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Developed a fully integrated corporate Intranet system to keep track of the Train Timing’s and schedules. The project was implemented in ASP using Visual InterDev 6.0 and Front Page 98 on do it for me now lyrics Pentium under Windows NT 4.0 utilizing IIS 4.0, Oracle 7.3 and ER Win. · Involved in design of database using Erwin and SQL Plus 3.3. · Involved in Writing, design and development of ASP Pages using Visual InterDev 6.0 and Front Page 98. · Performed client side validations using Java Script in Front Page 98. · Performed server side script using HTML, DHTML and Style Sheets.

· Performed data access using VB Script and an essay tanabe ADO 2.0. Project: Inventory Management System. Hardware: Pentium, PC, and essays custom youtube Windows NT 4.0. Developed an Inventory Management System (IMS) application in do it, a client server environment. The IMS tracks customer management, sales, invoicing, invoice aging, purchases and essays custom payment scheduling and Write school level maintains employee information. Developed a retailed management system, which provides interactive screens for information on sales, purchases, quantity-on hand, re-order quantity and returns. Data Modeling for this application was done using Erwin 1.2. Project: Management Information System. Platform: Oracle 7.0 Server, Forms 4.0 and essays Reports 2.0 using Client/Server.

Architecture Role: Design, Development and implementation with Complete Documentation. Managed all information related to the activities of Marketing, Production and customer Service departments like tender evaluation, customer transactions, production, delivery schedules, service complaints received, and servicing details. This application generated weekly status reports of the above actions. · Involved in the design of database. · Created stored procedures, functions and triggers. · Involved in developing and Write research paper level coding screens to Window standards. Project: Personnel and Writing Payroll management. PlatForm: Oracle 7.3, V B 5.0, Crystal Reports, Pentium, and Windows ‘95. Designed and developed a database for the personnel department. Database activities included: all facets of payroll, human resources, insurance enrollments and Personal for money recurring deposit deductions. · Involved in the design of database.

· Created stored procedures, functions and triggers. · Involved in developing and coding screens to Writing essays custom youtube Window standards. · Generated Various Reports by Using Crystal Reports. Education: Bachelor of Science. Women's Christian College. University of Madras: Master of Arts. Certifications: Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) Designing and Implementing distributed Applications with MS Visual Basic 6.0.

Implementing a Database Design on MS SQL Server 6.5. Developing Applications with MS Visual Basic 5.0. Five years professional experience in software design, software development and team management. Possess excellent technical skills, complemented by excellent interpersonal skills. Visual Basic 6.0,5.0, 4.0, COM+, COM, Active Server Pages (ASP), SQL, Oracle 7.3, Commerce Server 2000, IIS 2.0, MS SQL Server 2000,7.0,6.5 and 6.0, Sybase 4.2, MS Transaction Server 2.0, MS Visual Interdev 6.0, WinCVS 1.1, C ++, HTML, VBScript, JavaScript, MS Front Page, Visual Source Safe 6.0,5.0, 4.0, Crystal Reports 5.0, Windows NT 4.0 and 3.51, ODBC 3.0 and 2.5, SQA Suite 5.0, Visual Test 4.0.

Las Vegas, Nevada. May 2000 - Current. ***************** is a sell-side solution stack based on Microsoft Commerce Server 2000(r) combined with a rich set of do it for me now lyrics independent software solutions. XUMA CommerceX is an integrated solution including XUMA product extensions that increases the feature set. Some of the features added were real time payment processing using Cybersource , e-mail confirmations , password feature extensions, gift certificates, order adjustments, UPS USPS shipping and tracking, multiple address shipments etc. * Lead developer on a team of 10. * Extended existing Commerce Server functionality to include gift certificates, express checkout, UPS USPS shipping tracking, Real time credit card and electronic check processing using Cybersource. * Worked on the alpha, beta and Writing essays custom youtube Release candidate version of Commerce Server 2000. * Implemented COM+ components as part commerce server pipeline objects. * Extended the research paper level, base commerce server schema to Writing youtube accommodate customization and Write research paper graduate level personalization.

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* Developed Active Server Pages using Visual Interdev utilizing both JavaScript and essays custom VBScript to register loans in the system. * Converted existing VB embedded SQL code into Oracle Packages so that execution would be faster. * Developed a common custom DLL which took care of specific client requirements. * Made further enhancements to the user-interface and user business layers of the Pricing component to Writing personal statement direct suit market requirements. * Made changes to essays existing Active Server Pages and paper graduate level Oracle packages. * Involved in the analysis and design of specific client modules. * Involved in the conversion of Oracle 7.3 SQL statements to SQL Server 7.0.

* Used numerous third party custom controls including FarPoint edit controls, Far Point Spread Control and Sheridan Data widgets. * Made enhancements to essays custom existing MTS Components. Visual Basic 6.0/5.0, Active Server Pages, COM, HTML, VBScript, JavaScript, SQL, Oracle 7.3, SQL Server 7.0, Windows NT 4.0, Visual Source Safe 6.0, ODBC 3.0, Microsoft Transaction Server 2.0, Visual Interdev 6.0, SQL Navigator 3.0, TOAD, 80x86 architecture. Santa Clara California. Project: Secretary of State Project. October 1997 - September 1998. This system is an online corporation filing system, developed for the Secretary of State of Indiana. It allows the Secretary of State staff to process, edit, search, and report on corporation filings, and research level automates fax and e-mail delivery of essays custom corporate filings. * Lead team of 5 developers. * Designed and developed common objects to be used by help the rest of the team.

* Design and develop filing and retrieval modules. * Build OCX and DLL libraries for use by development team. * Involved in the setup and maintenance of the SQL Server Database. * Involved in the analysis and essays custom youtube design of the database. * Involved in fine tuning SQL Server and in Personal statement for money, tuning SQL statements used in the application. * Design user interfaces.

Visual Basic 5.0, SQL, SQL Server 6.5, Windows NT 4.0, Visual Source Safe 5.0,ODBC 3.0, 80x86 architecture. May 1997 - September 97. ***************** were aimed to provide administration tools for Writing essays youtube tracking students at the district-level, consolidation of data for Personal for money all schools within a district, standardized lookups throughout the Writing custom, district for data consistency, and reporting of student information extracted from Assigments do it now lyrics, schools within the district. It is Writing, highly integrated and compatible with the help kansas, existing McGraw-Hill School Systems windows-based administrative applications, in Writing essays, particular the school-based product. The database is a distributed database, which uses SQL Server's replication technology and Microsoft's Open Data Services. Accounting Homework Online! The system has a three tier architecture comprising of the user interface, user business and Writing custom data service layers. The development was done by Personal statement for money business Microsoft Consulting Services. To ensure proper market exposure of McGraw-Hill School Systems in the academic software market, the Beta release date was critical and was met. * Testing and fine-tuning the Writing custom youtube, application to integrate the school administration system with the District administration system. * Created several reports using Crystal reports 5.0 to further enhance the usefulness of the product. * Wrote SQL Server stored procedures, which returned data to be used by Crystal Reports.

* Made further enhancements to the user-interface and user business layers of the product to How to write an essay for college kelly tanabe suit customer requirements. * Conducted a two-day training program on Writing essays Crystal Reports 5.0. * Involved in the design and architecture of version 2.0 of this product. Visual Basic 4.0, SQL Server 6.5, Windows NT 4.0, SQA Suite 5.0,Visual Source Safe 4.0, ODBC 3.0, Visual Test 4.0, 80x86 architecture. Client: Microsoft Consulting Services, Denver, Colorado. Project: McGraw-Hill District Systems (MHDS) August 1996 - April 1997.

Worked on Writing law school an independent module involving Filtering Students based on specific filter criteria and essays custom searching for Writing law school specific students across schools within a district. * Designed the objects specific to Writing essays custom the module using OLE automation. * Wrote highly object oriented user interface code, which references the OLE server. * The voluminous data is handled through Microsoft's Remote Data object. Exploited RDO to its maximum to ensure speed and Write research paper level efficiency for Writing youtube the smooth retrieval of filtered / searched data from research paper school level, a voluminous database. * Involved in the design and coding of essays youtube specific SQL stored procedures with the corresponding VB wrappers. * Involved in paper level, QA and used visual Test and SQA to automate testing on the finished product. Visual Basic 4.0, SQL, SQL Server 6.5, Windows NT 4.0, SQA Suite 5.0, Visual Source Safe 4.0, ODBC 3.0, Visual Test 4.0, 80x86 architecture. Madras, India Jan 96 - August 96. Project: Central reservation System.

Jan 96 - August 96. This system was developed for essays custom youtube a chain of five star hotels in India. The purpose of this application was to Assigments do it now lyrics enable them to make reservations to any hotel in this chain from any location. This system was developed using Microsoft's Remote Data Objects. * Designed and essays developed the banquet hall reservation, food and facility selection and Write paper graduate function posting modules.

* Created stored procedure and views, which were used in the application. * Involved in Writing essays youtube, the design review and homework help online kansas quality assurance of this product. Visual Basic 4.0, SQL, SQL Server 6.0, ODBC 2.5, Visual Source Safe 4.0, Windows NT V3.51, 80x86 architecture. Jan 96 - Aug 96: Provided in-house training in Visual Basic 4.0 and 3.0, Sybase 4.2 and SQL Server 6.0. October 1998- April 2000: Learned and custom used ISO documentation and coding standards. October 2000 : Attended Developmentor's course on Essential C++ for non-C programmers. I am looking for Writing personal statement a position as a Senior ASP, VB Developer.

SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS. Over 5 years in web application programming strong experience with ActiveX, ASP, Cold Fusion, ISAPI, IE and Netscape browser object models, JavaScript and VBScript, COM/DCOM, OLEDB/ADO, Internationalization Localization, SQL. Writing! Over 5 years in OOP and OOD using Visual Basic. Strong experience with MS SQL database design, query and Writing statement direct database construction, performance tuning and optimization. Strong knowledge of object oriented approach, relational database development, client/server technology, and strong experience in Writing essays custom youtube, application design. MCSE, MCDBA, BrainBench Master ASP Programmer, Master ColdFusion 4.5 Programmer, Master JavaScript Programmer, MCSD in progress. http://www.brainbench.com/transcript.jsp?pid=19153. Visual Basic, VBScript, JavaScript, T-SQL, PLSQL, XML, UML, DHTML, CFML, HTML. ASP, ColdFusion, OOD and statement for money business OOP, ActiveX, COM, DCOM, ADO, ODBC, DAO, OLE DB, CGI programming. MS Visual Basic, MS Visual InterDev, PL/SQL Developer, ColdFusion Studio, MS FrontPage. Oracle 8, MS SQL 7/6.5, MS Access. MS IIS, MS Site Server, MS Visual SourceSafe, MS Visio MS Transaction Server, MS Office, Rational Rose.

Principal Developer / Team leader. As head of a development team I am responsible for designing and developing an engine based on Writing essays metadata and XML. Homework Help Kansas! That engine is intended for building customized, high scalable and high performance web applications. There can be contact management systems, document-flows systems, business portals or anything else. The project structure allows creating any logical views, business rules, security rules and store any other information. Also I am responsible for day-to-day management of 7 Software Developers and Writing essays custom Consultants and complete life-cycle development including: Requirements Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Post Implementation. Write School! Based on the engine we have made a number Internet portals: job agency http://www.rabota.ru/, classifieds center http://www.ruki.ru/, auction server http://www.bet.ru/ and Writing custom youtube dating agency http://www.vstrecha.ru/. As part of a development team I am developing COM component for transforming objects, stored in Assigments do it now lyrics, a database, to standard COM structures (for example: table's rows to property, stored procedures to Writing essays methods). Graduate Level! Also I am developing XML/XSL based web application, which uses that component in a government company's Intranet.

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Windows NT 4.0, MS IIS 4.0, MS SQL 7, MS Visual InterDev, MS Access 7.0, MS Visual Basic 6.0, MS Visual SourceSafe, Cristal Report, MS Visio, ADO/OLEDB, ASP. Developing e-commerce web site and database for keeping information about products, clients, prices and orders. Technical Writing Essay! Developed distributed system for MLM in the Internet. As database developer I did database design, created ERD analysis of the Writing essays custom, faculty (diagrammed tables, fields, primary and foreign keys, types of relationships, business rules). Writing! Analyzed possible queries and reports. I developed an administrative web based and Writing essays youtube stand-alone application for managing the necessary information and supporting this system. Developed client-side DHTML application for creating web site's templates. Windows NT 4.0, MS IIS 4.0, MS SQL 7, MS Visual InterDev, MS Access 7.0, MS Visual Basic 6.0, MS Visual SourceSafe, Cristal Report, MS Visio, ADO/OLEDB, ASP. Worked as web programmer and database developer in ISP LEK Telecom.

I was developing a lot of stand-alone, web based, client-side DHTML applications and statistic reports. Designed clients web sites and databases using MS IIS 3.0/4.0 and research paper graduate school level MS SQL 6.5, supported system and Writing custom database. Developed intranet client-server application, web site and database for keeping information about employees, clients, accounts, finances, etc. Design, coding, testing, and user training of paper graduate GUI for the end users, using both VB and VB macro language. Windows NT 4.0/95/3.11, MS IIS 3.0/4.0, MS SQL 6.5, MS Visual InterDev, MS Visual Basic 5.0, ADO, ASP. MS in Computer Science. Available upon request. To secure a Senior Software Engineering/Software Development Manager contract to permanent or permanent position.

I am especially interested in Writing essays, opportunities programming in Write research school, a PC / Windows environment utilizing Visual Basic, developing web solutions using cutting edge internet technologies. Interested in client server web based development with SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, and Sybase databases. 10/00 - 12/00 Manager Software Development, ***************** , San Diego, Ca. *Manage WebTv project with Microsoft being our client, lead a small team of developers. *Interface with customer and Writing producers to define system requirements, product design. *Develop client/server software with VB6, Sql Server 7, MSMQ, Winsock control, XML. *Interview and help online kansas initiate hiring of IT professionals. 6/00 - 9/00 Senior Software Engineer (Contract), ***************** , San Diego, Ca.

* Develop client/server web application using VB6 creating Active X controls running under MTS and accessing SQL Server 7.0 database. * Create business and data layer COM components and utilized ADO. 4/00 - 6/00 Senior Software Engineer (Contract), ***************** , San Diego,Ca. * Develop client/server application using VB6 with OO techniques, and Writing custom SQL Server 7.0 database. * Create COM components and utilized ADO, and research level VB's Data Environment.

* Debug and document medical application. 10/99 - 4/00 Senior Software Engineer(Contract), ***************** , San Diego, Ca. * Develop mass email solution using VB6 ADO/COM, DSN, and SQL Sever 7.0. * Develop mass fax solution using VB6 ADO/COM DSN, and SQL Server 7.0. * Develop Email bouncing solution using VB6 ADO/COM, DSN, ansd SQL Server 7.0. * Design database tables, write stored procedures, create documentation. * Design and develop middle tier business COM objects using VB6 and MTS for youtube corporate web site. * Perform research of How to write for college scholarship kelly tanabe development issues such as internationalization and credit card solutions. 6/99 - 9/99 Senior S/W Engineer(Contract), ***************** , San Diego, Ca.

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* Utilize Visual SourceSafe 6.0, PVCS Bug Tracker, Oracle Bentic Tools. 1/99 - 1/99 Lead Software Test Engineer (Contract), ***************** , Solana Beach, Ca. * Test medical application (Client/Server) and SQL database object/ Visual C++, using Visual Basic 5.0, SQL Server, running Windows NT. 4/98 -11/98 Software Engineer (Contract), ***************** SanpDiego,Ca. * Software development/maintenance on PC / Windows NT 4.0 environment with Visual Basic. * Development with Sybase database, PVCS windows based configuration management system. 10/97-3/98 Software Engineer, ***************** , San Diego, Ca. * Client/server software development and maintenance, using Windows NT 4.0 and Visual C++ version 4.2. SQL and Write research school level SQL Server 6.0. * Development using Visual Basic 4.0 and custom youtube Microsoft Access. Accounting Homework Help! Creation of installation program and on-line help for Windows environment.

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* Develop code for personal qualification tests for the Input/Output circuit card assembly. * Created test plan/procedure/reports for the ITC software using DOS editor. * Assist in configuring hardware for the ISIP test setup. * Develop C code for the Non Volatile Memory (NVM) CSU, and OGS Trimble Utility. * Implemented Object-Oriented Design using Rumbaugh and Booch notation with C, C++ languages using CASE tools i.e.

OMtools, OOSD C++ STP, UIMX/Motif, GUI tools. * Develop and test software on Sun Sparc Workstation/UNIX with Open Windows and IBM RS-6000/ AIX computers with X windows. * Worked with a team of engineers to develop the system prototype, resolve technical issues and problems, and identify and implement ways to minimize risk during FSD. * Created engineering design documentation using interleaf 5. Experience with Apple Macintosh, IBM PS1 and compatible computers running MS Windows software. * Design self-test adapters and test methodology, develop/debug software, troubleshoots, integrate software/hardware and station integration, and document engineering development. * Perform failure analysis on rejected CCAs effort resulting in $435K net cost saving, and reduced station downtime by 20% * Redesign F-16 IAIS RF-300 to enhance testability to fault isolate the Microwave Stimulus/Measurement units.

* Identify hardware/software deficiencies to validate specifications compliance, Implement software upgrades. MIL STD 1553 experience. * Critique software test methodology on CCA designs to optimize performance and approve and sign off design and software changes. * Develop STE hardware/software on GDE’s new product line. Essays Youtube! Employ diagnostics and fault isolation 5 Analog/Digital CCA’s resulting in 30 days ahead of schedule delivery. * Design ITAs and Personality Extender Boards for various systems. * Create schematic diagrams, parts list and wire running lists. * Evaluate hardware design changes and implement software upgrades. 1986-1992 Avionics Technician, ***************** , Shreveport, La. * Responsible for Write research level maintenance, troubleshooting, repair, alignment, calibration, inspection, programming, and installation for AN/ALR-20, ALE-40, AN/ALM-60, AN/ALQ-119, AN/ALR-46, ALM-126C SASE systems.

* Managed flight line and Electronic Warfare shop safety program. * Group Leader responsible for orientation and essays custom tutoring. 1990 BSEE Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, La. 1987 Associate Degree Avionics System, Community College of the writing essay quiz, Air Force. Visual Basic, Visual C++, Web Programming IEEE Atlas Protocol, ADA, UNIX/C, C++, AIX/C. Basic, FORTRAN, 6800/8088/8086 Assembly, SQL, Microsoft Access Creation of installation programs, and online help, multimedia programming. Hold a Secret Security Clearance.

5 years of experience in IT Industry that includes the entire Life Cycle of essays youtube Software Development and Implementation complying with ISO-9000 standards. Worked extensively on Visual Basic and SQL-Server development. Experienced direct client interaction and worked onsite to form a channel between the client and research the developer. Good knowledge of SQL Server Implementation is ranging from Database Administration to programming SQL. Writing Custom! Good grip over the latest technologies like Active X, COM, Distributed Applications, 3-Tier Architecture and web technologies A ASP/ HTML, Visual Interdev, vbScript/ javascript, and How to an essay for college kelly palm emulator. Good communication and interpersonal skills. Operating Systems: Unix, Windows 3.0, Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0, Windows NT 5.0, DOS 3.3 and Higher.

Programming Languages: Visual Basic 5.0/6.0, C, Visual C++, MFC, PowerBuilder. Database: SQL Server 6.0/6.5/7.0, Sybase 4.0/11.0, MS Access 2.0/7.0. Servers: Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS), Microsoft Message Queue Server (MSMQ), IIS. Internet/Web: HTML, Visual InterDev 6.0, Active Server Pages (ASP), vbscript, javascript, Microsoft Site Server, Palm OS Emulator, XML. Technology: Client-Server, 3-Tier Architecture, N-Tier Architecture, Component Object Model (COM) Tools: Visual Modeler 6.0, Erwin 2.0 (Case Tool), Visual Source Safe 5.0, Quality Works 4.0 (Testing Tool), TSQL Debugger, Microsoft Anomaly Tracking System 1.0, Microsoft Project. Bachelor of youtube Commerce from Bombay University, India, 1993 (with First Class) GNX - Graduate of NIIT (GNIIT (Software Exports) - 4 years) from National Institute of Information Technology. TekMetrics e-Certification exam. MS SQL Server Programmer, CERT ID Number is: 2135600122.

Mastering Distributed Application Design and Development (COM, 3-Tier) using Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0. 5 years (includes 3 months overseas A Germany and almost 2 years in USA) Role : Web Analyst/Developer. Environment : Visual Interdev 6.0, ASP, IIS, vbScript, JavaScript, SQL Server 7.0, COM, MTS, Microsoft Site Server, Palm OS Emulator 3.0. HSupply.com is a leading B2B e-services company. The company integrates the power of the Internet, supply chain management and customer care into Technical writing essay quiz, a seamless, one-source destination site to essays allow product selection, ordering, fulfillment, payment, and reporting to be performed via one easy-to-use tool.

The Microsoft Transaction Server is statement business, used to hold the COM components (Active X DLLs). Microsoft Commerce object is used to Writing essays custom youtube take care of Master-transaction database activities. As a Web Analyst/Developer, I am involved in designing COM Components, pipeline-compliant components, Scriptor component using Site Server Commerce and Active server pages. I am also involved in designing and implementing software on Palm using Palm OS Emulator and ASP. Role : Software Engineer / Web Developer. Environment : Visual Basic 6.0, ASP, Visual Interdev 6.0, SQL Server 7.0, Visual Modeler 6.0, Erwin 2.0 (Case Tool), COM, MTS. Rhode Island Host Computer System (HCS) maintains Vehicle Information Database. A workstation (RI2000) dials-up the HCS to communicate and transfer the data stored in the flat files.

The HCS reads each flat file, parses the data and moves it to statement direct the database. The Business Rules of the system are implemented using Triggers and stored procedures. The Microsoft Transaction Server is used to hold the COM components (Active X DLLs). The project is implemented using Three-Tier Architecture. Writing Essays Custom! The Microsoft Message Queue Server is used to get the statement, data from workstation.

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Role : DBA, Software Engineer. Environment : Visual Basic 6.0, Visual Modeler 6.0, SQL Server 6.5, MTS, COM, MS Access 7.0 / 2.0, Erwin 2.0 (Case Tool), Microsoft Office 97. The project is an In-house study project to maintain the inventory of the company using Three-Tier Architecture The companyAs purchases are categorized into essays, local, import and re-export goods. Re-exports goods are those goods, which various clients of the company send for system testing. Help Kansas! The project makes extensive use of ActiveX DLLs. Writing Youtube! For e.g. Writing Statement Law School! A reminder program (ActiveX) on each client is sent a message through a server resident program (ActiveX Exe) if any internal requisition arises for a purchase. Extended stored procedures on the back end call the ActiveX DLL functions. Writing Essays Custom Youtube! As a Software Engineer, I was involved in designing COM Components. Also involved in coding and Technical writing quiz managing database objects, configuring servers and clients, creating devices and databases, managing users on NT/SQL server and granting them permissions.

Role : Module Leader, DBA. Environment : Visual Basic, SQL Server 6.5, MS Access 7.0 / 2.0 ERWin 2.0 (Case Tool), Crystal Report 5.0, Visual Source Safe 5.0, Quality Works 4.0 (Testing Tool), Visio 4.0, Microsoft Anomaly Tracking System 1.0, Microsoft Office 95/97, Active x. In this application Business rules of the system are implemented using stored procedure and essays triggers. Statement! System has certain automated process that is executed as scheduled. These automated processes are also implemented using stored procedure. Essays Custom Youtube! ActiveX user controls are used for How to write implementing date and essays custom numeric inputs.

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Role : Software Engineer, DBA. Environment : Visual Basic 4.0, SQL Server 6.0, Erwin 2.0 (Case Tool), Microsoft Office 95. SMART-OFFICE is office automation software specially designed for Hong Kong based Export organizations and the software is inherently user friendly and easy-to-use. The system is essays, built using two-tier architecture. As a Software Engineer, involved in How to scholarship, Coding, testing. Writing Essays Custom! Was heavily involved in writing complex stored procedures and Triggers, creating devices and do it for me databases, managing users on NT/SQL server and granting them permissions, Managing and Monitoring the use of disk space, memory and connections. Role : Software Engineer. Environment : PowerBuilder, SQL Server 6.0, Erwin 2.0 (Case Tool), Microsoft Office 95.

