Choice electrical engineering projects

Arts: Music/ Composer Report term paper 19538. There have been many extraordinary composers of music throughout history. Each composer has his or her own wonderful characteristics and abilities that have touched the special few, or the Choice electrical, many peoples of the world. Help Kids? Three composers that have not been largely recognized but highly acclaimed for Choice electrical engineering, their music are Ron Nelson, Russell Alexander, and Eric Whitacre. The Carl Sandburg High School Symphonic Band was fortunate enough to perform a composition by each of these men. Ron Nelson, in particular, has a special and interesting history that many people do not know of. Ron Nelson was born in Joliet, Illinois, December 14, 1929.

As a child, Ron grew up around the hopes and dreams of his parents. His father wanted him to be a professional left-handed pitcher, but his mother wished for him to explore the oracle, musical field and become a pianist like her. Engineering? Ron began obligatory piano lessons at age 6 with the same teacher as his mother. At the same age, Nelson wrote his first composition, The Sailboat, which he still has because my mother saved everything. At age 12, Nelson changed from studying the piano to studying the organ. At age 13, he played for his church to raise money for secret flying lessons. Nelson knows that he benefited from taking organ lessons because they reveal the basic principles of the orchestra. When Nelson attended Joliet Township High School, he taught himself the to do, string bass in order to be a part of the orchestra. He also began conducting and Choice electrical projects arranging shows for his school. The director, Bruce Housknecht, encouraged Nelson to compose his own work. This encouragement led to Pay to homework someone, a 22-minute concerto for electrical projects, piano and orchestra composed at age 17.

The concerto and a recommendation from essay romeo and juliet, his teacher and electrical projects mentor, Housknecht, got Nelson accepted to homework help kids, the Eastman School of Music. Nelson studied under the wise supervision of Howard Hanson and Bernard Rogers. Hanson's genius was to create an environment where you couldn't wait to write something for the next class. He was a source of inspiration, a mentor, and one of the reasons that I stayed at Eastman. Nelson earned his B.Mus degree in electrical engineering 1952, M.Mus. in 1953, and D.M.A. in 1956, all from Eastman. Ron Nelson traveled to many places all over the world during his lifetime to study music in different cultures. In 1954 through 1956, Nelson went to Paris on a Fullbright Grant to study at the Ecole Normale de Musique and the Paris Conservatory. Paris was the perfect antidote to the heavy drain of doctoral work. Others Oracle? I interviewed at the school and was offered the option to study with either Nadia Boulanger or Arthur Honegger.

I chose Honneger because I admired his music. He subsequently became ill, so I ended up studying with Tony Aubin and spent the rest of my time travelling. My favorite course at Eastman was Fine Arts, where we dealt with the electrical, great cultures of Egypt and Greece. To actually travel to those places was overwhelming, said Nelson about his visit to Paris. During a visit to England, he met two of his heroes, Ralph Vaughan Williams and William Walton. Walton's Troilus and Cressida was being rehearsed and I got the chance to meet Walton briefly. He was a very cold person, not at help all like his music, with its warm and dynamic qualities. On the other hand, Vaughan Williams was like meeting God. He was very kind and Choice engineering projects his personality did seem to fit his music. After graduating, Nelson joined the music faculty of Brown University in 1956 for seven years. Helping Case? From 1963-1973, he served as Chairman of the Music Department for Brown University.

In 1993, Nelson was named professor emeritus upon his retirement. Ron Nelson wrote many wonderful and Choice electrical engineering memorable pieces of music that people of every age will enjoy for years to come. Here are a few examples: Savannah River Holiday was composed in others case oracle 1953 and established, for better and worse, what some would see as his style. Nelson said, I have long ago accepted being typecast as a composer of flashy, high energy overtures. I would like listeners to understand that I do not 'arrange' my lighter pieces, I really feel this music. There are two distinct aesthetic tracks in my musical personality, and electrical engineering projects I believe that both are composed and orchestrated equally well. Rocky Point Holiday started the do my homework i need, take off for Nelson s writing for concert bands. Says Nelson of this piece; This style had its genesis at engineering Eastman.

I came from huge, Revelli-style bands in Joliet and had that sound in my ear. Then I got to Eastman and heard this very tight, sinewy sound in the form for help kids, the Eastman Wind Ensemble under Frederick Fennell. This sound was seeping into my musical consciousness, and it was not until I got away from it that I realized how important this experience was. Choice? Ron Nelson is the Geography homework kids, Renaissance man of concert band composition, and not simply because he wrote the Renaissance-era piece, Courtly Airs and Dances, either. It is electrical projects, because he is a composer whose skill is not bounded by instrumentation, and who can express himself, regardless of the inspiration, or lack thereof, at the time. An Essay Application A Personal? Nelson says, I think that composers MUST have something to say musically, and I think that all music, regardless of Choice its specific gravity, must be well crafted. I hope the do my homework, audience hears these pieces as such, well crafted, with something to Choice electrical engineering, say.

Our writers are all Uni graduates able to work effectively on any level under time constraints. Well-versed in most subjects and citation styles, our writers have years of ghostwriting experience doing both academic and help professional projects. Choice Engineering Projects? Every paper is written from scratch based on your instructions and there is no plagiarism of case oracle any kind. Plus, we guarantee free unlimited revisions. Choice Electrical? You will enjoy direct contact with the writer throughout the entire process and will receive the paper by e-mail/download. Others Case? The projects are never resold and will remain your unique property for a lifetime.

The service is totally confidential and all client information is Choice engineering projects, kept private. We guarantee that the paper will adequately meet your guidelines and be done by the deadline, otherwise we will give you your money back, if we fail (terms of service apply).

moch resume Mocha is a feature-rich JavaScript test framework running on Node.js and in the browser, making asynchronous testing simple and fun . Mocha tests run serially, allowing for flexible and accurate reporting, while mapping uncaught exceptions to the correct test cases. Hosted on GitHub. Find Mocha helpful? Become a backer and engineering support Mocha with a monthly donation.

Use Mocha at Pay to do my for me i need Work? Ask your manager or marketing team if they’d help support our project. Engineering Projects! Your company’s logo will also be displayed on npmjs.com and our GitHub repository. browser support simple async support, including promises test coverage reporting string diff support javascript API for running tests proper exit status for yourself for college a personal CI support etc auto-detects and disables coloring for Choice electrical non-ttys maps uncaught exceptions to the correct test case async test timeout support test retry support test-specific timeouts growl notification support reports test durations highlights slow tests file watcher support global variable leak detection optionally run tests that match a regexp auto-exit to I need to do prevent “hanging” with an Choice active loop easily meta-generate suites test-cases mocha.opts file support clickable suite titles to filter test execution node debugger support detects multiple calls to done() use any assertion library you want extensible reporting, bundled with 9+ reporters extensible test DSLs or “interfaces” before, after, before each, after each hooks arbitrary transpiler support (coffee-script etc) TextMate bundle and more! Install with npm globally: or as a development dependency for your project: To install Mocha v3.0.0 or newer with npm , you will need npm v1.4.0 or newer. Pay To Homework For Me I Need Someone! Additionally, to run Mocha, you will need Node.js v0.10 or newer. Mocha can also be installed via Bower ( bower install mocha ), and is available at Choice engineering projects cdnjs. Back in the terminal: Set up a test script in Helping oracle, package.json: Then run tests with:

Mocha allows you to use any assertion library you wish. In the electrical engineering above example, we’re using Node.js’ built-in assert module–but generally, if it throws an yourself a personal Error , it will work! This means you can use libraries such as: should.js - BDD style shown throughout these docs expect.js - expect() style assertions chai - expect() , assert() and electrical engineering projects should -style assertions better-assert - C-style self-documenting assert() unexpected - “the extensible BDD assertion toolkit” Testing asynchronous code with Mocha could not be simpler! Simply invoke the callback when your test is Writing an essay about application a personal, complete. By adding a callback (usually named done ) to projects it() , Mocha will know that it should wait for this function to be called to complete the test. To make things even easier, the done() callback accepts an paper helper error, so we may use this directly: Alternately, instead of Choice engineering projects using the done() callback, you may return a Promise. This is useful if the APIs you are testing return promises instead of I need someone my chemistry homework pay taking callbacks: The latter example uses Chai as Promised for fluent promise assertions. In Mocha v3.0.0 and newer, returning a Promise and calling done() will result in Choice engineering, an exception, as this is generally a mistake:

The above test will fail with Error: Resolution method is overspecified. Paper! Specify a callback *or* return a Promise; not both. . Engineering Projects! In versions older than v3.0.0, the call to essay introduction done() is Choice electrical, effectively ignored. If your JS environment supports async / await you can also write asynchronous tests like this: When testing synchronous code, omit the Geography help kids callback and Mocha will automatically continue on electrical engineering to the next test. Passing arrow functions (“lambdas”) to Mocha is discouraged. Due to the lexical binding of this , such functions are unable to access the Mocha context. For example, the following code will fail due to Writing about application a personal the nature of lambdas: If you do not need to use Mocha’s context, lambdas should work.

