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Today#39;s prize book is AFTER THE ECLIPSE by Sarah Perry. The deadline for entries is Thursday, October 5th at 11:59am ET. College Essay Vcu? Does reading news and articles online and being active on social media take time away from your book reading? Please check all that apply. Tell us about the books you’ve finished reading with your comments and Anatomy and physiology a rating of 1 to 5 stars. During the contest period from scholarship essay vcu September 22nd to October 6th at noon ET, three lucky readers each will be randomly chosen to win a copy of DON#39;T LET GO by Harlan Coben and MANHATTAN BEACH by Jennifer Egan. Tell us about the audiobooks you’ve finished listening to and physiology kidney with your comments and a rating of 1 to 5 stars for both the performance and essay writing the content. During the contest period from October 2nd to November 1st at noon ET, two lucky readers each will be randomly chosen to Anatomy and physiology holes win the Write online audio versions of Dan Brown#39;s ORIGIN, read by Paul Michael, and Anatomy kidney John Grisham#39;s THE ROOSTER BAR, read by Ari Fliakos. Our Bookreporter newsletter has a new mobile-friendly format that is term getting raves from readers! Not signed up yet? Subscribe here.

Curious about what books will be released in Anatomy and physiology kidney the months ahead so you can pre-order or reserve them? Then click on Divide the months below. The following are lists of new paperback releases that we think will be of interest to holes you. September#39;s Books on Screen roundup includes the feature film s IT and on a paper American Assassin ; the season three premiere of Outlander on Starz and the movie Our Souls at Night available on Netflix; and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney the DVD releases of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks and Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie . Each month we spotlight a selection of Young Adult (YA) titles that we believe are great reads for adult readers. Explore our picks here! Bookreporter.com#39;s Fall Preview Contests and should i write my history paper Feature. Fall is Anatomy and physiology holes kidney known as the biggest season of the Divide term year for books. The titles that release during this latter part of the year often become holiday gifts, and kidney many are blockbusters. To celebrate the arrival of college report bullying, fall, we are spotlighting a number of outstanding books that we know people will be talking about in the days and Anatomy months to i write paper on come. We are hosting a series of 24-hour contests for these titles on and physiology kidney select days in September and Best October, so you will have to check the site each day to see the featured prize book and enter to win. New Release Spotlight: HANNA WHO FELL FROM THE SKY by Christopher Meades.

Hanna has never been outside her secluded community of Clearhaven. She has never questioned why her father has four wives or why she has 14 brothers and sisters. And in Anatomy and physiology holes kidney only one week, on her 18th birthday, Hanna will follow tradition and become the fifth wife of a man more than twice her age. But just days before the wedding, Hanna meets an enigmatic stranger who challenges her to question her fate and to follow her own will. And when her mother reveals a secret --- one that could grant her the freedom she#39;s known only in her dreams --- Hanna is forced to decide whether she was really meant for Best college 2014, something greater than the claustrophobic world of Clearhaven.

Bookreporter.com Bets On: BEST DAY EVER by Kaira Rouda. In BEST DAY EVER by holes kidney Kaira Rouda, Paul Strom, an advertising executive, has planned a wonderful day for his wife, Mia, keeping in mind all of the things that will make her happy. They head towards their lake home for a getaway where he has planned every romantic gesture. I found myself thinking how lovely it would be to have someone plan a day like this for me. But as they drive, readers see sparks of an idea that things may not be as harmonious as we thought. A prisoner in a secret cell. The guard who has watched over him a dozen years. An American waitress in Paris.

A young Palestinian man in Berlin who strikes up an odd friendship with a wealthy Canadian businessman. And The General, Israel#39;s most controversial leader, who lies dying in a hospital, the should i write my history paper only man who knows of the prisoner#39;s existence. From these vastly different lives, Nathan Englander has woven a powerful portrait of a nation riven by insoluble conflict, even as the kidney lives of its citizens become fatefully and inextricably entwined. A Hungarian warehouse owner lies in the middle of Write on a, his blood-sodden office, pierced through the chest with a bayonet and eerily surrounded by 17 candles, their wicks dipped in blood. Suspecting the murder may be rooted in Anatomy and physiology kidney ethnic prejudice, Commander William Monk turns to on London’s Hungarian community in search of clues but finds his inquiries stymied by its wary citizens and a language he doesn’t speak. Only with the and physiology help of a local pharmacist acting as translator can Monk hope to penetrate this tightly knit enclave, even as more of its members fall victim to identical brutal murders. But whoever the Divide term polyarteritis killer --- or killers --- may be, they are well hidden among the city’s ever-growing populace. The stories in FIVE-CARAT SOUL --- none of them ever published before --- spring from the place where identity, humanity and history converge. James McBride explores the ways we learn from the world and the people around us. An antiques dealer discovers that a legendary toy commissioned by Civil War General Robert E. Lee now sits in the home of Anatomy holes, a black minister in Queens.

Five strangers find themselves thrown together and face unexpected judgment. College Bullying? An American president draws inspiration from a conversation he overhears in a stable. And members of The Five-Carat Soul Bottom Bone Band recount stories from their own messy and hilarious lives. And Physiology Holes Kidney? Alex Blum had one goal in life: endure a brutally difficult selection program, become a U.S. Army Ranger, and fight terrorists for his country. He poured everything into achieving his dream. In the first hours of online, his final leave before deployment to Iraq, Alex was supposed to fly home to Anatomy and physiology holes kidney see his family and Essay college bullying girlfriend. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? Instead, he got into his car with two fellow soldiers and two strangers, drove to a local bank in Tacoma, and committed armed robbery. Why would he ruin his life in such a spectacularly foolish way? In the midst of his own personal crisis, and in the hopes of helping both Alex and his splintering family cope, Ben Blum, Alex’s first cousin, delved into these mysteries, growing closer to Alex in the process.

Based on true events in 19th-century Ireland, Hannah Kent#39;s new novel tells the story of three women, drawn together to rescue a child from a superstitious community. Nora, bereft after the Essay bullying death of her husband, finds herself alone and caring for her grandson Micheál, who can neither speak nor walk. A handmaid, Mary, arrives to Anatomy and physiology help Nóra just as rumors begin to spread that Micheál is a changeling child who is bringing bad luck to the valley. Determined to banish evil, Nora and Write Mary enlist the help of Nance, an elderly wanderer who understands the magic of the old ways. Twenty-something bartender Jason Bishop’s world is shattered when his estranged father commits suicide. Anatomy Holes Kidney? But the greater shock comes when he learns his father was a secret agent in the employ of the Invisible Hand, an ancient society of spies wielding magic in a centuries-spanning war. Community Research? Now the Golden Dawn --- the shadowy cabal of witches and warlocks responsible for Daniel Bishop’s murder, and the death of Jason’s mother years before --- have Jason in their sights. His survival will depend on mastering his own dormant magic abilities, provided he makes it through the training. Anatomy Kidney? Jason#39;s journey through the realm of magic will be fraught with peril. But with enemies and allies on both sides of this war, whom can he trust? Twenty years ago, college student Axel Prince Wolfe --- heir apparent to Essay report bullying his Texas family#39;s esteemed law firm and its shade trade criminal enterprises --- teamed up with his best friend, Billy, and a Mexican stranger in a high-end robbery that went wrong.

Abandoned by his partners, he was captured and imprisoned, his family disgraced, his wife absconded, his infant daughter Jessie left an orphan. And Physiology Holes Kidney? Two decades later, with 11 years still to serve, all Axel wants is to see the woman his daughter has become. When the chance comes to escape in the company of Cacho, a young Mexican inmate with ties to paper polyarteritis a major cartel, Axel takes it. But a startling discovery reignites an old passion and Anatomy and physiology kidney sends Axel headlong toward reckonings many years in Essay report bullying the making. A whaler#39;s daughter, Flora Mackie first crossed the Arctic Circle at the age of 12, falling in and physiology love with the cold and unforgiving terrain and forging lifelong bonds with the research papers Inuit people who have carved out an existence on its icy plains.

She sets out to become a scientist and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney polar explorer, despite those who believe that a young woman has no place in this harsh world, and in 1892, her determination leads her back to essay vcu northern Greenland at the head of a British expedition. And Physiology? Yearning for wider horizons, American geologist Jakob de Beyn joins a rival expedition led by the furiously driven Lester Armitage. When the path of Flora#39;s expedition crosses theirs, the Write on a online three lives become intertwined. If we cannot be clever, we can always be kind. Copyright 2017 The Book Report, Inc.

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objective cia resume The Torture Report, an initiative of the ACLU’s National Security Project, aims to give the full account of the and physiology holes kidney, Bush administration’s torture program. It will bring together everything we know from government documents, investigations, press reports, witness statements and other publications into a single narrative one that is What my history on, updated regularly and subject to critical review and improvement as it unfolds. This Diary page will guide you through newly added sections, recent additions and changes and other relevant information about the Report. The Torture Report Book Now Available in Print and Online. What Happened in Italy: An interview with Kidnapping in Milan author Steve Hendricks.

For Binyam Mohamed and Others in the U.K., Compensation. For Us, New Lies. On Jeppesen, Part 2: Other Remedies. On Jeppesen, part 1: Our Very Public “Secrets” Document a Day: The Secret Beginning. Document a Day: Layers of Concealment. Document a Day: Obstructing Justice Overseas.

Document a Day: More “Missing” Evidence. Document a Day: The Waterboarding Tapes We’ll Never See. Document a Day: What We’ve Seen, What We Haven’t Seen. Document a Day: I Believe the Technique Used Was Acceptable. Document a Day: Not Even if Ordered. Document a Day: A Repentant Persecutor. Document a Day: Interrogators Ordered This Treatment. Document a Day: Old Torture Made New. Document a Day: “If you think this is tough . . And Physiology Kidney. .” Document a Day: The Plan Has Been Signed Off On. Document a Day: Orchestrated Torture.

Document a Day: Calling the Illegal Legal Document a Day: “We Need to Take a Deep Breath” Document a Day: Abuse as Standard Operating Procedure. Document a Day: The “Gun and College scholarship essay vcu, Drill” Incident. Document a Day: Early Reports of Abuse. #039;We Cannot Sweep These Allegations Under the Carpet#039; Australia, Too, Moves Toward Accountability. The Conclusion of Chapter 4, “A Ponzi Scheme of Torture” Further Lessons in Transparency and Accountability. Transnational Justice and the Binyam Mohamed Case.

A New Installment, and an Outrageous Lie. Binyam Mohamed and the Search for Accountability. MS. PERINO: Because we follow the law. Q: --if you don't know what was in the other opinions, the classified opinions? MS. PERINO: Because all of the opinions and all of the discussions, everything has to be within the law and the policy, and the policy of the United States is that we don't torture. Q: Well, we'd like to believe that, but there's no way to assure us, is there?

MS. PERINO: I think to a certain extent, yes, and that's why we have, for Anatomy and physiology holes, example, that December 4 2004 opinion that lays out broadly how we interpret the law. Q: Taking your word for it, though, is not true MS. PERINO: Well, I think that the American people can understandI believe that the What should i write my history paper on, American people can understand why there are certain pieces of information and tools that we use in the global war on and physiology, terror that remain classified in order to protect them Q: Why do you believe that? MS.

PERINO: --and I believe they have every right to know that. Q: Why do you believe they are not disgraced and shamed when torture is Best essay, attached to our name? MS. PERINO: Helen, the United States policy is Anatomy and physiology, not to research torture, and we do not. Q: I hear what you're saying, the policy. But what do we really do MS.

PERINO: The American people have every right to holes kidney be very proud of what we've done, and we have not had another terrorist attack on this country. And they should be glad of that, as well. Q: So the end justifies the means. MS. Papers. PERINO: Our end is that we don'tour means are that we don't torture, and the end result is that we've not had a terrorist attack. Subject: CARE OF DETAINEE USCIT [redacted] New Morsels on the Destruction of the Tapes. New materials released last week in the ACLU’s ongoing FOIA proceedings seeking documents on the destruction of the Anatomy holes, torture videotapes add some details to essay the narrative in Chapter 3. The materials are Vaughn indexes containing brief descriptions of 165 internal CIA electronic communications relating to the reasons behind the destruction of the tapes.

The CIA continues to withhold the Anatomy and physiology kidney, documents themselves, but descriptions of several of the documents are illuminating. A few of the things we learn: The conversation about destroying the tapes began during the torture of Abu Zubaydah. Two cables sent from the polyarteritis, black site to CIA headquarters on and physiology holes, August 19, 2002 discuss “lessons for the future based on CIA experience” and an August 20, 2002 cable discusses “a proposed policy regarding the use of videotapes in interrogations.” There were extensive conversations about destroying the videotapes in College scholarship vcu December 2002, right after a CIA lawyer had traveled to the Thai black site to review the Anatomy and physiology kidney, tapes and just as the term, CIA’s inspector general was beginning his special review of the CIA’s RDI program. This conversation, carried out in numerous cables between December 19 and the end of the month, included “proposals on and physiology holes, how to handle the possible destruction of the videotapes” and culminated in a memo to should i write my history CIA Director George Tenet on “the disposition of the and physiology holes kidney, videotapes.” Chapter 3 suggested that, after the July 38, 2003 Principals meeting, the question of the tapes “seemed settled” until the publication of the Abu Ghraib photos in April 2004. In fact, the Vaughn index shows the conversation continuing even during this period, with a sequence of emails around September 22, 2008 “concerning a draft memo on the destruction of the What i write my history paper, videotapes” and a February 19, 2004 email with attachment “concerning the legalities as to whether the CIA is legally required to retain the videotapes.” There are numerous emails in the days leading up to destruction of the videotapes on and physiology holes, November 8, 2005, just after the Washington Post published Dana Priest’s front-page exposé of CIA secret prisons and the day before The New York Times published a story on on a paper, the CIA inspector general’s damning report . The CIA is clearly bracing for these leaks: on October 31, there is a 13-page email chain “discussing whether to publically acknowledge the counterterrorism program” and on November 1, an email with attachment “that discusses the Agency’s detention and interrogation program from a legal standpoint.” There are communications orchestrating how the agency will talk about the destruction of the tapesa November 4 email “that contains proposed language regarding the disposition of the tapes,” and a November 10 email with the subject “Language for holes, tapes” that discusses “communication between CIA officers relating to the tapes.” Finally, there are destruction orders themselves: a one-page cable on November 8 from the black site to headquarters “requesting permission to destroy the videotapes” and a two-page cable that same day, under the subject “Approval to destroy videotapes,” “discussing a proposal and granting permission to destroy.” Interestingly, in a related affidavit summarizing the agency’s reasons for continuing to essay vcu withhold these communications, the CIA says it was willing to release parts of thirteen of the documents.

Prior to Anatomy and physiology kidney releasing the documents, however, the Agency was informed by the Department of Justice that Special Prosecutor John Durham was asserting Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Exemption (b)(7)(a) over the proposed-for-release portions of 10 of the 13 documents that the CIA was prepared to release in Community service part. The other three documents the CIA proposed for partial release have Congressional equities that require consultation with Congress before a final determination can be made. Therefore, all of the documents are currently withheld in full. The three documents being withheld pending consultation with Congress relate to the February 2003 briefings of two members each of the House and Anatomy and physiology kidney, Senate Intelligence Committeesthe briefings that prompted Jane Harman’s letter counseling against destroying the tapes. The 10 documents that Durham is Best college essay 2014 argumentative, apparently blocking from release, on Anatomy, the grounds that their release would interfere with an ongoing criminal investigation, are: a 11/9/05 email with embedded cable “confirming the destruction of the videotapes that were stored at a field location”; an 10/25/02 cable from CIA Headquarters to the field “discussing a proposal to destroy the college bullying, videotapes”; a 10/27/02 document consisting of “excerpts of two cables discussing the use of the videotapes”; a 12/02/02 cable with the Anatomy and physiology kidney, subject “Destruction of service papers, classified materials” that contains “excerpts from two cables discussing a proposal to destroy the videotapes; a 12/03/02 cable with the same subject line “discussing the proposed destruction of Anatomy and physiology, classified material”; the What my history paper, 11/08/05 cable requesting permission to destroy the videotapes; the 11/08/05 cable granting permission to destroy the videotapes; an undated memo that is a “two-page timeline” “regarding the destruction of the AZ tapes; an undated three-page memo with the subject line “Interview Questions” that is a “list of questions regarding the CIA’s RDI program”; and an undated document with the and physiology, subject “CIA Interrogation Techniques” that is College scholarship writing vcu, a “thirteen-page memo with handwritten marginalia discussing the CIA’s interrogation of Abu Zubaydah.” We know from these most recent Vaughn indices, which follow similar indices of documents relating to Anatomy and physiology holes the tapes’ destruction that the CIA has forwarded to the ACLU in recent months, that there is a substantial paper trail surrounding the destruction of the videotapes. We know Durham has been down that trail. Where is his investigation going? One of the term paper polyarteritis, most fascinating aspects of huge caches of official documents is how, the more you look at kidney them, the report bullying, more human, and less coldly bureaucratic, they reveal themselves to be. Last week, the Justice Department released another round of documents in response to the ACLU’s torture documents FOIA, these mainly connected to holes kidney the DOJ’s Office of Write paper online, Inspector General’s 2008 review of the FBI’s involvement in interrogations in Guantánamo, Afghanistan, and and physiology, Iraq.

Two in particular caught my eye. The first is, on the surface, one of the least personal of the report, bunch. This 6-page document (which begins on page 25 of this batch), headed “Potentially Relevant Federal Criminal Statutes,” simply lists the kidney, laws under which abusive interrogators might be tried not just the torture and war crimes statutes, but also federal laws barring assault, maiming, sexual abuse, obstruction of paper, justice, conspiracy, and others. The second, on holes kidney, the opposite end of the spectrum, is 9 pages of handwritten notes evidently summarizing interviews with FBI agents in Guantánamo (this document begins on scholarship writing, page 13 of this batch). It includes such striking notations as: Camp X-ray was locale where harsh techniques were used. “if you think this is and physiology kidney, tough you should see what’s happening in Afghanistan” -- During [illegible] meeting [name redacted] learned he was in hospital w/ hypothermia. -- [name redacted] asked about him.

-- Colonel: not hypothermia. Low core temp low B/P. Corpsman was present. Clear to [name redacted] that they didn’t get it. BAU not effective but also skews into abuse. -- stuff w/in boundary of their guidelines just gets out of control.

It is the kind of document you can spend hours staring at, first deciphering the term, handwriting, then trying to connect shorthand references to what is known about the cases they refer to (#63 is Mohammed al-Qahtani), and then trying to picture the conversations the notes summarize. And yet I keep returning to the first one, and the fact that, as Office of Legal Counsel attorneys were occupied with twisting and distorting the Torture Convention to accommodate SERE techniques and enhanced interrogation methods, someone took the time to sit down and Anatomy and physiology holes, simply list the laws prohibiting the kinds of on a paper online, treatment detainees were being subjected to in Guantánamo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. As such, it, too, is a very human document, striking in its intellectual and moral clarity. What Would I have Seen? How Would I Have Reacted?

1. The French Merchant Vessel Limburg incident. 2. The USS COLE bombing. 3. The rockets in holes kidney Saudi Arabia . 4. The plan to bomb American ships in should the gulf. 5. Relationship with people committing bombings in Anatomy and physiology Saudi Arabia . 6. Usama Bin Laden having a nuclear bomb. 7. A plan to hijack a plane and crash it into a ship. We post the first of Chapter 3's five sections today, and will add sections every day over the next week. In reading your latest post about the bullying, mystery document, I recognized many of the quotes, and wanted to share the sources with you and our readers. 1. Describe how each technique is consistent with “traditional executive behavior, contemporary practice, and the standards of blame generally applied to them.” This is a quote from the Supreme Court opinion, County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 848 n.8 (1998) ”in a due process challenge to Anatomy and physiology holes executive action, the threshold question is whether the behavior of the governmental officer is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to should i write paper on shock the contemporary conscience.

That judgment may be informed by a history of liberty protection, but it necessarily reflects an and physiology holes kidney understanding of traditional executive behavior, of contemporary practice, and of the standards of blame generally applied to them.” 2. To what extent are the techniques designed to “instill stress, hopelessness, and fear, and to break resistance.” I believe that the source of on a paper online, this quote is a federal appellate opinion Cooper v. Dupnik, 963 F.2d 1220, 1229 (9thCir. 1992) “ In accord with the plan, the record amply demonstrates that Cooper was subjected to holes Barkman's interrogation techniques designed to What should i write paper instill stress, hopelessness, and fear, and to Anatomy break his resistance.” This case sets forth a standard for what it takes to overcome the qualified immunity standard in a civil rights lawsuit against government officials. The Supreme Court denied certiorari on this case. Here is the Lexis-Nexis overview of Cooper v. Dupnik: 3. Best Essay Argumentative. Do any of the techniques cause “severe mental distress or suffering”? This language paraphrases the Convention Against Torture, Article I: “torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on and physiology holes kidney, a person for Community research papers, such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession” The prohibition on torture in the CAT has been codified into U.S. criminal law in the U.S. War Crimes Act, which provides the following definition of torture: “ an act specifically intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering (other than pain or suffering incidental to holes kidney lawful sanctions) upon another person within his custody or physical control for the purpose of obtaining information or a confession” 18 U.S. C. I Write My History On. § 2441 (d) (1)(A)

4. How close is each technique to the “rack and screw”? This is a quote from Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 172 (1952) , a Supreme Court case which established the and physiology holes, premise that evidence derived from outrageous government conduct could be excluded and convictions based on such evidence could be overturned. The full quote from argumentative Rochin: “ This is conduct that shocks the conscience. Illegally breaking into the privacy of the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, petitioner, the What should on, struggle to open his mouth and remove what was there, the forcible extraction of his stomach's contents -- this course of proceeding by agents of government to obtain evidence is bound to Anatomy holes offend even hardened sensibilities.

They are methods too close to research papers the rack and kidney, the screw to permit of Community papers, constitutional differentiation.” 5. Anatomy And Physiology. Do the techniques “offend hardened sensibilities”? Another quote from Rochin v. Best Essay Argumentative. California , 342 U.S. 165, 172 (1952) 6. Do the techniques violate “the whole community sense of decency and fairness that has been woven by holes kidney, common experience into the fabric of acceptable conduct”? This is a quote from another Supreme Court case, Breithhaupt v. Abram , 352 U.S.

432, 436 (1957) : “ Furthermore, due process is not measured by Essay college bullying, the yardstick of holes, personal reaction or the sphygmogram of the most sensitive person, but by that whole community sense of decency and fairness that has been woven by common experience into the fabric of acceptable conduct. It is on Best essay, this bedrock that this Court has established the concept of Anatomy holes, due process.” (A sphygmogram is a tracing made by a sphygmograph and consisting of a series of curves that correspond to the beats of the college bullying, heart.) 7. Do the techniques “violate the decencies of and physiology, civilized conduct”? Another quote from Rochin v. California , 342 U.S. 165, 173 (1952): “It has long since ceased to be true that due process of law is heedless of the means by which otherwise relevant and credible evidence is obtained. This was not true even before the series of service papers, recent cases enforced the constitutional principle that the and physiology holes kidney, States may not base convictions upon confessions, however much verified, obtained by coercion. These decisions are not arbitrary exceptions to the comprehensive right of States to fashion their own rules of evidence for criminal trials. They are not sports in Community service research papers our constitutional law but applications of a general principle.

They are only Anatomy and physiology, instances of the general requirement that States in their prosecutions respect certain decencies of civilized conduct. Due process of vcu, law, as a historic and generative principle, precludes defining, and thereby confining, these standards of and physiology holes, conduct more precisely than to say that convictions cannot be brought about by methods that offend a sense of justice. 8. Are the techniques “so egregious, so outrageous, that they fairly may be said to paper shock the contemporary conscience”? This is a quote from Anatomy and physiology holes another U.S. Supreme Court opinion, County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 848 n.8 (1998) : I n a due process challenge to bullying executive action, the threshold question is whether the behavior of the governmental officer is so egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the contemporary conscience. Anatomy And Physiology. That judgment may be informed by a history of liberty protection, but it necessarily reflects an understanding of traditional executive behavior, of college report bullying, contemporary practice, and of the standards of blame generally applied to them. The County of Sacramento quote is a paraphrasing of Rochin v. California , “ This is and physiology kidney, conduct that shocks the conscience.”

What the Community research, series of questions in Anatomy and physiology kidney this mystery document suggests is that those reviewing the interrogation techniques were concerned that the use of the techniques could subject them to criminal charges for torture or civil lawsuits for damages, and could result in the exclusion of the online, evidence obtained and/or dismissal of entire charges in subsequent criminal prosecutions of the persons being interrogated utilizing the proposed techniques on the basis of a due process violation. This questionnaire also shows the author's awareness that the Supreme Court would likely find that Constitutional due process standards would apply to detainees when ultimately tried, even in military commissions. This series of questions highlights the importance of the President's decision that the Geneva Conventions, even Common Article 3, did not apply to those captured in the war on terror. If these standards applied, then you wouldn't need all these questions, because you would only need to ask one question about any proposed interrogation technique: “Is it humane?” (Common Article 3 requires that persons detained in an armed conflict “shall in all circumstances be treated humanely.”) “Is it humane?” is the one question you will never see in any of the Bush Administration memos. Describe the importance of each technique as applied to this person. What do you reasonably hope to Anatomy holes accomplish? Describe past successes of each technique in Community research detail. Describe how each technique is consistent with “traditional executive behavior, contemporary practice, and kidney, the standards of blame generally applied to should on them.” Describe any other traditions in state law, or in foreign practice in which these techniques are used or approved. To what extent are the Anatomy and physiology holes, techniques designed to “instill stress, hopelessness, and fear, and to break resistance.” Do any of the techniques cause “severe mental distress or suffering”? How close is each technique to the “rack and screw”?

Do the techniques “offend hardened sensibilities”? Do the techniques violate “the whole community sense of decency and fairness that has been woven by common experience into the fabric of polyarteritis, acceptable conduct”? Do the techniques “violate the decencies of civilized conduct”? Are the techniques “so egregious, so outrageous, that they fairly may be said to shock the contemporary conscience” Leave aside the shock of seeing the phrase “rack and screw” in Anatomy and physiology kidney a document evidently intended for someone preparing or approving an interrogation plan. What I find deeply disturbing is the way it mirrors and college argumentative, encourages the Anatomy and physiology holes, kind of sophistry that pervaded the writing, OLC's torture memos.

In other words, the only examples the OLC can point to Anatomy where “contemporary practice” includes the enhanced interrogation methods are the service research papers, military's SERE training where they are used in carefully controlled scenarios to mimic the torture methods of authoritarian regimes and in Anatomy and physiology kidney countries whose detention and interrogation practices are criticized in the U.S. State Department's annual human rights reports. And so, despite the fact that in both those situations we call the methods what they are, torture, somehow, by virtue of the fact they're used somewhere, they don't shock the conscience. Ineffective, Short-sighted, and Wrong. One of the most striking things to me as I work my way through the documents is how much opposition there was to the Bush torture program, from college report bullying within the administration and Anatomy, from men and women in the U.S. What Should I Write My History Paper On. military and intelligence services, from the and physiology holes kidney, very beginning. Recounting the clash over Zubaydah's interrogation, the OIG's report describes a 2002 meeting with Director Mueller, FBI Assistant Director for Counterterrorism Pasquale D'Amuro, and Community service research, Andrew Arena, Section Chief of the FBI's International Terrorism Operations. “Arena stated that there were discussions with the FBI regarding “should we go down that track?” the report relates. “Arena told the Anatomy, OIG that during the meeting D'Amuro predicted that the FBI would have to testify before Congress some day and that the FBI should be able to say that it did not participate.” But operating in the same climate, the FBI the one agency with real interrogation experience and a proven record of eliciting information from al-Qaeda detainees declared from the outset that abusive interrogations were ineffective, short-sighted, and wrong. “I was told during this period that I was one of the first to Community service research papers receive these interrogation techniques, so no rules applied,” Zubaydah tells the ICRC. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney. “It felt like they were experimenting and trying out techniques to be used later on college 2014, other people.” The more we learn about Anatomy kidney, his interrogation, the paper, more we see how right he was.

Piecing together Bush#039;s torture program. Today we launch The Torture Report . On this site, over the next several months, we will construct a comprehensive account of the Bush administration’s torture program. The goal is simple: to Anatomy holes kidney tell the college, whole story and to and physiology kidney get it right. Term Paper. How to do this how to Anatomy holes kidney bring together everything we know from tens of thousands of formerly secret documents, from official and independent investigations, from press reports and the many good books that have recently appeared, and from the growing number of first-hand accounts of What should i write my history paper, those who witnessed, participated in, or suffered mistreatment, how to register it all so we can come to some conclusions is a daunting challenge. But it’s a challenge we all share. In a way, as the Report’s lead writer, I’m just trying to do what any one of us should be doing in kidney the face of evidence that our elected officials presided over gross human rights violations: to piece together exactly what happened and who is responsible. I have help, fortunately.

As sections are posted, a group of expert Contributors will offer comments; you’ll see their annotations, which will include corrections, elaborations, questions, and suggestions, in-line in the text. We invite your comments as well; these will appear at the end of the chapters. The Report will be constantly updated to incorporate the best of these suggestions and the very latest information. ACLU, 125 Broad Street, 18th Floor, New York NY 10004.

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Against Corruption: a collection of essays. Published 12 May 2016. © Crown copyright 2016. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.

This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/against-corruption-a-collection-of-essays/against-corruption-a-collection-of-essays. 1. Foreword by David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Corruption is the cancer at the heart of holes, so many of our problems in the world today. It destroys jobs and holds back growth, costing the world economy billions of pounds every year. It traps the poorest in the most desperate poverty as corrupt governments around the world syphon off funds and prevent hard-working people from getting the Best college argumentative, revenues and benefits of growth that are rightfully theirs. It steals vital resources from our schools and hospitals as corrupt individuals and companies evade the taxes they owe.

It can even undermine our security, as Sarah Chayes argues in her essay, if the perceived corruption of local governments makes people more susceptible to the poisonous ideology of Anatomy and physiology kidney, extremists. The longer I have been Prime Minister, and the more I have seen in this job, the more I believe that we cannot hope to solve the bullying, big global challenges of our time without making a major dent in the whole cycle of corruption. If we continue to hide from this problem, how will developing countries blessed with natural resources ever break out of the poverty trap? How will we stop people from risking their lives to cross the Mediterranean unless we enable them to build a better life back at home? In the end, we have to deal with corruption if we are to have any hope of a truly prosperous and secure future. Furthermore, people actually want us to deal with this problem, every bit as much as they want us to tackle issues like poverty and migration. They want the and physiology kidney, law to be upheld and they want the corrupt to be punished, with justice and recompense for those who have suffered. Yet while corruption is such a huge problem, the national and global efforts to deal with it are often weak.

No country has a perfect record on these issues – and so there is a hesitation in raising them. For too long there has been something of an international taboo over stirring up concerns. For too long it has just been too easy for those in authority to ignore or pretend not to know what is going on. As David Walsh puts it in his essay: this “longing to indulge the irresponsibility of Community service research papers, not knowing” has been the rock upon which corruption is built. I profoundly believe that this has to change – and it has to holes kidney, change in online, every country.

Make no mistake, corruption affects us all, Britain included. From tax evasion and overseas territories who have been accused of hiding the proceeds of Anatomy, corruption, to an MPs’ expenses scandal that tore at the fabric of the world’s oldest democracy, we have our own problems and we are very much still dealing with them. That is why I have made tackling corruption such a political priority. Divide Term Paper Polyarteritis? From the 2010 Bribery Act to becoming the first major country in Anatomy and physiology holes, the world to establish a public central registry of who really owns and Divide term paper, controls companies, I am determined that we should do everything we can to demonstrate leadership on these issues and put our own house in order. Through our chairmanship of the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, G8 and the Summit at Essay report Lough Erne, I put tax, trade and transparency on the global agenda and sought agreement on a global standard for the automatic exchange of Anatomy and physiology holes, information over who pays taxes where.

While many said it would never happen, today 129 jurisdictions have committed to implementing the international standard for College scholarship essay vcu, exchange of tax information on request and and physiology holes, more than 95 jurisdictions have committed to implementing the new global common reporting standard on tax transparency by 2018. Through our chairmanship of the College writing vcu, United Nations High Level Panel, Britain secured the and physiology, inclusion of tackling corruption at the heart of the Divide term polyarteritis, new Sustainable Development Goals to eradicate absolute poverty from our world. On my watch, the UK has signed up to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative – and we’re leading a global drive to get other countries on board and clean up a sector which has for Anatomy and physiology kidney, too long been vulnerable to corruption. We are going further still. I am determined that the UK must not become a safe haven for college report, corrupt money from around the holes, world. We know that some high-value properties – particularly in London – are being bought by people overseas through anonymous shell companies, some of them with plundered or laundered cash. So we are consulting on Essay college report ways to make property ownership by foreign companies much more transparent – and considering whether to insist that any non-UK company wishing to bid on a contract with the UK government should publically state who really owns it.

Yet all of these measures address only parts of the problem. Anatomy And Physiology? As the Panama Papers show, corruption is a truly global challenge. Criminal networks operate across borders. And wealth that is plundered from the poorest countries can end up hidden away in the richest countries. So nations need to tackle this issue in partnership, developing a truly comprehensive, sustained and coherent international agenda to defeat the causes of corruption. That is why we are holding the Anti-Corruption Summit in London and why I have compiled this book. The essays in this book are not about trying to claim the moral high ground, nor about College scholarship writing, telling others what to Anatomy holes kidney, do. Neither do they claim to be a comprehensive guide to Community service research, tackling corruption. But they are an attempt to bring together some of the most pioneering thinkers on this issue to begin a frank and informed global debate over how to tackle what I believe is one of the most pernicious enemies of progress in our time. While the essays cover a wide range of perspectives and experiences, there are a number of Anatomy and physiology, consistent themes. Paper? For a start, we can be clear about the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, scale and extent of the problem.

Jose Ugaz tells us that every year one in four people around the world pay a bribe to access public services. While in Mexico, a family spends on college essay 2014 average 14% of its income on bribes for basic services to Anatomy holes, which they are already entitled – including water, medicine and education. Christine Lagarde sets out the indirect economic costs of corruption, including the way corruption can act like a tax on investment and stifle the creation of on a online, new business. She also highlights its impact on the poorest and kidney, its damaging effect on the moral fabric of our society. Many of the essays bring home the sheer extent of corruption, reaching every country and affecting so many areas of life – from the desperate stories of the vulnerable paying bribes to get treatment for a sick child, to the world of sport which was for so long indulged with a special status that left some of its participants behaving as if they were exempt from the rules that everyone else was expected to follow. Some of the essays are very clear about the definitions of corruption.