This project was done for a wholesale trader dealing in Paper and other miscellaneous items. The system includes maintenance of Writing custom different items, suppliersA details, customer details, details of credit limits given to its customers, warning if the stock in for college scholarship, hand falls below the minimum quantity, generating invoices, selection of suppliers based on credit period, discounts given to Writing youtube the trader. Technical Writing! As a Software Engineer, involved in Coding, testing. Role : Software Engineer. Environment : PowerBuilder, SQL Server 6.0, Sybase 11.0, Erwin 2.0 (Case Tool), Microsoft Office 95. This project was done for Writing essays youtube the Bank of India. The system includes Maintenance of Technical writing essay quiz Loans, Provident Fund, Gratuity, Pension, NRW details to be given to its employees, Generating Half Yearly PF Slips, Automatic Calculation of PF based on number of years of service put in and Basic salary. As a Software Engineer, involved in Coding, User Acceptance Testing and client support.

Was heavily involved in writing complex stored procedures. · Fourteen years experience as a programmer/analyst/consultant including seven years SQL Server database programming, design, and administration experience in the web and Writing client-server environments with five years of level specialization and accomplishments as a project leader and consultant. · Strong skills in building COM/MTS/COM+ objects for n-tier web applications. · Strong background in E-Commerce, insurance and financial industries. · Microsoft Certified Professional, SQL Server 7.0 Design/Implementation. · Well-defined ability to lead and youtube manage development projects.

· Featured in Datamation magazine (August 1994 issue) of Indata project. SQL Server 7.0, Visual Basic 6.0, ActiveX, COM, MTS, COM+, ADO, XML, ASP, SOAP, Erwin 3.5, ColdFusion 4.5, HTML, VB Script, JavaScript, Access, MS Office automation, Crystal Reports 6.0, PowerBuilder 4.0, Sybase 10, HP Powerhouse, HP Turboimage, Ellipse, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 9x, Windows 2000. May 1985 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY - Syracuse, New York. B.S. Management Information Systems, Minor: Mathematics. To Present PRINCIPAL ENGINEER.

· Technical lead responsible for leading a team of help online 3 software engineers developing a web based workplace wellness system delivering content via Real Networks streaming video. The system utilizes ASP 3.0, Visual Basic COM+ components, SQL Server 7.0 and WebTrends log analyzer. · Database architect for essays custom a system developed for the largest credit union auto buying service. Responsible for Writing personal law school database design, technical hardware recommendation, and Writing essays youtube performance tuning. To August 2000 SENIOR INTERNET DEVELOPER/SQL SPECIALIST.

· Chief database designer and for money system architect of essays custom youtube a new SQL Server database for Autobytel’s new web based dealer system. Used Erwin as the database-modeling tool. Developed an object model consisting of the Write research graduate school, business logic, database access and user interface layers. Writing! Heavy emphasize on Personal using XML/XSL and essays youtube XML DOM. Led a group of 5 developers in Technical essay quiz, the project. · Developed stored procedures and COM class libraries used as the ADO data access framework for Writing custom youtube the new dealer system.

· Developed Visual basic COM/MTS components and ASP pages for the international system. · Responsible for optimizing data base performance and stored procedures. Use variety of tools and Assigments techniques including SQL Server profiler, query plan analyzer, index tuning, transact SQL tuning, data partitioning, and database archiving. · Developed an XML based application for Writing custom the affiliate program. Used XML DOM extensively in the application. · Maintained and developed ColdFusion pages dealing with database access. To August 1999 PROJECT LEAD/SYSTEM ARCHITECT (Consultant) · Executed all phases of the full cycle development (front end and back end) of a 3-tier Insurance underwriting, rating, policy management, and graduate invoicing system using Visual Basic 6.0, MS SQL Server 6.5/7.0, Crystal Reports 6.0, COM Objects, Erwin 3.0 and MS Office 97 automation (VBA). Writing Youtube! Functioned as a DBA for the entire project.

· Developed an Writing statement law school, Intranet based policy rating system using Visual Basic VBScript, COM, ASP, and SQL Server 7.0. Responsible for all SQL Server database design, stored procedures, and front-end programming. · Developed a claims tracking and reporting system utilizing Visual Basic 6.0, SQL Server 6.5 and Writing youtube Microsoft Access 97. · Functioned as a DBA in SQL Server 4.2 and SQL Server 6.5 environments. To March 1999 SENIOR PROGRAMMER/ANALYST (Consultant) · Developed a Mortgage Pool Delivery system in Assigments for me now lyrics, a heterogeneous data environment utilizing SQL Server stored procedures, Oracle, MS Access, and Visual Basic. The system replaced a manual system and manages all phases of the Writing essays, mortgage pool delivery to mortgage banking firms. · Provided enhancements to Write paper graduate school a mortgage trading system managing a portfolio of several billion dollars of financial instruments. The enhancements included modifications to an existing Visual Basic system and SQL Server stored procedures, development of essays custom youtube new screens, stored procedures and MS Access reports, development of a new error logging process and database performance tuning. · Enhanced and developed new modules of a mortgage rate lock system using SQL Server 6.5, Visual Basic 5.0, Crystal Reports 6.0. To December 1998 PROJECT LEAD/SYSTEM ARCHITECT r(Consultant) · Developed several versions of paper a customer service claims reporting, premium audit and safety management system for one of the largest workers compensation insurance companies in the West Coast. Essays Youtube! Development tool consisted of Technical writing Visual Basic 4.0, Crystal Reports 5.0, MS Word 6.0 and custom MS Access 95. · Responsible for Y2K conversion of the Customer Service system.

to December 1995 PROJECT LEADER. · Supervised a team of three programmers and a database administrator. · Supervised the requirements analysis, database modeling and design, systems design and How to an essay scholarship development of a large insurance customer master and work management system installed in 40 client workstations. Development tools used included Sybase system 10, ERWIN 2.0, Powerbuilder 4.0, MS Word 6.0, MS Excel 5.0 and PVCS configuration management. · Led the development of a mail enabled Visual Basic application for users in Writing essays custom, remote sites E-mail electronic forms with data and the system generates reports and sends the data to Writing statement direct a Sybase SQL Server. to September 1994 SENIOR Developer/CONTRACTOR. · Developed Mail enabled Visual Basic 3.0 MAPI applications.

The systems processed incoming e-mails from service vendors and automatically processed and entered the data in custom, a SQL Server database. to June 1994 SENIOR PROGRAMMER ANALYST. · Primary Designer and How to an essay for college scholarship kelly tanabe developer of a large 3-tier Windows based OLTP client server insurance underwriting system designed to process seventy million dollars of essays premium annually. The system was developed using SQL Windows 4.0, SQL Server 4.2, SQL Windows 2.0 and Ellipse 1.5. It was deployed in a LAN Manager network in three cities across the US. · Executed database design, systems analysis, and development. · Developer of a Powerbuilder EIS policy information system designed to capture policy data, create follow-up diaries and generate automatic correspondence. · Executed analysis, design, development and maintenance of several insurance applications in the HP 3000 MPEX, TurboImage, Powerhouse and PC based environments. to September 1986 PROGRAMMER ANALYST.

· Developed database archival and on-line medical phone pre-certification systems using COBOL and Powerhouse in HP3000 environment. Over 7 years of experience in the Information Technology industry. Project leader in e-commerce application development implementation support for a European giant in Electronic consumer products. Extensive use of personal law school VB (Visual Basic 6.0 Enterprise Edition), J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition), VB Scripting, HTML, ASP, COM, DCOM, ADO, MTS, Active X and MS IIS (Microsoft Internet Information Server), JRun and JWS (Java Web Server) Web Servers for integration of SQL Server, DB2 and Oracle databases. Hands on experience on JBuilder, Net.Commerce, WebSphere and Writing essays Site Server- Commerce Edition application tools to develop e-Commerce based applications. VB 6.0/5.0, Java2EE, VB Scripts, Windows2000 Advanced Server, Widows NT 4.0, SQL Server 7.0/6.5, Oracle 8i /7.3, HTML, ASP, Active X, DCOM, COM, MTS (Microsoft Transaction Server), MS IIS (Microsoft Internet Information Server), Site Server 3.0 Commerce Edition. From November 1999 to date PROJECT TITLE: Development of a Client/Server Application. Web Server: IIS Web server 5.0 and JRun 3.0 as a plug in. DB Server: Clustered SQL 7.0 Databases.

Connection : Via JDBC/ODBC Bridge. Comm. with Client: Through Servlets. Connection: The client works with an independent database. The client’s connection to statement for money business the backend is done via JDBC/ODBC Bridge. Each client is Writing custom youtube, able to have a maximum number of 3 machines lying within the same LAN / WAN or Remote location.

Database Synch.: The databases between each of the help kansas, 3 machines can be synchronized in essays custom, order that the latest database is available for the user to continue with. The synchronization is accomplished via Servlets running on Writing the web server. Database Encryption: The client’s database is encrypted through a public key and a private key. Third party software: JMF 2.1 (Java Media Framework) to display Media Content within the application, Document Converter to convert .doc files within the youtube, application and JRun 3.0: Installed as a plug in for IIS Web Server to run Servlets. Development Tool: JBuilder 3.5 Enterprise Edition. Deployment Tool: InstallShield Windows Installer 1.5. TITLE: Technical Consultant. RESPONSIBILITY: Team member in the Customer Requirement definition phase of the project. Drafted Functional and Technical Specifications.

Developed the online kansas, Media Player content encryption streaming to Java client. Custom Youtube! Developed the Intelligent Learning Agent which uses user interaction to Personal statement for money respond. The completed product took 10 man years of development, had 65 database tables and consisted of over a million lines of code. Used JDBC/ODBC bridge to connect to custom youtube the backend. Development tool used was Jbuilder 3.5. The connection to the server was made through an HTTP request from the object to research paper graduate school server side servlets. July 1999 to November 1999. HW, DB LANGUAGE: AS/400, PC, OS/400, SQL Server 7.0, VB 6.0, Windows NT 4.0, Site Server 3.0 Commerce Edition, MTS, IIS, ASP, DCOM, Active X.

DESCRIPTION: Deployment of international e-Commerce system. Writing Essays! Designed, developed and implemented the front-end, backend and research paper graduate the middle-tyre. This contained 64 front-end thin clients and 24 middle tire objects. Writing Youtube! Handled connection pooling to the AS/400. Personal Statement! Middle tyre objects pull data from JBA System21 ERP System and write back data for order processing. Writing Essays Custom Youtube! Automated JBA System 21 Advance Order Entry up to an essay for college scholarship kelly tanabe order allocation to youtube allow clients to place orders via Internet. Web enabled JBA System 21 Advance Pricing Matrix for clients to inquire prices against How to scholarship kelly tanabe, the quantity. Used DTS (Data Transformation Server) to replicate the online changes of selected files on the backend DB2 to SQL Server.

Used ACE400 API to connect to the back end DB2. Drafted Technical and Writing essays Functional specification and the Project Plan. TITLE: Project Leader. RESPONSIBILITY: Project handling. Analysing. Designing.

Programming. March 1999 to July 1999. HW, DB LANGUAGE: AS/400, PC, OS/400, SQL Server 7.0, VB 6.0, Windows NT 4.0, Site Server 3.0 Commerce Edition, MTS, IIS, ASP, Active X, DCOM. DESCRIPTION: Fully integrated e-Commerce System. Paper Graduate School! Designed, developed and implemented the front-end, backend and the middle-tyre. This contained 58 front-end thin clients and 23 middle tire objects. Handled connection pooling to Writing youtube the AS/400. Middle tyre objects pull data from JBA System21 ERP System and Write research paper graduate school writes the data back for custom youtube order processing. Automated JBA System 21 Advance Order Entry to allow order allocation so that clients could place orders via Internet.

Web enabled JBA System 21 Advance Pricing Matrix for Write research graduate clients to inquire prices against essays, quantity. Essay Quiz! Drafted Technical and essays youtube Functional specification and executed the Project Plan. TITLE: Project Leader. RESPONSIBILITY: Project handling. Analysing. Designing. Personal Business! Programming. November 1998 to Writing essays youtube March 1999. PROJECT TITLE: SWASTIK. HW, DB LANGUAGE: PC, Windows NT 4.0, SQL Server 7.0, VB 6.0, Crystal Reports 6.0. DESCRIPTION: Merchandising System.

This System handles Merchandising , Purchasing and Inventory for How to kelly a garment industry. Writing Essays Custom Youtube! Drafted Technical, Functional specification and created the business, Project Plan. TITLE: Project Leader. RESPONSIBILITY: Project handling. Analysing. Custom! Designing.

Programming. July 1998 to November 1998. PROJECT TITLE: Internet Bridge Phase II (Belgium) HW, DB LANGUAGE: AS/400, PC, OS/400, DB/2, SQL Server 7.0, VB 6.0, Windows NT 4.0, IIS, DCOM, Active X. DESCRIPTION: Fully integrated e-Commerce System. Statement! This Driver contains 9 methods to pull data from the essays custom youtube, backend ERP System, JBA System 21 and to flush data to the Internet. All methods were used for inquires functions to How to write check customers credit limits, status of the youtube, orders placed, history of invoices and to retrieve the statement direct, prices of the selected items. Writing Custom! Connection to How to write for college kelly the backend done via Client Access ODBC Driver.

Drafted Technical and Functional specification and the Project Plan. TITLE: Project Leader. RESPONSIBILITY: Project handling. Custom! Analysing. Designing. Programming. January 1998 to for me July 1998. PROJECT TITLE: Internet Bridge Phase I (Portugal) HW, DB LANGUAGE: AS/400, PC, OS/400, DB/2, SQL Server 6.5, VB 6.0, Windows NT 4.0, IIS, DCOM, Active X. DESCRIPTION: Driver to essays custom connect to personal law school AS/400 and the Internet.

This Driver contains 7 methods to pull data from the ERP System JBA System 21 and to Writing flush data to the Internet. All methods were used for writing essay quiz “inquire” functions to check customers credit limits, status of the orders placed and history of essays invoices. Accounting Homework! Connection to the back-end done through Client Access ODBC Driver. Drafted Technical and Functional specification and the Project Plan. TITLE: Project Leader. RESPONSIBILITY: Project handling. Analysing. Designing. Programming. August 1997 to Writing custom youtube December 1997 PROJECT TITLE: MJF.

HW, DB LANGUAGE: PC, Windows NT 4.0, SQL Server 6.5, VB 6.0, Crystal Reports 6.0. DESCRIPTION: Inventory Control System. How To For College Kelly Tanabe! Trouble shooting for essays youtube existing systems developed in Accounting homework help online kansas, VB. Custom! Designed and developed the writing, Inventory Control system. Used Apex True DB Grid and reports were generated with Crystal Reports, MS Word and MS Excel. TITLE: Systems Analyst Programmer. RESPONSIBILITY: Analysing. Designing. Programming. Trouble shooting.

June 1997 to September 1997 PROJECT TITLE: ***************** HW, DB LANGUAGE: PC, Windows NT 4.0, Oracle 7.3, SQL Server 6.5, VB 5.0. DESCRIPTION: Report generating system for KPMG (U.K.) This application was developed for ad-hoc reports to allow high-level Management users to create and design their own style of custom youtube reports. Used Printer Objects and Rich Text Formatting to print reports. TITLE: Senior Programmer. RESPONSIBILITY: Programming and Designing. September 1996 to June 1997. HW, DB LANGUAGE: PC, Windows NT 4.0, SQL Server 6.5, VB 5.0 , Crystal Reports. DESCRIPTION: Financial Services. Banking System having more than 350,000 clients. Application was developed to control the Savings Scheme and Reconciliation System.

This was developed in a three-tire architecture. TITLE: Senior Programmer. RESPONSIBILITY: Programming, Trouble shooting, Customer mgmt. February 1996 to September 1996. PROJECT TITLE: Medco. LANGUAGE, HW DB: Visual Basic 5.0/4.0, Crystal Reports, PC, Windows NT 4.0, MS Access. DESCRIPTION: Medical Information System. Application was developed to computerized patient’s history information to help surgeons to do it now lyrics identify the patients background, diagnosis and the treatments given. RESPONSIBILITY: Project Management, Design, Programming, Trouble shooting, Customer mgmt. July 1995 to January 1996.

PROJECT TITLE: CNA. LANGUAGE, HW DB: Visual Basic 4.0, Crystal Reports, PC, Windows, MS Access. DESCRIPTION: Inventory Control System for custom a garment manufacturing company. Application was developed to centralize the inventory data in head office and to personal statement keep control of the inventory of their four braches island wide. Data was exported and imported through a text file among the branches to be uploaded to Writing essays youtube their systems automatically.

RESPONSIBILITY: Project Management, Design, Programming. January 1995 to June 1995. PROJECT TITLE: Library Management System. LANGUAGE, HW DB: Visual Basic 4.0, MS Word, PC, Windows, MS Access. DESCRIPTION: Application was developed to computerize the Technical writing essay quiz, member information.

This allows the Writing youtube, library to generate reports of the pending books by date, Identify the books not having enough stock, generate list of books having the highest demand, list of the Technical, books has to be purchased, etc. Book-Matrix was introduced to this System to identify the location of existing books. RESPONSIBILITY: Project Management, Design and youtube Programming. October 1993 to December 1994. -Worked on Maintenance Service contract with clients. -Worked on system designing and documentation of client’s existing manual systems. Designed ER diagrams, System flow charts, Data Flow Diagrams, CRD (Customer Requirement Definitions), Functional Specifications, etc. -Worked as an instructor (Part time) in paper school level, NIBM (National Institute of Business management - Sri Lanka). Looking for essays youtube challenging opportunities in designing and Writing personal law school developing applications using technologies like XML, ASP, VB, SQL Server, Oracle and COM+. I am a motivated self-starter and custom a self-learner.

I have a H1B and will need a transfer for the visa. · An experienced Application Design Development Professional with around 5 Years of experience Defining Business Requirements and quiz Developing Appropriate Solutions, especially those handling Complex Logic. · Possess extensive experience in Designing Developing Web/Client Server (n-tier) Applications using ASP, VB, COM (Microsoft Transaction Server) COM+ services, and Writing essays custom SQL-Server/Oracle as database. Statement For Money Business! Having moderate experience using XML. Technical Skills/Experience Specifics. Life CycleSkills · Carried out Systems Analysis and Design, prepared technical specifications, which included Data Flow Diagrams, System Flow Charts and Entity Relationship Maps using case tool.

Participated in the implementation of applications. · Experience in reverse engineering of systems that formed a part of the ERP system. · Designed and developed Components to work on Writing custom Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) on Windows NT 4.0 and COM+ services on graduate Windows 2000. · Designing and developing Web based intranet applications. · ASP/Visual InterDev 6.0. · Writing ActiveX Controls For Web Pages. · Visual Basic 6.0. · C (academic level) · Field Test Information System (FTIS) · AllClear Evaluation and Writing essays custom youtube Automation.

· Master Production Scheduling System. · Analysis of the system that formed a part of How to write an essay scholarship kelly ERP. · Imports Order Processing System. · Exports Order Processing System. · Candidate Profiles Database System. · Patients Database System. · Financial Accounting System. · Corporate Office Training Records System. Education, Training and youtube Certifications. · MCM (Master of Computer Management)

University of Pune (India) · B.Sc. (Bachelors in Science (Electronics)) University of do it Pune (India) Part of a Seven-member team to develop the catalog system for capturing normalized data from different catalogs for industrial parts from the essays custom youtube, manufacturers and Technical essay quiz suppliers. Scope: To build a catalog database by capturing data from as many sources (manufacturers and suppliers) as possible. Design and develop user-friendly interface for Writing youtube buyers and Writing law school direct suppliers/manufacturers.

The system also provided information about Writing essays cross-references, associated parts, substitute parts, mating parts etc. Tools: ASP/Visual InterDev 6.0, Visual Basic 6.0, XML, JavaScript, ActiveX, Oracle 8 I. · Designing and essay developing COM components (Active-X DLL) in VB for various modules deploying it in COM+ · Developing ASP scripts for various pages in MS Visual Interdev. · Developing web ActiveX controls to implement complex screen design and data handling. · Backend data handling using XML for the web ActiveX controls. · Developed intelligent web catalog structure. · Developing Java scripts for client side validations. · Testing and debugging the site. 8 Months Project: Part of a two-member team to develop the custom, system for Mechanical Testing division of the Technical writing, company. Scope: Develop an Intranet site for Mechanical Testing Division for the purpose of essays youtube automating test-scheduling procedures.

This system enabled the user to view the statement for money business, status of various tests along with the stand details, upcoming samples and test history. Tools: ASP/Visual InterDev 6.0,SQL Server 7.0 and. · Responsible for development, testing and implementation of the Writing essays custom, system. · Responsible for developing COM objects over MTS. Field Test Information System. 4 months Project: Part of for college scholarship a three-member team to develop the system for Mechanical Testing division of the Writing essays custom youtube, company. Scope: Develop an Intranet site for Mechanical Testing Division to process and graduate school display the field test data.

This data was maintained in Writing essays custom, a database having a flexible structure. Tools: ASP/Visual InterDev 6.0,SQL Server 7.0. · Responsible for the development and testing of the system. Allclear Evaluation and Automation. 6 weeks Project: This project involved evaluating the Assigments for me now lyrics, All Clear Product developed by the SPSS group and then further automate it to satisfy the client requirement.

Scope: This assignment involved interaction with the technical team members of the SPSS group. OLE Automation was was done using the AllClear object to satisfy the user requirement. Tools: Visual Basic 6.0, AllClear Object. · Responsible for Writing essays custom youtube the evaluation of the AllClear Product and implementing the OLE Automation of the AllClear object with Visual Basic. Master Production Scheduling System (Multi-User) 5 months Project: Part of two-member. Involved in the development and Writing statement implementation of the system.

Scope: The scope of the system was restricted to the Production department having branches at Writing essays youtube three different locations. Tools: Win 95/VB 6.0/Ms-Access97. · Generate a production plan taking into consideration the Forecast, stock, WIP, pending orders etc. · Developed system was a decision support system which allowed the manager to Personal statement for money business view the impact of the proposed Production Schedule on the projected inventory, projected “Available to custom Promise stock” and capacity utilization in graphical form. Analysis and Writing law school direct Design – Part of ERP system.

9 months Project: Part of a team of three to re-engineer the existing system which formed a part of the ERP system. Scope: The system was designed for MS Windows 95, Novell NetWare set up. Tools: Visual Basic 6.0, Oracle 6.0 · The scope of the system was restricted to Writing essays analysis, design and preparation of scholarship kelly functional specifications. · It involved re-engineering the Writing essays custom, existing systems. Various departments involved were Sales, Central pigments testing laboratory, Raw materials and paper graduate school finished materials department. · Responsible for preparation of Writing essays custom youtube functional specifications, which included Data flow diagrams, System flow charts, Entity relationship maps and Data dictionary. Imports Order Processing System. 11 months Project:

Part of Assigments do it now lyrics a team of essays youtube four to prepare functional specifications and develop the system. Scope: Over 25 reports and some MIS reports. Tools: Visual Basic 5.0 and Access. · Responsible for preparation of functional specifications. · Developed user interface and Technical writing essay quiz certain MIS reports. · Responsible for the testing and Writing essays custom youtube the implementation of the system. Exports Order Processing System. 9 months Project: Part of a team of four to prepare functional specifications and develop the system.

Scope: Over 20 Exports documents which included customs and excise standard format documents. Over 40 reports and some MIS reports. Tools: Visual Basic 5.0 and Access. · Responsible for preparation of functional specifications. · Responsible for development of the system preparing part of the pre-shipment. documents and post-shipment documents like Order acceptance, Invoice, Forwarding instructions, Shipping Bill, Packing List, Certificate of paper graduate school level Origin, Marine Insurance Certificate etc. · Responsible for the testing and essays custom the implementation of the system. Candidate Profile Database System.

4 months Project: Part of a team of Write research two to design and develop the system. Scope: The system provided online information of the requested candidates. Tools: windows 3.1,Visual Basic 5.0 and Access. · Responsible for development of the system. · Responsible for the development of a query module that enabled the custom, user to build queries dynamically and retrieve the data of suitable candidates. Patients Database System. 7 months Project:

Part of Writing law school a team of two to design and develop the system for an ophthalmologist. Scope: The system generated the entire case paper of the patient. It also generated the prescription of specs and the prescription of medicines for essays custom youtube a patient. Tools: Visual Basic 3.0 and Access. · Responsible for preparation of functional specifications. · Responsible for homework the development of the system. · Responsible for the testing and the implementation of the system. Financial Accounting System.

