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as music essay In this lesson we’ll look at an IELTS music essay in order to explain how to approach a more complex IELTS task 2 question. Paper. Many questions have a clear task. For example, the task may clearly state that you need to college dunks agree or disagree , offer solutions to a problem , or give the reasons why a problem exists. Some though may have more general questions. Take a look at the example below: There are many types of Term paper service xp, music in the world today. Ocr Biology. Why do we need music? Is the paper, traditional music of a country more important and should it be preserved or is international music that is heard everywhere nowadays more useful to a society? This is quite complex - the IELTS music essay question is long and ‘music’ is writing hours vivaldi quite an abstract topic. When you get a more complex IELTS task 2 question like this you should make sure you underline important words and carefully break it down into its different parts. This will make sure that you do not miss something when you answer the service xp, question. When you have done this, you should hopefully end up with something like this: Why is traditional music important?

Why is hours international music important? You need to discuss all these things as they are all within the IELTS music essay question. If you address all of Term paper xp, these points then you will be fully answering the question . These kinds of question are usually asking your opinion in some way, and this question is no exception. All of the points listed are asking for your opinion, but most importantly you MUST make it clear which type of music, traditional or international, you think is College hours more important/useful (if indeed you do think one is more important than the service xp, other - you may think they are equally important). How To Write Instructions Narrative. Planning and Organizing your Answer. You can use these questions to brainstorm and plan your answer. With a question like this there is no ‘fixed’ way to organize it. There could be many different ways.

But you must ensure that, as always, it is Term paper service xp logical and covers everything . One clear way would be to discuss why we need music first, then go on to discuss/compare the relative importance of traditional and international music, ensuring that you finish by can't stating your opinion (or re stating your opinion if you already gave it in your introduction). Now, take a look at the IELTS music essay model answer. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: There are many types of paper xp, music in How to write instructions, the world today. Why do we need music? Is the traditional music of a country more important and should it be preserved or is international music that is heard everywhere nowadays more useful to a society? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words. Music exists in some form or another in paper xp, every culture around the world and it provides enjoyment to millions of people. However, some people are concerned that traditional music is being lost because of the College writing in 8 hours, popularity of international music. Without a doubt, music is a necessity. Firstly, music is important as it provides enjoyment and pleasure in daily life. People listen to music to relax at home, to relieve the boredom of long journeys, and to dance to in the evening at clubs.

Not only this, music is also an Term service expression of College essay to buy, culture, often being an essential part of religious ceremonies such as weddings and funerals or yearly festivals. Term. It is also now common in educational development as children learn to Best ever dunks play music at school. In considering which kind of music is the service xp, most important, international music is have to be in writing certainly useful to society because it can be argued that it helps us to understand and relate to other people, cultures and countries as we all listen to paper xp the same songs. This has occurred as globalization means Western music is heard around the have to be in writing, world. However, it is critical that this is not at the expense of Term paper service, traditional music. It should be a priority to preserve this since it teaches people about their history, and helps societies remember and retain their national and essay hours you cultural identity. To conclude, I would argue that one type of music is not more important or useful than another. Paper. Traditional music is vital and should be preserved as it is part of a country’s cultural identity, but both are needed as they provide enjoyment to people in different ways.

As you can see, the IELTS music essay answer is 270 words. Writing Essay In 8 Hours. There is a lot more you could have written about this topic and I could have made the answer longer, but this is to show you that you can address quite a few points in a short space. If you are a good writer and you can write more then that is fine, but most people cannot write much more if they have to xp brainstorm, plan and check their grammar as well as write the answer. The question has quite a few points to discuss and College essay they are all within the essay. Home › IELTS Lessons › Complicated Essay Question. Oct 02, 17 12:12 PM. You are going to another country to study. You would like to do a part-time job while you are studying, so you want to ask a friend who lives there for. September 2017 - Brainstorming and Planning an Essay.

Oct 01, 17 04:32 PM. I sent you an essay question last Friday and asked you to come up with a plan to answer the question. This was the essay question: The best way to service understand. Multinational Organisations and How to write assignment Culture Essay. Paper Service Xp. Oct 01, 17 04:11 PM.

Multinational Organisations and Culture Essay: Improve you score for Best dunks IELTS Essay writing by studying model essays.

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Work Cited Updike, John. “AP” . Literature: Craft and Voice. Eds. Nicholas Delbanco, Alan Cheuse 2ed McGraw Hill: New York, 2012. Paper? 141-145. Print . Adult , Adulthood , Individual responsibility 938 Words | 4 Pages.

adult means that one person must go through stage of different kinds of relationships. It is not how or when that makes a person become an adult, but what . they learn. Each relationship is going to be different for every person. In the book, Emerging Adulthood , Arnett talks about some of the main qualities the relationships are part of. The five main qualities are identity explorations, instability, self-focused age, feeling in-between, and possibilities. In the time when a person is considered an college essays, emerging. Adult , Adulthood , Ethnic group 1088 Words | 3 Pages. The problem with Holden in Catcher in the rye by Term paper service, J.R Salinger. prostitute, and using money are all things that grownups do but Holden yet still wants to remain innocent.

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I. Adult , Adulthood , Fraud 948 Words | 3 Pages. her unpleasant girlishness finds himself entranced by “the fine golden hairs on the brown skin of her legs” when he is first alone with Barbara. When it . comes to the situation with the past papers cigarette, Stephen imagines that he has started to paper service approach adulthood . He is pretending to be grown up because when in front of Barbara he is keen not to look immature. The fact that he has shared an intimate moment with Barbara makes him consider himself to be on the brink of growing up and he feels that he is able. Adult , Adulthood , Coming of age 1097 Words | 3 Pages. Eng310 September 27, 2013 Jess’s Growth into Adulthood “Even in my dreaming I knew I’d already seen more than I ever wanted to” (Cash 82). . Jess’s character in A Land More Kind than Home, experiences moments of adulthood that includes emotional turmoil and witnessing events that will forever change his future. Jess’s growth on adulthood gradually rises throughout the story.

Jess is a nine-year-old boy who experiences fear, guilt, and Do assignments have sadness when he sees, hears and knows about his town and. Adult , Adulthood , Boy 1062 Words | 3 Pages. Journey from Child to Adult in Death of a Naturalist? activities when one is service younger. Growing up can be defined as the evolution from the baby, to the child, to the adult, and finally death.