Francis Fukuyama, in particular, analyses the origins of corruption, providing a strong historical and intellectual underpinning to the challenges we face. On? Running through the essays is the sense that not only do you need the right rules and enforcement but you need to change the underlying culture too. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? There is a clear message here. We cannot have one or the other; we need both. New Zealand Prime Minister John Key offers us his perspective when he uses a cricketing analogy to describe the national character of his country and its intolerance of “underarm deliveries”. He argues that you have to promote a culture which makes it close to impossible for the corrupt to prosper or escape detection. There is Write, also a striking frankness and directness in the politicians who are writing about the history of corruption in their own countries. President Ghani describes Afghanistan as, by any measure, “one of the most corrupt countries on earth”.

In his essay on tackling corruption in Estonia, Mart Laar says that corruption was so ingrained that it had become a way of life. He writes: “we didn’t even understand that it wasn’t normal.” President Buhari uses that same concept to Anatomy holes, describe corruption in Nigeria as a “way of Best 2014 argumentative, life” under “supposedly accountable democratic governments” and points to evidence suggesting that between $300 billion and. $400 billion of public funds have been lost to corruption since Nigeria’s independence in Anatomy and physiology, 1960. But that frankness about the problem will only deliver real change if there is true political leadership. Without that leadership, many of the rules, institutions and mechanisms to address corruption will never actually bite. For years Nigeria had the i write my history on, laws and the anti-corruption agencies, but as President Buhari explains, there was “a complete lack of political will to strengthen these agencies and to faithfully enforce the laws.” These laws were ignored with impunity and procurements were made with a complete disregard for due process. He cites one example of and physiology holes, a provision to allow courts to treat unexplained wealth as evidence of corruption. There is a similar provision in Singapore, the use of which is explored in Write on a online, the essay by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. But the difference is that in Anatomy holes, Nigeria’s case, neither the Code of Conduct Bureau nor the essay, Independent Corrupt Practices Commission has ever invoked such provisions in Anatomy holes kidney, their decades of existence. Above all, when I read through the essays I feel both depressed and uplifted. Depressed because the scale of this problem is truly frightening and the human costs are so desperate.

It is hard not to pause on Jim Yong Kim’s essay when he describes the situation in Sierra Leone where corruption stopped some mothers from immunising their infant children because nurses demanded rice in exchange for term paper polyarteritis, ‘free’ shots. But I am also uplifted because there is a consistent theme that we can crack this and there are so many encouraging stories of measures that have already had an impact. And Physiology Kidney? Angel Gurria tells us that between 1999 – the Community, year the OECD convention tackling transnational bribery came into force – and 2014, 361 individuals and 126 companies were sanctioned for foreign bribery in 17 countries, with at least $5.4 billion imposed in combined monetary sanctions and 95 people put behind bars. Jose Ugaz describes some of the ways that new technologies have already been employed to bring about real change. In Guatemala, a public campaign over a customs fraud scandal forced the resignation of the president and vice- president. In Brazil, 40 civil society organisations mobilised two million Brazilians to use online actions and events to successfully campaign for a new law that prevents candidates who have been convicted of corruption from Anatomy holes standing for Best essay 2014 argumentative, public office for at least eight years. When El Salvador gave citizens the right to ask for information about public officials’ assets, 6,000 citizen requests helped to uncover cases where the wealth of public officials had grown by 300% during their time in office. In Venezuela, a new smart phone app is allowing ordinary citizens to report on instances of Anatomy and physiology, bribery and any irregularities during elections, with more than 400 complaints registered for follow-up in the most recent parliamentary elections. Christine Lagarde also cites an example from Indonesia where the then Minister of Finance partnered with business to create ‘new rules of the game’. These meant that the Write on a online, government delivered a streamlined customs approval process in exchange for a commitment from business not to offer any bribes to officials. Jim Yong Kim describes how publishing school funding allocations in and physiology kidney, local newspapers in Uganda transformed the proportion of funds that made it through to the schools, with one study concluding that the amount of funds diverted away by local officials correlated to the distance of a school from a town where there was a newspaper outlet.

All of these examples and service research, more mean that the biggest message of this book is one of optimism. This battle can be won. Furthermore, there are clear lessons coming through that can help us to win it by shaping an international agenda to defeat and deter corruption. First, corruption should be exposed so there is nowhere to hide. We need to end the use of Anatomy and physiology kidney, secret shell companies, so that the corrupt no longer have an easy and anonymous way to hide their loot and move it across borders. We need to drive out the College essay vcu, rogue lawyers, estate agents and accountants who facilitate or tolerate corruption in commerce and finance. We need to and physiology holes, expose the theft or misuse of taxpayers’ money by opening up budgets and procurement so that people can see exactly how their money is used and they can demand that people are held to account when it is stolen. And we need a sustained effort in those areas which Paul Collier describes as the “pockets of high corruption”, including corruption-prone sectors such as the extractive and construction industries. At the heart of term paper polyarteritis, all of this is Anatomy holes, international co-operation on transparency. On A Paper? In the UK we have adopted legislation to give the public unrestricted access to beneficial ownership information on UK companies through a public central registry so that people can see who really owns and controls companies.

But as Paul Radu argues, tracking international flows of finance requires international co-operation. Well-structured, transparent and accessible databases could allow automated searches of ever-larger, global datasets that could feed real-time alerts to journalists in and physiology, every country. His vision offers a network of Best college argumentative, investigative journalists that could help make transparency the natural enemy of international organised crime gangs and corrupt officials all over the world. Given the sheer quantity of data to and physiology holes, get through, networks of bullying, civil society, activists and journalists – working with law enforcement – will be critical to holding people to account. Second, we need to holes, deal properly and comprehensively with the corruption we expose. That means bringing the service, perpetrators to and physiology holes, justice, actively enforcing anti-corruption laws and working together across international borders to hunt down the corrupt, prosecute them and send them to jail. One cutting-edge idea to explore here comes from Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. In Singapore, instead of prosecutors having to prove the guilt of the corrupt, they reverse the burden of proof so the accused have to show that they acquired their wealth legally. The Prevention of Corruption Act also provides for extra-territorial jurisdiction, so that the actions of Singaporeans overseas are treated in the same way as actions committed in Singapore, regardless of whether the corrupt acts had consequences in Singapore itself. It will be a while yet before everyone is as bold and as far- reaching as Singapore.

But what I believe we can all agree is that we should send a clear message to the corrupt that there will be no impunity and that we will restrict their ability to travel and do business as usual in What i write my history paper, our countries. That’s why we in the UK are looking closely at the potential of Unexplained Wealth Orders, and why I urge other countries to do the same. Dealing with the corruption we expose also means taking responsibility to support those who have suffered from corruption. And Physiology Kidney? I believe that should include doing everything we can to track down looted money and create a trusted system to return it to its rightful owners. The looting of public wealth has been on such a scale in some countries, that returning it safely would make an enormous difference to their development prospects. College 2014? It would also begin to Anatomy and physiology kidney, address the sense of injustice that many in this book have so powerfully described. Third, we need more than just clear rules that are properly enforced. As so many of the contributors have argued, we also need to make it much harder for corruption to thrive by driving out the underlying cultures that have allowed this cancer to fester for so long.

This means tackling head on what John Githongo describes as the ‘pirate sector’ by creating a culture where the essay writing, corrupt are (in Lesotho vernacular) “bobolu” and made to feel a social stigma that shames them for what they do. It means challenging corrupt behaviours globally by embracing the vast possibilities that Paul Collier highlights around the and physiology kidney, twinning of different countries’ institutions and professions. On A Paper? From tax collection agencies, treasuries and civil services to professions such as accountancy and law, twinning can begin to build a newly shared culture of probity and Anatomy, honesty. Essay Report? Changing the culture of corruption also means embracing the and physiology holes kidney, power of new technologies to deliver greater accountability for public money and public services. Community Research Papers? In India, for example, welfare smartcards are helping to prevent corrupt officials taking a cut of payments to the poor. Technologies like this can provide the information to enable government agencies, businesses, campaigning NGOs and individual citizens to come together in a comprehensive movement against corruption. But all of this will only and physiology kidney, really work if political leaders have the courage to stand together, to speak up where previously there was silence, and to demand the strengthening and co- ordinating of international institutions that are needed to college 2014 argumentative, put fighting corruption at the top of the international agenda where it belongs. We cannot and must not fail this test of political leadership. As David Walsh writes: “No longer in and physiology holes kidney, the dark, we now have the opportunity for change.

It would be a crime not to seize it.” I intend to seize it, with the support of all the authors in this book and together with the widest possible coalition of leaders from politics, business and civil society. Together we are against college essay 2014 argumentative, corruption. And together we can defeat it. 2. Francis Fukuyama: What is Corruption? Corruption has in Anatomy holes, many ways become the defining issue of the 21st century, just as the 20th century was characterised by large ideological struggles between democracy, fascism and should my history on, communism. Today a majority of the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, world’s nations accept the legitimacy of College writing, democracy and at least pretend to hold competitive elections. What really distinguishes political systems from one another is the degree to which the elites ruling them seek to use their power in Anatomy, the service of a broad public interest or simply to enrich themselves, their friends and their families. Countries from Russia and Venezuela to Afghanistan and polyarteritis, Nigeria all hold elections that produce leaders with some degree of democratic legitimacy.

What distinguishes them from Norway, Japan or Britain is not so much democracy as the quality of and physiology, government which, in scholarship essay writing vcu, turn, is greatly affected by levels of corruption. Corruption hurts life outcomes in a variety of ways. Economically, it diverts resources away from and physiology kidney their most productive uses and acts like a regressive tax that supports the lifestyles of elites at the expense of everyone else. Corruption incentivises the best and the brightest to spend their time gaming the system, rather than innovating or creating new wealth. Politically, corruption undermines the Write on a paper online, legitimacy of political systems by giving elites alternative ways of holding onto power other than genuine democratic choice. It hurts the prospects of democracy when people perceive authoritarian governments to be performing better than corrupt democratic ones and undermines the reality of democratic choice. However, the phenomenon labelled ‘corruption’ comprises a wide range of Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, behaviours whose economic and political effects vary greatly. It is remarkable that, for all of the academic effort put into the study of College writing, corruption, there is Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, still no broadly accepted vocabulary for distinguishing between its different forms. Before we can tackle corruption, we need some conceptual clarity as to what it is and how it relates to the broader problem of good government.

2.1 Corruption as a modern phenomenon. Write Online? Corruption can exist in many contexts, from bribery in a sports organisation to a secretary stealing from the office pool. Kidney? I am here going to focus on political corruption, which concerns the abuse of public office for private gain (see Johnston 2005, p. What Paper? 11). The first point to note is that corruption is a modern phenomenon. The very terms ‘public’ and ‘private’ did not always exist.

In the European medieval era, virtually all regimes were what Max Weber labelled ‘patrimonial’ – that is, political authority was regarded as a species of private property which could be handed down to descendants as part of and physiology, their patrimony. In dynastic times, a king could give away an entire province with all of its inhabitants to his son or daughter as a wedding present, since he regarded his domain as a private possession. Under these circumstances, it made no sense to talk about public corruption 1 . The concept that rulers did not simply own their domains but were custodians of a broader public interest was one that emerged gradually in the 16th and 17th centuries. Community Research Papers? Theorists such as Hugo Grotius, Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes and Samuel von Pufendorf began to Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, argue that a ruler could be legitimately sovereign not by right of ownership, but out of a kind of social contract by which he protected public interest – above all, the common interest in college report bullying, peace and Anatomy kidney, security. The very notion that there was a potential conflict between public and What my history paper, private interest emerged with the rise of and physiology, modern European states. In this respect, China beat Europe to the punch by nearly 1,800 years, having been one of the earliest civilisations to Community research, develop a concept of an impersonal state that was the guardian of a collective public interest. Today no rulers dare assert publicly that they ‘own’ the territories over which they exercise authority; even traditional monarchs such as those in the Arab world claim to be serving a broader public interest. Anatomy Holes? Hence we have the phenomenon that political scientists label ‘neo-patrimonialism’ – in Divide paper polyarteritis, which political leaders pretend to be modern servants of the common good in political systems with modern trappings like parliaments, ministers and bureaucracies.

But the reality is that elites enter politics to extract rents or resources and holes, enrich themselves and their families at Community research papers the expense of everyone else. A modern state which seeks to promote public welfare and treats its citizens impersonally is Anatomy and physiology holes, not just a recent phenomenon, but also one that is difficult to achieve and inherently fragile. The reason for this has to do with human nature. Human beings are social creatures, but their sociability takes the college 2014 argumentative, very specific forms of favouritism towards family and and physiology, friends. The demand that we treat people on an impersonal basis, or hire a stranger who is Divide polyarteritis, qualified rather than a relative or a friend, is not something that comes naturally to human beings. Modern political systems set up incentives and try to socialise people into different forms of holes, behaviour. But because favouritism towards friends and family is a natural instinct, there is a constant danger of essay vcu, relapse – something I have elsewhere labelled ‘repatrimonialisation’ (Fukuyama 2011). People who live in rich developed countries often look down on countries pervaded by systemic corruption as if they are somehow deviant cases. But the truth of the and physiology, matter is that, up until a few centuries ago, there were virtually no modern uncorrupt states.

Making the transition from paper a patrimonial or neo-patrimonial state to and physiology, a modern impersonal one is essay, a difficult and historically fraught process, much more difficult in Anatomy and physiology holes, most respects than making the transition from an authoritarian political system to a democratic one. But if most countries throughout most of human history were patrimonial or neo-patrimonial, there were still large differences between them with regard to the quality of government. So we need to make some finer distinctions between types and levels of corruption. There are two separate phenomena related to college essay 2014 argumentative, corruption that are not identical to it. The first is the creation and extraction of rents, and and physiology kidney, the second is patronage or clientelism.

In economics, a rent is technically defined as the difference between the cost of Community service papers, keeping a good or service in holes, production and its price. One of the most important sources of rents is scarcity: natural resource rents exist because the selling price of oil far exceeds the cost of pumping it out of the ground. Rents can also be artificially generated by governments. Many of the most common forms of on a paper online, corruption revolve around a government’s ability to Anatomy kidney, create artificial scarcities through licensing or regulation. Divide Paper? Placing tariffs on imports restricts imports and generates rents for the government; one of the most widespread forms of corruption around the world lies in customs agencies, where the customs agent will take a bribe to reduce the duties charged or expedites the clearance process so that the importer will have their goods on time. The ease with which governments can create rents through their taxation or regulatory powers has led many economists to denounce rents in general as distortions of efficient resource allocation by markets and to see rent creation and distribution as virtually synonymous with corruption. The ability of governments to generate rents means that many ambitious people will choose politics rather than entrepreneurship or the private sector as a route to wealth. But while rents can be and are abused in the fashion described, they also have perfectly legitimate uses, which complicate any blanket denunciation. The most obvious type of and physiology holes kidney, a ‘good’ rent is a patent or copyright – by which the government gives the creator of an idea or creative work the exclusive right to any resulting revenues for some defined period of What should on, time. Economists Mushtaq Khan and Jomo Kwame Sundaram (2000) point out that many Asian governments have promoted industrialisation by allowing favoured firms to generate excess profits, provided they were ploughed back into new investment.

While this opened the and physiology kidney, door to considerable corruption and abuse, it also worked as a means of stimulating rapid growth at a rate possibly higher than market forces on their own would have produced. All government regulatory functions create artificial scarcities and polyarteritis, therefore rents. But while we can argue about the appropriate extent of regulation, few people would like to see these functions simply abandoned. The creation and and physiology, distribution of rents by governments have a high degree of overlap with corruption, but are not simply the same phenomenon. The second phenomenon that is often identified with corruption is Best college essay 2014, that of patronage or clientelism. A patronage relationship is a reciprocal exchange of favours between two individuals of kidney, different status and power, usually involving favours given by the patron to college 2014 argumentative, the client in exchange for the client’s loyalty and political support. The favour given to the client must be a good that can be individually appropriated, such as a job in the post office, a Christmas turkey or a get-out-of-jail card for a relative, rather than a public good or policy that applies to a broad class of Anatomy holes kidney, people (Eisenstadt and Roniger 1984).

Patronage is sometimes distinguished from clientelism by scale; patronage relationships are typically face-to-face ones between patrons and clients and exist in Essay college report bullying, all regimes whether authoritarian or democratic, while clientelism involves larger-scale exchanges of favours between patrons and clients, often requiring a hierarchy of kidney, intermediaries (see Scott 1972). I Write My History Paper On? Clientelism thus exists primarily in Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, democratic countries where large numbers of voters need to be mobilised (Piattoni 2001, pp. 4–7). Clientelism is considered a bad thing and a deviation from good democratic practice in several respects. In a modern democracy, citizens are supposed to vote based on the politician’s promises of broad public policies or a ‘programmatic’ agenda. Such choices are supposed to reflect general views of what is good for the political community as a whole and not just what is good for one individual voter. Of course, voters in advanced democracies cast their ballots according to their self-interest; programmes targeted at one group of citizens are nonetheless justified in terms of broad concepts of justice or the general good. Moreover, targeted programmes must apply impartially not to individuals but to broad classes of people.

Targeted benefits to individuals are bad from the Community, standpoint of social justice. In clientelistic systems, redistributive programmes that are supposed to help all poor people, for example, end up benefiting only Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, those poor people who support a particular politician. This weakens support for effective universal policies and preserves existing social inequalities. Nevertheless, there is reason to think that clientelism is actually an early form of scholarship essay, democratic participation. In the United States and other countries, it was a way of mobilising poor voters and therefore encouraging them to participate in a democratic political system. Holes Kidney? It was suboptimal when compared to programmatic voting, yet provided a degree of accountability insofar as the politician still felt obligated to provide some benefits in return for political support. In that respect, clientelism is quite different from a more destructive form of corruption in College essay vcu, which a politician simply steals from the public treasury for the benefit of his or her family, without any obligation to and physiology holes kidney, provide a public service in return. The problem with clientelism is that it usually does not remain confined to a mechanism for paper, getting out the vote, but morphs into misappropriation.

A final conceptual distinction that needs to be made is between corruption and low state capacity. ‘Anti-corruption and good governance’ has become an often-repeated slogan in the development community and some people treat good governance and the absence of corruption as equivalents. Yet they are very different: a squeaky-clean bureaucracy can still be incompetent or ineffective in Anatomy and physiology holes, doing its job, while corrupt ones can provide good services 2 . Beyond low levels of corruption, good governance requires state capacity – that is, the human, material and organisational resources necessary for governments to carry out their mandates effectively and efficiently. It is Essay college report, linked to the skills and knowledge of public officials and Anatomy kidney, whether they are given sufficient autonomy and scholarship vcu, authority to carry out their tasks. Corruption, of kidney, course, tends to undermine state capacity (for example, by replacing qualified officials with political patronage appointees); conversely, highly professional bureaucracies tend to be less subject to bribery and theft. Low levels of corruption and high state capacity therefore tend to be correlated around the world. But getting to good governance is a much larger task than simply fighting corruption. The distinction between corruption and low state capacity allows us to better understand differences between the effects of corruption in countries around the world. In the World Bank Institute’s Worldwide Governance Indicators for 2014, China ranks in the 47th percentile with respect to control of corruption, behind Ghana and on a, just ahead of Romania (World Bank 2014). On the other hand, China has a great deal of state capacity. In the government effectiveness category, it is in the 66th percentile, while Romania is in the 55th and Ghana is in the 44th (World Bank 2014).

This validates the common perception that the Chinese Government has a great deal of capacity to achieve the ends it sets, despite strong perceptions of pervasive corruption. The predictability and scale of corruption are also important; if a business owner expects to pay 10% of the transaction value in bribes, they can regard that as a kind of tax, which is less damaging to investment than a bribery level of 75% or one that varies arbitrarily from year to Anatomy and physiology holes, year. The first generation of anti-corruption measures taken in the mid-1990s by development finance institutions involved ambitious efforts to overhaul civil service systems along Weberian lines: incentivising officials by increasing wage dispersion and setting formal recruitment and promotion criteria. These measures had very little effect; the problem lay in the fact that corrupt governments were expected to police themselves and to Divide term paper polyarteritis, implement bureaucratic systems developed over long periods in rich countries with very different histories. More recent efforts have focused on fighting corruption through transparency and holes kidney, accountability measures – that is, increasing the monitoring of agent behaviour and creating positive and negative incentives for better compliance with the institution’s goals. This has taken a variety of forms: cameras placed in classrooms to ensure that teachers show up for work; participatory budgeting where citizens are given a direct voice in Essay college, budgeting decisions; and websites where citizens can report government officials taking bribes. Since governments cannot be trusted to police themselves, civil society has often been enlisted in a watchdog role and mobilised to Anatomy and physiology, demand accountability. Mechanisms like anti-corruption commissions and special prosecutors have, if given enough autonomy, also shown some success in countries such as Indonesia and Romania. These later efforts, however, have also had uneven success (see, for example, Kolstad and Wiig 2009; Mauro 2002). In particular, transparency initiatives by themselves do not guarantee changes in government behaviour.

For example, in College writing vcu, countries where clientelism is organised along ethnic lines, co-ethnics are frequently tolerant of Anatomy holes, leaders who steal. Elsewhere, citizens may be outraged by news of college 2014 argumentative, corruption, but then have no clear way of holes kidney, holding individual politicians or bureaucrats accountable. In other cases, successes in punishing individual politicians are not sufficient to shift the normative framework in which virtually everyone in the political class expects to profit from office. Essay Vcu? Finally, anti-corruption campaigns may disrupt informal understandings and personal relationships that underpin investment and holes, trade: without formal property rights and essay writing vcu, contract enforcement under a system of independent courts, the paradoxical short-term effect of prosecuting corrupt officials may be to deter new investment and and physiology kidney, thereby lower growth. There is a single truth underlying the indifferent success of existing transparency and accountability measures to control corruption.

The sources of corruption are deeply political. Without a political strategy for overcoming this problem, any given solution will fail. Corruption in its various forms – patronage, clientelism, rent-seeking and term paper, outright theft – all benefit existing stakeholders in the political system, who are generally very powerful players. Lecturing them about good government or setting up formal systems designed to work in modern political systems will not affect their incentives and therefore will have little transformative effect. That is why transparency initiatives on their own often fail. Citizens may be outraged by news about Anatomy and physiology kidney, corruption, but nothing will happen without collective-action mechanisms to on a, bring about change. The mere existence of a democratic political system is no guarantee that citizens’ anger will be translated into action; they need leadership and a strategy for displacing entrenched stakeholders from power. Outside pressure in the form of loan conditionality, technical assistance or moral pressure is almost never sufficient to do the Anatomy holes, job. Essay College Report? Anti- corruption commissions and special prosecutors who have had success in jailing corrupt officials have done so only because they receive strong grassroots political backing from citizens.

The political nature of corruption and the necessarily political nature of the reform process can be illustrated by the experience of the United States in the 19th century (as I describe in and physiology holes kidney, Fukuyama 2014, chapters 9–11). American politics in that period was not too different from politics in contemporary developing democratic countries such as India, Brazil or Indonesia. Beginning in the 1820s, American states began extending the franchise to include all white males, vastly expanding the College scholarship vcu, voter base and presenting politicians with the challenge of mobilising relatively poor and poorly educated voters. The solution, which appeared particularly after the and physiology holes kidney, 1828 presidential election that brought Andrew Jackson to power, was the creation of a vast clientelistic system. Elected politicians appointed their supporters to positions in Write online, the bureaucracy or rewarded them with individual payoffs like Christmas turkeys or bottles of bourbon. This system, known as the spoils or patronage system, characterised American government for the next century, from the highest federal offices down to local postmasters in every American town or city. Anatomy Kidney? As with other clientelistic systems, patronage led to Best essay 2014 argumentative, astonishing levels of corruption, particularly in cities such as New York, Boston and holes, Chicago where machine politicians ruled for Community service papers, generations. This system began to change only in the 1880s as a consequence of economic development. New technologies like the Anatomy and physiology kidney, railroads were transforming the paper, country from a primarily agrarian society into an urban industrial one. There were increasing demands from Anatomy and physiology business leaders and from a newly emerging civil society for a different, more modern form of government that would prioritise merit and knowledge over political connections. Community Service Research? Following the Anatomy kidney, assassination of the newly elected President James A. Garfield in 1881 by a would-be office seeker, Congress was embarrassed into passing the Pendleton Act.

It established a US Civil Service Commission for Community papers, the first time and the principle that public officials should be chosen on the basis of merit. Even so, expanding the number of classified (i.e. merit- based) officials met strong resistance and did not become widespread until after the First World War. Individual municipal political machines such as Tammany Hall in and physiology kidney, New York were not dismantled completely until the middle of the 20th century. The American experience highlights a number of features of both corruption and the reform of corrupt systems. First, the Divide, incentives that led to the creation of the Anatomy and physiology kidney, clientelistic system were deeply political. Politicians got into office via their ability to distribute patronage; they had no incentive to vote in favour of 2014 argumentative, something like the Pendleton Act that would take away those privileges.

The only reason it passed was a tragic exogenous event – the Garfield assassination – which mobilised public opinion in favour of Anatomy kidney, a more modern governmental system. Second, reform of the system was similarly political. The Progressive Era saw the emergence of College writing vcu, a vast reform coalition made up of business leaders, urban reformers, farmers and ordinary citizens who were fed up with the existing patronage system. It required strong leadership from and physiology holes politicians like Theodore Roosevelt who was himself head of the US Civil Service Commission. It also required a clear reform agenda pointing towards modern government, formulated by intellectuals such as Frank Goodnow, Dorman Eaton and Woodrow Wilson. Finally, reform was helped along by research papers, economic development. Industrialisation in the US produced new social groups such as business leaders who needed efficient government services, a broad and better-educated middle class who could mobilise for reform, and Anatomy and physiology kidney, a grassroots organisation of civil society groups. The American experience is suggestive of how progress in the fight against corruption may be waged in contemporary societies suffering from it. Reform is always a political matter that will require formation of a broad coalition of groups opposed to an existing system of corrupt politicians.

Grassroots activism in favour of reform may emerge spontaneously, but such sentiments will not be translated into Write real change until it receives good leadership and organisation. Reform also has a socio-economic basis: economic growth often produces new classes and Anatomy and physiology holes, groups that want a different, more modern politics. What Should Paper? America points to another feature of anti-corruption efforts. Control of corruption was very much bound up with efforts to increase state capacity. The period that saw the emergence of an industrial economy was also characterised by huge increases in levels of education – particularly higher education, which produced an and physiology holes entirely new class of professionals who worked for both private businesses and the government. One of the first government agencies to be modernised in Write paper online, the late 19th century was the US Department of Agriculture, which benefited from a generation of Anatomy and physiology, professional agronomists trained in college report bullying, the numerous land-grant universities that sprang up around the United States. The latter, in turn, were the product of the far-sighted Morrill Act of 1862 that sought to increase agricultural productivity (among other things) through higher education. It would not have been possible to reform the old patronage-based bureaucracy without access to the human capital represented by Anatomy holes, this entire generation of Divide paper, university- educated officials. Every important reform effort undertaken to create modern state bureaucracies – in kidney, Germany, Britain, France, Japan and What paper on, elsewhere – was accompanied by parallel efforts to kidney, modernise the higher education system in ways that would benefit public administration. Today development finance institutions focus on helping to provide universal primary and secondary education to paper, poor countries and have largely given up on supporting elite education.

The reasons for this are understandable, but do not correspond to the historical experience of state modernisation in countries that became rich in earlier eras. These general observations about historical efforts to and physiology holes kidney, build modern uncorrupt administrations suggest that the process will be an extended one, characterised by prolonged political struggle. I Write My History? Fortunately, having a modern bureaucracy is not a sine qua non of economic development. No existing rich country had a squeaky-clean government in its early stages of economic growth – neither Britain, nor the United States in the 19th century, nor China today. Corruption and and physiology kidney, weak governance are obstacles to economic growth, but economic growth can happen also in What should on, poorly governed societies and will produce, over time, social conditions and resources that will make government reform more feasible. This is perhaps a pessimistic conclusion, given the fact that rentier states and holes kidney, kleptocratic governments are the on a online, source of international conflict and instability in today’s world. But it is also a realistic assessment derived from the historical record. Anatomy? Eisenstadt, S. N. and Roniger, L. 1984. Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fukuyama, F. Scholarship Vcu? 2011. The Origins of Anatomy, Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Essay Report Bullying? Fukuyama, F. 2014. Kidney? Political Order and Political Decay: From the on a paper online, Industrial Revolution to the Globalisation of Democracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Johnston, M. 2005. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? Syndromes of Corruption. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Khan, M. H. and scholarship writing, Jomo, K. S. 2000. Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development: Theory and Evidence in Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kolstad, I. and holes, Wiig, A. 2009. Is Transparency the Key to Reducing Corruption in Resource-Rich Countries? World Development, 37(3), pp.

521–32. Mauro, P. 2002. The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Working Paper No. 02/213. Piattoni, S. 2001. Clientelism, Interests and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Scott, J. 1972. Comparative Political Corruption. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. World Bank. 2014. Worldwide Governance Indicators. Available online. Francis Fukuyama is a Senior Fellow at Stanford University and Essay college report bullying, Director of its Center on Anatomy and physiology holes kidney Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law. His book, The End of History and the Last Man (Free Press 1992), has appeared in more than 20 foreign editions. College Bullying? More recently, he is the author of Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalisation of Democracy (Profile Books 2014). 3. Paul Collier: How to change cultures of holes kidney, corruption.

Corruption does not happen everywhere, it is concentrated in pockets: in particular industries, in particular societies and in particular times. Among industries, natural resource extraction and construction have long been seen as exceptionally prone to corruption. This is partly because projects in these sectors are idiosyncratic and difficult to scrutinise. Some European countries such as Italy and Greece perform markedly worse than some African and Asian countries, according to Transparency International’s (TI) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (Transparency International 2015). Community Service Research? Places where grand corruption is perceived to be flourishing are rare, but Afghanistan and Angola are examples of these extreme conditions. As to periods, Britain in the 18th century exemplified the behaviours that would now lead to a miserable ranking in holes kidney, corruption indices. More pertinently, there is good reason to think that, globally, there has been an upsurge in Community, corruption in recent decades. Reversing this upsurge calls for concerted effort.

Alongside these pockets of Anatomy kidney, high corruption, other industries, other societies and other times are virtually corruption-free. Denmark is currently seen as the least corrupt place in the world and many non-Western countries such as Botswana are also viewed as relatively untainted (Transparency International 2015). In most societies, corruption is not normal: it is therefore potentially avoidable everywhere. Corruption is concentrated in pockets because it depends upon common expectations of behaviour. Where corruption is the norm, getting rid of it poses a co-ordination problem: if I expect those around me to continue to be corrupt, why should I change my behaviour? Because of this, pockets of corruption have proved to be highly persistent: the same industries and the same societies remain corrupt for Essay, many years. Similarly, honesty is persistent. In the first TI survey conducted in 1995, Denmark was rated second globally.

This persistence is Anatomy and physiology holes, not a matter of chance. Danes are born into an honest society and so inherit the essay writing, expectation that they themselves will be trustworthy. Being trusted is a valuable asset: it makes many aspects of life much easier. In consequence, individual Danes have a strong incentive not to squander this valuable asset through behaving opportunistically. Because people have rationally chosen to protect their reputation for honesty, the entire society has stayed honest.

But change is possible. And Physiology Holes Kidney? Until well into the 19th century, the British public sector was very corrupt. Positions were bought and sold and contracts were awarded in return for bribes. Crises such as military humiliation in the Crimean War helped to shock governments into What my history paper on change. And Physiology Kidney? Opportunities for Essay report bullying, corruption were curtailed: recruitment and promotion were opened to competitive examinations. A new purposive ethic was promoted and serving the nation became the pinnacle of social prestige and self-worth. By the and physiology kidney, late 19th century, the British Civil Service had become honest and competent. This transformation was largely fortuitous rather than the result of a properly thought-through strategy.

But its success reveals the key components of how change can be brought about. Societies do not have to wait for military humiliation and a moral revival: corruption can be tackled effectively. Community Papers? In Britain, two key things – closing off the major opportunities for corruption and making working for Anatomy and physiology kidney, the public good more prestigious and satisfying than abusing office for paper online, private gain – happened together. These two approaches are jointly critical in breaking cultures of corruption. Just as 19th-century Britain implemented both of them without international help, there is much that societies currently beset by corruption can do for themselves. Kidney? However, the globalisation of business and social networks has created an important role for international action. Countries such as Britain can contribute to encouraging both internal and international initiatives. There is enormous scope for international actions that close off opportunities for College essay vcu, corruption. Equally, there is Anatomy holes, much that can be done to make behaviours that promote the public good more prestigious and satisfying than those that sacrifice the public interest for private gain.

This is because corruption, like honesty, tends to College scholarship essay writing, persist. Corrupt behaviour is self-reinforcing, and breaking out of it is not easy. A co-ordinated push for international action thus makes national initiatives more likely to succeed and more worthwhile to attempt. It can help those societies that are still struggling with the holes kidney, problems that Britain faced in the 19th century. Paper Online? Britain has already done much to make global corruption more difficult. One contribution has been to ‘follow the money’. Holes Kidney? In recent decades, international lawyers and bankers created walls of secrecy that enabled corrupt officials to hide money away in ‘shell’ companies and offshore bank accounts. The Government has led the way in dismantling this labyrinth of deceit: the true ownership of British companies must now be revealed in a public register, and Best 2014, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies are also taking action to Anatomy and physiology kidney, improve company transparency.

Britain has rapidly changed from Best college essay argumentative being part of the problem to being a pioneer of the kidney, solution, but quite evidently following the money is subject to a weakest-link problem. Corrupt money will hide wherever it can, so it is vital that all the major legal and paper, financial centres close the loopholes. There is scope to extend transparency beyond bank deposits to other major assets such as property. There is also considerable scope for holes, those governments that adopt effective measures for following the money to require all companies that wish to do business with them to comply with these standards, providing global reach for College scholarship, national efforts. A second contribution has been to increase transparency in key sectors. In 2013, Britain and Anatomy holes, four other G7 countries signed up to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), helping to bring daylight to a corrupt sector. In North America and Europe, what began as voluntary revenue transparency is now evolving into a legal requirement. Meanwhile the EITI is becoming the established international standard-setting entity for the sector, extending voluntarism beyond simple revenue reporting to matters such as contracts. There is now an equivalent voluntary initiative for should i write, the construction sector and it warrants similar co-ordinated propulsion. A third contribution has been to increase accountability: the Bribery Act 2010 greatly tightened the Anatomy and physiology, legal liability of companies and their employees for bribing their way into contracts. Clamping down on bribery is a classic instance of the free-rider problem: no government wants its own companies to be disadvantaged.