8 months Project: Part of a team of three to develop the system for a construction company . Scope: The system generated various ledgers, Trial Balance, Balance sheet, Profit and essays youtube loss statement and Technical essay quiz various MIS reports. Tools: FoxPro 2.6 and windows 3.1. · Responsible for the development of the report module. · Responsible for the testing and the implementation of the Writing essays, system. Corporate Office Training Records System. 8 months Project:

This project was developed for the HR department of do it for me a company as a part of the academic curriculum. Scope: It generated training needs and Writing essays custom youtube training schedules for various employees periodically. Tools: Oracle 6.0, SQLForms and SQLPlus. · Responsible for the design, development and implementation of the system. Experience in design, development and implementation of web based applications as well as Business applications using ASP, Front Page, Visual Interdev, MSD, COM, VB Script, JAVA Script, MS Access, ActiveX, Visual Basic 5.0/6.0, MTS, IIS, OLE, MS SQL Server 6.5, ActiveX Data Objects, ODBC, Crystal Reports on Windows 98/ NT. SKILLS LANGUAGES SCRIPTS. Visual Basic 5.0/6.0, Java Script, VB Script, C++, HTML, DHTML. DATA BASE/ BACK END. SQL Server 6.5, Oracle 8.0, MS Access, Sybase. Active Server Pages (ASP), Visual Intedev 6.0, MSD, Site Server; Commerce Server, MicroSoft Transaction Server(MTS), IIS, Front Page 97/ 98. ActiveX Data Objects (ADO), ODBC, Visual Source safe 5.0, WIN 32, OLE, Crystal Reports 6.0, Data Report designer, COM, RDO.

Windows95/ 98,Windows NT 4.0, MS DOS,UNIX,LINUX,X Windows. 1. Assigments Do It Now Lyrics! PREVIEW SYSTEMS. Duration Dec 2000 – Present. Environment Crystal Reports, ASP, VB, MSSQL Server, Oracle, Windows NT. Project Description: Preview Systems develops and markets an essays, e-commerce infrastructure solution that enables networks for electronic distribution and Writing licensing of digital goods. Custom Youtube! Preview's Ziplock platform addresses copyrights and compensation in popular distribution model and powers secure delivery of Music and Video over Peer-To-Peer Networks.

Virtual packaging technology expands the ability to cross-market products. 1) Developing Crystal reports for How to write an essay tanabe their ziplock database. 2) Development of user interface web pages in ASP using HTML, VB Script and Java script. 3) Crystal Reports, which include both text and graphics of their sales and market analysis reporting of most popular products, quick sales summary, merchant offers, refunds and essays reselling are called through the web interface in the ASP pages. 4) Support for their zip installer software.

Duration April 2000 – Nov 2000. Environment Windows NT, VB, ASP, MTS, COM, MSSQL Server, Crystal Reports, VB Script Java Script. Project Description: EmployeeLife combines benefits expertise with comprehensive Internet business services that enables employers to collaborate with brokers, consultants and insurers to personal design, purchase and administer employee benefits. Custom! The project ecampus provides timely and accurate information and processing of do it all the transactions involved in administering benefits of the company employees. This project also delivers exceptional benefits services to the employees without the burden on the organization’s internal resources and manages all the essays custom youtube, products like medical, dental, vision, spouse and child insurance, supplementary life and more other benefits of the personal law school direct, employees. 1) Development of user interface web pages in ASP using HTML, Java script and VB Script. 2) Created Reports using Crystal Reports and youtube called through the web interface in statement for money business, the ASP pages. 3) Registering ActiveX components in MTS. 4) Setting of Writing Web Page Coding standards, setting of naming standards, Code Walkthroughs, troubleshoots the system. 5) Separate COM objects were developed for site to keep track of the user and eliminated session object.

6) The site security features are taken care from the front end. Also added new enhancements such as Approval Reports and annual enrollment. Duration Jan 2000 to quiz April 2000. Environment MS Front Page 98/2000, Visual Interdev, Microsoft IIS 4.0, Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 / 5.0, ASP, Netscape Navigator, VB Script, Java Script, HTML, ADO, MS SQL Server 6.5,MS Access. This site is developed as a training site for the Delegates of the Frost Sullivan Organization. Any Delegate (Authorized person from an organization) who is custom, recognized by Frost Sullivan can book training courses for participants through his organization. The courses can be booked online, order for now lyrics books by the speakers and can download brochures, which are in pdf format. Essays Custom Youtube! The site can be regularly updated through the Admin pages, which will be done through F S from direct, various locations in the world. Responsibilities include Development of ASP pages using HTML with VB and Java scripts in the Front Page Editor 2000, Visual Interdev 6.0 environment. Data base connections and objects with ADO, Web page design and Writing custom youtube Implementation for Admin and Client Pages with ODBC connection through DSN for homework kansas MS Access and further implementation of Writing essays youtube MS SQL Server 6.5.

Duration Nov 1999 to Dec 1999. Environment MS Front Page 98, Windows 98 / NT 4.0, MSD, Microsoft IIS 4.0, Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 / 5.0, ASP, Netscape Navigator 4.06, VB and Java Script, HTML, ADO, MS SQL Server 6.5. Trivant Technologies is do it for me, one of the leading computer selling companies in USA, This site is also developed for essays custom youtube the purpose of selling Configured PCs, Custom build PCs and Accessories on the web. In Custom build PC, client can customize his PC, and the cost for that PC will be calculated on the fly. All the products can be purchased in the same shopping cart. Billing is done through online credit transaction and writing checkout process can be completed with in one step for the members if the merchant wishes. Every purchase had been given some points, which can be used for discounts on the same checkout or can store these points if he is Writing essays custom, member for the next purchase. My Responsibilities include Development of ASP pages for the User interface as well as Admin side.

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My Responsibilities include Development of ASP pages using HTML with VB and Java scripts in the Front Page Editor 98, Visual Interdev 6.0 environment. Data base connections and objects with ADO, Web page design and Implementation for Admin and Client Pages with ODBC connection through DSN for MS Access and further implementation of MS SQL Server 6.5. Front page tools were used for the application development and template making. Duration March 1999 to June 1999. Environment Visual Basic 6.0, Oracle 8.0, Crystal Reports 6.0, Visual Interdev 6.0, Data Report designer, ADO.

S/w was developing for depot of telecommunications, Sangli. It involves design implementation both at client server sites. It was development for the purpose of viewing status of the current projects, which are undergoing at various locations under a plan. This project is enhanced with multi-user facilities and was developed using Visual Basic 6.0 as Front End and Oracle 8.0 as Central database. Microsoft Tools were used for custom application development and Presentation. My Responsibilities included Design and Development of Front End User Interface Design and Implementation of Data base Objects, Creating Reports using Crystal reports, Printer Object, Data Report Designer, Setting of Writing direct Visual Basic Coding Standards, Code Walkthroughs, troubleshooting the Writing essays youtube, system and Assigments do it now lyrics adding new enhancements. Duration Jan 1999 to Mar 1999. Environment MS Front Page 98, Visual Interdev, MSD, Windows 98 / NT 4.0, Microsoft I E 4.0, ASP, Netscape Navigator, VB Script, Java Script, HTML, ADO, MS Access. Asian Sky Shop is custom youtube, also the Shopping site.

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Opinion polls and other such features are included on the site. My Responsibilities included Development of ASP pages for the News updates and administrative pages design and implementation. Opinion poll features were enhanced through database and updated results were displayed to the visitor. Hit counters, search engines were included on the site. 10.

PAYROLL MANAGEMENT. Duration Jan 1997 to Writing March 1997. Environment Visual Basic 5.0(ActiveX), Windows 95 / NT, SQL Server 6.5, Crystal Reports 4.5, visual source safe 5.0, Remote Data Objects (RDO) Payroll management handles the salary pay details to How to write for college kelly tanabe the staff of the Writing, factory. It consists of Front End user interface screens for handling the master details such as new employee, department, leave and do it for me now lyrics other details and Writing custom youtube also transaction details. For Money! The soft ware is developed as per Writing essays youtube the rules and regulations laid by management. Some of the contents in the software are standardized. My Responsibilities included Process flow Design and Development of both Client and server side systems. Personal Statement For Money Business! Implementation of Remote Data Objects, Crystal reports design, Visual Basic Standards, Report Graphs and Conducting Training for client.

I have also worked on the following projects as part of my educational requirements using C++ on UNIX - Share Accounting System, Design of High pressure steam piping system, and Inventory control system using MS Access. Bachelor of Engineering. Utilize my computer programming skills, project management and Relational Database experience to increase others productivity, performance and product reliability. Programmer / Analyst (VB/SQL/Cold Fusion) , 4/99 to Current. International Development. Essays Custom! Required travel to essay Australia for development and deployment of n-tier application using ASP, VB, VBScript, JavaScript, SQL 7.0 and XML.

Design Custom ActiveX controls as a primary mechanism for data mapping. Design Custom ActiveX control for Uploading of web sites from development to production. Design ActiveX objects for essays youtube n-tier architecture. VB6.0 / SQL 7.0 Cold fusion 4.5. Design, Develop and Write research school Normalize SQL 7.0 data structure for Writing essays custom youtube multiple data providers. Design and program Cold Fusion 4.0 Internet Financial application Web Pages.

GE / Lending Tree. Assist in design and n-tier architecture of over 320 active web sites consisting of site development data integration/management SQL 6.5.A Database upgraded to SQL 7.0. VB Programmer / Analyst , 4/99 to 7/99. Conduct Enhancement and Functional Specification analysis for custom client software. Participate in integrating Project Management software. Both Design and Scope. Conduct Enhancement Testing. Enhance SQL Stored Procedures. VB Programmer / Analyst , Information Technology, 2/98 to an essay for college scholarship kelly 4/99. Develop/Program Notification Application , MAPI / TAPI / VB6.0 / ADO / SQL 6.5. Develop/Program ACall Detail ReportA (two tier), Word / Excel / VB6.0 / ADO / SQL 6.5.

Develop/Program Virtual Advantage Pager Notification software development (two tier) using Visual Basic 5.0 (Enterprise) / NT 4.0 / RDO / SQL 6.5. Project upgraded to Writing custom youtube VB6.0 / ADO / SQL 6.5. Develop/Program AVirtual Advantage Fax On Demand software development (two tier), using Visual Basic 5.0 (Enterprise) / Win NT 4.0/ RDO / SQL 6.5. Project upgraded to VB6.0 / ADO / SQL 6.5. Develop/Program Virtual Sponsor (Voice telephony Active X software development) (two tier) using Visual Basic 5.0 (Enterprise) /Win NT 4.0 / RDO / SQL 6.5. Writing Personal Law School! Upgraded to VB6.0 / ADO / SQL 6.5. Project Manager Earnware Professional Contact Database management software (Beta). Internet Web design and implementation for online support and user help. Network installation, Configuration and Management. Logistics Planner , After Market Operations, 5/97 to essays 2/98.

Developed Visual Basic 5.0 / Access 97 database and GUI to track /coordinate worldwide activity. Developed Visual Basic 5.0 / Access 97 database and GUI to issue authorization for return materials. Represent Logistics Department interests in all Core Team activity as related to Writing personal law school direct Field Change Orders (FCO), (EMB) and essays youtube Manufacturing Spares weekly review. Automation Assistant; 5/95 to 4/97. Developed Access 95 / Fox Pro / Visual Basic 4.0 database capable of tracking the training of more than 1100 military personnel throughout the Military Training Network. A Developed Form Tool Gold / Access 95 / Fox Pro Database to automate process and procedures for the production of Basic Life Support certification including the compilation of data required for quarterly and direct annual reports.

Developed Access 95 GUI with the Standard Personnel Management System (DBIV) to track and youtube coordinate individual / global training. Established policy and procedures for Assigments for me implementing and Writing essays custom youtube coordinating the local area network and Access 95 interface for an essay for college scholarship tanabe use by the outlying branch medical clinics. Conducted off site inspection / technical assist visits to support changing criteria as mandated. Supervisor, Customer Service Telephone Walk-in;7/90 to 03/95. Supervised twelve (12) staff personnel. A Reduced accounts pending resolution by 90% in twelve months.

Implemented computerized monitoring of account resolution (future files). Developed department training manual. A Conducted continuous quality (TQL) improvement reviews. A Prepared annual budget (staffing and equipment) to ensure they met patients and corporate needs. University of Writing essays youtube Phoenix; 1601 Kapiolani Blvd. Write For College Scholarship Kelly! St. 1201; Honolulu, HI 96813. Completed: 6 Semester. HoursMajor: Information Systems. Degree: N/A (GPA 3.8)

Microsoft Professional Developers Summit (Visual Studio 6.0, Visual Modeler, SQL 7.0) Microsoft SQL 6.5 / 7.0. Visual Basic Insiders Technical Summit (VB 6.0 - Black Belt track) Microsoft Mastering Visual Basic 6.0 (Desktop Application Development) Microsoft Access 97 (Advanced) Visual Basic 5.0 (RDO) / 6.0 (ADO / RDO) Visual Voice 4.0 / Fax 2.3. Active Server Pages. Microsoft Access 97/95. Visual Basic Application (VBA) SQL 6.5 / 7.0 / 2000.

Oracle 8i (Light experience) Microsoft Developers Network. Microsoft Independent Software Vendor Program. Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server (Beta 3 Release)

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Fair Trade - In or Against the Market ? “Before you’ve finished your breakfast this morning, you’ll have relied on half the world.” Martin Luther King. Fair Trade is the most important and fastest growing market-based mechanism to improve the lives of producers in developing countries. It does so by essays offering small-scale producers in the global south fairer trade relations, including a guaranteed minimum price above world price and developmental support. Global Fair Trade sales have reached € 1.1 billion (US$1.4 billion), increasing at rates of around 50 percent per year and are projected to continue to grow. Fair Trade bananas have a market share of 56 percent in Switzerland and the U.S. Fair Trade coffee market has been growing nearly 90 percent per for me year since Fair Trade coffee was launched in 1998 (Max Havelaar, 2006; TransFair USA, 2005). The success of essays youtube, Fair Trade is reiterated time over time by Assigments do it a variety of personalities and institutions, ranging from advocates of Fair Trade in the North and producers in essays custom youtube, the South to such prominent promoters of trade liberalization as the G 8 and the European Commission. 1 The general feeling of Write research paper graduate level, euphoria is captured by one of the essays, pioneers of the an essay for college kelly, Fair Trade movement, Carol Wills, on a conference in the European Parliament in June 2005: “Fair Trade works! It works for poor people; it works for Writing custom, consumers. It works as a business model; it works as sustainable development; it works to research graduate protect the environment; it works as an idea!” (Fair Trade Advocacy Newsletter, 2005).

However, one could wonder what this is all about. After all, Fair Trade started as an alternative to free trade, explicitly focusing on solidarity and the well-being of producers and Writing essays youtube, rejecting classical economic notions of competition, the self-regulation of the Technical quiz, market and sometimes even employing anti-capitalist rhetoric. How should one asses that at the G8 summit 2005 in Gleneagles leaders of those economically dominant countries that are continually held responsible for global trade injustices (often by actors and organizations in the Fair Trade movement) formally acknowledged the growing success of global Fair Trade and said in Writing essays custom youtube, their final statement that they “welcome the growing market for Fair Trade goods and their positive effect in supporting livelihoods and increasing public awareness of the positive role of trade in development”? (Fair Trade Advocacy Newsletter, 2005: 4). Or, even more disturbing, how should one think about the fact that Nestlé, famously 2005’s “least responsible company” worldwide and as one of the four big roasters responsible for the coffee crisis that impoverishes millions of producers, prides itself of launching a Fair Trade brand in Britain (Nestlé, 2005)? The sentiments and Accounting online, reactions of many people working in the field are nicely summarized by youtube John Hilary, policy director at War on Want: “The Fair Trade movement was set up to challenge the practices of How to write an essay scholarship tanabe, companies like Nestlé. Essays Custom? How can such a company deserve the Fair Trade mark?” (Vidal, 2005). In this paper I will try to write an essay kelly asses if Fair Trade really works for all and even more importantly how it works for the different participants of Writing youtube, Fair Trade, mainly consumers and producers and Assigments do it, what the wider effects of Fair Trade are.

As a framework of reference I will employ a tension between two visions of Fair Trade that underlie contemporary debates in the Fair Trade movement as well as in the growing literature about Fair Trade. At the one extreme a pragmatic position interprets Fair Trade as a developmental tool to increase the standard of living for disadvantaged producers in essays, developing countries by making neoliberal free trade work the way it is supposed to work. At the other extreme a more idealistic vision sees Fair Trade as a practical critique of the neoliberal free trade model that aims at transforming the capitalist market through alternative trading practices. Since these visions are at least in tension with each other, if not inherently contradictory, the question is: what is Fair Trade really? Is Fair Trade a neoliberal solution to current market failures for small scale producers in the global south that works within and thus perpetuates the free trade and free market regime? Or is write Fair Trade a practical tool of social change that challenges neoliberal trading practices and more generally aims at transforming free market and free trade?

This paper will argue that these dichotomous visions are useful in terms of conceptualizing different possible trajectories but that they are both two one sided and extreme. Fair Trade is neither a purely neoliberal and free market solution to certain market failure nor a tool to entirely transform capitalist free market relations. Rather, I will argue with Polanyi, Fair Trade can be analyzed as a complex and multilayered process of social defence against destructive effects of essays custom, unrestricted market forces that tries to How to write an essay kelly tanabe re-embed the economy. As such it is a site of contestation, conflict and Writing essays youtube, negotiation between different actors that brings about multiple and partly contradictory effects on for college scholarship kelly, different levels. I will first describe what Fair Trade is Writing essays youtube how it is defined, how it works, how big it is today and what problem it tries to address. I will then analyze the two vision of Fair Trade in more detail to specify and contextualize the question this paper tries to answer. The central part of the How to an essay scholarship tanabe, paper tries then to assess the impact Fair Trade has, first on the level of producers and producer communities and Writing, secondly the socio-cultural, political and Write graduate, economic impact on the free trade market in general. And in Writing custom, the end I will propose a theoretical framework of Fair Trade that tries to avoid the strict dichotomy of the two visions. 2. 1. Definition, Functioning and Scope of Fair Trade. During its long history there have been many different definitions of Fair Trade, but in an attempt to writing essay quiz come up with an understanding that can be widely accepted, an informal network of the most important Fair Trade organizations called FINE produced the following definition in Writing youtube, 2001: 2 “Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade.

It contributes to essay quiz sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and Writing youtube, workers - especially in Writing personal statement law school, the South. Fair Trade organisations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in Writing, supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for do it for me now lyrics, changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade” (FINE, 2001). The goals of Fair Trade that are implicit in this definition have been laid out by Writing essays custom youtube Redfern and Snedker in a 2002 report of the International Labour Organization (ILO) as being: To improve the livelihoods and Assigments, well-being of producers by improving market access, strengthening producer organizations, paying a better price and providing continuity in the trading relationship. To promote development opportunities for disadvantaged producers, especially women and indigenous people, and to protect children from exploitation in essays custom, the production process. To raise awareness among consumers of the negative effects on producers of international trade so that they exercise their purchasing power positively. To set an example of partnership in trade through dialogue, transparency and respect. To campaign for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade. To protect human rights by promoting social justice, sound environmental practices and economic security” (Redfern Snedker, 2002: 11). Historically Fair Trade evolved out of a range of faith-based and secular alternative trading organizations (ATOs) that can be traced back to relief efforts after World War II.

Charities in statement, Western Europe like Oxfam began importing handicrafts from producers in Eastern Europe and in the United States the Mennonites started to essays youtube buy products from Puerto Rico in what would become Ten Thousand Villages (Redfern Snedker, 2002; Low Davenport, 2005, Kocken, 2003). The Fair Trade movement developed from these charities that understood themselves as radically opposed to the market over several stages into the mainstream. Fair Trade has thereby changed in Write paper graduate school level, a variety of ways, the Writing youtube, most import shift being that “Fair Trade has moved from being purely an activist-led advocacy and empowerment model towards being a market-led commercial success story” (Nichols Opal, 2005: 13). This shift was mirrored in the change of name and research paper graduate, discourse from Writing essays youtube, “alternative” to “fair” trade (Low Davenport, 2005: 147). Especially after the establishment and international harmonization of labelling organizations in the 1990s Fair Trade has experienced enormous growth rates and since the 2000s, Fair Trade is Write graduate entering a new stage of becoming a serious option for many mainstream retailers (Krier 2005, 5). The most important labelling organizations are organized under the umbrella of the Fairtrade Labelling Organization International (FLO). FLO was formed in 1997 out of 14 national labelling organizations with the custom youtube, aim of collaborating on defining international Fair Trade standards, certifying and auditing Fair Trade producers organizations and traders and on providing support to producer organizations that need external help (FLO, 2005a: 23). Today 20 national labelling organizations joined FLO-International (FLO, 2006). These marks in the U.S. and level, Germany for example called TransFair and in the Netherlands and Writing custom youtube, Switzerland called Max Havelaar guarantees independent third party auditing of Fair Trade products.

However, due to the complex and expensive process of getting the mark, not all Fair Trade products are sold under these labels Tradecraft for example, the statement, largest Fair Trade company in the UK, offers most of its products without it (Nichols Opal, 2005: 11). 3. In operational terms Fair Trade is characterized by essays youtube several key practices that are practiced by Accounting help the labelling organizations as well as by the alternative trading organizations that do not participate in certification (Nichols Opal, 2005: 6-7): agreed minimum prices, usually above or independent of world market prices, that allow for essays youtube, a living wage for producers; an emphasis on development and technical support through the payment of a social premium; direct purchasing from producers to shorten the global supply chains and reduce the margins of middle men; transparent and long-term partnerships; provision of Accounting online kansas, credit when requested and pre-financing of up to 60 per cent of the total purchase value; producers are democratically organized, often in a cooperative; sustainable and essays custom, increasingly organic production is practiced; there are no labour abuses and unionization must me allowed. Since most products are certified through the national labelling organizations this paper will focus on the standards established by the FLO. These standards, which must be met by Write graduate school producer groups, traders, processors, wholesalers and retailers, can be divided into three parts (FLO, 2006; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 131): First there are two sets of generic organizational producer standards, one for Writing, co-operatives of small-scale producers and family farmers and another one for plantations. Independent small-scale farmers must be organized into democratically organized cooperatives that transparently account for and distribute the Fair Trade income, especially the social premium. Fair Trade plantations must have a democratically elected worker body or a union that is able to decide on and distribute the Fair Trade social premium (FLO, 2006). Secondly there are several sustainable production requirements.

These environmental standards vary by products but in general prohibit the use of pesticides and require protection of drinking water and Writing personal direct, endangered resources (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 131). And thirdly there are, as the core of Fair Trade, certain trade requirements that govern the relations between producers and importers. Traders have to pay a price to essays custom producers that covers the costs of for me now lyrics, sustainable production and youtube, living; they must pay an additional social premium that has to be invest in development; they must pay up to 60 percent in advance, when producers ask for it; and Write research school level, the trading contracts have to allow for long-term planning and sustainable production practices. Writing? And producers have to meet the above requirements, have to accord with the Technical writing, labour standards of the Writing youtube, International Labour Organization and Assigments do it for me now lyrics, have to meet certain quality requirements (FLO, 2006). These trade standards vary by product and custom, are determined by the labelling organizations and Writing personal statement law school, the quality standards can be extremely specific and rigid. 4 . The minimum price for washed arabica coffee for example is set by the FLO at US$1.21 per pound (455 gram) in Central America, Mexico, Africa and Asia (and at US$1.19 for South America and the Carribean). In addition to this minimum price producers get US$0.15 per pound for certified organic coffee and a social premium of US$0.05 per pound for all coffee.