However, the result will be more difficult to electrical projects refactor if the need eventually arises. With its default “BDD”-style interface, Mocha provides the hooks before() , after() , beforeEach() , and afterEach() . These should be used to set up preconditions and clean up after your tests. Tests can appear before, after, or interspersed with your hooks. Pay To Do My Homework Someone! Hooks will run in the order they are defined, as appropriate; all before() hooks run (once), then any beforeEach() hooks, tests, any afterEach() hooks, and finally after() hooks (once). Any hook can be invoked with an projects optional description, making it easier to pinpoint errors in Geography help kids, your tests. Choice Projects! If a hook is given a named function, that name will be used if no description is supplied. All hooks ( before() , after() , beforeEach() , afterEach() ) may be sync or async as well, behaving much like a regular test-case. Writing For College Application A Personal! For example, you may wish to populate database with dummy content before each test: You may also pick any file and add “root”-level hooks.

For example, add beforeEach() outside of all describe() blocks. This will cause the callback to Choice electrical projects beforeEach() to run before any test case, regardless of the file it lives in (this is because Mocha has an essay introduction implied describe() block, called the “root suite”). If you need to perform asynchronous operations before any of your suites are run, you may delay the root suite. Run mocha with the --delay flag. This will attach a special callback function, run() , to the global context: “Pending”–as in Choice projects, “someone should write these test cases eventually”–test-cases are simply those without a callback: Pending tests will be reported as such. The exclusivity feature allows you to run only the specified suite or test-case by appending .only() to the function. Pay To Do My For Me I Need Someone! Here’s an example of electrical engineering projects executing only paper design a particular suite: Note : All nested suites will still be executed.

Here’s an Choice electrical projects example of executing an individual test case: Previous to v3.0.0, .only() used string matching to decide which tests to execute. As of Helping others v3.0.0, this is Choice electrical engineering projects, no longer the homework help case. In v3.0.0 or newer, .only() can be used multiple times to define a subset of projects tests to run: You may also choose multiple suites: But tests will have precedence : Note : Hooks, if present, will still be executed. Be mindful not to Writing about yourself for college application commit usages of .only() to version control, unless you really mean it! This feature is the electrical inverse of .only() . By appending .skip() , you may tell Mocha to simply ignore these suite(s) and test case(s). An Essay Yourself Application A Personal! Anything skipped will be marked as pending, and reported as such. Here’s an example of skipping an entire suite:

Or a specific test-case: Best practice : Use .skip() instead of commenting tests out. You may also skip at Choice electrical runtime using this.skip() . Geography Help Kids! If a test needs an environment or configuration which cannot be detected beforehand, a runtime skip is appropriate. For example: The above test will be reported as pending. It’s also important to note that calling this.skip() will effectively abort the test. Best practice : To avoid confusion, do not execute further instructions in a test or hook after calling this.skip() . Contrast the above test with the following code: Because this test does nothing , it will be reported as passing . Best practice : Don’t do nothing! A test should make an assertion or use this.skip() . To skip multiple tests in this manner, use this.skip() in a “before” hook: Before Mocha v3.0.0, this.skip() was not supported in asynchronous tests and Choice projects hooks.

You can choose to retry failed tests up to a certain number of Unique essay introduction times. This feature is designed to Choice projects handle end-to-end tests (functional tests/Selenium…) where resources cannot be easily mocked/stubbed. It’s not recommended to use this feature for unit tests . This feature does re-run beforeEach/afterEach hooks but not before/after hooks. NOTE : Example below was written using Selenium webdriver (which overwrites global Mocha hooks for Promise chain). Given Mocha’s use of Function.prototype.call and function expressions to define suites and test cases, it’s straightforward to generate your tests dynamically. No special syntax is required — plain ol’ JavaScript can be used to Geography homework help achieve functionality similar to “parameterized” tests, which you may have seen in electrical, other frameworks. Take the following example: The above code will produce a suite with three specs: Many reporters will display test duration, as well as flagging tests that are slow, as shown here with the “spec” reporter:

To tweak what’s considered “slow”, you can use the slow() method: Suite-level timeouts may be applied to entire test “suites”, or disabled via this.timeout(0) . Romeo! This will be inherited by all nested suites and electrical test-cases that do not override the homework someone value. Test-specific timeouts may also be applied, or the use of this.timeout(0) to disable timeouts all together: Hook-level timeouts may also be applied: Again, use this.timeout(0) to disable the timeout for a hook. In v3.0.0 or newer, a parameter passed to Choice electrical engineering this.timeout() greater than the maximum delay value will cause the timeout to be disabled. Mocha supports the err.expected and err.actual properties of any thrown AssertionError s from an essay introduction and juliet assertion library. Choice Electrical Engineering Projects! Mocha will attempt to display the difference between what was expected, and an essay yourself for college application a personal what the assertion actually saw. Here’s an Choice electrical example of a “string” diff: Executes tests on changes to JavaScript in the CWD, and once initially.

Updated in Mocha v4.0.0. Prior to version v4.0.0, by default , Mocha would force its own process to exit once it was finished executing all tests. Writing Yourself A Personal! This behavior enables a set of potential problems; it’s indicative of tests (or fixtures, harnesses, code under test, etc.) which don’t clean up after themselves properly. Ultimately, “dirty” tests can (but not always) lead to false positive or false negative results. “Hanging” most often manifests itself if a server is Choice, still listening on a port, or a socket is homework kids, still open, etc. Electrical Engineering! It can also be something like a runaway setInterval() , or even an errant Promise that never fulfilled.

The default behavior in romeo and juliet, v4.0.0 is Choice electrical engineering, --no-exit , where previously it was --exit . The easiest way to “fix” the issue is to simply pass --exit to the Mocha process. Helper! It can be time-consuming to debug–because it’s not always obvious where the problem is–but it is recommended to do so. To ensure your tests aren’t leaving messes around, here are some ideas to get started: Updated in Mocha v4.0.0. CoffeeScript is no longer supported out of the box. CS and similar transpilers may be used by mapping the file extensions (for use with --watch ) and Choice electrical the module name. For example --compilers coffee:coffee-script with CoffeeScript 1.6- or --compilers coffee:coffee-script/register with CoffeeScript 1.7+. If your ES6 modules have extension .js , you can npm install --save-dev babel-register and use mocha --require babel-register ; --compilers is only necessary if you need to specify a file extension. Only interested in the first exception? use --bail ! Enables node’s debugger support, this executes your script(s) with node debug file . allowing you to step through code and break with the I need someone my chemistry debugger statement. Choice Electrical Engineering Projects! Note the difference between mocha debug and mocha --debug : mocha debug will fire up node’s built-in debug client, mocha --debug will allow you to use a different interface — such as the for me i need someone Blink Developer Tools. Accepts a comma-delimited list of accepted global variable names.

For example, suppose your app deliberately exposes a global named app and YUI , you may want to Choice projects add --globals app,YUI . It also accepts wildcards. You could do --globals '*bar' and it would match foobar , barbar , etc. Geography! You can also simply pass in '*' to Choice electrical projects ignore all globals. By default, Mocha will not check for global variables leaked while running tests, to enable this pass --check-leaks , to specify globals that are acceptable use --globals , for Research paper design example --globals jQuery,MyLib . The --require option is useful for Choice electrical libraries such as should.js, so you may simply --require should instead of manually invoking require('should') within each test file. Homework Help Kids! Note that this works well for should as it augments Object.prototype , however if you wish to Choice access a module’s exports you will have to require them, for example var should = require('should') . Furthermore, it can be used with relative paths, e.g. Research Design! --require ./test/helper.js. The --ui option lets you specify the Choice electrical engineering projects interface to use, defaulting to “bdd”. The --reporter option allows you to specify the reporter that will be used, defaulting to “spec”. This flag may also be used to utilize third-party reporters. About Yourself For College A Personal! For example if you npm install mocha-lcov-reporter you may then do --reporter mocha-lcov-reporter . Specifies the Choice engineering test-case timeout, defaulting to 2 seconds.

To override you may pass the my chemistry timeout in milliseconds, or a value with the s suffix, ex: --timeout 2s or --timeout 2000 would be equivalent. Specify the “slow” test threshold, defaulting to 75ms. Mocha uses this to Choice engineering projects highlight test-cases that are taking too long. The --grep option when specified will trigger mocha to only run tests matching the given pattern which is internally compiled to a RegExp . Suppose, for example, you have “api” related tests, as well as “app” related tests, as shown in the following snippet; One could use --grep api or --grep app to paper helper design run one or the other. Choice Electrical! The same goes for any other part of help a suite or test-case title, --grep users would be valid as well, or even --grep GET . Mocha’s “interface” system allows developers to choose their style of DSL. Mocha has BDD , TDD , Exports , QUnit and Require -style interfaces. The BDD interface provides describe() , context() , it() , specify() , before() , after() , beforeEach() , and Choice electrical engineering projects afterEach() . context() is just an alias for describe() , and homework help behaves the same way; it just provides a way to keep tests easier to engineering projects read and organized. Similarly, specify() is an alias for my chemistry homework it() . All of the previous examples were written using the BDD interface.

The TDD interface provides suite() , test() , suiteSetup() , suiteTeardown() , setup() , and teardown() : The Exports interface is much like Mocha’s predecessor expresso. Choice Electrical! The keys before , after , beforeEach , and afterEach are special-cased, object values are suites, and function values are test-cases: The QUnit-inspired interface matches the “flat” look of homework help kids QUnit, where the electrical projects test suite title is simply defined before the test-cases. Like TDD, it uses suite() and test() , but resembling BDD, it also contains before() , after() , beforeEach() , and homework i need someone afterEach() . The require interface allows you to require the describe and friend words directly using require and call them whatever you want. This interface is also useful if you want to avoid global variables in your tests.

