defense if it had any more evidence. What followed was what the New York Times described as the Accounting assignment help, most amazing court scene in Anglo-Saxon history.

Hays asked that William Jennings Bryan be called to the stand as an expert on the Bible. Scholarship Essay For Medical School. Bryan assented, stipulating only that he should have a chance to interrogate the help melbourne, defense lawyers. Bryan, dismissing the concerns of his prosecution colleagues, took a seat on the witness stand, and began fanning himself. Darrow began his interrogation of Bryan with a quiet question: You have given considerable study to the Bible, haven't you, Mr. Bryan? Bryan replied, Yes, I have. I have studied the Bible for about fifty years. Thus began a series of questions designed to undermine a literalist interpretation of the Bible.

Bryan was asked about channel vikings, a whale swallowing Jonah, Joshua making the help melbourne, sun stand still, Noah and the great flood, the help on geometry riemannian, temptation of Adam in help weather, the garden of Eden, and the creation according to Genesis. After initially contending that everything in college chemistry textbook, the Bible should be accepted as it is given there, Bryan finally conceded that the words of the Bible should not always be taken literally. In response to Darrow's relentless questions as to whether the six days of Accounting assignment help weather creation, as described in Genesis, were twenty-four hour days, Bryan said My impression is that they were periods. Bryan, who began his testimony calmly, stumbled badly under Darrow's persistent prodding. Of An 5 Paragraph. At one point the exasperated Bryan said, I do not think about things I don't think about. Darrow asked, Do you think about the things you do think about? Bryan responded, to the derisive laughter of spectators, Well, sometimes. Both old warriors grew testy as the examination continued.

Bryan accused Darrow of attempting to slur at the Bible. He said that he would continue to answer Darrow's impertinent questions because I want the Accounting melbourne weather, world to know that this man, who does not believe in Help, God, is trying to use a court in Tennessee--. Darrow interrupted his witness by saying, I object to your statement and to your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes. After that outburst, Raulston ordered the court adjourned. The next day, Raulston ruled that Bryan could not return to the stand and help, that his testimony the previous day should be stricken from evidence. The confrontation between Bryan and Darrow was reported by the press as a defeat for Bryan.

According to one historian, As a man and as a legend, Bryan was destroyed by his testimony that day. His performance was described as that of a pitiable, punch drunk warrior. Darrow, however, has also not escaped criticism. Alan Dershowitz, for example, contended that the celebrated defense attorney comes off as something of an anti-religious cynic. The trial was nearly over.

Darrow asked the jury to essay for a 5 paragraph return a verdict of guilty in order that the case might be appealed to Accounting the Tennessee Supreme Court. Under Tennessee law, Bryan was thereby denied the opportunity to deliver a closing speech he had labored over for weeks. The jury complied with Darrow's request, and Judge Raulston fined him $100. Six days after the trial, William Jennings Bryan was still in chemistry pdf, Dayton. After eating an enormous dinner, he lay down to take a nap and died in his sleep.

Clarence Darrow was hiking in the Smoky Mountains when word of Bryan's death reached him. When reporters suggested to him that Bryan died of a broken heart, Darrow said Broken heart nothing; he died of a busted belly. In a louder voice he added, His death is a great loss to the American people. A year later, the Tennessee Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Dayton court on a technicality--not the constitutional grounds as Darrow had hoped. According to assignment weather the court, the fine should have been set by Editing, the jury, not Raulston. Rather than send the Accounting, case back for further action, however, the Tennessee Supreme Court dismissed the essay, case.

The court commented, Nothing is to be gained by prolonging the life of this bizarre case. The Scopes trial by no means ended the debate over the teaching of evolution, but it did represent a significant setback for the anti-evolution forces. Of the help melbourne, fifteen states with anti- evolution legislation pending in 1925, only two states (Arkansas and Mississippi) enacted laws restricting teaching of Darwin's theory.