Essay shopping centre

12 Places That Share Names With Internet Words. The Internet creates new and interesting things every day. Shopping Centre? Companies, words, acronyms and trends make their way into our daily lives, pop culture and to do homework, even the dictionary. However, before the advent of the digital domain, many familiar Internet words . 25 Tech Terms Every Entrepreneur Should Know. An industry#39;s jargon can be hard to decipher, and tech-related terms can be particularly perplexing. Here#39;s a quick list on the words you need to know. Essay Centre? 5 Words to Use in Every Business Meeting.

Forget presentations, handshakes and power suits: You should focus on what you#39;re saying if you want to homework make a big impact in a business meeting. Shopping Centre? New research has found that employees who used the words yeah, give, start, meeting and discuss. 30 Overused Buzzwords in Digital Marketing. We#39;ve all sat through meetings that are teeming with buzzwords. Optimization! Synergy! Collaboration!

Engagement! While some buzzwords actually have substance (i.e. Assignment On Going In Accounting? big data), many people use (and overuse) buzzwords just to try to sound smart, when i. Does Your '360 Campaign' Need To Be a Perfect Circle? Let#39;s visit a ninth grade math class. You#39;re learning the basics of geometry and discover that a circle has 360 degrees. If you add up the shopping centre degrees of each angle in a four-sided figure, it#39;s 360 degrees, as well. But on Do custom, a more thematic level, the numb. How to Identify a Wannabe Thought Leader. Ever watch one of those juice infomercials that feature some self-created celebrity whirring blueberries in a blender? And did you believe, as they scraped all that fruit into a shoot, that this speaker was actually an authority on shopping, their subject? Eve.

Retailers Turn 'Showrooming' Into Innovation Opportunity. Assignment On Going Concern? A store in Australia made headlines earlier this year for charging consumers $5 to just walk through the Essay centre door. The decision was made following the growth of showrooming, a familiar concept when a person heads into a physical store to check out merc. Growth Hacker: A Buzzword Surrounded by Buzzwords. College grads and career-changers, be warned. When you search around for Do custom, a job at your favorite startup (perhaps even on Mashable’s job board?), you’ll start seeing the Essay buzziest of job descriptions: “Growth Hacker.” The name sounds simple enough, but. Synergy: The Buzzword You Can Never Escape. Cue the eye roll Synergy: The word everyone loves to hate, but can#39;t help but use constantly. Synergy invades marketing lingo, financial discussions and management strategies alike -- but does anyone really know what it means? Can you even say synerg. Essay? What Does a 'Custom Activation' Actually Look Like?

Sometimes a phrase brings two words together, and the combined definition is more meaningful than the sum of the Essay shopping centre parts. Homework Last Minute? Thus is so with custom activation, a recent favorite of both marketers and PR folks. On its own, custom refers to something that. Essay Centre? These Brands Define Advertainment. When advertising and entertainment collide, as it so often does, advertainment is born. Remember Felix Baumgartner#39;s record-breaking space jump? That#39;s advertainment from Red Bull.

And the 18-minute Follow Phoenix documentary about rock band Phoeni. Is Native Advertising Just Another Term for 'Good Advertising'? The online ad industry is deakin, going native. Consumers#39; migration to mobile has prompted a do-over in which the Essay dreaded banner ad is being kicked to the curb in Essay writing favor of messaging that behaves much as other content does. For instance, this BuzzFeed post e. Why Brands Want to Essay shopping centre Have a Two-Way Conversation With You. When you first hear the last minute phrase two-way conversation, you probably think, Well, what other kind of shopping centre, conversation is Do custom essay, there? But when it comes to brands, this phrase embodies a very specific marketing strategy: personification.

Ever since the advent . KPI: What Is a Key Performance Indicator? KPIs are often seen as a cure to what ails the online ad industry. During AOL#39;s first-quarter earnings call in 2012, CEO Tim Armstrong discussed how he was trying to convince more advertisers to use them: The majority of our ad customers are running. Essay Shopping? If You Use the Web, You Are a 'Curator' When you were four, you imagined engineers as men in striped overalls who shouted all aboard! from trains. Later you learned that most engineers study more than just locomotives: mechanics, chemicals and even complicated structures like roller co.

Here's Why You Should Never Set Out to Go Viral. It starts with a small, unsuspecting subject. The perfect human reaction captured in toronto a photo. Essay Shopping? Some dance move a bored teenager invented in his bedroom. Quiet Places? A political figure casually texting while waiting for her flight. Cats -- lots and Essay shopping, lots of cats.

W. How About a Tall Glass of Ideation? One time I was in a job interview, describing my talents at length, and said, I really enjoy the ideation phase. The company#39;s CEO, sitting across the table from me at Starbucks, cringed and Assignment concern, said, I hate that word. Essay Shopping Centre? We didn#39;t work together after t. There#39;s no need for fluff and buzzword BS when there#39;s rock-hard data to draw upon. Look around the business world, and you#39;ll see marketers who are enhancing their products with data-informed decisions. When you consider the vastness of english last minute, data sets li. Is This Article Earned Media? Depends Where You Got it From. If you pay to Essay shopping have something distributed, then it#39;s paid media. But if someone else distributes it for you, then it#39;s earned media.

That#39;s the basic definition of earned media, a term that earned its place in the pantheon of marketing buzzwords, thou. Dissertation Writers? Does Your Brand Offer a Value Proposition? One man#39;s trash is another man#39;s treasure, the cliche says. But it#39;s true -- no good or service is of equal value to every person, not even money itself, as interest rates reveal, it all depends on what year it is. So if you#39;re selling something, it . What Is Contextual Marketing? Some Context. Shopping? Marketing itself often falls prey to english homework last the same challenges that bedevil the stuff that marketers market. Essay Shopping? Repackaging hoary concepts like advertorials takes some creative thinking. Luckily, marketers are up to the task of remarketing their marketing. Co.

When Did the 'Second Screen' Become a Thing? As we approach upfront season -- the time of year when television networks show off their slate of Quiet places to do homework, programming to advertisers -- one of the biggest buzzwords around is the term second screen. The concept of the second screen is simple: While watching. Engagement: The Big Word That Means Very Little. You can’t get through a communications think tank, social presentation or even a press release without seeing the word “engagement.” And while the word has been firmly fixed in the communications lexicon since the mid-2000s, if you ask a professional. #39;SoLoMo#39; is the result of three venture capitalists brainstorming around a dining room table in the Bay Area back in 2010.

Are You Hungry for Essay centre, 'Snackable Content?' Have you heard the one about goldfish having a 3-second memory span? Would it shock you to writing deakin know that some studies suggest the Essay average adult attention span comes in at Homework, less than that -- just 2.8 seconds? Other research is more generous, pegging the av. Essay? First there was ecommerce, a term developed in the early #39;80s to abbreviate electronic commerce, or sales made possible through electronic funds transfer (and later, the Essay deakin Internet). Since then, marketers have gleefully affixed various letters to Essay centre the. Return on Do my homework, investment is a pretty fundamental goal of Essay centre, any business endeavor. Yet the essay term didn#39;t really gain much currency until the mid-1960s.

As this Google Ngram chart shows, since then, the term ROI has greatly increased in popularity. Why? It#39;s. Cost Per Like: A Subjective Valuation of Your Facebook Fans. Cost per Like often crops up in conversations about Facebook advertising, though it isn#39;t a term officially sanctioned by Facebook. Essay Shopping? So what exactly does it mean? Cost per Like refers to the cost of Do my minute, acquiring a new fan for a Facebook page, either th. Essay Shopping Centre? Immersing Consumers in 'Immersive Experiences' Different brands have different business methods, but they all have at least one goal in common: to engage audiences effectively. Essay Deakin? Today#39;s brands want to shopping centre beat the competition by places getting consumers to enjoy products in innovative ways. That#39;s why, when . Essay Shopping? Click Here for the Origin of the Buzzword 'Clickability' No matter how deeply the ways of the web become engrained in homework last minute us, a few people will always remember the early days. Essay? For example, one time many years ago while flipping through a book, perhaps it was Windows 95 For Dummies, I came across something ca.

Hottest Buzzwords of 2013 Get Illustrated on This Tumblr. Quick quiz: Are you familiar with the term SoLoMo? How about the Internet of things? Collaborative consumption? If at this point you#39;re asking WTF, then check out Behind the Buzzwords, a Tumblr with illustrations of some of 2013#39;s hottest termino. What buzzwords will have workers buzzing in 2013? Here#39;s what small business owners, PR people and entrepreneurs had to say. Top Tech Buzzwords You Use But Can't Define [VIDEO] Do you really know what The Cloud means? What about writing deakin Big Data? The Global Language Monitor has released a list of the most confusing tech buzzwords of the decade, so far.

The Cloud and Big Data top the list. Shopping? “High-tech terms have long spilled into. The 10 Most Overused LinkedIn Profile Buzzwords of essay, 2011. Essay Shopping? Do you describe yourself as professionally creative and motivated? Then a new list from LinkedIn suggests another descriptor for you too: Unimaginative. Homework For Science Jiskha? LinkedIn has analyzed the 135 million accounts on its network to reveal the shopping top 10 most-overused .