Note : The require interface cannot be run via the node executable, and projects must be run via mocha . Mocha reporters adjust to the terminal window, and always disable ANSI-escape coloring when the stdio streams are not associated with a TTY. This is the default reporter. The “spec” reporter outputs a hierarchical view nested just as the test cases are. The dot matrix (or “dot”) reporter is simply a series of someone my chemistry homework characters which represent test cases. Failures highlight in red exclamation marks ( ! ), pending tests with a blue comma ( , ), and Choice electrical slow tests as yellow. Good if you prefer minimal output. The “nyan” reporter is exactly what you might expect:

The TAP reporter emits lines for a Test-Anything-Protocol consumer. The Landing Strip ( landing ) reporter is I need my chemistry pay, a gimmicky test reporter simulating a plane landing :) unicode ftw. The “list” reporter outputs a simple specifications list as test cases pass or fail, outputting the failure details at the bottom of the output. The “progress” reporter implements a simple progress-bar: The “JSON” reporter outputs a single large JSON object when the tests have completed (failures or not). The “JSON stream” reporter outputs newline-delimited JSON “events” as they occur, beginning with a “start” event, followed by test passes or failures, and Choice engineering projects then the final “end” event.

The “min” reporter displays the others case oracle summary only, while still outputting errors on failure. Electrical Engineering! This reporter works great with --watch as it clears the terminal in order to do my homework for me i need someone keep your test summary at the top. The “doc” reporter outputs a hierarchical HTML body representation of your tests. Engineering! Wrap it with a header, footer, and some styling, then you have some fantastic documentation! For example, suppose you have the following JavaScript:

The command mocha --reporter doc array would yield: The SuperAgent request library test documentation was generated with Mocha’s doc reporter using this simple make target: View the an essay about application entire Makefile for reference. The “markdown” reporter generates a markdown TOC and body for your test suite. This is great if you want to electrical use the tests as documentation within a Github wiki page, or a markdown file in Writing for college, the repository that Github can render. For example here is the Connect test output. The “HTML” reporter is Choice electrical engineering projects, currently the only browser reporter supported by Mocha, and it looks like this:

The “XUnit” reporter is also available. An Essay About Yourself A Personal! By default, it will output to Choice electrical projects the console. To write directly to a file, use --reporter-options output=filename.xml . Mocha allows you to define custom third-party reporters. For more information see the wiki. An example is the TeamCity reporter. Mocha runs in the browser. Every release of Mocha will have new builds of Research ./mocha.js and ./mocha.css for use in the browser.

The following method(s) only Choice function in a browser context: mocha.allowUncaught() : If called, uncaught errors will not be absorbed by Pay to for me someone, the error handler. A typical setup might look something like the following, where we call mocha.setup('bdd') to Choice use the case BDD interface before loading the test scripts, running them onload with mocha.run() . The browser may use the --grep as functionality. Choice Electrical Engineering! Append a query-string to your URL: ?grep=api . Mocha options can be set via mocha.setup() . Examples: The following option(s) only function in a browser context: noHighlighting : If set to true , do not attempt to use syntax highlighting on output test code. Back on the server, Mocha will attempt to load ./test/mocha.opts as a configuration file of sorts. The lines in this file are combined with any command-line arguments. The command-line arguments take precedence. For example, suppose you have the following mocha.opts file: This will default the Geography help kids reporter to dot , require the should library, and use bdd as the interface.

With this, you may then invoke mocha with additional arguments, here enabling Growl support, and changing the reporter to electrical projects list : By default, mocha looks for the glob ./test/*.js and ./test/*.coffee , so you may want to put your tests in test/ folder. The following editor-related packages are available: The Mocha TextMate bundle includes snippets to make writing tests quicker and Helping others case more enjoyable. To install the bundle, clone a copy of the Mocha repo, and run: JetBrains provides a NodeJS plugin for its suite of electrical IDEs (IntelliJ IDEA, WebStorm, etc.), which contains a Mocha test runner, among other things. The plugin is others case, titled NodeJS , and can be installed via Preferences Plugins , assuming your license allows it. Wallaby.js is a continuous testing tool that enables real-time code coverage for Mocha with any assertion library in electrical, JetBrains IDEs (IntelliJ IDEA, WebStorm, etc.) and Geography help kids Visual Studio for both browser and engineering projects node.js projects.

Emacs support for Writing yourself application a personal running Mocha tests is available via a 3rd party package mocha.el. Projects! The package is available on MELPA, and do my homework i need can be installed via M-x package-install mocha . Real live example code: To run Mocha’s tests, you will need GNU Make or compatible; Cygwin should work.

Les og l?r: Hvordan skrive stil til 6. Denne veiledningen vil aller mest være til hjelp for electrical, folk som kan skrive ordene riktig , men som sliter med å finne noe å skrive om som vil falle læreren i smak. Do My Homework. Blir du trukket for Choice electrical engineering projects, skrivefeil hjelper det jo ikke at Unique essay romeo and juliet, din historie er akkurat noe slikt som læreren vil ha. Electrical Engineering. Men følger du guiden vil du kanskje gjøre det bedre enn du pleier likevel. Å skrive stil er noe man gjerne gjør på tentamen, så dette er en slags tentamensguide: Hvordan få best mulig karakter, i forhold til dine forutsetninger, og legge ned minst mulig arbeid i dette. Dette lynkurset vil ikke gjøre deg til en bedre skribent, snarere tvert imot.

Altså må du unngå å bruke disse tipsene hvis du skal skrive noe i andre, viktigere sammenhenger. Hvis du har skrevet stil før, og fått en karakter du er godt fornøyd med: let frem denne! Nå kan det være du er så heldig at du sitter på en fasit på hva slags greier læreren din er fan av. Helper. En god stil kan ikke gjentas for Choice electrical projects, mange ganger. Someone My Chemistry Homework. Ikke en gang til samme lærer. Hvis du har en slik stil i din besittelse, kan du regne denne som grunnstilen. Choice Engineering Projects. Selv har jeg en slik stil, og den har nå blitt mal for I need to do, mange av mine senere stiler. Men det kan jo også godt være at electrical engineering projects, du ikke sitter på et slikt dokument, så jeg tenkte å liste opp hva slags greier som pleier å bli tatt godt i mot. Eksempler på enkle stiler som slår an: Denne stiltypen er veldig enkel å skrive. Du skriver en vanlig historie som er rett frem i forhold til oppgaven.

Men du passer på å bruke et litt villere språk og syke sammenligninger som får det til å virke som du sitter og ler av din egen stil. Det skal helst være litt morsomt. Her er det om å skrive om noe seriøst på en positivt utroverdig måte. Helping. Avslutningen ler helst av historien og får frem at engineering, folk er dumme. 2. En (egentlig ikke) dyp og undrende stil.

Denne pleier å slå an, og får deg også til å virke både smart og reflektert. Kids. Den passer supert til oppgaver der du blir bedt om å skrive stil ut ifra et bilde. Her kan det være et poeng å stille mest mulig spørsmål, og svare på dem på måter de ikke har blitt svart på før. Choice Engineering Projects. Du trenger ikke å tro på det du skriver overhodet. Det første avsnittet inneholder gjerne mange fine, kloke ord. Pay To Do My Homework For Me. Det er fint hvis det er en mening bak, men det behøves ikke. Choice Engineering. Ord å bruke i en slik innledning: Evighet, mennesker, hjerte, himmel, helvete, univers osv.

Noe lignende gjør du i slutten, her kjører man gjerne noe som er litt på siden av selve handlingen. Unique Essay And Juliet. Gjenta gjerne ord fra begynnelsen av stilen, da gir du et helhetlig inntrykk. Electrical Projects. Læreren vil også tro at Writing about yourself a personal, det var meningen at projects, han/hun skulle feste seg ved dette i begynnelsen av historien, og at det var på grunn av disse ordene at I need my chemistry, resten av historien ”skjedde”. En undergruppe til denne typer stiler, er De storslagne stilene , de tar gjerne opp større spørsmål som eksistens eller verdensproblemer. Choice Electrical Engineering Projects. De har titler som dette: ”A story about Research helper being” Dette er den aller enkleste og mest utbredte av de 3 hovedtypene. Når jeg skriver denne type stil, begynner jeg alltid med å beskrive en fin sommerdag. Choice Engineering. Jeg skriver for pay, det meste historien i jeg-person, fra en mannlig synsvinkel. Etter at sommerdagen er beskrevet, ser eller møter han henne. Electrical Projects. Da oppstår det en eller annen komplikasjon, før de lykkelige går inn i midnattssola sammen. Helping Case. I alle fall slutter det i en eller annen ”vakker” scene.

Ikke bli redd hvis du blir litt kvalm av din egen stil. Electrical Engineering Projects. Hvis du vil unngå flaue kommentarer fra læreren, kan du blande denne med stiltype 1. I Need Someone To Do My Chemistry Homework. Da gir du et kraftig spark til slike historier, og læreren vil oppfatte deg som moden. Choice Engineering Projects. En slik stil kan f. eks ha tittelen: ”Ei standard, klissete kjærleikshistorie” - Noter opp kule ord og setninger på notatarket ditt. Paper Design. 3 utrolige setninger kan redde en stil. Choice Projects. Stjel setninger fra favorittforfatteren, internett, tidligere oppgaver og venner.

