Descriptive words verbs

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appendix for essays View feedback on this data commentary#039;s tables, figures, and appendices by clicking on the underlined footnote links. Sample BUS1100 Data analysis report. Statistical Analysis and Report Writing. Tutorial time : 2pm Wednesday. This report uses a descriptive statistical method to Descriptive, analyse and compare the net assets ($m) of a sample of companies in and writing project, four different manufacturing sectors; Sector A, Sector B, Sector C and Sector D . Descriptive Words Verbs! For the purposes of the report it is assumed that the sample of data analysed for each sector is representative of the entire population of companies. However a comparison of the data is limited by the varied number of observations for each sector.

The discussion presents an analysis of the data using descriptive measures of a research paper, frequency distribution, central tendency and Descriptive words, standard deviation which reveal similar net asset figures between the four different manufacturing sectors. To enable a comparison of the net assets (individual data, in million dollars, $m) of the companies in the four different manufacturing sectors a random sample from help, each of these populations was made (see Appendix I) 3.1 . . [topic sentence only] Table 1: Initial Summary Statistics of the Sample. 3.2. (Summary statistics have been rounded off to Descriptive words, one decimal place to maintain clarity.) It can be seen from Table 1 that far less samples were obtained from Sector 3 than the other sectors 3.3 . This could have resulted in a significantly lower range because there was less pportunity for an individual company to have extremely high or low assets. As the number of companies in each sector increased, so did the org homework, sum of their total net assets. This is Descriptive words verbs significant because it indicates that the majority of companies throughout manufacturing sectors had similar net asset values. Funny! The general spread of Descriptive, net assets for Essays for college scholarships xbox, each sector can be seen by Descriptive words, allocating the raw net asset figures into frequency distributions and then histograms for each of the four manufacturing sectors . Essays Scholarships Xbox! Using histograms as a graphical representation #039;allows us to comprehend the Descriptive, shape of frequency distribution at and writing reading levels, a glance#039; (Harrison and Tamaschke, 1993, p. 91) and is therefore a quick and Descriptive words verbs, easy way to determine the asset distribution for each sector. Figure 1: Histograms of Data from Different Manufacturing Sectors 3.4. (Note the histograms were obtained using Minitab for Website funny, Windows, with 24 intervals between the range of 0-600 $m, thus midpoints were allocated every 25$m. A number of few extreme values have been omitted to Descriptive, provide a more precise representation of the majority of the data within each manufacturing sector. For full histograms covering the entire range of values refer to Appendix 2.) 3.5. The histograms of the manufacturing Sectors 1-4 are illustrated in Figure 1. 3.6 . . . . [topic sentence only] Table 2: Measures of answers funny, Central Tendency.

3.7 As indicated in Table 2, we can see that the median and both means for all manufacturing sectors are close to the suspected 300 $m figure . #039;Measure of central tendency is defined as a single term that is considered most representative of the whole set of data#039; (Johnson, 1978, p. 182) thus using a mode for this value would be inappropriate (see Appendix 1) 3.8 The reason for this is that three of the manufacturing sectors contained more than one net asset figure as the most common. In Sector 4, the minimum value was also a modal value, certainly not representing where the majority of data lies. The problem in using the mode arises from the fact that continuous data with two decimals is Descriptive used for the initial net asset values, thus it is rare that two companies have equal net assets in any given sector. Figure 2: Boxplot comparison of Net Assets ($,m) A large difference between the median and mean for Sectors 1 and 4 respectively is for homework funny apparent upon looking at Table 2 3.9 . In sector 1, the mean is far higher than the words verbs, median. This is due to one company having an extremely large net asset figure ($1530.06 $m), and many outliers above the mean (see Figure 2). . . Help Kindergarten! . [this paragraph continues] Table 3: Measures of Dispersion for Manufacturing Sectors. From Table 3 it can be seen that the standard deviation for Sectors 1 and 4 are distorted by the exceptionally large and Descriptive verbs, small values within each of these sectors. 3.10. . . Essays Xbox! . . [topic sentence only] Table 4: General Statistics of Manufacturing Sectors (calculated in Minitab) An examination of Table 4 provides some further interesting observations . . . 3.11. .. . Descriptive Words! [topic sentence only] The data from four different manufacturing sectors has been analysed through the use of descriptive measures of central tendency, frequency distribution, and standard deviation . Robust statistics were also deployed to provide a better indication of net asset values within sectors with extreme values as these values can distort calculations of central tendency and dispersion.

The relatively close measures of central tendency identified in the analysis suggest that although the spread of assets between the sectors differs; sectors 1 and 3 had small spreads of Reading and writing reading levels, assets and sectors 2 and Descriptive verbs, 4 had a larger net asset range, the majority of companies across the four sectors have similar net asset values; a higher frequency of assets values at approximately 300 ($m). Harrison, S. and Tamaschke, R.H.U. Website Funny! (1993) Statistics for business economics and management. Sydney: Prentice Hall. Johnson, P.R. Words! (1978) Business statistics. Sydney: MacMillan. Luxford, K., Bedingfield, S. and Betts, J. (1998) Course notes for Age of, BUS1100 Qualitative methods for business systems. Melbourne: Monash University. Mansfield, E. (1994 ) Statistics for business and economics and methods and applications. Descriptive Verbs! New York: Norton. Appendix 1 Random Sample of homework help, Data. Appendix 2 Histograms of the entire range of company net assets ($m) values for the four manufacturing sectors.

Appendix 3 The frequency distribution of Descriptive, assets from the four manufacturing sectors. For College Xbox! Referring to tables, figures, and appendices. A reference to Descriptive words verbs, an appendix should always clearly indicate the appendix number and contents of the appendix. It is clear from this reference to Appendix 1 that it consists of the sample selected from each of the manufacturing populations. For other examples of references to an appendix see notes 3.5 and 3.8. The results of research are usually presented in both a written and graphic form, for example text, figures, tables, and graphs. The text assists the reader to focus on the most important aspects of the data, whilst the graphic illustrations usually present the complete findings.

Data presented in a graphic form may be included in the main text or in an appendix. Generally data of primary importance to the discussion is presented in the body of the report, and data referred to indirectly is included in an appendix. The size of Essays for college xbox, a table or figure may also determine placement in an appendix. This statement performs two functions: it locates and identifies a particular set of data by referring the reader to a specific table - in this case Table 1 - and it provides a brief summary of the results. Figures can be referred to in the Descriptive words verbs, same manner. Alternative ways of expressing this information would include the following sentences. Table 1 indicates that far fewer samples were obtained from Sector 3 than the other sectors. Fewer samples were obtained from Sector 3 than the other sectors (see Table 1). Table 1 provides initial summary statistics of the sample. The last sentence simply identifies the data but does not provide a summary of the Essays scholarships, results as in the previous two sentences and the sentence in the sample report. Tables or figures are always referred to verbs, in the text by number.

Look at the examples of references to tables or figures in the text and org homework help, notice the use of verbs such as illustrated and indicated to refer the Descriptive words, reader to the figure or table. Other verbs commonly used to org homework help, refer to a table or figure include: shows , provides , gives , presents , summarised , reveals , displays , suggests , and Descriptive words verbs, demonstrates . Notice that the present tense is used for statements which locate data in Age of essay, a table or figure. For other examples of statements that locate and identify data see 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11 in the text. A figure or table should be positioned as close as possible to the point at words verbs, which you refer to it in the text. Exploration Essay! All figures and tables should be numbered and Descriptive verbs, labelled with a title which clearly and precisely communicates the contents. The title of Help writing thesis, this figure could have been written in a more precise manner, for example a clearer title would be as follows: Histograms of data from the four manufacturing sectors.

Notes 3.5 and 3.8 are examples of references to an appendix. For further information see 3.1. Notes 3.6 , 3.7, 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11 are examples of statements that locate and identify data. For further information see 3.3. Notes 3.6 , 3.7, 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11 are examples of statements that locate and identify data. For further information see 3.3. Notes 3.5 and Descriptive verbs, 3.8 are examples of references to an appendix. For further information see 3.1. Notes 3.6 , 3.7, 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11 are examples of statements that locate and identify data.

For further information see 3.3. Notes 3.6 , 3.7, 3.9, 3.10, and Age of exploration essay, 3.11 are examples of statements that locate and identify data. For further information see 3.3. 3.6 , 3.7, 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11 are examples of statements that locate and identify data. Descriptive Words! For further information see comment 3.3. When labelling an appendix, the title should clearly and homework kindergarten, precisely indicate the contents of the appendix. The title used for Appendix 1 could be improved by describing the contents more specifically, for example: Random sample of net assets ($,m) of companies from the four manufacturing sectors. Problems? Questions?

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orwell burnham essay James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution and The Machiavellians: Defenders of words Freedom - selections by Peter Myers, December 15, 2001; update November May 16, 2009. My comments are shown . You are at Essays for college scholarships http://mailstar.net/burnham.html. James Burnham was a Trotskyist who became a leading anti-Communist and Conservative (that is, unlike the Neocons, he opposed Liberalism). His book The Managerial Revolution (1941, 1942) was one of the influences on George Orwell (also a Trotskyist) in writing 1984 . The Managerial Revolution depicted a convergence between Communism, National Socialism and New-Deal policies (in the Descriptive, West) towards what he called Managerial society, where the public services manage the state and the economy. Disparagingly, he branded the bureauracy the ruling class in such managerial economies; a theme taken up by Djilas, in his book about the New Class. Decades later, Thatcherism and Reaganomics (privatization and deregulation) have got rid of the writing a research paper career, public-sector Managerialism Burnham wrote about in words verbs The Managerial Revolution , and replaced it with rule by company boards and homework help kindergarten, anonymous creditors, many based in tax havens, not answerable to the public in any way.

In 1947 Burnham proclaimed that the words, Cold War was the Third World War; he went on write a number of books about the threat of the USSR and the need for Essays for college scholarships, the US to mount a worldwide operation to contain it. Included here are extracts from Burnham's writings about Gaetano Mosca. I feel that he has misused Mosca, making of him a prop for US-style Democracy. (1) James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution (2) George Orwell, 1984 (3) Wittfogel's Oriental Despotism (4) James Burnham, The Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom (5) James Burnham, The Struggle For the World (6) James Burnham, The Coming Defeat of Communism (7) James Burnham, The Suicide of the West: An Essay on the Meaning and Destiny of Liberalism. James Burnham, a leading Troyskyist, came to realize that the USSR was never a Workers' State but the first of a new type of state run by managers, the Managerial State . Nazi Germany, New Deal America, 50s Australia, Japan in the 1970s, and China in Descriptive words the 1990s are other examples. A Managerial State is socialist, i.e. power is taken out of the hands of the wealthy, and vested in public managers aiming at relative equality and full employment. Nazi Germany, like the USSR, seems to have issued money without having to borrow it from private banks. For College Xbox? That gets around the conspiracy at the heart of words verbs Capitalism, by org homework, which Governments pay interest on the money they spend. However, centralization of the money-issuing power also gives Government great power, which can lead to Totalitarianism. In Australia of the 50s, like postwar Japan, Governments borrowed money from private banks, but the verbs, real interest rate was very low.

Many people mistakenly think that Free Trade (= Capitalism) benefits Small Business. Wrong. Free trade allows Big Business to destroy Small Business. It also allows Big Business to base itself offshore (in tax havens etc) to avoid taxes accountability. An innovate feature of Capitalism, over earlier kinds of economy, is that it allows Anonymous ownership, e.g. Reading And Writing Reading Levels? hiding behind company names, business names etc. Descriptive Words? Australia owes over $200 billion foreign debt - but to who?

Thatcherism was an attempt to revert to Capitalism; but it may now be on its last legs. What now? A return to Managerialism? George Orwell's book 1984 (which he wrote in 1948) envisaged a division of the world into three warring blocks, following James Burnham's book The Managerial Revolution . Burnham in that book ( written in 1940 ) predicted that the Genetics help kindergarten, USSR would split in Descriptive words two. The more westerly parts would be added to a Europe dominated by Germany, forming Eurasia; Siberia would be taken from the USSR added to Eastsia. With the fall of the USSR in Genetics homework 1991, that process seems underway. Verbs? The end of the org homework, Cold War makes Burnham's thesis credible and interesting once again. The Orwellian state in Britain, as part of Oceania (the Anglo-American block), depicted in 1984 , would be based not on Stalin's system - after all the tripartite world assumed the fall of the words, USSR - but on INGSOC (the Newspeak acronym for English Socialism).

Orwell, like Burnham, was a Trotskyist; H. G. Wells probably so. Trotsky certainly had some powerful intellect in his camp. After breaking with Trotsky, Burnham became an anti-Communist and anti-Liberal; many Trotskyists became Neo-Conservative, pioneers of the Marxist anti-Communist ideology : kostel.html. Some co-operated with the CIA: cia-infiltrating-left.html. (1) James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution , Indiana University Press, Bloomingham 1966. Apart from a new Preface (written in 1959 ), the text is the text of the 1942 British edition published by Putnam and Company ; an American edition was published in Reading project reading 1941. I come now to the last branch of my charge: that I teach princes villainy, and how to enslave. If any man will read over my book . Verbs? . . with impartiality and ordinary charity, he will easily perceive that it is not my intention to recommend that government or those men there described to the world, much less to teach men how to trample upon good men, and all that is sacred and venerable upon earth, laws, religion, honesty, and what not. If I have been a little too punctual in Www cpm org homework help describing these monsters in all their lineaments and colours, I hope mankind will know them, the better to avoid them, my treatise being both a satire against them, and a true character of verbs them. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, from help, a Letter to a Friend . PREFACE TO MIDLAND BOOKS EDITION.

FROM 1934 until the winter of words verbs 1939-40 I was a member of the Trotskyite organization - the Fourth International, as it called itself. Genetics Help Kindergarten? In 1937 I began a factional dispute with Trotsky and verbs, his orthodox adherents, which centered around the Genetics, problem of the nature of the Soviet state. Although Trotsky was Stalin's most articulate opponent, was exiled from Soviet territory, and had declared for a new Party and a new International, he continued to regard himself as a pure Communist and as the champion of the Descriptive words verbs, victories of the answers funny, Revolution. According to Trotskyite doctrine, the Soviet state, though degenerated under Stalin's bureaucratic misrule, was still a revolutiorary workers' state or proletarian dictatorship As such, the Soviet state was historically progressive in Descriptive relation to reactionary capitalism. Hence it was the funny, duty of revolutionists in all nations, even if they were opponents of Stalin and his regime, to defend the Soviet Union against any imperialist state, including their own fatherland. For some years I had accepted this empty ideological mumbo jumbo. Then, one day, I tried to Descriptive words verbs, relate the formulas to Reading project, reality. Descriptive Verbs? On such a scrutiny it did not take long for the formulas to evaporate.

Economically, the actual workers in this mythical workers' state were, the facts showed, a subject class far more heavily exploited than the workers under capitalism. Politically, the Genetics homework kindergarten, workers had no power at Descriptive words verbs all. Millions of them were in forced labor camps; all of exploration them were herded and Descriptive words, regimented by Help a research career, a pervasive, monolithic police and Party appartus. I therefore argued, in 1937, that the Trotskyite organization should abandon its characterization of the Soviet Union as workers' state, and drop the practical political conclusion that revolutionists had a duty to defend it. . I was on Poland's side against the Hitler-Stalin partnership, and for Finland against the Soviet invaders. Trotsky, however, clung desperately to his established doctrine and to its practical consequences. . I wrote The Managerial Revolution in 1940 ; the American edition was published in verbs 1941. . Www Cpm Help? I had concluded , on the evidence, that the Soviet Union was not a workers' regime, and at the same time had not reverted to capitalism.

It must therefore, be (in embryo at least) a new form of society not allowed for in Marxism . This new form I christened managerial society. Verbs? . The analogies were especially convincing in the case of Nazi Germany and New Deal America. Help? I thus arrived at a general hypothesis that world society is in the midst of a major social transformation that may be called the managerial revolution. . The prediction that with the second World War the old system of many autonomous nations would be replaced by a small number of words great political aggregates, or super-states, contending among themselves for the less developed regions of the world, has been confirmed . But for this period - which, however, is quite possibly not the last phase, and which may even now be nearing its end - there have turned out to be two rather than three primary superstates. Writing today, I would allow for a greater range of variation within the general form of writing paper career managerial society. Words? As in all possible forms of human society, past and future, there will be class differentiation within managerial society, coercion, exploitation, struggle. The primacy of corporate property relations will probably make for a greater regimentation (as in ancient Egypt or the Inca Empire) than where individual private property has a livelier role. The idea of a perfectly free and for homework, equal utopia is an illusion that deceives and defrauds the masses, and serves the interests only of demagogues and tyrants. Descriptive Verbs? But though perfect freedom and equality are illusory, human beings can achieve a partial, relative freedom, equality and justice ; and within the developing managerial soci- eties of the present and future, as within capitalist, feudal and even slave societies of the past, many degrees of relative freedom and Age of, justice, ranging from unrestricted tyranny to a measure of constitutional liberty under the rule of law, will be possible.

In the conduct of their social and political affairs, there will always be a better and words, a worse for human beings to choose; or at least a lesser evil . . The managers who control the for college xbox, great power aggregates - big industry, the governmental apparatus, the Descriptive words verbs, labor organizations, the military forces - can become, and indeed have already become in most great nations, the dominant class . . Milovan Djilas' book, T he New Class , which (so far as it goes) is a fairly direct application of the theory of the managerial revolution to essay, Soviet developments, undoubtedly gives expression to ideas widely spread not only in Yugoslavia but elsewhere in the Communist sphere. The Managerial Revoluton has itself been extensively circulated and discussed in eastern Europe, particularly in East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia, and has had the honor of being frequently attacked by the official press and radio. Continuous mass unemployment is words verbs, not new in history. It is, in fact, a symptorn that a given type of social organization is just about finished. It was found among the poorer citizens during the last years of homework help Athens, among the urban proletariat (as they were called) in the Roman Empire, and very notably at the end of the Middle Ages, among the dispossessed serfs and villeins who had been thrown off the land in order to make way for capitalist use of the land. . The volume of public and private debt has reached a point where it cannot be managed much longer.

The debt, like the Descriptive, unemployed, sucks away the diminishing blood stream of capitalism. And it cannot be shaken off. Bankruptcies, which formerly readjusted the debt position of Age of essay capitalism, hardly make a dent in it. Only the hopelessly naive can imagine that France fell so swiftly because of the mere mechanical strength of the Nazi war machine - that might have been sufficient in a longer run but not to destroy a great nation with a colossal military establishment in a few weeks. France collapsed so swiftly because its people had no heart for the war - as every observer had remarked, even through the Descriptive words, censorship, from the beginning of the war. And they had no heart for the war because the levels, bourgeois ideologies by which they were appealed to no longer had power to Descriptive, move their hearts. The managers will exercise their control over the instruments of production and gain preference in the distribution of the products, not directly , through property rights vested in them as individuals, but indirectly , through their control of the state which in turn will own and control the and writing reading, instruments of production.

The state - that is, the institutions which comprise the state - will, if we wish to put it that way, be the words verbs, property of the Www cpm, managers. And that will be quite enough to Descriptive words verbs, place them in the position of ruling class. In capitalist society, the role of government in the economy is always secondary . The government acts in the economy chiefly to preserve the integrity of the market and of capitalist property relations, and to give aid and Help writing thesis career, comfort, as in war or international competition or internal disturbances, when these are needed. . The Congress of Soviets, in 1917, was made up of verbs representatives of local soviets which, in turn, were elected primarily by workers and peasants in Www cpm org homework the various local districts. In the Congress of Soviets which met at the beginning of November, 1917, the Bolshevik party had a majority. This Congress then declared itself to be the government : that is to words, say, it claimed sovereignty and declared that sovereignty was no longer possessed by the Kerensky government which was based upon the remnants of the old Duma. The Soviet Congress then proceeded to enact the chief initial measures of the new regime and to Website answers funny, elect an executive - the Council of Commissars . It would seem, then, that sovereignty was still localized in a parliament; and, for verbs, a short time, this was more or less the case. But this state of affairs did not last. Parliamentary sovereignty proved inappropriate for a nation that rapidly developed in Reading and writing project levels the direction of managerial society. Within a few years, well before the death of Lenin and Descriptive, the subsequent exile of Trotsky, the Soviet Congress had lost, one by one, all the attributes of sovereignty . Its nominal rehabilitation in the Stalinist Constitution of Www cpm 1937 changed nothing and left the Soviet Congress the mere minor propaganda instrument which it continues to be. The development was indicated at words verbs least as early as the so-called Kronstadt revolt, which took place in 1921 . The opposition platform of the sailors and populace of the Kronstadt area had as its key plank, new elections to Website for homework answers funny, the soviets.

This demand was in Descriptive words verbs reality an effort to return sovereignty to Website for homework, the soviets and the Soviet Congress and an implicit recognition that these institutions no longer possessed sovereignty. The demand was rejected by the true sovereign institutions of the soviet state, and the dissidents answered by Descriptive, armed suppression. In the new form of society, sovereignty is reading, localized in administrative bureaus. They proclaim the rules, make the laws, issue the decrees. The shift from parliament to the bureaus occurs on a world scale. Viewed on a world scale, the battle is already over. The localization of sovereignty in parliament is ended save for words, a lingering remnant in England (where it may not last the next few months), in the United States, and certain of the lesser nations. There is no mystery in this shift. Genetics Homework Kindergarten? It can be correlated easily enough with the Descriptive words verbs, change in the character of the state's activities. Parliament was the sovereign body of the limited state of capitalism.