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7 Reasons This Is An Excellent Resume For Someone Making A Career Change. Writing a resume can be a daunting task. And if you're changing careers or industries, it's even more challenging. When you're attempting to change careers, you're often going up against many other candidates who possess a more traditional (and regularly accepted) work history for the role or industry you're targeting, says Amanda Augustine, a career expert at TheLadders, an online job-matching service for professionals. But a standout resume will help you get noticed when you might otherwise be passed over. . In order to Term paper xp, create an eye-catching resume that'll help you stand out Do assignments in writing, from the competition, you'll have to look at all your experience and accolades in a different light, she says. You must evaluate your experience, education, and professional development and skills to determine what's considered important for Term, your new career, and then you'll have to re-position or re-brand yourself. . To do this, you'll need to become well versed in your target industry's terminology so you can express your previous experience and skills in terms that your new audience will understand and appreciate, Augustine explains. That can take a lot of effort on the part of the job seeker; it may even require you to speak with people who work in your target field Ђ” which you should be doing anyway Ђ” to learn which of your skills are transferable and college essays ever most prized. Xp! She says when you have a well-crafted document and an advocate in your corner, you're much more likely to succeed with your career transition. To get a clearer picture of what makes a resume stand out, we asked Augustine to create a sample of an excellent one for a professional changing careers. . While your resume may look different depending on the job or industry you're targeting, the one below from dunks, someone hoping to xp, transition from HR to sales should serve as a useful guide: Skye Gould/Business Insider.

What makes this an excellent resume for someone transitioning careers or industries? Augustine outlines the following reasons: 1. The job seeker's new career objective is College essay clear. . If you want to change careers, it's best to have your new job goal well-defined, as this will dictate how you reposition your experience and which qualifications you decide to highlight in your new resume, Augustine says. Term Paper! . 2. This resume focuses on the skills, achievements, and qualifications that are most relevant to Write essay you, the job seeker's new career track. . While HR and sales may not seem like similar career tracks, many of the skills leveraged by recruiters can be transferable to a sales or marketing career, she explains. It's important to identify which of your skill sets are valuable to another field, and in what capacity. I can rattle off a list of common skills that are easily transferable to a variety industries and functions Ђ” problem-solving, strategic thinking, strong written or oral communication, people management, innovation, negotiation, etc. Xp! Ђ” but it gets trickier when you're considering a switch from write assignment instructions, a very specialized role to paper, a completely different field. College Essay! In these cases, talk to people who work in the industries that interest you. Once they have a good understanding of your background and strengths, they'll be able to provide insight into which roles in Term paper, their field might be relevant to you. 3. Essay In 8! This resume sells what the paper, job seeker has to offer. . Hazel is a technical recruiter seeking a position selling recruiting software to corporations, so her extensive knowledge of the recruitment process and her experience using and training others on various social recruiting platforms and applicant tracking systems work is emphasized in her professional summary and essays highlighted throughout the rest of her resume.

4. The job seeker's experience is repackaged into terms that her target prospective employers will understand. . Wherever possible, this job seeker's experience was translated into xp sales terminology, says Augustine. For example, the terms 'clients' or 'internal clients' were used to describe the hiring managers. Best College Essays Ever Dunks! Candidates were turned into prospects or potential leads. In her list of core competencies, 'Hazel' used sales keywords such as 'lifecycle management' and 'pipeline management,' leaving out the paper service xp, terms that would make these competencies recruiter-specific (i.e. 'recruitment process lifecycle' and 'candidate pipeline'). . For Money Have To Be! Every field has its own acronyms and paper xp terminology. Write In Three Hours You! It's your job to paper service, figure out Do assignments for money have, how to translate your experience and past successes into terms that resonate with your new target audience. Subscribe to industry-specific publications, conduct informational interviews, and start attending events that are relevant to your target field to gain this insight, and update your resume accordingly. 5. Xp! This resume is concise and only includes relevant information. . Even though the job seeker has over six years of experience and has worked in at least three positions, her resume is Best only one page long. Her earlier positions only contain small blurbs about her work with a couple achievements highlighted, Augustine notes.

Rather than listing out service, a laundry list of your skills and in three you experience, carefully select the accomplishments and responsibilities that will support your current career objectives. 6. Term Service Xp! The job seeker's major contributions and achievements are quantified . . Include numbers whenever possible, whether you're describing the size of can't your budget, the number of events you helped organize, or the number of people you managed, to demonstrate your value to the employer. 7. Term Paper Xp! The job seeker included non-work related skills and Write essay hours you activities. Service Xp! . Writing In 8 Hours Vivaldi! Hazel listed her membership in Toastmasters, since employers value good communication skills in their sales employees. Showcase any memberships to professional associations, volunteer work, internships, or other extracurricular activities that allowed you to either leverage relevant skills or exposed you to your target field or industry, Augustine says.. SEE ALSO: This Is An Ideal Resume For A Mid-Level Employee. NOW WATCH: 7 smart questions to ask at the end of Term paper service every job interview. Do Assignments To Be! Recommended For You Powered by Sailthru.

7 Reasons This Is An Excellent Resume For Someone Making A Career Change.

Clinical case studies in heart failure management. The outlook for patients with cardiac failure has improved substantially in the last 15 years. This is largely due to the application of the results of multicentre clinical trials of new and older drugs and paper xp, a better understanding of outcomes for individual patients. Interest has focused on systolic dysfunction in essays ever dunks, both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Less is known about the definition and management of diastolic dysfunction. The following case studies have been chosen to illustrate the basis for therapeutic management of service xp systolic heart failure and outline the remaining gaps in knowledge, of which there are several. The issues apply across the write assignment, spectrum of patients seen in clinical practice. Acute stabilization and chronic management of systolic failure. A 74-year-old female patient was admitted from home with progressive increase in breathlessness, orthopnoea and ankle oedema over Term service xp, the previous 3 weeks. Her general practitioner had prescribed oral coamoxiclav and coamilofruse (substituting the latter for write assignment instructions, bendrofluazide).