- Hvis historia di ikke funker helt, lag en begynnelse før begynnelsen i parentes eller kursiv. Dette gjør de fleste andre ikke, og det vil si at Writing yourself for college, din skiller seg ut. - Bruk tegn! De er våre venner. Electrical. Les Solems vlogg for kids, innføring i bruk av f. Choice Electrical Projects. eks semikolon. - Velg oppgavene der du får velge sjanger og tittel selv, da slipper du å stresse med sjangertrekk og begrensningene som en tittel gir. Essay Introduction Romeo And Juliet. Disse bildeoppgavene som pleier å være på eksamen kan du jo nesten skrive hva som helst til. - Skriv for engineering, all del mainstream, lærere synes stiler skal følge alle reglene. - Finn på en slutt!

Alle historier skal ha en begynnelse, en midtdel og en slutt. Homework For Me I Need. Mange dropper det siste. Choice. Læreren skal ikke spørre seg om ”dette var alt”. Homework Help. Ha gjerne en dypere slutt i en setning. - Ikke beskriv alt, less is Choice electrical engineering more. I Need. Fortetta språk er stilig. - Ikke skriv 10 sider. Electrical Engineering Projects. Mest fordi det irriterer meg at someone to do my chemistry pay, du gjør det. Akkurat som du sier nei til opplesning av stilen i klassen. - Ikke følg denne guiden hvis du får en kjempeidé på tentamen, dette er ment for Choice projects, tilfeller der idéene mangler.

Lykke til med hva det måtte være! 21 kommentarer In Les og l?r: Hvordan skrive stil til 6 det er oppskriften pa fantastiske stiler… Likte metoden sostern brukte; skriv stilen, lever den til meg og la meg sette den sammen riktig… Du likte det ja? Der har du noe jeg aldri ville ha gjort for romeo and juliet, mine sosken. Electrical Engineering Projects. Men sa er vel du mye snillere enn meg. #2 jeg er det vet du… hun fiukk 500 for Geography, hver 6er hun fikk og jeg fikk 300 av de… Da fikk du jo litt for engineering, strevet i hvert fall. #4 gjorde jo det da=)

Slapp du i hvert fall a gjore alle tingene hennes. l?reren var liker at alt skal v?re skildret. et tips: bruk ordboka, den er din beste venn. Det er forskjell pa l?rere. Ordboka er alles beste venn. Spesielt i nynorsk. #8 spynorsk mordliste* Nynorsk er fint! ;p.

“Skriv eit slag for case, sidemolet!” Det med mal funker ikke helt har jeg fatt erfare… Leverte inn en stil fra tiende, som jeg hadde fatt en 6?er pa, inn til norskl?reren pa videregaende og fikk 3/4:/ Sa var det jo ikke helt det jeg mente. Hvis du har skrevet dette selv, sa vil jeg gjerne gifte meg med deg. Hvis det betyr at du er en sprakbevisst ung mann, skal du ikke se bort fra at electrical projects, det kan la seg ordne. Dette var et knallbra innlegg, plante, og det inspirerte meg nesten til a skrive et innlegg sjol i samme gate. I 8. Oracle. brukte jeg det knepet om a skrive om noe l?reren likte, da jeg visste han var batfrelst. Engineering Projects. Scoret nok litt ekstra da jeg skrev at for me i need someone, en av mine lidenskaper var bater (s?rlig), men dette er jo et farlig omrade a bevege seg ut pa, og jeg tapte nok litt pa at engineering, jeg ikke klarte a stave Christian Radich korrekt (lidenskap for homework kids, bater, men kan ikke stave navnet pa en av Norges mest kjente seilskip ?) I tiende oppdaga jeg plutselig formelen for Choice electrical engineering projects, a skrive en knakende god engelskstil, og det siste halvaret prikket jeg inn sekser etter sekser. Pay To Homework For Me Someone. Faktisk, pa den fjerde eller femte sekserstilen pa rad sa l?reren min at electrical projects, “denne ikke var av vanlig kvalitet”, jeg fikk 6-. I Need Someone To Do Homework Pay. Nar jeg leser stilene na er jeg ikke videre imponert, sa det handler nok om a finne formelen snarere enn a skrive godt.

Til alt hell fikk jeg pa VGS en norskl?rer som var utrolig dyktig (til tross for at Choice electrical projects, hun var en tyrann), og her var formelen for case, en god stil a faktisk skrive godt. Choice Electrical Projects. Slik utviklet jeg ogsa skriveferdighetene mine, sa all ?re til henne for det. Igjen: Supersnasent innlegg. Others. Jeg digger deg. juni 24th 2006 at engineering projects, 3:38 am. Kj?rlighetshistorier har jeg jammen aldri provd meg pa, fikk nemlig for to ar siden streng beskjed av engelskl?reren var om a ikke skrive det, rett og slett fordi hun ikke likte “sann sol”. I Need To Do My Chemistry Homework. Tihi;o)

juni 24th 2006 at 4:23 am. Fint innlegg! Det kan v?re greit a ha noe og ga etter nar man sitter pa en tentamen uten en eneste ide. Jeg selv har et opplegg som jeg synes funker fint. Jeg skriver pa den maten jeg vil, og bryter de reglene jeg vil. Electrical Engineering Projects. Jeg kjenner til de aller fleste regler og kan det aller meste av grammatikk, men bryter dem gjerne hvis det er behov for Research paper helper, det. Choice. Hvis man, nar man skriver, fokuserer for Pay to homework for me, mye pa regler og grammatikk fremfor innholdet, betyr ikke det at man er en god forfatter. Electrical Engineering Projects. Mange forfattere og forsavidt englebarna til l?rerne, tror at vet a folge disse reglene, er de domt til a lykkes. Dessverre sa synes jeg personlig at someone to do pay, mye av det ikke blir annet enn gorrkjedelig.

Det er greit nok hvis man har et omfattende vokabul?r, men ofte blir det hele bare unaturlig hvis man bruker mange fremmedord som bare Ivar Aasen har hort om. En norsk-l?rer jeg hadde sa at jeg la pa en karakter rundt 4-, og at Choice electrical, de l?rerne som hadde gitt meg 6 og slikt for, ma ha v?rt altfor sjenerose. Paper. Dette var grunnet selvstendighet. Electrical. Det at helper design, man kan ta spraket, vri og vende pa det som man selv vil, for Choice electrical projects, sa a bruke det til a SKAPE noe, blir man ofte kritisert for i skolen. Romeo. Jeg har det som prinsipp at Choice, jeg aldri skal selge meg selv og min skrivestil for others oracle, a fa bra karakterer, sa det er egentlig bare opp til l?rerne. Choice Engineering Projects. Noen l?rere gir meg bare fantastiske karakterer, mens andre sier jeg ikke kan skrive i det hele tatt. Others Case. Det viser seg at de l?rerne som bryr seg om innholdet i teksten gir meg mye bedre karakter enn de som bryr seg om grammatikk og lignende, sa det har kanskje noe med det a gjore. Choice Projects. Derfor er det ogsa umulig a si hva som vil fa bra karakter, fordi man ma l?re fienden (l?reren) a kjenne, for I need someone to do my chemistry, sa a manipulere den, men siden jeg ikke bryr meg sa veldig om det, sa bare skriver jeg som jeg foler for – og sa far l?reren sette det tallet den foler for, ned pa papiret. Og du far ha meg unnskyldt hvis det jeg skriver ikke er velskrevet, fordi jeg har v?rt ute og er veldig trott akkurat na. juni 24th 2006 at electrical engineering, 4:41 am. “Ikke skriv 10 sider.

Mest fordi det irriterer meg at Unique essay introduction romeo, du gjor det. Choice Electrical Engineering Projects. Akkurat som du sier nei til opplesning av stilen i klassen.” hihi, bra sagt;) og veldig bra innlegg. Writing An Essay About Yourself For College. Fantastisk mye av det som er sant egentlig. Electrical Engineering. Jeg for Geography help kids, min del, har lagt meg pa den deprimerende og hjerteskj?rende siden:P Og det har vel egentlig fungert noksa bra, om det er pga. Engineering. historien eller skrivematen, aner jeg ikke, men sann er det:P. Tss, det er bare noe hun sier. Lang og givende kommentar. I Need My Chemistry Pay. Tusen takk. Jeg skriver ofte bevisst for a fa god karakter. Enig med deg nar det kommer til fremmedordene, though.

Mange tror visst at Choice electrical engineering projects, avansert er det samme som godt sprak. Helper. Det er jeg uenig i, og jeg tror de fleste som leser og skriver er enige om det. Jeg skriver en del pa fritida, faktisk. Og da hever jeg meg selvfolgelig over electrical projects, smating som regler. Regner med at my chemistry homework pay, l?rerne ser verdien i skriveriene dine uansett. Engineering Projects. Men jeg far i alle fall darligere karakterer pa de stilene jeg er sann halvveis fornoyd med selv. Pay To Homework. L?rerne synes det blir for “spesielt”. Choice. Og de radet meg rett og slett til a skrive enklere pa eksamen. Gratulerer med kommentar 300, forresten.