The 15 Best GRE Essay Tips to shopping centre, Improve Your Score. The GRE’s Analytical Writing section can be pretty intimidating. It’s the very first thing you’ll face when you sit down to help jiskha, take the exam, and you have to write two essays in one hour. No wonder a lot of students find it the most stressful part of the GRE! But fear not: to help make the Analytical Writing section more approachable, I’ll teach you 15 great GRE essay tips to aid both the newbie and the experienced test taker. feature image credit: Essays!!/used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Resized from original.

10 Awesome Overall GRE Writing Tips. We’ll start out with our best general GRE Analytical Writing tips to help you prepare for both essays. #1: Use POWERPREP Online to Type Your Essays. If you’re taking the centre computer-based GRE, practice the concern in accounting essay using POWERPREP Online. PowerPrep Tests 1 and 2 have built-in essay answering capabilities, as does the Preview Tool; after writing on Essay shopping the prompts in the program, you can continue to use those capabilities to write additional essays. Read more about how to get the most out of Homework help jiskha, PowerPrep with this article. If for some reason you can’t get PowerPrep to Essay, work, it’s okay to practice the essay with another word processor (like Word, OpenOffice, or GoogleDocs). However, to make your experience more realistic, make sure to avoid using any of the Professional writers following when writing your essay: shortcuts (including ones for cut, paste, select all, and Essay, undo), spellcheck and grammar check , and the redo and copy functions.

Quick side note: we've created the world's leading online GRE prep program that adapts to you and your strengths and weaknesses. To Do Homework. Not sure what to study? Confused by how to shopping centre, improve your score? PrepScholar guides you, step by writing deakin, step. I want to be clear - you don't NEED a prep program to get a great GRE score.

But we believe PrepScholar is the best GRE prep program available right now , especially if you find it hard to organize your study schedule and don't know what to study. You may be surprised to find how much lacking these extras affects the shopping speed of your essay writing. For example, while there is an “undo” feature in the GRE word processor, you can’t access it by CTL+Z or CMD+Z, a shortcut that’s drilled into muscle memory for most people familiar with word processors; instead, you must click the concept “Undo” button. Time pressure is part of what makes the GRE essays difficult. If you’re not taking the test under realistic conditions, including with time limits , then you’re not practicing in a way that’s going to help you on test day. If you’re really struggling with the timed part of the centre GRE essays, you could try writing as much as you can in 30 minutes, marking where you are when the Assignment on going concept timer runs out, continuing to Essay shopping, write until you’re finished, and then marking how long that took. This technique is not as useful for GRE Writing practice as it might be for Verbal or Quantitative practice because there is no set amount you have to write or set points you have to cover. However, marking when you hit the time limit and continuing to write until you’re finished with the essay could be helpful to help you readjust your expectations for what you can accomplish on essay the essay in Essay centre, 30 minutes vs. what you might think an Homework help jiskha, ideal essay should look like, given enough time. In general, though, do stick to the 30-minute time limit for Essay shopping centre, reading the task and writing your answer for each practice essay.

#3: Grade Your Essays With the Official Rubrics. Be ruthless in identifying your essay weaknesses by comparing your GRE essays to Homework help for science, the standards set forth in the rubrics for shopping centre, the Issues and Arguments essays and Quiet places, grading your practice essays accordingly. Don’t give yourself the benefit of the doubt, because the GRE essay grader and Essay shopping, computer program grader won’t. Sample GRE essays at each score point are helpful in giving you concrete examples of the writing deakin points made in the rubric for each score level (as we’ll discuss in the next GRE essay tip). Essay Centre. If you’re still concerned you can’t be objective enough about dissertation writers, your own writing, find a GRE essay buddy to help you grade your work according to the rubrics. #4: Write Practice Essays With Pre-Existing Samples You Can Compare. When choosing essay prompts to Essay centre, practice on, you should start out by choosing topics that ETS has sample essays on , so you can compare your responses to the anchor ones that have already been scored by ETS. Understanding the places homework GRE writing rubric is important for doing well on the test, since that’s what the real GRE essay graders will be using to Essay, score your responses, but it can sometimes be difficult to take the abstract ideals of a rubric and see how your own writing measures up.

It’s easier to see how you’ve done when you compare your writing to how others have written on places the same topic. Currently, the ETS website has one Issues task and one Argument task with sample scored essay responses free and publicly available. There are two additional instances each for the Issues and Argument tasks in the answer keys of Chapters 8 and 9 of The Official Guide to the GRE revised General Test (2nd edition) . Essay Centre. To get access to these four prompts with sample essays, you can either purchase the guide or take it out of your local library, if they have it. There are 328 official GRE writing prompts available (152 Issue and 176 Argument), so there’s very little point in practicing for Quiet, the essay with non-official prompts. The only reason to use non-official GRE essay prompts is if they’re the six bonus prompts on ScoreItNow! which will get your essay scored by the e-scorer software that the real GRE uses (more on Essay shopping that below). Otherwise, writing practice essays on non-official prompts is just not worth it. #6: Do Mock Analyses of Official Prompts. As mentioned in dissertation writers, the previous tip, there are so many GRE essay prompts that you won’t run out of topics to practice with (unless you’re planning on spending 164 hours doing practice Analytical Writing essays). Because of this, you can supplement your GRE Writing practice by practicing outlining essays without having to Essay centre, write out a full essay.

For practice Issue essay outlines, you should come up with at least three examples and Do custom essay toronto, a few bullet points to Essay shopping, explain how each one supports your point. Work on not just explaining the content of each example, but on showing how the example is relevant to the issue and Professional dissertation, why the example is evidence to back up your position. For practice Argument essay outlines, come up with at least three points of analysis and a few bullet points to explain the importance of each. These points of analysis could be the assumptions made in Essay shopping, the argument, what evidence is on going concern concept, needed to evaluate the argument, alternative explanations, and so on. Three points/used under CC BY 2.0/cropped and resized from original.

#7: Try ScoreItNow! or POWERPREP PLUS Online. For $20, ScoreItNow! lets you get two essays on real GRE prompts (plus six essays on bonus non-official prompts) scored by the e-rater used for the real GRE. Shopping. You won’t receive human grading on dissertation your essays, but you will at least receive a grade and insights into shopping, how the e-rater might score your writing on the real test. If you write fewer than 50 or more than 1,000 words you’ll get an english homework minute, “advisory” notice and won’t get a grade on ScoreItNow! (although if the reason you got an shopping centre, advisory notice is because your essay was too long, you can get a refund). ScoreItNow! is pretty pricey ($10 per Professional hire real GRE essay scored) so it’s not a good choice for shopping centre, everyone, but if you are concerned about how your writing will fare on the GRE, particularly with a computer grader, it’s good to know this is an option. An even more expensive option is purchasing a POWERPREP PLUS Online practice test ($39.95 per test per purchase; you may only take the test once per purchase, and toronto, it expires after 90 days). Essay. With each of the two adaptive practice tests, you’ll be able to submit one Issue and jiskha, one Argument essay to Essay, be scored by the e-rater.

You should only go with this option if you plan on taking advantage of the Do custom full computer-based practice test as well as getting your essays scored; otherwise, ScoreItNow! is the shopping centre more cost-effective option for official GRE essay grading. #8: Leave Time to Quiet places, Review and Edit Your Work. As I mentioned in the first tip, the GRE Writing word processor has no spell check, no grammar check, and no auto-correct. Because of this, it’s likely you’ll make some mistakes when you’re writing your essay, especially if you’re typing fast. Shopping. It’s okay to make a few small mistakes , but if your essay is riddled with spelling and grammatical errors, that will make it difficult to Professional dissertation, understand, which will have a negative effect on your score.

Take a look at the two examples below: Example with too many errors : Genetics is not density. The argument that naure is paramount over nurture failes, to ake into acount, the eyr reel affects that environment can ahve on behavior. Example with minor errors : Genetics is not destiny. The argument that naure is paramount over nurture fails to take into account the very reel effects that environment can have on behavior.

In the second example, there are still some errors (“naure” instead of “nature,” “reel” instead of Essay centre, “real”), but the meaning is writing, much clearer. Leaving yourself time to read over and edit your work will make sure you don’t end up with an centre, essay that looks like the first example. In other cases, it’s necessary to edit for Do my homework, clarity not only for Essay shopping, mechanical things like spelling and punctuation, but also to to do homework, make sure your ideas are organized in a way that makes sense. This illustrated in the two contrasting examples below: Out of order : Because Dr.

Field visited only Tertia, while Dr. Essay Shopping Centre. Karp visited “the group of islands that includes Tertia,” it’s possible that the children Dr. Karp interviewed were primarily from islands other than Tertia, reflecting a bias towards those other islands’ cultures. Similarly, without knowing more about the sample sizes of Dr. Dissertation. Field and Essay shopping, Dr. Karp’s studies and of the populations they were studying, it’s hard to know if the two studies are at all comparable. Another important question that would need to be answered in order to concern in accounting concept, make this recommendation would be whether or not the group of islands including Tertia that Dr. Karp visited had similar cultures. Better ordered : Another important question that would need to be answered in order to make this recommendation would be whether or not the group of islands including Tertia that Dr. Essay Shopping. Karp visited had similar cultures.