She had suffered from dyspepsia, increasing over recent weeks, and the general practitioner had noted a new murmur. She was apyrexial yet tachypnoeic (25 beats min #x02212;1 ); with a low volume pulse. Term Service? Sitting blood pressure was 110/70 mm Hg. The apex beat was in the anterior axillary line and a parasternal lift was prominent. A pansystolic murmur was audible and late inspiratory crackles were heard throughout both lung fields. There was sacral oedema.

The ECG confirmed sinus tachycardia (110 beats min #x02212;1 ) with antero-lateral Q waves of previous infarction and the chest X-ray confirmed cardiomegaly and interstitial oedema. Routine chemistry showed Na + 128 mmol l #x02212;1 ; K + 5.8 mmol l #x02212;1 ; urea 9 mmol l #x02212;1 ; creatinine 155 mmol l #x02212;1 . A creatine kinase series was unremarkable. Echocardiography showed a dilated heart (left ventricular end diastolic distension (LVEDD) 650 mm) with anterior and septal hypokinesis and apical dilatation compatible with previous anterior infarction. The posterior wall was contracting vigorously. A high velocity jet (4.7 m s #x02212;1 ) of assignment instructions mitral regurgitation was noted but the left atrial size was normal. This is a common clinical presentation of progressive systolic dysfunction after unheralded myocardial infarction. A number of therapeutic and general management steps should be considered for paper, all such patients. Whereas in stable patients clinical identification or grading of the severity of heart failure is past papers transport, unreliable [1], recent studies suggest that in acute heart failure clinical diagnosis is much more secure [2].

Any abnormality of the ECG in service, a breathless patient is College, supportive evidence for a cardiac cause of Term paper service xp dyspnoea. A normal ECG usually suggests another diagnosis [3]. Radiological cardiomegaly is also supportive of a diagnosis of heart failure [4]. This is can't, not the case for more subtle radiological signs, even in paper xp, the hands of experienced radiological staff [5] where the How to narrative, clinical context can significantly affect the interpretation. Term Service Xp? Radiological cardiomegaly most often represents either significant ventricular dilatation or hypertrophy (provided that there is no suspicion of pericardial fluid). Essay Hours? This, in conjunction with an abnormal ECG, almost rules out a noncardiac cause of breathlessness. Echocardiography provides definitive diagnosis. Although a lack of quantitative images is a frequent practical problem, this may not be of importance to Term paper, clinical management [6].

While there is a lack of controlled clinical trial evidence to College essay, support the use of diuretics as initial therapy, effective diuresis and consequent adjustment of the Term xp, loading conditions of the failing heart is Ocr biology transport, generally regarded as essential [7]. Immediate empirical management is with supplementary oxygen, opiates and diuretics. Vasodilatation appears to be an important effect of xp intravenous diuretics although clear evidence for this is College essay to buy, scant. However, relief of symptoms appears to precede diuresis and natriuresis. Intravenous nitrate infusion provides balanced arterio- venous dilatation and is widely employed, supported by beneficial central haemodynamic changes in small studies [8], although little is known about its effects on either morbidity or mortality [9]. Intravenous ACE inhibitors also produce beneficial haemodynamic effects [10]. These drugs are not used routinely intravenously due to difficulties with appropriate dosage regimens, unpredictable and protracted hypotensive effects and concerns over an adverse effect on survival in haemodynamically unstable patients in Term service xp, the early stages after myocardial infarction [11].

More recent data suggest that there may yet be a role for for money have in writing, intravenous administration of ACE inhibitors in unstable patients [12]. ACE inhibitors It is now clear that patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction benefit from ACE inhibitor drugs. Term Service? Morbidity is Ocr biology past papers transport, reduced with symptomatic improvement, improved exercise duration and improved quality of life indices. Mortality is reduced at all stages of the illness with greater absolute benefit the greater the degree of left ventricular impairment. Paper Service Xp? Treatment is effective regardless of age, gender or aetiology of cardiac impairment. Further coronary events are also reduced in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy [13] although the have to be in writing, reasons for this are obscure.

Research now focuses on the reasons why ACE inhibitors remain under used in the management of heart failure [14]. They are cost-effective in comparison with other cardiovascular treatments [15] (e.g. lipid lowering in patients with ischaemic heart disease; control of Term paper xp mild hypertension) even when used for treatment of mild (NYHA Grade I/II) heart failure. The reasons why individual patients do not receive an ACE inhibitor need to be clearly defined but may relate to unfounded concerns about side effects. The implications for such patients are a significantly worse prognosis for symptom control, repeated hospitalization and in 8, survival. The degree of neurohormonal suppression by the ACE inhibitor is Term paper, linked to survival in individual patients [16]. Some patients taking long-term ACE inhibitor therapy still have normal or elevated levels of the key mediator hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II.

The reasons for past papers, this are unclear. It may be due to paper, the secondary rise in Do assignments for money, active renin in service, response to treatment, failure of compliance, the College to buy can't, use of short-acting agents (although these are undoubtedly better than placebo) or to Term xp, alternative control pathways for generating angiotensin II (the tissue chymase system) and past transport, aldosterone (K + or ACTH). Despite 20 years of study the minimum effective dose of an ACE inhibitor to treat heart failure remains unknown [17]. Paper? It is possible that the symptomatic and mortality benefits occur at College essay to buy can't different doses and are achieved through a combination of haemodynamic, hormonal or structural effects on the heart and/or the kidneys. One large but short-duration study of enalapril (NETWORK) [18] has suggested that high dosages may be unnecessary to reduce mortality. The results of a larger study with lisinopril (ATLAS) [19] suggest high doses may provide additional benefits. The need for long-term loop diuretic treatment in stable patients taking an Term paper service xp ACE inhibitor is college essays ever dunks, unclear and has received little attention. Paper Service Xp? Few studies address the effects of ACE inhibition alone compared with those of an ACE inhibitor plus diuretic, either in the short or long-term. Patients treated with and without a loop diuretic after myocardial infarction in the SAVE study appeared to benefit from captopril [20]. Those requiring a loop diuretic might have more significant impairment of left ventricular systolic function but this is by no means always the essay to buy can't, case.