This is Community service, why the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has been encouraging a co-ordinated international approach. The alternative to such co-operation is a race to the bottom that the businesses of no decently governed country can win. There is, equally, plenty of Anatomy and physiology holes, scope for contributing to the complementary approach of making public good more prestigious and Write on a paper, satisfying than the private gains generated by abuse of office. Take, for example, tax administration, which is fundamental to effective government. In many poor countries, tax administration is an epicentre of corruption. As a specific example, consider the administration of Value-Added Tax (VAT), which is a means of revenue-raising encouraged globally by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) because it is less distorting than most other taxes.

But in several poor societies that followed IMF advice, such as the Democratic Republic of the and physiology kidney, Congo, VAT is actually reducing revenue rather than raising it. Even before VAT, many tax inspectors were corrupt, using their power to tax firms as a means of extorting money for themselves: ‘pay me or pay tax’ (Collier 2016). VAT has reduced revenue, because it expanded the options available to corrupt tax officials. It works by firms initially paying tax on their gross sales, but then getting a rebate on the inputs they have purchased, so that they end up only paying tax on the value they have added to those inputs. But in a country that introduces a VAT, a corrupt tax official can now sell a firm phoney tax receipts on inputs, in essay writing vcu, addition to the standard extortion racket. As a result, the rebate system ends up paying out more than the sales tax component of VAT is paying in. Clearly at the core of this phenomenon are norms of behaviour among tax officials, such that seizing opportunities for and physiology kidney, private gain is seen as both more prestigious and more satisfying than contributing to the public good of generating tax revenue and the public services it can finance. How might Britain, and other countries in scholarship essay vcu, which VAT collection does not face such problems, help to change this perception?

Social prestige and personal satisfaction are largely set within peer groups: most people want to Anatomy, be respected by those they see as their peers and Divide term polyarteritis, they find satisfaction in adhering to group norms. Anatomy Holes? Hence a practical way of changing the behaviour of corrupt officials is to What should i write paper, alter the group of people they regard as their peers. Currently, a corrupt tax official is likely to have two key networks in which they seek prestige: their extended family and fellow tax inspectors. Their family will honour them for Anatomy and physiology kidney, helping relatives who lack opportunities to earn a large income: he or she becomes the patron of the family. Their fellow tax inspectors, subject to the same family pressures, may see corruption as reasonable. They may even regard honest behaviour as a threat to their own conduct and therefore disloyal. A useful way of changing this state of affairs is to twin those tax administrations in which corruption is endemic with administrations in countries that are not corrupt.

Twinning could involve regular secondments of staff in both directions and the potential for accreditation to international professional associations at various ranks. The purpose would not primarily be a transfer of technical skills, although that could clearly be a component, but rather a gradual transfer of attitudes and behaviours. Divide Term Paper Polyarteritis? The new network exposes the official to the potential of a new identity as a member of a prestigious international peer group of modern tax officials, working to global, not local, standards. It exposes the official to a new narrative circulating in the network: that tax officials are vital for the provision of core public services. And it exposes the and physiology kidney, official to a new norm of Community service research, ‘good’ conduct. A ‘good’ tax inspector is no longer one who raises a lot of money for their family, but one who rigorously implements the tax code to and physiology kidney, make the Divide term polyarteritis, rest of government feasible. Exposure to these new attitudes creates a tension between the behaviour that would generate prestige and self-worth in the old networks and the behaviour that would generate prestige and Anatomy and physiology holes, self-worth in Divide paper, the new network. Kidney? Creating this tension is not the end of the story, but it is an essential step. The other key step is to tackle the co-ordination problem: why should I change my behaviour, if nobody else is going to essay 2014, change theirs? Social psychologists have shown that successful co-ordination depends upon Anatomy holes generating ‘common knowledge’ (Thomas et al. 2014).

A new fact becomes ‘common’ if it is not only widely shared, but also crucially if everybody knows that everybody else knows it. Should? One way to create the common knowledge that yesterday’s behaviour is unlikely to persist tomorrow is to close an entire organisation and rehire those staff judged to have reasonable integrity into a new one under different management and higher standards. For example, many governments have closed corrupt tax departments within their ministries of finance and replaced them with independent revenue authorities, a change that has usually been reasonably successful. An analogous way for international twinning to overcome the co-ordination problem is for all the staff in an entire unit to be exposed to the international network at Anatomy the same time. Each official in the unit would then realise that their colleagues were facing the same tension between old and new networks and Essay bullying, hence the Anatomy and physiology kidney, same choice. There are already a few examples of institutional twinning. For example, in Britain, the Department for International Development (DFID) financially supports Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC), the British tax authority, to work with tax authorities in Write on a, some low-income countries.

Also, until a decade ago, governors of the Bank of England used to host an annual meeting for governors of African central banks. But the scope for holes, twinning is vast, relative to what is, as yet, happening both in governments and in Write on a, the wider society. Around the world, governments have similar structures. For example, virtually all governments in low-income countries have a ministry of transport, a ministry of health and kidney, a ministry of College essay, finance. OECD governments have been liaising with these ministries for half a century, but the entities that are linked to Anatomy, them are their aid agencies not their counterpart ministries. Direct links with counterpart ministries have the potential for a very different form of relationship based on peer-group networks, rather than on money with conditions. Often ministries in low-income countries try to keep donor agencies ‘out of service papers, their hair’, whereas they would value direct links with their peers. An important example is the regulation of utilities such as electricity.

Many governments of kidney, low-income countries are now establishing regulatory agencies, which is a vital step in attracting private finance for infrastructure. But the essay writing vcu, regulation of utilities faces intense pressures for corruption: the decisions of regulators affect both the profitability of companies and voter support for politicians. In the OECD, regulatory agencies have been operating for two or three decades. The OECD has also built peer group networks that have evolved peer standards of independence, transparency and impartiality. New regulatory agencies would benefit from becoming part of this distinctive culture. Such specialised inter-government peer groups are indeed the core activity of the and physiology kidney, OECD. Essay Bullying? But membership of the OECD is confined to the governments of high-income countries. Admirably, the organisation is now trying to broaden its engagement with the and physiology holes, governments of poor countries, for example, by the new initiative ‘Tax Inspectors Without Borders’ (OECD 2015). This is designed to embed tax inspectors for Best essay 2014 argumentative, OECD governments in the tax authorities of poor countries on secondment for several months: not to kidney, train but to work on the job.

An obvious extension would be to make this a two-way exchange of staff. Papers? The branding of Anatomy, ‘Tax Inspectors Without Borders’ neatly taps into the potential for such secondments to be glamorous: a survey of young French singles found that the ‘ideal spouse’ was a doctor with Medecins Sans Frontieres! More seriously, while the OECD initiative is excellent it is a drop in the ocean. The restricted membership of the OECD limits its scope to forge global links and there is What should, no other international institution with the remit to build peer- group links across government departments between rich countries and poor ones. Anatomy Holes? Perhaps this role should become a core function of national aid agencies such as DFID, but it would benefit from a co-ordinated kick-start by several heads of government. Community Service Research Papers? Twinning has the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, potential to be extended well beyond government: part of the ‘big society’ can be direct links between the civil society organisations and their counterparts in poor countries. Again, historically such links have largely been confined to on, development non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Oxfam, which channel donations to needs.

But an Anatomy and physiology holes important part of tackling corruption is resetting the cultures of professions, including accountancy, law, medicine and on a online, teaching. For example, in many poor countries, it is socially acceptable for teachers not to show up for lessons. Twinning involving things like teacher exchanges between schools could help to shift these dysfunctional values. The global explosion of social media has made this far more feasible. The two approaches of closing off opportunities for Anatomy and physiology kidney, corruption and reducing the prestige and satisfaction generated by corrupt behaviour reinforce each other. As the difficulties and Best 2014 argumentative, risks of corrupt behaviour rise, fewer people will behave corruptly. This directly reduces the esteem from being corrupt because it is no longer so normal. Similarly, as more people start to get their esteem from holes being honest, those who remain corrupt are easier to spot and so find themselves running bigger risks. National actions against corruption complement international actions.

One major way of squeezing out corruption is to remove obvious sources of Divide polyarteritis, rent-seeking such as rationed access to foreign exchange and the award of government contracts through secret negotiation rather than open bidding. Competition within rule-based markets is an important part of the system of checks and balances that constrain public officials from the abuse of office. Another is to prosecute some prominent senior officials. For example, in kidney, Ghana, 20 judges were sacked in late 2015 for accepting bribes based on video evidence gathered by an investigative journalist (BBC News 2015). Being based on independent evidence, such sackings cannot be misinterpreted as government attempts to crush political opposition. Further, as high-profile events, they generate common knowledge among officials that all other officials are reflecting on whether they should change their behaviour. Not all corruption is directly financial. Community Research? Electoral corruption is highly damaging. New research finds that, under normal conditions, governments that deliver good economic performance enhance their prospects of retaining office, but that the Anatomy and physiology, discipline of Write, accountability breaks down when elections are not free and fair (Collier and Hoeffler 2015). Twinning national electoral commissions with their international peers, along with twinning local and international election monitors, can help to raise standards of electoral conduct. An international initiative against corruption provides an and physiology holes kidney opportunity for national actions and Essay college report bullying, international actions to cohere.

As people recognise that the and physiology holes, calculus of risks and rewards and the sources of prestige and satisfaction are changing both for themselves and their colleagues, previously entrenched patterns of behaviour could become unstable. Mass shifts in cultures of corruption do happen and it is Essay report, possible to make them happen. Paul Collier is Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government and one of the world’s leading and award-winning development experts. His latest book is Exodus: How Migration is Changing our World (Oxford University Press 2013). 4. John Githongo: An African perspective on corruption. Sebolu is the Sotho word for Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, a ‘spoilt thing’. It is a derogatory word used in Lesotho’s national language and vernacular to mean, among other things, corruption. Someone who is corrupt is described as being bobolu and people have deep disdain for such a person.

3. In most of Africa though, there are few similar words of such powerful home-grown cultural resonance. Indeed, the word ‘corruption’ doesn’t exist in many indigenous African languages. It never has – it wasn’t needed. The idea of stealing communal goods was literally taboo. The concept of on a, shuffling papers in a government office in a far-off capital, ‘making good’ and then coming home rich and wearing the ‘corrupt’ tag is, however, more obscure. Indeed, the local son or daughter ‘made good’ who demonstrates generosity back in the village is often lionised. Generosity of heart, even to strangers, but especially to relatives (no matter how distant), is a quality much admired by Africans generally. East Africa’s lingua franca, Kiswahili, gives us ufisadi (meaning corruption) or mfisadi (corrupt one); terms cleverly engineered post-independence. Ufisadi brings to and physiology kidney, mind ‘hyena-like’ derived from the reputation of the hyena; fisi for being unscrupulous, greedy and College essay writing, ruthless.

However, it does not have the same resonance for citizens of the region as sebolu does in and physiology holes, Lesotho, which is one of the least corrupt African countries according to Transparency International’s (TI) annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (Transparency International 2015). Best College 2014? That said, ‘perceptions of corruption’, or better put ‘perceptions of leaders involved in theft’, is one of the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, most resented attributes of officialdom to term, Africans at Anatomy large. Recent research on the experiences and perceptions of Africans in 28 countries regarding corruption indicates that a majority (58%) felt that corruption had increased over the last 12 months. And in 18 of the 28 countries, the feeling was that their governments were doing badly in the fight against corruption. The report said that, despite these disappointing findings, the What should my history, bright spots across the continent were in Botswana, Burkina Faso, Lesotho and Senegal.

Citizens in these countries were some of the most positive in the region when discussing corruption (Transparency International and Afrobarometer 2015). In environments where corruption is kidney, systemic but lacks cultural resonance, creating a climate where social sanction can be applied against corrupt practices has been challenging. People understand the terms ‘theft’ and Divide term polyarteritis, ‘thief’, but corruption is a modern and ambiguous concept to many Africans. As a Nuer elder once told me, “My daughter cannot be married into and physiology a family of thieves.” The task therefore is two-fold: we need to embed a clear legal framework to deter and punish corruption, and we need to actually change the i write my history paper, culture, so that the Anatomy holes, concept of corruption is both understood and recognised as anathema. The war against should paper on, graft (political corruption) has reached the point where the and physiology holes kidney, shame and social sanctions directed against this kind of theft and i write my history, thief need to be given greater prominence in the arsenal used to fight corruption.

This applies especially in developing countries where its consequences can be – and often are – deadly. In its culturally most compelling form, the social sanction is about ensuring, for example, that the thief is too embarrassed to go to church on Sunday because of the looks they’ll get. As such, the whole approach to corruption needs to be re-examined: from local cultural assumptions and preconceptions to the legal conventions, constitutions, statutes and, especially, the prosecution-related instruments brought to bear on and physiology it at the national and global levels. Integral to this are the principles of legal authority and equality before the law. The equality component is essential: the rule of law must be seen to apply equally to Write on a, all citizens without fear or favour, regardless of race, creed or class.

The following complementary but separate factors in a society are critical: culture, ethos, ethics and traditions, and legal processes and practices. Each derives its legitimacy from history and the traditional ways in which meaning is made. By their very nature, they are far more negotiable – existing as they do in a constant state of flux in a dynamic world. Our success depends on how effectively we bring and Anatomy holes, use them together in the fight against corruption. We do this cognisant of the fact that grand corruption, when compared to the drug trade, human trafficking, terrorism finance and other global evils, is the most easily rationalisable major felonious activity on the planet. 4.1 The global anti-corruption agenda.

During the college bullying, years 1993 to 2003, corruption was at holes kidney the centre of the global development agenda. In 1993, Transparency International was founded. In the mid-to-late 1990s, corruption was adopted as a key development issue by should i write on, the multilateral and bilateral development institutions. This culminated, in 2003, in the drafting and ratification by a host of and physiology, countries of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) (UNODC 2015). The following decade saw the rise of the BRIC nations2 and rapid economic growth across much of the on a online, developing world, as well as globalisation and its associated technologies assisting the Anatomy holes kidney, expansion of Essay college bullying, trade and commerce.

At the same time, the struggle against Islamic extremism captured the attention of and physiology holes, policy makers in the international community. Alongside it, unfortunately, has also come a rapid growth in the scale and complexity of corruption. Community Service Research? So much so, that anti-corruption work needs to be returned urgently to the heart of the global development agenda. It needs to Anatomy holes kidney, be part of the DNA of modern nation-states, multinational corporations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and even religious organisations and how they interact on the global stage. This urgency comes from the fact that graft has served to hollow out key governance institutions in some countries. This includes the should my history paper, defence and Anatomy holes, security sector and areas of social policy such as health and education, with dire consequences for the public services they are supposed to Community service papers, offer the poor, in particular. The crippling impact of corruption on the delivery of these essential services has deepened economic inequalities, undermining faith in political processes, parties and Anatomy kidney, politicians. In turn, this increases political volatility as politicians retreat to paper polyarteritis, identity and personality politics with its complex web of non-negotiable irrationalities.

It also feeds fundamentalism of all kinds – for example, ethnic, religious and sectarian. 4.2 BRIC nations – Brazil, Russia, India and China. And Physiology? The impunity that accompanies crony capitalism results in what I might call both a private sector and Divide paper polyarteritis, a ‘pirate’ sector, causing citizens – especially younger people who increasingly view elections as a pointless game of musical chairs among crooks – to begin to question capitalism in its current form and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, democracy itself. What Should On? This also does serious damage to the independence, legitimacy and integrity of the service sector – in and physiology, particular, banks, law firms and auditing firms – and deepens the challenges corruption poses. 4.3 The ‘pirate’ and private sectors. The traditional private sector, comprising ‘makers of things’, has increasingly been supplanted in the 21st century by research, the service sector.

The growth of the latter has been buoyed by the dramatic expansion and Anatomy kidney, sophistication of the internet and an increasing variety of on a online, communication platforms. This has energised traders, who remain vital to the ‘old economy’ where the world’s products are created, built, sold and moved. At the same time, however, we’ve seen a distinct ‘pirate’ sector gaining in influence, particularly over the last two decades. By design, the ‘pirate’ sector is as virtual as possible, unencumbered by the traditional obligations and processes of rents, payrolls, medical schemes, pensions and so on. Although it can involve an Anatomy individual or group of individuals, this sector forms itself into sophisticated entities. What Should I Write My History On? These can operate with the Anatomy kidney, same ‘apparent’ legitimacy in should my history, multiple countries, even if it means they must use vexatious litigation – such as injunctions, court orders and delayed hearings – to allow them to act outside the law for the duration of Anatomy and physiology, their business in a country. The ‘pirate’ sector often chooses to corporatise itself in should i write my history, offshore tax havens, using the skills of professionals, especially lawyers, bankers and auditors. As a result, it has become apparent that even seemingly reputable companies and professional firms sometimes contain ‘pirate units’.

The units are able to move unhindered across borders and traverse the legal world like ghosts who disappear as quickly as these so-called ‘special purpose vehicles’ can be shut down. Theirs is the euphemistic language of ‘commissions’; ‘conclusion’ and ‘success bonuses’; ‘consultancy’ fees; ‘facilitation payments’; ‘philanthropic’ contributions to Anatomy holes, the relations of ‘politically exposed persons’ (PEPS); and the use of complex financial instruments to move resources around the world at the touch of a button. As I pointed out previously, businesses find corruption the service, easiest felonious activity to rationalise, especially in holes, cross-cultural contexts. They are the entities that ‘get things done’ in a complex world. For them, relationships are tradable products that can be leveraged for a profit and not a social currency that helps make trade and commerce flow more smoothly within the law. Best College Essay? 4.4 Renewing and reinvigorating international action. So how do we fight these piratical shadows? Corruption is and physiology holes, defined as the abuse of vested authority for private gain. In 2011, developing countries lost nearly $1 trillion to corruption, trade misinvoicing and tax avoidance (Kar and Le Blanc 2013). Leading global advocacy organisations such as ONE have even made efforts to quantify the cost of graft in Divide, lives (McNair et al.

2014). Estimates show that the cost of corruption equals more than 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) (OECD 2016). As the recent FIFA scandal has demonstrated, unconstrained corruption also threatens valued cultural institutions and traditions that we all hold dear. At the same time, the complexity of the legal compliance environment – vis-a-vis anti-corruption, anti-money laundering and other illicit activities – that the genuine private sector has to contend with has increased exponentially. Indeed there is almost an unspoken ‘compliance paralysis’ as large numbers of lawyers, risk advisors and auditors apply expensive time to scrutinising transactions complicated by the web of demands that compliance has placed upon business. As a result, the temptation for some businesses to Anatomy holes kidney, rely on the ‘pirate’ sector and/or aggressively ignore or cover up compliance risks has risen. Community Research? A recent Risk Advisory Group (2015) research report revealed 83% of compliance professionals believe compliance has become more complex in the past two years, with bigger businesses feeling this more acutely. The Risk Advisory Group CEO Bill Waite said, “Worryingly, compliance has become so elaborate that 78% of compliance professionals say that it now represents a risk in itself” (Cassin 2015). This means we are at Anatomy and physiology holes kidney a critical juncture. It calls for a renewed global partnership against corruption to match, and even exceed, the concentrated and successful advocacy that followed the Best college essay, fall of the Berlin Wall.

Corruption’s resurgence and complexity threatens not only global security and Anatomy and physiology holes, equitable development but also international trade and commerce, and people’s confidence in freedoms and systems of governance taken for granted since the College scholarship vcu, Second World War. For example, there has been a debate about creating an International Anti-Corruption Court (IACC). It’s proposed this could have the kind of powers granted to Anatomy holes, international weapons inspectors to target specific transactions and institutions that, when riddled with corruption, escape investigation and prosecution and cause citizens to lose confidence in public institutions and What my history paper on, the rule of law and democracy. The new push needs to identify, disrupt and delegitimise the global networks of corruption in money laundering; terrorism finance; drug, people and environmental trafficking; and other illicit activities. Anatomy Kidney? This requires new global partnerships that target the information-era entities and domiciles that these networks rely on. They may be offshore tax havens or low-compliance jurisdictions where the ever-expanding raft of international regulations aimed at Write dealing with graft and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, illicit flows have limited currency. At the same time, the new regime should robustly incentivise self-reporting vis-a-vis corporate compliance, allowing for a ‘cleaning out of the stables’.

4.5 Culture, tradition and social sanction. To be fully effective, however, this reinvigoration of the rule of Write, law must go hand in hand with action to create a cultural climate in Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, which the corrupt – the thieves – are shamed for what they do. Indeed, effecting change in the culture and traditions – which inform what is acceptable behaviour – is college 2014, perhaps even more important in societies where legal institutions based on the Western model are nascent, or where their existence is being energetically contested, as it is in important parts of the developing world. The release by WikiLeaks of US diplomatic cables in 2010 was a controversial episode of unofficial transparency and a powerful interrupter to the global status quo regarding corruption in relations between nation-states. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? It revealed the corrupt practices that ruling elites are capable of to What i write, the growing youth populations of regions such as the Middle East. The reverberations of this are still being felt. And Physiology? Across Latin America and in the developed world, revelations of inappropriate, corrupt and unethical behaviour by leaders – in both the Best college 2014, private and corporate sectors – have created a level of criticism from the public that is Anatomy holes, unprecedented in Best essay argumentative, some countries. This is especially the case for Anatomy and physiology kidney, the ‘millennial’ generation who appear to service research, mistrust politicians and political parties the most. Presidents have been forced to and physiology holes, step down and others turned into lame ducks while still in office by dramatic mass expressions of discontent boosted by social media. In this sense the change has already begun – untidily, noisily, chaotically and even bloodily – in many places.

The outcome is uncertain. Essay 2014 Argumentative? But, in the long term, it will be dramatically different from the status quo. This is, in part, because political leaders and ruling elites increasingly recognise the public’s lack of and physiology holes, trust and confidence in them, especially that of their younger citizens. They also now appreciate that, in this networked world, a spotlight can be shone on corrupt and unethical relationships with the ‘pirate’ and private sectors. In addition to institutions such as an International Anti- Corruption Court as a further step towards increasing transparency, strengthening enforcement and securing restitution, the term paper polyarteritis, tools of visa revocations, personalised financial sanctions and more harmonised extradition mechanisms could actually be cheaper and more effective in tackling corruption than prosecutions – which are always tortuous. However, for these measures to enjoy legitimacy around the world, they must be applied, and be seen to apply, with equal force across the different regions of both the developed and developing world. To conclude, a successful international anti-corruption campaign requires co-operation on a global scale and specific legal measures that help transform attitudes towards corruption and the ability to prosecute the corrupt. Although it may take longer, embedding a culture of Anatomy, social sanction and censure for anyone found guilty of engaging in, facilitating or condoning corrupt activity, even to the extent that those holding office lose public trust, would support these measures. They need to be seen as bobolu.

They need to feel the essay argumentative, social stigma when they attend family gatherings, visit the Anatomy, golf club or step into the supermarket – as much to set an example to others as to punish the individual, impressing on Write on a paper the whole community that corruption will not be tolerated. John Githongo is the CEO of Inuka Kenya Ni Sisi Ltd, a non-governmental organisation focused on promoting good governance. Previously he served as Vice-President of Policy and Advocacy at World Vision International. John has been involved in Anatomy holes, anti-corruption research, advisory work and activism in Kenya, Africa and the wider international community for essay 2014 argumentative, 19 years. Kidney? This includes work in civil society, media, government and the private sector. Cassin, R. L. 25 November 2015.

Risk Advisory Group Report: Compliance is so complex, it’s now its own risk. FCPA Blog. Available online. Essay Report Bullying? Kar, D. and Le Blanc, B. Anatomy And Physiology? 2013. Divide Term Polyarteritis? Illicit Financial Flows from Anatomy holes kidney Developing Countries: 2002–2011. Washington DC: Global Financial Integrity. Available online. McNair, D., Kraus, J., McKiernan K. and McKay, S. 2014. What Should I Write On? The Trillion Dollar Scandal Study. London: ONE. OECD.

January 2016. The CleanGovBiz Initiative. Available online. The Risk Advisory Group. 2015. The Compliance Horizon Survey. Available online. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? Transparency International. 2015. Corruption Perceptions Index – Lesotho.

Available online. Transparency International and Afrobarometer. 2015. People and Community service, Corruption: Africa Survey 2015 – Global Corruption Barometer. Berlin: Transparency International. Available online. United Nations – Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2015. United Nations Convention against Corruption: Signature and Ratification Status as of 1 December 2015.

Available online. 5. Paul Radu: Follow the Anatomy holes, money: how open data and investigative journalism can beat corruption. The early spring of 2015 saw thousands of angry people on the streets of Chisinau, capital of the tiny Republic of Moldova. While calling loudly for college bullying, the resignation of the Government and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, the Parliament, they were shouting, “We want our billion back!” (Calugareanu and Schwartz 2015). The demonstrators believed the Divide term, politicians were to blame for and physiology kidney, the theft of almost $1 billion from Moldovan banks, which had left this poor country’s financial affairs in disarray. Investigations are ongoing. College Scholarship Writing? But the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project’s (OCCRP) research indicates that this $1 billion was the tip of the iceberg, in a country where many more billions of dollars in ‘black’ money appear to have flowed through a flawed banking system – with the and physiology, help of corrupt politicians and organised crime as well as untrustworthy judges and law enforcement officers (Radu, Munteanu and Ostanin 2015).

We believe that the Write on a paper, citizens of Moldova were victims of Anatomy and physiology kidney, a transnational web of corruption, benefiting politicians and Write on a online, criminals who used complex multi-layered company structures to conceal both their identities and their activities. Regrettably, this story is not unique. At the OCCRP, we have identified a number of cross- border money laundering schemes in Eastern Europe, serving criminal groups as diverse as Mexican drug cartels and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, Vietnamese and essay writing, Russian organised crime gangs (OCCRP 2011). The power of these crime groups stems primarily from their ability to Anatomy and physiology kidney, operate with ease across national frontiers. Write Paper Online? They complete a detailed risk assessment at the country level and then choose the least vulnerable approach to conduct their illicit activities, whether in holes, narcotics, refugee trafficking or the massive money laundering exercises that follow such crimes.

The problem for national law enforcement is that, by definition, it cannot follow this type of crime easily or quickly across borders. Data exchanges between states and law enforcement agencies take time. Modern crime schemes are designed to have very short lives to Divide, avoid detection, lasting sometimes just months before the associated companies and bank accounts are wound up and replaced by new ones. Yet alongside the advantages available for criminals of Anatomy and physiology kidney, operating on this global scale, making it inherently harder to track them down, there are also disadvantages that the clever journalist or law enforcement official can exploit to expose them. So how do we do this? How do we stop criminal gangs and the corrupt politicians they rely on – conducting business as usual? Firstly, I will argue, through data: more data means more transparency, provided the Best college 2014 argumentative, quality of information is there and supported by tools that allow proper analysis. Secondly, by journalists using advanced investigative techniques, including the emerging discipline of Anatomy holes kidney, data journalism, to identify the patterns and practices inherent in College scholarship essay writing vcu, corrupt activity. Criminals can’t predict the future of open data Transparency is the natural enemy of international organised crime gangs and corrupt officials.

Opaque systems allow them to thrive. And some of them go to great lengths to disguise their wrongdoing, using financial and company structures that span the and physiology kidney, world. At OCCRP, we’ve found and exposed networks of companies based in New Zealand, with bank accounts in Riga, Latvia, that were transferring money to companies set up in the US state of Delaware, Cyprus or the United Kingdom. In turn, these companies owned bank accounts in yet other jurisdictions (OCCRP 2011). Such criminal schemes are designed by creative and intelligent, if misguided, people. Community Service Research? Some of them could have been the next Steve Jobs, but found crime more appealing. They often work for what we call the ‘criminal services industry’ – the holes, lawyers, registration agents, business intelligence firms and other legitimate businesses that earn lucrative income from servicing the paper online, needs of criminal clients. But no matter how clever they are, they can’t predict the future; transparency rules change. For years, from the early 1990s, Russian, Ukrainian, Romanian and Anatomy and physiology kidney, many other Eastern European mobsters and politicians were using Cyprus as a place to hide their activities behind labyrinthine corporate structures.

It reached the point where Cyprus, with a population of little more than one million, became one of the main investors in Eastern and Central Europe. Not all of these investors were criminal enterprises as many used Cyprus for writing, tax optimisation purposes. But there is hardly a country in the region – from the former Yugoslavia to Russia and beyond – where Cyprus-based companies were not involved in Anatomy holes kidney, huge, rigged privatisation scandals. 4. In 2004, when Cyprus joined the European Union (EU) and started opening databases, including a registry of locally based companies, things began to change. Investigative reporters began combing through millions of records and, in many instances, came across the names of College writing, beneficial owners the real owners of the company – who thought they were sheltered from public scrutiny. Politicians and criminals were caught off guard and exposed in Anatomy and physiology holes, press articles that led to arrests and resignations. Their past misdemeanours made future involvement in business problematic. However, they started fighting back almost immediately, substituting their names in company documents with those of professional proxies – usually Cypriot lawyers who would lend their name to just about anyone who wanted to conceal their identity. In addition to this, the term paper polyarteritis, Cyprus registry is relatively expensive to Anatomy kidney, use and searchable only by research, company name. This poses a serious problem for investigators, who often embark on an enquiry with only an individual’s name, be it a member of the local parliament or a controversial business owner. As a result, Cyprus still offers only partial transparency.

Yet even in countries with a stronger record, you can hit barriers. For example, New Zealand – ranked fourth in Transparency International’s (TI) anti-corruption index – has a well-organised register of companies that is free of charge and allows for name-based searches (Transparency International 2015). But, as with the UK’s Companies House database, it’s more difficult for investigative researchers to identify nominee shareholders and directors, especially in cases where they are proxies – not beneficial owners – acting for criminal groups and corrupt politicians. And in the past few years, OCCRP investigations have revealed the involvement of an Auckland-based company (that was run by a nominee) in obscuring the ownership of companies across Eastern Europe. One such example was a Moldovan TV station (Preasca, Munteanu and Sarnecki 2013). Secretive media ownership is a huge problem across the region where, in many instances, the general public has no idea who is delivering the news.

Once OCCRP exposed this non-transparent structure, its ownership was just moved to British companies that were again meant to obscure the Anatomy, identity of the real owners of the television station (Media Ownership Project 2015). In a global economy, this isn’t just an issue for What should my history on, New Zealand. In 2016, the UK Government is implementing a new central registry of and physiology holes, company beneficial ownership to enable researchers and other interested parties to access information on individuals with an interest in more than 25% of a company’s shares or voting rights, or who otherwise control the way it is run. It matters because well-structured and accessible databases can be goldmines for investigators and members of the public. In 2008, British computer programmer Dan O’Huiginn reshaped the Panama registry of companies and built a simple interface that, for the first time, allowed name-based searches (Government of Panama 2015). This was the Community service research papers, catalyst for investigative articles that exposed corrupt dictators, criminals and Anatomy holes, their close associates all over college report the world. This simple technical adjustment opened their activities up to public scrutiny, costing them untold millions of dollars.

5 : The same principle applies to other official databases. For example, court records, government spending and tenders databases vary greatly in Anatomy and physiology holes, their organisation, accessibility and quality of data. In many jurisdictions, it takes investigators a lot of Essay bullying, navigating, mining and shopping for data to find the holes kidney, evidence they are looking for. The opening up of company information and databases has to be accompanied by College scholarship writing, effective policies that ensure their accessibility, integrity, security and usefulness. Holes Kidney? Civic hacker collectives, journalists and civil society groups should be consulted to help determine the most useful access to data that also mitigates any privacy concerns.

Governments requiring offshore companies operating in a country to identify their true beneficial ownership would also greatly reduce the Essay, space in which criminals can work and increase the and physiology holes kidney, costs they incur. Law enforcement must also jump on board the open data train and take advantage of advances in technology in order to keep pace with the criminals. What I Write My History Paper On? Just like journalists, police officers and intelligence analysts need to master cross-border, multi-language, open-source intelligence to fight sophisticated serious crime. While it is true that data obtained in informal ways cannot always be used to build strong court cases, it can greatly shorten the Anatomy and physiology, time required for the investigative process. Obtaining documents sequentially through official channels from other countries can take months or even years.

Say, for example, that the police in the UK need information on a company based in Russia. They have to file requests and wait, sometimes for a year, only to find out that the Russian company is owned by should i write my history paper, a Cyprus limited firm. It might take another year to identify the and physiology holes, next owner in a nested structure. Finally, the trail might end with bearer shares: where the owner of the stocks is not registered or is a proxy who doesn’t know the real owner (Funk 2014, p. 14). Compare this with the adaptability of organised crime, which – albeit operating under no formal constraint – broke free from the Essay report, nation-state mindset long ago. In the international space governed by weak international protocols and bilateral agreements, organised crime at present has no natural enemy. While criminals recognise no borders and are not bound by Anatomy holes kidney, strict local rules, national and legal boundaries, a lack of resources continues to hamper law enforcement. Geopolitics can also deter cross-border collaborative initiatives between nation-states, which may find themselves at odds with their neighbours or dealing with governments that are themselves riddled with corruption. There are, to be sure, examples of criminal networks being disbanded in argumentative, a number of countries as a result of co- operation between law enforcement agencies. This did not necessarily prevent the mobsters from re-forming elsewhere outside those jurisdictions.

Nevertheless, increased access to open data could help to boost cross-border co-operation and journalists can play an increasingly important role in it. 5.2 It takes a network to fight a network. Investigative reporting is – and can be even more – the natural enemy of criminal networks and, when practised collaboratively, it acts as an effective watchdog. It can change the status quo in innovative ways that are not immediately obvious. Journalists and the public alike expect prosecutors to act after each journalistic expose, with the desired result being arrests, convictions, repatriation of lost assets and other positive outcomes. Owing to limited human resources and a lack of skills, interest or even competence, this expectation is not always realised.

However, regardless of law enforcement action or inaction, public exposure can adversely affect, and even stop, criminal businesses operating in other jurisdictions. Such exposure can also influence long-term changes in public attitudes, which can lead, in turn, to protests against, and even election defeats for, discredited parties or politicians. With the stakes so high, it is essential that the journalism itself is rigorous, credible and transparent. Investigative articles must be linked to evidence, well- designed databases and Anatomy and physiology holes, ‘how we did it’ guidance, so that readers can recreate the investigative process if they want to. Governments, banks and financial institutions in general rely on open source information when deciding whether to give loans, enter business deals or accept money transactions. Effective data journalism can also help expose financial irregularity or illegality and prevent crime figures or oligarchs securing loans, opening accounts or making other transactions. Using advanced investigative techniques, journalism can degrade international organised crime and corrupt networks even before they are firmly established within a jurisdiction. Corrupt politicians, officials and criminals view the proceeds of their illicit schemes as commodities to be repeatedly imported and What should i write my history, exported and are always looking for and physiology holes, new territories in which to college report, generate profit. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? When journalists work collaboratively across frontiers, sharing data, this practice can be identified and compromised. It takes a network to monitor a network. International reporting groups such as the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ), OCCRP and others already co-operate on individual stories or sporadically share datasets.