Because Dr. Field visited only Tertia, while Dr. Karp visited “the group of islands that includes Tertia,” it’s possible that the Essay children Dr. Karp interviewed were primarily from islands other than Tertia, reflecting a bias towards those other islands’ cultures. Similarly, without knowing more about the sample sizes of shopping centre, Dr. Field and Dr.

Karp’s studies and of the populations they were studying, it’s hard to know if the two studies are at all comparable. #9: You Don’t Need a Perfect GRE Essay Score. Your GRE Writing score is a very, very small part of essay toronto, most grad school apps. A 4.5 or above is Essay shopping centre, good enough for most programs , and there’s certainly no need to sweat over Do custom toronto, not getting a perfect 6.0. Essay Centre. The reason for this is that even if the rest of your application is mediocre, a high Writing score won’t have a huge positive effect on your chances. Want to improve your GRE score by 7 points? We have the industry's leading GRE prep program. Built by Quiet places, world-class instructors with 99th percentile GRE scores, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through machine learning data science, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Try our 5-day full access trial for free: Once you manage to Essay centre, get a 4.5 (or higher, if programs you’re applying to have a higher score cut-off), it’s far better to spend your time on your Verbal and Homework help jiskha, Quantitative scores, GRE subject test scores, or other parts of your grad school applications.

#10: Write Essays as Part of Full-Length Practice Tests. The Analytical Writing questions are the first section on the GRE, so you’ll be full of energy as well as test-taking adrenaline. However, this first hour of writing is then followed by 4-5 more sections (depending on shopping centre whether or not you get an experimental section), so you can’t expend all your energy in the essays. As part of your preparation for the GRE, you need to learn how to conserve your concentration and stamina, and the best way to to do homework, do this is by Essay shopping centre, taking realistic practice tests. This ties in with the advice in Tips 1, 2, and 5, which all aim to get you the most realistic testing experience possible. On Going Concept. Only by doing a practice GRE in realistic conditions can you know what will be a problem for you on Essay centre test day and address the issue. keep it/used under CC BY 2.0/cropped and resized from essay toronto, original. In addition to shopping, our top ten general GRE Analytical Writing tips, we have five strategies specific to the two different types of essay questions. GRE Essay Tips: Analyze an Issue Advice. For the Issue essay, you’re asked to explain whether you agree or disagree with something and why.

The general structure of the task means that there are a couple of things you can do to write a good essay on every Issues prompt, no matter the topic. Our GRE Writing tips below will help you craft a clear and Do custom toronto, compelling response. Issues Tip 1: Always Include a Thesis Statement. If there’s only one tip you follow about the GRE Issue essay, it should be this one: always, ALWAYS include a thesis that clearly articulates your position , whether you agree or disagree with the perspective presented. If you don’t state a position, you are neglecting a fundamental aspect of the Issue essay task. There are six different variations on the issue task wording, but every single one of centre, them requires you to either discuss your views explicitly or explain whether you agree or disagree with a given statement, recommendation, or claim. Writing Deakin. Failing to state your point of view in your essay makes it impossible for shopping centre, the graders to judge how well you’ve supported your position, and will result in a low essay score. Issue Tip 2: Preplan Essay Opinions and writing, Examples. You can’t memorize 152 different essays for each possible Issues prompt, but there are enough similarities between the different prompts that you can research some examples ahead of time to Essay centre, use as support. Start by formulating your own opinions about common issues topics like the role of government and Assignment on going in accounting concept, public officials, activities in everyday life, and shopping, teaching. Next, pick evidence you can use to Professional dissertation writers hire, support each of those opinions.

This evidence can be either reasoning or examples drawn from historical events or current events. When it comes time for the Issue essay, you’ll be able to Essay shopping centre, draw from Do my english last, this pool of examples and reasoning to support your position; at Essay, the very least, even if the Assignment concern in accounting concept exact examples or reasoning isn’t applicable to the specific topic, you’ll be in the habit of thinking of ways examples and reasoning could support your point of Essay shopping, view. GRE Essay Tips: Analyze an Argument Advice. For all “Analyze an Argument” Analytical Writing questions, you’re asked to judge the soundness of an argument. Below, we have three GRE writing tips to help with writing analyze an argument essays successfully. Don’t get caught up in analyzing whether the author’s claims are true or false, or whether or not you agree with them or what your own views are – that’s not the task. Instead, analyze the logic behind the argument being made and the flaws (or lack of flaws) in the argument’s construction. Staying focused on the task may take practice, as you might find it difficult to be objective about Homework help for science jiskha, some of the arguments made due to personal experience or outrage at some of the Essay centre logical jumps being made.

To do well on the argument essay, harness that rage into Do my english homework, analysis and explanation of how the argument is flawed. Argument Tip 2: Only Write About Major Points. Because you only have 30 minutes for Essay shopping centre, the GRE argument essay, you don’t have to analyze every single facet of the argument. It’s more important to analyze major features that contribute to the argument’s efficacy (or lack thereof). Imagine yourself like a lawyer in a courtroom, trying to get across the story of the case to writers hire, the jurors. You can’t dwell on every single detail that proves your opponent is centre, incorrect or your case will be a shapeless mess of information, even if all of it is true. Instead, you need to hit the main points first and then, if you have time, you can circle back to minutiae. Argument Tip 3: Only Use Information Included in the Argument.

The GRE is pretty good about using made-up names and places for the prompts, so you won’t be tempted to use outside knowledge to make assumptions. Still, you should make sure you confine your analysis to what’s written in the prompt only and don’t assume beyond what’s there. Sticking to Quiet to do homework, the information included in the prompt is an important part of shopping centre, completing many of the argument tasks, since the arguments are often flawed due to unstated assumptions. As a test taker, it’s your job to Quiet, point out those flaws, not make more assumptions of your own. View the Essay slide of the argument through the dissertation microscope of your analytical skills. Looking for the source of shopping, all GRE Writing prompts? Look no further – we have over Homework help, 60 official prompts and links to Essay centre, the others in this complete list of GRE essay topics.

Unsure of what a good GRE essay looks like? Then be sure to Quiet to do, read through our analyses of perfect scoring GRE essay samples. Ready to improve your GRE score by 7 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Laura graduated magna cum laude from Wellesley College with a BA in Music and Psychology, and earned a Master's degree in Composition from the Longy School of Music of Bard College. She scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and GRE and Essay centre, loves advising students on dissertation writers how to excel and fulfill their college and grad school dreams. View all posts by shopping, Laura Staffaroni. Subscribe and Do custom essay, get FREE tips to crush the GRE! Join our Facebook GRE Study Group.

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Structured Error Handling in VFP 8. By Markus Egger. Markus is the founder and publisher of CODE Magazine and is EPS President and Chief Software Architect. He is also a Microsoft RD (Regional Director) and the one of the longest (if not THE longest) running Microsoft MVP (Most Valuable Professional). Markus is also a renowned speaker and author.

With the Essay, introduction of Visual FoxPro 3.0, error handling in VFP changed substantially. Rather than using on error statements, state of the art error events became available. Now, 7 years later, more sophisticated error handling mechanisms take center stage as Visual FoxPro 8.0 introduces structured error handling. Handling potential errors in the most graceful way has been a goal of software developers since the very early days of programming, and to do homework, the quest for the perfect methodology is still ongoing. FoxPro and Visual FoxPro have gone through a number of different ways to handle errors (all of which are still available today and shopping centre, are useful for different scenarios). The most traditional way to handle errors in FoxPro (and even in FoxBase, before) was the ON ERROR statement. This command tells FoxPro what to do in case of an error. Arguably one of the most common scenarios would be to call a procedure that handles an error in the following fashion: Each Try-block needs to on going concern, have at least a CATCH or a FINALLY block. Or, you might use a slightly more sophisticated version, as suggested by Essay centre the Visual FoxPro documentation: Of course, in the object-oriented world that Visual FoxPro lives in, this is a very procedural way to handle things.

Luckily, the Essay writing, ON ERROR command can evaluate any Visual FoxPro expression, including calling methods on shopping, an object: This approach works rather well in scenarios where a global error handler is used. However, this type of error handler is generally not used in Do my homework last, an object-oriented environment. There are a number of reasons for this. First of all, in Essay, order to Assignment on going, create black-box objects, those objects have to handle their own errors to conform to Essay shopping centre, the rules of object-oriented development. However, to make those objects handle their own errors, we would have to set up an error handler like so: Unfortunately, this doesn't work, because whatever is specified as the ON ERROR statement will run as if it were a separate procedure. In other words, this line of dissertation writers hire code will run outside the object. Therefore, the THIS pointer is not valid. Another issue is Essay shopping, that the ON ERROR statement would not be scoped to Professional dissertation hire, the object.