And if the market price is higher than the Fair Trade minimum price, the market price applies but the social premium is still paid on top of the market price (FLO, 2005b). This means that while the coffee price in 2004 on the conventional market averaged at US$0.76 per essays pound, Fair Trade cooperatives were paid a guaranteed price of US$1.26 for conventional and US$ 1.41 for coffee that is also certified organic (TransFair USA, 2005). 5 For other products the standards are very specific and Assigments do it now lyrics, complex. For bananas for example the minimum price varies depending on the country from US$5.50 in Colombia and Ecuador to US$7 in the Dominican Republic for a box (18.14 kg) of conventional bananas at essays custom youtube, the farm gate, with an additional premium of US$1 per box. Organic bananas from Costa Rica, for example, are measured entirely different and priced at US$0.15 plus a 3 cent premium per kg (FLO, 2005c). With market prices in Ecuador currently under the official minimum price of US$3 per write for college box this translates into a substantial benefit for Fair Trade producers. Essays Custom Youtube? 6. In order to provide a sense of the scope of Fair Trade it is research paper graduate school level useful to look at some facts and Writing, figures that describe the ‘success story’ of Fair Trade: World wide sales of labelled Fair Trade products are estimated at €1.1 billion for 2005 (Max Havelaar, 2006: 28). At the end of 2005 there were 510 producer organizations from statement for money business, more than 50 countries that represent over one million producers and Writing essays youtube, together with their families over 5 million people are integrated into the Fair Trade system and profit from Assigments now lyrics, it (Max Havelaar, 2006: 28). This makes up a considerable amount of all small scale growers world wide.

7 Between 2003 and 2004 the sales of labelled Fair Trade products grew by 56 percent, exceeding the annual growth of Writing youtube, 42 percent between 2002 and 2003 (FLO, 2006). The growth of Fair Trade sales since 1999 is illustrated in table 1. These growth rates are projected to Accounting help online kansas continue (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 190). Writing? The market share of Fair Trade products, on Write research school level, average only amounting to essays custom youtube below 3 percent is partly substantial. How To An Essay For College Scholarship Kelly Tanabe? In Switzerland for example more 56 percent of bananas are Fair Trade and the market share of Fair Trade ground and roast coffee in the UK is 20 percent (Max Havelaar, 2006: 22; Krier, 2005: 30). The market share of Fair Trade bananas has been estimated by the European Commission Director General for Agriculture to reach at least 10 percent in Europe. Table 1: Sales volume in comparison in million Euro (Source: Max Havelaar, 2006/FLO). (TransFair USA, 2006c).

The largest national Fair Trade market is youtube currently the U.S. market, amounting in 2004 to €215 million, followed by the U.K. with a market of €206 million and Switzerland with €135 million (FLO, 2005a: 4). Table 2 illustrates how small the amount of Fair Trade products is that consumers buy on average in large economies like the Accounting, U.S. and Germany compared to Switzerland, thus revealing the essays youtube, immense potential for writing, future growth. While consumers in Germany for example only spent €0.70 on average on Fair Trade products, in the U.K. consumers spent €3.46 and in Switzerland an impressive €18.47 per year (Krier, 2005: 29). Table 2: Average consumption of Fair Trade products per capita in different countries in Euro (Source: Max Havelaar, 2006 / FLO) The most comprehensive study of the exact facts and figures about essays custom youtube Fair Trade organizations is Assigments for me now lyrics a 2005 study “Fair Trade in Europe” published by the four largest Fair Trade organizations(Krier, 2005). It shows that in Europe alone sales of Fair Trade products amount to essays youtube a minimum of €660 million in Personal for money, 2005, including €60 million of non-labelled products. Fair Trade sales increased in Europe by 154 percent in custom youtube, the last 5 years or on average 20 percent per year and these increases are mostly due to the participation of supermarket chains in Fair Trade. Fair Trade products are available at 79,000 points of online kansas, sale in Europe, including 55.000 supermarkets. In Europe more than 100,000 volunteers are involved in the 2.800 world shops and the 200 Fair Trade importing organization (Krier, 2005). In the custom youtube, U.S. the Fair Trade coffee market is growing at business, astounding rates, since 1998 increasing at an average rate of Writing youtube, nearly 90 percent per now lyrics year. Essays Custom? Fair Trade coffee is currently available in Writing direct, 35,000 retail outlets in the U.S. alone (TransFair USA, 2005; 2006d).

There is considerable overlap between certified organic coffee and certified Fair Trade coffee. While in Europe only an Writing essays youtube, estimated 25-45 percent of Fair Trade coffee is also organic, in the U.S. this share is 75-85 percent (Zehner, 2002). 8 There are 5000 to writing essay 7000 different Fair Trade products available, 250 of which are currently certifiable. Most of the uncertified products are handicrafts, but the bulk of all Fair Trade products sold worldwide are agricultural products, mostly coffee, bananas, other fruits, tea and cacao. According to Leatherhead Food International the most important Fair Trade products globally are in bananas (in terms of volume) and essays custom youtube, coffee (value) (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 191, see also FLO, 2005a). 2. 2. The Problem: The “Un”-Fairness of the Neoliberal Free Trade Regime. It is important to understand the reasons why we need Fair Trade in the first place. Classical free trade theory, which originates from Adam Smith’s and David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage, claims that countries specialize in and export what they are relatively good at producing and they import what they cannot produce sufficiently. Since for kansas, example the climate in essays, Germany does not allow for the production of coffee and since the infrastructure and the technological advancement for the manufacturing of cars is not developed in Bolivia, both countries benefit from opening their markets for mutual trade. In theory, free trade is Technical quiz a win-win situation in which everyone benefits. But social reality proves the opposite: international trade (among other things) has contributed immensely to the present situation of devastating poverty for the majority of humanity (McMichael, 2004).

And instead of Writing, increasing the wealth of both trading parties, the an essay for college tanabe, relations between producers and consumers in commodity markets like coffee or bananas can be described as a “perverse transfer of essays youtube, wealth, by Personal statement business some of the supermarkets, from Writing essays custom, farmers and farm workers of developing countries to the consumers of developed countries” (Tallontire Vorley, 2005: 5). The aggressive liberalization of Technical quiz, international trade through international institutions such as the World Bank and Writing essays youtube, the International Monetary Fund has led to an enormous increase in Assigments for me, the volume of trade global trade in 2000 was 22 times the level of 1950 (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 17) and world exports have almost doubled over the last decade (HDR, 2005: 114). But global inequality has grown simultaneously so drastically, that many question the basic assumption that trade benefits all. The United Nations Human Development Report 2005, for example, introduces its section on international trade with a telling quote by Writing youtube Eduardo Galeano: “The division of labour among nations is that some specialize in winning and others in losing.” And to give a flavour of what the outcome of neoliberal trade is Accounting help according to this report the youtube, “world’s richest 500 individuals have a combined income greater than that of the poorest 416 million. Beyond these extremes, the 2.5 billion people living on less than $2 a day 40% of the world’s population account for 5% of global income. The richest 10%, almost all of whom live in high-income countries, account for 54%.” (HDR, 2005: 4) There has also been much scholarly attention to a series of commodity crises of falling prices and to changes in the structure of the supply chains that further concentrate power and benefits within a few supermarkets based in the Global North. The price index of commodities for example declined by 47 percent between 1982 and 2001, and the present the real prices for key agricultural commodities are near a 30-year low (Vorley, 2003).

And the globalization of sourcing, shifting the distribution of now lyrics, power along the global supply chain, gave increased leverage to Writing custom youtube a small group of oligopolistic supermarket chains, the do it for me now lyrics, “new gatekeepers” (HDR, 2005: 139). Writing Essays Custom Youtube? „These companies have tremendous power in How to write an essay for college scholarship, their negotiations with producers and they use that power to Writing essays push the help online kansas, costs and risks of business down the supply chain. Their business model, focused on maximising returns for shareholders and keeping costs competitively low for consumers, demands increasing flexibility through ‘just-in-time’ delivery, but tighter control over inputs and standards, and ever-lower prices“ (Brown, 2005: 3). The squeezing of prices (which are paid on average 45-60 days after delivery; Brown, 2005: 10) and the increased pressures of tightly governed product standards and stringent criteria for make it impossible for many small-scale producers to compete on the market (Reardon et al., 2003). Both the commodity crisis of falling prices for agricultural products and the concentration of power by a few supermarket chains are general patterns in essays youtube, the agricultural industry that are exacerbated in the coffee sector (Lang, 2003). According to a study of the Assigments now lyrics, International Coffee Organization (Osorio, 2004) the general price decreases in agricultural products were greatest in coffee. While exporters received US$10-12 billion per year in the 1980s this has dropped to less then half in 2003 US$5.5 billion. This immense loss in income in developing countries is contrasted with the opposite Writing custom youtube, development in high income countries retail sales in consuming countries increased from US$30 billion in the 1990 to around US$80 billion at present (Osorio, 2004: 2).

Low world prices have reduced costs and at the same time boosted profit margins for those five coffee roasters (Philip Morris, Nestlé, Sara Lee, Proctor Gamble and Tchibo) that in 1998 controlled 69% of the world market (the level of concentration seems to be even higher according to more recent studies; Gibbons, 2005). Exporting countries, meanwhile, have seen their share of final consumer expenditure fall from one-third to Personal business one-thirteenth (Ponte, 2002). Studies on the impact of falling commodity prices show that especially for small-scale producers the effects are disastrous, directly translating into diminished opportunities for human development and increasing poverty (Gibbons, 2005). Small-scale producers of agricultural products in rural societies in many developing countries are confronted with the absence of several key conditions on essays custom youtube, which classical and neo-liberal trade theory is based (Nichols Opal, 2005: 132-54): Many small scale producers face a lack of How to write for college, market access, in terms of transportation, language, education and Writing custom, market information, making it easy for middlemen or big corporations to exploit this uncompetitive situation of ‘monopsony’ (a market situation with only one buyer) and create a race to the bottom. Most producers are excluded from financial markets or insurances and especially the lack of Technical writing, access to credit and custom, the inability to personal switch to other sources of income in response to price changes make it extremely hard for small-scale producers to survive under the global free trade regime. These market situations reveal important power asymmetries in global commodity markets.

Fair Trade tries to address these difficulties by trading directly with producers, promoting long-term trading relationships and by paying a floor price and Writing custom youtube, a social premium. But what is Fair Trade, conceptually, and what are its effects? Before I will assess the impact and functioning of Fair Trade closer I will in the next section systematize the different theories about Fair Trade, particularly distinguishing two different visions. The variety of objectives and characteristics of Fair Trade and the theories about Fair Trade have in write an essay for college scholarship, the literature been conceptualized in terms of two visions of Fair Trade (Renard, 2003: 91; Moore, 2005: 74; Goodman Goodman, 2001). Essays Custom? While the first and pragmatic position sees Fair Trade as a way to Assigments do it now lyrics increase the standard of living for some of the disadvantaged producers in the South through fairer trade relations, the Writing essays custom, second and more idealistic positions sees Fair Trade as a means or a tool to modify the writing essay quiz, neoliberal economic model and to essays transform the entire economy into one in which Fair Trade abandons free trade. 9 And, putting it in a similar dichotomy, whereas some argue that Fair Trade is business compatible with the free market claims of contemporary dominant neoliberal discourse (Nichols Opal, 2005) others claim that Fair Trade promotes “social change” (Taylor, 2005), challenges “abstract capitalist market principles” (Raynolds, 2000: 306) and operates “in and against” the same global capitalist market that it wants to Writing transform (Brown, 1993: 156). The main dividing line centres around the question if Fair Trade is an attempt to bring neoclassical economic theory “closer to reality” (Nichols Opal 2005: 19), or if Fair Trade is a practical critique and homework, departure from free trade theory and practice that opens up an alternative way of trading. Before I will criticize these two conceptions of Fair Trade as both being too extreme and Writing essays custom youtube, missing the real impact of Fair Trade I will take a closer look at an essay for college tanabe, the specific claims these theories make. The moderate view of essays youtube, Fair Trade as perfect neoliberalism argues that the aim of Fair Trade is to create trading conditions that are beneficial rather than exploitative to the most disadvantaged producers in the Global South.

Nicholls and writing quiz, Opal (2005) argue in their comprehensive account that Fair Trade as “market-driven ethical consumption” (so the subtitle), “by correcting market failures to Writing custom make the quiz, trading system work for Writing essays, everyone [is], in fact, a neo-liberal solution to the problems with trade” (p. For Money Business? 13). Instead of construing Fair Trade, like many others, as opposed to free trade, they argue that Fair Trade “makes the Writing custom, free trade system work the way it is help online kansas supposed to.” (p. 31). It does so by correcting those market imperfections that characterize agricultural markets for small-scale producers in Writing essays, developing countries. Paper Level? And this “market-led commercial success story”, so the authors conclusion along the same lines, “works within a capitalist system, rather than abandoning the liberal trade model entirely” (p. 13). Interestingly Paul Rice, president of the U.S. labelling organization TransFair USA seems to share this view. In the 2004 annual report of Writing essays custom, TransFair he writes: “Fair Trade makes globalization and ‘free trade’ work for the poor” (TransFair USA, 2005). On the other hand, so the more idealistic and radical vision, Fair Trade challenges both theory and practice of neoliberal free trade.

It does so by criticizing conventional competitive trade relations as “unfair”, as socially and ecologically destructive and by campaigning for broad change in the way trade between the powerful industrialized countries and personal statement, the countries of the Third World works. Fair Trade thus recognizes the discrepancy in power between the developing and the developed world and it is a practical model of pursuing international trade beyond competition and liberalization. This type of argument often refers to custom youtube socio-cultural changes in terms of the consciousness of market participants. Raynolds (2002a) for example analyses Fair Trade in terms of new kinds of ‘consumer/producer links’ that shorten and humanize the supply chain and introduce values such as fairness, equality and global responsibility into the market. And Tallontire (2000) sees this cooperation as a new ‘partnership’. And Raynolds (2000: 306) even argues that the importance of the Fair Trade movement (similar to the global movement for organic agriculture) lies primarily in Accounting homework help kansas, its ability to challenges the “abstract capitalist market principles that devalue natural and human resources, particularly in essays, countries of the South”. The idea of this line of Assigments do it, argument is that consumers as well as producers through participation in Fair Trade change their attitudes towards markets and trade in general and that this change of mentality has further implications for the free market in general. Some claims even go as far as Goodman and Goodman (2001: 99) who would prefer to have Fair Trade result in a “fundamental transformation of capitalist society and its distinctive rationality.” It has been argued that this is an Writing essays youtube, “inherent contradiction of the business, [Fair Trade] model” (Renard, 2003: 91). Writing? This is certainly the case, if one constructs Fair Trade as constituting either one of these visions.

But as will become clear from the following evaluation of how Fair Trade works in practice, these visions are both too extreme and one sided. The reality of Fair Trade lies somewhere in between: Fair Trade incorporates some elements of the free market and abandons others; with some of its multiple activities Fair Trade stabilizes free trade and with others it challenges free trade. The possible impact of Fair Trade, as has been illustrated by the two visions about Fair Trade, lies in two different areas: First, Fair Trade is supposed to Accounting help benefit producers and the producer communities. This is more or less straightforward and uncontroversial and the results of different case studies will be summarized and systematized in the following section. Essays Youtube? The second type of impact Fair Trade allegedly has that it influences free market and free trade in general is more controversial. In order to analyse this claim I will divide it up in three areas. I will assess the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade on producers, consumers and on actors not participating in the Fair Trade market, analyse the economic impact on the conventional market and How to kelly tanabe, see in how far Fair Trade politically challenges the rules of free trade. 4. 1. Impact on Fair Trade Producers. Measuring the impact of Fair Trade on the lives of producers is extremely important.

Fair Trade claims to be an effective way of improving the living standard of producers in the global south, and Writing custom youtube, consumers buy Fair Trade products in the belief that their purchase is Accounting help kansas having this developmental effect. In the end all the money that NGOs, government agencies and private donators give in youtube, support of Fair Trade and all the money that consumers of Fair Trade products spend on the higher prices of these products could be spent on other development projects that might be more effective. In recent years a variety of Technical, case studies and survey studies on Writing essays custom youtube, the impact of Fair Trade have been published, both by academic research groups (at the University of Greenwich, UK and the Colorado State University, USA) and by NGO’s and help, ATO’s. These studies, most of which are qualitative non-systematic analysis, converge on several general points: Fair Trade has a positive impact on the lives of producers; Fair Trade benefits the producers in a variety of ways beyond increasing income; and the most pervasive problem is that Fair Trade products make up only a part of the sales of producers. There are some limitations to these impact studies, the most important being that most studies do not compare the changes in incomes and livelihoods of the Fair Trade producers to non-Fair Trade producers and communities (an exception is Bechetti Constatini, 2005) and that it is analytically hard to separate the unique contribution of Fair Trade from other influences, especially since Fair Trade projects are often supported in various ways by development agencies (Raynolds 2002b). 10 As has been convincingly argued by essays custom youtube a survey study of the Accounting online kansas, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the benefits from developmental aid and from participating in Fair Trade are highly mutually supportive and interlinked (Dankers, 2003: 64). Complicating the evaluation further, some studies and especially surveys seem to overemphasize the Writing custom youtube, positive instances and to leave out some of the more problematic findings. 11. There are a variety of different impacts on producers. The direct impacts include an increase in income due to the Fair Trade minimum price and the social premium; access to homework help online credit; improved education; psychological and organizational effects such as producer empowerment and its effect on civic participation (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 204).

I will first analyze the benefits from the Writing essays custom, price premium and other directly financial benefits, I will then assess the non-monetary benefits and the organizational and political impacts of personal statement direct, Fair Trade on producers and finally I will try to give a picture of how effective Fair Trade is in Writing essays, transferring money from consumers to producers. 4. 1. 1. Benefits from the price premium. Fair Trade producers receive for their products a floor price, which is, depending on for college tanabe, the fluctuations of the Writing essays, world market prices, significantly higher then what conventional buyers pay and an additional social premium. This price difference is sometimes substantial: due to extremely low world prices, coffee producer organizations for example get at do it for me, present around twice the money conventional producers are paid. On an aggregate level the direct benefits of this extra income for producers are impressive: This extra income calculated from the Writing, difference of Fair Trade floor prices and world prices for all the certified global retail sales (estimated at US$ 1 billion for 2004) and the social premium amounted in How to write an essay tanabe, 2004 to US$100 million, so the 2004-2005 annual report of the FLO (FLO, 2005a: 4, 21). And similarly, the extra benefits for coffee farmers during 2003 amount to over US$22 million, if one calculates the difference between the world market price as defined for Arabica by the New York and for essays, Robusta by the London stock exchange with the Fair Trade minimum price and premium (FLO, 2006). 12 All these benefits are distributed among the 531 producer organizations that are certified by the FLO, representing over one million farmers and workers and, including their families, five million people are affected by the extra income earned through Fair Trade sales above world prices (FLO, 2006). Just looking at these aggregate numbers this means that in 2004 out of US$100 billion consumers spent on Fair Trade products an extra income of research school, almost US$100 on average was transferred to more than one million farmers. On the micro level the essays custom, picture is, however, more complex. For Me? The benefits for individual producers range from doubling their income to just securing their employment without immediate direct benefits. All studies and Writing essays, surveys conclude that Fair Trade has a positive influence on the income of Personal statement business, cooperatives and individual producers, significantly improving their standard of living (Riedel et al, 2005; Mayoux, 2001; Ronchi, 2002; Nicholls Opal, 2005; Taylor, 2002; Dankers, 2003).

13 Different studies demonstrate however highly differing results even in terms of the basic financial benefits. This reflects the different particular circumstances of producers and Writing essays youtube, their environment as well as the uneven distribution of Fair Trade benefits among the producers organizations. Let’s look, at some examples: In a cooperative of 1500 small coffee producers in Chiapas, Mexico, the individual members received up to 200 percent of the conventional price for their coffee - and since coffee incomes made up some 80 percent of family incomes, this made a huge difference (Perezgrovas and Write research paper graduate school, Cervantes, 2002: 16, 19). In a coffee cooperative in Costa Rica the individual members earned 25-60 percent more than the local middle men would have paid them and on average 39 percent more then farmers that did not sell on the Fair Trade market (Ronchi, 2002: 10). In a coffee cooperative in Writing, Bolivia the prices in 2000, compared with the essay, conventional market, ranged from 106 percent to Writing essays 123 percent for Fair Trade, and from 109 percent to 195 percent for organic Fair Trade (Dankers, 2003: 59). In one of the only economistic studies on a Fair Trade farm in Kenya Bechetti Constatini (2005) conclude that Fair Trade improved the essay, social and economic well-being and the nutritional life quality and Writing, that participation in Fair Trade resulted in a higher perceived income, which they attribute mainly to lower expectations among Fair Trade farmers who had access to complementary welfare services. Several studies emphasize the writing, importance the Fair Trade premium plays in improving the overall economic conditions of a cooperative, such as stabilizing loans, buying new infrastructure or improving the working conditions (Lyon, 2002; Mendez, 2002; Dankers, 2003).

The wages at a Fair Trade banana plantation in Ghana, however, were only insignificantly higher than the wages of Writing essays, casual labour in the region (Dankers, 2003: 57, 59). And in a cooperative in El Salvador the financial benefits of participating in Fair Trade were only enough for outstanding debt servicing, in both cases mainly because only a small percentage of products could be sold on the Fair Trade market (Mendez, 2002). Mutersbaugh (2002) evaluates Oaxacan coffee producers’ participation in alternative trading networks very critically, arguing that what producers find most relevant about these networks and do it for me now lyrics, dislike most are the expansive and technically demanding aspects of custom, organic certification. As Raynolds (2002b: 14) correctly analyses, Mutersbaugh does however not analytically distinguish between Fair Trade and organic labelling, and assumes incorrectly that costs for homework help kansas, certification are paid for Writing custom youtube, by producers. Since most Fair Trade coffee is also certified as organic, it is worth noting that sometimes the prices paid for organic coffee on the conventional market are as high or higher as the Fair Trade premium for organic coffee (VanderHoff Boersma, 2002: 11). In addition to the direct monetary benefits from the Fair Trade price premium another important benefit is the provision of credit at reasonable rates and the pre-financing of up to 60 percent of the price of the purchases, if the cooperative demands that. Homework Help Online Kansas? The provision of credit and prepayment is immensely important and is mentioned in most studies as very positive (Taylor, 2002: 21).

A problem that has been reported however is that contrary to the rules of the different Fair Trade labelling organizations and ATOs the actual payment comes very late, creating immense financial pressures for producers (Lyon, 2002: 32). In a cooperative in El Salvador farmers complained that the payments were usually delayed by more than 3 months, as opposed to payments after 30 days on Writing custom, the conventional market (Mendez, 2002: 19). The most pervasive problem and at the same time the Personal statement business, major explanation for Writing, the difference in the direct benefits for individual producers and cooperatives is that many Fair Trade producer organizations are only able to do it sell a small portion of their products on youtube, the Fair Trade market. The supply by far outstretches the How to write for college scholarship kelly tanabe, demand. On a world-wide average Fair Trade producers are only able to sell around 42 percent of their product on the Fair Trade market (Bechetti Constatini, 2005: 3), while Fair Trade coffee cooperatives are selling half of their crops at Fair Trade prices (Levi Linton, 2003).

How this plays out at an individual level is illustrated by youtube a recent study of Nicaraguan coffee farmers (Bacon, 2005). This study shows that although the research paper graduate school level, price paid for essays custom youtube, Fair Trade coffee at the farm gate is more then two times higher then for conventional coffee (US$0.84/lb as opposed to US$0.39/lb to an agro export company or US$0.37/lb to a local middleman), the average price for all the coffee that Fair Trade farmers get is still very low, only slightly higher then conventional prices and sometimes lower then the monetary production costs (US$0.56/lb as opposed to the conventional average of US$0.40/lb, while the monetary production costs average US$0.49 to 0.79/lb, see p. 505). Other factors that play into the difference in income revealed by Technical writing essay quiz the case studies are different local price levels for conventionally grown products and the fact that depending on the internal organization and the social context of the Writing essays, different cooperatives differing proportions of the extra income are absorbed by administrative activities and communal projects. Some producer groups decide to Writing return most of the extra income to Writing essays youtube their members, but many decide democratically to retain part of the extra income and use it communally for health, education, community projects, debt repayment, infrastructure, organic conversion and for me now lyrics, technical training (Nicholls Opal, 2005, table 9.2 on p. 206). In evaluating Fair Trade projects it is furthermore crucially important to take the larger social and geographical of a specific cooperative into account.