Hjerteskj?rende funker supert. I Need My Chemistry Homework Pay. Men l?reren min er av den tro at electrical engineering, det man skriver nodvendigvis er selvopplevd. Geography Homework Help Kids. Sa jeg orker ikke maset lenger. Electrical Engineering. ^___^ april 22nd 2007 at 10:02 am. Kan du hjelpe meg hvordan a skrive stil om sport. Unique Essay. Dette er vanskelig for electrical projects, meg. Jeg er en invandrer her i Norge og jeg gar pa norsskkurs..Jeg synes at Unique introduction romeo and juliet, norsk er veldig vanskelig… stiler (1) selvmord (1) musikk (5) dikt (3) spill (1) bra (1) jul (1) lister (1) politikk (1) norge (1) lille (1) ord (6) men (1) viking (1) hei (5) er (3) toff (1) glad (1) eksamen (4) penger (1) 2007 (1) erlend (1) loe (1) selvskading (1) ungdom (1) norsk (1) vlogg (9) sosialisme (1) best (1) tentamen (1) darlig (1) nerd (1) konfirmasjon (1) ensom (1) anoreksi (1) vi (4) irriterende? (1) utrolig (1) folk (2) skjerf (1) l?rere (1) dette (1) kult (1) eksistens (1) naiv. Choice Projects. (1) marx (1) kul (2) :p (1) bror (3) kaniner (2) kval (1) super. (1) likevel (1) adeccoligaen (1) teite (1) sivert (1) solems_lee (1) b/g (1) elk (2) moose (1) anarkisme (1) grunnlovsdag (1) skolelys (1) hatbare (1) vet_ikke (1) bison (1) lykksalighet (1) materialistisk (1) kaketorsdag (1) hakan (1) brandon (1) www.detsoteliv.no (1) forr_evig (1) dreperne (1)

mars 2007 (1) januar 2007 (1) desember 2006 (1) november 2006 (2) oktober 2006 (2) september 2006 (1) august 2006 (1) juli 2006 (2) juni 2006 (2) mai 2006 (7) april 2006 (5) Superbizoniy in Unique and juliet, Bliss 10364 in electrical projects, Les og l?r: Hvordan skrive stil til 6 Genotro in Research paper helper design, Kompetansem Potteplante in Choice electrical engineering, Kompetansem stiftemaskin in Writing about yourself, Kompetansem Potteplante in engineering projects, Kompetansem Solems Lee in homework kids, Kompetansem Grundes_lille_Verden in engineering projects, Kompetansem Potteplante in God Arbeiderdag alle! a bad mother****er called Solems Le… in others case oracle, God Arbeiderdag alle! Ingenting varer evig og na er vi dessverre ved veis ende. Electrical. VGB er lagt ned og vil ikke komme tilbake. VG Blogg var en tjeneste levert av VG Multimedia AS. I Need To Do My Chemistry Pay. Henvendelser rettes til: Magne Antonsen.

Ansvarlig redaktør/Administrerende direktør: Torry Pedersen. Redaktør digitalt Espen Egil Hansen. Choice. Redaktør avis: Helje Solberg. Someone My Chemistry Pay. Politisk redaktør Hanne Skartveit. Digital direktør: Jo Christian Oterhals.

Sentralbord VG: 22 00 00 00.

act essay strategy “We can learn more from conflicts than we can from agreements.” The Thesis Statement: Your position on the topic The Summary: Your preview of the points you will discuss. Although agreements have value, the juxtaposition of different ideas in a conflict inevitably leads to more significant progress and evolution. Although agreements have value, the juxtaposition of electrical engineering projects different ideas in a conflict inevitably leads to more significant progress and evolution. What scientific progress would we have, for essay introduction romeo, example, if it weren’t for intellectual debate? None—intellectual debate leads to scientific progress. The reformation of Choice projects outdated political ideas and concepts is also marked by struggle. Finally, in Geography help kids the words of Friedrich Nietzsche, “What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger.” This quotation captures the sentiment that personal growth arises from conflict. Choice Engineering! The Topic Sentence: The thesis statement of the paragraph The Evidence: The specific, concrete facts, phenomena, events, quotes, or situations that support your overarching thesis statement. First, historically, scientific progress has been inspired by conflicts of ideas.

First, historically, scientific progress has been inspired by conflicts of ideas. In the sixteenth century, for example, a great debate arose because Copernicus vehemently challenged the notion that the earth is the center of the solar system. About Yourself For College Application A Personal! Although he paid a price both socially and politically for this remonstration, Copernicus disabused a long-held belief, much to the chagrin of the Catholic Church and to other astronomers of his day. Because of this conflict, humankind eventually gained a new understanding of astronomy. Recap your essay Expand your position. Clearly, conflict has been responsible for several upward surges of Choice projects humankind in diverse respects. In the areas of Research helper design science, politics, and Choice engineering, individual character, progress requires struggle.

Rather than avoiding conflict at all costs, we should accept conflict as a necessary—and beneficial—part of the human condition, whether the others case oracle, conflicts arise among scholars or states. Conflict permits true transformation and growth. An Argument Evidence Varied Sentence Structure Facility with Language. Although agreements have value, the juxtaposition of different ideas in Choice engineering a conflict inevitably leads to more significant progress and evolution. Do My Homework For Me Someone! In the sixteenth century, for example, a great debate arose because Copernicus vehemently challenged the notion that the earth is the center of the solar system. Although he paid a price both socially and politically for engineering, this remonstration, Copernicus disabused a long-held belief, much to the chagrin of the Catholic Church and other astronomers of his day. Science. Copernicus’s challenge to the idea that the Writing application, earth was the center of the electrical engineering, solar system Politics. The abolition of slavery Personal experience.

Hardships leading to personal growth. Sentence structure is very important. Sentence structure, if appropriately varied, can keep your readers engaged and help make your essay exciting and easier to I need to do homework, read. Sentence structure, if it is monotonous and unchanging, can make your essay sound boring and unsophisticated. Sentence structure is projects important on the GRE essay. Essay And Juliet! Sentence structure is also important in essays you write for school. Choice Electrical Engineering! Historically, scientific progress has been inspired by conflicts of ideas. In the sixteenth century, for example, a great debate arose because Copernicus vehemently challenged the notion that the earth is the Unique introduction romeo and juliet, center of the solar system.

Although he paid a price both socially and engineering projects, politically for this remonstration, Copernicus disabused a long-held belief, much to Research design, the chagrin of the Catholic Church and other astronomers of his day. Because of this conflict, humankind eventually gained a new understanding of astronomy. Sentence structure is very important. Varying the structure of your sentences keeps your reader engaged; it also makes your writing easier—and more exciting—to read. Monotonous, repetitive sentence structure can make your essay sound boring and unsophisticated. Practice mixing up your sentence structure on the essays for electrical engineering projects, the GRE, but don’t forget to also vary your sentence structure on the application essays you write for Pay to i need someone, graduate school! Never write a sentence that contains more than three commas. Try to avoid sentences with more than two commas (unless you need to include a list).

Never write a sentence that takes up more than three lines on the screen. Showing contrast. Katie likes pink nail polish. In contrast , she thinks red nail polish looks trashy. Electrical Projects! Elaborating. I love going to the movies.

Even more than that , I love eating popcorn and Writing yourself for college, candy in the dark while I’m there. Choice Electrical Projects! Providing an example. If you save up your money, you can afford pricey items. For example , Patrick saved up his allowance and eventually purchased a sports car. Showing results. Manuel ingested nothing but soda and burgers every day for a month. As a result , he gained ten pounds. Showing sequence.

The police arrested Bob at Writing for college a personal the party. Soon after , his college applications were all rejected, and electrical engineering, eventually Bob drifted into a life of crime. First, historically, scientific progress has been inspired by do my homework someone, conflicts of ideas. In the sixteenth century, for example, a great debate arose because Copernicus vehemently challenged the notion that the earth is the center of the solar system. Although he paid a price both socially and politically for engineering, this remonstration, Copernicus disabused a long-held belief, much to the chagrin of the Catholic Church and other astronomers of his day. Research! Because of this conflict, humankind eventually gained a new understanding of astronomy.

When your books and teachers don’t make sense, we do.

Factors influencing the catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol using supported phosphine-capped gold nanoparticles† Rohul H. Adnan ab , Gunther G. Andersson c , Matthew I. J. Polson a , Gregory F. Metha d and Vladimir B. Golovko * ae. a Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand. Choice Electrical Engineering. E-mail: vladimir.golovko@canterbury.ac.nz. b Chemistry Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia. c Flinders Centre for homework Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. d Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. e The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand. First published on 20th November 2014. Two phosphine-stabilised gold clusters, Au 101 (PPh 3 ) 21 Cl 5 and Au 9 (PPh 3 ) 8 (NO 3 ) 3 , were deposited and activated on anatase TiO 2 and fumed SiO 2 . Electrical Engineering. These catalysts showed an almost complete oxidation of benzyl alcohol (90%) within 3 hours at 80 °C and 3 bar O 2 in Pay to for me someone, methanol with a high substrate-to-metal molar ratio of 5800 and turn-over frequency of 0.65 s ?1 . Factors influencing catalytic activity were investigated, including metal–support interaction, effects of heat treatments, chemical composition of engineering, gold clusters, the size of gold nanoparticles and Geography, catalytic conditions.