Consider the following example: In this particular example, the first line instructs VFP to ignore all errors (the error statement is an asterisk, which is a comment line). Then, the Example object gets instantiated, and its constructor ( Init ()), sets the error statement to THIS.HandleErrors (for now, let's just assume that would be a valid line of Essay shopping centre code). After the Professional dissertation writers hire, object is instantiated, a line of shopping centre code with a syntax error (xxxxxxx) executes, raising an error. The question is: What error handler will handle that error? Since we now know that ON ERROR is not scoped to objects, we also know that the Do my last, error is handled by THIS.HandleErrors.

Clearly, even if that would call a method on the right object, this wouldn't be desired, since the object has no knowledge about how to handle errors that may occur outside the object. Similarly, error handlers defined after the shopping, object is instantiated would throw off error handling within the object. Neither scenario will allow us to create black box objects. One possible solution would be to create an object devoted to places to do, error handling. This object could be created when the Essay shopping, main object gets instantiated. However, to make this work, the writing, new object would have to be referenced through a public variable so it could be referenced (again, THIS.oError.HandleErrors() would not work).

This could lead to collisions with other objects that employ the same approach. Essay Shopping Centre? Also, each individual method would have to set the error handler to that handler object, and reset it back not only when the method completed, but also every time the object called out to other code (which may or may not use a similar approach). Homework? This certainly would be an error-prone solution. Essay Shopping? Let's not even investigate it any more, although I could point out a long list of other problems. Clearly, a better way to handle errors was required. For this reason, Visual FoxPro 3.0 (the first Visual version of FoxPro and also the first version that supported object-oriented development) introduced an Error() event. Do My English Homework? Using that mechanism, errors could be handled in the following fashion: The idea here is simple: Whenever an Essay error occurs anywhere within the object, the Error() event will fire.

If the error occurred anywhere outside the object, it will be handled by whatever error handler is Homework for science jiskha, defined there. In our example, the syntax error in the Init() method will be handled by the Error() method, and the syntax error in the line of Essay shopping code after the CreateObject() will be handled by the ON ERROR error handler (which will actually hide the error). This mechanism has a number of help jiskha advantages. First of all, it allows building self-contained objects. Secondly, it splits the gigantic task of handling errors globally, into smaller, more digestible pieces. No longer are we dealing with handling a very large number of errors. Shopping? For instance, if the Assignment concern in accounting, object at hand doesn't deal with database tables, we probably don't have to worry about handling any database errors. However, this approach also has some problems. For example, it still may be handling errors on a scale much larger than we want. Objects can be large and Essay shopping centre, do a large number of different things, each of which may have only a very limited number of scenarios that may go wrong.

In total, however, the object might require a very complex error handler. Another problem is that this type of last error handler makes it very difficult to exit gracefully whenever an error has occurred. Consider the following example: The idea behind this simplified example is that the WordExport object can be used to create a Word document on shopping, the fly. To do so, the developer simply instantiates this object and passes some text to the Export() method. English? The method then opens an instance of Word, makes it visible, creates a new document and exports the Essay shopping, text. What would happen if the user actually closed Word right after a new document has been created (right after the Documents.Add() line)? Well, the hire, next two lines of code would both cause an error (and so would hundreds of other lines if this was a life-size example). But what could our error handler do to solve the problem?

Well, beyond displaying the Essay shopping, error in Professional dissertation, a message box, the error handler could try to fix the shopping, problem. However, this is unlikely in this case, because in order to do that, the method would have to start over from scratch. Since that isn't something the error handler could do easily, it can choose to ignore the error and proceed with the Quiet to do homework, next line of code, which would then cause another error that could also be ignored, and so forth. Another option would be to issue a RETRY, which would run the line that failed again, causing another error, which would result in an endless loop if the handler just tried to RETRY again. Essay Shopping Centre? The only other option we have would be to CANCEL, which would shut down the whole process and not just the current method. Note also, that the method returns .T., which is the way I would like things to be if the Homework for science jiskha, document got created successfully. Shopping Centre? However, I would like the method to return .F. if there was a problem. This isn't so easy, since the Error() event doesn't have any access to the return value of this method. One possible solution would be a local ON ERROR statement instead of the error method:

This is an places acceptable solution, but there are difficulties with this approach. Centre? First of Do my all, the method might call out to Essay shopping, other methods that may reset the error handler or point to on going concern in accounting, a different handler. This is a problem that is hard to avoid, since you may not have control over other code that is running. Also, at a later point in time, someone may want to Essay shopping centre, add an Error() method to this object (perhaps to handle errors that may occur in Assignment concern in accounting concept, other methods). The problem with that is that the error method takes precedence over the ON ERROR handler, hence rendering the ON ERROR useless. To solve these issues, Visual FoxPro 8.0 introduces Structured Error Handling. This approach allows the developer to wrap a series of commands into a block that is handled by a local error handler. The advantage of this error handler is that it usually handles a very limited set of Essay potential problems, making it simple and straightforward. This is the basic syntax for structured error handling in Visual FoxPro:

Let's see how we could re-work the above example into Essay deakin, a scenario handled by a Try/Catch block: As we can see, this is Essay shopping centre, a much simpler way to implement the solution. Quiet Places Homework? First of all, it is simply much less kludgy and is a very clean implementation. But more importantly, it is centre, a much superior implementation from a technical point of view. The solution is not influenced by outside error handling. Also, we have full control over homework last what is to happen if an error does occur. Unlike in the example with the error event, we can write code within our method that executes no matter whether an shopping error occurred or not, making it easy to set the return value to last minute, our liking. Essay Shopping Centre? (We were able to deakin, do this in the previous example, but the solution was error prone and easy to break by running it in different environments). Try/Catch blocks can be nested to achieve more granular error handling. I'm sure that by Essay shopping centre now you already have a good idea about what Try/Catch does: Whatever code we run inside a Try-block will execute until an error occurs.

If an Do my english last error does in fact occur, the Catch-block is shopping, executed. Note that the Professional writers hire, try block stops executing as soon as an error occurs. There is no way to retry or ignore the error. Centre? If that's what you would like to do, Try/Catch error handling is not the right solution. Note that the Catch-block is never executed if no error occurs. On Going In Accounting? Sometimes you might want to define code that runs as cleanup code, whether an error occurred or not. Here is an example:

In this example, we shut down Word, even if something went wrong. Essay Centre? Note however, that the error may have occurred before Word ever got instantiated. Therefore we need to first check whether Word is an object. Help For Science Jiskha? (Actually, things may be a little trickier with automation objects, especially Word, but for simplicity we'll leave it at that.) At this point you may wonder why we need a Finally-block. After all, we could have put that code after the Essay shopping, ENDTRY and would have achieved an identical result. However, there are scenarios that can greatly benefit from using the finally-block (which we will examine further down), making the use of FINALLY a good idea in general. One last remark about the Professional, basic Try/Catch structure: Each Try-block needs to have at least a CATCH or a FINALLY block.

Therefore, you can not just say try this, and shopping, I don't care of Professional writers hire it works or not since I can't do anything about a potential problem anyway. If you would like to do that, you can create a Catch-block that has nothing but a comment. A scenario like this may be desired within an error handler: This example also demonstrates one of the key features of structured error handling: Nested Try/Catch blocks. Try/Catch blocks can be nested to achieve more granular error handling. There may be a Try/Catch block around the entire application, there may be Try/Catch blocks wrapping entire methods, then there may be individual blocks, and so forth. Let's enhance our Word example a little more and instead of creating a blank document, we will create a new one based on a certain template:

In this example, the shopping centre, inner Try/Catch block traps only deakin errors that may occur while a new document is created based on the specified template. Presumably, if that template doesn't exist, an error will be raised and centre, caught by the Catch-block, which will create a blank document. To Do? The code then proceeds as planned. Note that the Essay, Catch-block may raise another error that will then be handled by the outer Catch-block (which simply sets the return value and gives up). There is Assignment on going, one potential problem here. We are assuming that the error has been caused by the fact that the template doesn't exist. But of course, there could be a number of other scenarios causing other problems. For instance, the problem could be caused by the user closing Word right after it became visible (yes, they'd have to be very quick, but hey, this is only an example!).

In our little example, this wouldn't be a problem. Centre? Worst case, the Catch-block fails again and defaults to the outer handler, which will handle the situation appropriately. However, in many complex scenarios, we would have to look at additional error information and handle the situation appropriately. Visual FoxPro has a number of functions to retrieve error information, such as Message(). However, those functions are not really adequate to make this bullet-proof, since nested errors make things a bit complicated. For this reason, Microsoft introduced an Exception object. The exception object can be invoked simply by using it on the CATCH statement:

This will make an object named oException available within the Catch-block. This object has a number of properties, such as ErrorNo , Message , LineNo , Details , LineContents , and more. Using this construct, we can use the following syntax to check for errors caused by the template only: In this example, we handle only Professional dissertation writers hire error 1429, which is the one that is raised if the template wasn't there. The question is: What do we do with all other errors? Well, basically, we want it to be handled the centre, same way all other errors are handled within the Quiet places to do, outer Try-block. Therefore, we need to shopping, elevate the error to that level. We can do so using the THROW statement. This will re-throw the error, causing it to be handled by essay toronto the outer Catch-block. (Exceptions elevated using a THROW statement will end up as user exceptions in the outer error handler.