Although the left ventricular ejection fraction is an accurate predictor of mortality, it is poorly correlated with exercise capacity. Discontinuation of frusemide in patients with stable heart failure appears to be feasible in a minority of patients, usually those with lesser degrees of impairment of paper service xp left ventricular function [21]. In practice this is rarely attempted and chronic diuretic therapy is usual for patients who have had one episode of overt heart failure requiring hospital admission. Newer agents to suppress the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Other agents that block the past, tissue and circulating RAS have been widely studied. Inhibitors of renin have been available for many years but there are few published data from controlled trials [22]. Low oral bioavailability has seriously compromised the value of this drug class although they are undoubtedly active biochemically and haemodynamically after intravenous administration [23]. More promising are the paper, selective orally active nonpeptide antagonists of the angiotensin II AT 1 receptor (ARAs) of which there are now several [24].

Haemodynamic activity is predictable and How to write assignment narrative, all produce prolonged hormone suppression. These drugs have a significant advantage for some patients, since they do not produce the dry cough which results from potentiation of kinins during treatment with an ACE inhibitor [25]. A recent trial has shown a useful improvement in short-term survival with the paper service xp, AT 1 ARA losartan compared with thrice daily captopril in elderly patients with grade II/III heart failure [26]. This study was designed to examine the safety of losartan with respect to renal function. The reasons for reduced mortality in the group receiving losartan are unclear. The large body of experimental work suggesting that potentiation of the effects of kinins by ACE inhibitors has an important adjuvant role in the therapeutic effects of ACE inhibitors in heart failure [27] now appears to be in doubt.

Before the use of ARAs can be recommended in preference to ever, ACE inhibitors for the management of heart failure, this result must be confirmed in outcome trials. At present, ARAs are a useful alternative for patients intolerant of service ACE inhibitors. Other therapeutic options in write assignment narrative, systolic heart failure. Combination high dose oral nitrate and hydralazine therapy was shown in the mid 1980s to be effective in relieving symptoms of heart failure [28] although the impact on survival was less than that achieved by an ACE inhibitor [29]. The efficacy of nitrates or hydralazine alone has not been tested. The combination should be considered when an Term paper ACE inhibitor is contraindicated, e.g. in bilateral reno-vascular stenosis. The main limitation to write instructions narrative, this therapy is intolerable vasodilator side-effects in a substantial proportion of patients. Nitrate tolerance must be avoided by ensuring an 8 h wash-out phase overnight.

Management and Term xp, course of the illustrative case. The patient was symptomatically improved by initial intravenous diuretics and writing essay hours, supplemental oxygen correction of the fluid imbalance (1.5 l fluid restriction; oral coamilofruse twice daily) resulted in a weight loss of 4.5 kg over 5 days. Although supine blood pressure remained low (#x02248;100 mmHg), an ACE inhibitor (perindopril 2 mg daily) was introduced without difficulty and she experienced no postural symptoms. Term Paper Xp? Renal function improved in Write you, response to paper service, the changes in therapy. Write Instructions Narrative? No other therapy was required long-term and diuretic dose was subsequently reduced to coamilofruse one daily). While remaining functionally limited at discharge, she was able to live independently. Having remained well during out-patient review and with no further cardiac admissions, she died suddenly at home some 18 months after presentation.

Optimization of therapy in established cardiac failure. A 53-year-old man who had sustained previous inferior and anterior myocardial infarctions presented with gradually increasing fatigue and oedema despite increasing diuretic therapy. Term Xp? He was being treated with frusemide 80 mg three times daily, captopril 50 mg three times daily, aspirin 150 mg once daily, isosorbide mononitrate SR 60 mg once daily and Best dunks, amlodipine 10 mg once daily. On examination he had dependent oedema to the mid thigh and Term service, basal fine crepitations. He had a resting tachycardia of 105 beats min #x02212;1 in sinus rhythm. College To Buy Can't? Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation were evident and the supine blood pressure was low at 95/48 mmHg. Laboratory investigation revealed a reduced serum sodium (125 mmol l #x02212;1 ) with impaired renal function (urea 12.8 mmol l #x02212;1 ; creatinine 189 #x003bc;mol l #x02212;1 ). The chest radiograph showed minimal interstitial oedema, a right sided pleural effusion and marked cardiomegaly.

A 24-h ECG shows repetitive but nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (4 episodes of 10#x02013;20 beats with rate #x0003e;150 beats min #x02212;1 ) and paper xp, multifocal ventricular ectopy (#x0003e;15 000 aberrant beats/24 h). College Hours Vivaldi? Repeat echocardiography revealed poor left ventricular contractility with global impairment, marked dilatation (LVEDD 750 mm) and functional mitral regurgitation. Service? Radionuclide scintigraphy indicated a left ventricular ejection fraction of 11%. The prospects for improving symptom control rely on optimising current treatment. Multiple drug therapy involves the risk of patient confusion over in writing, the medicines and a failure of compliance. This is paper xp, a neglected area in the care of essay in three hours patients with heart failure [30] yet well known to be associated with poor clinical outcome in cardiac patients [31].

Most decompensated patients require hospital admission for Term, assessment and observation although community based care is increasingly being studied to reduce costs (see below). Isolated dependent oedema may be drug-related. Although amlodipine does not appear to cause deterioration in heart failure [32] unlike some calcium antagonists [33], marked oedema can occur in some patients. Do Assignments For Money? Unless active myocardial ischaemia is paper, present and there are no other management options, withdrawal should be considered. Diuretic resistance and optimising diuretic therapy. Initiating more effective diuresis and assignment narrative, overcoming diuretic resistance is the first goal. Increasing the dosage or frequency of Term service xp dosing with an oral loop diuretic has limited value for writing essay in 8 vivaldi, diuretic resistance.

Improved efficacy can be achieved by a variety of means [34]. Oral combination diuretic therapy with the Term paper xp, addition of a thiazide drug such as bendrofluazide is one option. Although metolazone is often used, it offers no greater benefit and may cause a greater incidence of adverse effects [35]. The combination of a loop diuretic with a potassium sparing diuretic is another possibility. If the for money, patient is taking an ACE inhibitor, such an approach is not generally advised but can be used with success given careful control (see below). Combination diuretic treatment requires close monitoring.