Bacon’s study on Nicaraguan coffee farmers emphasizes correctly, that although the Writing essays custom youtube, vulnerability of farmers in the Fair Trade cooperatives to loose their land titles due to low coffee prices is homework online kansas four times lower then for farmers selling for the conventional market, the custom, more important finding is that a vast majority of surveyed farmers, both those selling to Fair Trade and to conventional markets, reported a decline in the standard of living during the homework help kansas, last years (Bacon, 2005: 506). Custom Youtube? And Lewis (2005) points out in his study of the relation between Fair Trade and migration that in the Mexican village he researched the positive effect of Fair Trade organic coffee was outweighed by the negative impact of increased migration patterns. The higher price Fair Trade retailers pay to producer communities has a significant impact on the lives of thousands of small-scale producers. A closer look at essay quiz, different Fair Trade farms and essays youtube, cooperatives shows however that the Assigments now lyrics, impact is very different depending on a variety of factors. There has not been a systematic comparative account that describes the general patterns of these differences. Writing Essays Youtube? But all studies point out that the biggest problem for producer communities is that they cannot sell all their products on the Fair Trade market. The fact that most producer groups in different studies emphasize the How to write scholarship kelly tanabe, need to increase the Fair Trade market furthermore reveals the importance participation in and benefits of Fair Trade has for small-scale producers (Murray et al, 2003: 5). Producers not only directly benefits from the extra income or Fair Trade, but also from long-term relationships, improved organization and essays youtube, market information, all of which may affect their non-Fair Trade relations (Nichols Opal, 2005: 202).

In several studies psychological benefits like improved self esteem and pride in the higher level of control over for me now lyrics the value chain are evaluated as very beneficial and important. Murray et al (2003: 8) for example reports from seven case studies with coffee farmers in Latin America that “in case after case, farmers reported that the increased attention to their farming including the visits of Fair Trade and organic inspectors, buyers and youtube, even visiting Northern consumers () promoted renewed pride in coffee farming.” (see also Mayoux, 2001; Ronchi, 2002: 17). Taylor (2002: 19) found that this increased self esteem “was often manifested in producers’ behavior relative to others in their community, such as increased participation in public assemblies.” In other studies these more subtle improvements were only acknowledged by a small minority (e.g. of only 14 % in a case study in El Salvador; Mendez, 2002: 21). Other indirect benefits of participation in Fair Trade reported in case studies are increased spending on education of children (Lyon, 2002: 9; Ronchi, 2002: 8; Murray et al, 2003: 9) and the preservation of indigenous cultures (Murray et al, 2003: 4; Lyon, 2002: 32). It must however be noted that the evidence for the claim that high proportions of the extra income through Fair Trade is spent on education and research graduate school, that Fair Trade supports the survival of indigenous cultures is more anecdotal than systematic and that other factors like low success rates in schools or powerful trends like urbanization and migration may neutralize these impacts (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 209). An important issue in Fair Trade is the Writing youtube, apparent gender bias. A variety of studies has shown, that since the Assigments do it for me now lyrics, income generated from Fair Trade crops is generally controlled by Writing essays youtube male household members, and Write paper graduate level, since less woman are employed in Fair Trade cooperatives, there is no or little female empowerment or improvement of the livelihoods of custom, woman through Fair Trade (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 208; Tallontire, 2000: 170; Redfern Snedker, 2002: 39). Sometimes more women are employed but men still get the income (Mayoux, 2001).

Often specific woman empowerment programs are required by the certifiers but the implementation seems hard (Taylor, 2002: 4). And as Mayoux (2001) has pointed out, if females are employed in Fair Trade their workload often increases since they are not exempt from household work. There are however also positive examples: In a producer organization in India in Assigments do it, the increased participation of females in the production process had broader impacts like “increase in self-confidence, economic independence, better access to health, and participation in decision-making in the family, community, and local council” (Redfern Snedker, 2002: 39; see also Paul, 2005: 148). Many studies emphasize the importance of organizational development through Fair Trade (Ronchi, 2002; Mayoux, 2001; Murray et al, 2003; Nicholls Opal, 2005; Paul, 2005). A report by the FAO that is based on seven case studies concludes for Writing essays youtube, example: “In all the cases involving farmer cooperatives, it is Assigments for me clear that the fair-trade price premium is only part, and often only Writing essays custom youtube a small part, of the benefits derived from the statement for money business, fair-trade system. The success in self-organization seems to be far more important, resulting in Writing essays custom youtube, better bargaining positions, better credit worthiness and Technical essay quiz, economies of scale” (Dankers, 2003: 64).

Fair Trade certification requires small farmers to be organized in cooperatives and workers to establish democratically elected bodies to decide on the use of the social premium. It is important to note the mutually supportive effects of Writing essays custom youtube, Fair Trade and cooperatives. Cooperatives enhance producer power in local markets, increase income for write an essay scholarship kelly, both members and non-members by creating competition to Writing youtube private intermediaries and democratically empower its members to express their voices collectively. Milford (2004) has shown in a study on help online kansas, cooperatives in Chiapas, Mexico, that cooperatives often failed if they were not involved in selling for the Fair Trade market. If cooperatives are engaged in Fair Trade, they cannot only compete better in the conventional market but Fair Trade also works better in generating cooperative and organizational benefits then other financial and developmental support by NGOs or governments (Milford, 2004). Other studies raise doubts about the Writing essays custom youtube, accountability and efficiency of cooperatives. A study from Assigments do it now lyrics, a coffee cooperative in Nicaragua argues that the cooperative as a organizational structure “involves an expensive, top-heavy entrepreneurial hierarchy, including a large administrative staff and youtube, substantial representation costs for its leaders” (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 42). Several studies revealed a lack of Personal statement for money business, “effective democracy” in large cooperatives and even the Writing, emergence of do it, a new “management class” (Dankers, 2003: 64) and there have even been reports of Writing custom youtube, corruption (Lyon, 2002: 35). Other organizational benefits that have been highlighted in several studies are access to Technical writing essay quiz market information and the increased credibility of producer organizations that participate in Fair Trade.

All these aspects have helped many producer cooperatives their performance in the non-Fair Trade market, often enabling small farmer coffee organizations to establish direct links with foreign companies, sometimes under conditions similar to Fair Trade (Taylor, 2002: 10, 21). Youtube? The organizational strength of Fair Trade cooperatives has helped several producer organizations to take innovational routes of opening up new market possibilities. Writing Personal Statement Direct? La Selva, a coffee cooperative in Chiapas, Mexico, for example started to sell their coffee in a Mexican chain of cafeterias, the first of which opened in San Cristóbal de Las Casas in 1994 (Cabanas, 2002: 30). In an interesting article titled Bringing the moral charge home Jaffe et al. (2004) have investigated several Fair Trade initiatives within the South. Realizing that conventional Fair Trade is only able to benefit a small fraction of cooperatives, civil society organizations and producer groups in Mexico launched their own label called Commercio Justo México in Writing essays custom, 1999 (Jaffe et al, 2004: 184).

In 2001 the quiz, first coffee was sold under this Mexican domestic label, thus addressing the problems of youtube, small producers that sell to the domestic market and changing a situation in which the best coffee products had to be imported (Comercio Justo, 2006). 14 A similar initiative is the network ANEC (National Association of Peasant Marketing Enterprises) that started to sell domestically labelled Tortillas to Assigments do it for me counter recent trends of deteriorating quality of corn which were caused by Writing essays custom cheap U.S. Statement For Money? imports after NAFTA (Jaffe et al, 2004: 186). These initiatives seem very promising and, as Jaffe et al (2004) argue, together with similar attempts in the North they could broaden our understanding of Fair Trade in positive ways. Another interesting aspect of Fair Trade one that is extremely hard to Writing custom measure and that only few studies take into account are the possible spill-over effects to non-Fair Trade producers and the entire community stemming from the organizational power of write tanabe, Fair Trade cooperatives. There are obvious benefits to the families of producers through the extra income and on the producer communities through the impact of the developmental projects (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 213; Taylor, 2002: 24). In a coffee cooperative in Mexico the members became politicized through their participation in the assemblies. One member reports: “We know that even if La Selva decided to Writing essays custom stop selling coffee, the organization would go on. Write An Essay For College Scholarship Tanabe? We know this because in the assemblies we discuss the sale of Writing essays custom youtube, coffee and management of the farms, but also the Accounting online, people are concerned about more wide reaching problems about our relationship with the rest of the world. For example: how the custom, government projects are run, the problems in the Registro Civil (office for direct, births, marriages, and deaths), land tenancy questions, and religious festivals.” (Cabañas, 2002: 30). Essays? And a Guatemalan cooperative helped the government in setting up a trash collection program and supported community events and the local school with supplies and furniture (Lyon, 2002: 30).

In general Fair Trade seems to increase what Putnam (2000) called the social capital of communities by thickening organizational structures and strengthening civil society (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 215). Besides the write an essay for college, financial benefits Fair Trade thus provides a variety of other benefits, all of which are important to the improvement of the lives of producers. Especially the organizational and Writing essays custom youtube, cooperative benefits of Fair Trade, even if sometimes not perfectly effective, are crucial in increasing the market power of producers, in providing new sources of income and in strengthening the political struggle of farmers. The gender bias observed in several studies is an issue that must be addressed in the future. There is Write research paper school level still a lack of consistent research on the impact and the effectiveness of Fair Trade (Paul, 2005).

Especially the attempts to essays come up with quantifiable methods of calculating if the money spent on Fair Trade products or donated to Fair Trade organizations is well spent, is only in its preliminary stages. Since all the impact studies conclude that the Technical, most important benefits of Fair Trade are non-monetary, quantitative assessments can only capture one part of the entire impact that Fair Trade has on youtube, producers (Paul, 2005). The non-monetary impact on the life of producers is paper graduate school hard to quantify, but the qualitative research summarized above should give some insight. Nicholls Opal (2005: 225) attempted to use a quantitative and highly sophisticated account to measure the social return on investment for a South African wine cooperative and Writing youtube, found with this somewhat contingent and problematic method that “for every £1 spent on Fair Trade wine (at the Assigments do it, import level), a value of £6.89 was returned to the community.” Since the Writing essays custom youtube, higher price of Accounting homework online, Fair Trade products is essays youtube divided up by several margins (retailer, distributor, coffee roaster, importer, producer) it would seem far less efficient then giving the money directly to Assigments do it now lyrics the producers. There has not been a systematic account yet.

While some studies suggest that a reasonable percentage of the extra price for Fair Trade actually reaches producers, other reports seem to Writing imply that sometimes Fair Trade is a pretty inefficient way to transfer money to producers in the South. In a critical article in the Wall Street Journal Stecklow White (2004) have reported some examples that show how Northern retailers benefit far more then the producers from Fair Trade: At Sainsbury's, a British supermarket chain, the price of Fair Trade bananas (which was four times that of conventional bananas) was US$2.74 per pound. The producers receive only 16 cents per pound, 55 cent go to all the Assigments now lyrics, middlemen and importers and the rest to the supermarket, which earns approximately US$2 with every pound of organic Fair Trade bananas. 15 At a Cafe Borders in New York City, producers paid nearly US$12 a pound for bags of Fair Trade coffee while farmers received only US$1.41. Essays Custom Youtube? A comparative study of the coffee supply chain of Nestlé and the Fair Trade supplier Cafédirect found that out of the 34 percent Fair Trade mark-up for the consumer price only 4 percent ended up with the producers, mainly due to higher costs of advertisement and marketing licence (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 40). How To Kelly? Zehner (2002) compared Fair Trade coffee and conventional coffee and Writing essays, found that 43 percent of the higher price of US$1.50 is passed on to producers while 39 percent went into the increased margin of Starbucks itself.

And there are more similar examples (Stecklow White, 2004; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 51). This is however not the general rule. Paper Graduate School? Other retailers, by selling Fair Trade products at the same price as conventional products, have shown the way to increase the market share of Fair Trade and to Writing essays youtube decrease exclusion on the side of Writing law school direct, consumers. At the supermarket chain Migros in Switzerland for example Fair Trade bananas have almost the same price as non-Fair Trade bananas (which made it possible to increase the market share of Writing essays custom, Fair Trade banana to 56 percent) and Wild Oats Natural Marketplace in the U.S. sells Fair Trade bananas and bulk coffee at the same price as their conventional counterparts (Stecklow White, 2004). To change this situation, in which consumers pay very high prices with the intention of helping producers, but end up mostly increasing the margin of the retailer, it would be interesting to investigate the possibility of homework help, establishing a further criterion for Fair Trade certification, ruling that the margins of retailers cannot be higher for Fair Trade products than for conventional products. Writing Essays Custom Youtube? A related criterion could be to make all retailers of Writing personal statement law school, Fair Trade products disclose their margins, something many retailers refuse to do (Stecklow White, 2004).

16 Another problem is the inefficiency of custom youtube, many Fair Trade supply chains. In order to increase the market share of Fair Trade products and to writing essay benefit more producers this problem has to be addressed as well. (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003). Another important ratio is the return on investment in the labelling organizations. If one just takes into account all the money the FLO and its member organizations spent in 2002 and calculates the return on investment of Writing, this money by homework help online dividing it with the total benefits for farmers, the ration is 2.8 : 1, meaning that every dollar spent by the labelling organizations increases farmer income by US$2.8 (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 216). And TransFair USA claims that since 1999 “each dollar of TransFair USA's budgets has been translated into essays custom youtube more than $7 in supplemental income for farmers and Accounting homework help, farm workers.” 17 These measures, however, do only include one part of the extra money consumers spent on the higher prices for Fair Trade products.

These examples show that due to very high margins in the North or to inefficient management of the youtube, trade partly only a small portion of the extra money consumers pay goes directly to do it for me the producers. This is particularly appalling because the high prices of Fair Trade products prevent the demand from increasing. And, as we have seen, one of the main problems of Fair Trade producers was the insufficient demand and producers could immediately double their supply. 4. 2. Impact on the Free Trade Market. Fair Trade does not only benefit the Writing essays, producers it sources its products from, but as an attempt to create alternative or at least different trading practices it has a wider impact on the free market in general. Tanabe? This means, Fair Trade influences not only the producers, but as well consumers, other actors on the market like competing companies and political decision makers. Writing Essays Youtube? Most authors who write about the broader impact of Fair Trade emphasize socio-cultural changes and neglect the political and economic pressures Fair Trade exerts on the market.

But all are important and I will address them separately. 4. 2. 1. Socio-Cultural Impact of Fair Trade. There has been no systematic research on how participation in Fair Trade brings about socio-cultural changes. I will in do it, this section lay out the general idea of what the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade might be. In the next section I will then raise some general doubts and problems that might limit or neutralize the Writing essays custom, socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade. What is this socio-cultural impact, the “quiet revolution” 18 Fair Trade is supposed to bring about in the values and Write research paper graduate school, practices of custom youtube, its participants and even among those who don’t participate?

Fair Trade links consumers and producers together in ways that are fundamentally different from the conventional market, so a claim held by many activists and researchers (Raynolds, 2002a). It ‘humanizes’ the trade process (so ETFA, the European Fair Trade Association, Raynolds, 2002a: 404) by shortening the consumer-producers chain and by introducing values like solidarity, cooperation and equality into the market. While in conventional markets the interests of write for college scholarship tanabe, producers and consumers are inherently contradictory and gains for the one are losses for the other Fair Trade re-personalizes trade by introduces real deliberative decisions and values into youtube the otherwise automatic and anonymous price mechanism. The Fair Trade movement recognizes that economic activity is Personal for money business social activity. Fair Trade, just by functioning the essays youtube, way it does, “destabilizes neo-liberal knowledge claims” (Raynolds, 2002a: 398). Whereas the Accounting online, quality of conventional products just consists of the physical features and the image attached to essays custom youtube it by the brand (Klein, 2002), thus excluding the Write research paper school, conditions of Writing essays youtube, production from the paper school, value or the quality, Fair Trade includes these into the quality of the product. Producer and consumer links that make the conditions and Writing essays custom, lives of producers visible to the consumers are created, maintained and “performed” through the discursive and narrative tactics of writing, images and Writing essays youtube, label texts about Assigments for me now lyrics corporate policies, personalities and lives in the producer community (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 109). This competition for the “hearts and minds” of the Writing essays custom youtube, consumers through disclosing facts about the production process, which are absent from other, changes the geography of Personal statement business, production: The power of who defines what is “quality” in a product is to some degree shared by producers and consumers as partners (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 112). Fair Trade furthermore uncovers that conventional markets are dominated by the most powerful actors that create the custom youtube, market and shape its rules in their own interests, thus contributing to counter the neoliberal view of the economy as a level playing field (Taylor, 2005: 139). Fair Trade frames conventional products as ‘un-fair’ and thus challenges consumers that do not buy Fair Trade products to think about the social and environmental costs that might not be included into the cheap price of the product.

Fair Trade has thereby contributed to the impressive rise of ethical or “green” consumerism (Cowe Williams, 2000; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 186). Various studies reveal that a growing portion of consumers sees itself as “ethical” or “green” consumers that are taking social and environmental values into account in their market behaviour and are partly willing to pay more. Different studies estimate the percentage of ethical consumers differently, but there is increasing evidence that 50 to 80 percent of all consumers fall under this category and homework online kansas, that the market for ethical goods and services is Writing essays growing at rates of 20 percent per essay year and already amounts to U.S.$8 billion (Nicholls Opal, 2005; Cooperative Group, 2004). 19 From these surveys it is obvious that the market for ethical products is huge and growing and that many consumers care about the social and ecological externalities of the production process. This is a clear signal that self interested utility maximisation is not the essays custom, only driver of economic action certain values associated with the dislike of global inequalities are becoming additional determinants of individual choices. Do It? 20 It is important to notice however the essays youtube, “ethical gap” between the preferences consumers state in surveys and their actual behaviour on the market (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 187). Although most surveys reveal that around 30 percent of the Write school level, population is Writing essays custom particularly motivated to essay buy ethical products these products make up only fewer than 3 percent of their individual markets. This phenomenon has been termed the “30:3 syndrome” and Writing custom youtube, it is one of the statement for money business, most important challenges Fair Trade faces for the future to Writing essays custom youtube close this gap (Cowe Williams, 2000: 5).

Fair Trade also represents a model that provides orientation for change (Roozen Boersma, 2002). Fair Trade establishes, in contrast to the competitive trade relations, a partnership approach to Personal statement business trade that aims at incorporating ethics into trade by focusing on values such as equality of exchange, cooperation and fairness and by trying to increase the terms of trade in favour of the essays youtube, producer (Tallontire, 2000). 21 Fair Trade is however not only a practical model of alternative trading practices but a variety of companies in the Fair Trade movement embody also a model for alternative business practices. Instead of being characterized by writing essay external shareholders and essays, profits like conventional companies, many of the alternative trading organizations involved in Fair Trade are cooperatively run, owned by the workers and some do not work for profit (Nichols Opal, 2005: 96). Writing Quiz? One example is The Day Chocolate Company that directly connects small-scale cocoa farmers into global markets by making the farmers shareholders in the company (Doherty Tranchel, 2005). The social impact of Fair Trade is multilayered and Writing essays custom youtube, complex. Fair Trade humanizes trade relations through consumer-producer links, it undermines conventional the legitimacy of conventional production and do it now lyrics, it epitomizes functioning alternatives.

Fair Trade can be understood as a model for politicians as well as for private corporations. A model of alternative trading practices that restricts competition, includes social externalities into the price and is fairer in its outcomes; and an example of an alternative company model that does not only aim at increasing profits, but at Writing essays youtube, serving both producers and consumers. The section on for money business, the political impact of Fair Trade will discuss deliberate attempts by Fair Trade actors to lobby for political change of the rules of Writing essays custom youtube, international trade by invoking the Writing law school direct, Fair Trade system as a model of cooperation in trade that works. Writing Custom Youtube? And the section on economic impacts of Fair Trade will see in how far Fair Trade influences competing corporations to improve their practices, both through market pressures by Accounting homework help online conscious consumers and by representing a functioning alternative. Although and most researchers agree on this point participation in Fair Trade has important socio-cultural impacts on consumers along the lines laid out above, some concerns can be raised about these claims.

Especially in how far producers really are part of the essays, “consumer/producer links” in Fair Trade networks is questionable. Many studies reveal the limited sense of understanding and identification producers have towards Fair Trade for most it is just another market that demands higher quality and pays higher prices (Mendez, 2002; Perezgrovas and write an essay for college scholarship, Cervantes, 2002; Lyon, 2002; Dankers, 2003). One researcher at a Guatemalan coffee cooperative observed: “The vast majority of Writing youtube, interviewed members stared at me blankly when asked if they knew what Fair Trade was. Some came up with creative responses that exhibited a minimum level of comprehension such as ‘Fair Trade is the good price that they pay us for our coffee’” (Lyon, 2002: 24). 22 The understanding many producers have of Fair Trade is writing essay quiz mostly based on quality and price. Taylor (2002) reports in Writing essays youtube, his summary of seven case studies that it was easier for producers to homework help kansas understand the impacts of organic production since it was more related to their farming activity and they got a higher price for essays, improved quality. Do It Now Lyrics? And one producer claimed: “In Fair Trade there are higher quality products, and in custom youtube, the conventional market the produce is contaminated and at Personal business, the same time sold at essays custom youtube, lower prices.” (VanderHoff Boersma, 2002: 18). Other cooperatives have an understanding that is Accounting help closer to the theories about consumer/producer links. Isaías Martínez, a farmer in Mexico, for example says: “The most important contribution of the essays, Fairtrade Labelling system is in my eyes that our ‘dignity as a human being’ is recovered. We are no longer a plaything of the anonymous economic power that keeps us down” (FLO, 2006). Research School? This gap in Writing essays custom youtube, understanding Fair Trade is, according to several studies, a new development that is commonly attributed to Write research paper graduate school the increased activity of big national labelling organizations and large retailers that see Fair Trade more as business than the alternative trading organizations.

23. On the custom youtube, consumer side there is another set of worries. Especially the mainstreaming of Fair Trade has led to a diffusion of quiz, its message that changed from participation in an international project of trade reform to one in which consumers are “shopping for a better world” (Low Davenport, 2005b). It is important to Writing essays custom youtube be conscious of who is getting what out of a Fair Trade deal: The consumer on the one hand receives, in addition to the product, the “good feel factor”. A reason to perceive herself as an “ethical” and “responsible” consumer is given by the message on the Nestlé coffee: “Partners’ Blend: Coffee that helps farmers, their communities and the environment”. 24 The producer on write scholarship tanabe, the other hand gets a couple of cents more than on the conventional market, but will never be able to Writing essays youtube consume in a similar way. Write An Essay Tanabe? In light of the asymmetry in Writing essays custom, wealth between consumers and producers one could ask if the standards in Fair Trade are an “adequate representation of ‘equal exchange’ or ‘fairness’ in relation to the rich consuming North?” (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 115). Although this is a legitimate question it is not important in a practical or pragmatic sense since not buying regular coffee or not buying coffee at all are both detrimental to the producer. It is however important to Accounting help online kansas not let the experience of consuming a cup of fairly traded coffee become an “absolution” (Howley, 2006) and a justification to source all the other products through conventional markets. There are some further general concerns that can be raised about the power relations in Fair Trade, in particular about the commodification of the lives of producers in advertising for Fair Trade and Writing custom, exclusive standards and prices, but both are necessary mechanisms to make Fair Trade effective and homework help kansas, successful on essays youtube, the market.

25. 4. 2. 2. Economic Impact of Fair Trade. Besides the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade described above and its attempts to influence the politically established rules of the market explained in the following section the most recognized impact Fair Trade has on the market is economic. The argument has two parts. The first part is concerned with the amount to which international trade gets transformed just by the fact that more and more products are traded through Fair Trade organizations. And since that is limited somewhat, the other part analyses the indirect impact Fair Trade has on competing companies in forcing them to Personal business change their trading policies by raising awareness about the social and environmental externalities of the production process. Fair Trade only amounts to a small portion of all international trade, currently to far less than one percent. But Fair Trade has potential to grow especially since Fair Trade has shifted from being an alternative to increasingly penetrating the mainstream, and in some markets Fair Trade already accounts for large portions of all trade (Krier, 2005; Taylor, 2005).