It was found that the anions present in gold clusters play a role in determining the catalytic activity in Choice electrical, this reaction, with NO 3 ? diminishing the catalytic activity. High catalytic activity was attributed to the formation of large gold nanoparticles (2 nm) that coincides with partial removal of ligands which occurs during heat treatment and catalysis. Selectivity towards the formation of methyl benzoate can be tuned by selection of the paper design reaction temperature. The catalysts were characterised using transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Oxidation reactions, particularly alcohol oxidation, are among the most important and useful reactions used by the chemical industry and academia. 9,10 The most common commercial methods of alcohol oxidation use stoichiometric oxidants, such as chromates, permanganates or peroxides, that often yield a large amount of environmentally dangerous waste. 11 The use of harmful organic solvents ( e.g. chlorinated solvents) may also have a negative environmental impact. 12,13 There is an urgent need to move towards environmentally benign and cost-effective processes involving renewable, environmentally friendly and cheap oxidants, such as molecular oxygen or atmospheric air as opposed to peroxides ( e.g. H 2 O 2 and tert -butyl hydroperoxide) 14 with the help of suitable catalysts. In recent years, liquid phase oxidation of alcohols has become popular as a model catalytic test, due to simple setup and handling procedures and relatively mild reaction conditions.

15,16 Supported platinum group catalysts are widely used in projects, the oxidation of alcohols, yet they often require a secondary metal as a promoter to increase the selectivity and stability of for me someone, such catalysts. 17–21 Hence, gold-based catalysts could be advantageous if such systems would not suffer from the stability and Choice electrical, selectivity issues. I Need My Chemistry Homework. 22. A systematic study of the nature of the active sites is crucial in improving the engineering activity and selectivity of homework kids, catalysts towards the formation of the desired partial oxidation products. In the Choice electrical projects case of heterogeneous Au-based catalysts, the following factors are often considered to define catalytic activity and selectivity: gold particle size and morphology, oxidation state of gold species, metal–support interaction and specific parameters of catalytic testing conditions. The nature of the active site in the liquid phase oxidation of alcohols is homework help kids currently still unclear, with both ultra-small particles (2 nm) 23,24 and larger particles (2 nm) 25 reported as active catalysts. Tsukuda et al. reported that as the size of gold nanoparticles reduced below 2 nm, the turnover frequency (TOF) for the aerobic oxidation of p -hydroxybenzylalcohol increased significantly. 26 The authors proposed that the catalytic activity of these small gold nanoparticles was due to the increased electron density on Choice projects the gold core and also charge transfer from the poly( N -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) ligands.

However, Haider et al. Introduction And Juliet. observed that smaller size was not necessarily responsible for higher activity – the authors reported that the optimum size of the gold nanoparticles for Choice ethanol oxidation is my chemistry homework pay ca. 7 nm, irrespective of the supports. 25 Zheng et al. also observed a similar trend in ethanol oxidation in which the most active catalyst contained gold nanoparticles of around 6 nm. 27 There are currently very few studies on Choice electrical engineering the effects of the Helping gold nanoparticle precursor (size, composition etc. ) on the performance of resulting catalysts since the Choice electrical engineering majority of reports in someone to do pay, the literature are focused predominantly on the morphology and size of gold nanoparticles. 23,28–30 Only recently, several studies on the effects of ligands, such as citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol, on the performance of engineering projects, gold-based catalysts have been reported in a wide range of catalytic reactions – glycerol oxidation, 31 hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde 32 and do my homework for me someone, reduction of p -nitrophenol. 33 These findings clearly suggest that the nature of ligands plays a critical role in determining the electrical performance of the catalytically active gold particles in a particular reaction, perhaps, similarly to the role of support. 34 Hence, it is important to study the effect of the composition (size of the gold core, neutral organic ligands and anionic ligands or counter-ions) of precursors used in Helping case oracle, fabrication of gold-based catalysts in order to design catalysts with high activity and engineering projects, improved selectivity. Supported thiol-capped gold clusters have been widely used in catalytic studies. Essay Introduction Romeo. 35–37 For example, Jin et al. supported Au 25 (SR) 18 , Au 38 (SR) 24 and engineering, Au 99 (SPh) 42 clusters on various metal oxides and Helping case, tested them in Choice engineering, selective oxidation and Pay to homework someone, hydrogenation reactions. Choice Electrical. 38–41 Tsukuda et al. Research Paper Design. used Au 10 (SG) 10 , Au 18 (SG) 14 , Au 25 (SG) 18 and Au 39 (SG) 24 deposited on Choice engineering projects hydroxyapatite in styrene oxidation.

42 In contrast, very few studies have focussed on using phosphine-capped gold nanoparticles in catalysis. Geography Homework Kids. 23,43–45 Phosphine ligands have weaker bonding interaction between gold and phosphorous atoms compared to the gold–sulphur interactions in thiol-capped gold nanoparticles. 46. Building on our recent X-ray spectroscopy studies of supported triphenylphosphine-stabilised gold nanoparticles, 47,48 we hereby aim to study the catalytic performance of materials derived from Choice electrical engineering projects selected phosphine-capped gold clusters, supported and activated on titania and silica using liquid phase benzyl alcohol oxidation as a model catalytic test. Herein, we prepared two phosphine-capped gold clusters: Au 101 (PPh 3 ) 21 Cl 5 (denoted as Au 101 with mean size of 1.6 ± 0.3 nm) and Au 9 (PPh 3 ) 8 (NO 3 ) 3 (denoted as Au 9 with mean size of Writing about yourself for college application, 0.8 nm). These clusters were then deposited and activated on TiO 2 (anatase) and engineering projects, SiO 2 (fumed) using sol-immobilisation method; a well-established method used by Rossi, 10 Jin 39 and yourself, Hutchings 49 for engineering projects immobilising pre-synthesized gold nanoparticles or clusters onto supports. The sol-immobilisation method was shown to give minimal aggregation and high dispersion of gold nanoparticles on the supports. Helping Case. 50 The catalysts were then calcined under different atmospheres: oxygen (O 2 ) and oxygen and subsequently hydrogen (O 2 –H 2 ) at 200 °C to Choice electrical projects dislodge the I need to do homework pay phosphine ligands and expose the metal core adsorbed on the support to facilitate access by the substrate. 47.

First, the calculated amount of Choice projects, support (silica or titania) was dried in the Schlenk tube under vacuum at 200 °C with stirring overnight (12 h). Upon cooling to room temperature, 5.00 g the support was suspended in dichloromethane (30 mL) using vigorous stirring (750 rpm, magnetic stirrer bar). Someone To Do My Chemistry Pay. A solution of calculated amount of gold cluster ( e.g. 11.2 mg of Au 101 ) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added to Choice electrical engineering the suspension of support under vigorous stirring at room temperature and the mixture was left stirring overnight (12 h). Paper Helper. The mixture was then dried in vacuum at room temperature and stored at 4 °C (untreated catalysts, labelled as Au x /support-untreated). Two heat treatments were employed in this work: a) calcination under pure O 2 atmosphere at 200 °C for 2 h and b) calcination under pure O 2 at 200 °C for 2 h followed by calcination in H 2 at engineering projects, 200 °C for 2 h. Research Design. 47 All cluster deposition and activation experiments were performed using glassware wrapped in Al foil to avoid exposure of materials to light. All prepared catalysts were stored in vials wrapped in projects, Al foil in a fridge (4 °C). Others Case. For the purpose of following discussion catalysts are labelled in the following manner: “ x wt% Au y /support-treatment”, where x corresponds to the weight % of pure Au and y = 9 or 101.

Product mixtures were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Dionex Ultimate 300 system equipped with UV detector and fitted with a Luna 5? C18(2) (250 ? 4.60 mm) reversed phase column. The products were eluted using a mixture of 0.05 v/v% trifluoroacetic acid in water (70%) and acetonitrile (30%). Gold content was measured via atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) using a Varian SpectraAA 220 FS with ASL hollow cathode lamp for the Au element. A careful heat-treatment was employed in order to remove the capping ligands and expose the Choice electrical projects gold core to the substrate, yet to minimise aggregation. Geography Kids. Here, calcination of the electrical engineering projects catalysts was done at 200 °C under different environments: under pure oxygen (O 2 ) and Research helper design, oxygen followed by hydrogen (O 2 –H 2 ). Engineering Projects. 28,42 After calcination, the gold clusters aggregated to form larger nanoparticles (Fig. I Need Homework Pay. 1 and 2). 47 TiO 2 -based catalysts showed minimal aggregation and narrower particle size distributions as compared to SiO 2 -based catalysts, suggesting that gold formed stronger metal–support interaction with TiO 2 cf. SiO 2 (Fig.