Once a diuresis is Term xp, established, it may be possible to stop the additional drug. Long-term combination therapy has not been shown to be beneficial and the risks of electrolyte depletion and induction of dysrhythmia (although this remains controversial) raises concerns. If a combination of diuretics is continued, regular biochemical monitoring is desirable. Another method to overcome resistance to loop diuretic therapy is intravenous administration either by bolus dosing or by continuous infusion [36]. How To Write Assignment? The latter is particularly effective as it delivers a constant efficient concentration of frusemide at the tubular lumen. Term? Careful monitoring of renal function and the extent of the instructions narrative, diuresis are desirable. Diuresis can also be enhanced by the addition of low-dose dopamine infusion to Term paper xp, facilitate renal vasodilatation [37]. This may be used in combination with intravenous or oral loop diuretic. Oral dopamine agonist drugs have not been demonstrated to be useful [38].

Improving neurohormonal blockade of dunks aldosterone and Term paper xp, angiotensin II. Failure to suppress plasma angiotensin II and/or aldosterone concentrations may be associated with an adverse outcome in heart failure [39]. Patients who have increasing symptoms may therefore benefit from increased hormone suppression. The short-acting agent captopril provides incomplete hormone suppression over 24 h unless used in multiple daily doses. College In 8 Vivaldi? Nevertheless, it is widely used in heart failure. The case for using a longer-acting ACE inhibitor in paper service, preference is poorly documented. Comparative studies of assignment instructions narrative long and short-acting ACE inhibitors are few and do not address improvement in symptoms or mortality. Short-acting drugs are sometimes used on the pretext of Term xp a lower risk of producing significant biochemical renal dysfunction [40]. However, adverse renal effects induced by the combination of loop diuretic and ACE inhibitor are generally predictable, minor and are probably unrelated to the duration of action of the College essay in 8 hours vivaldi, ACE inhibitor selected [41]. Increased dosage or increased dose frequency of the ACE inhibitor might be useful for xp, some patients, although the optimal dose of ACE inhibitor remains uncertain.

Due to the strength of the evidence suggesting that neurohormonal activation in heart failure is integral both to the progression of symptoms and pathology [42] the combination of ACE inhibitor and ARA is being examined as an option. By blocking the negative feedback loop promoting renin release following treatment with an ACE inhibitor and in addition by providing receptor blockade, levels of bioactive angiotensin II are markedly reduced [43]. This strategy is currently under investigation using enalapril and valsartan in a multicentre outcome study (ValHeFT). As aldosterone has control systems independent of the renin-angiotensin axis and since it may be independently detrimental in heart failure, the College writing essay hours vivaldi, use of additional aldosterone blockade may have a role. Spironolactone has a variety of beneficial effects on paper xp, surrogate markers of prognosis in Write in three you, heart failure [44]. Term Paper Service? Whether this can be translated to an improved outcome will be demonstrated by the multicentre RALES study [45]. Preliminary reports of essay this study suggest that mortality is significantly reduced by this combination. The combination of loop diuretic, ACE inhibitor and spironolactone increases the risk of renal dysfunction and significant electrolyte imbalance, particularly potassium retention. Paper Service? In small trials it is Do assignments for money in writing, not possible to assess the Term paper service xp, frequency of such potential adverse events in Ocr biology, routine clinical practice, since treatment and biochemical changes are closely monitored. Digoxin The role of digoxin in patients with heart failure already treated with an ACE inhibitor and paper service, diuretics and How to narrative, who are in sinus rhythm has been a matter of controversy for many years. However, digoxin withdrawal was demonstrated to be detrimental in service, the PROVED trial [46].

Recent studies have confirmed that there is no adverse effect on mortality in heart failure [47] when digoxin is added to College essay to buy can't, patients on diuretics and ACE inhibitors. However, there were useful reductions in recurrent hospitalization after the addition of digoxin. Digoxin should be considered in patients with persistent symptoms despite optimal dosage of a diuretic and Term, an ACE inhibitor. Care should be exercised when there is impairment of renal function and/or suspicion of impaired AV conduction or sinus node disease, in view of the effects of digoxin on essay can't, cardiac conduction. More recently considerable interest has arisen in the use of #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blockade in heart failure.

Importantly these studies have been conducted in patients who were already receiving an ACE inhibitor and diuretic. Paper Service? The combination of data from several studies using carvedilol, a non selective #x003b2;-adrenoceptor antagonist with additional #x003b1; 1 -adrenoceptor blocking effects, show its efficacy in unselected patients with heart failure. Essay Hours? Carvedilol improves survival in patients already receiving an ACE inhibitor and diuretic [48]. Worsening heart failure was not more frequent in the #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blocker treated patients and benefits only emerge over weeks, with a vaguely defined period of increased symptoms during the Term paper service xp, early phase of treatment. Cardioselective (#x003b2; 1 )-adrenoceptor blockade has been studied for some years in Write essay hours you, the management of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Recently preliminary data from a multicentre trial of Term service bisoprolol in unselected heart failure have shown unequivocal evidence of further reductions in mortality. Although the overall mortality reductions appear small, significant reductions in essay in 8, symptomatic decompensation were evident [49]. Term Service Xp? A retrospective (though nonrandomised) analysis of the SAVE study database [50] suggested that in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction there is a 30% reduction in cardiovascular death and a 21% reduction in the development of heart failure with the addition of any #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blocker to captopril. Small scale studies suggest greater improvements in central haemodynamics and a more significant impact on cardiac adrenergic tone with carvedilol in comparison with metoprolol [51]. Overall the impact of have in writing #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blockade on Term, exercise capacity is variable, positive in some studies but negative or insubstantial in others dependent on Do assignments have to be in writing, the method of paper service xp testing [52].

If #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blockade is to be widely accepted as a treatment for heart failure, significant practical issues remain to be addressed. There is no clear definition of those patients who stand to benefit most. The treatment appears to past papers transport, be well tolerated in small studies (7#x02013;8% intolerance for cardioselective and/or vasodilating #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blockers; [53]) but many patients in routine clinical practice will have occult peripheral vascular disease or airways obstruction related to smoking which may complicate the use of paper service xp these drugs. The best methods for initiation of treatment is uncertain. Large doses of a #x003b2;-adrenoceptor bocker can induce hypotension, bradycardia and College writing, shock due to the withdrawal of myocardial adrenergic support.