The bureaus are the sovereign bodies of the unlimited state of answers funny managerial society . Sovereignty for a nation implies that the verbs, nation makes laws for itself and recognizes no superior lawmaker . It means that the nation sets up tariffs and other import and export controls, regulates its own foreign policies and its own currency, and maintains civil, diplomatic, and Help writing paper thesis, military establishments. The simultaneous existence of many sovereign nations in the modern world necessarily means an anarchic situation in world politics . This must be because, since each sovereign nation recognizes no lawmaker superior to itself, there is in the end no way except by force to mediate the deep conflicts that are bound to arise among the Descriptive words verbs, various nations. Experience has shown that the existence of a large number of sovereign nations, especially in Europe (and with somewhat less acuteness in Latin America), is incompatible with contemporary economic and social needs. The system simply does not work. In spite of the fact that the post-Versailles European arrangements were set up and guaranteed by the most powerful coalition in history, which had achieved victory in the greatest war of history, they could not last. The complex division of labour, the xbox, flow of trade and raw materials made possible and demanded by modern technology, were strangled in the network of diverse tariffs, laws, currencies, passports, boundary restrictions, bureaucracies, and independent armies . It has been clear for some while that these were going to be smashed ; the verbs, only problem was who was going to do it and how and when. Now it is being done under the prime initial impulse of Germany. Even if , by a lucky chance, some one power might win what would look like a world victory , it could only prove temporary. The disintegrative forces would be sufficient to pull it rapidly to pieces. . A world state.

would presuppose a large measure of general social unity anong men: in interests, in culture, in education, in material standards of life. No such unity exists . The comparatively large number of sovereign nations under capitalism is being replaced by Website for homework answers funny, a comparatively small number of great nations, or super-states, which will divide the world among them . Some of the many nations which are eliminated in fact may be preserved in form ; they may be kept as administrative sub-divisions, but they will be stripped of sovereignty . Sovereignty will be restricted to the few super-states. . Advanced industy is concentrated in three , and only three, comparatively small areas: the United States, especially its north-eastern and north-central regions; Europe, especially north-central Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, northern France, England) ; and the Japanese islands together with parts of words eastern China . It is advanced industry, needless to say, which makes the goods with which modern wars are fought and won, as well as the other key goods upon which modern culture depends. The economic map suggests dramatically what is probable on homework help, many other grounds: that the world political system will coalesce into three primary super-states , each based upon one of Descriptive verbs these three areas of advanced industry . This does not necessarily mean that these three super-states will be the Essays scholarships, United States, Germany, and Japan as we know them to-day . Descriptive? This may well be the case, but it need not be so. In these nations there may be internal convulsions which, together with foreign military struggles, will seem to break their continity with the past. New names may be used . This would, however, be of secondary importance in the long run. It should go without saying that the mechanism whereby this new political system will be built is and will be war. From the war of 1939 are coming more major political leaps. But this is only the first, not the last, war of managerial society . There will be much still to be decided after the present struggle is over Www cpm help - though, since war and peace are no longer declared, it may be hard to know when this struggle is over and the next one begins. The immediate war will not even complete the consolidation of the managerial structure of society; and after it is words, completed there will still be wars, for there will remain plenty to fight about.

The fundamental theme of the wars of the future - into one of which the second world war was already evolving by the latter part of 1940 - will be the clash among. the three areas which constitute the three main strategic bases. Age Of Exploration Essay? Ostensibly these wars will be directed from each base for words, conquest of the other bases. Help Kindergarten? But it does not seem possible for any of Descriptive these to conquer the others; and even two of Website funny them in coalition could not win a decisive and lasting victory . What will be actually accomplished by these wars will not be a decision as to who is to rule the bases - for Americans are going to rule here, Europeans in Europe, and Asiatics in Japan and East China - but decisions as to Descriptive, what parts and how much of the rest of the world are going to Age of essay, be ruled by each of the three strategic centres. Words? . This struggle among the three strategic centres for world control will be the Www cpm help, fundamental theme of the coming wars of managerial society. . And the Descriptive words, consolidation of the for homework answers funny, three super-states, even within their immediate strategic areas, is not by any means finished. In.

Europe, for example, even if Germany were fully victorious in the present war, there would still remain Russia and Italy; and Russia is also in Asia along with Japan. Everyone knows, however, that Italy is a subordinate, incapable of Descriptive words verbs a really independent sovereign policy. There is every reason to believe (as we shall discuss in Chapter XIV) that Russia will split apart, with the western half gravitating toward the European base and the eastern toward the Asiatic . But even if a coalition of the help, future , combined with internal disturbances, should overthrow the Germany of the Descriptive words, present, this would be secondary to the main scheme. The result of such a development would not alter the political system toward which managerial society tends. It would merely change the name and some of the leading personnel of one of the exploration essay, super-states . The coming years will also include wars of Descriptive words verbs another type - indeed, these began several years ago: wars of the metropolitan centres against backward areas and peoples. The backward areas, which include a majority of the territory and people of the world, are not going to line up automatically behind one or another of the three centres or merely stand aside while the three fight over them. . the backward peoples will attempt to break free altogether from domination and to take their destiny into their own hands. Kindergarten? Often such uprisings will occur in connection with wars among the chief managerial powers. However, it is Descriptive words verbs, doubtful that any of the backward peoples will be able to win independence (except , perhaps, in form and writing paper thesis career, title) . They do not have the technological resources to conduct modern war successfully or to compete more or less evenly from an economic point of words verbs view - which is also necessary for independence to-day. They will have to answers, gravitate toward one or another of the great camps , even if they have some temporary success in a struggle for independence.

The United States is Descriptive, consolidating its strategic base in the northern two-thirds of this hemisphere and preparing to answers funny, do battle against either or both of the two great rivals - the European centre and the Asiatic centre - for Descriptive, its share in homework help kindergarten the new world. We already have examples, Fascism-Nazism and Leninism-Stalinism (communism or Bolshevism) are types of early managerial ideologies which have been given organized expression and have already had great success. In this country, Technocracy and the much more important New Dealism are embyronic and less-developed types of primitive, native-American managerial ideologies . I have listed Leninism-Stalinism, but not Marxism as an example of a managerial ideology . This raises the question of the relation of Marxism to Leninism and of Leninism to Stalinism. Historically, the social movement, which both in organization and ideas traced its source to the activities and writing of Marx, separated, through a division which started during the words verbs, last years of the nineteenth century and culminated in Help a research paper career 1914, into two main streams: a reformist, social-democratic wing; and a revolutionary wing in which for the first decade after 1914 Lenin was the most conspicuous figure. I do not any longer consider it fruitful to Descriptive words verbs, dispute over paper which of these is genuine Marxism. Historically, they both spring from Marx. What happened seems to be the following: The views of Marx , in their implications and consequences, were historically ambiguous.

In addition, he proposed a social goal - a free, classless international society - which cannot be reached in Descriptive the present period of for college xbox history . Real historical movements in practice modify goals to bring them closer to real possibilities. The Marxist movement separated along the lines of the great division of our time, capitalist society and managerial society. Verbs? Both wings of Marxism retained, as often happens, the language of Marx, though more and help, more modifying it under new pressures. Descriptive? In practice, the reformist wing lined up with the capitalists and org homework, capitalist society, and demonstrated this in Descriptive verbs all social crises. The Leninist wing became one of the organized movements toward , and expressed one of the ideologies of, managerial society . The reformist wing is a somewhat inconsistent defender of capitalism, it is Genetics kindergarten, true, because by its retention of Descriptive verbs much of the ambiguous language of Marx it also contributes to popularizing managerial concepts. But this is the main line of the and writing project reading levels, division. Lenin died, and Stalin headed the managerial wing. Descriptive Verbs? The ideology and practices were further modified. There has been much dispute over whether Stalin is the xbox, legitimate heir of Lenin; and I, for some years active in the Trotskyist. political organization, long took part in that dispute. Descriptive? I have come to the conclusion, however, that the dispute has been conducted on a pointless basis.

The historical problem is not whether Stalin or Trotsky (or someone else, for there are many other claimants) comes closer to the verbally explicit principles enunciated by Lenin. A dispute on such a level has never been and will never be settled, since Lenin said many things and homework, did many things. Descriptive Verbs? It is like arguing over the legitimate interpretation of the Bible or the Koran. So far as historical development goes, there really cannot be much question; Stalinism is what Leninism developed into essay, - and, moreover, without any sharp break in the process of development. We must not make the mistake of Descriptive words verbs supposing that the Russian changes were dependent merely on Genetics help, the presence of one or another individual, on the personal wickedness or nobility (depending on our point of view) of, for example, Stalin. If Lenin himself had lived, there is no reason to think that the process would have differed greatly . After all, there is Descriptive, more than passing significance in the fact that, for many years, probably the most intimate colleague of Lenin's, the man with whom he exercised hidden control over the Bolshevik party underneath the party's formal apparatus, was the brilliant and Website answers, successful engineer - the manager - Krassin. But the words verbs, death of all the early leaders was an important ritual act in establishing the mass attitudes of managerial society and in strengthening the foundations of the managerial institutions. The pattern of the Russian way to the managerial revolution is Age of essay, illuminated by the history of the revolutionary concept of workers' control. Workers' control of industry has from the Descriptive words verbs, beginning been a slogan of the Leninist wing of for homework answers Marxism . Descriptive Words Verbs? The reason why is easy to understand.

According to homework kindergarten, the formal ideology of socialism, private ownership (control) in industry is to be eliminated - that is, as socialism understands it, control is to be wrested by the masses as a whole. The crucial revolutionary act, therefore, would presumably be the Descriptive verbs, actual taking over of control in industry by the workers themselves. Hence the Reading reading, slogan. Now, in the course of the Russian revolution (as in the. many other attempts at mass revolution which followed it during the past twenty-three years), the workers acted quite literally in verbs accordance with the slogan of workers' control. And Writing Reading Levels? In the factories, shops, mines, and so on, the verbs, workers, through committees elected from their own ranks, simply did take over control. They ousted not only the owners (who were seldom there to be ousted, since owners are not usually connected directly with production nowadays) but all the directing staff and supervisors: that is , they ousted also the managers . The workers thought, in their own way, that the revolution was designed to rid them of all rulers and exploiters. They recognized that the managers as well as the owners were among the rulers and exploiters both of the past and, above all, of the essay, future. The workers set about running the words, factories themselves.

This state of affairs did not , however, last long . Two issues were at stake. Genetics Homework Help Kindergarten? In the first place, the separate factories and verbs, other instruments of Help a research paper production were not run very well under workers' control exercised at the source; and there were even greater difficulties in the co-ordination of the efforts of various factories . Descriptive? It is needless to speculate on exactly why this was so. Elected committees of the workers themselves, the members of which are subject to Genetics help, momentary recall and who have, besides, no technical training for, or background in, the managerial tasks, do not seem to Descriptive words, make a good job of running modern factories or mines or railroads. It is homework help kindergarten, even harder for words, them to Www cpm help, collaborate effectively in directing entire branches of industry or industry as a whole. Words Verbs? Perhaps new democratic mechanisms and sufficient time to gain experience would overcome the troubles. As things actually work out, time is not granted, and the mechanisms are not available. Second, the perspective of workers' control of production at the source, if it should be proved in the end successful, would mean the elimination of all privilege, all differentials of power in society, would mean, in short, a classless organization of society. Thus the drive for class power in society needs to get rid of workers' control, and finds rational motivation in the evidences of the inefficiency of workers' control - above all, because the movement toward workers control occurs in Www cpm help periods of verbs intense social crisis, or war and civil war; when efficient industrial organization seems an imperious need. If the temporary workers' control is replaced by the old control of capitalist owners (as happened in the two revolutionary crises in Germany at the end of, and help, a few years after, the first world war), then society, after a crisis, has simply returned to its previous capitalist structure.

If workers' control is Descriptive words, replaced by the de facto control of the managers backed by a new kind of state, then capitalism , after a transitional crisis, has changed into managerial society . The latter, through a series of intermediary steps, is what happened in Russia. For a while after the revolution in Russia , in help kindergarten many factories and Descriptive verbs, other enterprises - for a very short while - the Www cpm org homework, factories were run by the workers through their elected committees called Factory Committees. Then the technical direction of operations was turned over to specialists (that is, managers) , with the Factory Committees remaining in existence and words, still exercising substantial control through a veto power over the managers and Essays xbox, jurisdiction over labour conditions. Meanwhile, bureaus and commissions and individuals appointed from above by the new (soviet) government were beginning to take over the job of Descriptive co-ordinating the Help thesis career, efforts of various factories and branches of industry . Gradually the Descriptive, powers of the managers and managerial co-ordinator, increased, necessarily at the expense of Www cpm help workers' control and the Factory Committees. The Factory Committee lost their veto powers . Their prerogative, labour conditions, became more and more narrowly interpreted. The Committee composition was changed to Descriptive verbs, include one state representative, one managerial representative, and one man nominally representing the workers . Finally, even these Committees lost all their real power and remained as mere formalities, to be dropped altogether in 1938 . Workers' control had been transformed into scholarships, managerial control . This development did not take place without incident, including violent incident. The workers, or some of them , sensed its meaning: that the freedom and end of privilege, which they had thought the revolution was to bring, were giving way to a new form of class rule. They tried to prevent power from getting out of the hands of their Committees. They refused to accept the managers, sometimes drove them out or even killed them. But at each decisive step, the state (the workers' socialist state), whether under Lenin or Stalin, backed not the workers but the Descriptive words verbs, managers . A wide campaign of education was undertaken to show the people why workers' rule meant, in practice, managers' rule.

Where necessary, the education by the word was supplemented with education by firing squad or concentration camp or forced labour battalion. Lenin and Trotsky, both, in the early years of the project levels, revolution, wrote pamphlets and speeches arguing the case of the Descriptive verbs, specialists, the technicians, the managers . Lenin, in his forceful way, used to help, declare that the manager had to Descriptive verbs, be a dictator in the factory. Help Writing Thesis? Workers' democracy in the state, Lenin said in effect, was to be founded upon Descriptive words a managerial dictatorship in the factory . Perhaps Lenin did not realize the full irony of his position. He, as a Marxist, believed - correctly - that the roots of Essays social power lie in the control over the instruments of words production . And he, as the writing a research paper career, head of the new state, helped to smash workers', popular, control over those instruments and to substitute for it control by the managers . And, of course, the managers of individual plants became subordinate to the big managers, to the boards and bureaus directing entire sectors of industry and governing industry as a whole . Interestingly enough, these managers under the new state included many of those who had been managers under the old capitalist rule. Lenin and Descriptive verbs, Trotsky poured scorn on infantile leftists who were against making use of the Www cpm org homework, services of the bourgeois specialists (as they called them).

The workers needed them - to run the plants. Lenin regretted that there were so few left and Descriptive words verbs, that in Russia there had never been an adequate. staff of trained specialists. Most favourable terms were given to foreign bourgeois specialists who were willing to come to work under the for college scholarships xbox, new regime. The class of managers that steadily rose was not altogether a new creation; it was the development and extension of the class which, as we have seen, already exists, and is already extending its power and influence, under capitalism, especially during the latter days of words verbs capitalism. We shall deservedly place the greatest stress upon what happened to workers' control. Moreover, the Russian experience is plainly typical. There have not yet been any other revolutions just like Russia's; but there have been a dozen revolutionary situations of the same general nature. In them all, the same tendencies are displayed. In them all - Germany, the Balkans, China, Italy, Spain - the workers , in the crisis, start to take over control of the instruments of production , to take it over directly, into their own hands on the spot.

Always a formula is Www cpm, found to Descriptive words verbs, explain to them why this cannot continue ; and, if the Age of essay, formula is not enough, the Descriptive, guns come later. The question for us is not whether it is a good idea for a research thesis, the workers to take control. We are concerned merely with noticing, first, that they try to take control; and Descriptive words verbs, , second, that they do not succeed in maintaining control . Their inability to maintain control is org homework, one more demonstration that socialism - a free, classless society - is not now scheduled. The control , and the social rule which goes with it, when it leaves the Descriptive words, hands of the essay, capitalists, goes not to Descriptive words verbs, the workers, the people, but to the managers, the new ruling class . Essays Xbox? A parallel of the Russian process can be observed with particular clarity in verbs connection with the events in Loyalist territories during the recent Spanish Civil War, above all in Catalonia. There, just as in Russia, the workers and peasants began taking over writing a research paper direct control of the factories and railroads and firms. Descriptive Words Verbs? There too, not at once, but during the course of the first two years of the Civil War, the Age of, de facto power slipped from the workers' hands, sometimes voluntarily given up at the persuasion of a political party, sometimes smashed by. arms and prison. It was not the words, troops of Franco who took control away from the people of Catalonia; they had lost control well before Franco's army conquered. These experiences have , as a matter of fact, received recognition in Leninist doctrine (both the Stalinist and Trotskyist variants) , not so much in public writings as in Essays scholarships the theories elaborated primarily for party members. Words? Workers' control, the doctrine now reads, is a transition slogan, but loses its relevance once the revolution is successful and the new state established.

By calling it a transition slogan it is meant that the slogan, and writing a research thesis, the act, of establishing workers' control are useful in arousing mass sentiment against the existing capitalist regime and in bringing about the downfall of the Descriptive words verbs, capitalist order - both undoubtedly the case; but that, when the new regime is functioning, workers' control must, naturally, step aside. The ideological explanation offered by Leninism for this turn-about is that, while workers must rightly defend themselves with the org homework, help of workers' control against the enemy capitalist state, they will have no need to defend themselves against the new regime which be their own state, a workers' state busily constructing a true socialist society. This explanation is to be interpreted in the same manner we interpret all aspects of all ideologies. What is verbs, really involved is a very important consequence of the pattern of the Russian way to managerial society, which we are here studying. This pattern, we saw, calls for first reducing the capitalists to for homework funny, impotence and words verbs, then curbing the masses. The masses are of course used in accomplishing the first step and workers' control is a major manoeuvre in breaking the power of the capitalists. But workers' control is not only intolerable for the capitalist state: it is, if long continued and established, intolerable for any state and any class rule in society.

Consequently, the consolidation of managerial power in the new state requires the breaking down of workers' control, which was so important an for homework influence in finishing up the verbs, old society. The Russian Revolution was not a socialist revolution - which, from all the evidence, cannot take place in exploration essay our time - but a managerial revolution . Who are the rulers of Russia? They are, of course, the men who are running its factories and mines and railroads, the directing members of the commissariats and subcommissariats of heavy and light industry and transportation and communication, the heads of the large collective farms, the expert manipulators of the Descriptive words, propaganda mediums, the chiefs of the dozens of mass organizations, the managers in short: these and their bureaucratic and military and police associates. The power and a research paper thesis, privilege are under their control. Words Verbs? For them the capitalists at home have been got rid of or reduced to impotence; and for Age of essay, them the capitalists abroad were fought off and forced to an uneasy truce.

It is they who have curbed the masses and have instituted a social. structure in which they are on verbs, top, not by for college, virtue of Descriptive words private property rights in the instruments of production, but through their monopoly control of a state power which has fused with the and writing reading levels, economy. It is they who now await the contests of the future with the Descriptive words verbs, other sectors of the world managers. It is Website for homework answers, these managers , with their political and military associates, who have been extending their regime beyond Soviet boundaries during the course of the second world war. The events in words the little border nations have reproduced on a laboratory, and somewhat grotesque, scale the pattern of the Russian Revolution ; and, also like a laboratory experiment, the events have done so under the Essays for college scholarships xbox, firm guidance of the experimenter, not at their own sweet will. The local workers and peasants (in the Baltic nations, eastern Poland, Bessarabia), as the Red Army marches, begin to take control of the Descriptive, local industries and farms and to oust the capitalists who have not already fled. For a very short while they are encouraged in help these activities by the Russian representatives. Descriptive Words Verbs? A semblance of workers' control appears . The first part of the triple managerial problem is solved - the capitalists are reduced to impotence - which is not so major a task in the tiny states concerned. Then, with hardly a breathing space, the solution for the second part of the managerial problem takes place under much simpler conditions than in Russia in her own time.

The masses are curbed - to-day the army and Www cpm, the GPU that supervise the curbing are large and verbs, experienced in for college xbox solving this part of the problem. The new rulers - not new capitalists, naturally, but Russian managers and their representatives - walk in to run their newly acouired factories and mines and Descriptive words, banks. Workers' control is transformed into a name , and the soldiers and police back the dictates of the managers. The whole process , which took in Russia itself so many strenuous years, is completed in a couple of months. The advantages which the managerial structure gave Russia against capitalist nations disappear when Russia is Www cpm, confronted with other managerial or near-managerial states which are not burdened by Russia's weaknesses . There seems good reason to believe, as I stated in Chapter XII, that during the course of the words, next years Russia will split apart into an eastern and western section, each section gravitating toward one of the Reading reading levels, key areas which constitute the strategic bases of the super-states of the future . Indeed, this process has already started. Siberia is so far away from Moscow and so badly connected with European Russia that it naturally swings toward the East as it has for Descriptive, some years been conspicuously doing. Its future brings it into always-closer integration with the East Asian central area of advanced industry . And similarly , at an increased rate since the Nazi-Soviet pact, European Russia swings toward the central European area. Feelers move out from both sides of the border. The Russian boundaries advance toward the west. At the Age of essay, same time, economic and social relations with Germany increase.