See below for more information.) The WHEN clause of the CATCH statement can utilize any valid Visual FoxPro expression. This is Essay, a pretty simple example. All we really check for is the error number. But, imagine we check for other conditions.

For instance, we could try to find another template, or download it from Assignment in accounting concept, somewhere, and so forth. If all of those attempts fail, we would re-throw the error. Shopping Centre? If all we wanted to check was the error number, though, we could do something even simpler: This will catch only error 1429. Do Custom? All other errors will be automatically elevated to Essay shopping centre, the outer error handler, if there is one. Otherwise, the default VFP error dialog would be shown. Therefore, this is jiskha, a shortcut that is functionally identical to the version shown in the previous example (except that the exception elevated to shopping, the outer handler will not be a user error). What makes this feature very powerful is that there can be a number of hire different catch-blocks:

Note that catch blocks are evaluated from top to bottom, and only one of them will run. Therefore, the chosen sequence is important. If we change this example to the following, we would see unexpected (or expected after you read this article) results: In this scenario, only the first catch-block will ever be executed, because it is so generic, it will catch all the errors and the subsequent catch statements will never be evaluated. The WHEN clause of the CATCH statement can utilize any valid Visual FoxPro expression.

Note, however, that to avoid having an erroneous catch statement you shouldn't make these statements too complex. As we have seen in previous examples, the new THROW command can be used to elevate errors the error handler chooses not to handle, so an outer error handler (perhaps another Catch-block, or some other type of error handler) can attempt to handle the error. What's not as obvious is that THROW can be used to raise custom errors, allowing us to architect our applications in Essay shopping centre, an entirely different fashion. Listing 1 shows an example for this technique. In this example, we have a class called CreditCard that simulates a credit card charging object. This object is rather simple. All it has is one method called ChargeCard (), and on going concern in accounting concept, all that method does is centre, check if the passed credit card number is 12345678. Essay Deakin? If so, the card is considered valid. Essay? This is a simplistic example, but all we are really interested in is the essay toronto, error handling.

So let's see what happens when the Essay shopping, card number is invalid. First of all, the ChargeCard() method instantiates a class called CreditCardException and passes some detailed error information to its constructor. This class is defined a little further down and is a simple subclass of the new Visual FoxPro Exception base class. It has a few overridden properties, and deakin, one additional one that gets set based on the value passed to Essay shopping centre, the constructor. Once that object is instantiated, the CreditCard class raises an error (exception) using the to do, THROW command and the new exception object as the expression. This will immediately halt the centre, execution of the ChargeCard() method, and invoke whatever error handler is currently in Essay deakin, use. What's not as obvious is that THROW can be used to Essay, raise custom errors, allowing us to architect our applications in an entirely different fashion. So now let's work our way back up towards the beginning of this listing to Essay writing, see how this code is invoked. The listing starts out shopping with the writing, instantiation of the credit card object and a call to shopping, the ChargeCard() method.

The parameter passed to Assignment on going in accounting concept, this method represents an invalid credit card (error handling is Essay, easier to demonstrate if things fail). All of this is wrapped into a Try/Catch block. Note that the Catch-block traps for error 2071. All user-thrown exceptions end up as error 2071. In this particular example, those are all the errors we are really interested in. Of course, there could be other errors occurring, and Essay, those are caught by Essay shopping centre the second Catch-block.

In a larger example, there could also be an outer error handler so we wouldn't have to essay, worry about shopping centre, that possibility. The second Catch-block is not required and on going in accounting, I just included it because I'd consider it good form. So what exactly happens when a user-thrown error occurs and our Catch-block kicks in? Well, first of all, there could be a number of Essay shopping centre different user-thrown errors, and we are not interested in dissertation writers, any of Essay them other than our custom exception. The user defined information is stored in a property called UserValue, which is a variant and could be anything.

In our case, it is another exception object, since that's what we threw, but it could be a string or any other value if the exception was thrown in the following manner: Since we threw an object, we can now check for on going concept, detailed information on shopping centre, that object, such as the error number or perhaps even the Professional writers hire, class. If we discover error number 10001 (which is our custom error number), we can handle it. Otherwise, it is a different user-thrown error, and we really do not know what to do at all, so we simply elevate the error to the next level by re-throwing it. Note that this example is not bullet-proof. The following line of code may, in fact, cause other errors: If UserValue is not an Essay centre object, or if it is an on going concept object but doesn't have a property called ErrorNo , this would result in yet another exception, which would be thrown to an outer exception handler. Note that the outer exception handler would receive a FoxPro error, and not the user thrown error, which would not be a good thing at Essay, all. At this point, you may wonder how UserValue could be an object but not have that property.

The reason is places homework, simple: Just like one can throw a string or a number as the user value, one could throw any type of object as the user value. The thrown object doesn't have to be subclassed from Exception . One of the gotchas with this type of architecture is that youi should really use Try/Catch blocks to catch these user thrown errors. Technically, you can use ON ERROR to catch our CreditCardException, but it is Essay, a bit trickier to places, do so since no error object is available. One last word of caution: The use of a THROW statement will always end up as a user thrown error. This means that if you intend to elevate an shopping error from Homework, within a catch block to an outer error handler, you may be re-throwing a system error, but it will end up as a user error in the next-level error handler. The original (system) exception object will end up as the UserValue . Of course, to handle these situations correctly, the shopping, outer exception handler needs to homework, be aware of this. Mixing Error Handling Methodologies. Structured error handling is Essay, great and will replace traditional error handling in most scenarios.

In fact, some modern languages like C# have only structured error handling. However, there are some downsides to structured error handling, such as no intrinsic retry capability. Do My? Also, in many scenarios, pre-existing, non-structured error handling may be in place. So let's look at a few examples of mixed error handling and shopping centre, the effects it may have on your code. Let's start out with a simple one: In this example, we define an ON ERROR statement within a Try/Catch block (xxxxx always represents some kind of error in Do my last minute, these examples). What would we expect to happen here?

Most people I present this to would expect the ON ERROR to handle the first problem, and the Catch-block to handle the second error. This is not the case! The Catch-block takes precedence over the ON ERROR and handles both exceptions. At this point, you may wonder why one would ever define an ON ERROR inside a Try/Catch. In real-world environments, this is a rather common scenario. Consider this example: The Try/Catch wraps a simple call to another function (or method). That function apparently has its own error handling using the Essay centre, old ON ERROR methodology.

However, the local error handling mechanism used by that function is Do my english homework, now taken hostage by shopping centre our Catch-block. As you can imagine, this may result in some surprising behavior. We can produce a similar example using the Error() method: In this example, we are also calling another method that has a local error handler. However, this time the result is opposite Do custom toronto, from the previous example. The Error() event takes precedence over the Try/Catch and handles the error inside the called object. So what would happen if we added some structured error handling to Essay shopping centre, the TestClass object? In this example, the new Try/Catch will handle the error since it has been defined at a higher level of for science jiskha granularity. An interesting question here is, What happens if that Catch-block re-throws the error? In this example, the Error() method will get a chance to Essay shopping, handle the re-thrown error.

The outer error handler will not have the jiskha, opportunity to shopping centre, handle the exception, because it is not possible to english last, elevate the error from within the Error() method because the exception object is not available there. The only option would be to Essay shopping centre, throw a custom error. I still owe you an explanation of the Do custom toronto, FINALLY statement. In many scenarios, it may seem as if FINALLY may not really be required, since the flow of the program is Essay centre, likely to continue after the Try/Catch section. Likely is the key term here. If a potential error is not handled in a Catch-block (either because there isn't a matching Catch-block or because another exception is THROWn), code after the Homework for science jiskha, Try/Catch statements may not be executed at all. Consider this example: In this example, the syntax error in the Try-block is caught by the Catch-block, just to be re-thrown again. This means that the very last MessageBox() will never be executed. Centre? However, the MessageBox() in the Finally-block will be executed in every case, even if no exception occurred.

Structured Error Handling is one of the most important language enhancements Visual FoxPro has seen in a while. It is very powerful and helps you tremendously in your attempts to produce bullet-proof code. If you have any questions about writing, this technology, feel free to email me. Visual Studio .NET uses a very similar mechanism as Visual FoxPro 8.0. As one would expect, due to .NET's integral thread-safety, the mechanism there is Essay shopping centre, a little more structured, but also a little less flexible. For instance, VFP8 can throw any variable or object as a custom error. In .NET, only exception objects can be thrown. On the for science jiskha, other hand, there .NET doesn't differentiate between user errors and system errors, which has advantages as well. Listing 1: Raising a custom exception.

Markus is the shopping, founder and publisher of Professional dissertation writers hire CODE Magazine and is EPS President and Chief Software Architect. He is also a Microsoft RD (Regional Director) and the one of the Essay centre, longest (if not THE longest) running Microsoft MVP (Most Valuable Professional). Markus is also a renowned speaker and Quiet places homework, author. Have additional technical questions? Get help from the experts at CODE Magazine - sign up for our free hour of consulting!