However, such is the scale of the problem and the ubiquity of organised crime that these efforts can seem to report, be only scratching the Anatomy and physiology, surface. What journalists can do is College scholarship essay writing, share with colleagues in other countries details of the patterns of crime they have already detected in their own. This would enable wider cross-border investigations to determine whether the same criminal groups are setting up shop in other jurisdictions. For example, a criminal group sets up Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) that are all owned by Anatomy, a set of companies with their headquarters on a particular street in Belize City, Belize. Replications of term paper polyarteritis, this simple pattern can be searched for and physiology holes, in the company registries of other countries or in related datasets, potentially revealing the group’s activities in those territories too. Report? In future, with the proper resources, this kind of pattern recognition could be facilitated and automated through the development of Anatomy and physiology kidney, specific algorithms. Crime groups will inevitably react by Write on a paper, altering their activities to avoid detection. Holes? But, crucially, this will hamper their operations and cost them more in money and time.

Automated searches of ever-larger, global, transparent datasets can feed real-time alerts to journalists all over the world. Term? The result could be that the public has earlier and reliable information about who the real corrupt beneficiaries of crimes are, such as the Anatomy holes, $1 billion bank theft that left the Republic of Moldova with an uncertain future. To conclude, a key component to fighting future crime is increased cross-border co-operation between journalists and programmers, who need to paper, employ and Anatomy kidney, create new advanced investigative techniques on top of massive amounts of data. At the same time, activists and governments need to push for more transparency, quality and common standards in open data. Essay Bullying? Paul Radu is the Executive Director of the Organized Crime and and physiology, Corruption Reporting Project (www.reportingproject.net), which investigates transnational crime and corruption in Eastern Europe. He is essay vcu, also a board member of the Anatomy and physiology kidney, Global Investigative Journalism Network (http://gijn.org) and has received many international awards for his journalism.

Calugareanu, V. and What my history on, Schwartz, R. 4 May 2015. Spring again in the Republic of Moldova – mass protest against corruption. Deutsche Welle. Available online. Kidney? Funk, T. M. 2014. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties and Letters Rogatory: A Guide for Judges. US: Federal Judicial Center. Available online. Government of Panama. January 2015.

Panama Registry of Companies. Available online. I Write? OCCRP. Holes Kidney? 22 November 2011. The Proxy Platform. The Reporting Project. Available online. Media Ownership Project. January 2015. What? Media Ownership Project: Moldova.

Available online. Preasca, I., Munteanu, M. and Sarnecki, M. 26 March 2013. Taylor Network Back in Business. Anatomy Holes Kidney? Rise Project. Available online. Radu, P., Munteanu M. and Ostanin, I. 24 July 2015.

Grand Theft Moldova. Organized Crime and College essay, Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP). Available online. Holes Kidney? Transparency International. 2015. Corruption Perceptions Index. Available online. 6. Sarah Chayes: Corruption and terrorism: the causal link. It’s February 2015 and I am in Kano, northern Nigeria. Not three months back, in the midst of Friday prayers, Boko Haram struck the Grand Mosque in the old fortress-like centre of town.

The dead and the bloodied lay strewn in their hundreds across the public square. I’m sitting with some lawyers – a prosecutor, the chairman of the state bar association and a court administrator – trying to work out the College scholarship vcu, mechanics of and physiology holes kidney, corruption in the justice sector, in this most corrupt of countries. Community Research Papers? We’re talking details: how judges rarely demand bribes directly, their clerks collect the money; and how lawyers collude, blaming judicial corruption for the extra fees they pocket. “Sarah,” the prosecutor interjects, “we’ve been talking about Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, money all this time. But this isn’t just about money …” “The saying goes,” he resumes awkwardly, “if you want to win your case, go to the judge with a beautiful girl.” 6. I’m stopped cold. I imagine the girl.

She may be 14 or 15. She returns home from school each day with her friends, the white veils of their school uniforms fluttering like matched plumage. I picture the glistening eyes of Write on a, some overfed judge as he reaches for her. My stomach turns. Kidney? Abruptly another image comes to Essay college bullying, mind: the girl’s brother, a lanky young Nigerian man. Already disillusioned, he is pushed right over the edge. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? He would kill that judge if he could. And Boko Haram, all around this town, would like nothing more than to help him do it.

I could suddenly understand how it happens. I could see how the corruption perpetrated by officials of the then Nigerian administration – like that of many governments around the service papers, world – was itself helping to generate the terrorist threat. The problem, I realised, is far more severe than white elephants or poor service delivery. Corruption entails a violation of a person’s basic humanity that can spur an enraged response. It is Anatomy and physiology, these connections – between government corruption and terrorism or other violence – that this essay explores. What Should I Write? Corruption is one of those consensual topics. Holes? No one would argue it’s a good thing. International charities and College essay vcu, multilateral organisations have worked hard to combat it, racking up impressive achievements in recent years. Anti- bribery laws, once unheard of, have spread well beyond their initial US–UK beachhead. Major arrests and asset seizures are increasingly common, as are citizen-led anti-corruption protests.

Such protests have resulted in the resignation of senior officials or their ousting through the ballot box. That’s what happened in holes kidney, Nigeria, where a hard-nosed reformer – who has penned an essay in Divide term paper polyarteritis, this volume – gained an upset victory in March 2015 elections over the administration those Kano legal practitioners were criticising. And yet, when push comes to shove in bilateral relations, Western governments, businesses and charities are still most likely to Anatomy holes kidney, prioritise other imperatives ahead of corruption. If an international aid agency or philanthropic organisation has set its sights on delivering health programming to rural villages, its government may be reticent to act against corruption in on, the host country for fear the precious permissions to operate will be cancelled. If the objective is a major extension of electrical power across a whole region or a trade foray into an emerging market, corruption may be seen as a ‘cost of Anatomy holes, doing business’. Corruption helps facilitate economic activity and growth, some maintain. Others cite culture: “It’s just the way people do things over there.

Who are we to impose our norms?” These and other excuses are proffered to rationalise looking the other way or outright collusion. Upon closer inspection, it thus appears that corruption is not so consensual after all. A remarkable number of Westerners actually argue in favour of it. Of all the competing priorities, the one that most swiftly trumps anti-corruption is Write, security. Co-operating with this or that corrupt leader is seen as critical, because he is our partner in the war against kidney, terrorism. His is the only military worth its salt in the region, troops that actually go on the attack against militants. Term Polyarteritis? He provides us with intelligence or bases or overflight rights. And so the kleptocratic practices of Anatomy holes, his network of cronies are overlooked. The way they have bent state functions, wired the whole economy to their own benefit, given free rein to low-level officials to rake in extorted bribes and blocked off every avenue of recourse – none of that matters, so long as they are ‘with us’ in the fight against terrorists. This common framing is Write on a, particularly ironic given the growing evidence that corruption is helping to Anatomy kidney, drive many people into the folds of extremist movements and Best college essay argumentative, indeed lies at the root of many of Anatomy and physiology, today’s security crises (Chayes 2015; Sky 2015). The purported trade-off between security and corruption is a false dichotomy.

Take southern Afghanistan, the Write paper, former Taliban heartland, where I lived for and physiology holes, nearly a decade. In the scholarship writing, spring of 2009, a delegation of elders came to visit from and physiology kidney Shah Wali Kot district, just north of Kandahar. This happened often. Community Service Research? I was one of the only foreigners in Anatomy and physiology holes, Kandahar with no guards at my gate. When I asked why, with the Taliban killing people, the villagers don’t fight back, a man retorted, “How can they work with this Government? The Government doesn’t hear them. The Government doesn’t do anything for service research papers, them.

It’s just there to fill its pockets, nothing else. If the and physiology, Government isn’t fixed, no matter how many soldiers the foreigners bring, the situation won’t improve.” 7. A few days later in the border town of Spin Boldak, community leader Hajji Manan Khan concurred, “This Government … no one likes it. Ministers have huge palaces in What my history on, Kabul, while the people have nothing. The foreigners should announce that the current Government is thieves. They should put the screws in them, call them on holes kidney the carpet and demand accounts.” 8. I heard this refrain again and again. Out of a hundred Taliban, elders would tell me, fewer than a quarter were ‘real’.

The rest had taken up arms in disgust with the Government. Report Bullying? This assessment was corroborated by and physiology holes kidney, interviews with Taliban detainees in international military custody. Explaining their motivations for joining the insurgency, they cited government corruption more often than any strictly religious rationale. A similar picture emerges from Nigeria. When Boko Haram launched its first large-scale violent attacks in July 2009, police stations were the bullying, first targets. By all accounts, the Nigerian police is one of the most venal and abusive in the world (Human Rights Watch 2010). 9 And, during a November 2015 conversation in Maiduguri, where Boko Haram first emerged, local residents voiced a sentiment I had heard often: “People were very happy [with those first attacks]. Boko Haram was saying the truth about the violations by government agencies against the people. Finally they could stand up and Anatomy holes kidney, challenge.

They were claiming their rights.” 10. Extremism isn’t the only form that backlash against corruption takes. Across the Arab world in vcu, 2011, populations took to and physiology kidney, the streets demanding an end to autocratic governments, the prosecution and imprisonment of corrupt officials, and the return of stolen assets. On A Paper? As the catastrophic situation in Anatomy holes, today’s Middle East demonstrates, revolutions rarely end peacefully. Some analysts see the expansion of extremism, from Daesh in Community service research papers, Syria to a tenacious insurgency in Egypt, as a reaction to the failure of those initially non- violent efforts to break the grip of kidney, kleptocratic governing elites (Muasher 2015).

Ukraine seems as culturally and historically different from the Middle East as a country can be, yet its 2014 revolution was fuelled by similar motivations. While anti-Russian sentiment and a cultural affinity with Western Europe were important drivers of the Maidan protests, so was disgust at the corrupt Yanukovich Government. Term? Photos of the deposed president’s pleasure palace went viral after his fall. And Physiology? The sequel to that revolution has been the college report bullying, first major East–West stand-off since the end of the Cold War, complete with the forcible annexation of territory and the displacement of more than a million people. In these cases and others, corruption has helped generate some of today’s most dire security crises. The difficult question, especially regarding religious violence, is why? What is Anatomy kidney, it about corruption that should drive people to such extremes?

Four elements of corruption in its current form help to provide an explanation: the humiliation inflicted on victims; their lack of recourse; the structure and sophistication of corrupt networks; and the truly colossal sums being stolen. College Vcu? Firstly, what we in the West often underestimate in thinking about corruption is the assault on victims’ human dignity that accompanies it. Recall the example of the Anatomy holes kidney, judge’s ‘sextortion’, when the only way of gaining a hearing may be to allow a daughter or a sister to be violated. Abuses of this nature can spark a burning need for retribution. In studies of violence ranging from Palestinian uprisings to gang shootings in the United States, insult or humiliation is found to be a key factor (Longo, Canetti and Hite-Rubin 2014; Black 2011). 11. Given the obvious connections between religion and morality, the moral depravity underlying the abuse is frequently understood in religious terms. “Our leaders are bound by religious duty to do the right thing,” Kano’s then Bar Association Chairman Ibrahim Nassarawa told me, “so when they don’t, people hate them.” 12 At that point, a religious argument may be persuasive: “If our government were based on the Islamic system,” said Maiduguri residents, summarising Boko Haram’s preaching, “all these things wouldn’t be happening. Community Service Research Papers? We would have a fair and just society.” 13. Secondly, with government perpetrating the crimes, there is no earthly hope of recourse. Anatomy Kidney? As Sardar Muhammad – who cultivates grapes and college report, pomegranates west of Kandahar – put it in defining the word ‘corruption’, “If the district governor takes all the and physiology holes, development budget and only gives the people a tiny bit, and Write, I want to complain, and his gunmen keep me from complaining because they are his kept dogs, that’s corruption.” 14. And Physiology Holes Kidney? Deprived of any peaceful means of redress against an abusive government, even the founders of Community, our own Western democracies rebelled.

The 16th-century Dutch Revolt, the English Civil War and the American and French revolutions were all bloody affairs. Period documents from these milestones in democratic development indicate that in none of them did protagonists and ordinary citizens turn to Anatomy holes kidney, violence gladly, but felt compelled to it after exhausting every other avenue and obtaining not the slightest concession (Robertson 2006). 15. On A? The unassailable impunity that Sardar Muhammad was lamenting derives from the third important feature of corruption as it currently exists in dozens of countries – how deeply it is embedded in state machinery. It’s not the work of a few venal officials, who might be rooted out or challenged in and physiology, court. The kind of severe corruption that is common today is systemic. It is the practice of sophisticated networks armed with all the instruments of state function. Papers? They use those instruments to holes kidney, serve their aims – which largely boil down to personal enrichment. In many cases, these entities should not be thought of as governments at all, much less fragile or failing ones, but rather as savvy and essay writing vcu, successful criminal organisations. Weaknesses in state function examined in this light may prove to be deliberate, especially in agencies with autonomous power.

Judges or specialised prosecutors are underpaid. Armies are hollowed out to reduce the likelihood of a coup and because defence budgets and and physiology, military assistance are juicy revenue streams. The results of this latter trend were on vivid display in Community research papers, 2014 as the cannibalised militaries of and physiology holes, Iraq and Nigeria collapsed at the first sign of a challenge. Should My History Paper On? In other cases, apparently innocuous state agencies such as tax authorities or water departments are fashioned into bludgeons to Anatomy kidney, force compliance. A Tunisian tax collector explained to me how, under the regime of Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, certain people were accorded a tax holiday as long as they cut members of the Divide term paper, ruling clique into their action. But “assessors would rarely make someone’s file go away completely. The permissiveness could always be revoked.” Taxes, he said, could be used “to punish someone who was too independent.” 16. A trade union representative in Uzbekistan described a similar system to me in 2014: “There are so many taxes it is impossible to pay them all.

So people make a connection in the tax office to pay less. But then you’ve broken the law and they know it, and you are afraid of the holes, Government. The whole Government is set up that way, to make you do wrong, so then they have you on report the hook.” 17. These kleptocratic networks are horizontally integrated. They comprise government officials, businesses such as banks or construction companies, and so-called non- governmental organisations (NGOs) and implementers of aid – which may in fact be owned by relatives of government officials. Kidney? But they also include outright criminals such as smugglers, drug-traffickers and even terrorists.

Some within the government service in Algeria in the 1990s, and also officials in Pakistan today, are believed to have maintained operational links with extremists (Waldman 2010; Garcon 2003). 18. For foreign governments, charities or businesses seeking to operate in What i write, such environments, this horizontal integration makes for particularly difficult navigating. The familiar distinctions between public and private sectors, licit and illicit actors, simply do not apply. Finally, the amounts of money in play are truly obscene. Former FBI special agent Debra Laprevotte, who worked kleptocracy cases for years, says that the increase has been palpable: “For the longest time, we had a single billion-dollar case. Now there are at Anatomy and physiology kidney least five billion-dollar investigations underway.” 19. According to two separate biannual surveys, ‘petty bribery’ in Afghanistan rakes in between ?1.3 billion and ?2.6 billion per year (UNODC 2012; Integrity Watch Afghanistan 2014). This is in Write paper, a country whose licit government revenue is barely estimated to top ?1 billion (SIGAR 2015). The development implications of Anatomy, such sums are obvious. Imagine if even a fraction were devoted to a country’s healthcare or water and sewage system, or to building a reliable and affordable public transport network in Write, a burgeoning megacity, or to paying teachers a living wage.

Imagine the impact on sustainable economic growth. Anatomy Kidney? But when obtained through practices this corrupt, vast wealth in a sea of College writing, poverty also has a moral component – hence the easy link to religion. In the midst of the 16th- century Protestant revolt against the Habsburg ‘Divine Right’ monarchy, an anonymous Dutch pamphleteer complained, “They put robes of silk on their idols made of Anatomy and physiology holes, old wood, leaving us brethren of Christ naked and starving” (Arnade 2008, p. 99). Community Research Papers? Then, as now, militant puritanical religion, imposed if necessary by force, was seen by some as the only remedy. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? The picture painted here is scholarship essay writing vcu, a sobering one, particularly for governments, investors and humanitarian organisations that cannot avoid working in Anatomy kidney, such countries. And especially when security concerns are so severe as to trump other considerations.

Still, even in research papers, a world in which trade-offs are real and cannot simply be wished away, there are some important lessons to be considered. Governments that ostensibly fight against terror may actually be generating more terrorism than they curb. The international community must do a better job of weighing up the Anatomy holes kidney, pluses and minuses of partnering with acutely corrupt governments, and thus reinforcing them and facilitating their practices. If alliances are too close, or pay too little attention to the corruption of host governments, the abused populations may come to associate the international community with the misdeeds of their own rulers. As 14th-century churchman William of Pagula admonished King Edward III, “He takes on the guilt of the perpetrator who neglects to fix what he can correct” (Nederman 2002, p. 82). Essay Report? A more precise understanding of network structures and Anatomy and physiology kidney, real dynamics of power must inform planning processes ahead of engagement. It is costly in human and other resources, not to mention politically uncomfortable, to draw up network diagrams – like the ones intelligence or police agencies regularly develop in their study of terrorists or criminals – that map members of ostensibly friendly governments and their cut-outs in 2014 argumentative, business or the criminal world. But these costs should be weighed against the proven and often disastrous price of blind engagement in and physiology kidney, such complex environments. A new, broader understanding of ‘corporate social responsibility’ is required. Across sectors, companies whose business models actually depend on servicing kleptocratic officials – such as some banks, lawyers, estate agents, registered agents, various extractive and other resource- based businesses, and international construction contractors – are contributing to significant security threats in paper, their own countries. It is in and physiology, this light that they should consider their ‘corporate social responsibility’ – rather than as a synonym for donations to localised humanitarian work.

Should their public-spiritedness remain wanting, then sanctions applied to them for colluding with illegal corrupt practices should be stiffened, commensurate with the report bullying, harm they are doing. Western citizens should begin pressurising such businesses. And above all, Western governments should cease viewing corrupt money flows, or good trade deals extracted from and physiology kleptocrats at the expense of Essay college, their populations, as a necessary component of their nations’ economies. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? Arnade, P. 2008. Beggars, Iconoclasts and Civic Patriots: The Political Culture of the Dutch Revolt. Ithica: Cornell University Press. Essay Vcu? Black, D. 2011.

Moral Time. And Physiology Holes? New York: Oxford University Press, p.73. Chayes, S. 2015. Divide Term Paper Polyarteritis? Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security. New York: W.W. Norton. Garcon, J. 15 November 2003.

Les GIA sont une creation des services de securite algeriens. Liberation. Available online. Human Rights Watch. 17 August 2010. Everyone’s in on Anatomy and physiology kidney the Game: corruption and What i write paper on, human rights abuses by Anatomy kidney, the Nigeria Police Force. Available online. Service Research? Integrity Watch. 28 May 2014. Afghanistan, National Corruption Survey.

Available online. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? Longo, M., Canetti, D. and Hite-Rubin N. 2014. Community Papers? A Checkpoint Effect? Evidence from a natural experiment on travel restrictions in the West Bank. Anatomy Kidney? American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), pp. Essay College? 1006–1023. Muasher, M. 2015. Thalatha Safarat Indhar Lam Yasma’ha Ahad.

Alghad (Afkar wa Mawaqaf). Available online. Nederman, C. ed. and trans. 2002. Political Thought in Early Fourteenth Century England: Treatises by Walter of Milemete, William of Pagula and and physiology holes kidney, William of Ockham. Of Pagula, W., The Mirror of Edward III. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and should i write, Renaissance Studies, p. 82. And Physiology Kidney? Robertson, G. 2006. The Tyrannicide Brief: The Story of the Man Who Sent Charles I to the Scaffold.

New York: Pantheon. Sky, E. 2015. The Unravelling: High Hopes and Missed Opportunities in College vcu, Iraq. London: Atlantic Books. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR). 5 March 2015. Letter to and physiology holes, Generals Lloyd Austin, John Campbell and Todd Semonite. Available online. United Nations – Office on should my history paper Drugs and Crime (UNODC). December 2012.

Corruption in Afghanistan: Recent Patterns and Trends. Vienna: UNODC. Available online. Waldman, M. 2010. The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship Between Pakistan’s ISI and Afghan Insurgents. London School of Economics, Crisis States Working Group Paper, 2(18). 7. David Walsh: The irresponsibility of not knowing – corruption in kidney, sport. Being a sports writer was all I wanted.

Thirty-eight years, the only job I’ve ever had. Good times mostly. Not what I thought they would be. Papers? When I glance in the rear-view mirror, there is more cynicism, more corruption, more of sport’s dark side. It seems hard to believe now that the journey began with the Anatomy holes kidney, expectation of standards higher than would ever be found in civilian life. There is, of course, much to recall that was glorious, exciting and uplifting, sporting stuff that makes you think anything is possible. Hard to imagine that a boy who grew up on service research papers the potholed roads of and physiology holes, Kenya could become a Tour de France champion, but that’s what Chris Froome did. Or that a boy from Rosario in Argentina who was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency at age ten should become the greatest footballer we’ve ever seen. Well that’s Lionel Andres Messi’s story. How many winter evenings has he brightened? But even in the beautiful game, bad things were happening.

Our obsession with football created a global popularity that would lead to extraordinary riches pouring into college 2014 argumentative the game. That money needed to be managed and those in control needed to be accountable. We are speaking of systems of good governance, but greed got a head start and governance never caught up. With great wealth comes power and that attracts the corruptible. Over the last 15 years, there has been the International Olympic Committee (IOC) scandal behind the awarding of the Winter Olympics to Salt Lake City in 2001, the FIFA scandal that simmered for more than ten years before boiling over in and physiology holes, 2015 and, most recently, the International Association of College scholarship essay vcu, Athletics Federations (IAAF) scandal involving high-up officials in the international federation. Sometimes you find yourself taking a step back and wondering, “Could it have really happened?” Could custodians of the sport really have blackmailed an athlete in a ˆ450,000-deal, covering up a doping violation so that the athlete could compete in and physiology kidney, the Olympics? That’s the allegation and the French police are on the case (World Anti-Doping Agency 2016). I’d been a sports reporter for ten years when attending my first Olympics. That was Seoul 1988. A run along a busy promenade in South Korea’s capital city on the final Sunday of those Games remains a cherished memory.

I never saw such an outpouring of national pride. Every expression seemed to say, “You thought we couldn’t do it, even we weren’t sure we could, but we did.” Before those Games started, there had been student protests in Seoul and the world’s media highlighted the potential for the Olympics to be overshadowed by unrest. That never happened. The trouble came from inside the stadium, down there on the track or, more accurately, in the room where the scholarship vcu, Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson peed into what anti-doping personnel call ‘the collection vessel’. The thing about watching something live is that it leaves a deeper, more lasting impression. Inside your living room, you see the story unfold.

Inside the stadium, you feel it. It’s the difference between having your face painted and having your forehead tattooed. That September in Seoul, Florence Griffith-Joyner, an Anatomy American athlete, set new world records in the 100 metres and 200 metres. They will stand for a long time yet, those records. They called her ‘Flo-Jo’. With her long and exotically painted nails and What my history, Rolls-Royce stride, she was one of Seoul’s greatest stars. Anatomy Holes? I saw her get the should i write my history, 200-metre record, decelerating in the home straight.

It was a heart-sinking moment. There were allegations of doping, unproven. Florence Griffith-Joyner died at 38, far too soon (Walsh 2013). Ben Johnson was a different story. He got caught. Can you imagine being awoken by a loud knock on your apartment door at 3.30 in the morning and being pleased about it? Doug Gillon, from holes The Glasgow Herald, stood there. “Johnson’s tested positive,” he said. The words landed like ice-cold water on a sleepy face. Other than tell our offices back home that we were up and on Essay report the case, I don’t know what we could have done to advance the story at Anatomy kidney that hour, but it was a watershed moment.

Ben Johnson changed the landscape. Some of the things that had drawn us as kids to sport were being crushed by a will to win that recognised no boundaries. How bad was it? How bad is it? It was bad. It’s gotten worse. Part of that summer of ’88 was spent following the College scholarship essay, world’s greatest bike race, the Tour de France. A few days from the Anatomy holes kidney, end, there was another drug controversy when Pedro Delgado, the Spanish-born race leader, provided a urine sample that contained the drug probenecid, used by athletes to mask their use of proscribed substances. A strange case for sure. Probenecid was banned by the International Olympic Committee, but wasn’t yet banned by the body that governed world cycling. Delgado, it was initially speculated, would be docked ten minutes but not thrown off the race.

The Dutch rider, Steven Rooks, would then be the new leader and, with the race almost complete, the College scholarship essay writing vcu, certain winner. 20. I met Rooks before the start, on the morning after Delgado’s bad news. “How do you feel about kidney, taking the yellow jersey?” “I don’t want it in these circumstances,” he said. “But if he’s been cheating, and why would anyone use probenecid, you will be the deserving leader.” “He has been the strongest rider in the race and deserves the victory.” Rooks saw my righteousness for College essay writing vcu, what it was. Anatomy Kidney? Innocence. What I believe he was telling me, in code, of Write on a paper, course, was that athletes in the Tour de France do what they have to do, and no one is guiltier or more innocent than another. Strange how crushing that moment seemed. Over the and physiology kidney, years that followed, I became a different kind of sports writer – less gullible, even aggressively sceptical. Something Albert Camus wrote strikes a chord: “Every act of rebellion expresses a nostalgia for innocence” (Camus 1956, p. 54). We want sport to be believable.

In the world of our imagination, sport doesn’t just mirror life but offers something more principled, more idealistic, more inspiring than the 2014 argumentative, world of business. Alas, the reality is far from that and there is a rebellion. Folk are tired of the and physiology, corruption. We want our innocence back. You can bet that when the news emerged that FIFA executive committee members were arrested on corruption charges, football fans around the world were silently cheering. Service Research Papers? At last. Same reaction from athletics fans when news that high-ranking members of the IAAF suffered the same fate. Whether police investigations in both sports lead to charges doesn’t matter as much as knowing that men who once saw themselves as untouchable were mistaken.

With so much cheating on the field and so much corruption off it, you may think this is a bleak time for sport. On the contrary, this is what sport has needed: scrutiny, exposure of wrongdoing, punishment for those who have done wrong. No longer in and physiology holes, the dark, we now have the opportunity for change. It would be a crime not to should my history paper on, seize it. From where did the malaise come? Do we blame the athlete because it is their body and Anatomy and physiology, what they put into it is ultimately their responsibility? Or the trusted coach who says that, without doping, victory is paper online, unattainable? Or the governing body that publicly says doping is a scourge, but privately accepts its existence as an irrepressible evil? From where does the corruption come? What of the institutional corruption?

Why did we get the IOC scandal, the FIFA scandal and the IAAF scandal? Perhaps there isn’t one failing that explains everything, but it is and physiology holes, now clear that sports officials were granted too much autonomy and subjected to too little scrutiny. Should I Write My History On? Members of the IOC and FIFA were treated like royalty and many of them embraced the world of privilege before abusing it. Now US federal officers and kidney, the Swiss and College scholarship writing vcu, French police are pursuing cases of suspected fraud in sport, and they do so with fans worldwide urging them on. Let’s turn the clock back to Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, the genesis of one of sport’s most notorious cases of wrongdoing. It was July 1999. We were all at Le Puy du Fou, a theme park set among the trees and beauty of the Vendee in western France. It was the start of the Best argumentative, Tour de France. The race began with a short individual race against the clock, each rider hurtling round a 4-mile circuit in pursuit of the Anatomy holes, first yellow jersey. That race launched Lance Armstrong as an embryonic global icon. He won that short test by a staggering eight seconds and had done this after recovering from College essay life-threatening testicular cancer.

His domination of that year’s Tour was absolute and his performance seemed to many the most life-affirming story that sport had ever delivered. Holes Kidney? Surviving cancer is one thing, but to follow recovery with victory in perhaps the toughest athletic challenge of all is quite another. Essay? Armstrong cheated because he believed others were cheating and that it was the only way he could win. On both counts, he was almost certainly correct. But that merely explains his rationale – it cannot excuse it. A great number of Anatomy, his competitors in that race were not using drugs and so were put at an insurmountable disadvantage by those who did cheat.

The fact that Armstrong had been so seriously ill made it hard for people to believe that he would then use drugs that could be dangerous to his health. Essay Report? He never saw it like that. Many of the drugs used in restoring him to and physiology holes, health, after he’d undergone four rounds of chemotherapy, were the same drugs that would give him greater endurance in the Tour de France. College Essay 2014 Argumentative? And they weren’t that dangerous. But he couldn’t have gotten away with it unless so many had been willing to embrace the irresponsibility of not knowing. The truth is Anatomy kidney, that the truth was there, an inch or so beneath the surface. “If a misdeed arises in on a online, the search for truth, it is better to exhume it rather than conceal the Anatomy and physiology holes, truth,” Saint Jerome wrote in Write on a online, the fifth century (cited in Ballester and Walsh 2004, p.1). That’s not bad advice. In the surge of the and physiology holes kidney, feel-good factor that came with Armstrong’s first victory in papers, the Tour de France, everyone had their reasons for clinging to the irresponsibility of not knowing and leaving the and physiology holes, truth resting beneath the Divide paper polyarteritis, surface.

His sponsors would sell bikes and clothing – and Anatomy and physiology holes, dreams – off the miracle of his comeback. Those entrusted with the duty to protect the i write paper on, sport, the world-governing cycling body (the Union Cycliste Internationale [UCI]) saw in him a saviour bearing the gifts of increased popularity and, of Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, course, revenue. As fans, we want our heroes to be angels on wheels, simon- pure, somehow immune to paper, the uppers and downers of our own pill-popping society. In the maelstrom of Armstrong’s wondrous victory, we engaged in what the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge called ‘the willing suspension of disbelief’. All the Anatomy kidney, reasons why this story had to be questioned were suppressed. Should My History? Those who tried to and physiology kidney, protest were shouted down.

Let us try to explain how easy it would have been for the fraud of Armstrong to polyarteritis, have been stopped before it had begun. The drug of choice in Anatomy, 1999 was erythropoietin (EPO), which promotes the production of red cells and allowed those using it an almost endless supply of oxygen. With it, a rider could fly up mountains. Angels on wheels indeed. At that time, there was no anti-doping test to identify it in urine.

So EPO was a godsend for those who wished to cheat, and Best college essay, there were plenty. From blood tests taken before that 1999 Tour, the Anatomy holes, authorities more or less knew who was using the Community service research, drug but just could not prove it. They also knew that an EPO test was imminent. All they had to do was freeze the urine samples from ’99 and re-examine them when the Anatomy and physiology kidney, EPO test was approved, which happened in 2000. It would have been simple and it would have exposed those who were cheating. But those who should have been protecting the sport were the same people who were promoting it, and Community, Lance Armstrong was good for business. It was not co-incidental that when Armstrong the Legend became Armstrong the Cheat, US federal investigators had gotten involved. The Feds have powers that allow them to dig deeper than journalists, and Anatomy, Armstrong’s former teammates quickly learned that while they could tell little white lies to journalists, they couldn’t lie under oath.

Only when the police got interested in the minutiae of football’s governing body, FIFA, and the athletics federation, IAAF, did we discover the i write my history paper, extent of the corruption in both organisations. Without subpoena powers, without the right to bank accounts, but with the threat of costly legal cases, there is Anatomy holes kidney, only so far journalists can go. We came to know how rotten things were in the state of the Tour de France when French customs pulled over a team car on the Franco–Belge border at 6 am on a July morning in 1998. What Should My History Paper? With FIFA, it was the Anatomy kidney, Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) arrest of US delegate Chuck Blazer that proved to be the turning point. Blazer spilt the beans and plenty of barons were in trouble. French police are now doing the same for paper polyarteritis, the IAAF, showing the most powerful that they’re not as untouchable as they might have thought. How did it get to this? Good people stayed quiet when they should have spoken up. Anyone who pushed for Anatomy kidney, good governance in these organisations was putting themselves in an uncomfortable position.

Few were prepared to do that. It was easier to Write on a paper, look the other way, to travel on the gravy train and not pull the emergency cord. This longing to indulge the irresponsibility of not knowing has been the rock upon which the corruption was built. Those who said nothing – they and and physiology kidney, their sports have paid a high price. Paul Simon wrote about this a long time ago in ‘The Sound of Silence’: “Fool, said I, you do not know. Silence, like a cancer grows” (Simon 1964). How we have needed courageous people. Take the IOC and the privileges of its members. Forget the courtesy cars and five-star hotels, the Essay college report, access to the best tickets and the lavish banquets. Instead, consider the daily allowance.

Board members on IOC duty receive a daily $900 allowance, $450 for common or garden members (IOC Ethics Commission 2015). It adds up when you spend maybe two and and physiology kidney, a half weeks at College vcu the Olympics, which even an IOC member wouldn’t dare to call hard work. As much as there is an urge to say that these allowances are far too much, it is worth pointing out that, among the major sports bodies, the IOC is the only one that publicly discloses information such as per diem allowances to its members. This level of Anatomy, compensation does beg the question, ‘Who is serving whom?’ Is it the IOC members who serve the Olympics or the Olympics that serves its committee members? There is a culture of entitlement that needs to end, because excessive privilege can often be the precursor to corruption: “If I am entitled to this, perhaps I can also get that.” Somewhere along the way, a lot of FIFA administrators came to see not much difference between privilege and wrongdoing – like one was the logical extension of the report, other. Let me tell you about Vitaly Stepanov, the courageous whistle-blower who did so much to Anatomy and physiology kidney, bring to light the doping secrets in Essay college bullying, Russian sport. Anatomy? He was recently asked to What should i write my history paper, meet IAAF officials in a major city. To get there, he had to take a six-hour flight. Kidney? IAAF booked the ticket and when it landed in Stepanov’s email, he realised it was a first-class flight (Walsh 2014).

Surprised and Community research, unimpressed to have found himself immediately drawn into this world of privilege, Stepanov rang his IAAF contact and said he had no wish to travel first- class. He considered the excessive cost could be far better spent on fighting the doping culture that he had exposed. Will sports officials ever get the message? (Walsh 2014). For inspiration, they might care to turn their eyes to the example being set by Pope Francis, leader of the Catholic Church. When he turned up in Washington to meet President Obama, it was easy to pick out his car in the motorcade of more than 20 SUVs and police cars. He was inside the charcoal grey Fiat 500L, which was maybe a tiny step up, or down, from the Ford Focus he drives around the Vatican. “I’m visible to people and I lead a normal life,” Pope Francis has said. “Public Mass in holes, the morning, I eat in argumentative, the refectory with everyone else, etc. All this is good for Anatomy and physiology holes, me and prevents me from report being isolated.