German technicians, managers, move into the Russian industrial enterprises. How great the latter influx has so far been the public figures do not tell us but it is certainly much further advanced than any publicist has yet imagined. This infiltration of German managers is a large step in words verbs the road toward fusion of European Russia with the European centre . We may be sure that the completion of the fusion, under whatever nominal auspices it comes, will find Russia subordinated to European centre, not, as the spinners of Bolshevik nightmares tell us, the other way around. The development of the fusion begins in a dozen ways, beneath the surface. Help Kindergarten? Its accomplishment will, presumably, include war, one or more. of the managerial wars of to-morrow, the preparations for which are so plainly around us. Note. - In spite of the Russo-German war, it has seemed to me advisable to leave the text as it was written in 1940, and first published in the Spring of 1941 . The intent of this book is not journalistic but scientific.

From a scientific standpoint, the theory of the Descriptive words, managerial revolution is much better tested by its ability to make events intelligible before they happen, rather than by Reading and writing project reading, the ease with which it can doctor up references to what has already occurred. The outbreak of the Russo-German war, and verbs, its course, seem to me a confirmation of the fundamental analysis precented in this chapter, and in particular of the Website answers funny, political analysis summarized in Chapter XII. This war, to use the Descriptive words verbs, language of the Reading, theory, is part of the means whereby the western half of Russia is being integrated into the European super-state. However, the impression that the text gives is of a later beginning of war between Russia and Germany than actually turned out to be the case - and, so far as I can recall, this impression corresponds with the opinion I held in 1940. I believe that this error in words verbs time schedule resulted from a too schematic application of the sociological and economic analysis to the problem, with insufficient attention to strictly military considerations. Reading Project Reading Levels? That a large part of Russia should be drawn within the words verbs, west-European orbit, and that war would be part of the process of Age of exploration essay fusion, followed from the whole course of contemporary history. Just when the war would start, however, was decided primarily by the requirements of military strategy.

her colonies, her merchant marine, and her navy; and her army was reduced to a minimum figure. Descriptive Verbs? Her people had been exhausted by the war and by the famine which occurred during its last year. She was saddled with reparations not merely in money - which she could and Essays for college xbox, did pay largely through borrowings - but in kind, which latter meant the loss of words material goods. Her opponents had carved up all the juiciest slices of the world in what they took to be their own interests. Homework Kindergarten? It is against this background that we must place contemporary Germany . Nazi Germany eliminated unemployment within a couple of years from Hitler's ascension to power. The means whereby this was done are irrelevant to our inquiry; the fact that it was done is crucial. Mass unemployment is the primary indication of the Descriptive words verbs, collapse of answers a given form of society. The great capitalist powers have proved that they cannot get rid of mass unemployment under capitalist institutions. Even after a year and a half of verbs war, after more than half a year of the Battle of Essays for college scholarships xbox Britain, there were still, according to official figures - which probably understate the verbs, facts and org homework, besides do not include so-called unemployables - nearly a million unemployed in England . Nazi Germany's elimination of unemployment is, in and by itself, a sufficient proof that Germany has left the verbs, basis of capitalism and entered the road of a new form of society. Everyone knows and project, many have stated that it is not by virtue of the capitalist elements remaining in German culture that unemployment has been got rid of, but through the introduction of non-capitalist methods.

Similarly, Germany has broken through the restrictions of capitalist finance. According to all the laws of Descriptive verbs capitalism, Germany should have been bankrupt five years ago; its currency should have gone into a wild inflation; it should have been impossible tor the state to finance its vast undertakings. But, under the state control of finance, none of the laws held. Again, through state control of imports and exports, Germany has been able to carry on foreign trade without the means, according to capitalist standards, of doing so . Genetics Kindergarten? And huge outlets - primarily in state enterplises - have been found for the investment funds that sit idly in the banks of the great capitalist powers. We find in Descriptive verbs Germany to an ever-increasing degree those structural changes which we have discovered to be characteristic of the shift from capitalism to managerial society . In.

the economic sphere, there is a steady reduction, in Www cpm help all senses, of the area of private enterprise, and Descriptive words, a correlative increase of state intervention. Answers Funny? There was a brief period, immediately following the Nazi accession to state power, when the trend seemed to be in Descriptive verbs the opposite direction, when even a few enterprises which had been under state operation in the Weimar Republic were handed back to private capitalists. Org Homework? But this quickly reversed. The state intervention in words the economy occurs in numerous directions. Outright state ownership and operation , advancing in all fields, are particularly ascendant in the extensive areas of new enterprise opened up during the Nazi rule.

However, to confine attention to outright ownership and operation with all legal formalities would be deceptive. Virtually all economic enterprise is subject to rigid state control ; and and writing project reading, it is control which we have seen to be decisive in relation to the instruments of production. Legal forms, even income privileges, are in the end subordinate to Descriptive words verbs, de facto control. Even where private owners stlll exist in Germany, the decisions about their property are not in their hands. They do not decide what to make or not to make. Reading? They do not establish prices or bargain about wages. They are not at liberty to Descriptive words, buy the raw materials they might choose nor to seek the most profitable markets. They cannot, as a rule, decide how to homework help kindergarten, invest or not invest their surplus funds. In short, they are no longer owners, no longer effective capitalists, whatever certificates they may have in their deposit boxes. The regulation of production in Germany is no longer left to the market . What is to be produced, and how much, is verbs, decided, deliberately, by groups of men, by the state boards and bureaus and commissions . It is they that decide whether a new plant shall be built or an old plant retired, how raw materials shall be allotted and orders distributed, what quotas must be fulfilled by various branches of industry, what goods shall be put aside for export, how prices shall be fixed and credit and exchange extended . Org Homework Help? There is no requirement that these decisions of the bureaus must be based on any profit aim in the capitalist sense. Words Verbs? If it is thought expedient, for whatever reason, to produce, for ezample, an ersatz rubber or wool or food, this will be done even if the production entails, from a capitalist point of view, a heavy loss.

Similarly, in order to accumulate foreign exchange or to stimulate some political effect in a foreign nation, goods will be exported regardless of loss . A factory may be compelled to shut down, even though it could operate at a high profit. Banks and individuals are forced to invest their funds with no reference to the private and voluntary opinions about risks from a profit standpoint. It is org homework, literally true to say that the words verbs, Nazi economy, already, is exploration essay, not a profit economy. The workers, on their side, are no longer the free proletarians of capitalism. Under Nazism the workers are indeed, free from unemployment. At the same time they cannot, as individuals or through their own independent organizations, bargain for words, wages or change jobs at will. They are assigned to their tasks, and their labour conditions are fixed, by the decisions of the state bureaus and commissions . Millions of Website answers funny them are allotted to the vast state enterprises. The minimum estimate I have seen (for 1939) gives the percentage of national income representing direct state activities as 50%. With the reduction in the area of private enterprise and words, the increase of state enterprise, goes also a corresponding reduction in the social position of the private capitalists.

So far as control over the instruments of production goes, the capitalists are already near the bottom. As to income privilege: a recent estimate by a New York statistician gives as a mere 5% the share of the German national income going to Genetics homework help, profits and verbs, interest . This is a substantial reduction from the levels, 1933 figures, in spite of a huge increase in Descriptive the total national income, which, under capitalism, would normally be accompanied by a percentage increase in profits. Org Homework? In the Descriptive words verbs, United States, profits and interest are 20% of the national income , even excluding all so-called entrepreneurial profits. Moreover, of the German capitalists' 5%, the greater part is appropriated by the state as taxes and contributions. For Homework Answers Funny? The statistics, however - which are, in any case, not reliable - fail to Descriptive, indicate the full meaning. How strange that it has not yet been remarked how seldom we find a manager among the voluntary or forced exiles from Nazi Gerrnany! There are artists and writers among the exiles, ideologists and politicians, unassimilable foes of the new regime, storekeepers and professionals and Www cpm org homework, teachers, and not a few capitalists, both Jews and Christians. But almost never a manager. It is strange that this has not been remarked but not strange that it is the words verbs, case. For the managers realize that the society which is developing is their society. In short!

Germany is to-day a managerial state in an early stage . Essays For College Scholarships? Structurally, it is less advanced along managerial lines than Russia; it retains as yet more capitalist elements. But, though structurally less advanced, Germany is without most of Descriptive words verbs those major weaknesses which we noted in Website for homework funny the case of Russia. Its industrial and technological foundation is far stronger; the rising managerial class is much larger, better trained, more able . The first part of the verbs, second world war, up to the fall of France in June, 1940, was in reality the homework, continuation of the verbs, strategic extension begun in 1935. This phase, the for college scholarships, consolidation of the European base, was completed with France's surrender. It is completed irreversibly and Descriptive words, can no longer be undone whatever the Essays, outcome of the succeeding phases of the war, which are really other wars. This consolidation fundamental to the world politics of managerial society, is not going to be dissolved, not even if the Descriptive, present German regime is utterly defeated. The day of a Europe carved into a score of sovereign states is over Website ; if the states remain, they will be little more than administrative units in Descriptive words verbs a larger collectivity.

. a deal between Germany and England would be much more advantageous to the European super-state of the future than to scholarships, have England conquered by Germany. With a deal in which England would necessarily be subordinate, the tendency would be for the British Empire to keep attached to the European central area. In the course of the military conquest of England, most of the Descriptive, Empire tends to and writing project reading, drop off to the spheres of the United States and verbs, the Asiatic central area. But the writing a research paper career, English capitalists weighed the costs and decided to keep on verbs, fighting . Thus the second phase of the war, really a second war, goes on as I write. By the end of 1940 it was clear that the focus of the war was shifting, that the result of the European struggle was in fundamentals decided, and that a new, third, phase was beginning wherein the mighty opponents of the future - the help, three political structures based on the three central areas - were undertaking their first trials of words verbs strength. These wars of the developing super-states will not end with the end of this war. Their results, we have noted, is sure to be inconclusive, since none of the three central areas can firmly conquer any of the Www cpm help, others.

From her continental base, the verbs, United States is called on Genetics homework, to make bid for maximum world power as against the super-states to be based on the other two central areas . . First, there is the consolidation of the main strategic base. In Europe this consolidation meant smashing the Continental political system. In the Americas, most of the base is already included within the boundaries of the Descriptive, United States. Essays For College? . Next comes the Descriptive words, protective extension of the base with the aim of making it invulnerable for defence and convenient for attack. This, in current terms, is the policy of modified hemisphere defence, to draw a ring around all of North America and northern South America. The second stage is already well advanced. It was prepared for by the series of Pan-American conferences and agreements and by what is Age of essay, propagandlsttcally referred to as tbe Good Neighbour Policy. Descriptive Verbs? It has gone forward through such measures as the establishment of air lanes throughout Latin America, the visits of warships and war planes, the projection of the Pan-American Highway, the strengthening of the Panama Canal, reciprocal military agreements with Latin-American nations, the defence alliance with Canada which in effect subordinates Canada's sovereignty to the United States, and Website for homework answers, the deal with Britain which secured outlying bases in the Atlantic.

Naturally, this stage wlll not stop with these moves. It will issue in a situation comparable to what Hitler aims at in most of Europe: the de facto elimination of independent sovereignty in all nations and colonies of the area except the United States , and thus the creation of a single interrelated territory so far as de fatto political sovereignty goes. There is every reason to suppose that this stage will be successfully accomplished. The third and grandiose stage, which, though it has already begun for the United States, will extend many decades into the future, and for which the first two stages are preparation, is the bid for the maximum of world power against the claims of the European and Asiatic central areas. The United States is forced to begin this third stage before the Descriptive words, preparatory first two stages are finished.

The first great plan in the third stage is for homework kindergarten, the United States to become what might be called the receiver for words verbs, the disintegrating British Empire . Project Reading Levels? (We are not, of course, interated in the propagandistic terms that are used in current references to this action.) The attempt is to swing the orientation of the Empire from its historical dependence on Europe to dependence on Descriptive words, and subordination to the American central area. Along with the United States' receivership plan for Www cpm org homework, the British Empire go still broader aims in connection with the rest of South America, the Far East (including conspicuously the Far Eastern colonies of formerly sovereign European states) and in fact the whole world . The struggle which has begun is the world struggle of the super-states of the Descriptive, future. This struggle, as I have remarked, is bound to be inconclusive. No one of the three central areas is able to conquer definitely the other central areas, and therefore no one state power can in fact rule the world. This will not, however, prevent the struggle from taking place. The new world political system based on a small number of super-states will still leave problems - more, perhaps, than a unified single world-state; but it will be enough of a solution for society to keep going. 2.1 In the following quotes, the page numbers in 1984 are firstly given for a hardback edition: George Orwell: Animal Farm, Burnese Days, A Clergyman's Daughter, Coming Up-Or Air, Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Nineteen Eighty-Four , Secker Warburg/Octopus, London, 1976. Page numbers are then given for the paperback edition: Penguin, Harmondsworth 1955. Orwell, as a Trotskyist, makes Trotsky (a Jew) the hero in both Animal Farm and 1984 . In Animal Farm , the horse Snowball is modelled on Trotsky. In 1984 , the underground leader Goldstein is modelled on Trotsky: . the face of Goldstein . Help Kindergarten? was a lean Jewish face, wit h . a small goatee beard (p.

749; p. 13 in the Penguin paperback). Personally, I find this offensive, because Trotsky helped set up the Red Terror. On which see worst.html. Orwell should have known better; but his view of the USSR was being shaped by Descriptive words, Trotsky, whose organisation Orwell was in . Burnham was in it too; but in The Managerial Revolution he shows an Www cpm help awareness that the USSR was NEVER the Workers' State Trotsky told the Descriptive words, public it had been (before Stalin). It was ALWAYS a Managerial State. Gereralising the figure Goldstein: in Age of exploration essay the novel 1984 Goldstein (the hero who resists Big Brother) is verbs, a Jew. Today, what with the Holocaust Industry the laws against Hate speech, which define it in terms of subjective criteria (someone feels offense), it's those who criticise Judaism Jewish power who feel that they are the ones taking on the Thought Police . a nice reversal of roles compared to help, the scenario in 1984 . but more like the situation in the USSR before Stalin. O'Brien's Inquisitor says to him : Later, in the twentieth century, there were the totalitarians , as they were called. They were the German Nazis and the Russian Communists. The Russians persecuted heresy more cruelly than the Inquisition had done. Descriptive Words Verbs? And they imagined that they had learned from the mistakes of the past; they knew , at any rate, that one must not make martyrs . Before they exposed their victims to public trial, they deliberately set themselves to destroy their dignity.

They wore them down by Essays for college scholarships xbox, torture and solitude until they were despicable, cringing wretches, confessing whatever was put into their mouths . And yet after only a few years . The dead men had become martyrs and Descriptive verbs, their degradation was forgotten. . In the first place, because the confessions that they had made were obviously extorted and untrue. We do not make mistakes of Www cpm org homework that kind. (p. 889; pp. 203-4 in the Penguin paperback). This passage proves conclusively: Orwell is warning us NOT about the SOVIET UNION but about OUR OWN SOCIETY. Here. Words? Now.

2.2 During the Cold War, readers of 1984 in the West identified the terror with the USSR. The book was a potent weapon which made its readers fear the USSR. It shows how much Trotskyists hated Stalin. A whole swag of Anti-Communists broadly sympathetic to Website answers funny, Marxism, or Zionism, or a World State - Jews like Arthur Koestler (koestler.html), non-Jews like Orwell, H. Descriptive Verbs? G. Wells, Bertrand Russell - could never admit that Stalin had wrested control from the non-theistic Jews ( philos.html). This is one of the great Denials of our time. Even then, Stalin relied on Jews to help run the help, USSR and, later, the East European satellites. But my view is, he stole their conspiracy. The Cold War was, not so much against Communism per words, se, as against Stalin, against the Russian communists who overthrew Trotskyism . Trotsky kept from his Western followers, his own role in setting up the Red Terror (worst.html). And that it was set up by Website answers funny, a faction of words non-theistic Jews (ginsberg.html). And those followers did not bother to find out the facts.

Had Trotsky retained power, they would have been his apparchiks fellow-travellers in the West, and Reading project reading, acting together they may have delivered us to words, a World State (opensoc.html). The forced collectivisation Stalin implemented, was actually a policy of Trotsky. It failed in Ukraine, and Essays for college xbox, was not implemented in Eastern Europe, where farms remained in private hands. So Stalin is a hero, but only in a negative way. He gave them a taste of Descriptive their own medicine.

Both Trotsky and Stalin lived by the sword and died by the sword (death-of-stalin.html). 2.3 Joseph Nedava writes in his book Trotsky and the Jews (The Jewish Publication Society of writing paper thesis America, Philadelphia, 5732 /1972): This realization, apparently, was also what psychologically motivated George Orwell to give a Jewish coloring to the Opposition in his nightmarish Oceania in 1984 . In this book the leader of the Opposition and the writer of The Book ( The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism ), which attempts to answer the un-answerable question of Why?, is Emmanuel Goldstein . The Brotherhood may have something to do with Trotsky's Fourth Internationale . It should also be recalled that Orwell was a member of the Trotskyite P.O.U.M. during the Spanish Civil War in Descriptive the 1930s, and he was certainly acquainted with Trotsky's writings. Genetics Homework Kindergarten? Deutscher is of the words, opinion that it was from Trotsky-Bronstein that he [Orwell] took the few sketchy biographical data and even the physiognomy and the Jewish name for Emmanuel Goldstein; and the fragments of 'the book,' which take up so many pages in 1984, are an obvious, though not very successful, paraphrase of Trotsky's The Revolution Betrayed . Www Cpm Help? Russia in Transition (New York, 1960), p. Descriptive? 261. (3) Wittfogel's Oriental Despotism James Burnham shows that the USSR was always a Managerial State, never a Workers' State.

Karl A. Wittfogel was writing on the same lines as Burnham. In his book Oriental Despotism (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1957) , he makes an acknowledgement to Burnham on p. 48 , footnote a: a. Homework Help? Social science is indebted to James Burnham for pointing to the power potential inherent in managerial control . The present inquiry stresses the importance of the Descriptive words, general (political) organizer as compared not only to the technical specialist (see Veblen, 1945: 441ff.), but also to the economic manager. This, however, does not diminish the author's appreciation of the contribution made by Burnham through his concept of managerial leadership. Once a Communist of the Www cpm org homework help, anti-Stalinist (Trotskyist) camp, Wittfogel turned against not only Descriptive Stalin but also makes direct criticisms of Marx, Lenin Trotsky . For Wittfogel as for Arthur Koestler, the Nazi-Soviet Pact of thesis 1939 was the final straw. Wittfogel joined the German Communist Party in 1920, and was a member of the Frankfurt School between 1925 and 1933. Descriptive Verbs? Its other leading members were Jewish, and Wittfogel fits the pattern of Jewish Bolsheviks who abandoned ship through Stalin's seizing power. Evidence of Jewish ancestry or identity has not been presented, but the Christian religion was sometimes a cover for Genetics kindergarten, Jews who had assimilated but retained a Jewish identity. Leo Amery, author of the Balfour Declaration, is a modern example of Descriptive words verbs a covert Jew: balfour.html. He fits into the Trotskyist camp, but once he turned against Communism he abandoned Trotsky too. He says that Lenin criticised the Tsar's regime as an Asiatic Despotism, but before 1917 Lenin changed his tune and even acknowledged that the next revolution might bring an Asiatic Restoration. On p. Help Kindergarten? v Wittfogel acknowledges a long-term debt to the Rockefeller Foundation.

' Marx generally overstated the oppressiveness of Oriental society , which he held to be a system of Descriptive words verbs general slavery. Ironically, but suitably, that designation can, however, be used for answers funny, the new industrial apparatus society. We can truly say that the October revolution , whatever its expressed aims, gave birth to an industry-based system of general (state) slavery. ' (p. 441). He attributes the Asiatic Restoration in words the USSR to Help writing a research thesis, the Tatar legacy acquired during centuries of conquest by the East. At no point does he acknowledge the Jewish domination of the early USSR. This could be crucial for understanding the despotism - I believe it derives not from the Tatars but from the Fundamentalist Judaism of the East-European Jewish communities (who had not assimilated like the Jews of Western Europe). The Israeli Professor and dissident Israel Shahak repeatedly says in verbs his book book Jewish History, Jewish Religion that Judaism has a totalitarian streak (on pp.

10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 102, and 103): shahak1.html. The Jewish religion's harsh condemnation of homework help pagans (goyim), the nations; its insistence on separation from them; its depiction of God's People's unending battle with its opponents; these are the origin of the hardness. If this be the source, then it might offer the prospect of a less-severe Managerial State one day, not burdened by this Jewish bitterness or, equally, by a white separatist prejudice. The Managerial State clearly offers full employment in a way that Capitalism does not; could there be a variant which also allows more personal freedom? Is the Confucian Renaissance producing such variants? It seems not. Descriptive? So far, every modern Managerial State has been based on a higher tribalism of some sort.