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Conboy AP U.S. History 25 January 2012 After the 13th Amendment was passed, African American slaves were . On Going Concept. freed from their lifetime involuntary servitude, and life for them seemed to be on the way to happiness (Document A). An economy that worked without slaves was a new concept to the South; freedmen were joyous about Essay, it, and white planters loathed it. Dissertation Hire. The United States underwent a sort of revolution in its economy and its social hierarchy (Document D). Essay. After the writing Civil War ended. African American , American Civil War , Black people 717 Words | 2 Pages. Bay colony was a stable , well ordered and well planned colony. The Chesapeake colony was not well planned and as organized as the New England Colony (doc c) . . The emigrant list in Essay shopping centre, doc c. was less detailed then the New England colony and this shows us the lack of organization.

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United States History – 2010 Summer Assignment DUE: Day 1 of Fall 2010 semester Instructors: . Mr. Centre. Klevs cklevs@ghchs.com Ms. Byars kbyars@ghchs.com 1. Students need to read book #1 Patriots: The Men who started the American Revolution by dissertation A.J. Langguth [ISBN?10: 0671675621] by August 17, 2010. Students need to read book #2 K Blows Top: A Cold War Comic Interlude Starring Nikita Khrushchev, America's Most Unlikely Tourist by Peter Carlson [ISBN?10: 1586484974] by January . Americas , Caribbean , Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1305 Words | 3 Pages. English Colonies in North America (Ap Us History) AP US History English Colonies in North America Before the seventeenth century, countries such as Portugal and . Spain had controlled the rich lands of the Americas, and England was left out of the race due to religious conflict back home. However, when Queen Elizabeth came into power, England’s power also rose in the colonial game in the America. Shopping Centre. Some of the first colonies they gathered are the ones of Virginia and Carolina.

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AP WORLD HISTORY Name___________________ DBQ Period ______ Description: Students will research and Homework help then . create their own document-based question ( DBQ ) in AP World History . The DBQ should follow the format used on shopping centre the Advanced Placement Examination, and students should observe the help for science following guideline: 1. The question should be phrased using one of the following key terms or phrases: • -Defend or refute • -Analyze • -Evaluate • -To what extent and in what ways . Shopping Centre. APA style , Diary , Following 394 Words | 4 Pages. Ap European History Renaissance Education Dbq Exercise. Renaissance Education DBQ Exercise During the Homework help for science jiskha Renaissance, scholars became more interested in shopping centre, the humanistic features of places homework society, . and humanistic educators based their teaching models on Greek and Latin classics. Renaissance education was One apparent purpose of centre a Renaissance education was to praise the Do custom value of useful education, through the teaching of the classics, mainly Greek literature that was written by Greek philosophers, mathematicians and other important figures. Shopping. Some criticised.

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Daniel Bivona, “On W. K. Centre? Clifford and writing deakin ‘The Ethics of Belief,’ 11 April 1876? The mathematician W. Essay? K. Clifford was the youngest and possibly most controversial member of the Homework help for science jiskha, Metaphysical Society, a group originally formed by Alfred Lord Tennyson and some close friends. Lasting from 1869 to 1880, the Society ultimately brought together a great variety of centre, intellectuals, writers, philosophers, scientists, poets, journal editors, politicians, and Church figures of the era for vigorous debates on metaphysical topics. A pioneering promoter and translator of the non-Euclidian geometer Riemann, Clifford anticipated Einstein’s discovery that gravity was not a mysterious force of bodies but an effect of curved space, but it was his withering criticism of metaphysical claims before the Metaphysical Society – in jiskha particular, his attack on the morality of believing on insufficient evidence, an argument which was delivered two years after he first joined the group and later published as the essay “The Ethics of Belief” – that marked him as the Essay, most controversial proponent of the agnostic position in the late Victorian period. When he died at the young age of 33 in toronto 1879, Clifford left a legacy of important unpublished scientific work and centre a number of impressive published essays in which he offered both a very compelling critique of the ethics of metaphysical commitments and a powerful argument, inspired by Darwin’s Descent of Man , in favor of the Do custom essay toronto, claim that ethics derive from evolutionary history rather than descending from an immaterial God. The Metaphysical Society was formed in 1869 by a group led initially by the architect Sir James Knowles, the poet laureate Alfred Lord Tennyson, and the astronomer Charles Pritchard. Knowles had a lively interest in metaphysical exploration and centre he helped to encourage that taste in his friend Tennyson.

Tennyson by 1869 had also been nursing for some time a fear that the Victorian age had become an age of materialism, and for science consequently inattentive to important spiritual matters. Pritchard, who would soon become the Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, was convinced, in the aftermath of the controversy over Essays and Reviews (in 1860), of the need to reconcile scientific knowledge and Essay shopping the Bible and he likewise helped encourage the poet’s interest in metaphysical speculation (Metcalf 212). Essay Writing? Although initially the Essay shopping, group wanted to exclude opponents of Christianity from discussions, they soon became convinced that inviting opponents of essay, Christianity into the Society would guarantee lively discussions of the evidences for Christian belief (Metcalf 214). The Society ultimately brought together a great variety of intellectuals, writers, philosophers, scientists, poets, journal editors, politicians, and Essay Church figures of the era for vigorous debates. The distinguished roster of members included, besides the three most important founding members, Dean Stanley and Archbishop Manning, the Broad Church theologian F. D. Maurice, intellectuals such as John Ruskin, Leslie Stephen, Mark Pattison, Walter Bagehot, and J. Assignment On Going Concept? A. Froude, future and centre current prime ministers Arthur Balfour and William Ewart Gladstone, as well as scientists and help jiskha philosophers such as T. H. Huxley, William Tyndall, Sir John Lubbock, and the young mathematician William Kingdon Clifford. The group met for Essay shopping centre, nine monthly meetings per Quiet places to do, year from its founding in 1869 until its demise in 1880. At these meetings, papers were read and centre discussed by the membership and often reprinted in journals such as The Contemporary Review and The Nineteenth Century . The volume Papers Read at the Meetings of the Metaphysical Society contains a complete roster of the well-known participants ( Papers xiii-xiv). Figure 1: William Kingdon Clifford, 1901. By deriving ethics from evolution and attempting to shift the focus of scientific interest from the “individual” to the “group,” Clifford eventually became an effective polemical voice on the “godless” side of the Do my homework, acerbic debates over design and natural selection that characterized British intellectual life more broadly in centre the period.

Moreover, the work he did in his short lifetime (and the work published after his death by the defenders of his reputation such as Karl Pearson and his wife, the novelist Lucy Clifford) ensured a central role for his ideas in the increasingly heated debates about the nature of the “social” in what would eventually be called “Social Darwinism.” In fact, his categorical dismissal of “self-regarding virtues” (“there are no self-regarding virtues”) made him an effective critic of Utilitarianism as well—indeed, of all ethical systems which take the individual as a starting point (“Scientific Basis” 121). Although he was the youngest member of the Metaphysical Society and toronto was not invited to join the group until it had been in centre existence for five years, he seems to have quickly become one of the Homework, most controversial, if not influential, members of that distinguished, and varied, group. His importance clearly stemmed in part, not only from Essay his challenging philosophical claims about the origins of human ethical reasoning, but also from the clarity with which he presented these ideas in his lectures and essays. Indeed, “The Ethics of Quiet places, Belief,” which was presented to the Society in Essay shopping 1876 and Assignment on going in accounting published in a different form in the Contemporary Review in 1877, stirred up a significant controversy, drawing sharp criticism from Matthew Arnold among others and ultimately helping to spawn William James’s thoughtfully critical response twenty years later in “Will to Believe.” Clifford’s very accessible prose style contributed mightily to stoking the controversy over “The Ethics of Belief,” for in that essay Clifford not only avoided the obscure jargon that is sometimes a distinguishing feature of metaphysical debates, but illustrated his claims with familiar examples that his audience found variously compelling or infuriating. Essay Centre? If not the most complex argument, “The Ethics of Belief” is, nonetheless, the most important and provocative polemical work produced by any of the group of Do my english last, “Metaphysicals” that Bernard Lightman calls “the agnostics” (Huxley, Tyndall, Stephen, and Clifford [Lightman 2]). Indeed, one might say that Clifford takes the fear that many believers harbored—the fear that to challenge Christian metaphysics is to undermine Christian ethics—and turns it against the prejudices of the Essay shopping, devout by accusing them of immorality precisely for promoting belief in metaphysical entities for which there is no compelling evidence. “The Ethics of Belief” begins with the claim that it is immoral to believe anything on insufficient evidence. One example Clifford gives involves a shipowner who decides to Do my english last allow a vessel to leave port despite his knowing that the evidence points to its being unseaworthy. Whether he believes the ship to be seaworthy (and believes this sincerely) or whether the ship actually does sail successfully to its next port of call (and thus avoids disastrous consequences), is irrelevant.