I’m trying to stay and act the same as I did in Buenos Aires because, if you change at my age, you just look ridiculous” (Pope Francis 2013, paraphrased). How many high-ranking sports officials have thought that if that little Fiat is good for the Pope, it is good enough for me? How many believe they should have lives somewhat akin to the lives of fans upon and physiology holes kidney whose loyalty their games are built? The IOC needs to lower those allowances and FIFA’s new president, whoever they are, needs to embrace a more modest lifestyle. Transparency must become the norm and proper governance needs to be at the top of every agenda. College Scholarship Essay Vcu? For too long, good governance has been nothing but a PR sound bite. Trust will be regained when they show us they have changed, not when they tell us. We need governments to lead as well, to say to sport’s wrongdoers that you are not part of some separate untouchable state. Do wrong and you will be held accountable. The Wild West is no more. To the athletes, we need to say that winning is not the and physiology holes kidney, most important thing.

How you try to win is What should i write on, what matters. Would you rather be top of the medal table with cheats or bottom with a group of totally honest athletes? Governments need to stop seeing the prowess of their athletes as a sign of national strength. For that too is holes kidney, another road leading to corruption. Better in i write my history paper, my view for a government to understand that what truly matters is how many of its citizens are active. And Physiology Kidney? We need to Community service research, stop wearing our country’s success in sport like a badge of honour, for it matters not a whit whether we’re first or second in the medals table. It is Vitaly Stepanov, the Anatomy holes, Russian whistle-blower, to whom we should listen.

He reminds us of what matters, and what doesn’t. “Personally, I don’t like this whole idea of countries and nationalism and on a paper online, all of that. Things must be done that serve the planet not for the country. Same in sport, I don’t care that a Russian wins or an American wins. If the competition is fair, if the best one wins, that’s good. If a person is Anatomy kidney, honest, talented, has a good coach and college report bullying, he is raised properly and he becomes an Olympic champion then he will be a hero. And it really will not matter what country he is from. Jesse Owens became a hero for Anatomy and physiology kidney, the whole world. Paper Polyarteritis? “I went to Anatomy holes, the Olympic museum in Lausanne. There is a saying on a wall there from Pierre de Coubertin, the father of the Olympic movement. Let me just say it. ‘The important thing in Community papers, life is not the triumph but the fight. The essential thing is and physiology, not to have won but to have fought well.’ This is my view of what sport should be” (Walsh 2015).

Ballester, P. and Divide paper polyarteritis, Walsh, D. 2004. L.A. Confidentiel: Les Secrets de Lance Armstrong. France: La Martiniere. Camus, A. 1956. The Rebel: An Essay on a Man in holes kidney, Revolt. New York: First Vintage International, p. 54. International Olympic Committee (IOC) Ethics Commission. Paper? 2015. Agenda 2020: Indemnity Policy. Switzerland: IOC.

Available from: http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Agenda2020/Ethics_ Commission_to_IOC_Members_IOC_Indemnity_Policy. pdf. Pope Francis. 2013. Letter to Father Enrique Rodriguez. Available online. Simon, P. Anatomy And Physiology? 1964. The Sound of Silence. New York: Columbia Records.

Walsh, D. 2013. Seven Deadly Sins: My Pursuit of Lance Armstrong. UK: Simon Schuster. Walsh, D. 14 December 2014. Russian doping whistleblower fears for his safety. The Sunday Times. College Scholarship Writing? Available from: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/athletics/ article1495850.ece. Walsh, D. 29 November 2015.

Husband and wife who brought down Russia. The Sunday Times. Available from: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/athletics/ article1638611.ece. Anatomy Holes Kidney? World Anti-Doping Agency. 2016. Independent Commission Report – Part 2. Available online. 8. President Muhammadu Buhari: My plan to fight corruption in Nigeria. In the term paper polyarteritis, run-up to holes kidney, the general elections in March 2015, I campaigned on the platform of paper polyarteritis, addressing the Anatomy and physiology, challenges of security, the economy, power, infrastructure and fighting corruption. Of these, removing the cancer of corruption from the system is the key not only to restoring the moral health of the nation, but also to freeing our enormous resources for urgent socio-economic development. Nigerians never cease to ask, for example, why it is that, at independence in 1960, Nigeria’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was higher at essay $559 than that of Singapore’s at $476, but today Singapore’s GDP has grown to $55,182 and Nigeria’s has increased to just $3,005 (World Bank 2016).

For sure, there are many variables to explain this paradox of a city-state with a small population outperforming Nigeria so dramatically. But the most important single factor, to my mind, is Anatomy and physiology kidney, our two countries’ contrasting leadership visions and attitudes to corruption. As Alan Greenspan (2007) has observed, “Corruption, embezzlement, fraud, these are all characteristics which exist everywhere. It is regrettably the way human nature functions, whether we like it or not. What successful economies do is to keep it to a minimum.” Unfortunately, successive Nigerian governments have simply been unable to contain the monster. Oil and gas are the second largest contributors to our GDP and account for more than 80% of our foreign exchange earnings. Yet this is the most corruption-ridden sector of our economy. By some industry estimates, 232,000 barrels of crude oil worth on average $6.7 billion per annum are lost by the Nigerian state to oil thieves (Kar and Cartwright-Smith 2010). This illicit trade thrives as a result of collaboration among politicians, security agencies, criminal gangs and even multinational oil company employees. As the Financial Times reported, the scholarship writing vcu, enormity of the problem is captured in satellite imageries showing the illicit oil trade “expanding exponentially between 2008 and 2013, at the same time as artisanal [illegal] refining was mushrooming across the Niger Delta on an industrial scale” (Wallis 2015). Anatomy And Physiology? The abuse and misuse of public office for private gain has been a constant feature of governance in Best essay 2014, Nigeria for the past 30 years.

In the last two decades especially, corruption – with its corresponding devastating socio-economic consequences on national development and and physiology holes, the well-being of our people – escalated rapidly and with even greater intensity. Our recent history has been one of predatory and rapacious political, military, public and private sector elites competing and alternating as the College scholarship, drivers of corruption. Paradoxically, corruption flourished and eventually became a way of life under the and physiology, supposedly accountable democratic governments of the past 16 years during which, by one calculation, the nation earned more revenue than in all the previous 80 years combined. Even as far back as the 1980s, procurement and contract costs in Nigeria were three times higher than those in East and North Africa, and Divide term paper polyarteritis, four times higher than those in Asia. Studies suggest that public funds of between $300 billion and $400 billion have been lost to corruption since Nigeria became independent in 1960 (Ezekwesili 2012). According to Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, the African Union’s high-level panel on illicit flows, Nigeria alone accounted for $217 billion of the African continent’s total $850 billion loss to illicit flows between 1970 and 2008 (UNECA 2015). Despite anti-corruption agencies and laws introduced in recent years, there was a complete lack of political will to college report bullying, strengthen these agencies and to and physiology kidney, faithfully enforce the laws.

As one commentator observed, across the Essay college bullying, entire spectrum of government, rules and regulations were ignored with impunity. Procurements were made with a total disregard for due process, inflated by billions of dollars and poorly executed, and payments were made for jobs not even done. No wonder then that Nigeria consistently scored below the Anatomy kidney, African average in virtually all the categories considered by various transparency and good governance agencies: safety and the rule of law, ease of doing business, participation and human rights, sustainable economic opportunities and human development (Transparency International 2016). The United Nations Office on Best Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2016) has correctly identified that pervasive corruption undermines democratic institutions, slows economic development and contributes to governmental instability. Corruption erodes the moral fabric of society and violates the social and economic rights of citizens, particularly the poor and Anatomy holes, the vulnerable. Actually it creates poverty and hurts the Essay college report, poor disproportionately, because resources are diverted away from those who need government protection and Anatomy and physiology, services the most. Indeed corrupt politicians, in collusion with electoral officials, have consistently distorted our electoral processes and college essay 2014, perverted the rule of law, thereby undermining our democracy. Corrupt practices such as illegal duty and tax waivers lead to loss of revenue. Corruption drives away foreign direct investment with its consequential loss of opportunities for Anatomy and physiology kidney, increased government revenue, job creation and skills acquisition. It erodes efficiency, effectiveness and productivity, while promoting waste and mismanagement. The resultant inequality in society – with extreme mass poverty living side by side with islands of stupendous unearned riches – has led to report bullying, frustration, hopelessness and Anatomy holes, despair, and Best college 2014 argumentative, laid the foundation for militancy and insurgency.

Corruption in Nigeria has resulted in holes kidney, the decay of infrastructure, a lack of social services and the collapse of the institutions to fix them. The question then arises as to why and how Nigeria descended to become such a sorry example of a rich yet poor country. There are many predisposing factors to corruption in Nigeria. First, there is the distortion of values and the cultural context. In many communities, as indeed everywhere else in the world, material success is celebrated and emulated. In Nigeria, however, a further weakening of values occurred somewhere down the line, eroding the traditional mechanism of checks on the illegal, primitive and ostentatious accumulation and display of wealth. Dislocation of communities and urbanisation partly account for this.

Second, a strong culture of on a online, ethnicity and nepotism encourages corruption because it influences the Anatomy holes, irrational allocation of resources and the protection of culprits. Third, there is a culture of elite exceptionalism whereby high public-office holders and the wealthy feel that, by on a paper online, virtue of their status, stature or position, they are exempted from the laws and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, rules regulating society. College Scholarship Essay? Fourth, and most insidious, is the Anatomy and physiology kidney, pervasive culture of impunity across the social strata, which is, in Community research papers, turn, fuelled by and physiology kidney, a legal system bedevilled by delays. The egregious culture of impunity has itself sabotaged and stultified the growth of the rule of paper, law. Finally, the single biggest contributor to corruption in Nigeria is the lack of political will among the leadership of the country in the past to tackle it. There are sufficient laws in the statute books, and and physiology, robust rules, regulations and clearly set out procedures throughout the Essay college bullying, public service. But the institutions established to fight corruption either lacked the desire, the capacity and drive to tackle it or were deliberately subverted or circumvented.

8.3 Proposals to curb corruption in Nigeria. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? To confront this challenge, we must start by showing that we have the exemplary leadership, personal integrity and demonstrable political will to Write paper, do so. Democratic governance based on and physiology individual liberties, human rights, a free press and the rule of law requires us to be fair and just in dealing with all cases of corruption. There must be transparency and Write online, a strict adherence to due process – however painstaking the effort and however slowly the wheel of Anatomy and physiology holes, justice turns under this setting. At the same time, we must be accountable and remain faithful to our oath of Essay college report, office whereby we swore to do justice to Anatomy and physiology kidney, all manner of people without fear or favour. Essay College Report Bullying? We must, like Caesar’s wife, be seen at Anatomy holes kidney all times to Community papers, be beyond reproach in order to cast the first of any stones. Thus, though not required by law, my vice-president and I began my tenure by publicly declaring our assets, to Anatomy, be compared with our net worth on leaving office. As I noted earlier, there exists a plethora of laws, rules and regulations to ensure good governance in Nigeria. There also exist several commissions and agencies to investigate and Divide term, prosecute corrupt practices. We need not create any new ones unless absolutely necessary. We only need to strengthen, adequately fund and motivate the existing ones to do their jobs.

We shall also encourage independence of action and avoidance of self-censorship by Anatomy kidney, anti-corruption agencies. No one will be presented as a ‘sacred cow’ beyond the reach of the law. In the on a paper, fight against corruption, citizen involvement and demand side activism are key components. Most of our people, especially those in the rural areas who are poor, ignorant and illiterate, do not make the link between corruption and their lack of access to healthcare, education and other facilities, even where they exist. They are too poor, too dependent and too powerless to demand accountability from their State or local governments. We shall therefore encourage the civil society, faith-based groups and community associations to Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, challenge corruption within their communities. In this regard, we shall review our communication strategy towards a more open and transparent government by sharing information, encouraging citizen empowerment and supporting social actions to challenge corrupt practices by public officials at the federal state and local government levels. In our model of on a paper, democracy, there is a clear separation of powers between the Executive, the Anatomy and physiology, Legislature and the Judiciary. To tackle corruption, there is Best essay 2014 argumentative, a need for all three to work together for a common purpose.

Towards this end, we are ready to engage with the Legislature and the Judiciary, state governments and all organs of government to Anatomy and physiology kidney, ensure the necessary synergy towards effectively combating corruption. Early in the life of this administration, I constituted a Presidential Advisory Committee on Essay report bullying Anti-Corruption – made up of experts and persons of integrity – to oversee our anti-corruption effort, promote the reform agenda of the Government and co-ordinate the implementation plan for anti-corruption legislation and other interventions. Among other things, the Anatomy and physiology holes, Committee will also articulate and report on strategies towards repositioning and strengthening our agencies. These include the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), the Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB) and essay argumentative, the Code of Conduct Tribunal (CCT), and the ways in which our criminal justice administration may be improved. Given the transnational operations of criminals and the multi-jurisdictional effect of corruption, we will also intensify our collaboration with the Anatomy holes kidney, international community. This includes international anti-corruption agencies and institutions such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and other development partners.

We also commit ourselves to compliance with the country’s international obligations under international treaties and college bullying, conventions such as the United Nations Convention on Anti- Corruption (UNCAC) (UNODC 2015). 8.4 The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and and physiology holes, the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission. Two anti-corruption institutions are key to Nigeria’s anti-corruption efforts. These are the EFCC and the ICPC. We are aware that both are presently not working at maximum potential owing to should paper on, a myriad of challenges, which include overlaps in mandate, gaps in operational legislation and funding, a human capital deficiency, leadership inadequacy and internal corruption. I believe a review of legislation is essential to reposition these institutions. For example, currently the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, ICPC can only begin anti-corruption investigations in response to petitions from the college report, public. And Physiology? We want to change that, revising the ICPC Act to increase the Commission’s powers to service papers, initiate investigations into cases of corruption (ICPC 2016). This would include: Granting the ICPC the power to commence assets forfeiture proceedings, as is the case in the US, UK and South Africa. Illegally acquired properties may then be seized where the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, suspected owner is a fugitive, disclaims ownership or cannot be located despite diligent efforts.

Streamlining the jurisdiction of the ICPC by scholarship, reducing areas of overlap with the EFCC, thus giving each agency areas of primary jurisdictional responsibility. Giving the ICPC power to Anatomy holes, accept material assistance from international institutions and development partners, as well as to access funds from global anti-corruption agencies, which the present ICPC Act prohibits. Similarly, as part of the EFCC legislative review, we will focus on: Empowering the Best college essay argumentative, Commission to presume that a person has illegally enriched themselves where such a person owns, possesses or controls an Anatomy interest in any property that cannot be justified by present or past emoluments or circumstances. Streamlining the jurisdiction of the EFCC to Write, reduce overlap with the ICPC mandate. Securing the forfeiture of illegally acquired properties where the suspected owner is Anatomy holes, a fugitive, disclaims ownership or cannot be located despite diligent efforts. Should My History On? Separating the agency for financial intelligence gathering from the EFCC. And Physiology Holes? The Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit, which operates as an arm of the EFCC, needs to Write on a paper online, be independent in order to enhance its operational autonomy.

We intend to work with the Legislature to implement all these necessary reforms. It’s also critical that these two agencies charged with fighting corruption and Anatomy, financial crimes collaborate closely with development partners for technical assistance, staff training and data sharing. As international co-operation continues to scholarship writing vcu, reduce the number of Anatomy and physiology kidney, havens for hiding the proceeds of crime, new havens are emerging. We need therefore to Community service, enhance the scope of our mutual legal assistance agreements to widen the net we cast to Anatomy holes kidney, recover illicit funds and secure the forfeiture of unexplainable assets. In this regard, the agencies will also need to be more proactive in leveraging the legislations of foreign jurisdictions such as the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (US Department of Justice 2015). Write On A? Indeed, there have been two recent cases involving high-profile Nigerians that show how foreign jurisdictions (to whom we are grateful) can effectively complement our national efforts to tackle corruption cases. Pursuant to action taken by the US under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Kellogg, Brown Root pleaded guilty to paying named Nigerian officials a $180 million bribe to secure a $6 billion contract (US Department of Justice 2009). In another notorious case, all numerous counts of corruption filed against a former governor of a state were dismissed by a court in Nigeria only for the same politician to be convicted in the UK – based on the same evidence! These kinds of prosecution lapses in major corruption cases arise because of the Anatomy holes kidney, slow nature of trials, especially of corruption cases, in essay, our system. Typically, corruption trials involving high-profile public officers last an average of 8 to 10 years or, if they go to appeal, 15 years. In such a situation, prosecution and judicial fatigue set in.

It’s standard practice for senior defence lawyers to use legal technicalities such as preliminary objections to challenge the Anatomy holes, jurisdiction of the court, requesting stay of Divide term, proceedings and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, appealing interlocutory or preliminary matters, or for courts to oblige the accused with injunctions (sometimes perpetual), restraining anti-corruption agencies from investigating, arresting or prosecuting the suspected persons! However, with the passage of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) 2015, which seeks to limit such abuses, we hope to see significant progress (Federal Ministry of Justice 2015). The ACJA contains several innovations with the potential to significantly improve criminal justice administration in What i write my history paper on, Nigeria. For example, it states that an application for Anatomy and physiology holes, a stay of proceedings shall not be entertained, that all preliminary objections shall be considered along with the substantive issues and that a ruling shall be made thereon at college essay 2014 the time of delivery of judgment. The CCB was created 36 years ago to ensure probity and accountability. This includes setting out a comprehensive code of conduct for public officers such as declaring their assets and liabilities, and those of members of Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, their families, when they assume and Write on a online, subsequently leave public office. It has powers to apprehend offending public officers and arraign them before the and physiology, CCT.

Yet in spite of the glaring and widespread corruption by political appointees and other public servants, the Bureau has hardly used its powers and, where it has, only low-level public officers have been apprehended and brought before the CCT. Lee Kuan Yew (2000), writing on corruption in his book, From Third World To First, The Singapore Story: 1965– 2000, stated that: “The most effective change we made in 1960 was to allow the on a paper, courts to treat proof that an accused was living beyond his or her means or had property or income they could not explain as corroborating evidence of corruption.” Nigeria has had a similar provision at paragraph 11(3) of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution, which provides that any property acquired by a public officer that is not fairly attributable to his income shall be deemed to have been acquired in breach of the Code (International Centre of Nigerian Law [ICNL] 1999). In its 36 years of existence, the CCB has never invoked this provision. The ICPC has a similar provision within section 44(2) of its enabling Act, which it has also never invoked since its creation 15 years ago. The CCB is fundamentally hampered by the fact that there is no requirement for public officers’ asset declarations to be published. So to lead by example, my vice-president and I voluntarily submitted our assets declaration, hoping that other members of holes, my Government would do the same.

But beyond this, the CCB simply lacks the capacity to verify the my history paper, claims made in the thousands of assets forms submitted. There simply has not been the political will to Anatomy kidney, fully fund or adequately staff and equip the CCB for the task. In co-operation with the National Assembly, we shall look for Divide, ways and means to make the Anatomy holes kidney, required appropriation. We shall also seek co-operation and assistance from College our development partners in the areas of computerisation of the operations of the CCB and Land Registries, with links to the operations of the Nigerian Stock Exchange, the kidney, Securities and Exchange Commission and the Corporate Affairs Commission (our Companies Registry) to enhance and facilitate assets tracing. Already our Central Bank has implemented a biometric verification system in all banks, facilitating the verification of the identity of every account holder. Like the CCB, the Community service, CCT was established more than three decades ago. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? Its purpose was to adjudicate on breaches of the Code of Essay, Conduct by public officers, which were referred to it by the CCB. In the absence of a functioning CCB, the CCT too has been doomed to failure, applying its powers to impose sanctions – such as removal from office, bans from holding public office and the forfeiture of holes, corruptly acquired property – only to should i write my history paper, minor cases.

The Nigeria Police, like the police everywhere, are primarily tasked with maintaining law and order. Its involvement with corruption cases and financial crimes is peripheral except in cases like theft. But the potential for compromised anti- corruption operatives remains a problem across our public sector. And the police are no exception. Kidney? Indeed, Transparency International, citing the 2013 Global Corruption Barometer, stated that 92% of respondents in Nigeria felt that the police were corrupt.

We are aware of this general perception of the Nigeria Police and we shall take steps for its reform. The other institution that is critical to our ability to successfully combat corruption is the adjudicating agency or the Judiciary. Yet our Judiciary itself is perceived to should i write paper on, be corrupt. And Physiology? As in other areas, it’s a difficult allegation to prove. Divide? From their pronouncements, it’s clear that the leadership of the Judiciary is aware of this general perception. It cannot be swept under the carpet, especially given the odious nature of many decisions from the Bench. These include granting perpetual injunctions, restraining the police and and physiology, anti-corruption agencies from investigating, arresting or prosecuting high-profile politicians and the other examples I have already cited. Essay? Indeed, the leadership is undertaking internal measures to identify judges of unimpeachable integrity, and to have corruption cases assigned to them administratively.

They are similarly making efforts to cleanse the system by identifying compromised judges for and physiology, disciplinary measures, including retirement. The discipline of judges, however, is the responsibility of the National Judicial Council established by the Constitution. Report Bullying? There have been observations about the and physiology, Council’s composition, the mode of appointment to essay argumentative, it and how to make it broader-based in representation. These are matters for the Judiciary to consider. Finally, we are undertaking administrative measures in the following areas to strengthen our anti-corruption crusade more generally: Addressing poor remuneration in and physiology, the public service.

Alongside our wider reforms of the public sector, we need to look into argumentative appropriate remuneration for Anatomy kidney, some categories of civil servants. A fresh university graduate in the public service earns about $300 a month. Unfortunately, inflationary pressures and increases in the cost of Write online, living make corrupt ways of and physiology, supplementing legitimate income more attractive. Again, Lee Kuan Yew (2000) said that one of the ways he dealt with corruption in the public service was to drastically increase the salaries of the accounting officers, putting them almost on a par with similar heads of private sector organisations. While this isn’t an immediate possibility for us, given our current economic circumstances, we do propose to finance some increases in critical functions related to public service wages, using part of the freed-up funds gained from recovered looted assets, reductions in waste and the plugging of leaks. However, there may also be need for a downward review of the emoluments, allowances and entitlements of certain public officers. We shall also reform our oil sector – which is the should on, lifeblood but also the most corruption-ridden sector of Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, our economy. To that end, we will: Publish quarterly audits of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. End the opacity in essay writing vcu, the swapping of crude oil for refined products, which has created avenues for Anatomy and physiology, corruption. Improve internal refining capacity with a view to ending, in 2016, the clearly unsustainable 1 trillion Naira (N) subsidy on imported petroleum products. Engender transparency in the purchase of Write online, all refined products by and physiology, publishing purchases and polyarteritis, reconciling the amounts against consumption figures.

Develop partnerships to deploy advanced technology to share data and track oil theft. Increase the participation of Nigeria in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). After corruption, waste and mismanagement of public funds are the biggest drains on the economy. Even before the present economic downturn, reducing them had become imperative. For years, recurrent expenditure had been at 70 - 80% of the national budget with emoluments of senior public officers being the major expenditure heads. Anatomy? So there will be a significant reduction in international travel by public officers. We will ensure that public officers travel only when absolutely necessary and, when they do, there will be a restriction placed on classes of travel. In addition, the should my history paper on, Federal Ministry of Finance has now established an Efficiency Unit to monitor all ministries, departments and agencies. The Unit’s aim is to review all government overhead expenditures, reduce waste and promote efficiency. And Physiology Holes? We shall also vigorously enforce the Public Procurement Act to ensure that due process is paper, followed in government procurements (Bureau of Public Procurement 2012).

Following decades of a lack of oversight over Anatomy and physiology kidney government revenues, receipts and income flow, we have recently reverted to constitutionalism and consolidated all government accounts into a Treasury Single Account maintained by the Central Bank of Nigeria. As a result, we are now in a position to monitor all receipts, expenditures and block leakages, thereby enhancing transparency and accountability in the management of government revenues, receipts and payments. We will run a leaner Government, reducing the number of ministries and reviewing the Best 2014, proliferation of parastatals and agencies. Some of these are moribund, such as the holes kidney, Public Complaints Commission, the 2014 budgetary allocation for which was N2.927 billion – all of paper polyarteritis, it was spent on salaries. Many others are either no longer required or they perform the same or similar functions. These include the National Office for kidney, Technology Acquisition and Promotion, with its 2014 budget allocation of college 2014, N466 million to boost locally generated technology.

In the same vein, the Nigeria Information Technology Development Agency had a 2014 budget allocation of N339.01 million to develop information technology. Such agencies, with ambiguous or overlapping functions, will be progressively streamlined and kidney, merged with their main ministries or scrapped. I will conclude by reiterating that the immediate and long- term benefits of curbing corruption in Nigeria are pretty obvious to us. In this essay, I have put forward what some may consider over-ambitious goals. I believe in the adage that the journey of a thousand miles begins with the service research, first step. I have the will to take this first step.

And with sustained effort, we shall reach our target of freeing-up sufficient funds to accelerate the development of critical infrastructure such as railways, roads and power; invest in Anatomy, health and education consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; pursue our social programmes such as skills acquisition and poverty alleviation; and on a paper online, create an enabling environment for the diversification of our economy, with investments in agriculture, solid minerals, petrochemicals and allied industries. These outcomes will encourage local and foreign direct investments, job creation, and reductions in and physiology, poverty, crime and insecurity. As Sarah Chayes has observed, “Corruption has helped fuel most of the serious crises the world has witnessed in the past decade. It swells the ranks of terrorist movements, weakens local opposition to them, facilitates their activities and hollows out militaries tasked with combating them. Community Research Papers? It sparks angry protests that can turn into revolutions with unknown second and third order effects such as those in the Arab world in Anatomy holes, 2011” (Kirkpatrick 2015). It is therefore in our national interest, and that of the international community, to fight corruption not only within national boundaries but also globally, through concerted international action. Bureau of Public Procurement.

2012. Bureau of Public Procurement. Available online. Ezekwesili, O. 28 August 2012. Write? Corruption, National Development, the Bar and the Judiciary. Abula: 52nd Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Nigerian Bar Association. Anatomy? Federal Ministry of Justice. 2015. College Essay 2014 Argumentative? Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015. Available online.

Greenspan, A. 24 September 2007. Alan Greenspan vs. Naomi Klein. Democracy Now! Available [online] (http://www.democracynow.org/2007/9/24/alan_greenspan_ vs_naomi_klein_on). Holes Kidney? Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC). 2016. The Establishment Act. Available [online] (http://icpc.gov.ng/the-establishment-act/). International Centre of Nigerian Law (ICNL). 1999.

Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. Available online. Kar, D. and Cartwright-Smith, D. 2010. Illicit Financial Flows From Africa: Hidden Resource for Development. Washington DC: Global Financial Integrity. Write On A Paper Online? Available [online] (http://www.gfintegrity.org/storage/gfip/documents/reports/ gfi_africareport_web.pdf).

Kirkpatrick, J. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? 30 September 2015. Interview – Sarah Chayes. E-International Relations. Available [online] (http://www.e-ir.info/2015/09/30/interview-sarah-chayes/). Transparency International.

2013. Best College 2014? Global Corruption Barometer. Available [online] (http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013). Transparency International. 2016. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? Corruption by Country – Nigeria. College Report? Available [online] (https://www.transparency.org/country/#NGA). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).

February 2015. Track it. Stop it. Get it: Report of the High Level Pane on Illicit Finance Flows from Anatomy kidney Africa. Africa: UNECA. Available [online] (http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/ iff_main_report_26feb_en.pdf). United Nations – Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2015. United Nations Convention against paper, Corruption: Signature and and physiology holes kidney, Ratification Status as of paper, 1 December 2015. Available [online] (https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories. Holes? html).

United Nations – Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2016. UNODC’s Action against Corruption and Economic Crime. Available online. US Department of Justice. 11 February 2009. Kellogg Brown Root LLC Pleads Guilty to Foreign Bribery Charges and Agrees to Pay $402 Million Criminal Fine. Available online. US Department of Justice. 23 September 2015. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.

Available [online] (http://www.justice.gov/criminal-fraud/foreign-corrupt- practices-act). Wallis, W. 26 May 2015. Nigeria: The big oil fix. Financial Times. Available [online] (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/be2a72de-f30f-11e4-a979- 00144feab7de.html#axzz3yeg9x1Nz) World Bank.

12 January 2016. GDP per Capita: Nigeria and Singapore (1960–2014). Available [online] (https://goo.gl/LNl6ez). Write? Yew, L. K. 2000. From Third World to First, The Singapore Story: 1965–2000. And Physiology Holes? UK: Harper Collins. 9. President Ashraf Ghani: Driving corruption out of procurement. The moral outrage that many feel about corruption and the devastation it wreaks blinds us to its pervasive nature. But it is imperative we recognise that, in a number of countries, corruption is not an aberration within an otherwise well- functioning system of public governance. It is part and parcel of the system itself – reinforced by the fragmented nature of these countries’ governments, producing predictable, self- perpetuating costs for national development.

If we’re to tackle corruption effectively, we must identify and understand the systemic drivers that enable corrupt practices to thrive and reproduce. This essay argues that corruption is, at its core, a failure of individual and institutional accountability that allows officials to Write on a, divert public resources from their intended uses. But if the problem to Anatomy holes kidney, solve in a country like Afghanistan is Write on a paper, a lack of accountability, the actions needed to change it must overcome the fact that the Anatomy, government institutions, which are expected to carry out the reforms, are themselves highly fragmented. Reforms from outside the system can make some progress, but fragmentation means that these reforms will always be partial and What should i write my history paper on, temporary. In fragmented systems, only strong, national political leadership can tackle corruption at its roots. This is because only the top political leadership can look across the different arenas and ministries where corruption happens, in order to provide an Anatomy and physiology holes kidney effective agenda for reform.

By demonstrating top commitment through positive action, even fragmented systems can build coalitions with internal and external reformers. But somebody must open the door. Service Research? The countries that occupy the bottom reaches of world anti- corruption standards are frequently characterised by deeply fragmented systems of and physiology holes, state accountability. In such countries, the government systems that should prevent corruption are the very systems used to enable it (Fund for Peace 2013). This includes core operations such as procurement, financial management, recruitment, audit, legislation and justice. If the systemic character of corruption in these fragmented administrations is not understood, reforms become a game. Donors provide technical assistance to write anti-corruption action plans that ministries don’t implement.

Anti-corruption commissions are launched and quietly dissolved; study tours to reformist countries bring a flurry of online, excitement before being forgotten. None of these exercises make a serious dent in the fundamental problem of institutionalised corruption, because they assume that corruption can be tackled by suppressing its symptoms and they thus fail to address its structural drivers. Although some sections of the government may indeed be committed to reform, frequently they are kept there for appearances only, not to Anatomy holes kidney, achieve any actual progress in the fight against corruption. To consider how we might change that, we now turn to the anti-corruption strategy being implemented in Afghanistan. 9.3 Reforming corruption in fragmented accountability systems: the term, case of Afghanistan. Holes? By any measure, Afghanistan is one of the most corrupt countries on earth. Fifty years of near constant conflict have destroyed both social and on a online, institutional controls. The flood of money that poured into the country for kidney, reconstruction after the overthrow of the Taliban in late 2001 further fragmented and Essay, reduced its systems of accountability. When the Anatomy and physiology kidney, Government of the paper, Islamic Republic of Anatomy and physiology, Afghanistan took office in October 2014, we were united in our commitment to bring an end to corruption and the impunity that surrounded it. The costs of the corruption that we inherited were more than just moral revulsion. They had significant effects on national development.

The challenge we faced was introducing reforms that would work in our post-conflict environment. The departure of the international forces between 2012 and 2014 meant that the large volumes of Community papers, financial support that accompanied the troops came to holes, a sudden end. Government and donors agreed that the apparatus of polyarteritis, corruption that had formed around the allocation of aid funding meant that, without reform, it would be impossible to and physiology holes kidney, switch into Best essay argumentative a private sector led growth strategy. Endless bribery would keep Afghanistan uncompetitive and poor. As a country threatened by both internal violence and external attacks, establishing the government’s legitimacy is vital to and physiology holes, maintain social order. But a history of state corruption has undermined the citizenry’s belief that government courts could credibly dispense justice; that government police would provide order; and that government agencies would represent the term paper, public’s interests fairly, rather than just hand out licences to rich bidders (Asia Foundation 2014). 9.4 Diagnosing where corruption happens. Just as long-distance travellers benefit from and physiology kidney having a well-defined roadmap to should, reach their destination, our anti-corruption strategy began by mapping out the landscape of corruption in Afghanistan. This meant a systematic review of holes, government operations to identify where corruption occurred.

We found that state-sponsored corruption was everywhere. Particular areas of concern were: Land grabbing Whereas in traditional Afghan society and under Islamic law, clear property rights provide strong social protections, land grabbing in Afghanistan had turned property into scholarship essay a source of Anatomy and physiology holes, discord, distrust and exclusion. As a result of land grabs, the Best, private sector was denied access to property for investment, while the poor were driven into substandard and insecure housing. Government appointments People widely believe that appointments to the government are secured through patronage and payment. Holes? The Ministry of Finance informed the Best essay argumentative, Cabinet that national revenue could be doubled if civil servants were not paying back the costs of their appointments. Banking The Kabul Bank became the emblem for the looting of public resources. Starting in Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, 2012, forensic audits revealed that virtually all its large accounts were systematically falsified.

Money was put in during audit periods and then immediately withdrawn afterwards. The cost of the Kabul Bank scandal was $850 million (the Government has recovered more than a third of this). Customs Afghanistan has always relied on customs fees. But deliberately weakened customs management has been a major driver of corruption. Essay Argumentative? Afghanistan’s Central Statistics Office records approximately $1.1 billion in imports from Pakistan – but statistics from Anatomy and physiology holes kidney Pakistan report $2.32 billion in exports to Afghanistan (Observatory of Economic Complexity 2015). Nor does the bribery stop at the border. Studies of Best essay argumentative, transport routes reveal that over a 100-mile stretch there can be as many as 12 posts, each demanding bribes. Natural resource exploitation Afghanistan is and physiology, developing the early symptoms of the resource curse, the syndrome whereby rich natural resources, which could in principle make a poor country well off, instead end up becoming a locus for corruption and the capture of that natural wealth by small elites. The worst manifestation is in Write paper, mining, where corrupt licensing and procurement produce rapacious and destructive mining practices. Smuggling and narcotics As with the drug trade everywhere, regional and global networks make the illicit economy a significant driver of corruption.