For Jews to admit the Jewish creation domination of the writing a research paper thesis career, early USSR, is comparable to Whites admitting the Descriptive words, White conquest of the New World. No progess can be made towards an alternative to Capitalism, without both admissions: this, and other mutual confessions, is the Website for homework answers funny, key to any new Socialism. I have named this site Neither Aryan Nor Jew, in this hope. Is the Asia Model a Confucian Renaissance, as Reg Little calls it? confucian-renaissance.html. Or an Oriental Despotism, as Wittfogel would call it: wittfogel.html. Chapter 2 of Oriental Despotism is called Hydraulic Economy - a Managerial and Genuinely Political Economy . (4) James Burnham, The Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom , Gateway Editions, Washington 1987; first published 1943. For a background on Machiavelli see toolkit2.html. Gaetano Mosca's book The Ruling Class : mosca.html. REFLECTIONS ON RE-READING THE MACHIAVELLIANS

James Burnham's The Machiavellians (1943) is the least known and most important of his books . It is the Descriptive words verbs, most important because it contains a clear expression of Help thesis career his social philosophy of freedom, which is not limited to his oppostion to Descriptive verbs, communism and to what he calls private capitalism. He also defends his belief in a pluralist society, in org homework which power restrains power and the right of public opposition to the rulers, whoever they are, is the heart of freedom and is sustained forever. Many of his critics and verbs, his followers are unaware of the Age of exploration, actual nature of James Burnham's commitment to freedom in a book whose very title seems to suggest something quite different . After all, the very word Machiavellian in verbs popular discourse has the connotation of writing a research paper thesis political cunning, duplicity, and bad faith; and Descriptive words, the great social thinkers of the past, Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, and Roberto Michels, whom Burnham classifies as Machiavellians , are conventionally more notable for their criticisms of the possibility of democracy than as protagonists of human freedom. It is Website for homework answers funny, well known that Pareto was honored by Mussolini, and Michels was welcomed by syndicalist elements among Italian fascists. In undertaking a vindication of Machiavelli and of the three great Italian social philosophers as protagonists of human freedom, James Burnham has offered a challenging reinterpretation of some accepted views in the history of Descriptive verbs ideas. It is certainly not decisive about the meaning of a doctrine or. thinker that a political figure of movement seeks to exploit it or him for his or its own purposes. Not everyone who claims paternity for Help writing career, his views in Nietzsche, Marx, or Pareto is justified in Descriptive verbs doing so. The basic question is the validity of Burnham's assessment of the doctrines he attributes to the modern Machiavellians.

A personal word or two may be in order concerning the period during which Burnham wrote this book. Website Answers Funny? We were colleagues in the Department of Philosophy at Washington Square College, New York University, of words verbs which I was Chairman. Burnham was a very effective teacher who offered elective courses in aesthetics, Dante, and Aquinas. He was very familiar with Machiavelli's works. He became acquainted with the ideas of Mosca, Michels, and Pareto through my pointing out their criticisms of Marxism and socialism . During the late 30's when Burnham subcribed to the Marxist outook, he was not impressed by their criticisms. It was only after he broke with Trotskyism that his intellectual odyssey led him to repudiate Leninism, Marxism, and other varieties of socialism . Help Writing A Research Thesis? It was then that he carefully read the works of words Mosca, Michels, and Pareto, accepted the basic validity of their analyses, and interpreted them as a confirmation of his own non-Utopian conception of a free society. In referring to for college scholarships xbox, The Machiavellians as the words, most important of James Burnham's books, some readers may think I have erred because Burnham's public recognition began two years earlier, in 1941, with the publication of Essays for college scholarships The Managerial Revolution . Words Verbs? In that book, he argues that Marxism had misconceived the nature of the true revolution of our time and that the effective ruling class in all industrialized societies was the managers - the technologists, engineers, and bureaucrats - without whom no economy could func- tion.

Although he tried to assimilate his predictions about the existing and growing power of the managerial elite to Genetics homework kindergarten, the thesis of The Machiavellians , the two themes are logically independent of each other. Shortly before The Managerial Revolution was published, Stalin was shooting Soviet managers out of Descriptive words verbs hand, and shortly thereafter Hitler's managers kowtowed to the wildest instructions of their ideological Party mentors. The burden of the argument of The Machiavellians is that whatever group, class, or elite , including managers, exercises directing power in any society, institutional ways must be found to limit this authority in the genuine interest of freedom. The normal processes of political democracy cannot do this unless they develop methods of preventing official or unofficial monopolies of essay power, which in the nature of the case they cannot do . Why not? For several reasons developed in greater detail by Mosca, Pareto, and Michels.

Mosca argues that majority rule , without which democracy cannot exist, is literally impossible. In every society, regardless of its political form, an organized minority constitutes the actual ruling class. It rules by myths that unify society and facilitate the Descriptive words verbs, acquisition of the habits that keep the ruled in a research career their accustomed grooves of behavior. In times of stress when the verbs, ruled see through the myths and become restive, the rulers fall back on fraud to Reading and writing reading levels, retain their power. If the fraud is no longer accepted and resistance begins, the rulers resort to naked force . Descriptive Words Verbs? Pareto argues that if the ruled revolt and succeed in overthrowing their rulers, it is not the people who come to power but the leaders of the exploration, people - a new elite replacing an old elite. Revolutions in effect are a circulation of elites into words verbs, and out of power. Pareto believed that Marx was right in stressing the fact that there is a class struggle. He was wrong in believing it would ever end. As soon as the. workers overthrow the Age of essay, capitalists, a new class, a new minority, whether of bureaucrats, intellectuals, commissars, or what not, come to power and enjoy the privileges of power.

In this sense the class struggle is words, sure to Genetics kindergarten, endure forever. Michels stressed that no mass movement can ever succeed without an organization . The very nature of an Descriptive words verbs organization dictates that some have more authority than others, else nothing gets done. Genetics Kindergarten? Authority means hierarchy, specialized functions, and consequent privileges. All this is historically verifiable, and inescapable. The result is the Descriptive words, iron law of oligarchy - which means that socialists or democrats may be victorious, when they have a majority, but socialism or democracy, never. For College? Leaders must take over in Descriptive words order to satisfy the needs of the led, which they do in their own way, on their own terms, and guided by their own interests. It follows from this that democracy as a form of self-government or a government in which the major decisions of government rest upon the freely given consent of a majority of the adult governed, or their representatives, is a myth . It is impossible. Burnham accepts this as having been established by the Machiavellian thinkers. But he refuses to for college, surrender the term democracy to its enemies to those who preface it with adjectives like new, directed, higher, organized, workers - all of which are semantic disguises for totalitarianism. He proceeds to redefine democracy as any political system in which liberty exists.

For Burnham, this means the public acceptance of the Descriptive, perennial right of opposition as an help absolute sine qua non of a free society. It is this commitment to a free society that underlies all of his subsequent works. As welcome as Burnham's acceptance of the right to dissent is, is the right to dissent a sufficient defini- tion of democracy? And prior to that, are the Descriptive words verbs, arguments of the Machiavellians compelling? Do they establish that democracy as a form of government is impossible, or rather that it is very difficult - requiring safeguards and unsleeping vigilance. Exploration? . PREFACE TO THE GATEWAY EDITION. This book was written a generation ago, a short time for mankind but long enough by an individual reckoning. There have been periods when, looking back a generation, one would have had to say: those dear (or damned) departed days belonged to another age, now vanished with the skirts and words, bonnets its women wore. I do not see it so, when, from this platform of 1963 I view once more the happenings of 1941 and 1942 through the memories opened up by Age of exploration, reading the proofs of the paragraphs I was writing then.

Those years of wars and revolutions, death camps and propaganda machines, the collapse of old orders and verbs, the wanderings of the peoples, belong most recognizably to the same age that is still ours in 1963. Most of the text is the Www cpm org homework help, more or less systematic exposition of the theories of Machiavelli and a small group of rather inaccessible more recent writers whom I call Machiavellians. Along with that there is a certain amount of commentary and illustration, in terms contemporary in 1941-2. The exposition is accurate, fair and probably sufficient for both understanding and judgment, so that it remains valid now, as then. Some of the commentary and words verbs, illustration strikes me as a little callow or archaic; but perhaps it is just as well not to lose too many illusions too early. (I have made a few changes in the text here and Help paper thesis, there, to untie it from too close links to what was its present, or to straighten obscurities.)

Writing this book was primarily, I suppose, as most books are for their authors, a matter of self-education; more particularly, of the words verbs, long re-education I had to undertake after seven Trotskyist years. I was grateful to these Machiavellians , and perhaps I gave them rather more than their due. Having come to Reading and writing reading levels, know something of the gigantic ideology of Bolshevism, I knew that I was noit going to be able to settle for Descriptive, the pygmy ideologies of Liberalism, social democracy, refurbished laissez-faireor the inverted, cut-rate Bolshevism called fascism. Writing A Research Thesis? Through the Machiavellians I began to Descriptive, understand more thoroughly what I had long felt: that only by renouncing all ideology can we begin to see the world and man . Kent, Connecticut February, 1963. 1. The Machiavellian Tradition. MACHIAVELLI lived and wrote during a great social revolution, through which feudal society, its economy, political arrangement, and Reading and writing reading levels, culture, were being replaced by the first stage of capitalist society. This revolution occupied a long period of time, and its boundaries cannot be given exact dates. Nevertheless, we may consider that it reached a decisive turning point during Machiavelli's own life, with the discovery of the New World , the rise of the Descriptive words verbs, first international stock exchanges, the Protestant religious revolution, the consolidation of the English national state under the Tudors, and Help a research paper thesis, the first appointment of Descriptive words bourgeois representatives - by Henry VIII - to the chief political offlces of a great kingdom.

We also live during a great social revolution, a revolution through which capitalist society is being replaced by what I have elsewhere defined as managerial society. Genetics Homework Kindergarten? It is, perhaps, the words, close analogy between our age and Machiavelli's that explains why the Machiavellian tradition, after centuries during which it was either neglected or misunderstood or merely repeated, has, in recent decades, been notably revived. Through the thought and research of a number of brilliant writers, Machiavellism has undergone a profound and extensive development. In The Managerial Revolution , published by the John Day Co. in 1941. The crisis of capitalist society was made plain by the first World War. With a far from accidental anticipation, much of the Essays xbox, chief work of the modern Machiavellians was done in the period immediately preceding that war. Gaetano Mosca, it is Descriptive verbs, true, had formulated many of Www cpm org homework his ideas as early as 1883, when he finished his first book, Teorica dei governi e gverno parlamentare . However, his mature and finished thought is presented, with the war experiences close at Descriptive hand, in the revised and expanded 1923 edition of Elementi di scienza politica , which is the basis of what has been translated into English as The Ruling Class . Georges Sorel's active career went on through the war, and ended with his death in for homework 1922. Robert Michels and Descriptive words verbs, Vilfredo Pareto were writing their major books when the war began. In a revolutionary transition, the struggle for power, which, during years of social stability, is Www cpm org homework help, often hidden or expressed through indirect and undramatic forms, becomes open and imperious. Machiavellism is concerned with politics, that is, with the struggle for power.

It seems natural, therefore, that its first appearance as well as its revival should be correlated with social revolution. The revolutionary crisis makes men, or at least a certain number of men, discontent with what in normal times passes for political thought and science - namely, disguised apologies for the status quo or utopian dreams of the future; and compels them to face more frankly the real issues. of power: some because they wish to understand more clearly the nature of the words verbs, world of Genetics help which they are a part, others because they wish also to Descriptive verbs, discover whether and in what way they might be able to Www cpm, control that world in the furtherance of Descriptive words their own ideals. . Gaetano Mosca, like all Machiavellians, rejects any monistic view of history - that is, any theory of Essays for college scholarships xbox history which holds tnat there is words verbs, one single cause that accounts for everything that happens in society. From the exploration essay, days, in the early centuries of Christianity, when the first philosophles of. history attributed all that happened to the Will of words God as sole causal principle, there have been dozens of Website funny examples of such monistic theories. Mosca examines three of them in some detail: the climatic theory, the Descriptive words verbs, racial theory, and the economic materialist theory, which maintain, respectively, that differences in climate, in race, or in funny methods of economic production, are able to words verbs, explain the course of history. He rejects all of these theories, not because of any prejudice against monism, but for that simple and final reason that seems to have no attraction for monists: because these theories do not accord with the facts. For Homework Answers? . Social and political events of the very greatest scope and Descriptive words, order - the exploration essay, collapse of the Descriptive, Roman Empire, the rise of Christianity, the advance of Islam - have occurred without any im- portant correlated change in the mode of scholarships xbox economic production; consequently the mode of production cannot be the sole cause of social change. The critique of these monistic views does not mean that Mosca wishes to substitute some similar view of his own, or, on the other hand, to deny that such factors as climate, race, or mode of production have causal influences in words verbs history. Climate, obviously, can change the Genetics kindergarten, course of words verbs events: some regions of the earth are literally uninhabitable, others so unhealthy or so arid that a high level of civilization cannot be supported by them (though a vigorous society learns to conquer unfavorable natural conditions); a drop in Essays for college scholarships xbox rainfall might lead to a migration.

Changes in the mode of economic production must unquestionably be recognized as one of the chief factors entering into the historical process: the Descriptive words, invention of new tools or machines, new ways of organizing work, new relationships of for college scholarships xbox economic ownership, may have vast repercussions throughout the social order. Even racial differences may conceivably affect political and Descriptive words verbs, social organization. For that matter, still other circumstances can influence history-new types of armaments or ways of fighting, to take an Website answers funny important example, or shifts in words religion and social beliefs. Mosca himself holds what is sometimes called an interdependence theory of historical causation: the view that there are a number of important factors that determine historical change that no one of these can be considered solely decisive, that they interact upon each other, with changes in one field affecting and in turn being affected by changes in Genetics homework help others. He makes his critique of historical monism in verbs order to break down abstract approaches to history, to Genetics kindergarten, do away. with preconceptions of how things ought to be, and to force a concrete examination of the facts in verbs each specific problem rather than an adjustment of the facts to fit the writing thesis career, requirements of some schematic theory. Monistic theories of history, he believes, are a great obstacle to a recognition of the facts. His particular field is politics. He thinks that by a comparative and historical approach to the facts of political life it is possible to have a science of politics, though he is very modest in his hopes about what political science can at the present time accomplish, either in reaching general conclusions or in providing guides for action: Man neither creates nor destroys any of the forces of nature, but he can study their manner of words verbs acting and their interplay and kindergarten, turn them to his advantage. . Yet . in the social sciences in general the difficulties to Descriptive verbs, be overcome are enormously greater. Www Cpm Org Homework Help? . Man can much more easily study the phenomena of physics, chemistry or botany than he can his own instincts and words verbs, his own passions. . But then, even granting that . individuals can attain.

scientific results, it is highly problematical whether they can succeed in using them to for college, modify the words, political conduct of the great human societies. ( The Ruling Class , pp. 40-41.) Since the primary purpose of Machiavellians is to discover the truth, they do not feel required to make demagogic claims even about their own accomplishments. 2. The Ruling Class. IT IS characteristic of Machiavellian political analysis to be anti-formal, using formal in the sense which I have defined in the discussion of Dante's De Monarchia . That is, Machiavellians, in their investigations of and writing project reading levels political behavior, do not accept at face value what men say, think believe, or write. Whether it is the speech or letter or book of an individual, or a public document such as a constitution or set of laws or a party platform, Machiavellians treat it as only Descriptive verbs one fact among the larger set of social facts, and interpret its meaning always in relation to these other facts. In some cases, examination shows that the words can be accepted just as they stand; more often, as we found with De Monarchia , a divorce between formal and real meaning is for homework, discovered with the words distorting and words, disguising the real political behavior which they indirectly express. This anti-formal approach leads Mosca to note as a primary and universal social fact the exist- ence of two political classes, a ruling class - always a minority - and the ruled. . The existence of a minority ruling class is, it must be stressed, a universal feature of all organized societies of which we have any record. It holds no matter what the social and political forms - whether the society is feudal or capitalist or slave or collectivist, monarchical or oligarchical or democratic, no matter what the Help a research paper thesis career, constitutions and laws, no matter what the professions and beliefs. Mosca furthermore believes that we are fully entitled to conclude that this not only has been and is always the case, but that also it always will be. Descriptive? That it will be, follows, in the first place, from the univocal experience of the past: since, under all conditions, it has always been true of political organization, it must be presumed that it is Website for homework funny, a constant attribute of political life and will continue to hold for the future.

However, the conclusion that there will always be a minority ruling class can be further demonstrated in another way. By the Descriptive, theory of the ruling class Mosca is refuting two widespread errors which, though the opposite of each other, are oddly enough often both believed by the same person. Essay? The first , which comes up in discussions of words tyranny and dictatorship and is familiar in Www cpm org homework help today's popular attacks on contemporary tyrants, is that society can be ruled by a single individual . But, Mosca observes, the man who is at the head of the state would certainly not be able to govern without the support of a numerous class to Descriptive, enforce respect for a research paper thesis career, his orders and to have them carried out; and granting that he can make one individual, or indeed many individuals, in the ruling class feel the weight of his power, he certainly cannot be at odds with the class as a whole or do away with it. Even if that were possible, he would at once be. forced to create another class, without the support of which action on his part would be com pletely paralyzed. (P. 51.) The other error, typical of democratic theory, is that the masses, the majority , can rule themselves . . Nor is this rule at all suspended in the case of governments resting in form upon universal suffrage. . Few who have paid attention to the political facts, rather than to Descriptive words verbs, theories about these facts, in the United States, will disagree with the account as it applies to this country. Within the exploration, ruling class, it is usually possible to distinguish roughly two layers: a very small group of top leaders, who among themselves occupy the highest and key positions of the society; and a much larger group of secondary figures - a middle class, as it could properly be called - who, though not so prominent nor so much in the limelight, constitute the day-to-day active directors of the community life . Just as Mosca believes that the individual supreme leader is unimportant to the fate of a society, compared to Descriptive verbs, the ruling class, so does he believe that this secondary level of the ruling class is, in the long run at least, more decisive than the top.

Below the highest stratum in the ruling class, there is always, even in autocratic systems, another that is for college scholarships xbox, much more numerous and comprises all the capacities for leadership in the country. Without such a class any sort of social organization would be impossible. Verbs? The higher stratum would not in for homework funny itself be sufficient for leading and directing the activities of the masses. In the last analysis, therefore, the stability of any political organism depends on the level of morality, intelligence and Descriptive verbs, activity that this second stratum has attained. . Any intellectual or moral deficiencies in this second stratum , accordingly, represent a graver danger to the political structure, and one. that is harder to repair, than the presence of similar deficiencies in for college the few dozen persons who control the workings of the state machine. . (Pp. Words Verbs? 404-5

From the point of view of the theory of the ruling class, a society is the society of its ruling class. A nation's strength or weakness, its culture , its powers of endurance, its prosperity, its decadence, depend in the first instance upon the nature of its ruling class . More particularly, the way in which to study a nation, to for homework answers funny, understand it, to predict what will happen to it, requires first of all and primarily an analysis of the ruling class. Descriptive Words Verbs? Political history and political science are thus predominantly the history and science of ruling classes , their origin, development, composition, structure, and changes. . However arbitrary this idea of homework help history as the history of ruling classes may seem to be, the truth is that all historians, in practice even such historians as Tolstoy or Trotsky, whose general theories directly contradict it - are compelled to write in terms of it. If for no other reason, this must be because the great mass of mankind leaves no record of itself except insofar as it is exppressed or led by outstanding and noteworthy persons . . There is an ambiguity, which is noted by Professor Livingston, in verbs Mosca's concept of the ruling class. Mosca considers himself a political scientist rather than a sociologist, and tries, some of the time, to restrict his field to politics rather than to general social behavior. If literally translated from the Italian, his phrase would usually be political class, or governing class, rather than ruling class. In his writings his meaning seems to and writing, shuttle between the narrower concept of a governing class - that is, the class directly or indirectly concerned with the specific business of government - and the more general concept of a social elite - that is, the class of verbs all those in a society who are differentiated from the masses by the possession of some kind of power or privilege , many of whom may have no specific relation to Age of exploration, government. However, this ambiguity does not affect Mosca's argument to words verbs, any considerable degree; and if we judge by the context, the general concept of an Www cpm elite is usually more appropriate to his meaning. What seems to have happened is that Mosca began his work in the narrower field of politics, with the narrower concept in mind. His political inquiries then led hirn outward into the. wider field of social action, since the political field could not be understood apart from the background of the whole social field.

The idea of the political class expanded its meaning into the idea of Descriptive words verbs a social elite without an explicit discussion of the change. In later Machiavellian thought - in Pareto, particularly - the Essays scholarships xbox, wider meaning of elite is consistently employed . We should further note that in stating the theory of the ruling class, Mosca is not making a moral judgment, is words verbs, not arguing that it is Reading and writing project levels, good, or bad , that mankind should be divided into rulers and ruled. I recently read, in a review by a well-known journalist, that this country will never accept a theory of the elite - as if it is wicked to talk about such things, and noble to words, denounce them. The scientific problem, however, is Essays scholarships, not whether this country or any other will accept such theories, but whether the theories are true. . 3. Composition and Descriptive words, Character of the Ruling Class. MOSCA rejects the many theories which have tried to apply the Darwinian theory of kindergarten evolution directly to social life. He finds, however, a social tendency that is indirectly analogous to the process of biological evolution . The outcome of this struggle for pre-eminence is the decision who shall be , or continue to be, members of the ruling class . . He finds that the Descriptive words verbs, possession of certain qualities is useful in all societies for gaining admittance to the ruling class, or for staying within it. Deep wisdom, altruism , readiness at self-sacrifice, are not among these qualities, but, on the contrary, are usually hindrances. . The best method of all for entering the ruling class is to be born into it - though, it may be observed, inheritance alone will not suffice to keep a family permanently among the rulers. Like Machiavelli here also, Mosca attributes not a little to fortune. . To mention simple examples: in a society which lives primarily by fishing, the expert fisherman has an advantage; the skilled warrior, in a predominantly military society; the able priest, in a profoundly religious group; and so on. Considered as keys to rule, such qualities as these are variable; if the conditions of life change, they change, for when religion declines, the priest is no longer so important, or when fishing changes to agriculture, the fisherman naturally drops in the social scale. Thus, changes in the general conditions of life are correlated with far-reaching changes in the composition of the ruling class.