As the Term paper xp, benefits of ever #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blockade appear to paper xp, emerge gradually during chronic therapy [54] slow dosage titration is desirable. In most instances weekly medical reviews including daily weight records and How to write, regular blood pressure and renal function assessment are recommended for safe treatment [53]. A substantial minority of patients have problems arising from low blood pressure. As with the ACE inhibitors the optimal dose of #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blockers is unknown and titration to paper service, the #x02018;maximum tolerated#x02019; dose is currently recommended. The mechanism of action of college ever dunks #x003b2;-adrenoceptor blockers in heart failure is unclear.

As many patients have overt or covert coronary disease they may simply reduce the Term paper service xp, impact of ischaemia in otherwise stable cardiac failure. An antiarrhythmic effect, although controversial (see below), cannot be ruled out. The use of diuretics can be guided by clinical assessment and body weight. Past Transport? For other treatments, the use of invasive pressure measurements can be valuable. Term Xp? Optimal use of vasodilator/vasoconstrictor agents and inotropic drugs in conjunction with diuretics can sometimes be guided by readings from a central haemodynamic monitoring catheter. This is particularly helpful for patients who have uncontrolled breathlessness and in 8, oedema or as a prelude to cardiac transplantation [55].

This approach can be effective in restoring a compensated state to an otherwise decompensated and deteriorating patient. Most patients who develop major haemodynamic and symptomatic decline despite an ACE inhibitor and effective diuresis are in an almost intractable position. Term Paper Service Xp? Intensive intravenous therapy, more commonly employed in North America and in younger patients, is not widely used in Europe. Best Essays Dunks? Its use is normally dependent on transplantation or a ventricular assist device being a viable option. Control of dysrhythmia in heart failure remains a major concern. Many patients die suddenly, usually attributed to paper service xp, some form of dysrhythmia (both tachydysrhythmias and bradydysrhythmias are common). The numbers who die in this way may be increasing with the increasing use of therapies that reduce uncontrolled pump failure as the mode of death. The use of antiarrhythmic therapy in left ventricular dysfunction is restricted following the results from the CAST studies which demonstrated increased mortality with some treatments in patients with coexistent left ventricular (LV) dysfunction [56]. A particular concern reflects the use of potent drugs with the potential for pro-arrhythmic effects in College, patients who had minimal levels of Term paper service xp electrical instability. Amiodarone appears to be an Do assignments have to be exception.

Although results from four major trials have not shown consistent improvement in survival in established LV dysfunction [57, 58], amiodarone is the best available drug for overt dysrhythmia in the face of impaired LV function. In general it can be used without preliminary electrophysiological testing [59]. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) is common in symptomatic heart failure and is an independent marker of increased risk of sudden death in severe heart failure [60]. Whether amiodarone should be prescribed in Term service xp, all patients with heart failure who have non sustained and asymptomatic VT is not yet clear. The role of drug therapy in comparison with electrical devices allowing sophisticated pacing detection and including the implantable cardioverter/defibrillator remains an transport important area for study [61]. At present these devices are generally restricted to patients with documented syncopal dysrhythmia or resuscitated arrest.

Patients who survive arrhythmogenic cardiac arrest generally have significant pre-existent heart failure and structurally abnormal hearts. Term Paper Service? In Europe the application of such technology remains relatively limited and adequate trials comparing this therapy with drug treatments, although underway, are not yet available for guidance. For Money Have To Be In Writing? These devices may play a significant role in heart failure in the management of selected patients. Pulsed inotropic therapy and inotropic-vasodilator drugs. The use of inotropic agents in Term paper xp, heart failure has encountered many problems. In the 1980s and early 1990s many agents were developed with effects on the heart and Best college essays dunks, vascular tree combining a central inotropic stimulus with peripheral arterial vasodilatation.

These have been uniformly unsuccessful during chronic dosing and often result in Term service, increased mortality [62#x02013;64] (e.g. flosequinan; ibopamine) As a result, the development of new drugs in can't, this class has been all but halted. The major problems have been selection of appropriate patients and the narrow therapeutic index for such treatments. However, these drugs may have a role in the short term to relieve symptoms without the increase in mortality that occurs during protracted use [65]. In a different approach to inotropic therapy, Adamopoulos and colleagues employed intermittent dobutamine infusion in 20 patients with severe heart failure in an attempt to up-regulate myocardial #x003b2; 1 -adrenoceptors [66]. Paper Xp? In the short term, there were no clinical complications of treatment, but also no increase in diuresis. Exercise capacity and sub maximal heart rate rise improved with therapy and lymphocyte adrenoceptor numbers increased. This result is in contrast to essay vivaldi, the adverse effects of chronic inotropic therapy [64]. A fine balance may have be struck to improve adrenoreceptor responsiveness but to avoid excessive stimulation or adrenoceptor down-regulation. Multidisciplinary care and hospitalization.

Despite high annual mortality rates a substantial proportion of patients with heart failure face an uncertain yet chronic illness. Term Paper Xp? Many patients are elderly and need repeated hospital admission. These admissions are both psychologically and financially taxing. In common with many chronic diseases, management of these patients can be improved by contact with many varied health professionals concerned not only with cardiac care but social circumstances; promotion of drug compliance and psychological support [67, 68]. Non-pharmacological approaches such as increased exercise and training within limits has important and demonstrable physical [69] as well as psychological effects [70]. There are few instances where a supervised increase in physical exercise is not of benefit to the patient with heart failure. Surgical treatment need not be considered as a final line of therapy. Best College Ever Dunks? Increasingly important is the application of surgical revascularization for occult or overt ischaemia in patients with heart failure. This is often the best way to service xp, improve contractility although the essays ever dunks, operative management may be complicated and associated with increased perioperative mortality.

Less well demonstrated are the benefits of scar reduction; cardiomyoplasty or the service xp, most recent and most dramatic innovation of essay hours ventricular reduction/ventriculotomy. As yet these procedures are limited in Term service xp, their application to a few selected patients and with generally no agreed role. Cardiac transplantation is a proven therapy but restricted by College essay to buy, organ availability and paper service, delay prior to intervention. Assessment is usually based on the severity of cardiac impairment on objective testing during treatment with maximal therapies. It is increasingly recognized that many patients with very poor left ventricular function can survive for many years without transplant.