More recently, violent and dangerous narcotics smugglers have expanded their field of Anatomy holes, activity to cover human trafficking and control over irregular migration from Afghanistan to Eurasia. 9.5 Corruption, procurement and reform. There is no quick fix to Essay bullying, end this type of systemic corruption. However, we can see some ways forward if we look beneath the Anatomy, surface of where corruption happens to Essay, the processes by which government can abet or control corruption. In Afghanistan, instead of being the systems for government accountability, procurement, financial management, recruitment, audit, legislation and the administration of justice have become the drivers that explain how corruption persists. Within a fragmented system like this, a reformist government can only turn its commitment to reform into Anatomy and physiology kidney practical action if it rebuilds those systems from the inside out. To demonstrate how that can work in practice, the remainder of this paper will explore the Afghan Government’s efforts to Essay college, reform the procurement process. At its most basic, public procurement is how the government uses competition to Anatomy and physiology kidney, get the public the best value at i write my history on the lowest cost. Holes? Reforming how governments go about buying goods and services may not seem an Divide term paper polyarteritis especially exciting place to start systems reform, especially when compared with high-profile prosecutions or investigative reporting and publication. But procurement lies at the heart of what governments ‘do’. Global estimates suggest that government procurement can account for between 10% and 30% of gross domestic product (GDP) (SELA 2015).

And when public procurement is and physiology kidney, infected by corruption, the effect on government performance and value to What should my history on, the taxpayer is and physiology holes, catastrophic. Procurement in scholarship, Afghanistan has traditionally exhibited all the symptoms of a fragmented and corrupt system of government accountability. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? Forensic reviews repeatedly show a systematic rigging of competitive bidding, usually through the inclusion of non-existent companies to give the appearance of competition when there is in fact none. For a fee, cost estimates are shared between corrupt officials and corrupt bidders. Rules to block conflicts of Best college essay, interest are routinely subverted by companies owned by the relatives of high-ranking officials whose only Anatomy kidney, ‘business’ is to provide access.

Not all corruption in procurement takes place behind the scenes. Threats of violence, kidnapping and bribery are used to should paper on, force legitimate competitors to withdraw or alter their bids. Officials collude with favoured companies to set technical standards that only they can fulfil. Corrupt practices do not end at contract negotiations. Manipulating procurement so that low-quality goods are delivered rather than the higher-quality supplies that were procured and kidney, invoiced is a pervasive practice that leads to collapsed infrastructure, massive overcharging and poor-quality services. Procurement therefore provides an acid test of whether the new Government’s commitments to bring about report, systemic change will really be backed by political will and structural change. The two key reforms in the first stage of the and physiology, Afghan Government’s strategy are the formation of a National Procurement Council (NPC) to review all high-value contracts and the consolidation of construction contracts through two specialised agencies. Centralising procurement was not the only route to reform open to us, but it enabled us to tackle the structural issues that allowed corruption to thrive. Reforming corruption ministry by ministry was not only far beyond the limited capacities of the Government, but it would also have left untouched the underlying incentives that drove this corruption in paper, the first place. Only through sustained top- level oversight to create the Anatomy kidney, accountability needed, combined with technical expertise, could we ever hope to change the bureaucratic culture. Write Paper Online? 9.6 Building the machinery of holes kidney, reform.

To underscore the top-level commitment of the national leadership to College scholarship writing vcu, bring corruption to an end, the NPC is chaired by me, the holes kidney, President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Afghanistan’s chief executive officer, the second vice- president and Best 2014 argumentative, the ministers for finance, economy and justice also attend the weekly council meeting. Such high-levelparticipation is needed not just to send a symbolic message to and physiology holes kidney, the country at large, but also to college report, present a unified front to the entrenched interests within the government itself that will resist reforms. We are supported by an Office of Procurement staffed by holes, Afghans who have been trained in professional procurement and who have the specialised expertise needed to understand the details of bids. Because such a large share of the Afghan budget is spent on security, the Government also gets technical support from the NATO military command to report, help review military contracts. Anatomy? Public transparency is essay, built into the process. Our weekly procurement review meetings include a representative of Integrity Watch (an international non-governmental organisation [NGO]), the US’s special oversight expenditure review body (SIGAR) and a rotating member of the Anatomy and physiology holes, Afghan Parliament’s Caucus on on a paper online Integrity.

Minutes of our meetings and all decisions are placed on an updated, publicly accessible website (Government of Afghanistan 2016), and our team provides regular briefings for journalists, donors and the Afghan media. Transparency has enabled us to begin to and physiology kidney, build trust in government. The first major test of Divide paper polyarteritis, our work came in the security sector. Civil society and whistle-blowers had made serious allegations over a $400 million fuel contract awarded by the outgoing Government’s Ministry of Defence. In response to Anatomy and physiology, these allegations, the bid was reopened. A preliminary review found credible evidence of Community service research, malfeasance. We suspended the contract and Anatomy kidney, appointed a high-level commission of inquiry to review this and College, an additional nine major fuel contracts. The commission’s report revealed widespread subversion of the law. And Physiology? Unfortunately, a response was not going to College scholarship writing, be as simple as suspending the contract and Anatomy kidney, starting over. Continuing the Write paper online, contract would have meant accepting the corruption. But stopping it cold would have meant leaving soldiers and police without ammunition and supplies in the middle of an intense war.

This is a strong example of how corruption in procurement can have detrimental consequences for national security and Anatomy kidney, the safety of our people. Given this dilemma, what were we to do? To cut through the knot, we developed a framework whereby each contract was cancelled, then renegotiated on a sole-source basis. Essay Bullying? The results were reviewed and certified by specialists, including experts from NATO. The NPC then re-examined each case to confirm that the results met procedural and value-for-money standards, and the results were placed on Anatomy holes its public website.

The same framework is now being applied to the Ministry of Interior. Our case-by-case examination of some 900 contracts has revealed that compliance with national law and good procurement practices is the rare exception rather than the rule. NPC oversight is What i write, restructuring these bids to squeeze out the corruption and ensure that the Government receives what it pays for. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? Our best estimates are that this system has saved the Government at least $350 million in its first year of operation. Presidential hands-on management of the national procurement authority is meant to send the Best 2014 argumentative, message to our people of the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, Government’s commitment to reform. But it is also a temporary measure, triggered by the need to restore credibility. We have climbed the What should, foothills of reform, but the full mountain range lies ahead. A great many technical changes are needed to ensure that, in the future, honest procurement is the rule not the holes kidney, exception.

Now that the political door has been opened to reform, internal and external reformers can embed a great many more changes across other government operations such as publishing contracts, benchmarking bids against known unit costs and report bullying, reviewing procurement rules. Kidney? Better oversight and detailed reviews of processes can address corruption when and where it occurs, but it will not change the underlying structures that enable it. Bullying? For that to happen, we must make the entire government system invulnerable to Anatomy and physiology, exploitation and manipulation. This is a significant challenge for us. Tackling the reform of large-scale procurement is technically complex. It requires strong leadership but also professional expertise and college argumentative, experience. Furthermore, the and physiology holes, structure of aid partnerships in Afghanistan has meant that each ministry has built up its own project- financed wing for procurement and construction – another example of how fragmentation allows corruption to emerge. Large development agencies such as the World Bank address this issue by deploying dozens of highly trained, highly paid specialists to review the procurement decisions of college 2014 argumentative, their counterpart ministries. Afghanistan will never be able to holes, afford an College writing vcu equivalent level of expertise. We need an entirely different model of how procurement happens.

To build this model, the Government has started to concentrate physical construction in just two ministries, one for national public works and one a state-owned enterprise that manages government contracting. This will not only allow these two ministries to develop procurement expertise and provide proper oversight, but it will also free up other ministries to concentrate on their core functions and add real value, rather than skew them towards the activities that make money. This is Anatomy holes, how we plan to tackle a public culture that has been built around making money instead of providing service. For example, the education ministry can improve the quality of College, teachers and student learning instead of lobbying for more school construction. The health ministry can focus on Anatomy reducing Afghanistan’s appalling maternal mortality rates rather than dreaming about building ever more clinics that lack trained staff and proper supplies. The Government is not so naive as to paper, think that reviewing contracts and concentrating construction in holes, two central agencies alone can end corruption. Each system that increases government accountability must be rebuilt. But the progress we have made on procurement reform shows that it can be done.

What comes next? Even with improved planning, clearer rules and Essay, heightened oversight, corruption will keep occurring until the likelihood of Anatomy holes, punishment reaches a level that makes officials decide that it is no longer worth the risk. Essay Report? Until recently, the punishment for corruption rarely extended beyond a verbal admonition. Fiduciary oversight was in any case largely left to the donor agencies. Our next task then is to make sure that punishments fit the crimes: reform must move to the courts, the judges, the police and and physiology holes kidney, the prosecutors. Here we can frankly admit that progress is slower than we expected.

The Government has not been able to move as quickly on justice sector reform as it would have liked. Justice reform is What should i write on, particularly difficult, because a balance must be struck between maintaining the independence of the judiciary and finding ways to reform what itself has become a core driver of institutionalised corruption. But while much remains for us to do, we are seeing improvements to the administration of justice. Government’s actions are beginning to end the regime of holes kidney, impunity that protected high-level culprits. In the procurement cases discussed earlier, officials who colluded with bidders were suspended and the cases for their prosecution are being prepared. Divide Polyarteritis? Personnel actions are similarly being used to and physiology holes kidney, transfer officials away from positions susceptible to bribery. Those culprits who find judges to release them can count on having their cases reviewed by the Attorney General’s office. But accelerating the pace of Best college essay, justice sector reform is clearly the Government’s next frontier. The other urgent next step is to deepen and strengthen our partnership with civil society’s anti-corruption activists.

Our experience shows that, to have any real chance of success fighting corruption in a post-conflict society, top- level engagement and strong accountability are needed to and physiology kidney, signal that the necessary local and national will to fight corruption exists. The more that Afghanistan’s people believe that the Government is taking reform seriously, the on a paper online, more the Government can count on whistle-blowers and Anatomy kidney, an investigative media to end the atmosphere of impunity on which a culture of corruption thrives. College Report? Over time, more and more ministry decisions and actions on budgets, contracts and expenditures will be made public and actively disseminated through traditional and modern media. Accepting citizen feedback and monitoring must become a core part of how the Anatomy holes kidney, government conducts its business. As with procurement, top-level leadership is needed to crack open bureaucratic resistance, after which internal and external reformers can push forward a corruption reform programme of actions. But that first step remains critical. This paper has argued an approach for how states can achieve transformational change in the fight against corruption, using procurement in Afghanistan as an Essay college bullying example. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? Firstly, it shows how top-level political commitment, an electoral mandate to Divide term paper, end corruption and government actions can together enable a series of practical actions to bring about Anatomy, national level reform. That model combines political signalling, managerial reforms, technical oversight and increasing engagement with an aware citizenry to fundamentally change a culture and scholarship writing, systems that are facilitating corruption.

Secondly, it details how successful high-level reform strategies need to begin with the understanding that corruption is not a phenomenon in and of itself, but the result of fragmented regimes that lack accountability. During the war in Afghanistan, responsibility for unprecedentedly large amounts of money fell to diverse control systems, none of which had the capacity or reach to and physiology, compensate for the lack of state-managed oversight. Overcoming fragmentation could only begin from the top. This is Community service research papers, not the only route that countries can follow. But the Afghan Government’s procurement reforms offer many valuable lessons for how to bring an holes end to corruption in development. Procurement everywhere accounts for a very large share of government expenditure, but in post- conflict or post-disaster countries there will always be a sudden surge of new procurement into systems without the experience to manage it.

Fragmentation is built into the reconstruction process. Properly managed reform, with high- level oversight, closes down opportunities for corruption and aligns procurement designs with the institutional capacities needed to control corruption. Procurement is especially interesting, because it is an area where governments must have the political acumen and will to navigate the trade-offs that reform will entail. Governments cannot just stop procurement while they fix the system. As the scholarship, Afghan case study shows, simply stopping the procurement of obviously flawed fuel contracts in the middle of Anatomy holes kidney, a war would have meant losing the war. But, because the governance structures were in place to allow for a sufficiently senior level of decision making, an alternative arrangement could be developed. Afghanistan has only just started implementing the fully fledged reform needed to root out Community papers corruption. It took decades to build up a system that systematised corruption at Anatomy holes kidney every level. It will be many years before the Government can claim success. But the strategy and service research papers, roadmap for reform are clear, and the first round of hurdles has already been passed. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? Government corruption has driven a three-decades-old conflict.

Corruption has blocked Afghanistan from being self-reliant and free. And corruption has wasted a vast amount of precious resources that could otherwise have been spent reducing Afghanistan’s crushing levels of poverty. Afghanistan’s citizens voted for a Government that would have the courage and commitment to break the cycle of corruption. We will continue to earn their trust and build a virtuous partnership for national development. Asia Foundation. Write On A Online? 2014. A Survey of the Afghan People. San Francisco: Asia Foundation.

Available online. Fund for Peace. 2013. Fragile States Index. Washington DC: FFP Publications. Available online. Government of Afghanistan. 2016. And Physiology Holes Kidney? Administrative Office of the Best college 2014, President – National Procurement Authority.

Available online. Observatory of Economic Complexity. December 2015. Country profile: Afghanistan. Available online. SELA. 2015. Public Procurement as a Tool for Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Caracas: SELA. 10. Prime Minister John Key: New Zealand: a culture of fair play.

It says a lot about the New Zealand psyche that one of the most notorious acts in our sporting history involved an underarm cricket delivery. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? New Zealand needed six from the last ball to tie a 1981 one-day match against Australia when Trevor Chappell strode to the crease and rolled the ball down the pitch. An orthodox delivery would have given batsman Brian McKechnie a fair chance. The underarm version did not. There was an uproar, which, as you can probably tell, still smarts to this day. The reaction might have been outsized, and I have no doubt Chappell is essay, sick of hearing about it, but it was telling. The ploy went against one of the most intrinsic aspects of our national character – a sense that we all deserve a fair crack and that we must do what is right. It is ingrained in our psyche – we are a fundamentally honest people. It is an attitude that flows through our home lives, our working lives and our public institutions, and it has helped us be recognised consistently as one of the world’s least corrupt countries.

As we know, corruption undermines trust in democratic institutions, businesses and markets. It is a corrosive force, which – at its worst – diminishes faith in the rule of law. All of this impacts on economic and social development, distorting the playing field, making it harder for fair-minded people to prosper and for a country to support its most vulnerable. New Zealand is Anatomy holes kidney, uniquely placed to protect itself from corruption and to work with its neighbours to combat it in their countries. We are a multicultural, outward-looking trading nation of just 4.5 million people, a long way from the markets where we sell our goods and services, and reliant on the rule of law in the places we sell them to. In order to prosper, we have always needed not just to essay, be good at what we do but also to be honest in Anatomy kidney, how we do it. 10.1 Our constitutional arrangements.

We have built our legal and constitutional settings around our sense of fair play, enshrining it through more than 170 years of case law and political practice. So, while it is based on the Westminster system, our unwritten constitution has evolved in What should i write my history on, a pragmatic way. We tend to fix things when they need fixing, ‘without necessarily relating them to any grand philosophical scheme’ (Constitution Arrangements Committee 2005). And there is Anatomy and physiology, a strong sense that it operates effectively because of online, our sense of fairness. A good example of that is our ongoing recognition of the historical injustices perpetrated on Maori by the Crown through land seizures, Treaty of Waitangi breaches and holes kidney, other injustices (Ministry of Justice 2016a).

The Treaty of Waitangi is on a paper, a founding document of New Zealand. It was intended to ensure peaceful progress in New Zealand where all parties’ rights and interests are respected (Ministry of Justice 2016b). But the Treaty was not always honoured by the Crown. Successive governments have endeavoured to acknowledge those injustices through the return of land and resources, and and physiology kidney, through the delivery of apologies on behalf of the Crown. Today this process takes place largely with near-universal public and political support, because it is the right thing to do. It is this same embedded sense of scholarship writing, fair play that makes it difficult for corruption to take hold in New Zealand. New Zealand’s public institutions have grown and evolved in an environment that does not tolerate underarm deliveries from and physiology holes its politicians, public servants or private sector. As Prime Minister, I am particularly well aware of that.

I am regularly held to account not just in should paper on, Parliament and in the media, but by everyday New Zealanders who are never shy to tell me of Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, any issue that they have with my Government’s performance. That is how it should be. As elected officials and as public servants, we are beholden to the public and are expected to regularly account for our actions. New Zealand’s highly professional public service is expected to Write on a, act in kidney, accordance with the law, to Community research papers, be imbued with the spirit of service to the community and to give free and frank advice to ministers. The public service is Anatomy kidney, politically neutral. Write Online? That neutrality means that the kidney, Government, Parliament and the public can trust advice given by officials. Merit-based appointments, made on the recommendation of the State Services Commissioner, help ensure that senior public servants do not owe their jobs and their loyalty to any politician or political party. This culture, which has been enshrined in law, ensures that even as governments and ministers change, a professional body of experts is always on hand to deliver on the agenda of the Community service, elected government. 10.2 Scrutiny of government action. As is often said, the and physiology, best disinfectant is sunlight.

As part of the gradual improvement of our institutions, successive governments have taken steps to increase and entrench the transparency of the public sector. In 1982, the then National Government passed the Official Information Act, dramatically changing assumptions about government information. The law means that ministers and officials have to provide any official information requested unless there is a compelling reason not to (Ministry of Justice 2015a). While there is always a degree of tension about where the line should be drawn, the oversight of the Office of the Ombudsman ensures that openness is maintained. (New Zealand was the first country outside Scandinavia to establish this role.) Recognising that there were significant weaknesses in the way information on the state of the government’s finances were reported, the then Labour Government passed the Public Finance Act in 1989. This requires government to operate transparently and provide regular public reporting of its accounts (Ministry of service papers, Justice 2015b). For the past 25 years, this legislation has ensured that governments present an accurate picture of the Anatomy, public finances and the fiscal consequences of service research papers, their policies. As Prime Minister, I have taken steps to ensure greater transparency by, for example, proactively publishing details of spending on Anatomy and physiology ministerial credit cards. Should I Write? Ministers and departments are also giving greater thought to proactively releasing more information for public scrutiny. New Zealand has a range of independent bodies set up to and physiology kidney, audit and deal with allegations of corruption and misconduct.

The Independent Police Complaints Authority (IPCA), the Judicial Conduct Commissioner (JCC) and College essay, the Office of the Ombudsman all have broad powers to investigate and report on the conduct of public officials. These bodies are well known and well used with 2,515 complaints to the IPCA alone last year (IPCA 2015). This independent oversight helps maintain public trust in holes, our institutions, with 78% of New Zealanders surveyed reporting that they have trust and confidence in the police (Gravitas 2015). Serious and complex allegations of corruption in the public or private sector are investigated by a specialist group called the Serious Fraud Office (SFO). The Director of the SFO has complete independence when it comes to What should my history paper, operational decisions, while the SFO and New Zealand Police work closely together in the fight against fraud and corruption, and Anatomy holes kidney, ensure that specialist knowledge and college argumentative, expertise can be used and information shared. The police and Anatomy and physiology kidney, SFO are further enabled by legislation, which ensures that all of New Zealand’s bribery and corruption offences apply both domestically and extra- territorially (Ministry of Justice 2013). This means that the SFO can bring a case against New Zealand citizens, residents and Best college 2014, companies for holes kidney, acts of bribery and corruption that occur wholly outside of College writing vcu, New Zealand. Another important aspect is a free and independent press. As Prime Minister, I front the media almost every day, sometimes several times, on issues of the kidney, day.

Questions will range from the performance of my Executive and MPs, to New Zealand’s position on international affairs and domestic policy, to what I had for breakfast. My Government is well aware of the 2014, importance of fronting up, and of the fact that our media and the public would expect nothing less. Kidney? They demand accountability and answers. Divide Term Polyarteritis? The upshot is that I, along with other ministers, am forced to defend every decision and mistake we make and every dollar we choose to spend or save. Colleagues and staff are aware of what is expected of me and I have no doubt that they have no interest in seeing the Prime Minister having to defend an issue that they have caused. There is an assumption across all levels of government that a mistake or any level of dishonesty will always be found out. While mistakes happen and will usually be forgiven by reasonable people, corruption and kidney, cover-ups are never tolerated. 10.3 New Zealand’s support for anti-corruption in the Pacific region. Given the clear benefits that a low-corruption environment can have on economic growth and quality of governance, fighting corruption has been a key plank of New Zealand’s international development policies. Write Online? As the only country outside northern Europe to regularly feature at the top of Transparency International’s (TI) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), we are well placed to assist other countries in fighting corruption (Transparency InternationaI 2015). We are particularly focused on making progress in our own neighbourhood.

New Zealand has especially close historical and cultural links with Pacific Island countries and we have a strong commitment to working with them to build stronger governance frameworks and to promote sustainable economic and social development. While auditing doesn’t sound like a glamorous nation- building activity, it is a critical part of Anatomy holes kidney, ensuring that governments are spending public money responsibly and effectively. Bullying? New Zealand is working with Pacific Island countries to ensure that they complete regular and timely financial audits of public accounts to help improve transparency and accountability. The number of audits completed in Pacific Island countries over the past five years has more than doubled (PASAI 2015). Promoting the importance of accountability in the eyes of the public has led to growing awareness of the role of auditing in and physiology, holding government institutions to account.

More public office holders are being held to account for paper, their misconduct and misuse of public funds (PASAI 2015). A high standard of public accountability is a critical element in preventing a culture of corruption from developing or taking hold. As we know from our own experience, when the holes kidney, public won’t tolerate corruption and have an expectation that their officials will be held to account, those in positions of term, power are less likely to abuse it. So the higher the standard of probity and accountability that figures in authority are held to, the more likely we are to Anatomy and physiology holes, prevent corruption and to detect and prosecute it when it occurs. Corruption is far more easily prevented and Essay college bullying, detected when a country has modern and and physiology holes kidney, transparent financial management systems. The New Zealand Aid Programme supports a series of initiatives in co-operation with our Pacific partners, designed to enhance economic governance (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2015a). That work is helping to strengthen border management systems and levels of accountability in a key area of term paper polyarteritis, revenue collection (Oceania Customs Organisation Secretariat 2016). And Physiology? New Zealand also provides support to writing vcu, Samoa, Kiribati and the Cook Islands, linked to reforms including improvements to public finance systems, better public procurement, stronger and more independent audit, and greater accountability and oversight of state-owned enterprises. Further support has assisted Samoa and the Solomon Islands to reform and modernise their revenue systems (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and and physiology, Trade 2015b). Together with Australia, we have also provided joint funding for the Pacific Ombudsman Alliance to boost the effectiveness of Pacific Island Ombudsman offices.

This has increased their ability to investigate complaints of Divide paper polyarteritis, maladministration by those in the public sector (Walter and Gordon 2013). Holes? Pacific leaders also recognise the crucial role that civil society has to play in fighting corruption with advocacy, education and community-focused outreach. For close to Best college, a decade, the and physiology holes kidney, New Zealand Aid Programme has provided support to TI chapters in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Our support has focused on efforts to improve the Essay college, culture of transparency through initiatives such as ethics training for law enforcement agencies (Ministry of Anatomy and physiology holes, Foreign Affairs and Trade 2015a). Sustainable economic and social development is almost impossible without capable and independent courts and law- enforcement agencies. These give people confidence that the law is enforced fairly and free from political influence. Accordingly, we are assisting our Pacific Island neighbours to strengthen their courts and police services.

Five years ago, we began supporting the Pacific Judicial Development Programme (PJDP) with Australia. This is focused on strengthening the professional competence of Pacific Island judicial officers and the court systems they use (PJDP 2015). Essay College Bullying? This work has contributed to more transparent decision making and enhanced judicial leadership. As a result of New Zealand’s support, 12 Pacific Island countries are now producing publicly available annual court reports. It has also helped to improve judicial knowledge and skills to address family violence and youth justice issues.

New Zealand provides ongoing mentoring for Pacific judges, and funding to attend judicial conferences and other training opportunities through the Judicial Pacific Participation Fund (JPPF) activity (JPPF 2016). Kidney? New Zealand also sends a number of its own judges on request to preside in courts across the Pacific – for instance, in Vanuatu (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2016). The integrity and capability of police services are critical to maintaining the rule of law. The overwhelming majority of New Zealanders have tremendous respect for our police because we know they can be trusted to treat us fairly and in accordance with the law. New Zealand Police have been invited by a number of Pacific police services to provide technical services to their Pacific counterparts (New Zealand Police 2015). New Zealand Police provide training and mentoring across the Pacific in What should i write on, prosecutions, community policing, human rights, ethics, leadership and road policing. These kinds of Anatomy holes kidney, interventions build public trust in the police and add to a culture of Essay report, service, which is the front line against corruption (New Zealand Police 2015). New Zealand’s reputation for fairness colours the interactions with our police deployed overseas. They carry their professionalism into foreign operations and Anatomy and physiology holes, we find they are welcomed and college essay, respected. This ensures that the work they are deployed to Anatomy, do is undertaken to a very high standard.

As a country with solid anti-corruption foundations and a long history of assisting our neighbours in building their own anti-corruption capacity, the most significant risk we face is complacency. While we currently suffer low levels of corruption, we need to proactively seek out and address potential vulnerabilities before corrupt practices can take hold. With that in mind, in 2014, the Government moved to What i write on, address a weakness in our companies’ registration laws. These changes will prevent overseas criminals from using New Zealand’s registration systems to create shell companies (Parliamentary Counsel Office 2015). Holes? We also draw on the expertise of civil society and the private sector in the fight against corruption. The Serious Fraud Office (2014) worked with TI New Zealand and Business New Zealand to deliver free anti-corruption training, which teaches participants how to prevent bribery in their businesses and comply with anti-bribery laws.

Recognising the importance of sport in our culture and scholarship, the huge scope for corrupt sporting practices, we passed a law in 2014 to specifically criminalise match-fixing (New Zealand Parliament 2014). The new law provides that manipulation of sporting activities with intent to influence a betting outcome is a criminal activity. Vigilance and enforcement by the authorities have also increased in recognition of the growing nature of this threat. Preventing the damaging effects of corruption should be a critical priority and responsibility for any government. Anatomy? Politicians and public servants have to focus on term building and maintaining strong, independent institutions to guard against corruption, as well as promoting a culture that makes it close to impossible for corrupt individuals to prosper or escape detection. As a country, we take great pride in our track record. But we know we must remain committed to ensuring that corruption does not gain a foothold, and open to views on how to prevent it. As a small part of an increasingly connected international community, we must be open to sharing our successes and Anatomy and physiology, our failures in order to stamp out corruption for good.

Constitutional Arrangements Committee. 2005. Inquiry to Review New Zealand’s Existing Constitutional Arrangements: Report of the Constitutional Arrangements Committee. Wellington: New Zealand House of Representatives, p.12. Gravitas Research and Strategy Ltd.

2015 (updated 2016). On A? New Zealand Police Citizens’ Satisfaction Survey. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? New Zealand: Gravitas, p.4. Available online. Independent Police Conduct Authority (IPCA). 2015. Annual Report 2014–2015. College Bullying? Wellington: IPCA, p.4. Available online. Judicial Pacific Participation Fund. 2016.

Welcome to the Judicial Pacific Participation Fund. Anatomy Holes Kidney? Available [online] (http://jppf.org.nz/welcome/). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2015a. New Zealand Aid Programme Strategic Plan 2015–19. Best 2014? Available online. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2015b. New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Anatomy and physiology kidney, Trade – Annual Report 2014–15. Available online. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

2016. Aid Partnership with Vanuatu. Available [online] (https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/aid-and-development/our- work-in-the-pacific/vanuatu/). Best College Essay Argumentative? Ministry of Justice. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? 2013. Relevant Anti-corruption Legislation. Available [online] (http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global- publications/s/saying-no-to-bribery-and-corruption- 2013-a-guide-for-new-zealand-businesses/relevant-anti- corruption-legislation). Ministry of scholarship essay vcu, Justice. 2015a. Kidney? Official Information Act 1982. Writing Vcu? Available online.

Ministry of Justice. 2015b. Public Finance Act 1989. Available online. Ministry of Justice. 2016a. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? Waitangi Tribunal. Available online. Ministry of Justice. 2016b. The Treaty of Waitangi.

Waitangi Tribunal. Available [online] (http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/waitangi-tribunal/ treaty-of-waitangi). New Zealand Parliament. College? 2014. Crimes (Match-fixing) Amendment Bill. Available online.

New Zealand Police. 2015. International Service Group. Available online. Oceania Customs Organisation Secretariat. 2016. Oceania Customs Organisation Secretariat. Available [online] (http://www.ocosec.org/). Anatomy Holes Kidney? Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions (PASAI). 2015.

Annual Report for Year Ended 30 June 2015. Available online. Pacific Judicial Development Programme (PJDP). 2015. The Programme. Available online. Parliamentary Counsel Office. 2015. Companies Amendment Act 2014.

Available [online] (http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0046/latest/ DLM4094913.html). Serious Fraud Office. 10 June 2014. Helping New Zealand’s Fight Against Corruption. Scholarship Writing Vcu? Available online. Transparency International. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? 2015. Corruption Perceptions Index 2015. What Should On? Available online. Walter, G. and Gordon, J. 2013. Independent Review of the Pacific Ombudsman Alliance.

Available [online] (https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/aid-and-development/our-approach-to-aid/evaluation-and-research/evaluation- reports-2013). 11. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong: Success in combating corruption – views on the Singaporean experience. Corruption is a scourge that can never be tolerated. Anatomy? Countries have tried all ways to combat it. They create anti-corruption agencies. They pass strong laws. They promulgate codes of conduct for public officials. Companies pledge to conduct business cleanly.

Yet often corruption remains endemic, a cancer in the society. How then has Singapore achieved some measure of success in eradicating corruption? I put it down to four factors. First, we inherited a clean and working system from the college, British colonial government. We had many compelling reasons to want to end colonial rule and to be masters of our own destiny. But to their credit, the British left Singapore with a working system and sound institutions – English laws, a working Civil Service, and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, an efficient and honest judiciary.

Importantly, the Colonial Service officers upheld high standards. People like Sir William Goode, our last Governor and first Head of State, had a sense of duty and stewardship. After Singapore, Goode served as Governor of North Borneo, now the state of Sabah in Malaysia. He left an impression in North Borneo, as in Singapore. Even a generation later, the people of Sabah still remembered him fondly. Second, when the British left, our pioneer leaders were determined to keep the system clean.

The People’s Action Party (PAP) first came to on a online, power in 1959, when Singapore attained self-government. Anatomy Holes? However, it was by no means a no- brainer for the PAP to fight to win the 1959 General Election. The country faced a myriad of problems: poverty, poor public health, an acute housing shortage, a stagnant economy and an exploding population. Essay Vcu? Did the PAP want to inherit these overwhelming problems? Why not become a strong opposition party, and Anatomy, let another party govern and College essay, fail? In the end, what decided the issue for holes kidney, Mr Lee Kuan Yew, our founding Prime Minister, and his team, was the College writing, overriding need to prevent the public service from going corrupt. One term of an incompetent, corrupt government and Humpty Dumpty could never be put together again. So the PAP fought to win and formed the Government. Kidney? When they took their oath of office, Mr Lee and his PAP colleagues wore white shirts and essay 2014, white trousers. It symbolised their determination to keep the Government clean and Anatomy holes, incorruptible.

That set the research papers, tone for Singapore ever since. Third, with strong political will, we institutionalised a robust, comprehensive anti-corruption framework that spans laws, enforcement, the public service and public outreach. We enacted the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), which puts the burden of proof on the accused to show that he or she acquired their wealth legally. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? Any unexplained wealth disproportionate to known sources of income is presumed to be from college bullying graft and can be confiscated. The PCA provides for extra-territorial jurisdiction, so that the actions of and physiology kidney, Singaporean citizens overseas are treated the same as actions committed in Singapore, regardless of whether such corrupt acts have consequences for Singapore (Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 2016a). Our anti-corruption agency, the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), is Best argumentative, well resourced and independent. And Physiology Kidney? It is empowered to investigate any person, even police officers and ministers, and conducts public outreach to raise public awareness and shape social norms (CPIB 2016b). We pay public servants fair and realistic wages benchmarked to private sector earnings and, in return, demand the highest standards of What should, integrity and Anatomy and physiology, performance. Fourth, we have over time developed a society and culture that eschews corruption. Singaporeans expect and demand a clean system.

They do not condone giving or accepting ‘social lubricants’ to get things done. They readily report corrupt practices when they encounter them. Essay Writing? Singaporeans trust that the law applies to all and that the Government will enforce the laws without fear or favour, even when it may be awkward or embarrassing. Businesses have confidence that, in Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, Singapore, rules are transparent and fairly applied. College Writing? The story is told of a businessman who visited Singapore from an Asian country used to different operating norms. He left puzzled and disturbed that he could not discover the going rate for bribes to officers at different levels of government.

He concluded wrongly that the prices must be very high! Singapore has achieved some success eradicating corruption, but we are under no illusions that we have permanently and completely solved the problem. Corruption is driven by human nature and and physiology holes kidney, greed. However strict the should my history on, rules and tight the system, some individuals will sometimes still be tempted to transgress. When they do, we make sure they are caught and severely dealt with. Two years ago, we charged an Assistant Director from the CPIB itself with misappropriating (S)$1.7 million. We keep our system clean not just for ourselves, but also to uphold our international reputation. Thus we deal strictly also with those who use financial institutions in Singapore to launder money or transact ill-gotten gains from corruption.

We are zealous in protecting the integrity of our financial centre and business hub. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? There is What i write my history on, a Chinese proverb: ‘If the top beam is askew, the bottom beams will be crooked.’ Keeping a system clean must start at the very top. A Singapore armed forces officer, on a course overseas, was once asked by his classmate how Singapore kept its system clean. He explained our arrangements and the central role of the Anatomy kidney, CPIB. His classmate asked a follow-up question: but to College scholarship essay, whom does the CPIB report? The Singaporean ingenuously replied that the CPIB reported directly to the prime minister. This elicited further puzzlement. Much later the Singaporean understood why. The real question he was being asked was, who guards the guardian?

There is no formula to solve this ancient riddle, but we are determined to uphold the highest standards of and physiology holes, integrity from the top level of the Government down. In 1996, rumours spread that Mr Lee Kuan Yew and I had received improper discounts on property purchases. The Prime Minister, then Mr Goh Chok Tong, ordered a full investigation, which found that there had been nothing improper. He brought the issue to Parliament, which held a full debate lasting three days (Parliament of Singapore 1996). Both Mr Lee and I spoke.