The various sections of the ruling class express or represent or control or lead what Mosca calls social forces , which are continually varying in number and importance. By social force Mosca means any human activity which has significant social and political influence. . A given ruling class rules over a given society precisely because it is essay, able to Descriptive verbs, control the major social forces that are active within that society. If a social force - religion, let us say - declines in Age of essay importance, then the words verbs, section of the ruling class whose position was dependent upon control of Genetics help religion likewise, over a period, declines. If the entire ruling class had been based primarily upon religion, then the Descriptive verbs, entire ruling class would change its character (if it were able to Age of exploration essay, adapt itself to the new conditions) or would (if it could not adapt itself) be overthrown. Similarly, if a new major social force develops - commerce, for example, in a previously agricultural society, or applied science - then either the existing ruling class proves itself flexible enough to gain leadership over this new force (in part, no doubt, by absorbing new members into Descriptive verbs, its ranks); or , if it does not, the leadership of the new force grows up outside of the writing thesis career, old class, and in time constitutes a revolutionary threat against the old ruling class, challenging it for supreme social and political power. Thus, the growth of new social forces and the decline of old forces is in general correlated with the constant process of change and dislocation in the ruling class.

A ruling class expresses its role and position through what Mosca calls a political formula . This formula rationalizes and justifies its rule and the structure of the society over which it rules. The formula may be a racial myth, as in Germany under a Nazi regime or in this country in relation to Descriptive words, the Negroes or the yellow races: rule is then explained as the natural prerogative of the superior race. Or it may be a divine right doctrine , as in the theories elaborated in Reading and writing project levels con- nection with absolutist monarchies of the words verbs, 16th and 17th centuries or traditional Japanese imperialism: then rule is explained as following from Website answers, a peculiar relationship to divinity, very often in fact from direct blood descent (such formulas were very common in Descriptive verbs ancient times, and have by no means lost all efflcacy). Or, to cite the formula most familiar to us , and functioning now in this country, it is a belief in the will of the and writing reading, people : rule is then said to follow legitimately from the verbs, will or choice of the people expressed through some t,vpe of suffrage. the special political formula employed within a given nation is often related to wider myths that are shared by a number of nations , so that several political formulas appear as variations on Essays for college scholarships xbox, similar basic themes.

Conspicuous among these wider myths are the great world religions - Christianity, Buddhism, Mohammedanism - which, unlike most earlier religions or still-continuing religions of the verbs, type of Japanese Shintoism, are not specifically bound up with a single nation or people; the for college, myth, probably best expressed by Rousseau, which is built out of such ideas as the innate goodness of man, the will of the people, humanitarianism, and progress; and the contemporary myth of collectivism, which, in Mosca's opinion, is the logical extension of the words, democratic Rousseau myth. Second, it may be seen from Www cpm org homework help, historical experience that the Descriptive words verbs, integrity of the political formula is essential for a research career, the survival of Descriptive verbs a given social structure. Changes in the formula , if they are not to destroy the society, must be gradual, not abrupt. The formula is indispensable for holding the social structure together. A widespread skepticism about the formula will in time corrode and disintegrate the social order. It is perhaps for this reason, half-consciously understood, that all strong and long-lived societies have cherished their traditions, even when, as is usually the case, these traditions have little relation to fact, and even after they can hardly be believed literally by educated men. Rome? Japan, Venice, all. such long-enduring states, have been very slow to change the old formulas, the time-honored ways and stories and rituals; and they have been harsh against rationalists who debunk them.

This, after all, was the crime for which Athens put Socrates to death. From the point of view of survival, she was probably right in doing so. 4. Reading? Tendencies in the Ruling Class. WITHIN all ruling classes, Mosca shows that it is possible to distinguish two principles, as he calls them, and Descriptive, two tendencies. These are, it might be said, the Help a research paper career, developmental laws of ruling classes. Their relative strength establishes the most important differences among various ruling classes.

The autocratic principle may be distinguished from the liberal principle. Descriptive? These two principles regulate, primarily, the method by which governmental officials and social leaders are chosen. In any form of political organization, authority is either transmitted from exploration essay, above downvard in the political or social scale [ the autocratic principle ], or from words verbs, below upward [ the liberal principle ]. (p. 394.) Neither principle violates the general law that society is divided into Essays for college scholarships xbox, a ruling minority and a majority that is ruled; the liberal principle does not mean, no matter how extended, that the masses in fact rule, but simply gives a particular form to Descriptive words, the election of leadership . Moreover, it is exploration, seldom, probably never, that one of the two principles. operates alone within a ruling class. They are usually mixed, with one or the other dominant.

Certain absolute monarchies or tyrannies show the closest approximation to a purely autocratic principle, with all positions formally dependent upon appointment by the despot. Words Verbs? Some small city-states, such as Athens at certain times in its history, have come very close to a purely liberal principle, with all officials chosen from below - though the voters were at Website answers funny the same time a restricted group. In the United States, as in most representative governments of the Descriptive verbs, modern kind, both principles are actively at work. The greater part of the bureaucracy and much of the judiciary, especially the Federal judiciary, is an expression of the autocratic principle; the scholarships, President himself, as well as the members of Congress, are selected according to the liberal mode. Each principle in practice displays typical advantages and defects. Autocracy has been by far the more common of the two . Autocracy, moreover, seems to words, endow societies over which it operates with greater stability and longer life than does the liberal principle. Writing Paper Thesis? When autocracy is functioning well, it can bring about the deliberate selection of the ablest leadership from all strata of society to perform the words, various tasks of the state. However, in compensation, autocracy seems unable to permit a free and full development of all social activities and forces - no autocracy has ever stimulated so intense a cultural and intellectual life as have developed under some of the shorter-lived liberal systems, such as those of Greece and western Europe. And in the selection of leaders by the autocrat and his immediate clique, favoritism and personal prejudice easily take the place of objective judgment of merit, while the method encourages sycophancy and slavishness on the part of the candidates. The liberal principle , conversely, stimulates more than the autocratic the development of varied social potentialities. At the org homework help, same time, it by Descriptive words, no means avoids the Age of essay, formation of closed cliques at words the top , such as are usually found in autocracies; the mode of formation of such cliques is merely different . In order to for college scholarships, reach high station in an autocracy it is sufficient to have the support of one or more persons, and that is Descriptive verbs, secured by exploiting all their passions, good and bad.

In liberal systems one has to steer the inclinations of at least the whole second stratum of the ruling class, which, if it does not in itself constitute the Www cpm org homework help, electorate, at least supplies the words verbs, general staffs of leaders who form the Genetics homework kindergarten, opin- ions and determine the conduct of the electing body. Descriptive? (P. 410.) . In terms of this definition, there can be, as there have often been, in spite of a research paper thesis career common opinion to the contrary, autocracies which are primarily democratic in tendency, and liberal systems which are largely aristocratic. The most remarkable example of the former is the Catholic Church, which is almost perfectly autocratic, but at the same time is words, always recruiting new members of its hierarchy from the masses. And Writing Reading? Hitler, in Mein Kampf , observes that the rule of celibacy compels the Church to remain thus democratic in its policy of recruitment, and he concludes that this is a principal source of the Church's strength and power of endurance. On the other hand, modern England, during many generations, was in many respects liberal, but, by various devices, preserved an aristocratic continuity in the membership of its ruling class. This was also the case in many of the ancient city-states which had liberal extensions of the suffrage to all citizens, but restrictions on eligibility to Descriptive verbs, office which kept rule in the hands of a small group of families . . A revolutionary movement ordinarily proclaims that its aim is to do away with all privileges of birth, but invariably, once it is in power, the aristocratic tendency reasserts itself, and a new ruling group crystallizes out from the revolution. . The fact of the matter, however, is that both. of these tendencies, aristocratic and democratic, are always operative within every society. The heavy predominance of one of Reading project levels them is usually the occasion or the aftermath of a period of rapid and often revolutionary social change. 5. The Best and Descriptive, Worst Governments. MOSCA, like Machiavelli, does not stop with the descriptive analysis of political life. He states plainly his own preferences, his opinions about what types of Www cpm org homework government are best, what worst.

Naturally, as is the case with all Machiavellians, his goal is not anything supernatural or utopian; to be the best, a government must be first of all possible. He does no dreaming about Descriptive, a perfect state or absolute justice. In fact, Masca suggests what I had occasion to mention in connection with Dante: namely, that political doctrines which promise utopias and absolute justice are very likely to lead to much worse social effects than doctrines less entrancing in appearance; that utopian programs may even be the most convenient of cloaks for those whose real aims are most rightly suspect. Age Of Essay? The impossibility of attaining absolute justice, however, does not render useless an effort after what measure of approximate justice is possible in the actual social world that we inhabit. . Again following Machiavelli, the words, dominant element in exploration essay Mosca's conception of that relative justice which he thinks possible as well as desirable is liberty.

The meaning of liberty he makes more precise by defining it in terms of what he calls juridical defense. The social mechanisms that regulate this disciplining of the moral sense constitute what we call 'juridical defense' (respect for law, government by law). . It will further be noted that our view is contrary to the doctrine of Rousseau, that man is good by nature but that society makes. him wicked and perverse. We believe that social organization provides for the reciprocal restraint of human individuals by one another and so makes them better, not by destroying their wicked instincts, but by words verbs, accustoming them to controlling their wicked instincts. (Pp. 126-7.) . Juridical defense, then, means government by law and due process - not merely formally, in funny the words of constitutions or statutes, but in fact; it means a set of impersonal restrictions on those who hold power, and correlatively a set of protections for the individuals against the state and Descriptive verbs, those who have power. The specific forms of juridical defense include the familiar democratic rights: In countries that have so far rightly been reputed free, private property cannot be violated arbitrarily. A citizen cannot be arrested and condemned unless specified rules are observed.

Each person can follow the religion of his choice without forfeiture of his civil and political rights. The press cannot be subjected to. censorship and Reading project levels, is free to discuss and criticize acts of government. Finally, if they conform with certain rules, citizens can meet to engage in discussions of a political character, and they can form associations for the attainment of moral, political or professional ends. (Pp. 469-70.) Of all these rights, Mosca considers the right of Descriptive words public discussion - of free speech, as we usually call it - the most important, and the strongest foundation of juridical defense as a whole. Essays Scholarships Xbox? . But what is it that makes possible a high level of juridical defense and of civilization? With the answer to this question we come to what is perhaps the most profound and most important of all Mosca's ideas, though it, also, has its source in Machiavelli. Mosca's answer, moreover, is sharply at Descriptive variance with many accepted theories, and particularly opposed to the arguments of almost all the spokesmen o the ruling class. The mere formal structure of laws and constitutions, or of institutional arrangements, cannot. guarantee juridical defense . Constitutions and laws, as we certainly should know by now, need have no relation to Genetics help kindergarten, what happens - Hitler never repealed the Weimar Constitution, and Stalin ordered the adoption of the most democratic constitution in the history of the world.

Nor can the most formally perfect organizational setup : one-house or two- or three-house legislatures, independent or responsible executives, kings or presidents, written or unwritten constitutions, judges appointed or elected - decisions on words verbs, these formalities will never settle the problem. Nor will any doctrine , nor any reliance on the good will of whatever men, give a guarantee : the men who want and are able to get power never have the Age of exploration, necessary kind of good will, but always seek, for themselves and their group, still more power. In real social life, only power can control power. Juridical defense can be secure only Descriptive where there are at work various and opposing tendencies and forces, and where these mutually check and restrain each other . Help? Tyranny, the worst of Descriptive words verbs all governments, means the loss of juridical defense; and juridical defense invariably disappears whenever one tendency or force in society succeeds in absorbing or suppressing all the others. Those who control the supreme force rule then without restraint. The individual has no protection against them. From one point of view, the protective balance must be established between the autocratic and liberal principles, and between the aristocratic and and writing reading levels, democratic tendencies. Monopoly by the aristocratic tendency produces a closed and verbs, inflexible caste system, and fossilization; the extreme of democracy brings an unbridled anarchy under which the whole social order flies to pieces. More fundamentally, there must be an approximate balance among the major social forces, or at the least a shifting equilibrium in which no one of these forces can overpower all the rest. . Freedom, in the world as it is, is thus the product of conflict and Help paper thesis, difference, not of unity.

and harmony. In these terms we see again the Descriptive words verbs, danger of idealism, utopianism, and kindergarten, demagogy. The idealists, utopians, and demagogues always tell us that justice and the good society will be achieved by the absolute triumph of their doctrine and their side. Descriptive Verbs? The facts show us that the Reading project reading, absolute triumph of any side and any doctrine whatsoever can only mean tyranny . . By 1923, when Mosca revised his major book ( the Descriptive words verbs, English translation is made from this revised version), he had come to the conclusion that the great parliamentary-representative governments of the Genetics homework help, 19th century had reached the highest level of civilization and juridical defense so far known. in history. In many ways, this was a remarkable opinion for Mosca to have held. The chief theme of his entire work is a devastating attack on the entire theoretical basis of democratic and parliamentary doctrine . He gives not a little space to a withering exposure of concrete abuses under modern parliamentary government. In his critique of collectivism, he states: The strength of the socialist and anarchist doctrines lies not so much in their positive as in their negative aspects - in their minute, pointed, merciless criticism of our present organization of society (p. Words Verbs? 286), and Website for homework answers funny, he holds that the criticism is largely justified. Nevertheless, Mosca does not expect utopia or absolute justice.

Societies must be judged relatively; the least evil is concretely the best ; and the 19th century parliamentary nations, with all their weaknesses, were comparatively superior to any others that have yet existed. In their governmental structures, the autocratic principle, functioning through the bureaucracy, balanced the liberal principle, expressed in the parliaments . Descriptive? The aristocratic tendencies of birth and and writing project reading, inheritance were checked by a perhaps unprecedented ease with which vigorous new members were able to enter the ruling class. Above all, under these governments there occurred an astounding expansion not of one or a restricted few social forces, but of a great and rich variety, with no one force able to words, gain exclusive predominance over the rest. Commerce as well as the arts, education and for college scholarships xbox, science, technology and literature, all were able to flourish. His judgment on these governments thus follows from his general principles; he does not praise parliamentary government for its own sake, but because, under the specific cir- cumstances of the 19th century, it was accompanied by words verbs, this relatively high level of civilization and juridical defense.

From his favorable judgment, however, Mosca did not conclude that the Reading project, 19th century form of words parliamentary government was necessarily going to last. . The War of 1914, he believed, marked the end of an age that could be considered as having begun with the French Revolution, in 1789. The parliamentary governments were the Help, great social achievement of words verbs that age; but the age was ending. In the new age, just beginning, these governments would be displaced. It was conceivable, he thought, that the new organization of society should be superior to the parliamentary-representative system . But the depth of the crisis into which he understood that Europe had, with the first World War, irrevocably entered, suggested the org homework, probability of attempts at extreme and catastrophic solutions. Descriptive Words? These, he believed, could lead only toward the destruction of liberty and a decline in the level of civilization.

Though a small reserve of optimism was permissible, pessimism was on the whole called for by the Genetics homework help, facts. . Once they slaughtered and persecuted over the interpretation of a dogma, or of a passage in the Bible. Then they slaughtered and persecuted in order to inaugurate the kingdom of liberty, equality and fraternity. Today they are slaughtering and persecuting and fiendishly torturing each other in the name of other creeds. Perhaps tomorrow they will slaughter and torment each other in words verbs an effort to banish the last trace of violence and injustice from the Age of essay, earth! (p. 198.) 1. The Nature of the Present. I SHALL now summarize the main principles of Machiavellism, those principles which are common to all Machiavellians and which, taken together, define Machiavellism as a distinctive tradition of political thought. Descriptive Verbs? . 1. An objective science of politics . is Help a research thesis career, possible. Descriptive Words Verbs? . and will in no way be dependent. upon the Website funny, acceptance of Descriptive verbs some particular ethical aim or ideal. (Contrary views hold that a science of politics is not possible, because of the peculiarity of human nature or for some similar reason; or that political analysis is always dependent upon some practical program for the improvement - or destruction - of society; or that any political science must be a class science - true for the bourgeoisie, but not for the proletariat, as, for example, the Help a research thesis career, Marxists claim.) 2. The primary subject-matter of political science is the Descriptive words, struggle for social power in its diverse open and concealed forms. . 3. Www Cpm Org Homework Help? The laws of political life cannot be discovered by an analysis which takes men's words and beliefs, spoken or written, at their face value. . 5. For an understanding of the social process, the most significant social division to be recognized is that between the Descriptive words verbs, ruling class and Age of exploration essay, the ruled, between the elite and the non-elite. . 8. The rule of the elite is based upon force and words verbs, fraud.

The force may, to be sure, be much of the time hidden or only threatened; and the fraud may not entail any conscious deception. . 9. The social structure as a whole is integrated and sustained by Essays for college scholarships, a political formula, which is usually correlated with a generally accepted religion, ideology, or myth. 11. Two opposing tendencies always operate in the case of every elite: (a) an aristocratic tendency whereby the elite seeks to Descriptive, preserve the ruling position of its members and their descendants, and to prevent others from Reading and writing levels, entering its ranks; (b) a democratic tendency whereby new elements force their way into the elite from below. . 12. In the long run, the second of these tendencies always prevails. From this it follows that no social structure is words verbs, permanent and no static utopia is possible. The social or class struggle always continues, and its record is history . (Contrary views conceive a possible stabilization of the Www cpm help, social structure. Descriptive? The class struggle, they say, can, should, and will be eliminated in Www cpm org homework a Heaven on Earth or a classless society, not understanding that the elimination of the class struggle would, like the elimination of blood-circulation in the individual organism, while no doubt getting rid of many ailments, at the same time mean death.) 13. There occur periodically very rapid shifts in the composition and structure of elites: that is, social revolutions. . 2. The Meaning of words verbs Democracy.

DEMOCRACY' is usually defined in some such terms as self-government or government by the people. Historical experience forces us to Reading reading levels, conclude that democracy, in this sense, is impossible. . The theory of democracy as self-government must, therefore, be understood as a myth , formula, or derivation. It does not correspond to any actual or possible social reality. Debates over the merits of the theory are almost wholly valueless in throwing light on verbs, social facts. It does not, however, follow that the theory of democracy (I continue to Website for homework, refer to democracy in the sense of self-government or government by the people) is without any influence on words verbs, the social structure. The theory does not correctly describe any social facts. No societies are governed by the people, by a majority; all societies, including societies called democratic, are ruled by a minority . . The democratic formula and the practice of suffrage do not mean the self-government of the Age of exploration, people by themselves . Descriptive Words? They do, however . exercise a particular kind of influence on the selection of members of the ruling class. Age Of Exploration Essay? When, for example, there exists in society an established. ruling class that uses a non-democratic formula (an aristocratic formula, let us say) to justify its position, the influence of the words, democratic formula and of the xbox, suffrage machinery tends to weaken the position of that established ruling class. In addition, the existence in verbs society of the suffrage machinery naturally tends to favor those individuals who are adept at using the machinery; just as, in a society where rule is founded directly on force, the writing a research paper thesis, ablest fighting men are favored against the rest.

We can see how this influence worked during the 18th century . At that time, there still existed in many nations an aristocratic section of the ruling class which used non-democratic formulas , and neither liked nor was able to manipulate the suffrage machinery. Under those conditions, the democratic formula and the introduction of wider suffrage machinery weakened the position of the older , non-democratic aristocracy , and Descriptive, greatly aided the newer, capitalist elite . The spread of the democratic formula and the electoral practices were an important, even essential, factor, in the rise of the capitalists to the dominant place in Website for homework funny the modern ruling class. . If we ask what are the words verbs, primary effects in our ovn time of the democratic formula of self- government and Www cpm org homework, the suffrage machinery, we must reply, as we noted in Part V, that they are to strengthen the international trend toward Bonapartism. It can hardly be denied that this trend exists, that it is the most indisputable political tendency of our generation. In every advanced nation we observe the evolution of the form of Descriptive words verbs government toward that wherein a small group of help leaders, or a single leader, claims to represent and words verbs, speak for the whole people . As the embodiment of the will of the whole people, the leader claims an unlimited authority, and Genetics homework help, considers all intermediary political bodies, such as parliaments or local governments, to be wholly dependent on the central sovereignty which can alone stand legitinately for the people. The regime is democratically legalized by the use of the suffrage mechanism in the form of plebiscites . These are the characteristics of Bonapartism . We find them completely developed in Germany and Russia ; and more and verbs, more closely approximated in England and the United States. Bonapartism is a type of government very dissimilar to what men in the 19th century ordinarily thought of Website for homework funny as democracy. Nevertheless, as we have already seen, Bonapartism does not violate the formula of words democracy nor the place assigned to suffrage. Rather can Bonapartist theory plausibly claim to be the logical as well as the Help writing a research paper career, historical culmination of the democratic formula , just as the Descriptive, plebiscite can claim to be the most perfect form of democratic suffrage.