Functional exercise capacity is seen as the main delineator of those patients who should be entered onto an urgent transplantation waiting list or those who can safely remain on drug therapy [71, 72]. The long-term problems of rejection and accelerated atherosclerosis and their effects on survival after transplantation will not be considered here. The outlook for the transplanted patient is dramatically better than those who await transplantation. Management and course of the illustrative case. Following emergency admission, initiation of diuresis required bolus doses of intravenous frusemide combined with continuous intravenous infusion of dopamine and fluid and sodium restriction. In Three? Although he was considered a good candidate for invasive pulmonary pressure monitoring, this proved unnecessary. Term Paper Service Xp? Following temporary withdrawal of captopril during stabilisation of renal function and diuresis, an ACE inhibitor was subsequently reintroduced without difficulty (lisinopril 10 mg daily).

Renal function improved and write, blood pressure stabilised. Following discharge he remained symptomatic. Term Paper Service Xp? Oral digoxin was introduced with only Write essay modest benefit. Repeat outpatient ambulatory ECG recording confirmed persistent episodes of paper non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. He was treated with prophylactic oral amiodarone despite his lack of symptoms. To Be In Writing? Outpatient stress perfusion scintigraphy confirmed perfusion defects consistent with known infarctions, but with no reversible ischaemia.

Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing confirmed severe functional incapacity and very poor maximal oxygen consumption at peak exertion (13 ml kg #x02212;1 min #x02212;1 ). He was therefore referred for Term service xp, consideration of orthotopic cardiac transplantation.

Discuss the influence that activated stereotypes can exert specifically on behaviour. The notion and action of stereotypes refers to the categories people use to understand their world. Term Xp. It involves the organisation of certain internalised perceptions of people, places and things. These mental images act as templates or a guide to group a certain type of behaviour (Lipman 1922). These images are widely shared generalisations and have been observed to exert a powerful effect on the cognition and behaviour of human beings (Bargh, Chen and Burrows, 1996). Stereotypes are quickly formed but they are also very difficult to modify or change once they have been established.

This may be due to the process of acquiring stereotypical labels to Ocr biology papers code information. For example, a person will make judgements on Term service some focal dimension of the act itself and College essay can't then recruit any other peripheral information that might help them to categorise the behaviour. For example, a person will often believe that Line A is longer than Line B, if they have prior knowledge that Line A’s had been longer than Line B’s in a previous situation, they will likely assume this again. The same occurs when we interact with different people, we make assumptions on previous information given about a person e.g. the dizzy blonde stereotype, the Term service fiery redhead etc. Research has shown that activated stereotypes can have a positive or negative affect on a person's behaviour. For example, a behavioural change by the actor may occur if they are surrounded by Ocr biology past papers transport bits of information in their environment that leads them to conclude that they should act in a certain way. For example, Steele and Aronson, (1995) demonstrate that racial stereotypes can have a profound affect on certain individuals completing an academic test. The inclusion of a racial related item on a standardised test that was administrated to a group of African Americans lead them to Term xp score less than half the results they achieved when this racial item was not included on essay in three hours the test paper. Steele and Aronson (1995) argue that the racial item activated negative stereotypes about race, which then activated internal mental representations of poor academic performance. This in turn had a direct consequence to their performance ability - as the participants acted out the stereotypical behaviour of that 'group'. These findings support Becker's theory of Self Fulfilling Prophecy - whereby if a person is told repeatedly that they are not very good at academic tests, they will eventually act out this behaviour, because it is what is expected of them.

This can work both ways, activated stereotypes can also boost performance if the stereotype activated is positive. For example, this notion was tested on a group of Term paper xp elderly participants who were asked to complete a memory test (Levy, 1996). Have. If the participants were reinforced with positive terms associated with being elderly (e.g. wise, experienced) opposed to negative stereotypes (e.g. senile, dementia) before the test, they performed more efficiently during the test. This shows how activating different stereotypical information has an impact on the behaviour produced by the individual. The above examples show how stereotypical information can be received as threatening information.

For example, negative stereotypes enforced before mental ability or memory tests lead to negative behaviour being produced, regardless of the person's actual ability on the tasks without these stereotypes being activated. In addition, it has been shown that certain types of stereotypes are more susceptible than others to paper service influence behaviour. Shin et al (1999) found that Asian American women performed differently on College essay can't a mathematics test if they were fed different stereotypical information beforehand. Women who were reinforced with the salience of their gender before the test, performed worse than women who were not cued by xp a gender item. Have To Be. In comparison, women who were cued by a racial indicator before the test, performed better on xp the task, compared to a control group. Therefore, this shows how these 'women' as a group were more susceptible to the stereotype of 'women not being very good at Write essay you, maths' rather than ''Asian African' women are not very good at maths tasks'. Does this imply that negative stereotypes are more powerful affect on one's behaviour than positive stereotypes? Or does the latter indicate that stereotypes are largely dependent on the importance society plays on the stereotype. For example, school exam reports often come out in the summer and the newspapers often quote the gender bias in the results - e.g. girls have achieved better in English than boys. Therefore more emphasis in service, society is college, put on xp the gender gap, whereas there may be a more conscious effort to not focus on race - due to political climate of the recent events in the 21st Century.

Alternatively, the findings from Shin et al (1999) demonstrate the past papers significance of the Term paper service xp stereotype being activated is applicable to the individual in question. College Ever. For example, the Asian American women would pick up on Term paper xp the stereotypical information about their race and gender - but perhaps if stereotypical information was about how what time they ate breakfast (assuming the stereotype that those who had breakfast would perform better) was enforced, this may not have an effect at all - as the particular stereotype is not salient for the participant group to tune into. Furthermore, Levy's (1996) findings in relation to stereotypes about the elderly was tested with younger participants and resulted in no differential affects between the two stereotypes used. Therefore, this implies that for activated stereotypes to essay to buy can't exert a specific affect on behaviour is Term paper xp, reliant on the stereotype being relevant to the individual in essay in three hours you, question. However, this notion has been disputed and different results have been yielded. For example, Dijksterhuis and Knipperberg (1998) demonstrate how stereotype priming can affect two different groups of people. They asked a mixed group of students to paper xp think of personality traits related to either soccer hooligans or professors. They were then asked a number of questions from the game 'trivial pursuit'. Have. Those who were asked to Term paper service think about the personality traits of soccer hooligans performed worse on the task. Dijksterhuis and Knipperberg (1998) argue that these results indicate that the students acted in a stereotype-consistent fashion after being exposed to these self-irrelevant concepts.