In his statement Mr Lee Kuan Yew said, “I take pride and satisfaction that the question of my two purchases and those of the Deputy Prime Minister, my son, has been subjected to, and not exempted from, scrutiny … It is most important that Singapore remain a place where no one is above scrutiny, that any question of integrity of a minister, however senior, that he has gained benefits either through influence or corrupt practices, be investigated” (National Archives of Singapore 1996). Trust is slow to build, but fast to lose. We have spent more than 50 years building up confidence in Singapore. The integrity of the Government, the system and the men and women in charge has been key to Singapore’s success. We are determined that that integrity and reputation must never be undermined and will long remain a competitive edge and a source of pride for essay 2014, Singapore. Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB). 2016a. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? Prevention of Corruption Act, Singapore.

Available online. Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB). College Writing Vcu? 2016b. About CPIB. Available online. National Archives of Singapore. 21 May 1996. Statement by Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew Nassim Jade and Scotts 28. Available online. Parliament of Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, Singapore. Should I Write My History Paper? 21–23 May 1996.

Purchase of Anatomy, Properties by Senior Minister and Deputy Prime Minister BG Lee Hsien Loong (Statement by the Prime Minister). Available online. 12. Jim Yong Kim: How to tackle corruption to create a more just and prosperous world. Research Papers? Corruption poses an enormous obstacle to international development and the global goal of ending extreme poverty. 21 Using public power for private gain is also unjust. It denies resources to the poor, undermines the delivery of services to the vulnerable and weakens the social contract, leading to exclusion, instability and conflict.

I am committed to holes, fighting corruption, because it is the right thing to do and because it is critical to achieving the World Bank Group’s twin goals of should my history on, ending extreme poverty by 2030 and boosting shared prosperity for the poorest 40%. More than 50 years of development experience has taught us that we can achieve these targets through inclusive growth, investing in people’s health and education and insuring them against risks, such as unemployment or illness, which threaten to plunge them into Anatomy holes kidney poverty. But wherever corruption occurs, pursuing this strategy becomes more difficult. In the Philippines, for example, corruption prevented the 2014 argumentative, construction of high-quality roads in some areas, making it harder for goods to get to Anatomy holes kidney, market and harming growth, incomes and job creation (World Bank 2011; Procurement Watch 2009). In Sierra Leone, it stopped some mothers from immunising their infant children, because nurses demanded rice in exchange for ‘free’ shots (World Bank 2012). In India, many poor people received less financial support from workfare initiatives because officials pocketed the proceeds (Muralidharan, Niehaus and Sukhtankar 2014).

Some countries have experienced growing inequality and lost billions of dollars for public services because of college bullying, corruption, undermining their very foundations. In Tunisia, former President Ben Ali and his extended family amassed an estimated fortune of $13 billion after a quarter century in power. Anatomy Holes? This amounted to more than a quarter of Tunisian gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011, the year he stepped down in response to mass protests. There were also 220 domestic companies – responsible for at least 21% of the Write on a paper, country’s net private sector profits – connected to the family of the President, who had enacted regulations that gave them unfair economic advantages (Rijkers, Freund and Nucifora 2011). During my tenure at the World Bank Group, I have seen that corruption affects countries regardless of development status and Anatomy holes kidney, is often an international operation. What I Write On? According to holes kidney, some estimates, businesses and individuals pay between $1.5 trillion and $2 trillion in bribes alone each year (Kaufmann 2015). This is research papers, about ten times the value of overseas development assistance or approximately 2% of global GDP. Both domestic firms and multinational corporations make payoffs to and physiology holes, public officials in exchange for access to commercial opportunities. The World Bank Group and others have dedicated substantial effort to understanding and monitoring corruption, and developing experience and report, knowledge of how to tackle the problem. In 1996, at our annual meetings, one of my predecessors, James D. Wolfensohn, delivered a ground-breaking speech on the ‘cancer of corruption’.

He seized the holes, opportunity to take on an obstacle to reducing poverty that we, and others, had largely failed to address (Wolfensohn 1996). Since that time, the World Bank has taken a new approach. We have invested in anti-corruption programmes in more than 100 countries. In 2007, we adopted an organisation-wide governance and Write online, anti-corruption strategy, which we updated in holes, 2012. Today our global practices for Governance, and Finance and Markets, as well as our independent integrity group, spearhead work to share with clients our knowledge and experience in fighting corruption, though all parts of the organisation take responsibility for fighting misconduct. The bedrock of our work must be a commitment to zero tolerance for corruption in our operations. Last year, the World Bank Group committed grants and loans amounting to approximately $56 billion to support projects, programmes and on a paper online, policies critical to reducing poverty and inequality in Anatomy holes kidney, developing countries. Close scrutiny of how these funds are spent and sanctions for their misuse are critical to ensuring that corruption does not undermine the intended outcome, whether it is raising farmers’ crop yields or improving students’ reading, writing and research papers, arithmetic skills. Working with developing countries, we assess project and loan plans for corruption risk, closely supervise activities and build in Anatomy kidney, monitoring mechanisms, including hotlines to report misconduct.

When alleged wrongdoing takes place, our independent integrity group investigates and What paper on, takes vigorous action if it confirms corruption. We have excluded firms and individuals that engaged in misconduct from receiving contracts that we financed and compelled the return of misused financial support and the cancellation of and physiology, contracts associated with tainted transactions. Last year, these efforts rooted out Best argumentative misconduct in and physiology, connection with 61 projects worth more than $500 million (World Bank 2015). In one case, we uncovered that officials had defrauded a public administration reform project of $21 million using fake companies and invoices. College Scholarship Essay Writing? Our investigation has led to kidney, the recovery of stolen funds and scholarship essay writing, the Government’s prosecution of its officials. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? Even with these successes, we understand that fighting corruption requires constant vigilance and that misconduct takes many forms and adapts to College essay vcu, new opportunities. Still, evidence suggests that there are effective ways to make misconduct more difficult, punish wrongdoing, increase officials’ public accountability and change attitudes toward corrupt behaviour, especially among public servants and those who influence them. These actions, which I outline below, are helping countries make critical development strides, including building better roads, improving access to education and medicine, and providing the Anatomy holes, poor with sufficient support from social safety nets.

12.1 Fight corruption and increase accountability through greater transparency. Experience shows that providing citizens with access to Divide paper polyarteritis, information about Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, government operations and public servants’ assets can be an effective way to prevent officials from abusing their power when avenues exist to make authorities answerable to the public. In 1997, the Ugandan Government found that schools did not receive 80% of their allocated funding because local officials diverted the support. Officials responded by publishing in Divide term polyarteritis, local newspapers each school’s allocation, empowering administrators and parents to demand that these transfers reach their schools. By 2001, schools reported receiving 80% of these allocations. A subsequent study concluded that the amount of funds that local officials diverted correlated to the distance of a school from Anatomy holes kidney a major town where there was a newspaper outlet (Reinikka and Svensson 2011). Making transparent the flow of royalties and other financial transactions between governments and corporations can also reduce corruption, especially in oil, gas and mining operations. There are 31 countries, including many in paper, Sub-Saharan Africa, that disclose all payments and receipts from oil, gas and mining operations as part of the and physiology holes kidney, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI).

All 49 EITI member countries have committed to disclosing data on licences, contracts, production and other key operational aspects of natural resource extraction. The information that EITI distributes enables citizens and Essay bullying, good government groups to monitor authorities’ relationships with extractive companies and hold officials accountable. In Nigeria, information that EITI published showed billions of dollars in underpayments by companies and their agents, sparking government efforts to recover missing funds to bolster public finances (EITI 2014). Disclosing information in connection with EITI has correlated with reduced perceptions of corruption among businesses in several countries, including Peru, where indicators for abuses of public power dropped by kidney, 14%. Greater confidence in Divide polyarteritis, good governance makes companies more likely to undertake the long-term investments necessary for Anatomy and physiology kidney, natural resource extraction, suggesting that transparency contributes to economic growth, job creation and higher incomes. 12.2 Use new technologies to increase scrutiny. I Write My History? Evidence suggests that new, inexpensive ways of verifying identities and executing payments using digital technology can reduce the impact of Anatomy and physiology kidney, corruption on public service delivery to the poorest. In India, for example, some of its large social welfare programmes suffered from ineligible beneficiaries receiving payments and officials taking a cut of, or delaying, payments meant for the poor. To combat these problems, the government distributed smartcards based on the country’s biometric identification system to 19 million needy villagers in connection with the $5.5 billion National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.

This substantially reduced the role of officials in the payment process, lessening the opportunities for misconduct. After two years, research showed that, when compared to other programme beneficiaries, smartcard recipients received 35% more money and obtained payments almost 30% faster (Muralidharan, Niehaus and Sukhtankar 2014). Technology has also helped promote accountability among public servants and government contractors. In Pakistan, inspectors from some local education departments were failing to perform their duties to confirm teacher attendance in schools (Joseph 2015). Essay Bullying? Now they must take geo-tagged pictures of themselves on the job, which has proved to be an effective way to hold the inspectors accountable for countering instructor absenteeism.

Rates of teacher attendance – above 93% in 2015 – have increased every year since the Anatomy and physiology kidney, programme began and school-monitoring information is available to the public at http://open.punjab. gov.pk/schools. In Mindanao, a conflict-riddled region of the Philippines, geo-spatial tracking and digital photography have contributed to timely construction of roads (Sta Ines 2014). Previously, security concerns limited inspections in the region, making it difficult to stop contractor non-performance. But now data and College vcu, evidence of kidney, road construction in college report, the Philippines is publicly available at www.openroads.gov.ph. Transportation infrastructure has improved, promoting the distribution of goods and economic activity.

12.3 Get citizens and companies involved. Initiatives that enable people and organisations to work with public officials to change how they deliver services have been shown to reduce corruption substantially. In the Dominican Republic, a participatory approach has increased people’s access to medicine and reduced wasteful public expenditure. Until 2012, most medical facilities in the country purchased medicines without effective oversight, paying prices for drugs that were, on average, 722% higher than those at a small number of government-run pharmacies. Patients were forced to absorb these high costs, because medicine buyers were receiving kickbacks from kidney private suppliers (National Pharmaceuticals Management Unit 2013). In 2010, public officials, citizen groups, the private sector and service, others formed the Participatory Anti-Corruption Initiative.

This forum allowed them to work together to tackle corruption and take on powerful interest groups in many areas, including medicine procurement. By 2014, reforms in this area had lowered prices, improved medication quality and yielded savings of $27 million compared to holes, the previous year. Public spending on drugs was reduced by college report bullying, 64%. Participatory governance also helped people in poor rural villages in Indonesia fight the high level of corruption under the Suharto Government that was a major factor in cutting off their communities from public services and economic opportunities. In the late 1990s, a new programme empowered these villagers to direct public funding to their chosen infrastructure projects, promoting inclusive growth and helping to increase household consumption by more than 10%. Anatomy And Physiology? Community oversight and financial audits have been critical to the efficient expenditure of What should i write my history paper on, $3.6 billion on infrastructure, including the construction of 100,000 km of rural roads, 17,000 small bridges and 40,000 clean-water systems, and the building or rehabilitation of 43,000 schools and health clinics. Crucially, the programme’s integrity and impact have established a constructive relationship between communities and public authorities, bolstering stability (Government of Indonesia 2012). 22.

12.4 Take on corruption at the global level. A comprehensive approach to tackling corruption needs to complement the domestic actions outlined above with cross- country collaboration to identify and prosecute misconduct and close loopholes that promote the use of public power for private gain. At present, developed and and physiology, developing countries are not co-operating sufficiently to end the international catalysts for misconduct, with harmful consequences for Community, developing countries’ fiscal wellbeing and development. International trade in merchandise has increased by more than 500% over the last 25 years. Holes? Trade as a share of world GDP has increased by half over this period, from 40% in 1990 to about 60% today. As economic activity has become more globalised, so has corruption. Assets obtained through official misconduct are transferred abroad and the smuggling of illegal goods and even people is widespread. New avenues for wrongdoing have expanded the my history, number and kinds of participants involved in and physiology holes, corruption, which now encompass counterfeiters, pirates and armed groups. Report? Greater global trade has also created new opportunities to counter misconduct as more jurisdictions can take action to interfere with corrupt cross-border activity.

Under the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), developed and Anatomy holes kidney, developing countries that have signed the service papers, accord are obligated to work with other countries to prosecute misconduct and assist with the return of stolen assets (UNODC 2015). Still, in countries afflicted by significant corruption, prosecutors are often unable to investigate and punish wrongdoing because of political interference or ineffectiveness. Countries with more independent and robust legal systems can help. Legislation such as the and physiology holes kidney, UK’s Bribery Act 2010, the US’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Brazil’s Clean Company Act give prosecutors the authority to pursue individuals or corporations who pay off foreign officials. In 2010, BAE Systems paid $400 million to What should i write on, the US Justice Department and ?30 million to the UK Serious Fraud Office to settle bribery allegations arising out of the sale of equipment to Tanzania. Anatomy Kidney? The UK Department for International Development used some of these funds to refurbish classrooms in, and provide teaching materials to Tanzanian primary schools in co-ordination with national authorities (Gray, Hansen, Recica-Kirkbride and scholarship vcu, Mills 2014, p. 6). Other countries’ punishment of the cross-border laundering of Anatomy and physiology kidney, corruption’s proceeds is also important to making misconduct less lucrative. In 2014, for example, Teodoro Obiang, the son of Equatorial Guinea’s long-time leader, was forced to pay $30 million to settle US Government allegations that he had used money stolen from his country to buy a California mansion, a Ferrari and Michael Jackson memorabilia (US Justice Department 2014).

Prosecutors’ willingness to use their powers to pursue foreign corruption is having a substantial impact on misconduct. Increasing legal liability for engaging in bribery or money laundering forces firms to College scholarship essay vcu, ensure that neither their employees nor their contractors’ employees engage in corruption. The cost of fines, reputational damage and lost business opportunities can be substantial. In 2008, Siemens AG agreed to kidney, pay $1.6 billion to Write on a paper, the US Government and establish a $100 million anti-corruption fund at the World Bank Group to holes kidney, settle charges that it paid bribes to public officials in connection with its international business (World Bank 2009). Scholarship Writing Vcu? Domestic firms that show they comply with anti-corruption requirements create a competitive advantage as trusted partners for global supply chains and are likely to and physiology holes kidney, see an increase in commercial opportunities. The World Bank Group provides advisory services to help firms establish anti-corruption policies, yet more must be done to provide information to potential partners so that investments in compliance and College scholarship essay, ethical business practices become a source of competitive advantage and profit. Sharing information among countries is also critical to tracking, investigating and prosecuting misconduct. However, many countries’ laws make it difficult to provide ownership information across national jurisdictions, preventing investigators from tracing cross-border asset transfers and identifying their beneficiaries.

In addition, some still have bank secrecy laws or permit opaque corporate structures that create safe havens for and physiology holes kidney, the proceeds of College scholarship essay, corruption. The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative, which is a partnership between the World Bank Group and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), is working to remove these obstacles to investigation and prosecution by proposing law and policy changes, providing expert advice on bringing cases and fostering co-operation across jurisdictions. International co-operation is also vital to reducing illicit international trade, a scourge in its own right and a source of bribes to customs officials. Human trafficking destroys people’s wellbeing and promotes crime and instability. Trade in products resulting from illegal logging, fishing and hunting often damages the environment and economic growth. In Kenya, for example, outlawed commerce in ivory and endangered species has significantly harmed the tourism sector (UNWTO 2015). Countries can fight illegal trade and the corruption it creates by making information on customs payments and the value of trade among them readily available. Governments can also pass laws that force companies and countries to prove the legitimacy of their products now that technology enables the easy creation of a chain of custody for goods through the use of microchips and satellite tracking. Enforcing restrictions that make illegally sourced products unsellable eliminates the incentive to bribe officials. Anatomy And Physiology? Harmonising cross-border trade rules related to customs, taxation and other fiscal matters can also reduce the economic benefit of a variety of corrupt activities.

For example, when regional trade partners impose similar duties on goods such as tobacco and gasoline, smuggling becomes less profitable, reducing bribery. When governments empower companies to extract their countries’ natural resources, some of these corporations exploit differences in how countries tax corporate profits to reduce their tax burden through practices such as abusive transfer pricing, which fraudulently shifts the location of Write on a online, profits to jurisdictions where tax rates are lower. Other large firms use their economic power to secure tax concessions and licences from weak governments. Holes Kidney? Even though these behaviours can deprive poor countries of resources critical to their development, we have little ability to stop them because our understanding of their scale and dynamics is poor. When political elites collude with firms to rig these government licences and regulations to their benefit, public officials also create a business climate that favours politically influential firms, stifling competition, slowing innovation and Write, reducing economic growth. The World Bank Group is working at multiple levels to make international trade less vulnerable to this kind of illegitimate activity. In co-operation with the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation for Anatomy and physiology kidney, Economic Co-operation and college 2014, Development (OECD), we are helping governments crack down on abusive transfer pricing using a toolkit that enables authorities to evaluate companies’ tax reporting, especially in Anatomy and physiology holes, the extractives sector. With the Essay college report bullying, International Monetary Fund (IMF), we have established an Anatomy initiative to help developing countries strengthen their tax systems, which will help make collection more efficient and policies fairer, and improve authorities’ ability to detect tax evasion.

Analysis suggests that, with balanced tax systems, many lower-income countries can increase revenues from 2% to 4% of GDP (IMF 2011). Our support to countries such as Colombia and Best college essay 2014, Ghana has already increased revenues and reduced tax evasion. Despite these efforts, corruption remains a serious obstacle to development. Corruption can inhibit inclusive growth and job creation, stand in the way of new mothers and infants living healthy lives and prevent the vulnerable from receiving the Anatomy and physiology, social assistance they need. Government authority must be used for public good – not private gain – if we are to fulfil our responsibilities as public servants and achieve our development goals. The World Bank Group is fully engaged in developing solutions that are equal to college 2014, this challenge. Anatomy Holes Kidney? As its President, I am committed to ensuring that our own policies and practices align with fighting corruption.

The organisation is sharing the best global knowledge of what does and does not work to stop misconduct, from transparency and incentives to on a, collective action and holes, partnerships. We are helping countries take on College scholarship writing vcu corruption at the international level so they set rules that make it easier to trace assets and share information across jurisdictions, identify and prosecute corruption wherever it takes place, and promote fair and honest global competition. Still, the international community must do more across all of these areas. For example, we must produce comprehensive information about holes, cross-border financial activities such as tax evasion, smuggling and trafficking in stolen goods and term, money laundering. Governments must evaluate the effectiveness of their anti-corruption efforts based on their work’s impact on contributors to economic growth and development, such as the quality of public services, social safety nets and the investment climate. We must fight corruption in Anatomy kidney, communities, countries and globally. I strongly support leaders’ efforts to take on entrenched interests that force the poor to service research, pay bribes or waste public resources.

I will praise the courageous anti- corruption work of governments and their partners publicly and the World Bank Group will continue to help finance these efforts. We are committed to supporting bold actions, because the use of public power for private gain is morally wrong and, as the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, evidence shows, prevents the poor from reaching their full potential. There can be no doubt: tackling corruption is College scholarship vcu, critical to creating a more just and prosperous world. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). 2014. Nigeria: Recovering Missing Payments, EITI Progress Report 2014: Making Transparency Matter. Norway: EITI. Available online. Government of Indonesia. 2012. And Physiology Kidney? PNPM Rural Impact Evaluation April 2012.

Jakarta: PNPM Support Facility. Gray, L., Hansen, K., Recica-Kirkbride, P. and Mills, L. What I Write My History? 2014. Few and Far: The Hard Facts on Stolen Asset Recovery. Washington DC: The World Bank, OECD and UNODC, p. Anatomy Holes Kidney? 6. International Monetary Fund – Fiscal Affairs Department. 2011. Service Research? Revenue Mobilization in Developing Countries. International Monetary Fund, pp.

1–85. Available online. Joseph, M. S. 2015. MIT Technology Review (Pakistan): Pakistan takes the lead in the neighbourhood. Available online. Kaufmann, D. Kidney? 2015. Corruption Matters. Finance Development. International Monetary Fund. What Should? September 2015, pp. Holes? 20–23.

Available online. Muralidharan, K., Niehaus, P. and Sukhtankar, S. 2014. Building State Capacity: Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). On A Paper? Working Paper No. 19999, pp. 1–53. And Physiology Kidney? Available online. National Pharmaceuticals Management Unit (UNGM), Directorate for Regional Health Service Development and Strengthening. 2013. Best 2014? Technical Report: Baseline Study of the Status of the Supply of Medicines and Medical Supplies in Specialized Health Care Centers in the Dominican Republic.

Dominican Republic: UNGM. Olken, B. And Physiology Kidney? 2007. Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia. Journal of Political Economy, 115(2), pp. 200–248. Procurement Watch Inc (PWI). 2009. A Study of Anti- Corruption Initiatives in the Philippines’ Construction Sector. Pasig City: PWI.

Available online. Reinikka, R. and Svensson, J. 2011. The Power of Information in Public Services: Evidence from Education in Uganda. Journal of Public Economics, (95), pp. 956–966. Rijkers, B., Freund, C. and Nucifora, A. 2011. What Paper On? All in the Family: State Capture in Tunisia. Policy Research Working Paper 6810. Anatomy Holes Kidney? World Bank, pp. 1–46.

Available online. Sta Ines, N. 2014. Geotagging in Isolated Areas, Philippines. In: S. Lippman, ed. Procurement for Complex Situations Challenge – Competition Winners. Washington DC: World Bank, pp. 1–5. United Nations – Office on Drugs and report, Crime (UNODC). 2015. United Nations Convention against Corruption: Signature and Ratification Status as of 1 December 2015. Available online.

United Nations – World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2015. Towards Measuring the Economic Value of Wildlife Watching Tourism in Africa. Spain: UNWTO. US Justice Department. Anatomy Holes Kidney? 10 October 2014. Second Vice President of Equatorial Guinea Agrees to Relinquish More Than $30 Million of Write paper, Assets Purchased with Corruption Proceeds. Available [online] (https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/second-vice-president- equatorial-guinea-agrees-relinquish-more-30-million- assets-purchased).

Wolfensohn, J. D. 1 October 1996. Annual Meetings Address. And Physiology Kidney? [online]. Available online. The World Bank. 2 July 2009. Siemens to Essay college, pay $100m to fight corruption as part of WBG Settlement. Available [online] (https://star.worldbank.org/corruption-cases/sites/ corruption-cases/files/Siemens_World_Bank_Settlement_ WB_PR_Jul_2_2009.pdf). Holes Kidney? The World Bank, Integrity Vice Presidency. 2011. Curbing Fraud, Corruption, and Collusion in Essay college report, the Road Sector.

Washington DC: World Bank. Available online. The World Bank. 2012. Legal Vice Presidency Annual Report FY 2012: The Framework for Accountability within the World Bank. Anatomy And Physiology? Report No. 75111. Washington DC: World Bank. Available online. The World Bank. My History Paper? 2015.

The World Bank Group Integrity Vice Presidency Annual Update, Fiscal Year 2015. Washington DC: World Bank. And Physiology? Available online. 13. Christine Lagarde: Addressing corruption – openly.

Traditionally, public officials have been somewhat nervous about scholarship essay writing vcu, discussing corruption openly. Over the and physiology holes, past several years, however, I have been struck by the extent to which world leaders are now willing to talk candidly about College scholarship essay, this problem. It is not just that the economic costs have become self-evident. It is Anatomy kidney, also because there is an increasing demand for change. In a recent global survey, corruption was regarded as the ‘topic most frequently discussed by the public’, ahead of poverty and unemployment (survey cited by Klitgaard 2015, p. 15). Given that both poverty and unemployment can be symptoms of chronic corruption, my view is that the priority given to Community service research papers, this problem by the public is holes, entirely justified.

In this essay, I would like to share the IMF’s perspective on the economic impact of corruption and our experience in Write on a paper, helping countries design and implement strategies to address it. I recognise that there are many possible definitions of corruption, both broad and narrow. For the and physiology holes kidney, purposes of this essay, which is focused on the public sector, corruption includes any abuse of public office – whether it arises from financial incentives or political interference. I would like to make three main points. First, while the direct economic costs of corruption are well known, the indirect costs may be even more substantial and debilitating, leading to low growth and greater income inequality. Corruption also has a broader corrosive impact on society. It undermines trust in paper, government and erodes the ethical standards of private citizens. Second, although corruption is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon, I do not accept the proposition – or the myth – that it is primarily a ‘cultural’ problem that will always take generations to address.

There are examples of countries that have managed to and physiology kidney, make significant progress in addressing it in College vcu, a relatively short time. Third, experience demonstrates that a holistic, multi- faceted approach is Anatomy holes, needed – one that establishes appropriate incentives and the rule of Essay college report, law, promotes transparency and introduces economic reforms that reduce opportunities for illicit behaviour. Perhaps the Anatomy and physiology kidney, most important ingredient for a successful anti-corruption approach is the development of strong institutions, centred on a professional civil service that is sufficiently independent from both private influence and political interference. Write On A? 13.1 The economic and social costs. Corruption afflicts countries at all stages of development. Indeed, some developing countries score better on corruption indices than many advanced countries. While there are no recent studies that quantify the overall global scale of corruption, a sense of Anatomy holes kidney, how big a problem it is can be gauged from an estimate of the What my history paper, amount paid in bribes every year. And Physiology Kidney? A recently updated estimate points to $1.5 trillion to $2 trillion (or around 2% of global gross domestic product [GDP]) in bribes paid annually in both developing and on a online, developed countries. 23 Given that bribes are just a subset of all of the possible forms of corruption, the overall cost of corruption – in kidney, terms both of tangible losses and of lost opportunities – is a very high amount.

The direct economic costs of corruption are easily recognised by the general public. Two very clear examples are bribes given in order to evade taxes or to bypass public tender procurement. The first example results in a direct loss of public revenues; the second may result in both higher public expenditure and lower-quality public investment. Corruption has a pernicious effect on the economy. Pervasive corruption makes it harder to conduct sound fiscal policy. For example, in data covering a range of countries, we find that low tax compliance is Essay college report bullying, positively associated with corruption. Anatomy Holes Kidney? By delegitimising the tax system and its administration, corruption increases tax evasion: if the granting of a tax exemption is perceived to be the product of a bribe, it is not surprising that the public are far less willing to comply with the tax laws. 24. Corruption also undermines certain types of public expenditure to the detriment of economic performance. For example, it is associated with lower outlays on education and skewed public investment, driven by the capacity to generate ‘commissions’ rather than by College scholarship essay writing, economic justification (Mauro 1998). 25 The distortion in Anatomy holes kidney, public investment spending is particularly harmful given the importance of paper, promoting efficient public investment as a means of reducing infrastructure gaps and promoting growth.

The indirect economic costs of corruption may be even more consequential. 26 Clearly, causation is Anatomy kidney, difficult to establish and, in quantitative analysis, a significant effect of corruption on College essay writing growth has not been found (Svensson 2005). Nevertheless, in comparative studies of national data, corruption is associated with a number of Anatomy and physiology, key indicators. Countries with low per capita income tend to have higher corruption and countries with higher corruption tend to have lower growth. Studies have identified different ways in which corruption could affect growth. First, corruption tends to Essay college report bullying, impede both foreign and domestic investment. The higher costs associated with corruption are a form of tax on and physiology kidney investment that, in turn, translates into less investment in business research and development and product innovation.

Moreover, by College scholarship vcu, creating uncertainty as to how the regulatory framework will be applied, it increases the ‘country risk’ associated with a particular investment project. 27 More generally, corruption generates an unfavourable business climate in which the creation of new enterprises is stifled, reducing the economy’s dynamism. 28. Anatomy? Second, corruption undercuts savings. The illegal use of public funds to acquire assets abroad shrinks the What i write my history, economy’s pool of Anatomy, savings that could otherwise be used for investment. Finally, corruption can perpetuate inefficiency. Because an over-regulated economy provides opportunities for regulators to demand bribes, corruption creates a strong incentive to delay economic liberalisation and college 2014 argumentative, innovation.

The impact of Anatomy and physiology kidney, corruption on social outcomes is also consequential. Social spending on education and health is should my history on, typically lower in corrupt systems. This, in Anatomy, turn, leads to higher child and infant mortality rates, lower birth-weights, less access to education and higher school dropout rates (Gupta, Davoodi and College scholarship essay writing, Tiongson 2002). These outcomes disproportionately affect the Anatomy and physiology kidney, poor, since they rely more heavily on government services, which become more costly due to corruption. Moreover, corruption reduces the income-earning potential of the poor as they are less well-positioned to take advantage of it. For all these reasons, corruption exacerbates income inequality and poverty (Gupta, Davoodi and Alonso-Terme 2002). Corruption also breeds public distrust in government. Paper? It undermines the state’s capacity to raise revenue and to perform its functions as a supplier of public goods and and physiology kidney, services, regulator of markets and agent for society’s redistributive goals. Where powerful business elites collude to What should my history paper, control public institutions, corruption results in state capture and the ‘the privatisation of public policy’. The fallouts are all too clear: higher inequality in political influence, deterioration of public values and, ultimately, a diminution in the overall quality of life.

These non-economic costs create a vicious cycle of underperformance in the public sector that is harmful to the economy in the long term. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? The moral fabric of society is college 2014, also put at risk. It is not just that bribery becomes part of one’s everyday life. In a society where success is more likely to depend on who you know rather than on personal merit, the incentives for young people to pursue higher education are undermined. Holes Kidney? 13.2 Strategies for addressing corruption.

Given the potential impact of corruption on macroeconomic stability and What should i write my history, sustainable economic growth, the IMF has been actively engaged in helping our members design and implement anti-corruption strategies. In 1997, the Fund adopted a policy on governance that provides guidance on the nature of its involvement in circumstances where issues of governance, including corruption, are judged to have a significant macroeconomic impact. Since that time, we have gained considerable experience in helping members design and implement anti-corruption strategies. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? This is particularly important in the context of economic crises, where effective anti-corruption measures are critical to restore confidence. In some cases, the problem has been so severe that the Fund had no choice but to Essay college report bullying, withhold support until a credible reform strategy was in place. Clearly, any anti-corruption strategy must be tailored to the circumstances of the particular country. Anatomy Holes? Yet we have found that success requires the existence of a number of term, mutually supporting features, which are briefly summarised here. 13.3 Creating the right incentives. As has been noted by one expert in this area, “Corruption is an economic crime, not a crime of passion. Givers and takers of bribes respond to incentives and Anatomy kidney, punishments” (Klitgaard 2015, p. 37). A number of college 2014, instruments – broadly characterised as disciplinary in nature (sticks) – can enhance individual accountability.

Other instruments provide positive reinforcement (carrots). The Fund’s experience is that an effective anti-corruption approach needs both positive and Anatomy, deterrent measures. Strengthening the rule of law is critical to increasing individual accountability. The Fund has taken an active role – including through its conditionality – to strengthen legal frameworks that are designed to increase such accountability. For example, Ukraine’s current Fund-supported programme provides for the enhancement of legislation in a number of areas, including, in particular, the law on corruption. However, unless legislation is effectively enforced, it will not be credible in scholarship, deterring corruption. Without effective law enforcement institutions – the police and other investigatory services, the public prosecutor’s office and, ultimately, the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, courts – even the most robust legal framework will be ineffective. So, the greatest challenge arises when corruption has permeated society to the point that these institutions themselves have become compromised. In these cases, it may be necessary to create specialised ‘bridging’ institutions in the hope that they can more effectively fight corruption, including in the traditional law enforcement institutions, while broader institutional reform is implemented. These ‘bridging’ institutions include independent anti-corruption commissions and specialised anti-corruption courts such as those currently being established in Ukraine and the earlier ones in Indonesia (IMF 2015b; IMF 2004).

In this context, the Fund has found that the establishment of Anti-Money Laundering Frameworks is central to the fight against corruption. Requiring banks to report on suspicious transactions provides a very effective means of deterring criminal activities. The fact that these laws generally require even closer scrutiny of Divide term polyarteritis, transactions conducted by ‘politically exposed persons’ (PEP) makes them particularly relevant to an anti-corruption strategy. Beyond the enforcement measures discussed above, an effective anti-corruption policy must also rely on transparency. Transparency shines a spotlight on holes government decisions and transactions, enabling citizens to monitor the actions of their governments which, in turn, deters corrupt behaviour. Publicising instances of corruption and the efforts taken to address them also serves as a disincentive to engage in paper, corrupt activities and shores up public trust in government. For these reasons, the Anatomy and physiology holes, Fund has been actively engaged in promoting greater transparency in the overall economic and regulatory environment.

We have developed standards and codes of best practices in areas such as data dissemination, fiscal transparency and monetary and financial policies (IMF 1997). 29 Promoting transparency in service research, the extractive industries is another area that the holes kidney, Fund has actively pursued in its technical assistance work. Under the aegis of the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI), a template is now available for reporting and monitoring government revenues from natural resources. Transparency can only go so far. It needs accountability for it to become a powerful deterrent against corruption. It is scholarship, critical that public officials and institutions be assigned with specific mandates and tasks upon and physiology holes kidney which they are expected to deliver. Moreover, oversight mechanisms are needed to ensure that officials and institutions are delivering as expected. This is why the Fund has actively supported its members in strengthening those institutions that exercise oversight powers in the management of public funds and in enhancing the essay writing vcu, financial accountability of state-owned enterprises. It has also provided technical assistance to help members monitor the use of public resources and consolidate extra-budgetary funds into the budget. Even well-meaning public officials will be tempted by corruption if they cannot earn a living wage.

Research shows a correlation between increases in wages and improvements in a country’s ranking on the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (Van Rijckeghem and Weder 2002). This is why Fund- supported programmes have sometimes included increases in public salaries as part of an anti-corruption approach (IMF 2006). That said, there are two critical considerations. First, the remuneration of the public sector needs to be transparent and meritocratic; otherwise, it will be perceived as merely an instrument of Anatomy and physiology, political patronage. Second, studies show that an increase in remuneration will have little effect unless accompanied by clear signals that public officials will lose their jobs if they are caught engaging in on a paper, corrupt acts. And Physiology Holes? 13.4 Economic liberalisation and effective regulation.

As I have indicated, one of the costs of corruption is that regulators seeking bribes through approval processes have an incentive to delay the type of economic liberalisation that fosters sustainable growth. Wherever discretion is granted to term, an official regarding the and physiology holes kidney, approval of an Write on a online economic activity, there is Anatomy, a risk that this discretion will be abused. Appropriately designed liberalisation can therefore be a powerful anti-corruption instrument. As part of paper polyarteritis, its core mandate, the Anatomy kidney, Fund has been actively engaged in encouraging liberalisation of scholarship writing vcu, trade, price and financial systems. We have also advocated free and fair market-entry regulations, as well as good statistics and transparency. Importantly, where liberalisation involves privatisation, it is critical that safeguards – such as adequate and transparent procedures – are in place so that the sale of assets is not compromised by corruption. Of course, experience demonstrates that regulation in a market economy is essential for both sustained growth and financial stability. The challenge, however, is to design regulatory frameworks that balance the benefits of regulation while minimising opportunities for abuse of discretion.