1 and 3). UV-vis DR spectra (Fig. 4 and 5) showed the absence of LSPR bands in the cases of untreated catalysts allows us to infer that the gold nanoparticles were predominantly with sizes below 2 nm and retained their non-metallic state. The appearance of an LSPR band in the UV-vis DR spectra of the TiO 2 -supported samples after calcination (Fig. 4 and 5) indicated formation of plasmonic gold nanoparticles which is indicative of the increase in particle size to greater than 2 nm. 55–57 It was previously reported that the position of the maximum of the LSPR band moves to longer wavelength as the size of Choice electrical engineering projects, gold particles increases, although in some cases this general trend broke down due to the effect of the to do homework dielectric constant of the surrounding environment. 58–61 Interestingly, the 0.17 wt% Au 101 /TiO 2 catalysts showed aggregation after catalytic reaction (from ca. Electrical Engineering Projects. 2.0 to ca. 3.6 nm; Table 1). Particle size analysis based on to do pay the statistical evaluation of engineering, numerous TEM images (Table 1) confirms that the increase in particle size after heat-treatments and after catalytic reactions for Au x /TiO 2 catalysts ( x = 9, 101) was consistent with the red shift in the peak maxima position of the LSPR bands observed in UV-vis DR spectra. For 0.5 wt% Au 101 /SiO 2 catalyst, a significant agglomeration of gold clusters occurred upon deposition: the essay introduction romeo gold clusters in the 0.5 wt% Au 101 /SiO 2 -untreated catalyst aggregated to form gold nanoparticles of mean size 3.6 ± 1.2 nm.

The observed particle size is almost twice the size of Choice electrical, pristine Au 101 cluster and Research, substantially larger than the size of the electrical projects gold particles (2.0 ± 0.4 nm) in the case of Au 101 immobilized on TiO 2 at the same surface coverage. Research Helper Design. The gold cluster also grew non-uniformly to yield a wide particle size distribution with the largest particle found with TEM being ca. 8 nm and Choice electrical, the smallest being ca. Others Case Oracle. 2 nm (Fig. 5a and S9a ESI†). After calcination under O 2 and O 2 followed by H 2 at 200 °C, the engineering agglomeration progressed further resulting in Pay to homework, the formation of engineering projects, larger gold nanoparticles with wider particle size distributions (Fig. 5(b and c) and Unique essay romeo, S9(b and c) ESI†). A summary of supported gold particle mean sizes and positions of the LSPR peak maxima are given in Table 1. Our recent XPS study of phosphine-capped Au clusters on TiO 2 showed that for untreated Au 9 /TiO 2 and electrical engineering projects, Au 101 /TiO 2 a significant fraction of phosphine ligands were dislodged from the gold cores and formed phosphine oxide-like species by interaction with oxygen on the TiO 2 surface, leaving a tiny amount of phosphine ligands bound to the gold core. 47 Calcination under O 2 atmosphere detached the majority of phosphine ligands from the gold core by Writing an essay application a personal forming phosphine-oxide species. It is Choice engineering projects worth mentioning that while TGA results show the complete removal of phosphine ligands has occurred at 250 °C for the Au 101 clusters (Fig.

S3, ESI†) and at 240 °C for the Au 9 cluster (Fig. S6, ESI†), the phosphine ligands attached to Pay to do my someone supported Au clusters were not removed as phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), but as phosphine-oxide species probably due to the interaction with the oxygen from TiO 2 surfaces ( e.g. such oxidized phosphine species remained at projects, the surface of the support). Do My Homework For Me. 47 After a combined O 2 –H 2 calcination, phosphine ligands were completely dislodged from the gold core for both Au 9 /TiO 2 and Au 101 /TiO 2 catalysts. Our first XPS study of engineering projects, a wider range of ultra-small gold phosphine clusters suggests that the nature of the anionic species (Cl ? and NO 3 ? ) did not significantly influence the position of the Au 4f 7/2 peak (84.7 ± 0.1 eV for Au 11 cluster containing Cl ? vs. 85.1 ± 0.1 eV for both Au 8 and Au 9 clusters containing NO 3 ? ) whereas the size of the cluster has a more pronounced effect (83.9 ± 0.1 eV for Au 11 cluster containing Cl ? ). 48. The leaching of metal particles into solution is a common problem for metal supported heterogeneous catalysts. However, our phosphine-stabilised Au clusters did not show signs of Geography help kids, leaching during our catalytic studies according to Au loading analysis by AAS (Table S1, ESI†). Secondly, the Choice electrical nature of the Research support and metal–support interaction dictated the performance of the catalysts.

For example, catalysts with similar gold loading on projects different supports (Table S1, ESI†), Au 101 on anatase (0.13 wt% Au by AAS) showed superior performance (Table 2) when compared with analogous catalyst systems made using fumed-SiO 2 as a support (with 0.18 wt% Au by yourself application AAS). Typically, SiO 2 is considered an inert, non-reducible support whereas TiO 2 is an activating, reducible support. 67 The higher catalytic activity of Au/TiO 2 catalysts over Choice engineering projects Au/SiO 2 was also observed in CO oxidation in many studies. 68–71 Hence, the size effect of gold nanoparticles alone is not sufficient to explain the activity of supported gold catalysts. Metal–support interactions (MSI) play crucial role in Unique romeo, defining reactivity and selectivity of supported gold catalysts. Electrical Engineering Projects. Haruta et al. and Baiker et al. hypothesized that the oxygen activation occurs at the perimeter ( i.e. interface) of the gold nanoparticles and Writing yourself for college application a personal, metal oxide supports.

72–74 This hypothesis could explain the lower activity of Au 101 /SiO 2 catalysts as compared to electrical Au 101 /anatase in benzyl alcohol oxidation observed in Research paper, this study, since silica based catalysts with much larger particles will have much smaller surface area corresponding to the gold–support interface. The high activity of heat treated catalysts can be attributed to Choice engineering projects stronger metal–support interaction established during calcination. Haruta et al. Geography Kids. proposed that during calcination gold nanoparticles melted, rearranged and reconstructed themselves to achieve stronger interaction with the TiO 2 support. 75 This hypothesis is in electrical, line with the report by Buffat and Borel that 2 nm gold nanoparticles melt around 600 K, 76 which is significantly lower than the melting point of the bulk gold (1337 K). Wu et al. reported that small gold nanoparticles (2–4 nm) sinter at temperature as low as 413 K. 77 The sintering of gold nanoparticles around 423 K was also reported by Coutts et al. 78 Hence it is experimentally observed that small gold nanoparticles aggregate below the melting point. Analysis of supported-gold particle sizes as measured by TEM (Table 1) showed that the particle size distribution of gold nanoparticles was wider (indicated by larger standard deviation) on Geography help SiO 2 support as compared to Choice electrical projects TiO 2 for the same Au loading (target 0.17 wt%), suggesting that weaker metal–support interaction in Au 101 /SiO 2 catalysts facilitates aggregation resulting in wider particle size distributions despite the significantly higher surface area of SiO 2 support. For the same Au loading (0.17 wt%) and support (TiO 2 ), Au 101 cluster-based catalysts showed much higher catalytic activity compared to Au 9 -based catalysts even though the Pay to do my for me i need someone gold particles size were smaller in the case of Au 9 /TiO 2 ( cf. Au 101 /TiO 2 analogues, Table 2, entries 19–21 cf. entries 4–6). We hypothesize that the presence of electrical engineering projects, anionic species within the gold cluster (Cl ? in Au 101 vs.

NO 3 ? in Au 9 ) strongly affect the I need someone my chemistry catalytic activity. From our XPS investigations we have no evidence that the amount and Choice electrical projects, chemical nature of the nitrogen species are changing due to the treatment after the deposition of the Au clusters. To identify the role of the component of the cluster precursor responsible for quenching of the catalytic activity, we investigated the role of such an anionic component in benzyl alcohol oxidation. Firstly, we added KCl, with the amount according to the weight percentage of an essay yourself a personal, Cl ? in Au 101 (PPh 3 ) 21 Cl 5 (0.08 wt%) to mimic the presence of Cl ? anion, to Choice electrical engineering projects the catalyst and calcined it under O 2 to resemble Au 101 /TiO 2 –O 2 ; we found no increase in helper design, the catalytic activity (Table 2, entry 29 cf. entry 20). When KNO 3 (amount estimated to mimic the electrical projects amount of NO 3 ? from Au 9 , 4.6 wt%) was added to the Au 101 /TiO 2 catalysts, we found noticeable reduction in paper helper design, the catalytic activity (Table 2, entry 28 vs. 8). The nitrate is an Choice projects integral part of the Au 9 cluster precursor used in catalyst fabrication and I need someone my chemistry homework pay, would be perfectly positioned to affect gold particles, causing deactivation of the engineering catalyst (Table 2, entries 19–21). For the Au 101 based catalyst (Table 2, entry 28), the nitrate was introduced after the catalyst had been formed, which could limit the efficiency of the Research design interaction of the nitrate with the gold particles and engineering projects, result in the moderate drop in activity. Hence, it appears that the presence of NO 3 lowers the catalytic activity of Au 101 -based catalysts and someone my chemistry pay, could be the reason for the significantly lower activity of Au 9 -based analogues.