There is an extremely controversial discussion about the recent development of Fair Trade into the mainstream which gives practical importance to the debate between the Writing essays, two visions of Fair Trade described above. Assigments? The positive sides of selling Fair Trade products through mainstream channels and custom youtube, commercial supermarkets such as Starbucks in the USA or Tesco in the UK are fairly uncontroversial: immense increases in the volume of Fair Trade products, which thus benefit more producers, an increase in the availability and range of products and opening up the message of Fair Trade to a much wider audience then through ‘alternative’ trade (Low Davenport, 2005a: 150). The downside of mainstreaming Fair Trade, on the other hand, is more controversial. There are several concerns about Technical essay mainstreaming Fair Trade. A general critique comes from conservative free market advocates. Philip Booth (2005) from the London based Institute of Economic Affairs argues that by paying a minimum price Fair Trade is disturbing the automatic market mechanisms of Adam Smith’s invisible hand. While it might help the producers that sell on the Fair Trade market it is Writing detrimental to all other producers in that market.

Guaranteeing a minimum price, so the argument continues, also creates oversupply. 26 While this critique overestimates the power of Fair Trade to disturb the market and to create oversupply and although it suppresses the for me, far more important market disturbances described above (market power of TNCs, monopsony, imperfect access to custom credit and information etc.), it raises the important issue of how Fair Trade influences non-Fair Trade producers. Paper Graduate School Level? The argument against Fair Trade is however flawed. In order to avoid negative impacts on other producers and to decrease the dependency of Writing essays custom youtube, Fair Trade producers the labelling organizations encourage producers to diversify their production and help them to access new markets. Furthermore, as I will discuss in the next section, contrary to harming other producers, Fair Trade has contributed to a broader trend of social standards and certifications that might bring about positive change for all producers. Most of the criticism of the mainstreaming of Fair Trade comes however from supporters of the Write graduate school, general idea of alternative trade. Essays Custom Youtube? One worry is that big mainstream corporations that take part in Fair Trade undermine the for college kelly, message of Fair Trade. Whereas the Fair Trade movement started as a movement of alternative trading organizations that practiced trade not along cooperative lines and challenged conventional competitive and exploitative trading practices the mainstreaming of Fair Trade introduces new actors with different interests and practices into Fair Trade. Whereas ATOs are interested in essays youtube, increasing the benefits for the producers in the South, the motives of mainstream corporations like Starbucks or Tesco are by no means the principles of Fair Trade but to increase their profits (Ransom, 2005). Mainstream supermarket chains this is now lyrics confirmed by Writing essays custom most studies see Fair Trade as a “useful marketing tool which differentiates them in Write research graduate school, the market [and as] one of the tools in the CSR [Corporate Social Responsibility] armament rather than a basis for custom youtube, doing business” (Young, 2003: 10).

This difference in interest becomes manifest for example in the overpricing of Fair Trade products by many supermarket chains, that has been discussed above. 27. Another concern is that this “clean-washing” (Low Davenport, 2005b) or “fairwashing” (Nichols Opal, 2005: 138) helps mainstream corporations to justify and perpetuate their exploitative trading practices (Raynolds, 2002a). By selling a small percentage of quiz, their products under the Fair Trade certification, mainstream companies can use the strategy of “parallel production” (Mutersbaugh, 2005b: 398) to improve their image as socially conscious without fundamentally changing their sourcing practices. Writing Essays Custom? Some of the smaller alternative trading organizations that sell 100 percent of their coffee Fair Trade dropped out of write an essay for college, third party certification altogether as a response to these practices. Just Coffee, one of them, explains the strategy of fairwashing or parallel production: “the conventional roasters are lining up to access the Fair Trade label. The problem is that they want to do this without changing their business practices (), still buying the bulk of their coffee paying low market prices while they use the Fair Trade label on the miniscule amount of ‘Fair Trade’ coffee they purchase. They want to capitalize on the symbol without committing to what it stands for.” (quoted in Nicholls Opal, 2005: 138). Some examples: Starbucks, which adopted Fair Trade coffee under severe consumer pressure in 2000, purchased in 2005 only 3.7 percent (5.21 million kg) of its coffee under the custom youtube, Fair Trade label (Benjamin, 2006; Renard, 2003). And, as mentioned in Write graduate level, the introduction, Nestlé is using the Fair Trade label to make up for being labelled 2005s “least responsible company” worldwide by selling some of their products with the youtube, Fair Trade label the actual amount is not laid open but are estimated to be less than 1 percent (Nestlé, 2005). As Booth (2005) has noted, the biggest retail promoter of Fair Trade in Writing direct, Britain, the Writing, Coop, is at Writing law school, the same time the biggest recipient of subsidies from the EU common agricultural policy in the country. “There is essays custom youtube no doubt whatsoever that the subsidies do more damage to the developing world than the sale of How to an essay scholarship kelly, Fair Trade products does good” (Booth 2005: 8).

Bill Vorley (2003: 77) gives another interesting and essays youtube, telling example: The Asda Wal-Mart excused its shift away from sourcing most of its bananas from small farms in the Caribbean by pointing to its Fair Trade bananas, highlighting the fact that it is still possible to buy Caribbean bananas. It did however suppress the fact that the Fair Trade bananas only made up an extremely small percentage of Assigments do it for me, all the bananas it sold. A related problem with mainstreaming Fair Trade is the asymmetry in power that is created by the fact that mainstream corporations only sell a small portion of their products under the Writing youtube, label (Renard, 2005). Since this portion makes up a huge percentage of all the Accounting, Fair Trade sales, the labelling organizations become dependent on these sales, while corporations like Starbucks could easily change their buying policies. In the U.S. for Writing essays custom youtube, example, where Fair Trade coffee is growing at impressive rates of almost 90 percent per year, huge parts of these increases are due to the participation of mainstream actors like Peet's Coffee Tea, Starbucks, Dunkin’ Donuts, McDonalds and Tully's (TransFair USA, 2006a; 2006b). If Starbucks would decide to trade its 3.7 percent of Personal statement for money business, Fair Trade coffee under its own label C.A.F.E. (Coffee And Farmers Equity) a move that would not much affect Starbuck this would have devastating affects on Fair Trade in the U.S., decreasing world coffee sales by more than 10 percent and essays custom youtube, decreasing Fair Trade coffee sales in the U.S. by 21 percent (Starbucks, 2006; TransFair USA, 2006). Renard (2005: 30) mentions a similar dilemma: “Would TransFair USA be capable, at this point, of stripping Starbucks of its seal if in fact Starbucks practices were shown not to comply with Fair Trade norms or generally unethical, despite the importance of Personal business, Starbucks Fair Trade sales in custom, the US?” Another threat is the strategy of “standards dilution” (Mutersbaugh, 2005b: 398) employed by TNCs to for money alter the standards set by an NGO like the FLO, using their immense power and share of sales (Renard, 2005).

The growth of youtube, Fair Trade into How to write for college scholarship the mainstream bears immense possibilities; but at the same time it creates some new dangers, mainly the undermining of the message of Fair Trade, the Writing youtube, fairwashing of socially and environmentally destructive corporations and increasing dependency of the labelling organizations on large retailers. The question is thus one of finding the right balance between these, or as one scholar has put it: “At what point do increased sales and economies of Writing statement law school direct, scale cross the fuzzy line between more income and benefits for essays, producers to dependency on mainstream markets and potential loss of the cutting edge in challenging unjust world trade relations?” 28. The other side of the economic impact Fair Trade has on the market is its indirect power to influence competing corporations to change their trading practices outside of Fair Trade. This power of Fair Trade is mainly its ability to indirectly influence and change the preferences of consumers by pointing attention on the producers and How to an essay for college scholarship kelly tanabe, the conditions of production and by providing a viable alternative. Essays Youtube? The socio-cultural changes associated with this argument have been laid out above. Various studies reveal that a growing portion of personal direct, consumers sees itself as “ethical” or “green” consumers that are taking social and environmental values into account in their market behaviour and are partly willing to pay more. Fair Trade plays an important role in this increase of the segment of conscious consumers, especially by showing that alternatives are possible (Roozen Boersma, 2002b). Transnational corporations have often responded to essays custom youtube consumer demands and pressure for better social and environmental production by arguing that it is impossible to control the entire supply chain. The new division of labour, involving the establishment of export processing zones (EPZs), global subcontracting and lean production are used by statement law school direct TNCs to justify exploitation and essays custom, environmental destruction as inevitable and personal law school, impossible to essays youtube control (McMichael, 2004).

Fair Trade shows in Writing statement law school, practice that social and ecological exploitation are not natural and that corporations can take responsibility, thus proving the youtube, standard apologetic reactions of Technical, corporations wrong. It is Writing custom youtube a well established fact that more and more corporations react to these market pressures and shifting consumer preferences by establishing CRS (corporate social responsibility) standards and by Assigments do it now lyrics creating guidelines and standards for custom youtube, internal monitoring (Mutersbaugh, 2005a; 2005b; Renard, 2005). This has been described as a “paradox of globalization” (Barrientos, 2000: 556; Tallontire Vorley, 2005): On the one hand there are strong trends to deregulation and market liberalization in the context of the rise of neoliberalism and on the other hand there are more and more attempts to privately re-regulate the market; while transnational corporations abuse their increasing market power to further lower the Accounting homework help online, price of production and externalize social and environmental costs these same corporations take part in the rise of different and mostly private measures that claim to improve social and Writing essays, environmental sustainability of personal statement, production. I will not go into Writing custom youtube the developments of How to an essay tanabe, this general process of the increase of labels and just mention one example (see Muradian Pelupessy, 2005). Starbucks, which sells 3.7 percent (5.21 million kg) of its coffee with a Fair Trade label, has established its own self monitored first party label “C.A.F.E” (Coffee and Farmers Equity) practices that amounts to another 24.6 percent (34.84 million kg) of total sales. Essays? This label is supposed to “ensure the sustainable production of high-quality coffee by addressing social, environmental and economic responsibility throughout the coffee supply chain” (Starbucks, 2006a: 20). Starbucks goal is, as illustrated in table 3, to double the amount of coffee traded under the statement for money business, C.A.F.E. Writing? practices to around 70 million kg in 2006 and further increase it to 102 million kg in 2007, which would mean that almost three fourths of all the coffee Starbucks buys is monitored under its own label (Starbucks, 2006a: 4; Benjamin, 2006). Table 3: Projected increase of Starbucks coffee bought under its own label C.A.F.E. practices (Source: Starbucks, 2006a: 19). In assessing these developments one first has to take into level account the extremely high price Starbucks pays to Writing essays custom youtube its producers. Starbucks has paid an average price of $2.84 per kg for all the 142 million kg of unroasted coffee it bought, both for labelled and unlabelled coffee. This average price is 23 percent higher than the average commodity market price, and even more than the minimum price of Fair Trade ($2.80 per kg) (Starbucks, 2006a: 17; Benjamin, 2006).

This is an extremely promising and extremely effective development. Personal For Money? The entire sales of Starbucks, sold at an average price higher than Fair Trade, amount to 2 percent of Writing, global coffee sales and are more than four times the amount of Fair Trade coffee certified globally in 2003 (30 million kg) (TransFair USA, 2005: 2). It is however also important to Assigments for me now lyrics take a close look at the supply chain, to Writing essays dig into the reasons why Starbucks does not substantially increase its participation in Fair Trade and to see in how far these high prices are outweighed by writing the high costs of standard compliance to the high quality requirements. The high price Starbucks pays for its coffee can partly be explained by the fact that Starbucks only buys gourmet coffee with extremely high intrinsic qualities. And the Writing essays custom, C.A.F.E label is only a “code of conduct-lite” (Renard, 2005: 429), focusing first and foremost on the intrinsic quality and the taste of the Write research graduate school level, coffee and essays custom youtube, adding ecological and social standards as secondary. Further important differences to the Fair Trade label are among others (Starbucks, 2006b): the payment of homework help kansas, higher premium prices increases with better performance instead of a guaranteeing a minimum price; the essays custom youtube, infrastructure of certification remains internal to Starbucks, making it impossible for producers to influence the standards (Mutersbaugh, 2005a); there is no substantial third party monitoring; verifiers are not autonomous, making it a “fully private” as opposed to the “semi-public” space in Fair Trade certification (Mutersbaugh, 2005b); and there is less organizational and developmental support. Since the high price is only one of the online, benefits of participation in Fair Trade, and as shown in Writing youtube, the case studies above not even the for college scholarship kelly tanabe, most important benefit, all the non-monetary benefits of Fair Trade do only partially apply to custom those producers selling to Starbucks through its C.A.F.E. scheme.

Besides these trends to undermine the Fair Trade label there are reports of problems at the producer level that forced several cooperatives to break up their trading relations with Starbucks. 29. There are some important dangers in this general trend towards voluntary certification that are important to research school fully assess the economic impact Fair Trade has on the market. These are mainly the way power relations in Writing youtube, the production process change and a curious convergence between the write an essay, rhetoric of Writing essays custom youtube, Fair Trade and contemporary discourse in kansas, dominant institutions. While voluntary standards are often praised as the positive influence of consumer power on corporations and the increasing social and environmental accountability and essays youtube, awareness of personal statement law school direct, those corporations, studies like the Human Development Report conclude that “the growth of private standards is acting as a barrier to essays youtube market entry for Assigments for me now lyrics, smallholder farmers” (Brown, 2005: 5; Vorley, 2003: 70). Essays Youtube? It has been argued that this “just in space production” of certified products transforms rent relations, shifting the costs of standard compliance to the producers, increasing rents for retailers and giving the retailers more power and governance over writing essay quiz the supply chain (Mutersbaugh, 2005a; 2005b; 2005c). 30 This line of argument, seeing certifications as a place of conflict and power rather than cooperation, criticizes the Writing essays, broad trend towards the establishment of semi-public spaces through NGO-third party certification. Fair Trade, so the argument, by promoting the privatisation of standards, facilitates the already existing tendency of the demise of the state in market regulations.

Fair Trade, without intending to do so, thus stabilizes neoliberal globalization and supports the further decline of state power to regulate markets and to restrict exploitation and environmental destruction. A similar argument can be made on Accounting help online kansas, the level of contemporary development that converges with the discourse of Fair Trade in an interesting way. 31 Faced with the controversial debate about the East Asian miracle in the early 1990s, the destructive Asian economic crisis in 1997 and custom, the emergence of Personal statement for money, powerful NGOs and social movements, the dominant paradigm in the major development institutions like the World Bank and the IMF shifted in the late 1990s from Writing custom youtube, neoliberalism towards a more “inclusive liberalism” (Porter Craig, 2004; Gore, 2000; Hart, 2001; Wade, 1997). Write Scholarship Kelly Tanabe? Revisionist or inclusive neoliberalism, while using a slightly different, more inclusive and empowering discourse, shares with orthodox neoliberalism the preference of the market over the state, has enabled processes of immense social and environmental destruction and custom, is in similar ways interpreted as yet another discourse of domination and control (Porter Craig, 2004; McMichael, 2004). And the rhetoric of the Fair Trade movement conforms to an astounding degree with this discourse of Assigments for me now lyrics, revisionist neoliberalism. Central parts of Writing custom youtube, both discourses converge albeit with different connotations on notions like market ‘opportunity’, ‘empowerment’, social and economic ‘inclusion’, ‘social capital’, ‘civil society’ and ‘partnership’. Accounting Help Kansas? What should one think about the fact that these concepts are employed both by institutions from the centre right like the Writing youtube, World Economic Forum and by the Fair Trade movement? This convergence of revisionist neoliberal discourse and Fair Trade discourse helps explain why this small movement of alternative trading organizations could move into the mainstream; why several studies interpret Fair Trade as part of neoliberalism or social capitalism; and statement law school direct, why such prominent supporters of free trade as the essays custom, European Commission and the G 8 summit are celebrating the graduate school, success of Fair Trade. In both cases by using private certifications and by employing a certain discourse of market empowerment Fair Trade converges with contemporary reactionary tendencies. Youtube? While this certainly carries the dangers of supporting (as an unintended consequence) the privatisation of for me, market regulations and Writing custom youtube, the justification and naturalization of neoliberal discourse, there is also the homework help online kansas, potential for change.

Private standards are not inherently opposed to state regulations and through its political efforts Fair Trade actively tries to lobby for change in the political market rules. And discourses are contradictory, unstable and contested and political and Writing youtube, social pressures can, alongside with Fair Trade, transform a discourse of domination and oppression into a discourse of entitlements and Write research paper graduate school level, rights, taking serious the ‘inclusive’ and ‘empowering’ part and turning it against the inhumane consequences of custom youtube, neoliberal hegemony. The discussion and Technical writing, analysis of the possibilities for Fair Trade to economically influence the Writing essays custom youtube, conventional market has revealed opportunities as well as dangers. There is first impressive potential for Fair Trade to grow into the mainstream and to directly change trading practices. But these possibilities depend on the participation of big mainstream corporations that only use Fair Trade to their advantage without sharing its message and taking the responsibilities. This brings along the dangers of undermining the message of Fair Trade and of becoming dependent on these mainstream companies. Secondly by showing that ecologically and for money business, socially responsible trading practices are possible Fair Trade is part of a more general push by consumers that brought about the rise of Writing essays youtube, private standards and certifications. Graduate School Level? This development in essays, a similar way opens up new possibilities to introduce social and environmental standards on a broad basis into the mainstream economy but at the same time bears the danger of getting down-washed into intransparent and unenforceable standards-lite that are (mis)used by big mainstream corporations to control and exploit the supply chain in new ways. Fair Trade certification and the general trend towards private standards are not intrinsically good or bad. Both are social institutions that are sites of personal direct, conflict and power where contesting interests get negotiated and fought out between different actors.

Future developments depend among many other social forces on the evolution of Fair Trade. 4. 2. 3. The Political Impact of Fair Trade. Contrary to dominant discourses and public opinions on trade issues, the Writing youtube, current trade injustices are not “natural” or the outcome of different levels of knowledge, technology and education. Scholarship? These factors surely play their part, but the unjust system of international trade is essays custom politically established and Write school, maintained by countries with very different levels of power. The rules that enable the free market and free trade to function are not “neutral” or “natural” but serve certain interests and not others. Without going into detail this can be illustrated by looking at the unjust tax system and the immense amounts of subsidies in the global north, which both make trade with agricultural products very difficult for developing countries. According the United Nations Human Development Report 2005 the average tariffs low-income countries, which are exporting to high-income countries, face are three to four times higher than the barriers applied in trade between high-income countries (HDR, 2005: 126). 32 Since primary products like cacao beans are taxed less then processed products like chocolate, this perverse tax structure also makes it impossible for many developing countries to do the high value-added processing and retailing parts of the production process in their country, ensuring that most profits in the value chain are added in the Global North. In the Writing custom youtube, European Union, for example, tariffs rise from 0 to 9 percent on cocoa paste and to 30 percent on the final product, which explains why 90 percent of cacao beans are produced in developing countries while only 44 percent of cocoa liquor and for college tanabe, 29 percent of essays youtube, cocoa powder exports originate in those countries, making Germany the paper graduate school level, worlds largest exporter of Writing, cacao products (HDR, 2005: 127).

The unbelievably high levels of agricultural subsidies, especially in research paper graduate level, Europe and the U.S. furthermore undercut any comparative advantage of developing countries and the UNDP calculates that the real costs for developing countries of rich country agricultural subsidies is custom as high as all official aid flows in 2003 - US$72 billion a year (HDR, 2005: 130). The global legal framework for trade justifies exploitation and law school, the externalization of social and custom, environmental costs of essay, production. This can be illustrated by the fact that the WTO under the youtube, PPM clause (Production and Processing Methods) does not allow discriminating against products that are produced through social and ecological exploitation. 33 There is considerable discussion in the Fair Trade movement if the PPM clause, created for governments, does also apply to labelling organizations like the Personal statement for money business, FLO, but it is generally assumed that voluntary discrimination does not violate the essays youtube, WTO rules, even if they include non-physical characteristics such as the do it for me now lyrics, real social or environmental costs. Writing Custom? 34. Whenever those institutions that currently determine how the How to write an essay tanabe, markets function mainly the World Trade Organization and its sisters World Bank and International Monetary Fund there are powerful attempts by NGOs and youtube, social movements to protest and Accounting homework help online kansas, lobby for market and trading rules that are fairer to Writing essays custom youtube the most disadvantaged producers. This Trade Justice Movement is “campaigning for trade justice - not free trade - with the rules weighted to benefit poor people and the environment” (Trade Justice Movement, 2006).

Fair Trade is part of this push for fair market rules. Accounting Homework Online? And it is the deliberate goal of Fair Trade, stated by the four major Fair Trade organizations as one of three strategic intents, to “play a wider role in the global arena to achieve greater equity in international trade” (FINE, 2001: 1). Also the above mentioned widely recognized definition of Fair Trade states: “Fair Trade organisations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade” (FINE, 2001). Just one example: At the WTO meeting in Hong Kong in essays custom youtube, 2005 FINE, the informal network of Fair Trade organizations, organized a “Fair Trade Fair” that featured producers from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America which were displaying and selling their products, including coffee, chocolate, spices, crafts, textiles and many others. At a symposium producers shared their stories the impact Fair Trade had on their communities and experts discussed the development of Fair Trade and the implications of the WTO rules for its functioning. 35 Besides this eventful critique of free trade FINE also lobbied the WTO with a position paper stating what the Fair Trade movement thinks “is wrong with the WTO” (FINE 2005a). The style of this document is captured in Personal for money business, its beginning statement: “We, members of the international Fair Trade movement, know from essays, experience that trade can reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development. However, if not carried out in write an essay for college scholarship tanabe, a fair and responsible manner, trade can exacerbate poverty and inequality.” FINE, acting as the advocate of Writing essays, small scale producers around the world, demands the end of subsidies and tariff escalation mechanisms, argues against deregulation and liberalization and promotes the expansion of Fair Trade principles of regulating and managing the global supply chain (FINE, 2005a). After the meeting, another publication described the outcome of the WTO summit as serving “the interests of companies operating globally” instead of promoting an do it now lyrics, agenda that is in any way favourable to the developing countries (FINE, 2005b). The political impact of Fair Trade operates as well on the micro level.

Besides contributing to a necessary change in consciousness that has been described above Fair Trade politicizes people and strengthens the Global Justice Movement through the thousands of world and Writing custom, solidarity shops that are important centres of this movement. Although some activists might see this as the most crucial part of Fair Trade, arguing that the structural change promoted by the Global Justice and Third World Movements is necessary for real improvement in the producers lives, the political side of Fair Trade should not be used as an excuse for school, the economic and social problems described above (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 41). Organizations working with Fair Trade are thus using the practical example of Fair Trade to lobby for a change in the international trading rules away from custom youtube, free trade and towards cooperative trade, essentially seeing Fair Trade as a practical prefiguration of a more desirable trade. 5. Personal Statement Direct? Conclusion: Fair Trade as a Re-embedding Countermovement. So what is Fair Trade: A neoliberal solution to current market failures that works within the free market regime or a practical tool of social change that aims at transforming the free market?

The discussion of the impact of Fair Trade on the level of producers as well as on the level of the free market in general has shown that there is essays youtube no easy and clear-cut answer to this question. The social reality of homework help, Fair Trade entails both, free market mechanisms and non-markets restrictions and Fair Trade seems to both undermine free trade and to be used and interpreted as supporting neoliberalism. To better understand this rather puzzling result I will propose a theoretical framework to essays custom youtube understand Fair Trade that is heavily influenced by Polanyi’s work. In order to Writing statement direct better understand the effects of Fair I will situate Fair Trade historically using Polanyi’s theory of the double movement. And I will then use Polanyi’s concept of embeddedness to Writing custom youtube argue that Fair Trade is neither a free market solution nor a transformation of direct, free trade. In order to essays custom youtube situate the emergence of Fair Trade in a broader context the work of Karl Polanyi (1944), especially his understanding of capitalism as progressing in Accounting homework help, form of custom, a ‘double movement’ concerning the relations between the market and society has been increasingly used and seems very instructive (Barham, 2002: 350-352; Murray Raynolds, 2000; Mutersbaugh, 2005a). Polanyi argued that the online kansas, unleashing of Writing custom youtube, markets for the three ‘fictitious commodities’ land, labour and money causes intense social and environmental destruction and generates counter-tendencies that demand regulation, intervention and social protection from Personal statement, these destructive market forces. This protective countermovement is, however, not an external intervention into a structurally determined process but these opposing forces are contained within capitalism (Hart, 2002: 304). Polanyi’s historical analysis of the essays custom youtube, double movement has its contemporary parallels (Silver Arrighi, 2003): 36 The neoliberal revolution of the 1980s on the one hand destroyed societal regulations protecting labour, money and land/nature by promoting free market economies as the only model, liberating financial transactions and privatising and Accounting homework help online kansas, destroying natural resources. The growing importance of civil society in the 1990s and essays custom, the rise of transnational social movements that push for “counter-hegemonic globalization” (Evans, 2005) on How to tanabe, the other hand represent efforts to re-embed the destructive market forces into societal norms and regulations. These actors promote political regulations for financial markets, fight against the commercialization and privatization of natural resources and counter the dismantling of labour regulations that restrict exploitation.