The shipowner is still acting in an “immoral” way in allowing the ship to set sail whether it reaches its next port or not, because he is acting against what the preponderance of the evidence tells him about the ship’s condition (“Ethics” 70). Essay Centre? Ethically, it matters not whether the belief in its seaworthiness is sincerely held or even factually true. What matters is english minute that the shopping, shipowner in this case ignores what the evidence points to, his belief is Quiet places homework held on Essay, insufficient evidence, and thus, he acts in an immoral way. Moreover, in Clifford’s view, “no man’s belief is…a private matter which concerns himself alone” (“Ethics” 73). All beliefs have serious ethical consequences for others. To behave in a credulous way is not simply to make an error of reasoning relevant only to one’s own individual state of Assignment on going concern in accounting, mind; rather, to fall into credulity is to perform an immoral act with serious consequences for other people. As Clifford says, The danger to society is not merely that it should believe wrong things, though that is great enough; but that it should become credulous, and lose the habit of Essay shopping centre, testing things and inquiring into toronto, them; for then it must sink back into savagery. (“Ethics” 76) If one takes a different example, for instance, a seemingly harmless belief in spirit mediums, one can see why Clifford refuses to shopping concede that even such ostensibly harmless beliefs are actually harmless to society. Because these beliefs can only Assignment concern, be sustained by ingrained habits of refusing the conclusions entailed by evidence, to believe in spirit mediums is to foster credulity more generally and thus to encourage habits of refusing to inquire into the evidence for belief.

It is no surprise, then, to learn that Clifford was at odds with such Metaphysicals as Henry Sidgwick and Arthur Balfour on this issue, or to learn that he once successfully exposed the “famous Williams” as a fraud at one of his seances (Madigan 34). Clifford’s claims in “The Ethics of Belief” excited vituperative criticism from a variety of Metaphysicals and others. The first response to appear in print came from Henry Wace in The Contemporary Review in June 1877. Another of Clifford’s critics, William George Ward, the Roman Catholic editor of the Dublin Review , followed with perhaps the harshest polemical attack on Clifford in an article entitled “The Reasonable Basis of Certitude,” which appeared in Essay shopping Nineteenth Century in 1878. A deft practitioner of hyperbolic argument himself, Ward zeroed in on toronto, the hyperbolic element of Clifford’s argument: his claim that one has an ethical obligation to examine the evidence for all beliefs. The counter example Ward gives—of a man in centre a village who bases his conviction of the superiority of Do custom essay toronto, his village’s cricket eleven to the cricket eleven of Essay, a neighboring village on no evidence whatsoever–is an amusing reductio ad absurdum of Clifford’s claim about the immorality involved in believing anything on insufficient evidence (Madigan 87-8).

Clifford’s claims could be caricatured in such a way by anyone who notices that, in fact, all of us do operate on many beliefs day-to-day that we have neither the patience nor the time to examine the evidence for. However, Ward’s attack on Clifford ends with Ward elaborating a sophistical argument in defense of the Catholic Church’s refusal to allow its faithful to read the Do my english minute, works of skeptical authors like Clifford (Qtd in Madigan 89). This is precisely the attitude to belief that Clifford is criticizing in his essay and his most vituperative critic among the Metaphysicals cannot avoid exposing, in his own essay attacking Clifford’s position, exactly the anti-rational stance Clifford so deftly skewers in his own. The Metaphysical Society was organized not simply to provide a forum for debating metaphysical and Essay shopping epistemological claims. All its members—whether agnostic or not—appear to have shared the writing deakin, fear that serious ethical issues were at stake in shopping these metaphysical debates. In short, the writing, Society implicitly sought to address what might be called Dostoyevsky’s question: if God is dead, is everything permitted? Clifford, thus, was, if anything, as interested in addressing the question of the origins of morality as in shopping centre raising doubts about the existence and wisdom of God, and part of what made “The Ethics of Belief” so controversial was Clifford’s aiming a direct attack in it on the morality of dissertation hire, metaphysical commitments.

To believe in angels is not simply wrong-headed to Clifford; it is Essay shopping centre morally wrong. Clifford’s earlier essay “On the Assignment concern in accounting concept, Scientific Basis of Morals” is Essay shopping centre perhaps his most complex and novel treatment of the evolutionary foundation for morality (it was first published in The Contemporary Review in 1875). Not quite as provokingly polemical, perhaps, as the later “Ethics of Belief,” this essay is, nonetheless, the most complete statement of Clifford’s views on what he called “the tribal self”—an ethical agency produced by evolution but one that is not identifiable with any organized religion. Quiet Places Homework? He begins by Essay centre arguing that all humans have been blessed by evolution with a “moral sense,” which he argues inspires feelings of “pleasure or unpleasure” in help for science jiskha the doing of actions and which is “felt by the human mind in contemplating certain courses of centre, conduct” (287). This does not at all suggest to Clifford, however, that moral judgments are as individual as humans are.

The “maxims of absolute or universal right” are not necessarily “universal” but they are felt to be independent of the individual: their power to compel human behavior comes partly from the Essay writing, fact that they embody the moral authority of the group rather than just the individual (288). Shopping? The source of moral agency is ultimately this “tribal self,” a component of the human mind that shapes human moral behavior in ways that have worked to the benefit of the tribe over the course of evolutionary time. Essay? Our “savage” ancestors followed the dictates of this agency, and Essay centre this accounts for why “the savage is not only hurt when anybody treads on his foot but when anybody treads on his tribe” (291). Emphasizing Darwin’s insight (in The Descent of Man ) that the ability of humans to Professional dissertation writers cooperate through language means that, in Essay centre human evolutionary history, natural selection might well have operated as much to the benefit of the social group as to the benefit of the individual, Clifford argues, “natural selection will in the long run preserve those tribes which have approved the right things; namely those things which at that time gave the english homework last minute, tribe an advantage in the struggle for existence” (292-3). Hence, what we call “conscience” is no more than “self-judgment in the name of the tribe” (293). To trace the foundations of ethical judgment, we need not travel to Sinai. We need only examine the evolutionary function of morality: “Those tribes have on the whole survived in which conscience approved such actions as tended to the improvement of men’s characters as citizens and therefore to the survival of the tribe” (297).

The evolutionary model of morality that Clifford develops here necessarily commits him to something he delighted in—redefining religious language for polemical purposes, in this case, to ground ethics in the material foundation of evolutionary history, to take it out of the possessive hands of the religious who insist on Essay centre, grounding morality in the orders of a deity. Thus, “piety” no longer is to be seen as a behavioral response to the demands of one’s immaterial God, its proper form shaped by the dictates of religious authority, but rather as a behavioral response to what is demanded by “the tribe,” a response conditioned by homework evolutionary advantage: It is necessary to the tribe that the pious character should be encouraged and preserved, the Essay shopping centre, impious character discouraged and Do my english last removed….[T]he actions whose open approval is liked by the tribal self are called right actions, and those whose open disapproval is Essay shopping centre disliked are called wrong actions. Do Custom Toronto? (294) Clifford was ahead of his time in Essay shopping centre helping to define the emerging late Victorian evolutionary concept of Do custom essay, “social efficiency” although he deploys the concept in a more sophisticated way than would later be done by Benjamin Kidd in his Social Evolution of 1894, a work which popularized the term and shopping centre which made a name for its heretofore unknown author partly because in Homework it he assigned to shopping centre organized religion the evolutionary function of promoting social cohesion. Since the “tribal self” is toronto responsible for promoting “pious” behavior, and since Clifford’s notion of “pious” behavior redefines virtue as what serves the goal of evolutionary efficiency for Essay shopping, the group, we can then dispense with the unnecessary hypothesis of God, not to mention the need for assigning a grandiose social role to organized forms of religion. Moreover, there can be no “self-regarding virtues,” according to Assignment concern in accounting Clifford, no ethical requirements favoring the practice of virtues such as prudence and temperance which have no clear bearing on the welfare of others. Essay Shopping Centre? All virtues can only “be rightly encouraged in so far as they are shown to conduce to the efficiency of a citizen; that is, in so far as they cease to be self-regarding” (298). Moreover, virtue cannot be grounded in the practice of altruism, which Darwin ruled out Assignment on going concern in accounting concept as an impossible result of the Essay shopping, operation of natural selection. Quiet To Do? Cooperation, yes, because cooperative behavior offers evolutionary payoffs for shopping centre, species that cooperate with one another.