The Bonapartist leader can regard himself, and be regarded, as the for college, quintessential democrat; his despotism is simply the omniotent people ruling and disciplining itself . This is just what the words verbs, Bonapartist leaders themselves, and their spokesmen, argue. When democracy is defined in terms of self-government, there can be no convincing democratic answer. When we translate formal meanings into real meanings, by the method used in Part I to unravel Dante's politics, the people's century, the century of the answers, common man, become, like the people's state and the classless society, variant expressions the real meaning of which is the century of political Bonapartism or the Bonapartist state. Up to this point, the analysis has accepted a definition of democracy in terms of self-government or government by the people. The. analysis holds only for democracy interpreted in this way. The truth is, however, that there are other meanings commonly associated with the word democracy, which have nothing to do with self-government. . Democracy so defined , in terms of liberty , of the words, right of opposition , is Help writing paper career, not in the least a formula or myth . . It is a fact that today there exists more liberty, much more, in verbs England or the United States, than in answers funny Germany, Russia, Italy or Japan; and Descriptive, it is also a fact that in the United States today there is help, less liberty than 1 or even 2 or 3 years ago. The modern Machiavellians, like Machiavelli himself, do not waste time arguing the merits or demerits of the myth of democracy defined as self-government.

But they are very profoundly concerned with the reality of democracy defined as liberty . . Liberty or freedom means above all, as I have said, the existence of a public opposition to Descriptive verbs, the governing elite. The crucial difference that freedom makes to a society is found in the fact that the existence of a public opposition (or oppositions) is the only effective check on the power of the governing elite. Homework? . As anyone with experience in any organization knows, even a small opposition, provided it really exists and is active, can block to a remarkable degree the excesses of the leadership. But when all opposition is destroyed, there is no longer any limit to what power may do. A despotism, any kind of despotism, can be benevolent only by accident . Oriental Despotism , by words, Karl A. Essays For College? Wittfogel, who acknowledges a debt to Burnham at p. 48n: wittfogel.html It may, however, be argued, as it is by anarchists and by the sectarian wing of Marxism, that the influence of the opposition in restraining the power of the rulers is after all of small importance to Descriptive verbs, the non-elite, to the masses.

When an opposition exists, this means only that there is a division in the ruling class; if an Age of essay out-elite replaces the governing elite, this is only a change in words the personnel of the rulers. The masses remain still the ruled. Why should they be concerned? and Genetics kindergarten, of what interest is the whole process for Descriptive words verbs, the great majority? It is true that the opposition is only a section of the thesis career, elite as a whole. Descriptive Words Verbs? It is also true that when the Help writing a research paper, opposition takes governing power this is only a change of rulers. The demagogues of the opposition say that their victory will be the triumph of the people; but they lie, as demagogues always do. Nevertheless, the seeming conclusion does not follow; it is words, not true that the activities of the oppositions are a matter of indifference for the masses. Through a curious and for homework answers, indirect route. by way of words freedom, we return to self-government, which we were unable to Reading and writing project reading levels, discover by any direct path. The existence of an words opposition means a cleavage in the ruling class. Part of the struggle between sections of the ruling class is purely interna l. Maneuvers, intrigues, even assassinations take place in the course of the continual jockeying for position.

When, however, the opposition is public, this means that the conflicts cannot be solved merely by internal changes in the existing elite. The opposition is forced to Essays for college, undertake eternal moves, beyond the limits of the ruling class. . Confronted with this multiple attack, the governing elite, in order to try to keep control, is in verbs turn compelled to grant certain concessions and to correct at least some of the more glaring abuses. Reading? . It is only when there are several different major social forces, not wholly subordinated to any one social force, that there can be any assurance of liberty, since only then is there the mutual check and balance that is able to chain power. Descriptive Verbs? . From this point of view we may understand more fully the political direction of our democratic totalitarians . The state, they say, when it is led by their leader - and it will always be, because they take as their leader the one who happens to Www cpm, be in the saddle - is the people. Democracy is the supremacy of the people. Therefore, democracy is the supremacy of the state. The Marists and the democratic totalitarians claim that freedom can now be secured only by concentrating all social forces and especially economic forces in the state which, when they or their friends are running it, they identify with the people.

The conservative spokesmen for the old-line capitalists claim that freedom is bound up with capitalist private property and can therefore be secured only by returning to private capitalism. A dilemma confronts any section of the elite that tries to act scientifically. The political life of the masses and the cohesion of society demand the acceptance of myths . A scientific attitude toward society does not permit belief in the truth of the myths. Words? But the leaders must profess , indeed foster, belief in the myths, or the fabric of society will crack and they be overthrown . In short, the leaders, if they themselves are scientific, must lie . It is exploration, hard to lie all the time in public but to Descriptive, keep privately an objective regard for the truth. Not only is it hard; it is often ineffective, for lies are often not convincing when told with a divided heart. The tendency is for the deceivers to become self-deceived, to believe their own myths.

When this happens, they are no longer scientific. Org Homework? Sincerity is Descriptive words verbs, bought at Reading levels the price of truth. (5) James Burnham, The Struggle For the World , Jonathan Cape, London 1947. THE Third World War begn in words verbs April 1944 . The details of an incident tbt then took place have not been disclosed. . The Greek sailors . mutinied. It was not serious revols in either number or spirit. But the events that I hve begum by citing - the Website answers, Greek mutiny and civil war, the Chinese civil war, the Iranian conflict - . are not part of the Second World War, nor of its accompaniment nor afermath. . These tronbles are not a hangover, but the first sips in new bout. The armed skirmishes of a new war have started before the old war is finished. . The United Stites has made the Descriptive, irrversible jump into world affairs. It is committed everywhere, on very contiuent, in every major field of social action, and it can never again withdraw. In the Third World War, tbe United States, whatever the Age of essay, wishes of verbs its citizcns, is paper thesis career, one ofthe two dominating contestants. (6) James Burnham, The Coming Defeat of Communism , Jonathan Cape in assocation with Australasian Publishing Company, Sydney 1950. THE INADEQUACY OF U.S.

FOREIGN POLICY. AT some point during the spring of 1949, it became customary in the United States to say that 'we are winning the cold war'. In editorials, speeches and articles, U.S. foreign policy was judged and found not wanting. The Soviet Union was discovered to be blocked, and communism to be receding. 'The tension had lessened'; internal affairs began to take precedence again over foreign in the business of Congress and the plans of politicians. This optimistic estimate does not seem, however, to have been supported by the facts. . In 1949, the enemy power concentration is based upon a vast territory which includes the most favourable strategic position of the world, the heartland of Eurasia. This area, with its controlled marches, has a population of more than 400 million. Though technologically backward, the enemy's military machine is also formidable, and words verbs, he has at his disposal nearly all essential or important raw materials.

His fifth columns, not handicapped by overt chauvinism or racialism, have penetrated deep into Website, the tissue of all political organisms outside of his direct control, and are in their own right massive fighting forces. Moreover, except for the United States itself, there no longer exist any other counterbalancing power centres of any magnitude. Germany (the previous enemy concentration) and verbs, Japan have been broken; France dissolved; and Great Britain, with her Empire shorn and her economy in desperation, though by no means finished is no longer capable of independent action. (7) James Burnham, The Suicide of the West: An Essay on the Meaning and Age of exploration essay, Destiny of Liberalism , Regnery Gateway, Washington 1985. But, still, the West held the words, power . It held the power in western Europe itself, original home of the civilization, and in central Europe; in both Americas; all over Africa, Oceania and much of Asia . Over the past two generations Western civilization has been in a period of very rapid decline. . In the years 1917-21 . the Bolsheviks became not merely altogether separate from Western civilization but directly hostile. China shook off what hold the West had established on her territory. . The Indian subcontinent fell away , and step by step the Arab crescent that runs from Morocco to Indonesia, along with the exploration, rest of the Near and Middle East. . In 1959 communism's anti-Western enterprise achieved its first beachhead within the Descriptive verbs, Americas. It is like a film winding in reverse , with the West thrust backward reel by reel toward the and writing reading levels, original base from which it started its world expansion. When the communist enterprise takes fully over, it inflicts an words verbs outright defeat on the West and destroys or drives out the representatives of Western power. I mean, rather, in part, that liberalism has come to be the typical verbal systematization of the process of Western contraction and withdrawal : that liberalism motivates and Reading project, justifies the contraction , and reconciles us to verbs, it.

What is certain is Help writing paper, that a majority, and a substantial majority , of those who control or influence public opinion is liberal , that liberalism of one or another variety prevails among the Descriptive verbs, opinion-makers , molders and transmitters: teachers in career the leading universities - probably the words, most significant single category; book publishers; editors and writers of the Www cpm, most inuential publications; school and college administrators; public relations experts; writers of both novels and non-fiction; radio-TV directors, writers and commentators; producers, directors and writers in movies and the theater; the Jewish and non-evangelical Protestant clergy and not a few Catholic priests and bishops; verbalists in all branches of government; the staffs of the great foundations that have acquired in verbs our day such pervasive influence through their relation to research, education, scholarships and publishing. When I state that liberalism is the prevailing American doctrine , I do not, of course, suggest that it is the only doctrine, even among those who make or influence public opinion. In order to understand what a thing is, as Spinoza insisted, we must know what it is reading levels, not. In trying to understand what liberals and liberalism are, it is useful to take note of the unambiguous examples around us of non-liberals and non-liberalism. We are not quite all liberals, not yet at any rate. Here and words verbs, there on university faculties hardy non-liberal s have planted conspicuous flags: F. A. Hayek , Leo Strauss, Milton Friedman at exploration essay Chicago; David Rowe at Descriptive words verbs Yale; Warren Nutter at Virginia; Karl Wittfogel at Washington; Robert Strausz-Hupe at Pennsylvania; Hugh Kenner at California; Walter Berns at Cornell; at Harvard itself, Edward C. Banfield. The company of retired generals and admirals seems to be rather an assembly point for non-liberals: Generals Douglas MacArthur , Albert C. A Research Paper Career? Wedemeyer, Mark Clark, Orville Anderson, Admirals Arthur Radford, Charles M. Cooke, Arleigh Burke - indeed, a random gathering of ex-general officers, even with a number of active generals and admirals included, would be one of the few occasions on verbs, which a liberal might not feel altogether at home . In political and ideological range, the tendency that Americans call liberalism corresponds roughly to what the French call progressisme, and bridges what are known in org homework Europe and Latin America as the Left and the Center.

Thatcherism and Descriptive verbs, Reaganomics (privatization and deregulation) have removed the public-sector Managerialism Burnham wrote about in The Managerial Revolution , and replaced it with rule by company boards and anonymous creditors, many based in Reading project tax havens, not answerable to the public in any way. They've lined their own pockets, automated the farms, factories and verbs, offices, thrown the workers to the wind, and immersed most countries in foreign debt.

Jan 27, 2018 Descriptive words verbs, buy essay online -

A for and against essay about the internet. Look at the essay and do the exercises to improve your writing skills. Do the preparation exercise first. Words Verbs? Then read the text and and writing project reading levels, do the other exercises. What's your opinion? Do you think the internet is bad for young people?

For young people it is. Descriptive Words Verbs? They shoud be surervised while accessing the internet, because they might find pornographic content, violent content and such. Internet, an invention which still amazes people in for college xbox is own way, is not always good. It has really bad side effects on young adults. Words Verbs? As in the essay, the young people get addicted to online games and they become addicted to the internet quickly. As we can see, there are many more online games being made like Pokemon Go, etc. is really dangerous for young people. I think it really should have a age limit. And also we must be strict about the for college xbox rules of age limit on internet too.

I#039;m also a young adult but I find internet uninteresting and Descriptive words, dangerous so I approve of it having age limits. Genetics Homework? For YOUNG PEOPLE yes it is. I think Internet is words verbs very useful in schools and in work. It#039;s also handy when you need to essay communicate. On the other hand a lot of people are addicted from sites like facbook, twitter or instagram. I also agree that learning on the internet (like here ont the british council ;) ) is very usefull . So in conclusion internet is possibly the most usefull thing that we ever invented. :) I agree with all of words, you, but what about learning how to play a musical instrument?

I think internet can be very good for teenagers because it helps them a lot especially for essays, projects and homeworks, but it can be also very bad because children spend too much time online. I like internet because I can listen to songs onYouTube and I use British Councile:) Hi BigBen6464. I'm glad to Essays scholarships hear that you enjoy practising English here :) Is there anything in particular that you like on the site? Jonathan (LearnEnglish Teens Team) Thanks! I like your reading skills practice, stories about UK and What is it? in Study Break. British Council really helps me with my vocabulary. I love it!

I think the internet is an amazing tool which can be used for equally amazing things, but only in the hands of the right person. One bad aspect of internet is Descriptive verbs that anyone could acess anything anytime. That means there is a lot of inappropriate content out there, but a good person is able to avoid it. In my opinion, though internet is very good and useful, but some young people use it for bad things. Such as playing computer games and get addict with it. Many parents has banned the children not allowed to play forever,1 week or a day or so.

But they never keep their word because, of Www cpm help, course, parents love their kids, that is why after just a while,they let their children play AGAIN with their games, so really though, I think internet is useful with good children,and it is bad with bad children. Descriptive Verbs? I totaly agree. It all depends from for college xbox, parents. Descriptive Verbs? If they let children to spend too much time online children will get a bad habit when they grow up. You#039;re quite right! I agree with your good comment in point: #039;I think internet is useful with good children, and Www cpm, it is bad with bad children#039;. Descriptive Verbs? !! :) In my opinion, Internet is one of the greatest people created.

You have an access to billions of libraries from your computer, you are able to speak with your friends even if they are on the other side of the exploration world. Many people work using the Internet. Now let#039;s mention disadvantages of the Internet and web-technologies. Firstly, many people nowadays become addicted and can#039;t survive for more than an hour without computer or smartphone. Descriptive Verbs? They need to publish their photos in social networks, chat with 7 people in and writing reading one moment and read new posts in their favourite online communities. Descriptive Words? Young people sometimes find their online-life better than the Genetics homework kindergarten real one. The second disadvantage is that nobody can guarantee the safety of Descriptive words, your personal data. Everyone has heard stories about hackers that published private and scandal photos of data base of the big company. Age Of Essay? It#039;s not really pleasant to know that somebody can easily find out all your secrets.

To sum up, Internrt is a wonderful tool for searching the necessary information, but social networks is quite tricky part of World Wide Web. I think the internet very useful for Descriptive words verbs, us .bcz we can get anything without spend alot of Website for homework, time in looking it . everything when we use it excessively and more than usually #039;it will be badthing. Words? Well, we must admit that on this perfectly imperfect planet nothing entirely good or entirely bad exists. Internet is included. Surely it was meant for connecting people from all continents, but as the human mind has no border line we found out how to and writing levels use it for different things that provide us either with information or amusement. It is Descriptive words said that the Internet is a good servant but a bad master. Therefore, we can see that the reading levels problem isn#039;t in the Internet itself but rather in the humans, as it is us who are using it and who are asked FOR WHAT we are using it. So for our irresponsibility we shouldn#039;t blame the Internet but ourselves as we are unable to words verbs use a powerful tool for our own improvement but we use it for our own unwanted degradation. I think that#039;s quite right!! Nowadays, Internet has been the most important thing in mutimedia life. Personally, l consider that the internet is bad or not,which depends on users.

I think the Internet is something that we have to know, and Www cpm org homework help, we should know what is good and bad for us, and keep ourselves away from what can damage ourselves in any way. I think it is the same for young people, we have to be responsible, because the Internet is a tool that helps us either with the school, or with any ordinary situation. i think internet is useful for everyone. If it was a bad thing, something awful, it would have changed instead of reaching the whole world. Is something crazy, used 24hrs a day, everyday of the Descriptive words verbs week, a lot of information, and a lot of people online. Age Of Exploration? About teenagers who are addicted to games, that depends on each family. Parents could create rules, so no one would be in a bad position. And that also depends on the teenager#039;s sense of what he or she can or can#039;t do. It#039;s impossible to live without internet in words verbs a society like nowdays, it#039;s just so easy to make a research, work on a project. c#039;mon, does anyone here wants to spend hours and hours looking for few informations? Internet is Essays for college useful for everyone, for young and words, old people.

There#039;s a lot of sites that can help us a lot. But, today Internet ha gone too far away. Almost, there#039;s no home without the internet(more than 70% in whole world are with internet). Yes, there are a good and a bad sites on the Internet. We have different web-sites(Facebook,Tumlr, Twitter, Instagram. ) that shows us a different world. Essays For College? We can learn a lot of things (English, French. ) and a lot of words verbs, other things. But we all know that Internet isn#039;t so much safe.Even if we think that we have good hide it our information, we don#039;t. For Homework? There#039;s a lot of Descriptive, dangerous people in the world. Paper? To sum up, I completely agree with essay.

No, i don`t thing internet bad for Descriptive verbs, young people, because there is a research paper many information in the internet. Descriptive Words Verbs? In my opinion, I dont think Internet is bad for people. Without the Internet, I cannot learn language (English) by paper thesis myself and I wouldn#039;t be able to Descriptive access to lots of useful information that school doesn#039;t teach me. On the Reading and writing other hand, internet is bad only Descriptive verbs when people dont know how to org homework use it wisely. Verbs? If young people use the Internet for studying and relaxing in proper way, internet would be very useful. To me, the Www cpm internet#039;s the most wonderful tool that human had created. In my own perspective, the Internet plays an important role in the communicating barrier. As you can see, people all around the world are using the Internet, including the Descriptive elderly. We communicate with each other using the internet and it really helps us to stay connected with one another. Besides, without the Www cpm org homework internet, how are the Descriptive countries going to develop?

Our knowledge and the view to the outside world, the perspective to the outside of our comfort zone will be just limited, like a frog in the well. So, why not? The internet is the best connection between an individual to the whole wide world. It#039;s definitely a boon. Internet is very usefull for us. For Homework Answers? Internet is particularly useful for everyone, nearly all things are on the internet, you can get anything by only searching on it. Internet seems becoming really important nowadays, it helps people a lot, for example i use internet for Descriptive words verbs, learning English, reading news and doing research for my tasks. However, internet also can give many bad effects, people become so fanatical on social media and often forget about time and everything they should do. I completely disagree that internet is bad for teenagers, internet can be useful or useless, it depends on Www cpm org homework, the way people use the internet. How does this photo make you feel?

Can you write a caption for it? . Look carefully. What's this everyday object? Play Wordshake and see how many points can you get in 3 minutes. Words Verbs? © British Council The United Kingdom's international organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities. A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland).

Jan 27, 2018 Descriptive words verbs, buy essay online help and buy professionals essays -

celcom business plan 2. Digi reserves the right at any time without being liable to the Customer or any third party whatsoever, to:- a. discontinue, disconnect, interrupt or suspend the Service for such period of time as Digi shall deem fit for any of the following reasons or any other reason whatsoever : i. to make any upgrading and/or modification to the Digi System and/or the Service for words verbs its proper and efficient functioning; ii. for the purpose of testing or correcting any malfunctioning of the Device or the Digi System; iii. if the license to operate the Digi System is terminated or as required by the relevant authorities and/or laws and regulations; iv. Genetics Kindergarten? a breach of any term or condition of Descriptive words this Agreement by Reading project levels, the Customer; v. where the Customer shall be adjudged bankrupt or commits an act of bankruptcy or in the case where the Customer is a company shall be wound up or have a receiver or manager appointed; vi. on Descriptive words verbs, suspicion of Reading levels fraud, or on suspicion of any illegal practice or on suspicion of Descriptive words any unusual activity in org homework, respect of the Customer's Account with Digi; and/or vii. where the Customer defaults in the payment of any fees, charges or monies due to Digi and/or its subsidiaries in relation to any other accounts and/or services the Customer may have with Digi and/or its subsidiaries. Provided always and Descriptive words notwithstanding the aforesaid, Digi reserves the right to summarily terminate the Service without giving the Customer any notice and without having to give any reason whatsoever. viii. Suspend and/or terminate the Service in the case of suspected Commercial Gain activity for any reason whatsoever b. amend or vary any packages/Services or all deposits, fees and charges payable pursuant to this Agreement by giving due notice. c. vary, add to and writing project reading levels or delete any of Descriptive words verbs these Terms and Conditions with or without the need to provide any notice to the Customer and which shall take effect on such date determined fit by Digi and whereby the Customer shall be immediately bound by the same. d. without notice, after the Customer is in default of payment in relation to thesis this Account or any other of the Customer's Accounts with Digi (and notwithstanding any settlement of account or other matter whatsoever), combine or consolidate all or any of the then existing accounts of the Customer (including accounts in the name of the Customer jointly with others) with Digi, and offset or transfer any sum outstanding to Descriptive verbs the credit of the Customer (including deposits) in any one or more of such accounts in or towards satisfaction of any money, obligations and liabilities of the Customer to Digi, whether such liabilities be present, future, actual contingent, collateral, several or joint. e. impose a reconnection fee at Digi's sole discretion and at a rate determined by Digi in the event that the said Service is discontinued, disconnected or suspended for whatever reason. f. impose a fee, extra charges and/ or penalty upon the Customer who misuse the free calls or data or broadband services by way of unauthorized selling and/ or Commercial Gain or in anyway whatsoever. g. impose any minimum or maximum capping for the free voice and/or data usage without prior notice to the Customers based on the fair usage policy which may be changed from time to Website answers time at verbs, Digi's discretion. The data usage cap mentioned herein applies for uploads and downloads. Essays For College? If the Customer exceeds the monthly cap, the Descriptive verbs, Customer?s connection to the Service will be less prioritized. 3. Digi shall not be liable to the Customer or any third party for any claims for Reading project reading levels libel, slander, or infringement of copyright arising from the transmission and/or receipt of verbs data and materials in connection with the a research paper, Service and all other claims arising out of any act or omission of the Customer or any person authorised by the Customer in connection with the verbs, Service. 4. The Customer shall indemnify and hold Digi harmless against essay all claims, proceedings, actions, demands and losses which may arise as a result of the Customer's use of the Service or any act or omission of the Descriptive, Customer. 5. In the event of any dispute/claim of ownership of the Customer's Device, the onus of proving ownership, to the satisfaction of Digi, shall lie on the Customer. In the scholarships xbox, event the Customer is unable to do so, the matter shall then be referred to the Police and/or the Courts. Digi shall not be liable for any loss, damage or claim which may be caused to Descriptive words the Customer from or through the re-registration / termination / transfer / reconnection/disconnection/suspension of the Service in respect of the Customer's Device pending determination of ownership or subsequent thereto.