37 It is important to note that these attempts to re-embed the market have also been incorporated into conservative discourses and practices where they represent efforts to contain dissent and to enable the neoliberal project to continue. They are employed by personalities in neoliberal institutions like the essays, world bank and the IMF (Wade, 1997; 2001; Sachs, 1998; Stiglitz, 2000) and have shaped the paradigm shift from orthodox neoliberalism to ‘revisionist’ or ‘inclusive’ neoliberalism (Hart, 2001; Porter Craig, 2004). And exactly here is where Fair Trade comes into the picture: Fair Trade, so I will argue, is part of the protective countermovement. I will come back to this point, but first I want to employ Polanyi to argue that Fair Trade is neither a neoliberal free market approach nor an attempt to transform free trade. Fair Trade is concerned with the unleashing of markets for the fictitious commodities labour, and, to a lesser degree, land/nature. For Me? While markets might be useful and efficient mechanisms to produce and distribute products, if labour and nature are included into the market as free and unrestricted commodities the results are destructive. Free trade theory rests on the notion that free competition results in the lowest possible price, and essays, that because the producers with the lowest price outcompetes other producers competition stimulates efficiencies and improved technologies. Free trade theory does, however, falsely assume that competition does only take place regarding technological innovation, productivity and marketing.

38 In reality, and especially in trading relations between large retailers and small-scale producers in the global south, business companies use the externalization of costs onto other parties as one of the main strategies of competition. Writing Essay Quiz? If Chiquita cannot outcompete another retailer in the banana market with improved technology or better marketing strategies it can do so by externalizing the social and environmental cost of production. This means that the social cost of essays custom youtube, production is passed on for me, to the producer and essays custom, the environmental cost of production is passed on to future generations. This is possible if labour and nature are not socially embedded through political legislations like minimum wages and environmental restrictions or social forces like unions or NGOs. And Fair Trade is exactly this, an attempt to re-embed the market within society by internalizing both the Assigments now lyrics, real social and Writing custom, environmental cost of production into the price. The real price of a product and the price Fair Trade tries to pay thus consists of the real social cost of the work (human wages, dignified working conditions etc.) plus the real environmental cost of write for college scholarship tanabe, production. Roozen and VanderHoff Boersma (2002), two founders of the first labelling organization Max Havelaar, argue convincingly: “The costs of a socially responsible production are included in the price of the product in Writing essays youtube, the Fair Trade market.

Competitiveness does not depend on the level of exploitation that goes into How to for college scholarship the production of the product.” Fair Trade is thus not abandoning the Writing, market, but it also does not provide a free market solution. Fair Trade rather re-embeds the market by internalizing the social and environmental cost of production into Accounting homework help kansas the price. By paying a guaranteed minimum wage that reflects the real social and environmental costs of production it restricts market competition from exploiting labour and Writing essays custom youtube, nature, but at the same time uses competition in the production process to function in the market. The essence of Fair Trade is according to business Brown (1993: 158) “that the consumer should be told the truth, not only about what is in Writing essays custom youtube, the product but also the truth about the producer, her or his conditions of life and write an essay kelly, work, what they get for their work and what it does to the environment.” Far from pure competition or state-led planning, Fair Trade combines the power of producers and Writing essays custom youtube, consumers to Accounting homework help kansas create links between them that both limit and Writing custom, engage competition and that consist of information: 39 “Connections between consumers and Fair Trade organizations [and producers] are rooted largely in flows of information. Fair Trade networks socially re-embed commodities, so that items arrive at the point of consumption replete with information regarding the social and environmental conditions under which they were produced and traded” (Raynolds, 2002a: 415). Fair Trade challenges the idea that the setting of prices on the market as an automatic and depersonalized process is the essay quiz, only instrument for essays youtube, valuing commodities (Raynolds, 2002a: p. 409). Instead of scholarship kelly, competition as the main driver of the market, Fair Trade introduces an interesting type of “contract economy” into the market, in which the price is negotiated between consumers, producers and salesmen and their contradictory interests are resolved in cooperation. As one scholar has put it: “Fair Trade is primarily about Writing custom reasserting human control over a mechanism that claims to be in the best interests of everyone but no longer even bothers to prove it” (Ransom, 2001: 9). The fact that Fair Trade does not challenge the existence of the market as such does not mean that it is not a radical vision, since, as the domestic Mexican Label Comercio Justo insists, Fair Trade is about transforming the very purpose of writing quiz, markets; by reorganizing markets in a way that can benefit the more disadvantaged members of society Fair Trade creates un mercado donde todos quepamos “a market where we all fit” (quoted in Jaffe et al, 2004: 192).

Fair Trade, as an attempt to re-embed the market in the sense described here, is part of the protective countermovement. But back to the question do the broader effects of Fair Trade stabilize or transform free trade? The dichotomous and somewhat mutually exclusive conceptualizations of Fair Trade in the two visions that underlie the question this paper tried to answer both turn out to custom youtube be present and future tendencies and trajectories of the Fair Trade movement rather than descriptions of Fair Trade. As such the two visions both describe somewhat idealized versions of different simultaneous and contradictory effects of Fair Trade. A definite answer to this ‘either, or’ question is impossible since the impact study shows that Fair Trade as a multilayered social phenomenon works both in and against the market, partly stabilizing neoliberal free trade and partly challenging it.

Instead of the question what Fair Trade is in terms of Personal statement for money business, its broader effects the impact study forces one to ask more specific questions about how Fair Trade works and what exactly its effects and outcomes are in the multiple arenas it works in. Rather than being either “in or against” the market Fair Trade can be analyzed as a complex and multilayered process of essays custom youtube, social defence against destructive effects of Technical essay, unrestricted market. But this process, since it is part of capitalist development, is a site of contestation, conflict and negotiation between different actors with different and partly opposing interests. Because the protective countermovement as a whole is fundamentally threatening those power structures that rely on the exploitation of land, money and labour, these power structures, Polanyi’s “liberal creed”, engage in containing, controlling and weakening the movement. Custom? These opposing interests, as has been demonstrated in many examples in this study, bring about multiple and for me now lyrics, partly contradictory effects on different levels. Anticapitalist activists support and propagate Fair Trade as a practical alternative to capitalist trading relations while revisionist neoliberals see Fair Trade as useful mechanism to Writing essays privately regulate a small part of the market without fundamentally changing the political market rules. Both support Fair Trade for Technical essay quiz, different reasons, they thus understand Fair Trade differently and these contradictory understandings in turn shape and change what they try to explain, the Fair Trade movement.

Similarly, what small-scale coffee growers in Ecuador think about Fair Trade and Writing essays, what they want Fair Trade to do differs dramatically from the understandings and do it now lyrics, interests of custom, large retailers like Nestlé. How these different, partly contradictory and partly mutually supportive interests play out business depends on the power relations between the different stakeholders. Particularly since Fair Trade entered the Writing essays custom youtube, mainstream market in the late 1990s and actors with opposing interests became stakeholders, Fair Trade is at a crossroads: On the one hand the mainstreaming of Fair Trade opens up immense possibilities to Technical essay quiz increase the youtube, impact of Fair Trade in transforming neoliberal trade relations, in benefiting more disadvantaged producers and in further re-embedding the Write research paper school level, market. But on the other hand the mainstreaming of Fair Trade bears a variety of custom youtube, dangers, mainly due to the power of the mainstream companies to undermine the paper, meaning and practice of essays, Fair Trade and, instead of using Fair Trade to the advantage of quiz, producers, to Writing essays youtube misuse it for personal direct, the interests of their shareholders. Ancelovici, Marcos. 2002. “Organizing against youtube globalization: The case of ATTAC in homework help kansas, France,” Politics and Society 30 (3): 427-463. Bacon, Christopher.

2005. “Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Can Fair Trade, Organic, and Specialty Coffees Reduce Small-Scale Farmer Vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua?” World Development 33 (3): 497511. Barham, Elisabeth. “Towards a theory of Writing custom youtube, values-based labelling” Agriculture and paper graduate, Human Values 19: 349360. Barrientos, Stephanie. 2000. “Globalization and ethical trade: assessing the implications for development” Journal of International Development 12: 448-469. Bechetti, Leonardo and Marco Constatino. Writing Essays? 2005. “The effects of Fair Trade on marginalised producers: an impact analysis on Kenyan farmers” Boersma, Franz VanderHoff.2002a. “Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Booth, Philip.

2005. “Is Trade Justice Just? Is Fair Trade Fair?” IEA Discussion Paper No. 10. London: Institute of statement direct, Economic Affairs. Brown, Oli. 2005. “Supermarket Buying Power, Global Commodity Chains and Smallholder Farmers in the Developing World” Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper, New York: United Nations Development Program. Cabañas, Alma Amalia González. 2002. “Evaluation of the current and potential poverty alleviation benefits of Writing youtube, participation in the Fair Trade market: The case of Unión La Selva, Chiapas, Mexico” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Commercio Justo Mexico.

2006. Webpage under: http://www.comerciojusto.com.mx (Mai, 2006). Cowe, Roger and Simon Williams. 2000. Who are the Ethical Consumers. Manchester: Cooperative Bank and MORI, downloadable from http://www.co-operativebank.co.uk (Mai 2006). Dankers, Cora. 2003. Environmental and Social Standards, Certification and write for college tanabe, Labelling for custom youtube, Cash Crops.

Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Doherty, Bob and Sophi Tranchell. 2005. School Level? “New Thinking in International Trade? A Case Study of The Day Chocolate Company“ Sustainable Development 13: 166176. Evans, Peter. 2005. “Counter-hegemonic Globalization: Transnational Social Movements in the Contemporary Global Political Economy,” in Handbook of Political Sociology, T. Writing? Janoski et al. (eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. FINE. 2001. “Fair Trade Definition and Principles. As agreed by Writing personal direct FINE in December 2001”, http://www.eftafairtrade.org/pdf/Fair-TDAP.pdf (April 2006). -. 2005a. “Fair Trade Rules! Position of the global Fair Trade movement towards the Writing essays youtube, 6th WTO Ministerial Conference in Personal business, Hong Kong” October 2005, http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/resources.cfm (Mai 2006).

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2000. “The Rise and Fall of the Washington Consensus as a Paradigm for Developing Countries”, in youtube, World Development 28 (5): 789-804. Hamann, Andreas. 2004. Schwarzbuch Lidl. Billig auf Kosten der Beschäftigten. Veröffentlichung von Ver.di. Hart, Gillian. Technical Writing Quiz? 2001. “Development Critiques in the 1990s: culs de sac and essays, promising paths,” Progress in Human Geography 24 (4): 649-658. -. 2002. Online? Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa.

Berkeley: University of California Press. -. Essays? 2004. “Geography and development: critical ethnographies” Progress in Human Geography 28 (1): 91100. Howley, Kerry. 2006. “Absolution in Your Cup: The real meaning of Fair Trade coffee” Reasononline, March 2006, http://www.reason.com/0603/fe.kh.absolution.shtml (April 2006). Human Development Report. 2005. Write An Essay Scholarship Kelly? International Cooperation at a crossroads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal world.

New York: United Nations Development Program. http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005 (April 2006). Jaffee, Daniel, Jack R. Custom? Kloppenburg, Jr., Mario B. Personal Statement For Money? Monroy. 2004. Bringing the ‘‘Moral Charge’’ Home: Fair Trade within the North and within the South, in Rural Sociology 69 (2): 169196. Jones, Lucy. 2004. “How fair trade hit the mainstream” BBC News, 2 March, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3522059.stm (April 2006). Keane, John. 2003. Global Civil Society. Writing? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Krier, Jean-Marie. 2005. Fair Trade in Europe: Facts and Figures on Fair Trade in Accounting homework online, 25 European Countries. Brussel: FLO, IFAT, NEWS!, EFTA. Klein, Naomi. 2002. No Logo. New York: Picador. Kocken. 2003.

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Strategies for Survival: Migration and Fair Trade-Organic Coffee Production in Oaxaca, Mexico. San Diego: The Center for essays, Comparative Immigration Studies. Low, William and Eileen Davenport. 2005a. Postcards from the Edge: Maintaining the ‘Alternative’ Character of Fair Trade Sustainable Development 13: 143153. -. 2005b. “Has the medium (roast) become the message?: The ethics of marketing fair trade in an essay scholarship tanabe, the mainstream” International Marketing Review 22 (5): 494 511. Lyon, Sarah.

2002. “Evaluation of the essays custom, Actual and Potential Benefits for the Alleviation of Poverty Through the Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Guatemalan Case Study.” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Mandelson, Peter. Personal? 2005. “The Fair Trade Agenda”, speech at the PES Conference on Fair Trade, European Parliament, Brussels, 22 June 2005, http://europa.eu.int/comm/commission_barroso/mandelson/speeches_articles (April 2006). Maseland, Robbert and Albert de Vaal. 2002. Essays Youtube? “How Fair is Writing personal Fair Trade?” De Economist 150 (3): 251272.

Mayoux, Linda. Custom Youtube? 2001. “Impact Assessment of Fair Trade and Ethical Enterprise Development.” Available at http://www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/pdf/IAofFairTrade.pdf (April 2006). McMichael, Philip. 2004. Development and Social Change: a global perspective. 3 rd edition. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. Mendez, V. Ernesto. 2002. “Fair Trade Networks in Two Coffee Cooperatives of Assigments now lyrics, Western El Salvador: An Analysis of Insertion Through a Second Level Organization.” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April, 2002). Mendoza, René and Johan Bastiaensen. 2003. “Fair trade and the coffee crisis in the Nicaraguan Segovias” Small Enterprise Development 14 (2): 36-46.

Milford,, Anna. Writing Essays Custom? 2004. Coffee, Co-operatives and Technical essay quiz, Competition: The Impact of Fair Trade. Bergen, Norway: Chr. Writing Essays Custom Youtube? Milford Institute, http://www.cmi.no/publications/2004%5Crep%5Cr2004-6.pdf (April 2006). Moore, Geoff.

2005. The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Future Research, in Journal of Business Ethics 53: 7386. Muradian, Roldan and Wim Pelupessy. 2005. “Governing the Coffee Chain: The Role of Accounting homework help online kansas, Voluntary Regulatory Systems” World Development 33 (12): 20292044. Murray, Douglas and Laura T. Writing Youtube? Raynolds. 2000. Personal Law School? “Alternative trade in bananas: Obstacles and opportunities for progressive social change in the global economy.” Agriculture and Human Values 17(1): 6574. Mutersbaugh, Tad.

2005a. Essays? “Fighting standards with standards: harmonization, rents, and social accountability in certified agrofood networks” Environment and Planning 37: 2033-2051. -. 2005b. Accounting Help Online? “Just-in-space: Certified rural products, labor of quality, and regulatory spaces” Journal of Rural Studies 21: 389402. -. 2005c. “Certifying rural spaces: Quality-Certifed Products and Rural Governance” Journal of Rural Studies 21: 381388. Nestlé. 2005. “Nestlé UK to launch fair-trade coffee” Press Release, October 7. Nicholls, Alex and Charlotte Opal. Youtube? 2005. Fair Trade: Market-driven ethical consumption. London: Sage Publications. Osorio, Néstor.

2004. “Lessons from the world coffee crisis: a serious problem for sustainable development.” London: International Coffee Organization. Paul, Elisabeth. 2005. “Evaluating Fair Trade as a development project: methodological considerations” Development in Technical essay, Practice 15 (2): 134-150. Perezgrovas, Victor and Edith Cervantes. 2002. “Poverty Alleviation through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: The Case of Union Majomut, Chiapas, Mexico.” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Polanyi, Karl. 1944.

The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press. Ponte, Stefano. 2002. “The ‘Latte Revolution’? Regulation, Markets and essays custom, Consumption in the Global Coffee Chain” World Development 30 (7):10991122. Porter, Doug and David Craig. Accounting Homework Help? 2004. Essays Custom? “The third way and How to for college, the third world: poverty reduction and social inclusion in the rise of Writing essays youtube, ‘inclusive’ liberalism” Review of International Political Economy 11 (2): 387-423. Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Ransom, David. 2005. “Fair trade for sale: David Ransom thinks not” New Internationalist, April 2005. Raynolds, Laura T.. 2000. “Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements” Agriculture and Human Values 17: 297309. -. Do It For Me Now Lyrics? 2002a. Consumer/Producer Links in Fair Trade Coffee Networks in Sociologia Ruralis 42 (2).

-. 2002b. “Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Existing Research and custom, Critical Issues”, http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup/doc/rayback.pdf (April 2006). Raynolds, Laura T., Douglas Murray and Peter L. Taylor. 2004. “Fair Trade Coffee: Building Producer Capacity via Global Networks” Journal of International Development 16: 1109-1121. Reardon, Thomas, C. Peter Timmer, Christopher B. Barrett and Julio A. Berdegué. 2003. “The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 (5): 1140-1146. Redfern, Andy and Paul Snedker.

2002. Creating Market Opportunities for Small Enterprises: Experiences of the Fair Trade Movement Geneva: International Labour Office. Renard, Marie-Christine. Statement Business? 2003. Custom Youtube? “Fair trade: quality, market and Personal for money business, conventions” Journal of custom youtube, Rural Studies 19: 8796. -. 2005. “Quality certification, regulation and power in fair trade” Journal of Rural Studies 21: 419431. Riedel, Carl Philipp, Federico Manzano-Lopez, Amy Widdows, Alim Manji and Markus Schneider. 2005.

Impacts of Fair Trade. London School of Economics. Ronchi, Loraine. 2002. The Impact of Fair Trade on Producers and their organizations: A case study with Coocafe in Costa Rica. Prus Working Paper. Brighton: University of Sussex, http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/PRU/wps/wp11.pdf (April 2006).

Roozen, Niko and essay, Frans VanderHoff Boersma. 2002. Custom Youtube? Fair Trade: An Adventure in the Fair Trade Market. excerpt, http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Sachs, Jeffrey. 1998. “The IMF and statement for money, the Asian Flu” The American Prospect 37.

Shreck, Aimee. 2005. Writing Custom? “Resistance, redistribution, and power in the Fair Trade banana initiative” Agriculture and Human Values 22: 1729. Silver, Beverly and Giovanni Arrighi. 2003. “Polanyi’s ‘Double Movement’: The Belle Époques of British and U.S. Hegemony Compared” Politics and Society 31 (2): 325-355. Smith, Sally and Stephanie Barrientos. 2005. “Fair Trade and Ethical Trade: Are There Moves Towards Convergence?” Sustainable Development 13: 190198.

Starbucks. 2006a. Beyond the cup. Corporate Social Responsibility Fiscal 2005 Annual Report, http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/csrannualreport.asp (Mai 2006). Stecklow, Steve and Writing statement law school, Erin White. 2004. “What Price Virtue? At Some Retailers, 'Fair Trade' Carries A Very High Cost: Stores Charge Big Markups On Goods Intended to youtube Help Farmers in Poor Countries” Wall Street Journal, June 8, 2004. Stiglitz, Joseph. 2000. “What I Learned at the World Economic Crisis”, New Republic, 17, April 2000.

Tallontire, Anne. 2000. “Partnerships in fair trade: reflections from Writing personal law school, a case study of Cafe´ direct” Development in Practice 10 (2). Tallontire, Anne and Writing essays custom, Bill Vorley. 2005. Achieving fairness in trading between supermarkets and their agrifood supply chains. London, UK: Food Group.

Taylor, Peter Leigh. Personal? 2002. “Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Synthesis of Case Study Research Question Findings.” Report Prepared for Project Funded by the Community and Resource Development Program. New York: The Ford Foundation. -. 2005. “In the custom, Market But Not of It: Fair Trade Coffee and Forest Stewardship Council Certification as Market-Based Social Change” World Development 33 (1):129147. Tiffen, Pauline. 2000. “Good busy-ness: when advertising gets to be like an escalating arms race you can be sure there's a war right around the corner ” New Internationalist, April 2000. Vidal, John. 2005. “Nestlé launch of Fairtrade coffee divides company's critics” The Guardian, October 7, 2005. Vorley, Bill. 2003.

Food, Inc. Corporate concentration from farm to consumer. Assigments For Me Now Lyrics? London: UK Food Group. Wade, Robert. Essays Youtube? 1997. “Greening the for me, Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1997-1995”, in D. Kapur (ed.) The World Bank: It’s first Half Century. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.

Williamson, John. 1990. “What Washington Means by essays custom youtube Policy Reform”, in John Williamson (ed.) Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. -. 1993. “Democracy and the ‘Washington Consensus” World Development 21 (8):1329-1336. -. 2000. “What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?” in The World Bank Research Observer 15 (2): 25164. Young, Graham. 2003. “Fair trade's influential past and the challenges of its future”, paper presented at Fair Trade, An Asset for Development, An international dialogue, Conference organised by the King Badouin Foundation, Brussels, 28-05-03, www.kbs-frb.be/files/db/en/PUB%5F1337%5FFair%5FTrade.pdf (April 2006). Zehner, David. Statement Law School Direct? 2002. “An Economic Assessment of ‘Fair Trade’ in youtube, Coffee” Columbia Business School’s Chazen Web Journal of International Business, Fall 2002. 1 Peter Mandelson, EU commissioner for trade, said in 2005, after having emphasized the success of the Fair Trade movement: “Fair Trade has shown that those working in difficult conditions in commodity-dependent and poor developing countries can aspire to a better life for themselves and do it for me, their families” Mandelson (2005). 2 FINE involves the Fairtrade Labeling Organizations International (FLO), the Network of Writing essays youtube, European Shops (NEWS!), the International Federation for Alternative Trade (IFAT), and the European Fair Trade Association (EFTA).

The aim of FINE is to enable these networks and Writing personal statement law school, their members to cooperate on strategic levels on Writing essays youtube, crucial issues affecting the future of the Fair Trade movement, such as advocacy and campaigning, standards and monitoring. See http://www.worldshops.org/fairtrade/netw.html (April 2006). 3 This paper will focus mostly on those products that are certified by the Fairtrade Labelling Organization International (FLO), since most data are only available for certified products and since certified products make up the huge bulk of all Fair Trade products sold worldwide. 4 All standards are publicly available under http://www.fairtrade.net/sites/standards/sp.html (Mai 2006). Quality requirements for help kansas, Fair Trade bananas for example include among others: “Size of bananas. Minimum length 16 cm (baby bananas 14 cm), minimum thickness 27 mm. Tolerance: 10% of the bananas. Packing. slippage and “high pack” are not permitted. There must be reasonable uniformity among the bananas in a carton. Tolerance: 5% of Writing custom youtube, packing cartons. () Residue and Write paper school, foreign matter. No residue or foreign matter may be encountered in the cartons.

Tolerance: 1% of the cartons.” FLO (2005c: 10). 5 The coffee market price is fluctuating highly. The current prices are summarized by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations): “Coffee prices reached 101.44 US cents per Writing youtube pound in March 2005, a 67 percent increase compared to the level of 60.80 US cents per pound the corresponding month last year. In April 2005, the average daily price fell to 98.2 US cents per pound, following some profit taking by investment funds”. See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/J5667e/j5667e04.htm (Mai 2006). 6 According to the FAO “Industry sources report that farm-gate prices in Ecuador decreased below the Assigments, official minimum price of US$3 per box, and in some cases, fell to less than US$1 per box.” See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/J5667e/j5667e04.htm (Mai 2006). 7 In 2001 the FLO had registered over 300 coffee grower associations that represent 500,000 small-scale growers. This amounts, according to essays one estimate, to 30 percent of the world’s small-scale coffee growers most of Technical writing essay quiz, which however could only sell a small portion of their harvest on Writing essays custom youtube, the Fair Trade market. (Murray et al, 2003: 6). 8 The scope of the organic world market is considerably larger than the Fair Trade market.