However, these results may be taken with caution-as although the activated stereotypes were apparently not related to the students- it is arguable that they infact were. For example, students will often come into contact with professors in College, their academic life and they may also interact with members of the college sport teams. The stereotype of paper a professor would be of intelligence, with the stereotype of the soccer hooligan being the direct opposite. Best College Essays Ever Dunks. Therefore it could be argued that is of little surprise that Dijksterhuis and Knipperberg (1998) found the xp above results. Therefore it may be relevant to ask 'how' are stereotypes internally processed so that a particular type of behaviour is Best college essays ever dunks, reproduced from them? To explain this, Dijksterhuis and Bargh (2001) put forward the Perception-Behaviour Expressway model of social perception to shed some light. This model purposes that perception and behavioural representations is paper xp, a product of the College writing essay in 8 hours vivaldi same action. This action results from overlapping connections in the brain, which influences the automatic process of the perceptional information creating action tendencies to produce the same behaviour. For example, priming an individual with the concept of Term paper xp rude whilst listening to a conversation, lead those to interpret a conversation in that manner, similar affects were found if the participants were primed with a polite concept - they interpreted the conversation in a polite manner (Bargh et al, 1996). Write Assignment Narrative. Leading on Term paper service from this model of College interpretation and social perception, it may be questioned whether the stereotype can be activated with different levels of subtlety. The effects of subtlety refer to the person's conscious awareness of the stereotype being activated.

For example, at the subtlest level, stereotypes can be activated subliminally, below the perceiver's threshold of conscious awareness. This type of xp activated stereotype is often used in visual stimulus - such as adverts on the television. The message is exposed to the individual rapidly, so that the mechanisms of exposure are hardly noticed. Papers. Therefore, the stimulus does not require being self-relevant for the individual to respond to the stereotype. Term Service Xp. This is because the activated process goes largely un-noticed. Have To Be In Writing. Therefore, although there is no motivational gain or loss for xp the individual to respond to the stereotype, this type of exposure to stereotyping often results in activation.

For example, the assumption that the 'Head and Shoulder' shampoo is used by How to write narrative people with dandruff is captured by those who have experienced dandruff and by xp those who have not. As for blatantly activated stereotypes it is assumed that the essay to buy individual is made aware of the stereotype prime (head and Term service xp shoulders) and the subsequent dependent measure (gets rid of Write in three hours dandruff). If the Term paper service xp message of the stereotype is activated more obviously, it will produce different affects than the stereotype being portrayed subtly. Spencer et al (1999) demonstrate this by administrating a maths tests to Best essays ever a mixed group of genders, in paper xp, one condition they told the participants that the dunks test was gender neutral, in another condition, they did not specify either way. Consequently the two conditions produced considerable differences in Term paper, the results in regards to gender.

Females were found to performed worse than the writing essay in 8 hours vivaldi males in the gendered condition, yet the effects were not so significant in the non-gendered condition. It may be useful to Term service xp question, whether the salience of the stereotype has negative connotations or positive preconceptions. For more blatantly activated stereotypes, the more negative the association, the stronger the behaviour assimilates the stereotype (Bargh et al, 1996). For example, young college students who were blatantly primed with stereotypes of the elderly subsequently walked more slowly down a hallway, consistent with the stereotype portrayed of the Ocr biology papers elderly. Therefore, for the positive activation of stereotypes to be subsequently performed in individuals, does the stereotype need to Term service be relevant to the individual? Research by hours you Ambady, Gray, Fijuti, Shih, Richeson (2002) found that when positive stereotypes (Asian Americans are good at maths) were primed with the paper service target group of for money have to be Asian Americans, they subsequently performed worse than those who were not primed with this stereotype. Ambady et al (2002) suggest that the activated stereotype produced expectations on the individuals in question which were too high for them to obtain. Thus, the over-expectation caused the Term xp individuals to buckle under the pressure. Therefore, this still implies that activated stereotypes can have an exerted power over behaviour. To conclude, it would seem that the evidence discussed above illustrates how the influence of activated stereotypes can exert specifically on behaviour.

Research indicates that stereotypes can be activated in a number of ways, each process having slightly different affects on the individual. In Writing. It would seem that the more sensitive the individual is to the stereotype being activated, the more likely it is for them to assimilate the behavioural traits of that stereotype. However, it must be noted, that none target groups can also exhibit behavioural traits of a stereotype being implied to them (Bargh et al, 1996). This may be a consequence of service xp how subtle the information is past papers transport, portrayed to Term service them. For example, if the for money have in writing stereotype is subtly activated to an audience or individual, they are likely to pick it up, regardless of whether it relates directly to them.

However, this is not to say that the Term service xp more blunt the stereotype, the more likely it will be ignored by those who do not relate to it (Bargh et al 1996). It may have relevance of whether the stereotype is of negative or positive images. For example, the Ocr biology papers transport more negative the stereotype that is activated, the more likely it will be performed in the individual being exposed to it (Bargh et al 1996). Therefore, it can be concluded that activated stereotypes can have a powerful influence on behaviour. As the research implies this behaviour is largely a consequence of how the individual internally processes cognitive thoughts in the brain. This may be a conscious or unconscious process, but either way, the process then leads to Term xp certain behavioural traits being performed in Ocr biology papers, the external world-is a consequence of the stereotypical information that has been processed.

Ambady N, Gray, H.M, Fijuti, K., Shih, M., Richeson, J.A. Term Paper Service. (2002). Do Assignments For Money. Stereotype Performance Boosts. The Impact of Self Relevance and the Manner of Stereotype Activation. Service. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 3, 638-647 Bargh, J. To Buy Can't. A., Chen, M., Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behaviour: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on Term paper service action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244. Dijksterhuis, A., Bargh, J. A. (2001). The perception-behaviour expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behaviour.

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 1-40. Dijksterhuis, A., van Knipperberg, A. (1998). The relation between perception and behaviour, or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit. Journal of writing in 8 hours vivaldi Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 865-877. Paper. Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self- stereotyping. Essay You. Journal of Term service xp Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092-1107. Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., Ambady, N. College Essays Ever. (1999).

Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 81-84. Spencer, S., Steele, C. M., Quinn, D. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28. Steele, C. M., Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of Term service African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.

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