8. It is agreed that, upon disclosure of any Information at any time, it is deemed that the Customer has consented to allow Digi the right to use such Information for provision of Services herein, credit assessment and enforcement, Service and process enhancements in improving Customer's convenience, promotional and marketing purposes. Genetics Help? In the event that such consent is retracted, Digi shall have the right to verbs automatically terminate the Services or any part thereof. 9. Help? For the avoidance of Descriptive words verbs doubt, Digi shall have the right to use the Information from the time the Information is disclosed by the Customer. 10. Digi reserves the right to terminate any Customer at any time and for any reason whatsoever. 11. For the Reading and writing project, purposes of data security and for better prevention of loss, Digi has taken the measure of scanning the registration agreement and any and Descriptive words verbs all forms, documents supporting the registration.

The Customer agree that all such scanned records are relevant and admissible in evidence. The Customer will not dispute the accuracy or the authenticity of the Genetics, contents of such records merely on words, the basis that such records were scanned copies. 12. Age Of Essay? The Customer accepts that Digi may revise and/or modify the terms of the Agreement. In the event of such revision and/or modification, Digi shall communicate such revision and/or modification at Digi's website. Descriptive? In the event such communication in made at Digi's website, the Customer agrees that by continuing to use the Website for homework, Products and Services after such notification, that the Customer agrees to be bound by, accepts and/or consents to such revision and/or modification. 1. Digi shall not be liable for any breach of this Agreement caused by an Act of God, insurrection or civil disorder, war or military operations, national or local emergency, acts or omissions of Government or other local authorities, industrial disputes of any kind, fire, lightning, explosions, flood, landslides, subsidence, inclement weather, acts or omissions of persons or bodies for verbs whom Digi is answers not responsible for or any other cause whether similar or dissimilar which is outside of words Digi's control. 1. The Customer shall promptly pay all charges and fees as may be imposed by Digi and any increase in such fees and charges from time to for college xbox time, including all legal fees, stamp duties and such other charges/fees as may be prescribed by Digi for any termination, re-registration, transfer, requisition or any recovery cost in Descriptive words, connection with this Agreement where necessary. 2. In the Age of essay, event of Early Termination of this Agreement either by the Customer or by Digi, all monies owing to Digi shall become immediately due and payable and Digi shall be entitled to offset the Deposit paid by the Customer against words any amount owing to Digi.

3. All payments due by the Customer as stated in the Customer's bill statement shall be paid promptly and Digi reserves the right to charge interest on Essays for college scholarships, all late payments at the rate of 1.5% per month simple interest or such other rate as may be notified by Digi from time to Descriptive words verbs time, both before and Reading reading after judgment. 4. In the Descriptive, event the Customer disputes any of the charges in the bill statement or the amount outstanding therein, the Customer shall provide written notice thereof to Digi within fourteen (14) days from the date of the bill statement failing which it shall be deemed to be correct and binding upon the Customer. Upon receipt of such written notice by the Customer, Digi shall review the Customer's Account and make any amendment, if necessary. 5. Reading And Writing Project Reading Levels? Digi reserves the Descriptive words verbs, right to take any action it deems necessary for the recovery of unpaid charges or fees and any costs (including but not limited to legal costs on Essays, a Solicitor and Client basis) incurred in connection therewith shall be borne by the Customer. 6. Descriptive Words? It is hereby agreed that a statement of account duly signed by Website for homework answers funny, an officer of words verbs Digi, shall be deemed to for college be conclusive evidence of the indebtedness of the Customer whether for purpose of litigation, Court proceedings or otherwise and any demand, Summons, other originating process, cause papers or other documents relating to any Court proceedings or otherwise or letter whether sent by Digi or its agents, or solicitors, shall be deemed served on the Customer upon expiry of verbs twenty four (24) hours of the posting of the same to the address specified in this Agreement, or the last known address of the Customer, by project reading, ordinary post or prepaid registered post. 7. In the event a Principal User defaults in the payment of any Monthly Charges and Monthly Fees as may be imposed by Digi and any increase in such fees and Descriptive words charges from time to writing a research thesis career time, including all legal fees, stamp duties and such other charges/fees as may be prescribed by Digi for words any termination, re-registration, transfer, requisition or any recovery cost, the Customer agrees that Digi shall have the option to suspend or terminate all other Principal Users lines of the same NRIC/Passport number and their Supplementary User (including Separate Supplementary Account) lines without any liability to the Customer or any third party.

Action may be taken against such Principal User and/or and their Supplementary User (including Separate Supplementary Account holder). 8. In the event that a Principal User line is terminated for any reason, the Supplementary User (including Separate Supplementary Account) lines shall automatically be terminated. The Supplementary User must sign a separate Agreement and shall assume the status of a Principal User in order to Essays for college continue to be a Digi Customer. Descriptive Words? However, the Customer agrees that during such conversion, there may be interruption of Service and the Customer shall lose the paper career, benefits that it has acquired as a Supplementary User. 1. The Customer hereby unconditionally authorises Digi at its absolute discretion to Descriptive words settle all outstanding monthly payments to Digi that is immediately due and Reading and writing project reading payable through automated billing through the Customer's credit or charge card. 2. Digi reserves the right at any time, and from time to time, without being liable to words verbs the Customers or any third party whatsoever to discontinue, interrupt, withdraw or suspend this auto billing service or vary any Terms and Conditions for Age of exploration such period of time Digi shall deem fit for any reason whatsoever. 3. Any amount outstanding on the Customer's account which remains outstanding prior to the third party authorisation or the subscription to this auto-billing service shall be settled with Digi by the Customer at any Digi Centre before the due date. 4. Words? The Customer hereby authorises Digi to release details of the Customer's monthly bills to American Express / Diners Club / or the Acquiring or issuing bank for VISA / MasterCard and; to automatically debit these bill amounts to the Customer's Charge Card / Credit Card account.

The full bill amount will be debited until the Customer withdraws from the auto billing service. 5. The bill amount will be automatically debited to the Customer's Charge Card / Credit Card upon Genetics help kindergarten approval by American Express / Diners Club / or the Descriptive verbs, respective acquiring or issuing banks. 6. Exploration Essay? In the event of Descriptive words a rejection pursuant to clause 4, the org homework help, Customer will be informed by Digi and the Customer shall accordingly be liable to settle all sums due to Digi directly. 7. Any inquiries or disputes pertaining to the Customer's Digi mobile phone bills should be directed to Digi and NOT American Express / Diners Club / the Issuing Bank / the words, Acquiring Bank. 8. The Customer is obliged to inform Digi in writing upon transfer of mobile telephone and/or SIM Card owners, changes in Digi account numbers or if the Customer wishes to withdraw from the auto billing Service. For the first 6 months of the auto-billing service, Customer is Essays not allowed to withdraw from the auto-billing service or change the accounts details of his/her Charge /Credit Card submitted during the registration to the auto billing service.

9. Subject to clause no 8 above, the Customer must inform Digi in writing of changes in Charge / Credit Card account number, including new account number issued under lost card or conversion; termination / cancellation of Charge / Credit Card account; changes or renewal of expiry date of the Charge / Credit Card. Descriptive Words Verbs? Changes involving new account numbers will require re-enrollment and submission of a new authorisation Form. 10. The Customer may terminate the auto billing service by giving one month's prior notice in writing to Digi. 11. The Customer must charge their bills to the Charge / Credit Card account in their name only scholarships xbox (solely or jointly). Any variation from this clause will require expressed permission from the Card holder in writing. 12.

The Customers wishing to have this auto billing service for their corporate and/or individual Digi accounts shall be subject to the same finance charges that may be applicable to other charges that appear on the card account in accordance with the Terms and Conditions governing that card account. 13. This service is only available to Customers who are holders of American Express / Diners Club / VISA / MasterCard with Charge / Credit Cards issued by Malaysian financial institution. 14. Digi reserves the right to require the Customer to settle any amount billed using other means of payment from time to words verbs time. 15. The Customer accepts full responsibility for all transactions arising from the use of this charge/credit card in payment of account. 16. Age Of Exploration Essay? Digi shall not be held responsible or liable for any claims, loss, damage, costs and expenses arising from the successful or unsuccessful processing of the debit due, the exceeding of Descriptive credit limit, malfunction of the system, electricity failure and/or any other factor beyond the control of Digi. 17. Digi is only responsible for making arrangements to debit the Customer's charge/credit card account through the card centre as authorised by Www cpm org homework help, the Customer.

The Customer acknowledges and agrees that the service is provided by Digi solely for the Customer's convenience and benefit. Therefore for words verbs any problems or disputes arising from the processing/debiting it shall be the Customer's own responsibility to resolve it with their charge/credit card companies (including but not limited to any problem due to Www cpm breakdown/malfunction/mechanical defect of the computer system or equipment of the charge/credit card company). 18. The Customer hereby agrees to jointly and severally indemnify and Descriptive verbs keep Digi indemnified in full against exploration any claims, loss, damage, costs and expenses which Digi may suffer or incur arising from the Customer's authorisation to debit the Customer's charge/credit card account as aforesaid. 19. Receipts will not be issued for payments made through the auto-billing service. The Customer shall refer to their charge/credit card statements for confirmation of payment. 20.

In the event there is any amount on the Customer's account which remains outstanding prior to the authorisation, Digi reserves the right to debit the Customer's charge/credit card upon registration or the settlement of such outstanding amount. 21. The auto-billing service shall only commence upon completion or verification by Digi of the Customer's charge/credit card (which include verification by the relevant bank). 22. The Customer acknowledges and agrees that this auto-billing service is provided by Digi solely for words verbs the Customer's convenience. As such, in no way shall Digi be responsible or liable in homework kindergarten, anyway to the Customer or any party if Digi automatically debits the Customer's charge/credit card as provided herein or take any other action provided herein irrespective of whether the Customer has had sight of the bill or otherwise. 23. Credit Limit shall not be applicable to the Customer who subscribes to the auto-billing service. 24. The Customer understands and agrees that if he does not register his credit card at the date of registration, he will not be able to make payment via the phone-in/sms/wap credit card payment options or OCS and as a result thereof the Customer's account is barred. In order to enjoy such privileges, the Customer is required to subscribe to words such services in Digi authorized centres.

1. Help Paper Thesis Career? Digi may at any time at its sole discretion set a Credit Limit for words credit control purposes without the project reading levels, necessity of verbs informing the Customer which shall operate as a threshold allowed for the total charges outstanding inclusive of unbilled charges. This Credit Limit shall be reviewed from time to time at the sole discretion of Digi. The Customer may make an Website answers funny, application for a review of this Credit Limit, but the discretion to allow any changes to words verbs the Credit Limit shall be at the sole discretion of Digi. When the Credit Limit is Website funny reached, Digi reserves the sole right to automatically bar the Customer's use of the Service. 2. Digi is not obligated in verbs, any way whatsoever to Website funny ensure that the Credit Limit is not exceeded by the Customer and any failure to do so shall not operate as a waiver of any of the rights of Digi hereunder. 3. Descriptive Verbs? Notwithstanding anything that contrary herein, Digi may also without any notice, written or otherwise, impose Call Alert, reminding the Customer that there are payments overdue or payable or will be payable. Failure to adhere to the Call Alert may result in the Services being suspended or terminated without any notice.

Notwithstanding the above, Digi shall not be under any duty to impose a Call Alert and/or ensure its receipt by the Customer, and any failure to Reading and writing levels do the same shall not operate as a waiver of any of the rights of Digi hereunder. 1. In the event of Early Termination of the Service subscription either by Descriptive words, Digi or the Customer, the Customer shall immediately pay all amount including but not limited to paper thesis all outstanding fees, charges and costs of the Mobile Telephone or Device subsidy (if any) or any Early Termination Sum (if any) or any amount which may be determined by words, Digi from time to time. 2. Outstanding fees and charges refer to any charges due to Digi including but not limited to outstanding Monthly Fee, Value Added Services charges and any other service charges directly or indirectly payable to Digi. 3. In the event of the Device, Mobile Telephone and/or SIM Card(s) is/are lost, stolen and/or damaged, the Customer may request for a replacement to be provided by Digi. The Customer shall nevertheless continue to remain liable for Www cpm org homework help all fees, charges and costs incurred from the use of the Device, Mobile Telephone and SIM Card(s).

Digi reserves the sole and Descriptive words verbs absolute right to levy a charge upon the Customer being the costs of such replacement and/or any other charges which Digi shall deem at its sole and absolute discretion fit for such purpose. 4. The Customer hereby agrees that Digi may change and/or migrate the Customer's existing plan subscription to another plan as Digi deems fit at for homework, any point of time during the validity of this Agreement. Digi shall notify the Customer of the effective date of the said change and/or migration. In the event the Customer wishes to remain in their current existing plan, the Customer shall notify Digi within fourteen (14) days from the effective date of the change and/ or migration to enable Digi to act accordingly. 5. The Customer recognises and words verbs acknowledges that the cost of the help, Device or Mobile Telephone purchased by the Customer is subsidised in part or in whole by Digi or by one of Digi's business partners, whether pursuant to a promotional event or otherwise.

6. Digi reserves the words, right (where applicable) to collect and the Customer shall pay a deposit of such sum as shall be determined by Genetics kindergarten, Digi from time to time (Device Deposit) in consideration of words such a subsidy. 7. In the event of funny termination of the Service (for whatever reason), Digi shall be entitled at its absolute discretion to :- forfeit/offset the Device Deposit in part or in Descriptive, whole towards the subsidy paid and refund the remainder (if any) ; or refund the Device Deposit in part or in whole to the Customer should the Customer be desirous of returning the Device to Digi and should Digi be desirous of accepting the return of the same, subject to the said Device being in org homework help, good working condition, fair wear and tear accepted. 8. Words? Customers subscribing to the Service are not permitted to terminate prior to Age of essay the end of the contract duration. In the event of Early Termination of this Agreement either by the Customer or by Digi, all monies owing to Digi shall become immediately due and payable and Digi shall be entitled to verbs offset the Deposit paid by the Customer against any amount owing to Digi. The Customer who selects a bundled package with a device may opt to pay a monthly installment fee for Help a research career a fixed duration for the device. In the event that, within the installment period, (i) the Customer prematurely terminates the words, subscription to the service; or (ii)the Customer's subscription is terminated by Digi due to the Customer's payment defaults or contractual breach, the for homework answers funny, Customer shall pay a termination fee amount equal to words the sum of the device installment monthly fees for the unexpired modem/smartphone installment tenure which shall become immediately due and payable. 9. Essays Scholarships Xbox? In relation to Broadband, the Descriptive words verbs, Customer shall own the modem after 12 months tenure or in the event of an Early Termination after settling all outstanding fees and charges.

Both clauses 3 and writing a research thesis career 4 is only applicable to Broadband subscribers who signed up before 1 June 2010. 1. Descriptive? A Customer may transfer or re-register the used or repossessed Mobile Telephone/Device with prior approval from Digi and exploration clearance from the Financier where the Mobile Telephone or SIM Card is purchased under a financing scheme. 2. The new Customer shall enter into a fresh Registration Agreement with Digi and the Agreement shall take effect from the date of the transfer or re-registration and shall pay all fees and charges levied in respect of the words verbs, transfer or re-registration and be subjected to and writing project such other Terms and Conditions as Digi may deem fit to impose. 3. In the event that outstanding bills for the repossessed Mobile Telephone/Device or SIM Card remain unpaid, Digi reserves the Descriptive words, right to reject or refuse the application for re-registration of such Mobile Telephone/Device or SIM Card. 1. Homework? Digi reserves the right at its sole discretion to Descriptive determine whether a Customer and/or user is eligible for help and will be offered the International Roaming service. 2. Digi and the operator of the visited foreign telecommunication services network shall not be liable for any loss or damage which the Customer and/or user may sustain from or through the suspension/termination/interruption/ loss of or inability to use the International Roaming service due to any cause whatsoever. 3. The Customer and/or user of the Descriptive, International Roaming service shall be subject to all the Terms and Conditions of this Agreement and such other Terms and Genetics homework help kindergarten Conditions as Digi shall deem fit to be imposed from time to time. 4. For data services, the Customer's monthly access fees only covers domestic data usage and does not include data usage overseas. For roaming service usage, international roaming charges apply.

5. The Customer shall produce for inspection a valid passport upon application for the International Roaming Service and Digi reserves the right to verify its contents. 6. The Customer may, at Digi's absolute discretion, be offered a Credit Limit in respect of charges incurred in verbs, using the International Roaming Service and/or Internation Direct Dial Service. 7. The Customer may request for a higher Credit Limit and Digi may grant the same at its discretion subject to such conditions as Digi shall deem fit to impose. 8. The Customer shall bear and pay all surcharges, value-added taxes, and for college any other charges, taxes, exchange rate difference (if any) or such other sum as may be stipulated by Digi from time to time, incurred in using the International Roaming Service and/or International Direct Dial Service. 9. Descriptive Verbs? Digi makes no warranty or representation that Customer's Mobile Telephone or Device will be able to utilise the International Roaming Service. Any inability of Customer's Mobile Telephone or Device to utilise International Roaming Service and/or International Direct Dial shall not annul this agreement or absolve, diminish or affect Customer?s liability to Help a research thesis career observe and perform his obligations herein. 10. Digi reserves the right, without being liable to Customer whatsoever, not to provide or continue to provide or to discontinue providing the approved Credit Limit and/or International Roaming (IR) Service and/or International Direct Dial (IDD) at any time and without assigning any reason thereof.

11. The Customer shall promptly report to Digi and in any case within 24 hours, any lost or stolen SIM Card or Mobile Telephone or Device. Until such report has been received by Digi, the Customer shall be liable for all charges incurred except where such loss is caused by verbs, the acts or omission of the Customer. 12. Essays Xbox? For the purposes of these terms and conditions, any reference to International Roaming Service shall include International Data Roaming Services. 1. The ability of the Customer to access and use Information via VAS is dependent upon the features and functionality of the Customer's Mobile Telephone; and the nature and Descriptive verbs quality of the information being accessed. 2. Genetics Homework Kindergarten? Digi does not represent, warrant or guarantee the extent to which Customer's Mobile Telephone will be able to access Information via VAS or on the Internet or elsewhere. 3. The Customer may only access Information using VAS if all the necessary pre-conditions have been met and Descriptive verbs further warrants that the Website answers, Customer's access to Descriptive words verbs VAS is conditional upon Www cpm org homework help :- a. acknowledging that VAS is not moderated and that Digi does not control any forums; b. acknowledging that Digi is under no obligation to monitor or censor the Information generated under VAS, however it reserves the right to Descriptive words verbs do so; c. acknowledging that Digi is not responsible for VAS content (even if it is co-branded and/or promoted by Digi); d. acknowledging that any views expressed in Www cpm org homework help, the information are not necessarily those of Digi; e. agreeing not to words verbs make lewd, obscene, threatening, abusive or defamatory remarks or incite hatred to any other person or group; f. agreeing not to abuse, harass, threaten or embarrass any other person or interfere with the operation of VAS or interfere with the enjoyment of Help writing thesis VAS by other Customers; g. agreeing not to post or transmit any Information of any kind which contains a virus or other harmful or deleterious component or to delete any author acknowledgements, legal notices or proprietary designations or labels attached to or expressed in any file that is uploaded; h. agreeing not to download any file posted by any other user of words VAS if the Customer knows, or reasonably ought to know, that the file cannot legally be distributed in any manner; i. granting Digi an irrevocable, worldwide, royalty free license to copy and adapt any Information the Customer generates through the use of VAS to the extent necessary to provide VAS, or to promote VAS or any other service of Digi; and/or j. releasing Digi from all liability in connection with VAS, including any failure to provide the same. 4. Digi reserves the right to withdraw VAS at any time without notice and shall not be liable to any party for doing so. 1. Where the Customer's subscription is made pursuant to a promotion, the org homework help, Customer agrees that upon Descriptive verbs Digi's acceptance of the Genetics homework help, Customer's application to subscribe to the Service pursuant to Descriptive a promotion, the Customer shall be subject to such additional terms and scholarships xbox conditions as may be attached as conditions to the said promotion.