In 2003 organic sales amounted to US $ 31,3 billion while Fair Trade only homework help reached one billion in 2005 (Nichols Opal, 2005: 182). 9 “Though blurred by Writing essays custom youtube the uniform term “Fair Trade” tension remains between two visions: one, a more radical conception that sees ‘‘fair’’ trade as a tool for modifying the dominant economic model, and the other, more pragmatic, that emphasizes the insertion of products from the South under fair conditions in the markets of the North.” Renard, 2003: 91. 10 For a further discussion of these difficulties see Mayoux (2001) and Nicholls Opal (2005: 201). 11 A report of the Fair Trade coffee market in Latin America that is based on seven case studies concludes, for example, by exclusively citing the most positive study (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002), concluding (and thereby implying this as the general finding) that the kansas, direct financial “revenues for Fair Trade coffee [are] twice the street price for essays custom, conventional coffee, even after deductions were made for cooperative management and other expenses.” (Murray et al, 2003: 7). Other studies by the same research team (which are only cited at other instances), however, sound less promising. In a cooperative in El Salvador for example, the financial benefits were only enough for outstanding debt servicing (Mendez, 2002). 12 But to put this into perspective it is interesting to note that more or less the same amount (€ 18.3 million) is spent annually only in Europe by Fair Trade organizations for personal statement law school, education and awareness-raising campaigns (Krier, 2005: 31). 13 And even the most studies point at Writing custom youtube, several advantages of Fair Trade. Robbert Maseland and Albert de Vaal (2002) at the University of Nijmegen in Holland for example compared Fair Trade with free trade and protectionism and concluded that it was “obvious” that Fair Trade is the only way to guarantee the fulfilment of minimum requirements such as stopping child labour or environmentally harmful effects. They however argued also that concerning the reduction of inequality it is not clear that Fair Trade is always fairer than other options. 14 “The low prices paid to small producers on the national market mean that the best Mexican products are exported.

Fair Trade makes it possible for small producers to also receive dignified prices in the national market and to not depend exclusively on export.” Comercio Justo México on its webpage in Accounting homework online, 2001, quoted in Nicholls Opal (2005). 15 “Sainsbury's, which says it sells more fair-trade bananas than any other British supermarket, sells the fruit in bagged bunches of six, not by weight. A bag of Writing essays youtube, fair-trade Dominican Republic bananas, weighing about a pound, recently cost around $2.74 in London. That's more than four times the price of a pound of How to for college scholarship tanabe, unbagged regular bananas, also from the Dominican Republic. Custom? According to FLO, Dominican Republic fair-trade banana growers receive about 16 cents a pound from middlemen. Sainsbury's won't disclose its banana margins, but industry executives estimate British supermarkets pay their suppliers about 71 cents a pound for fair-trade bananas from the Dominican Republic. If that's the case, Sainsbury's is earning almost $2 a pound.” 16 This claim totally goes against what Paul Rice, chief executive of Transfair USA argues: “As a core philosophy, Fair Traders believe in as little market intervention as possible [and: regulating retail prices goes against the idea of] using the market as a vehicle for writing quiz, creating a win-win scenario for farmers and for industry.” The growth of fair-trade sales in the U.S. suggests “millions of U.S. consumers are willing to pay a bit more to feel that they are making a difference.” (Stecklow White, 2004) 17 “In the past six years, TransFair has leveraged limited resources to certify 74.2 million pounds of Fair Trade coffee. This has provided coffee farmers in some of the poorest communities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia with over $60 million more than they would have earned selling their harvests to local intermediaries. This means that each dollar of TransFair USA's budgets has been translated into more than $7 in supplemental income for farmers and farm workers since 1999.” TransFair USA (2006).

18 Harriet Lamb, Fairtrade's executive director in the UK, in Jones (2004). 19 Nicholls Opal (2005: 181-190) have collected a variety of research and surveys. A survey of 30.000 consumers in Britain by the Cooperative Group and Writing essays youtube, MORI in 2005 for example showed that 84 percent of consumers are willing to pay a little extra to help producers in developing countries and 6 out of 10 are willing to boycott for their ethics. Producers especially emphasized the importance of complete product information on food labels, which was important to 96 percent of the sample (Cooperative Group, 2004). Another study argues: “The most in-depth research into ethical consumerism to date reveals that just over half the population have bought a product and recommended a supplier, because of its responsible reputation, at some time in the last year. A third of consumers are seriously concerned with ethical issues when shopping and a quarter have investigated a company’s social responsibility at least once.

Roughly one in Assigments now lyrics, six shoppers say they frequently buy or boycott products because of the manufacturer’s reputations” (Cowe Williams, 2000). 20 In a recent survey the “ 2003 Corporate social responsibility monitor ” finds that the amount of consumers looking at social responsibility in their choices jumped from 36 percent in 1999 to 62 percent in Writing, 2001 in Europe. 21 “The approach to Fair Trade becoming dominant among ATOs can be termed `partnership’, where partnership is defined as a trading relationship between stakeholders that has both market-based and ethical elements and that aims to help online kansas be sustainable in the long term. For Fair Trade, the essays custom, key stakeholders are the producers, the producer group, the ATO, and the consumer; and the partnership between these stakeholders is based on a combination of market and ethical elements.” (Tallontire, 2000: 167). Partnership in an economic relationship like Fair Trade can be understood with Tallontire (2000: 172) as requiring the following necessary conditions: a shared understanding of the problem or issue and its context, shared objectives, mutual commitment to the partnership, a distinct or unique contribution, and mutual trust. Besides that some related structural condition can be identified that will determine the success of the relationship, such as a shared timeframe, equal participation, a balance of responsibilities, autonomy of the partners, accountability and transparency (Tallontire, 2000: 173-176). 22 This lack of understanding that is prevalent in help kansas, most case studies applies even to Writing custom leading positions. An example given by Lyon (2002: 24): A member of the Junta Directiva in this cooperative told a researcher that the research school, FLO had visited their plantations and, asked whether the FLO had certified the cooperative, answered: “no she [the FLO person] is just here to see how everything is going with us.” 23 “Many Mexican interviewees concurred in calling for a renewed commitment to developing and maintaining direct ties between Northern consumers and youtube, Southern producers.

These visits help producers better understand the nature of the Fair Trade market, and create positive impacts on producer self-esteem and coffee quality.” Taylor (2002: 10). 25 It has been argued that Fair Trade by now lyrics including the livelihood, culture, indigeneity and difference of the producer communities into Writing essays custom their advertising strategies “deepen rather than subvert the processes of commodification by objectifying and commoditising the very things they are trying to save“ (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 114). Level? Another concern points at the contradiction between Fair Trade’s message of inclusion and cooperation and its exclusive elements. Since it is a label that relies on quality standards and Writing, higher prices, Fair Trade is exclusive both on the producer side with its “dictates of quality” (Goodman and Goodman, 2001; Mutersbaugh, 2005c) and on the consumer side with its higher and sometimes extraordinarily high prices (see Jaffe et al, 2004: 183). 26 “What happens if there is Accounting homework online adjustment to world supply or demand and prices in one part of the market are fixed? Prices in other parts of the market must fall by more other growers suffer more. What happens to Writing custom youtube those employees of large producers when Fair Trade consumption shifts away from Assigments do it for me now lyrics, them towards small producers who frequently offer poorer working conditions than the multi-national corporations?” Booth (2005: 7). 27 A further example: In 2003 several supermarkets in Britain were accused of charging too much for Fair Trade products Tesco among them overcharging one US dollar per kilogram bananas, more then double the premium for producers. The Sunday Times, 29 June 2003, quoted in essays youtube, Ransom (2005). 28 Thomson (2003), quoted by Low Davenport (2005a: 151); see similar comments in Tiffen (2000)

29 Renard (2005: 430) reports: “Furthermore, Starbucks obligates producers to Technical writing essay quiz sell their coffee through Starbucks-affiliated importers which, in this case, turns out to be the largest Mexican coffee marketing corporation, AMSA (of the Omnicafe-Atlantic Coffee group), which engages in decidedly non-equitable commercial practices. Essays Custom? A few cooperatives have broken off from Starbucks, denouncing the AMSA practice of Assigments now lyrics, misusing the registry of certified-organic producers for AMSA’s benefit.” 30 While this is an important critique for Writing essays custom, international trade with organic products and might apply to first party certifications of some TNCs like Starbucks it does not apply to Fair Trade. Contrary to Mutersbaugh (2005a) the cost for compliance with the standards are in personal direct, the Fair Trade system paid for by the consumers, not by the producers (Raynolds, 2002b). 31 The contemporary discourse and practice regarding development in the dominant institutions and in academia has been characterized by several observers as constituting an important departure from orthodox neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus of the late 1980s and custom, the early 1990s. Accounting Homework Kansas? While the Writing custom youtube, Washington Consensus held that good economic performance merely required getting the prices right through liberalized trade, macroeconomic stability and by getting the state out of the market, the Accounting homework help online kansas, post-Washington Consensus is a more inclusive approach that focuses on good governance, new institutional economics and the state (Williamson 1990; 1993, 2000) 32 This translates into the following: “Developing countries account for less than one-third of developed country imports but for two-thirds of Writing custom youtube, tariff revenues collected. They also account for two-thirds of personal statement law school direct, developed country imports subjected to tariffs higher than 15%.” (HDR, 2005: 127)

33 The WTO makes bans this as discrimination against foreign or domestic “like products” on the basis of “related characteristics”, wher like product is defined as “products with the same or similar physical characteristics or end uses” (Dankers, 2003: 74; Young, 2003: 11). 34 A full discussion of WTO rules and voluntary labelling initiatives is given in a FAO report by Dankers (2003: 73-88). See notes of Writing essays custom, a panel on graduate school level, the PPM clause at the Fair Trade symposium during the WTO meeting 2005 in Hong Kong under http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/symposium.cfm?refID=78673. This clause is defined on the world bank webpage: “ PPM : Production and processing method. Used in instances where trade policy action by essays custom youtube a country is motivated by a desire to ensure that imports have been produced in a way that satisfies a national or international production or process norm. Often these norms will be environmental in nature.“ http://www.worldbank.org/research/trade/glossary.htm#P (April 2006).

35 The webpage http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/index.cfm gives a good overview of the personal law school, events and Writing essays, features a variety of resources, including transcripts from the Personal for money, symposium. A similar event was staged at the 2003 WTO summit in Cancun. 36 Polanyi analyses the first movement, the economic liberalization and integration of the late 19 th century, as one that involves the replacement of local and traditional socio-cultural relations by mere market relations. In particular the incorporation of the three fictitious commodities money, labour and land/nature into the market and thus the total disembedding of the custom youtube, market from society unleashed destructive tendencies, which in turn lead to a variety of counter movements. This second and embedding moment is the attempt by social movements and ‘enlightened reactionaries’ to counter the social disruption of the market-led liberalization with social and Accounting homework online kansas, environmental protection and intervention. Writing Youtube? The main question Polanyi is trying to answer with this framework is the rise of Assigments do it, fascism in Europe. Youtube? He interprets fascism as part of the protective countermovement, suggesting that the Write paper graduate level, protective countermovement is not inherently good but rather that it contains a variety of different responses to the destructive market forces, some of which are very dangerous. 37 Examples would be firstly the promotion of the Tobin tax by the international ‘anti-globalization’ network ATTAC that would tax all the financial transactions and custom youtube, invest the money in poverty alleviation (Ancelovici, 2002); secondly the environmental and for college kelly tanabe, the anti-privatization movement that fight deforestation, genetically engineered food, patents on living beings or destructive infrastructure projects like the Narmada dam in India; and Writing essays custom youtube, lastly efforts to counter the Assigments for me, neoliberal agenda to create a global labour market without any restrictions, that has produced an incredibly destructive downward spiral of Writing essays, wages and, especially in the Global South, leading to conditions of immense exploitation. McMichael (2004) has collected a variety of case studies that vividly illustrate this situation.

38 This argument is explained in length in Roozen Boersma (2002). 39 “Decentralization of economic decision-making and ensuring that authorities are made accountable to the people for their actions is where we need to start. But such democratic models have generally been based either on statement business, workers' control at the work place or on consumer power in the market. The fact is that the two have to essays custom youtube be combined. Markets which split us into two halves - into producers and consumers - have to be modified so that we can once more become whole.(. ) The conclusion of this book is Assigments do it for me that it will be by new forms of cooperation and not by relying solely on competition, that this [the new economic order] will be done.

We cannot now foresee what the new structures will be.” (Brown, 1993:191).

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Free German Essays on custom Family: Meine Familie. Did your German teacher tell you to write about your family, but you have just no idea how to do that? Well, you are lucky because you have me! I am a German native and happy to help you. I have written some example essays about families for you. I have seen many children at school struggling to writing in proper German. Assigments Do It. Here is your chance to essays youtube make it better and to impress your teacher.

Wether you need to copy some sentences or use my examples as an inspiration, it is your choice. The examples that I show you below are structured like this: First, you find an example of Technical writing essay, a short essay in German. It shows you how you can describe your own family. Since every family is different, I wrote some more examples for you to Writing chose from. After the German part follows a part in Write research paper graduate level italics where I tell you in English what the German text is about. After the custom, examples of short essays, you will find a list of German key words and conjugated verbs that I provided for Technical you so that you do not have to look it up a dictionary. My aim is to provide a time effective aid for your German homework. Any questions about the texts? Just ask! And please excuse any mistakes in my English, as I am still learning too. Do you live with your Mum, Dad, and with your brother or sister?

Then use this text to describe your family in your German essay: Wir sind eine ganz normale Familie. Writing Essays Custom. Ich wohne zusammen mit meinen Eltern, meiner kleinen Schwester Lisa und unserer Katze Mick. Meine Gro?eltern wohnen im gleichen Dorf wie wir. For Me. Oma Francis arbeitet noch. Sie ist Krankenschwester. Die Anderen sind schon in Rente. Oma Lydia nimmt sich viel Zeit fur mich und geht haufig mit mir Kleider oder Schuhe kaufen. Leider will meine kleine Schwester dann auch immer mit. Writing Essays. Mein Vater arbeitet bei einer Bank und fahrt am Wochenende gern mit seinem Motorrad. Das findet meine Mutter nicht so gut, da sie meint, dass Motorradfahren so gefahrlich ist.

Sie sagt, dass ich und meine Schwester auf keinen Fall mitfahren durfen. Mein Vater versteht das nicht, aber er will sich auch nicht streiten. Nachstes Jahr wollen wir in ein gro?eres Haus ziehen, weil meine Eltern noch ein Baby bekommen. Ich hoffe, dass wir nicht zu weit weg ziehen, da alle meine Freunde hier in do it for me now lyrics der Nahe wohnen. Meine Tante Clara, die Schwester meiner Mutter, wohnt sogar genau gegenuber. Custom Youtube. Meine Cousine Barbara kommt deshalb haufig zu Besuch.

Here is what the Writing statement law school direct, text is about (this is not a 1-to-1 translation!): We are a very normal family. I live with my parents, my little sister, and our cat Mick. My grandparents live in the same village where we live. Writing Custom Youtube. Grandma Francis still works. She is a nurse. Writing Direct. The others are already retired.

Grandma Lydia spends a lot of Writing essays, time with me, and we often go shopping together to look for clothes or shoes. For College Scholarship. Unfortunately, my little sister wants to essays youtube come with us as well. My father works in a bank and likes to ride his motorbike on the weekend. My mother does not like that because she thinks it is personal direct, very dangerous. She says we are never allowed to Writing essays custom ride with him on the bike. How To Scholarship Kelly. My father doesn't understand why, but he doesn't want to argue with her. Next year, we are going to move into a bigger house because my parents will have another baby. Essays. I hope we are not moving too far because all of Write graduate school level, my friends are here. My aunt Clara even lives opposite to essays youtube us.

Therefore, my cousin Barbara often visits us. If you have a big family, this example may help you with your German essay: Meine Familie ist sehr gro?. Ich habe zwei Schwestern, einen Bruder, drei Tanten, einen Onkel und sechs Cousins. Essay. Meine gro?e Schwester hat lange blonde Haare und hei?t Laura und eine kleine Schwester hei?t Miranda und ist dunkelhaarig. Mein Bruder hei?t Fred und tragt eine Brille.

Ich verstehe mich gut mit meiner kleinen Schwester und meinem Bruder. Mit meiner gro?en Schwester streite ich mich oft um den Computer. Mein Vater arbeitet zwar viel, aber am Wochenende hilft er uns immer bei den Hausaufgaben. Essays Custom. Meine Mutter backt gerne Torten. Ihre Schokotorten mag ich besonders gerne. In den Ferien besuchen wir haufig meine Gro?eltern, da sie leider so weit entfernt wohnen. Meine anderen Gro?eltern, die Eltern meiner Mutter wohnen eine Stra?e weiter. Das finde ich schon, da wir uns oft sehen konnen. Au?erdem haben sie eine su?e Perserkatze, mit der ich immer spiele. Wenn uns meine Cousins besuchen kommen, unternehmen wir meist etwas Besonderes. Letztes Wochenende waren wir alle zusammen im Zoo.

Das war lustig, da mein Cousin Ben Angst vor Schlangen hatte. Ich mag meine Familie! My family is very big. Technical Essay Quiz. I have got two sisters, one brother, three aunts, one uncle, and six cousins. My older sister has long blond hair, and her name is Laura. My little sister is called Miranda and has dark hair. Essays Custom. My brother's name is online kansas, Fred and wears glasses. I get along well with my little sister and my brother. But I argue a lot with my older sister about the computer. Writing Essays Custom. Although my father works a lot, he always helps us with homework on the weekend. My mother likes to bake cakes.

I especially like her chocolate cake. Writing Essay. During the holidays, we often visit my grandparents because they live so far from Writing youtube, us. My other grandparents, the parents of my mother, live on the street next to ours. I like that because that way we can see each other a lot. In addition to that, they have a cute Persian cat I always play with. When my cousins visit us, we always do something special together. Last weekend, we went to the zoo together. Personal Statement Direct. That was fun because my cousin Ben was afraid of the snake. Essays Youtube. I like my family! If you are living with only Technical quiz, one parent, check out this text:

Meine Familie ist sehr klein. Ich lebe zusammen mit meiner Mutter und meinem Bruder. Tanten oder Onkel habe ich nicht. Meinen Vater sehe ich nur in essays den Sommerferien, da er weit weg wohnt. Meine Oma wohnt gleich nebenan. Personal Statement. Sie kummert sich nachmittags um mich und meinen Bruder, wenn meine Mutter arbeiten muss. Meine Oma ist schon in Rente. Custom Youtube. Sie hat fruher mal bei der Post gearbeitet. Mein Opa und meine anderen Gro?eltern sind leider schon gestorben. Mein Bruder hei?t Patrick und ist sehr gut in for money der Schule.

Er ist sehr gro? und schlank und hat blonde Locken. Writing Youtube. Meine Freundin findet ihn su?. Das verstehe ich gar nicht. Ich mag es aber nicht, wenn er laut Musik hort und es gerade meine Lieblingssendung im Fernsehen gibt. Dafur geht er immer mit unserem Hund Gassi, so dass ich das nicht tun muss. Research Level. Ich wunschte, ich hatte noch eine Schwester, die mir helfen konnte, meine Haare zu frisieren, oder mit der ich die Kleider tauschen konnte. Ich hoffe nur, dass meine Mutter nicht noch mal heiratet. My family is very small. Writing Essays Custom. I live with my mother and my brother.

I have no aunts or uncles. I only How to write for college scholarship kelly tanabe, see my father during the summer holiday because he lives far away. My grandma lives next door. She looks after me and essays custom youtube, my brother when my mother has to work. Personal Statement. My grandma is custom, already retired. She used to Technical essay quiz work at a post office.

My grandpa and Writing custom, my other grandparents are already dead. My brother's name is paper level, Patrick, and he is doing very well at school. He is very tall and slim, and has curly blond hair. Essays Youtube. My friend thinks he is cute. I cannot understand that at all.

But I do not like it when he listens to loud music when my favorite tv show is Technical quiz, on. Essays Custom Youtube. On the other hand, he always walks the dog so that I don't need to do that. I wish I had a sister who would help me style my hair or who I could swap clothes with. I do hope that my mother is not going to marry again. The Audio Version of the Essay A Small Family

Ready made German essay examples on a character and appearance description to use straight away. Guidance of how to structure your essay. Writing Personal Statement Law School. With English translation. German Books for Children Can Help You to Achieve Your First Goals Easily. This is one of my favorite books. If you like it yourself, why not try and read it in German. Writing Custom Youtube. It is Assigments for me now lyrics, not too long and would be adequate for custom youtube intermediate learners. If you have your English version at home, you can also cross reference. Just read a paragraph in English, and How to write an essay kelly, then the same in German. Reading This Book Is a Must if You Want to Get to Know the German Culture.

Janosch is an Writing essays youtube important part of German literature and culture. Janosh books are written for children, but adults love them too. The stories teach children about friendship, values, dreams, and how colorful this world is. As a student of the German language, you should start with literature like this. It will not be too hard for you if you are not a complete beginner, and you will gain an understanding what shapes the understanding of a German child. Example Four: Living With Grandparents. Do you live with your grandparents? Then check out this example if it suits you:

Ich wohne bei meinen Gro?eltern, da meine Eltern gestorben sind, als ich noch ein Baby war. Wir wohnen in do it now lyrics einem gro?en Haus, und ich habe ein riesiges Zimmer mit meinem eigenen Balkon. Im Sommer mache ich dort immer meine Hausaufgaben. Meine Gro?eltern sind ganz lieb zu mir. Mein Opa hilft mir immer, mein Fahrrad zu reparieren und meine Oma ladt meine Freunde oft zum Essen ein. Ich habe auch noch einen Onkel, der manchmal am Wochenende vorbeikommt und Architekt ist. Essays Youtube. Momentan arbeitet er jedoch in How to write an essay scholarship Japan fur drei Monate. Wir passen solange auf seinen Hund auf, und er hat mir versprochen, mir eine Uberraschung aus Japan mitzubringen.

Eine Frau hat mein Onkel nicht. Meine Oma sagt immer, er sei mit seiner Arbeit verheiratet. Dann gibt es noch Tante Miriam, die eigentlich keine richtige Tante ist, sondern die beste Freundin meiner Oma. Die beiden kennen sich aber schon so lange, dass sie inzwischen auch zur Familie gehort. Tante Miriam hat viele Enkelkinder und manchmal treffen wir uns alle zusammen im Park. Dann machen wir ein gro?es Picknick und haben ganz viel Spa?. And here is what the text is essays custom youtube, about (Remember, this isn't a 1-to-1 translation!):

I live with my grandparents because my parents died when I was a baby. We live in a big house, and I have a huge room with my own balcony. Technical Writing Quiz. In the summertime, I do my homework there. Writing Youtube. My grandparents are very nice to me. My grandpa always helps me repair my bike, and my grandma often invites my friends for dinner. I also have an for me now lyrics uncle who comes around for Writing youtube the weekend from time to time, and personal statement law school, he is an architect. Writing Essays Custom. At the How to write an essay for college kelly tanabe, moment, he is youtube, working in Japan for three months, and we are looking after his dog. But he promised me to bring a surprise back from Japan. Writing Essay. My uncle has no wife. My grandma always says he is Writing custom youtube, married to now lyrics his job.

Then there is aunt Miriam who is Writing essays, not a real aunt actually but the best friend of my grandma. Personal Law School Direct. Since they have known each other for Writing custom such a long time, she became a member of Assigments for me now lyrics, our family. Writing Essays Custom Youtube. Aunt Miriam has lots of grandchildren, and Write research paper, sometimes we all meet in the park. Then we have a great picnic and much fun! My Audio Version of the Essay Living with Grandparents These Are the Writing essays custom youtube, Keywords of All the German Essays Above. Writing about help kansas you school is totally easy - with the help of this hub. Learn how to write about essays youtube positives and negatives at your school in splendid German! FREE German essay on drugs - Drogen.

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Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. Help Online. HubPages ® is a registered Service Mark of HubPages, Inc. HubPages and Hubbers (authors) may earn revenue on this page based on Writing essays custom youtube affiliate relationships and advertisements with partners including Amazon, Google, and others. Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and respective owners.