Altruism, no, because, as Clifford says, “Piety is not Altruism. It is not the doing good to Essay deakin others as others, but the service of the community by Essay shopping centre a member of it, who loses in that service the consciousness that he is anything different from the community” (299). In this respect, Clifford anticipates the more complex view of the Do my english homework minute, social nature of human identity that was outlined in 1895 by centre J. A. Hobson in his trenchant critique of Kidd’s Social Evolution (Hobson 302-3). In another of his essays, “The Ethics of Religion,” Clifford offers a direct challenge to the claim that organized religion serves social efficiency (it first appeared in print in the Fortnightly Review , July 1877). Clifford’s case against religion is based partly in a critique of metaphysics and partly in a view that religions persistently confound “purely ceremonial” proscriptions with necessary moral laws (“Religion” 365). Insofar as they produce and jiskha reproduce this confusion, they work against social efficiency. Essay Centre? Thus, he cites two famous comments attributed by the New Testament to Jesus: “He that believeth not shall be damned” ( King James Bible : Mark 16:16) and “Blessed are they that have not seen and yet have believed” ( King James Bible : John 20:29). Clifford’s response to these claims is, “For a man who clearly felt and recognised the duty of intellectual honesty, of carefully testing every belief before he received it, and especially before he recommended it to others, it would be impossible to ascribe the profoundly immoral teaching of these texts to a true prophet or worthy leader of humanity” (“Religion” 102). If believing on insufficient evidence is “immoral,” it necessarily follows that the founder of Christianity, at least in this aspect of his teaching, is a profoundly immoral person. Clifford’s influence among the devout would ultimately be limited by this tendency to defiant polemics, and writing there is shopping little evidence in any case that the homework minute, more conventionally religious members of the Metaphysical Society had the slightest interest in being persuaded to share his views. Essay Shopping Centre? While his ideas stirred up passionate support among the Do my homework, “agnostic” group in centre the Metaphysical Society, even the agnostics hesitated, after his death, to promote his ideas too publicly out of the fear that they would endanger their own, hard won, professional respectability.

The publication of Clifford’s “Ethics of Belief” in the Contemporary Review in 1877 not only seems to have led to Essay deakin the sacking of its editor, James Knowles, by the new owners of the periodical, but it ensured that Clifford himself “became an object of persistent vilification in the new more doctrinally conservative Contemporary that began to appear subsequently” (Dawson 168). Even before he had been asked to join the Metaphysical Society, Clifford’s views on sexuality and divorce and his celebration of Swinburne and Whitman as the exponents of “cosmic emotion” in a May 1873 Sunday Lecture Series address had raised eyebrows among his “agnostic” friends (Dawson 169; “Cosmic Emotion” 411-29). According to Dawson, after Clifford’s death in 1879, T. H. Huxley set out deliberately to do what he could to protect Clifford’s reputation from being sullied by association with “political radicalism, extremist atheism, and Swinburne’s controversial aesthetic poetry”–all of which were nonetheless important to Clifford in his lifetime (Dawson 165). Clifford’s ideas about shopping centre, divorce were quite radical for Homework help, their time, and his critique of Essay, metaphysics positioned him as the most strident of the “agnostics.” Moreover, his celebration of Proudhon and Swinburne tied him closely both to utopian socialism and aestheticist poetry in the minds of his critics (165). Clifford’s close friends and colleagues, Frederick Pollock and Do custom essay Leslie Stephen, who posthumously edited and published his Lectures and centre Essays , were apparently so worried about protecting his reputation after his death in 1879 that they bowdlerized a number of the essays in order to leave a better “impression” with readers (173). While the young Karl Pearson, who edited Clifford’s posthumously published The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences (1885), happily used material from Clifford’s provocative essay “Mistress or Wife” in his essay “Socialism and Sex,” Clifford’s wife Lucy “subtly refashioned aspects of Clifford’s actual personality that might now play into the hands of his numerous adversaries” [after his death] (187). For this reason, George Levine refers to Clifford as “the Oscar Wilde of the naturalists” (255). However controversial Clifford’s views on sexuality, aesthetic poetry, and divorce ultimately made him, his polemical essays on ethics for the Metaphysical Society ought to be considered a major contribution to the study of the evolutionary origins of ethics. Moreover, he was certainly more responsible than any of the “Metaphysicals” for placing ethics squarely in the domain of science. His writings and Homework for science jiskha lectures on this topic are characterized by directness, a carefully logical form of argumentation, and a resort to Scriptural examples that infuriated his opponents and left his supporters cheering him. The tone of his essays, however, is perhaps not quite as clear as one would think.

Clifford’s characterization of Jesus cited above provides a prime example. Essay Shopping Centre? Does he truly believe that the dissertation writers, Jesus who commends blind faith is an immoral person or is Essay shopping he deliberately employing a hyperbolic rhetorical strategy here designed to produce maximum shock? While there is no particular reason to doubt the Quiet places homework, sincerity of his claims, the question of tone–and thus, sincerity–has to be raised simply because it could not have escaped his attention that he was firing a Big Bertha at shopping centre, the defenders of Christianity. Bernard Lightman has argued that Victorian agnosticism was anything but atheistical. Assignment Concern In Accounting? That is, the agnostic group shared with many traditional theists in the Victorian Age the belief that metaphysical debates, in the final analysis, boil down to discussions about the limitations faced by the human mind in trying to comprehend an ultimately unknowable God. Thus, the agnostics were not attempting to destroy religion. Essay Centre? Instead, they sought to Professional writers purify it (Lightman 125). Moreover, Lightman argues that Clifford retained “a high regard for the original spirit of Christianity” despite being the most “savage” of the agnostics in his attacks on it (122). Shopping Centre? If Lightman’s claim is accurate, Clifford perhaps must be seen less as a consistent intellectual radical and more as a figure of multiple contradictions: a scientific materialist imbued with “cosmic emotion”; an empiricist unable to forsake things in themselves; the most “savage” critic of organized Christianity and Christian metaphysics in the period who nevertheless retains a great fondness for the moral example of Jesus Christ; an ethicist who derives ethics from evolution but who cannot finally surrender higher–if not high-minded—aspirations for toronto, human society. Daniel Bivona, currently associate professor of English at Arizona State University, is author or co-author of three books: Desire and Contradiction (Manchester UP, 1990), British Imperial Literature, 1870 to 1940 (Cambridge UP, 1998), and (with Roger B. Henkle) The Imagination of Class (Ohio State UP, 2006).

He is currently at work on two collections and a monograph tentatively entitled The Natural and Essay centre Social History of on going concern, Pluck: Character and Competition in the Victorian Age . His essays have appeared in a variety of journals including Nineteenth Century Literature, Novel, Nineteenth Century Contexts, and Nineteenth Century Studies . HOW TO CITE THIS BRANCH ENTRY (MLA format) Bivona, Daniel. “On W. K. Centre? Clifford and ‘The Ethics of Belief,’ 11 April 1876.” BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History . Do My English Homework Last? Ed. Dino Franco Felluga. Extension of centre, Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net . Web. [Here, add your last date of access to BRANCH]. Berman, David. A History of Atheism in essay toronto Britain: From Hobbes to Russell . London, New York and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1988.

Print. Clifford, William Kingdon. The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences . Ed. Karl Pearson. London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner and Co., 1907 [1885]. Web. Shopping? 16 October 2012. —. “Cosmic Emotion.” The Nineteenth Century 2 (1877): 411-29. Print.

—. “The Ethics of Belief.” “The Ethics of Belief” and Other Essays . Ed. Timothy J. Madigan. Homework? Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1999. 70-96. Print. —. “The Ethics of Religion.” “The Ethics of Belief” and Essay Other Essays . Ed. Timothy J. Madigan. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1999. 97-121. Print.

—. “On the Homework help jiskha, Scientific Basis of Morals.” Lectures and Essays by the Late William Kingdon Clifford . Eds. Frederick Pollock and Essay Leslie Stephen. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan and Essay deakin Co., 1886. 287-99.

Web. 1 March 2012. Darwin, Charles. Essay Centre? The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex . London: John Murray, 1875. Print. Dawson, Gowan. Jiskha? Darwin, Literature, and Victorian Respectability . Cambridge and New York: Cambridge UP, 2007. Print. Hobson, J. A. “Mr. Kidd’s Social Evolution .” American Journal of Sociology 1.3 (Nov.

1895): 299-312. JSTOR. 14 March 2012. James, William. The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy . New York, London, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras: Longmans Green and Co., 1896. Web. 30 June 2012. The Holy Bible . Authorized King James Version.

New York and Scarborough, Ontario: Meridian Books, n.d. Print. Kidd, Benjamin. Social Evolution . New York: Macmillan, 1894. Print. Levine, George. “Scientific Discourse as an Alternative to Faith.” Victorian Faith in Crisis: Essays on Continuity and Change in centre Nineteenth Century Religious Belief . Do My English Homework? Eds. Richard J. Helmstadter and Bernard Lightman. London: Macmillan, 1990. Essay Shopping Centre? 225-61. Print. Lightman, Bernard.

The Origins of Agnosticism . Dissertation Writers Hire? Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins UP, 1987. Print. Madigan, Timothy J. W. K. Clifford and Essay shopping “The Ethics of Belief.” Newcastle upon english homework Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. Print. Metcalf, Priscilla. James Knowles: Victorian Editor and Architect . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Papers Read at the Meetings of the Metaphysical Society (1869 to shopping 1880) . London: Metaphysical Society, n.d. Web. 1 June 2012. Wace, Henry. “‘The Ethics of Belief’: A Reply to Professor Clifford.” Contemporary Review 30 (June 1877): 42-54. Print.

Ward, William George. “The Reasonable Basis of Certitude.” The Twentieth Century.