Such additional terms and conditions shall be read as supplementary to the terms and conditions in this Agreement. Digi expressly reserves the right to withdraw any promotions subscribed to by the Customer at Descriptive words, any time without assigning reasons for such withdrawal. 2. In the event that the promotion involves a Financier, the Customer shall in addition to clause 1 comply with all requirements imposed by the Financier and further acknowledges that Digi has reserved the essay, right to verbs take any action as requested by the Financier to protect the Financier's interests or as deemed fit for Website for homework answers Digi's own interests and credit control purposes and management of the Customer's Account(s). 3. Descriptive Words Verbs? For enterprise offering, free Inter-Company Calls feature is applicable only for the usage up to 45 hours/month. Age Of Exploration Essay? The normal tariff rate shall apply when the usage exceeds 45 hours/month. Words Verbs? Digi reserves the right to terminate the Service if the free Inter-Company Calls feature is used for commercial gain by the Customer. 1. The Customer shall upon executing this Agreement, consents and permits Digi to Age of exploration essay use/ disclose the Customer's personal data for purposes including the provision of the Service including but not limited to data matching, trans-border, transfer of Descriptive words verbs data, Call Line Identification Presentation (CLIP), credit checking, for any other purpose deemed to be in the interest of Digi and for compliance of any laws and regulations. 1. For College Xbox? Digi’s Internet Top Up will be available to all Enterprise Customers comprising of Corporate Customers and Corporate Individual Customers irrespective of the words, mobile internet or data plans subscribed to.

2. For avoidance of doubt, the Digi Bill Payment with regards to Help writing a research paper Digi’s Internet Top Up will be as follows: If the Internet Top Up is subscribed to by employees or personnel of Corporate Customers, the Bill Payment for the Internet Top Up shall be borne solely by such Corporate Customers; and verbs If the Internet Top Up is subscribed to by Corporate Individual Customers, the Bill Payment for org homework help the Internet Top Up shall be borne by such Corporate Individual Customers. 1. This Programme is applicable for existing Customers with any existing voice call plan only. 2. The Agreement will be deemed renewed and the Programme accepted automatically if the Customer uses the Services and the Customer does not notify Digi that he does not wish to extend the Agreement within 14 days from the date of the letter of the Programme. Customers are required to call 016-2998888 or email to Descriptive words verbs bsc@Digi.com.my . 3. The Programme shall be in force and essay effect from the activation date of the Programme under the Customer's account and shall continue for a Minimum Period or until earlier terminated in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Agreement (Term) subject to Digi accepting the Customer's application for subscribing to words this Programme. Acceptance of the Customer's application for the Programme shall be at Digi's absolute discretion. 4. This Programme is valid for existing line(s) renewal which is tied to a past programme or promotion. The Customer shall not be entitled during the Term of this Programme to change their registered plan to any other Digi call plans.

Participation by exploration, the Customer on any other promotion packages introduced or as may be introduced by Digi during the Term shall be subject to the absolute discretion of Digi. 5. The Customer recognises and acknowledges that the Services provided by Digi to the Customer under the Descriptive words verbs, Programme are in consideration of the Customer subscribing to Essays for college scholarships xbox the Programme for the Term. In the Descriptive verbs, event of early termination of the Services either by Digi or customers, customers shall pay Digi the Early Termination Sum based on xbox, subscribed call plans. 6. Airtime rebate is given in addition to the monthly commitment fee (if any) of the existing and/or new Programme subject to Descriptive verbs Digi's absolute discretion. The airtime rebate cannot be exchanged for cash, accumulated or carried forward to the following billing month and it is writing paper career not transferable. Descriptive? The airtime rebate offered by Digi herein is final and no correspondence will be entertained. 7. The terms and conditions in the Agreement shall continue to apply to this Addendum subject to any additions, variations and/or modifications contained in this Addendum and shall be read and construed to be enforceable as if the additions, variation and/or modifications in this Addendum were inserted in the Agreement by way of such additions, variations and/or modifications. 8. Unless otherwise defined in this Addendum, words and expressions defined in the Agreement shall have the homework help kindergarten, same meaning when used or referred to this Addendum.

9. In the event of any inconsistency between the provisions of the Agreement and the provisions of words this Addendum, the provisions of the Addendum shall prevail. 10. In the event of a discrepancy or conflict between the English, Bahasa Malaysia and Chinese versions of these terms and conditions, the English version shall prevail. 1. Essay? This Agreement shall be subject to the laws of Descriptive words Malaysia and the parties hereto shall submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of Malaysia. 2. Any notice which may be given under this Agreement shall be in writing and deemed duly given to the other party if delivered by hand or sent by Website answers funny, ordinary post to the address as stated in this Agreement or his last known address or by electronic means which includes SMS, email and fax and shall be deemed to have been served at the time when it is Descriptive verbs delivered if by hand and in the ordinary course of Help career post it would be considered delivered on the 5 th working day if by post and if by electronic means it would have been so delivered at the date and Descriptive verbs time sent. 3. The Customer shall bear all costs, charges, fees and expenses in connection with/or incidental to this Agreement.

4. In this Agreement where the context requires, words importing the singular shall include the plural and vice versa and the masculine gender shall include the feminine and neuter genders. Person shall include natural persons, corporations, partnership and associations. Website? Headings to the clauses herein are for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the construction thereof. 5. The Customer shall not assign this Agreement or any part thereof without the prior written consent of words verbs Digi. Digi shall be at liberty at anytime without the concurrence of and without notice to the Customer to writing a research career assign and/or transfer all or any part of its rights and obligations under this Agreement (or any related Agreement) to such persons as it deems fit and upon such assignment or transfer the assignee or transferee shall assume and be entitled to the rights, interests and obligations under this Agreement (or any related Agreement) as if it had been the party to the agreement in place of Digi.

6. If one or more of the provisions of these Terms and Conditions shall be invalid, illegal or unenforceable under any applicable law or decision, the Descriptive words, validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not be affected or impaired in any way and Website for homework answers such invalid, illegal or unenforceable provision(s) shall be deemed deleted. 7. Descriptive Words? Failure by Digi to exercise any or all of its rights under these Terms and Conditions or any partial exercise of essay a right, shall not act as a waiver of such rights and such rights may be exercised without having to wait for the occurrence or re-occurrence of a similar or any other event giving rise to such rights. 8. Digi reserves the absolute right to verify any information stated in the Registration Agreement and reserves the right to reject and/or seek such further clarification from the Customer or any other source as deemed necessary to establish the words verbs, identity of the Customer (including but not limited to Essays for college scholarships xbox subsequent verification for recovery purposes); and such action shall not be considered defamatory or an invasion of privacy nor be the subject of any legal proceedings. 9. This Agreement shall be binding upon the successors in words, title and permitted assigns of the parties hereto. 10. Except for Www cpm org homework inconsistent terms in agreements signed with enterprise Customers, in the event of any inconsistency between the Terms and Conditions of Descriptive verbs this Agreement with any other terms and conditions of Website funny any Promotions or agreements, except as otherwise stipulated herein, these Terms and Conditions will prevail. Inconsistent terms in agreement signed with enterprise Customers shall prevail over terms in the registration agreement. 11. The Customer agrees that print-outs and reproductions of all documents and records pertaining to the Customer, either directly or otherwise, from Digi's computer system(s)/ records shall be admissible in any court of law and conclusive of the documents, if any.

12. Unless otherwise defined in this Terms and Conditions and except where the context otherwise provides, all capitalised words and expressions defined in the Registration Agreement shall have the same meanings when used or referenced to herein. 13. Digi reserves the right at its absolute discretion to vary, delete or add to any of these Terms and Conditions from time to Descriptive words time without prior notice and any modifications and/or changes shall be published in http://new.digi.com.my/Page/tnc/default/tnc_general_all. Continued use of the Website answers funny, Service following any changes to the terms and conditions constitutes an acceptance to those changes. Customers are advised to Descriptive visit the website periodically to for college xbox review the terms and conditions. 14. The All General Terms and verbs Conditions at Digi's website, for the time being in use and in force shall be followed and adopted on matters where the terms and conditions herein are silent. 15.

All other terms and conditions governing the use of any of Digi's mobile telecommunication services, the Services and VAS shall apply herein mutatis mutandis. 16. Digi shall not be liable for any cost, loss or damage (whether direct or indirect) of for loss of revenue, loss of profits or any consequential loss whatsoever as a result of the Customer's use and utilization of the Service. 17. The Customer hereby agrees and homework help kindergarten acknowledges that Digi may send notifications and communications periodically as Digi deems appropriate; and the Customer hereby consents to receiving the same.

Jan 27, 2018 Descriptive words verbs, custom essay order -

essay us history The following outline is Descriptive words verbs, intended as to provide one example of how to write an essay. Treat it as food for thought, as providing a set of Essays, suggestions some of which you might incorporate into your own method for writing essays. It is words, useful to begin by help, considering why essay-writing has long been the method of choice for assessment in history. The chief reason is that no other method provides as effective a means of Descriptive words, testing a student's comprehension of a topic. We want you to show us that not only have you acquired a knowledge of the topic but also that you fully understand the topic and the issues raised by it.

Essays test understanding by asking you to select and re-organise relevant material in order to produce your own answer to the set question. An undergraduate essay need not be particularly innovative in its approach and insights, but it must be the answers product of the student's own dialogue with the subject. Descriptive! Essays which do not answer the for homework question can only be regarded as demonstrating some knowledge of the topic, they cannot be said to show understanding of the topic. Essays which plagiarise or merely reproduce what others have said do not even show knowledge of the topic. Plagiarism is thus not merely a matter of theft, it involves an entirely unacceptable subversion of the words learning process. 2. Is there a right and a wrong answer? History essays are less about finding the correct answer to the set question than they are about demonstrating that you understand the issues which it raises (and the texts which discuss these issues). With most historical problems (certainly the most interesting ones) it is seldom possible to arrive at a definitive answer. The evidence almost always permits a variety of solutions, and Www cpm help, different approaches generate divergent conclusions. There are, however, limits to the field of possible solutions, since they must fit in with 'the evidence'.

Of course, exactly what constitutes 'the evidence' is almost invariably one of the issues under discussion among the historians who are most deeply engaged with the problem, but in general for each historical question there will be a body of evidence which is recognised as being relevant to it. This body of evidence will typically comprise what the primary sources tell us about the Descriptive verbs events and phenomena under discussion. A good answer will need to harmonise with all of this evidence, or explain why particular items have been dismissed as having no bearing on the problem. It follows from Website funny all of this that there certainly are wrong answers that is, answers which fall outside the field of possible solutions or which fail to take account of Descriptive, received evidence even though there is no 'absolutely right' answer. Essential steps: select a question; identify the subject of the question; what are you being asked to do - that is, what kind of information will you need to answer the question, and how will you have to treat it? Circling the Www cpm help key words in the question is sometimes a helpful first step in Descriptive words working out exactly what you need to Reading and writing levels, do. It is Descriptive, useful to note that there is usually a natural way of Www cpm org homework help, structuring your answer: that is, a way of verbs, organising an answer which follows naturally from the format of the question and which will put the fewest obstacles in the way of the reader:

'Explain' and 'why' questions demand a list of reasons or one big reason; each reason will have to be explained - that is, clarified, expounded, and illustrated. 'Assess', 'evaluate' and Age of, 'define-the-significance-of' questions require judgements supported by reasons, explanation and evidence. You must show why your assessment is the best by considering its merits vis--vis alternative evaluations. It might be useful to define and defend the criteria on which your judgement depends. That is, to explain why they are the Descriptive words verbs best criteria for exploration, judging the historical phenomenon at issue. 'What-role-did-X-play-in-Y' questions imply a functionalist approach - that is, they require that you identify the words verbs function of some phenomenon, group or institution within some specific system. Thus, the subject of the question is the for homework answers funny 'Y' rather than the 'X' element. That is, the Descriptive question requires a discussion of the system as a whole and the consideration of Essays for college, alternative explanations of how 'X' worked within it. 'To-what-extent' questions involve a judgement of measure. One way of answering the question would be set up a series of Descriptive words verbs, 'tests', as it were, that can be investigated in turn. This essay will examine five spheres which cast light on the extent of Jewish influence in high medieval France: namely, their role in the commercial life of the towns, the essay role of Jewish banking in Descriptive words verbs the agrarian economy, their influence on Reading project levels Christian intellectual life, .. [and so on].

The essay would need a conclusion in which you pulled together the results of your test cases: It has been seen that the Jews exerted a profound influence on the intellectual life of the universities but almost none on that of the established monastic orders.. 'Quote-and-discuss' questions require you to identify the issue at stake and to produce a reasoned response. You may respond, for example, by agreeing with the quotation in which case you will need to explain why agreement is the best response, why it would be wrong to disagree. You should consider the merits of a variety of responses. If possible you should always examine the book or article from which the words quotation has been taken in exploration essay order to discover what its author meant by it, to verbs, discover how the author has understood the issues. 'Compare-and-contrast' questions demand the identification of Www cpm help, similarities and differences.

One method of tackling such an essay would be to distinguish five or six areas of similarity and contrast, and to devote a section of the essay to each area - a section in which you would assess the degree of similarity and reach a sub-conclusion. The conclusion would then require a summation of the Descriptive various 'sub-conclusions'. It needs to be stressed that none of these types of question calls for a narrative approach . You will never be asked to produce a narrative of what happened. In rare circumstances, a few sentences of narrative may form part of the evidence cited in support of a point, but the a research paper thesis career essay as a whole should be organised according to a logical structure in which each paragraph functions as a premise in the argument. The analytical and expository voice will always prove more effective than the Descriptive verbs narrative mode of writing. The aim of your initial reading should be to Essays for college scholarships xbox, identify an argument which answers the question - one which you find plausible and can carry through with conviction. For this purpose, it will be useful to read at least two or three items, including a recent book covering the general area in which the topic falls.

Articles in reference books such as an encyclopaedia can provide an overview, but they rarely provide adequate coverage of the issues. Citing such works will undermine the credibility of your essay. Do not forget to words verbs, make notes as you go. Help Writing A Research Paper Thesis Career! Making notes helps you to summarise arguments and ideas, to select points relevant to your essay, to clarify and adjust your understanding of the essay question and of the topic it bears upon. But your main priority should be to discover an Descriptive words verbs argument.

Once you have come up with a working argument, you need to draw up a plan to guide the a research thesis next stage of your research. It should comprise a list of the points which each paragraph will attempt to demonstrate, and Descriptive words, rough notes on supporting examples. Org Homework Help! It may be useful to begin by Descriptive verbs, thinking again what type of for college scholarships xbox, question you have chosen and by looking the natural way of answering it. In order to draw up a plan you will need to evaluate its merits: What points will I need to Descriptive verbs, make in order to sustain this argument? Are there alternative points of view which will have to be considered and refuted in order to Essays for college scholarships, make this argument work?

Do I have enough examples and evidence to support the points which are crucial to Descriptive words, my argument? Do I need to help kindergarten, know more about the examples I'm planning to Descriptive words verbs, use? Perhaps there is another way of Website for homework answers, looking at this piece of evidence which I'll have to mention or even refute? Having decided on the line of argument you intend to use, and identified areas where you need more material, search the reading list and bibliographies of the texts you've been using for books and articles which will help you to solve these problems. Go and Descriptive verbs, collect the information, making notes and adding notes to Reading and writing project reading, your plan as you go along. Do not forget to make careful bibliographical notes for every book and article you consult. You will need this information when it comes to footnoting your essay. Inevitably, the previous stage will turn up things you hadn't thought of and books with better things to words, say about the topic. Do not panic. Ask yourself: can your argument be saved with a few adjustments?

Does the argument need to be re-constructed from scratch? If so, how can I recycle the information I've already begun to collect? Much will depend upon how confident you now feel about your argument. Follow your instincts: if the Reading and writing project argument feels wrong, look for a better one. It is better to start again than to write an essay that lacks conviction. If complete reconstruction is unavoidable, go back to '5. Drawing up a Plan'. Having revised you argument (and plan), it's time to write your essay. If you've carried out steps one to five properly, it should be possible to write the first draft up in two or three hours. (a) Writing an Introduction. An introduction should show how you intend to answer the question, by (1) indicating the line of argument you intend to take, by (2) giving an overview of the organisation of what follows, and by (3) indicating the sort of material or evidence you will be using.

It is an effective strategy, especially when writing a short essay, to begin with a bold, attention-grabbing, first sentence which shows the marker that you know what you are doing: that is, answer the Descriptive words question as briefly as possible with your first sentence. The second sentence should then enlarge upon the argument indicated by the first. (b) The body of the essay. Intelligent use of paragraphing is help kindergarten, crucial to the success of an essay. Often, it is best to organise the paragraphs so that each makes and defends a point or premise essential the Descriptive words verbs argument of the essay. (By 'premise' is meant a point which is Genetics help, part of and essential to the argument of the essay.) It must be entirely clear how your points fit into the argument: essays which meander around the topic leaving the marker to Descriptive, join the dots to comprise an Genetics kindergarten answer are not acceptable, since they fail to Descriptive words, demonstrate understanding. It is a good idea to use 'topic sentences' to signal the subject and make explicit the point of each paragraph. These ought not to be too repetitive in form but should show how the paragraph fits into the argument of the essay as a whole. The following topic sentences (here marked in red for clarity) would, for example, be appropriate as a way of introducing paragraphs that comprised a series of 'tests' in a 'to-what-extent' essay that called for an assessment of the effects of the Black Death on the development of medieval Europe. It is also possible to assess the Genetics homework help extent of the catastrophe by looking at the level of demand for land in verbs the major urban centres. In Genoa, for example, land prices fell sharply from a high in 1310 of. [several sentences of examples] . The dramatic fall in the prices of land within urban centres implies an equally sharp fall in the numbers of people wanting to Reading, live in cities and, thus also, a sudden decline in the actual number of people living there.

Notice how the point briefly introduced in the topic sentence is developed naturally by the second sentence of the paragraph. It is better to Descriptive words, avoid trying the explain everything in a single sentence: clusters of sentences that flow from one to another are much more effective! Signposting your evidence will give the essay that all important sense of critical depth and originality: Seapower was a crucial to European expansion. Org Homework! This much is illustrated by the way in which Europe expanded between the verbs tenth and sixteenth centuries. Southwards and eastwards expansion in the eastern Mediterranean was heavily dependent upon the availability of effective fleets of Www cpm org homework help, warships and trading vessels. There were critical moments, such as in the late eleventh-century conquests of Sicily and Sardinia, when. Verbs! [and so on.] You need to give the marker a sense of Genetics help, where your opinions end and of where the supporting evidence begins. But remember to vary your signposts: using the same phrase over and over Descriptive, again will distract and bore the reader. If the supporting evidence is not a well-known and irrefutable fact, it will probably need to be given the additional support of a footnote indicating where you have obtained your information or which historian's interpretation of the piece of evidence being deployed you have chosen to follow. It will sometimes be useful to quote other authors, especially primary sources, but do not overdo it.

It is Genetics homework, often better to words, put things in your own words while still clearly signalling the source of the idea and using a footnote (e.g. 'According to Mayer the first crusade.'), since this helps to show that you have understood what was being said - providing that you have indeed grasped what was being said! (c) The Conclusion. All essays need a carefully thought out Help a research paper conclusion which follows logically from the points made and affirmed in the course of your essay. It need not rehearse the points you have rejected. Words! Always check to see that the conclusion you have drawn is the one which follows logically from the points and evidence you have assembled. (d) Footnoting. Homework Help Kindergarten! Opinions differ over whether to footnote after completing the first draft or as you write. Sometimes, it is best to go back and footnote the essay after you have finished, because inserting footnotes can disturb the flow of your writing. On the other hand, it is useful to Descriptive, consider what will need to be footnoted as you write, since footnotes are part of the exploration essay rhetorical apparatus of words, a formal essay and give weight and Help paper career, power to Descriptive verbs, an argument. For the same reason, it is best to put the notes at the bottom of the page rather than at the end of the essay.

It looks more impressive (especially if you cite well and widely), and funny, saves the marker flicking back and Descriptive, forth. The markers, it should be noted, are under instructions to check footnotes. (e) Once you have finished you should compile your bibliography . (f) Now save your essay, print out a text, put it aside for Www cpm, a couple of days, and work on something else. Inevitably, when you come to re-read your essay, you will always think of better ways of putting things. You may even think of supporting evidence you could add to the text, but make sure that any additions do not spoil the flow. You may find that some of your points are irrelevant: this material should be disregarded. You should also ask yourself whether the words verbs links between the paragraphs are clear and logical? Perhaps the Help a research essay would be more effective if they were put in Descriptive verbs a different order? If the essay has been written on a word processor it should be easy enough to achieve this by cutting and pasting paragraphs. Your essay should have a clear and consistent structure throughout, so that one paragraph follows another logically and Www cpm, carries the Descriptive argument forward. You will need to edit: for grammar, spelling and org homework help, punctuation; to remove unnecessary verbiage, colloquialisms and jargon; to ensure that the Descriptive words footnotes and bibliography conform with the required style sheet; and for the coherence and quality of your writing.

You should always check the printed text of your essay before submitting it. The eye tends to overlook errors on the screen, and spell checkers almost invariably allow a significant number of mistakes to slip through. 'Their' and 'there', for example, will both be accepted as correct by a word processor regardless of which one you should actually have used in a given context. The ability to write good essays does not come to many people easily. It is a skill which requires constant attention and Genetics, practice. It is, however, a skill which will serve you well no matter what you choose to do when you leave university.

Effective communication is a key to success in verbs many walks of life. There is, therefore, every incentive to apply yourself to the development of this art. Credits: This guide was devised and developed by writing a research career, Paul Antony Hayward (2000-2007).