To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the Choice engineering effect of others case, NO 3 ? on activity of gold-based heterogeneous catalysts. While numerous studies report that ultra-small gold nanoparticles (2 nm) are the key active site, 23,26,79 our results demonstrate that the size of Choice electrical engineering, gold nanoparticles alone is not sufficient to explain the catalytic activity of Geography kids, catalysts made using phosphine-capped Au nanoparticles as it is considerably affected by projects the type of anions present in the supported gold cluster catalysts, type of support and activation treatment protocols. Quintanilla et al. investigated the effect of N-based compounds (dodecylamine vs. polyvinylpyrrolidone) as stabilizing agents for gold nanoparticles deposited onto ?-Al 2 O 3 in benzyl alcohol oxidation. Pay To Homework. 80 The authors found that the polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped gold nanoparticles had higher catalytic activity than the dodecylamine-capped gold nanoparticles due to the reduced steric hindrance of the gold surface by the polymer, allowing access of the substrate to the surface of gold nanoparticles. However, in our case, the N-based compound is present as a counter anion (NO 3 ? ), not as a stabilizing agent. In summary, we found that catalysts fabricated using a nitrate-containing cluster (Au 9 ) are either inactive or show noticeably lower conversion compared to analogues made using chloride-containing Au 101 , while the addition of extraneous nitrate to the Au 101 -based catalysts diminished their activity. The effect of engineering projects, different calcination conditions is others negligible for engineering projects Au 101 -based catalysts but has significant impact on Helping others oracle Au 9 /TiO 2 catalysts (see Table 2). Au 101 /TiO 2 –O 2 and Choice electrical, Au 101 /TiO 2 –O 2 –H 2 showed similar catalytic activity and an essay for college a personal, selectivity. However, Au 9 /TiO 2 –O 2 –H 2 showed significantly higher activity as compared to Au 9 /TiO 2 –O 2 and Choice electrical projects, Au 9 /TiO 2 -untreated which were inactive.

This result indicated that heat treatment plays a role in the catalytic activity and selectivity in benzyl alcohol oxidation. Yuan et al. I Need My Chemistry. prepared Au 9 /TiO 2 for CO oxidation. Electrical Engineering Projects. 81 The authors observed that untreated Au 9 /TiO 2 catalyst was inactive for CO oxidation while heat treated Au 9 /TiO 2 catalyst under 5% H 2 /Ar was active. However, they did not comment on the difference in the catalytic activity of those catalysts. My Chemistry Homework Pay. In the case of Au nanoparticles containing residual Cl ? species, calcination under H 2 atmosphere could remove Cl ? in the form of HCl, as proposed by engineering projects Haruta et al. 82 However, at this stage we could not conclude the Pay to do my homework i need fate of NO 3 ? species after combined O 2 –H 2 calcination because the available XPS data provide no evidence about how the and nature of the nitrogen species changes after such calcination. The proposed reaction pathway of Choice electrical projects, benzyl alcohol oxidation in methanol in the presence of base is shown in Fig. 6. Writing An Essay About Yourself Application. Benzyl alcohol is first oxidized to benzaldehyde, which serves as an electrical projects intermediate in this catalytic system. Others. In the presence of engineering, base, benzaldehyde is preferentially oxidised further to benzoic acid.

83,84 The formation of methyl ester resulted from the reaction between benzaldehyde and methanol (the solvent). We carried out a control reaction using benzaldehyde and benzoic acid as substrates (instead of benzyl alcohol). When similar conditions (5 bar O 2 , 80 °C, 4 hours) were used for the catalytic oxidation of benzaldehyde (2.5 mmol) in methanol (25 mL) using Au 101 /anatase catalysts, a complete transformation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid and methyl benzoate with the helper design same distribution of products ( i.e. benzoic acid : methyl benzoate of 70 : 30) was observed. However, we did not observe any reaction when benzoic acid was used as a substrate. Thus, our observations excluded the formation of the methyl ester via the benzoic acid route. For the Au 101 -based catalysts, the electrical engineering projects catalytic activity arises from essay introduction romeo formation of the large gold nanoparticles coinciding with removal of Choice engineering projects, PPh 3 ligands.

All untreated Au 101 /TiO 2 (0.01 and 0.17 wt%) and Au 101 /SiO 2 (0.17 wt%) that were unable to Helping others case oracle catalyse benzyl alcohol oxidation, contained sub-2 nm gold nanoparticles. Electrical Engineering. In trying to explain this observation one has to consider effects of metal core properties and the possibility that a significant proportion of an homework help otherwise reactive gold surface could be blocked by protective phosphine ligands. Our earlier XPS studies provide evidence of significant loss of protecting PPh 3 ligands during deposition (only ca. 10% of P XPS signal intensity remained, due to residual PPh 3 ligands) in the case of 0.17 wt% Au 101 /TiO 2 . Engineering Projects. 47 Although it is impossible to outright dismiss the argument that the residual 10% of ligands could completely deactivate the catalysts, one should attempt to Geography homework help find an alternative explanation. Electrical Engineering. An earlier report by Valden et al. demonstrated an important transition from non-metallic to metallic properties occurring for Writing an essay about ca. Au 300 clusters on TiO 2 . 85 Hence, one could hypothesise that sub-2 nm particles (2 nm spherical particles would contain ca. 250 atoms) 86 could be inactive, as observed in electrical, our reactions, due to their non-metallic state. The presence of non-metallic particles in these catalysts is further confirmed by our UV-vis DRS results (Table 1, entries 1 and 14). However, untreated 1.3 wt% Au 101 /TiO 2 (mean gold particle size of romeo, 2.7 ± 1.6 nm) and untreated 0.5% Au 101 /SiO 2 (mean gold particle size of 3.6 ± 1.2 nm) gave significant conversions 99% (Table 2, entry 16) and 63%, respectively (Table 2, entry 25) with TOF of the same order of magnitude reflective of the metal/substrate ratio.

This observation implies that in the case of highly metal-loaded Au 101 -derived catalysts, the formation of Choice electrical projects, larger, metallic nanoparticles (which is likely to coincide with even more pronounced loss of phosphine ligands during aggregation) could be responsible for the observed activity. The gold nanoparticles in Au 101 /TiO 2 catalysts agglomerated slightly after the catalytic tests (Table 2). The 31 P NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture showed the presence of triphenylphosphine oxide, which was formed from the Pay to i need phosphine ligands dislodged from the electrical engineering gold core, which then oxidised during the Unique romeo and juliet catalytic reaction and dissolved in the catalytic reaction mixture. The Au 101 /TiO 2 -untreated catalyst was active upon recycling ( i.e. in the 2nd consecutive catalytic test) and Choice electrical engineering projects, showed noticeably increased conversion (29%, Table 2, entry 10) compared to do my for me i need inactive fresh catalyst, and formed considerable amounts of Choice, benzaldehyde as compared to other catalytic tests in an essay about yourself a personal, this study (Fig. S11†). Again, the engineering projects increase in activity of the 0.17 wt% Au 101 /TiO 2 -untreated samples upon recycling could be attributed to I need someone to do my chemistry an increase in size of the gold nanoparticles and electrical projects, the simultaneous loss of phosphine ligands from the gold core during the first catalytic test. Others Oracle. However, comparison between the two catalysts with very similar ca. 3.5 nm particle sizes – 0.17 wt% Au 101 /TiO 2 recycled (Table 2, entry 10) and Choice engineering projects, activated by calcination under O 2 (Table 2, entry 5) shows that particle size is clearly not the only factor. It should be emphasized that the TEM imaging does not allow easy quantification of the density/number of Au particles per particle of support and such TEM-based sizing alone could miss the application presence of an projects inactive population of TEM-invisible smaller particles.

For example, recycled untreated catalyst (Table 2, entry 10) could contain a lower density/number of large gold nanoparticles than calcined catalysts (Table 2, entries 8, 9, 11 and 12). Yet, a possibly more important factor in explaining the observed differences could be the effect of the higher-temperature treatment under O 2 atmosphere which could form a better contact between the gold particles and the support, while PPh 3 removal from the gold core is even more pronounced when compared to the recycled catalysts. For example, Haruta et al. suggested the calcination of the as-prepared gold/metal oxide catalysts in an oxidizing atmosphere ( e.g. O 2 ) would form a strong interaction between gold nanoparticles with a metal oxide having an oxygen-enriched surface. 87 Both heat treated Au 101 /TiO 2 catalysts under O 2 and O 2 –H 2 showed no significant loss of catalytic activity and Geography homework help kids, selectivity after the first catalytic test. The evolution of conversion and selectivity of electrical projects, benzyl alcohol oxidation as a function of Unique essay and juliet, time is presented in Fig. 7. The high conversion of benzyl alcohol (80–90%) was observed after the first two to three hours. The selectivity towards the formation of methyl benzoate and Choice engineering, benzoic acid are independent of reaction time but primarily dependent on the reaction temperature, as shown in Helping, Fig. 8. Choice Projects. A considerable amount ( ca. 20%) of I need someone my chemistry pay, benzaldehyde was formed after one hour and then depleted over Choice electrical time (Fig.

7), suggesting that benzaldehyde is the intermediate in for the formation of benzoic acid and methyl benzoate in benzyl alcohol oxidation. 88–90 The effect of the temperature in this reaction was studied from room temperature (25 °C) up to 80 °C (Fig. 8). Reduction in the temperature of the yourself for college application catalytic reaction results in the reduction of the catalytic activity. However, the product selectivity shows non-linear behaviour.

The highest selectivity towards methyl benzoate (93%) was observed at 50 °C with 53% conversion of benzyl alcohol, suggesting the selective formation of methyl benzoate is possible by manipulating the reaction temperature.