30 For this reason, in Anatomy and physiology, its core areas of expertise, the Fund has promoted the adoption of rules, procedures and criteria that are as targeted, clear, simple and transparent as possible. Term Paper Polyarteritis? These areas include public expenditure management, tax policy and administration, banking and foreign exchange systems, and data management (IMF 1997). 13.5 The role of the private sector. When people complain about corruption, they sometimes forget – perhaps conveniently – that for and physiology holes kidney, every bribe taken by a public official, one is given by a member of the private sector. Clearly then, addressing the behaviour of the scholarship writing, private sector needs to be a key component of any effective anti- corruption strategy. How can this be done? In some cases, this means using enforcement measures. For example, in those countries where bribery is a common way of Anatomy holes, facilitating foreign investment, it is report, critical that the country of the foreign investor enforces laws that prohibit foreign corrupt practices. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions can be invoked in this effort (OECD 1997). However, experience also shows that the private sector can become effective partners in combating corruption. It is sometimes said that business might benefit from corruption by virtue of the fact that it can ‘grease the Anatomy holes kidney, wheels’ of a rigid and inefficient bureaucracy.

I disagree with that proposition. Based on college argumentative my own experience, investors actually seek out countries that can give them the assurance that, once an investment is made, they will not be blackmailed into providing bribes. Because corruption creates an enormous amount of unpredictability for businesses, anti-corruption strategies can be designed to solicit their support. I find Indonesia’s experience of implementing that partnership particularly illuminating. At a recent seminar hosted by Anatomy and physiology holes, the IMF on the topic, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Indonesia’s former Minister of term, Finance (and currently Chief of Operations at the World Bank), described how she successfully partnered with businesses to Anatomy and physiology holes, provide a streamlined customs approval process in exchange for their commitment not to offer any bribes to officials – ‘new rules of the Essay report, game’. 31.

The ‘new rules of the game’ concept has underpinned several technical assistance activities by and physiology kidney, the Fund and the World Bank. In reforming tax agencies in Bolivia, Bulgaria, Indonesia, Myanmar, Peru, Poland and Senegal, Large or Medium Taxpayers’ Offices (LTOs and MTOs) were established to deal with a select group of taxpayers under streamlined conditions. Beyond the business community, civil society also has a role to play. Through the use of social media, civil society can become a powerful force in combating corruption. In addition to being a very effective means of monitoring government activities, social media can also greatly enhance the credibility of an anti-corruption campaign by linking new institutions that have a specific mandate in Divide term paper polyarteritis, this area. 32. 13.6 Building values and institutions. When dealing with corruption, a robust framework of incentives and a well-calibrated economic liberalisation cannot be substitutes for strong values and effective institutions. Of course, developing values at a personal and institutional level may seem beyond the control of any government. It is clearly not something that can be legislated. Yet unless public officials take pride in their work – and their independence from Anatomy both political and private influence – all other efforts will fail.

Building values among public officials requires sustained public education. Formal training can help but, ultimately, values are most effectively instilled through the education framework, societal pressure and – as I will discuss further below – the example of leaders. The key objective is to develop a cadre of public officials who are – and are perceived to be – independent from both private influence and political interference. Community Service? This is the single most important feature of a strong institution. Indeed, it has been noted that one way to assess the strength of an institution is to assess the extent to which key employees are replaced at the time of and physiology holes kidney, elections. There are other factors that lend support to effective operation, some of which – such as rules that establish transparency and clear accountability – have already been mentioned.

An area in which the Fund has been particularly active is the establishment of legislative and institutional frameworks that strengthen the independence, integrity and governance of central banks, including through the Fund’s ‘safeguards assessments’. A recent example has been work in Tunisia in support of the Write online, Central Bank, which strengthened its independence, internal control mechanisms and powers. Of course, enhancing the overall technical competence of officials who work in and physiology, these institutions is also critical. College Essay Vcu? For this reason, the Fund has invested considerable resources in capacity-building in a broad range of areas, from public finance management to the strengthening of the financial intelligence units, that are responsible for applying anti- money laundering laws. Developing professional institutions that do not become excessively politicised is critical. Yet the irony is that in circumstances where institutions have been completely compromised by corruption, active and sustained political will is Anatomy, essential.

Powerful vested interests can only be effectively challenged when a country’s top leadership sends a clear signal that they are committed to do so. In some cases, this may require wholesale dismissals within an agency that has a reputation for on a, corrupt practices. Prosecuting the powerful ‘big fish’ – which is necessary in order to send a clear signal of commitment and change – can only be achieved if a country’s leaders visibly support the process. Moreover, political leaders play a unique role in setting an example of professional integrity. Anatomy Kidney? Lee Kuan Yew is a leader who was very effective in both signalling a zero- tolerance policy towards corruption and building competent institutions at a time when corruption was pervasive in Singapore. Although active and sustained political leadership is critical to the success of any anti-corruption campaign, it is important that reforms in this area are not hijacked to implement a political agenda. One way of assessing whether anti-corruption efforts are credible is to note whether enforcement is limited to the prosecution of Divide term, political rivals, or instead also extends to the government’s political supporters. In addition, care should be taken to ensure that an anti- corruption campaign does not create such fear that public officials are reluctant to perform their duties.

For example, in circumstances where state-owned banks have extended a loan to a company that has become insolvent, it is often in the interest of the bank, the debtor and Anatomy holes kidney, the economy more generally to restructure the loan (which might include principal write-downs) in Divide polyarteritis, a manner that enables the company to return to viability. Anatomy Kidney? Yet the Fund’s experience has been that, in some countries, the Essay college, managers of state-owned banks are simply afraid to engage in such negotiations. They fear that, if they agree to any debt write-down, they will be prosecuted under the country’s corruption law for having wasted state assets – even though a restructuring might actually enhance the value of the and physiology, bank’s claim relative to the alternative, the liquidation of the Community service, company. Finally, although regulatory reform can promote simplicity and automaticity, there are certain functions, such as bank supervision, where discretion will always be essential. For these reasons, regulatory reform cannot be a substitute for the development of effective institutions.

As the head of an intergovernmental organisation, I recognise that there may be considerable sensitivity about the IMF shining a spotlight on Anatomy and physiology corruption. At the essay 2014, same time, the alternative – turning a blind eye to the problem – is not a viable option. As is recognised under its existing policies, it is not tenable for the IMF to assess a member’s economic prospects exclusively through the lens of monetary, fiscal or financial sector policies, when the Anatomy kidney, problem of corruption is endemic and has a major impact on economic performance. In such cases, the Fund will continue to engage constructively with its members in term paper, designing and implementing anti-corruption strategies, drawing upon its cross-country experience, while partnering with other international organisations that have proven expertise in this area. Gupta, S., Davoodi, H. and Alonso-Terme, R. 2002. Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty?

Economics of Governance, (3), pp. 23–45. Available online. Gupta, S., Davoodi, H. and Tiongson, E. 2002. Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Anatomy and physiology kidney, Education Services. Papers? In: G. T. Abed and S. Gupta, eds. Governance, Corruption Economic Performance. Washington DC: IMF, pp. 245– 279. Available online. IMF.

2 July 1997. The Role of the Fund in Anatomy kidney, Governance Issues – Guidance Note. News Brief, No. 97/15. Washington DC: IMF. Available online. IMF. 2004. Legal, Judicial and Governance Reforms Indonesia.

Indonesia: Selected Issues, IMF Country Report No. 04/189. Washington DC: IMF. Available online. IMF. 2006. Islamic Republic of Mauritania: 2006 Article IV Consultation – Staff Report. Washington DC: IMF.

Available online. Essay College Report? IMF. 2015a. Current Challenges in Revenue Mobilization. And Physiology Holes Kidney? Washington DC: IMF. IMF. Best College Essay? 12 March 2015b. Ukraine – Request for Extended Arrangement. IMF Country Report No. 15/69. Washington DC: IMF.

Available online. IMF. 2015c. Republic of Mozambique – Fiscal Transparency Evaluation. Country Report No. 15/32. And Physiology? Washington DC: IMF. Available online. Kaufmann, D. 2005.

Myths and Realities of Governance and Corruption. Washington DC: World Bank, pp. 81–98. Available online. Klitgaard, R. 2015. Addressing Corruption Together. Paris: OECD. Available online.

Mauro, P. 1998. Corruption and the Composition of Government Expenditure. Journal of Public Economics, (69), pp. 263–279. Essay 2014? Available online. OECD. 1997.

Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. [online]. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available online. Svensson, J. 2005. Eight Questions about holes kidney, Corruption. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(3), pp. 19–42. Available online. Van Rijckeghem, C. and Weder, B. 2002. Bureaucratic Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Wages in the Civil Service Affect Corruption and by How Much? In: G. T. Abed and S. Gupta, eds.

Governance, Corruption Economic Performance. Washington DC: IMF, pp. 59–88. Available online. 14. Paper? Angel Gurria: How to battle 21st-century corruption. Over the last two decades, we have made great progress in Anatomy and physiology kidney, taking the fight against corruption to the highest global and political levels. Many governments have strengthened their anti-corruption regulations, enforcement capacity and should i write my history paper on, wider governance. Several high-profile corruption cases have seen justice served. The international community has increased its support for anti-corruption programmes around the world. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? And today there are various multilateral anti-corruption conventions in place at the global and regional levels, together with numerous non-legally binding international and regional initiatives.

The OECD, working closely with its partners, has been prominent in this fight: setting standards across a range of Best college 2014 argumentative, areas from foreign bribery to public sector integrity, as well as on related issues such as tax evasion and bid rigging. And Physiology Holes Kidney? And these initiatives have made a difference. Yet despite this progress, we’re still not winning the bigger battle against Community service research, corruption. Recent scandals involving national leaders and major corporations, the ongoing investigations into the sports sector, and the growing threat of terrorism and its links to corruption, also remind us that we need to do more, much more. At the OECD, we believe that corruption’s harmful effects on growth, equality and trust are too big to Anatomy, ignore, and make tackling corruption not only a moral imperative but also an economic, social and political necessity. I Write? Corruption allows for the financing of Anatomy and physiology holes, wars; it helps to smuggle people, guns and drugs; it channels public and private funds into should paper illicit activities; and it undermines collective action against Anatomy and physiology, climate change and poverty. Furthermore, because of increased global interconnectedness, the mechanisms and What, vehicles of corruption are becoming more sophisticated and Anatomy holes kidney, difficult to trace. In this essay, I argue that, to deal with corruption and the devastation it causes, the international community must build coherent systems that focus on all stages of the anti-corruption process from on a online prevention to and physiology, detection and enforcement and, at paper the same time, ensure effective implementation by both governments and corporations. And we must boost global collaboration by fully engaging all countries – in the developed and the developing world – in the fight against Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, corruption. 14.1 Significant progress has been made on tackling transnational bribery.

Not so long ago, transnational bribery was considered a regular part of business and bribes were treated as a tax-deductible expense. In 1999, the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions entered into force. The Convention made it illegal for citizens and businesses of signatory countries to bribe foreign public officials while doing business abroad and our work continues to Community service papers, ensure it is fully effective (OECD 1997). As such, the OECD Working Group on Bribery has established a rigorous monitoring and evaluation system to ensure that governments stick to their commitments (OECD 2015a). The private sector and civil society play an integral role in the group’s activities, providing input to regular consultations and the on-site visits that form part of Anatomy and physiology holes, a country’s evaluation. The Convention has helped governments to push the fight against bribery up the agenda.

Many of the 41 countries that make up the Essay bullying, OECD Working Group on Bribery (which comprises all OECD countries and seven non-OECD countries) have made radical changes to their laws and institutions to comply with the Convention. One of the most recent and successful examples is the UK Bribery Act 2010, which entered into force in 2011. Between 1999 and 2014, 361 individuals and Anatomy and physiology, 126 companies were sanctioned for foreign bribery in 17 countries (OECD 2014). At least $5.4 billion was imposed in vcu, combined monetary sanctions and and physiology kidney, 95 people put behind bars (OECD 2014). The 2014 OECD Foreign Bribery Report showed that, among the 427 foreign bribery cases concluded, almost two- thirds of cases occurred in just four sectors: extractive (19%); construction (15%); transportation and storage (15%); and information and communication (10%).

In the on a, majority of cases, bribes were paid to obtain public procurement contracts and, in around half of cases, management or CEOs were involved (OECD 2014). As of December 2014, there were 393 ongoing investigations into alleged acts of foreign bribery in Anatomy and physiology holes, 25 of the countries party to the Convention and, even as I write, new cases are being brought to light (OECD 2014). The OECD has also developed guidelines for multinational enterprises, which are addressed by governments to enterprises operating in, or from, adhering countries. These provide non-binding principles and standards for responsible business conduct in a global context. Our National Contact Points (NCPs) assist stakeholders, including businesses, to take appropriate measures to implement the guidelines and college 2014 argumentative, provide a mediation and conciliation platform when difficulties arise (OECD 2011). For example, two non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in and physiology, Cameroon recently brought a case to essay 2014 argumentative, the NCP in the United States, alleging that a company had not observed the guidelines on combating bribery. The US NCP offered mediation to help the parties involved achieve a mutually agreeable resolution. In June 2015, the company agreed to a request from the NGOs to Anatomy and physiology holes, investigate past cases of should my history on, corruption and take action against any acts of corruption (US Department of State 2015). Of course, the best way to combat corruption is to prevent it from happening altogether. The OECD has developed specific tools to help drive this shift in behaviour, such as the OECD (2015b) guidance for managing responsible supply chains in the mineral industry across conflict or high- risk areas. This provides, among other things, measures to mitigate the risk of bribery by companies and recommends indicators for measuring improvement.

In response, major industry associations have developed initiatives to Anatomy and physiology holes, implement these recommendations, with a specific focus on the gold, tin, tungsten and tantalum sectors. As a result, industry audit programmes designed to implement the due-diligence guidance now cover 90% of the refined gold, 95% of the smelted tantalum and 75–85% of the smelted tin produced every year (OECD 2015c). The Governments of Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda have all integrated these initiatives into their legal systems (OECD 2015c). In addition, the OECD adopted the 2010 Good Practice Guidance on Internal Controls, Ethics and Compliance. This is the polyarteritis, first and only intergovernmental guidance for Anatomy and physiology, the private sector on service research how to prevent and detect foreign bribery through effective internal control, ethics and compliance programmes (OECD 2010a). It is complemented by the G20/ OECD (2015) Corporate Governance principles, which have just been reviewed and updated. 14.2 Improvements to Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, national integrity systems. The OECD’s progress on tackling transnational bribery has been matched by Divide polyarteritis, extensive work on wider integrity systems at a national level. These include codes of conduct, effective competition, business integrity, and holes, measures to secure greater value for money in public spending. For example, the scholarship essay, OECD has been examining the impact of bid rigging, which raises prices, reduces quality and restricts supply in the government procurement process and Anatomy kidney, is often combined with bribery of should i write my history on, public officials or unlawful kickbacks.

Three years ago, we adopted a recommendation designed to help governments eliminate this type of corruption from their procurement processes and boost competition, forming the basis for numerous sets of national guidelines and advocacy materials (OECD 2012). For example, based on OECD good practices, the Colombian Competition Authority is developing an electronic screening programme to detect bid rigging by identifying high-risk tenders (OECD Competition Committee 2014). The OECD has also conducted several country-specific projects in co-operation with national competition authorities to reduce bid rigging and increase transparency, starting with the Mexican Social Security Institute – which secured cost savings of around $700 million per annum and dramatically decreased its risks of corruption (IMCO 2012). As the recent FIFA corruption scandal shows, government agencies such as tax authorities are essential players in Anatomy and physiology holes, the fight to deter, detect and disrupt national and global corruption. That is Essay college report, why the OECD has supported work to strengthen the reach of tax administrations in this area, including our 2010 recommendation to improve information sharing and collaboration across government agencies to combat corruption, tax evasion and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, other serious economic crimes (OECD 2010b). This led to Best college 2014 argumentative, the establishment of the Oslo Dialogue, a global forum to Anatomy and physiology holes, develop and promote a whole-of-government approach to tackling tax crimes and College scholarship, other serious financial crimes and is supported by the capacity-building programmes delivered through the OECD’s International Academy for Tax Crime Investigation (OECD 2015d). In addition, we’re working with our members to target projects and Anatomy and physiology, industries that have traditionally been most at What i write on risk of corruption – issuing recommendations and guidance related to ethics, managing conflicts of Anatomy and physiology, interest and paper, increasing transparency in kidney, lobbying, and very importantly, public procurement (OECD 2015e).[^33] Building on this, we’re successfully helping governments to pre-emptively identify and limit the risks of corruption and mismanagement in essay 2014, major infrastructure projects – as we did with the Milan Expo 2015 and the construction of Mexico City’s new airport.

14.3 Progress in extending international collaboration. Our effectiveness in curbing corruption depends on our ability to join forces and co-ordinate actions globally. As a result, we have been raising awareness of all the Anatomy holes, aforementioned initiatives in other international circles, and we are working to integrate emerging economies and developing countries in our work. [^33]These include the 1998 Ethics Recommendation, the 2003 Recommendation on Guidelines for should i write paper, Managing Conflict of Interest, the holes kidney, 2010 Recommendation on Transparency and Integrity in Lobbying and the recently updated Recommendation on Public Procurement. In particular, the OECD has actively supported the Essay report bullying, G20 to make the top standards in the fight against corruption count on a global scale. Based on OECD work and standards, the G20 has made a number of commitments and adopted principles and guidance on topics such as foreign bribery and and physiology holes, solicitation, public procurement, asset disclosure, whistle-blower protection and private sector transparency and integrity (OECD/G20 2015). We have also made progress in our dialogue with China on term anti-corruption and the promotion of responsible business conduct, which is particularly timely as they take over the presidency of the and physiology holes kidney, G20 in college, 2016. Other emerging economies, in particular India, are also showing increasing signs of kidney, interest in the standards developed by our organisation. Most importantly, we are increasing our co-operation with developing and transition economies. We have regional anti-corruption programmes across Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the Middle East and college, North Africa, and Latin America (OECD 2015f).

In addition, working with the Open Government Partnership (OGP), we are helping developing and transition economies to implement and monitor the OGP standards. 14.4 There is still a long road ahead. So what next? At the OECD, we believe we need to focus on four major areas in the future. a) Corruption is every country’s problem. Every major economy must be active against corruption. It is still the and physiology kidney, case that 24 out of the 41 parties to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention have yet to issue a single sanction (OECD 2014). Everyone needs to step to Best college essay 2014, the fore and holes kidney, contribute their share in tackling international corruption. A more even implementation of the online, Convention will also promote a more level global playing field. And while the 41 countries make up approximately 66% of world exports, a number of significant economies have yet to join, including China, India and Indonesia. G20 leaders support their accession to the Convention and, together, we must make it happen in the near future. As part of this, the OECD can and should play a bigger role in and physiology holes, helping to strengthen anti-corruption practices across the world by integrating partner countries into its various initiatives.

The progress we have made on essay argumentative tax transparency shows what can be achieved when we engage developing countries on an equal footing. Today there are 129 jurisdictions committed to implementing the international standard for exchange of holes kidney, tax information on request (OECD 2016). The new global common reporting standard on tax transparency agreed in 2014, which will be implemented by Best essay 2014 argumentative, more than 95 jurisdictions by 2018, will ensure the automatic transmission of information about financial accounts held offshore by taxpayers (OECD 2016). It is a major step forward not only for tax fairness, but also for Anatomy holes, making available additional information that is crucial in tracking corruption. I firmly believe the OECD can replicate this successful model in the fight against corruption. b) Implementation, implementation, implementation.

As we have seen, many of the standards are in place. We must now focus on effective implementation. This means law enforcement authorities need to be sufficiently independent and college, equipped with the necessary financial and human resources to Anatomy holes kidney, do the Divide, job. Professionals such as lawyers, accountants and auditors need to be much more aware of the risks they face when advising in business transactions, especially at the international level. Ratings agencies should include corruption risks in their analysis of Anatomy holes, companies.

Corruption case settlements should be made public and the protection of whistle-blowers reinforced. Write Paper Online? We also need to make an effort to embed integrity within the management of both public and private organisations, including in their general management, human resources, internal control and audit, and external audit systems. This would also improve the monitoring of progress and the effectiveness and Anatomy and physiology kidney, coherence of integrity policies and practices. Essay College Report? Further engagement with the private sector is imperative. Our work clearly shows the importance of holes kidney, company self- reporting in detecting corruption. However, self-reporting is often not acknowledged or incentivised.

We intend to undertake work to ensure good compliance is rewarded and self-reporting actively promoted, as well as to should i write paper, find innovative ways to Anatomy and physiology kidney, protect companies from undue solicitation. Scholarship Essay Vcu? Finally, effective implementation will depend on how we are able to address corruption in organisations where corruption often occurs – such as state-owned enterprises, public/private partnerships and local governments – and sectors that need special attention, such as customs, health, education and law enforcement. As our Foreign Bribery Report (2014) shows, public procurement is Anatomy and physiology holes, a high-risk area that needs special attention. c) Integrating and widening the integrity agenda. The effectiveness of What my history paper, our various tools and initiatives will also depend on Anatomy and physiology holes kidney how we are able to link them up, build synergies, provide consistency in our approaches and support co-ordination between institutions responsible for enhancing integrity and service, fighting corruption. Such connections also need to be built by governments and Anatomy, the different stakeholders at the national level, strengthening the links between initiatives on foreign bribery and public sector integrity with those on tax evasion, bid rigging, money laundering and illicit financial flows. Community Service? The OECD is uniquely placed to assist countries in this respect. We’re ready to work on the necessary training and and physiology, policy advice, as well as offering our expertise to College scholarship essay vcu, specific situations, when required – as our successful work on large infrastructure projects with Italy and Mexico shows. And Physiology Kidney? Beyond institutional solutions, we need to Divide polyarteritis, balance a rules-based compliance approach with greater attention to the political economy of corruption and to the values of public officials. This will require taking better account of the existence of vested interests when shaping policies by promoting transparency and and physiology holes, integrity in political finance, elections and lobbying at various levels of government. Writing? Preventing public officials or policies from being swayed by powerful and narrow vested interests is crucial, if we are to strengthen trust in and physiology holes, our governments. d) The relationship between corruption and other global issues.

Corruption is at the heart of many of the biggest issues the world now faces. Should I Write Paper? As we know, the forced displacement of people due to conflict, persecution, violence and human rights violations is on the rise. The current refugee crisis has triggered a global discussion about Anatomy and physiology kidney, migration and refugees. Corruption plays a significant role in this crisis in i write my history on, the wake of inadequate government services. It is an aggravating factor as it facilitates people smuggling by organised criminals. Furthermore, recent tragic events have emphasised the need for all international organisations to play a part in the fight against terrorism. The relationship between corruption and terrorism has long been recognised. Anatomy Kidney? Evidence shows that corruption contributes to the financing of terrorism and College vcu, creates inequalities that disenfranchise communities and promote the development and growth of terrorist groups. And Physiology Holes? This phenomenon is facilitated by the growing complexity of corruption in College scholarship essay writing vcu, commodity trading and illicit trade, through crude oil swaps, trade mispricing and stolen resource trading.

The OECD is Anatomy holes kidney, looking to further explore these issues in order to best equip countries to fight these corrosive and dangerous practices. We also know that corruption undermines the fight against on a online, climate change. For example, there is ample evidence that corruption acts as a major facilitator of the Anatomy and physiology holes, estimated (up to) $100 billion illegal logging industry (UNEP, Interpol 2012). The availability of large amounts of funding in the fight against climate change may also favour corrupt practices. But overall, this is an area that remains relatively unexplored. The OECD is well placed to undertake work in bullying, this area in Anatomy and physiology, the light of its expertise in environmental issues, trade (including analysis of College essay, illicit trade) and fighting corruption.

In 2015, we saw the emergence of major bribery scandals in sports. Apart from its economic importance, sport plays a major role in holding societies together and we cannot tolerate the ethical breaches that undermine its legitimacy. These scandals illustrate the limits of self-regulation. Anatomy And Physiology? Global leadership is required in this area. The OECD’s knowledge and experience in lobbying, good public governance, public procurement and fighting corruption mean that the organisation is essay argumentative, ready to play a key role on this topic. Finally, at and physiology holes the OECD, we are acutely aware of how important it is to take forward the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda (UN 2015). Addressing corruption is vital in scholarship essay, order to successfully achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While corruption is explicitly mentioned only in Goal 16, it is Anatomy kidney, clear that it cuts across all of the SDGs and will be a major hurdle to achieving them. On? Corruption has a significant impact on poverty, inequality, hunger, education, the availability of clean water and sanitation, economic growth, industry innovation and infrastructure. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? It thwarts resource mobilisation and allocation and diverts resources away from sustainable development and from efforts to eradicate poverty. International organisations, including the OECD, must work together to ensure the fight against corruption is made a priority in order to College essay writing, achieve the Anatomy and physiology, SDGs.

The G20 could take a leading role in this respect. We need to establish a common vision and a global agenda. Best Essay Argumentative? The OECD stands ready to play its part and work hard to win the battle against the dark side of our economies by designing, promoting and implementing better anti- corruption policies for Anatomy kidney, better lives. G20/OECD. 2015. Principles of Corporate Governance. Availableonline.

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Available online. Best College 2014 Argumentative? OECD. 2010a. Good Practice Guidance on Internal Controls, Ethics and Compliance. Available online. OECD. 14 October 2010b. Recommendation of the Council to Anatomy holes, Facilitate Co-operation between Tax and Other Law Enforcement Authorities to paper polyarteritis, Combat Serious Crimes.

Available online. OECD. 2011. National Contact Points for the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Available online. Holes Kidney? OECD. 2012. Recommendation of the essay writing, OECD Council on Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement. Available online. OECD.

2014. OECD Foreign Bribery Report: An Analysis of the kidney, Crime of Bribery of Foreign Public Officials. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD. 2015a. Country Reports on the Implementation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.

Available online. OECD. College Scholarship Writing Vcu? 2015b. Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas. Available online. OECD. 2015c. Implementing the Anatomy, OECD Due Diligence Guidance. Available online. College 2014 Argumentative? OECD.

2015d. Forum on Tax and Crime. Available online. OECD. 2015e. Bribery and Corruption. Available online. OECD. 2015f. Regional anti-corruption programmes. Available online. OECD. 2016.

Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. Available online. OECD Competition Committee. 2014. Fighting Bid Rigging in Public Procurement in Colombia. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available online.

OECD and G20. 2015. And Physiology? Anti-corruption. Available online. United Nations. 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online. UNEP, Interpol. 2012. Green Carbon, Black Trade.

Norway: UNEP, Interpol. Available online. US Department of State. 28 July 2015. US NCP Final Statement CED/RELUFA on the Specific Instance between the Center for Environment and Development (CED) with Network to College scholarship writing, Fight against Hunger (RELUFA) and Herakles Farms’ affiliate SG Sustainable Oils Cameroon (SGSOC) in Cameroon. Available online.

15. Mart Laar: The cancer of the modern world – a European perspective. Corruption is Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, a cancer. At first, it can look small and harmless. Before you know it, it has taken over your entire body. Likewise, the losses from corruption can start small, but in the end the damage is enormous. The problem of corruption around the Best, world is well known. Dictators, arms smugglers and warlords rely on corruption to kidney, fund violence against their own populations. We know too about the corruption in post-Communist countries like Russia.

It’s not just the Community service, corruption in the economy; it’s the corruption of the legal and political systems that sustains it, which is so damaging in so many countries. Systemic, widespread corruption can also hold back countries such as Ukraine that are making genuine efforts to reform and build closer links with Europe. It undermines the and physiology, inspiring campaigns and aspirations of reformers – as seen in essay 2014 argumentative, Moldova, for instance – and saps the confidence of potential European partners. Anatomy Holes Kidney? In Ukraine and Moldova, it is no coincidence that public dissatisfaction and protest appear to be as much about corruption as they are about anything else. And the public are right: corruption siphons off much- needed investment and slows the growth and progress of Eastern European economies. So I believe that we need a plan for Europe that places anti-corruption right at Write on a the heart of the process.

I know about corruption. I’ve seen it with my own eyes. You can no more eradicate it than you can abolish human greed. But that doesn’t mean that there is no hope. Estonia was deeply corrupted, just as other former Communist countries were as they made the transition to holes, independence. We were so corrupted – it was so ingrained – that we didn’t even understand that it wasn’t normal. It had become a way of life. So for us, progress depended on a fundamental realisation: we could only cut ourselves off from the old Communist heritage if we cut out the cancer of corruption. This was easy to Best college 2014, say, of course, but harder to implement.

European institutions stressed from the and physiology holes, start of the integration process the importance of fighting corruption, but sometimes this seemed to us to be just warm words. To our surprise, as our economy and trade relations grew, several Western companies allegedly offered generous bribes in many common business deals. To them, corruption in Eastern Europe was normal. College Argumentative? So, while the West finances campaigns against corruption abroad, it would be significantly more effective if all countries also dealt with the criminal activity and and physiology holes kidney, the bribes originating at Write home. In many countries, corruption isn’t actually a negative word. And Physiology? It is College scholarship essay, connected with friendship and taking care of family. Holes Kidney? People know that some officials from the government take money from business; that’s how life has always been. How do you begin to unpick that? In Estonia, we knew that if we wanted to break free, we didn’t have any choice – we had to end corruption. Within ten years of transition, we had dramatically cut corruption – to 2014 argumentative, the point where we were less corrupt than several European Union (EU) member states (Transparency International 1998). Kidney? How did we do it?

A huge part of the answer was the European Union. We received vital encouragement from the EU, including as part of the negotiations on enlargement. Most importantly, we received a very clear message right from the start that the door to College scholarship essay vcu, the EU would be closed to countries with the usual scale of post-Communist corruption. At first, it was thought that the EU was not serious. But then the Slovakian Government, under Vladimir Meciar, was ousted from negotiations on enlargement (European Commission 1997). All of a sudden, we knew that the fight against corruption had to be taken seriously. And Physiology Holes? Transparency was important too. College Argumentative? Clear data enables you to see very similar countries, like Latvia and and physiology holes, Estonia, with very different levels of corruption (Transparency International 2015). So if you could cut it in one country, why not the other? With the help of the EU, independent non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were also created, which aided the fight against corruption.

The EU shared with us, along with the other countries hoping to join, all of the best practice and legislation for tackling corruption. This allowed us to take big steps forward very quickly. An important part of Divide term polyarteritis, this was to regularly publish key officials’ income and Anatomy holes, its sources, supported by criminal punishments for research papers, corruption in the penal code. Not all the measures we took were popular – many people were angry about our efforts. But the European ‘sticks and carrots’ approach made our plans possible. We could privatise public assets, in the knowledge that they could only be sold for holes kidney, legal money moved through European banks that had rules against money laundering and fraud. Using money only from EU and US banks meant that we didn’t have to privatise using ‘black money’ and corruption.

When you cut corruption out of banking and on a, the wider economy, it is much harder for corruption to take root in politics. Helping to and physiology holes, tackle corruption in online, Eastern Europe has also, of course, provided tangible benefits for people in Western Europe. It has helped open up new markets for trade and investment – based on a level playing field and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, open competition – therefore boosting the prosperity and security of all EU member states, including the big economies of the West. Many people, including leaders, have asked for the secrets of Estonia’s success in tackling corruption. Every country is Essay college report, different, but here are my suggestions: One – don’t become corrupt yourself.

How can your citizens take anti-corruption programmes seriously if they suspect their government is corrupt? So you need to make it clear from the start: mistakes can be pardoned; corruption cannot. Holes? There can be no yellow cards – just red ones. Two – let the on a paper, market do the job. The more radical market reforms you introduce, the less corruption you will have. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? Abolishing subsidies is College writing vcu, a good start: they always go to the wrong places, making the holes, rich richer and the poor poorer. Simplifying the tax system and cutting taxes helps too – as does the abolition of custom tariffs, in which the EU plays a key role. Three – make government smaller. This is often underestimated in the transition to essay 2014, a market economy. You can’t move your country to the future with the old machinery.

So you need to break up the old structures that provide opportunities for Anatomy and physiology holes, corruption. A good way to start is to cut the government by half and Divide paper polyarteritis, double the salaries of those who remain. And then cut the size again by another 20%. Your new public service must be non-partisan and independent. As you go forward, keep government lean. It’s important – big governments and big bureaucracies create corruption. Four – make everything public. Transparency is one of the most powerful allies in fighting corruption. And Physiology Kidney? When information on public spending, government agencies’ work and use of governmental benefits and privileges is freely available, it starts to reduce corruption. Modern technology can help a lot here.

Placing government services online and making them open through e-government has been highly effective in Estonia. It doesn’t just cut the misuse of government credit cards and make sure government procurement is clean, it also cuts down on time and paper – and lets trees grow. Five – let freedom reign. Freedom takes the state official out of the research papers, daily situations and transactions where corruption can occur. If you need to have a separate government document every time a house is built or renovated, there is a chance for corruption. Anatomy Holes? When decisions – or the speed of decisions – depend on the will of Essay report bullying, a state official rather than the law of the land, you will have corruption. Abolish them and you find that nothing bad happens. And Physiology Kidney? These conclusions are really quite simple. More freedom means less corruption, less freedom means more corruption.

It’s just the same in term paper, sport. If you take away the competition and fair play, you will lose the spirit of sport. That’s what corruption does to Anatomy and physiology, all of What my history paper, our efforts, our dreams and Anatomy, our desires – in corrupt societies, they are thwarted and Divide term, the human spirit is poorer as a result. We showed in Estonia that it doesn’t have to be like this. Together we can change it – together we can do it! European Commission. 15 July 1997. Agenda 2000 – Commission Opinion on Slovakia’s Application for Membership of the European Union. Anatomy Holes Kidney? Brussels: European Commission.

Available online. Transparency International. 1998. Corruption Perceptions Index 1998. Available online. Transparency International. 2015. Corruption Perceptions Index 2015. Available online. Essay? 16. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? Jose Ugaz: People’s power: taking action to demand accountability.

Over the vcu, past quarter of Anatomy holes kidney, a century, the face of corruption has changed. And so has the anti-corruption movement. Community Research? In the early 1990s, corruption was simply not talked about in the international community. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? In fact, facilitation payments were widely recognised in Best college argumentative, law as deductible business expenses if handed out abroad. Back then, the focus of the emerging anti-corruption movement was to get corruption on the agenda: raising awareness of its devastating effects and showing its disproportionate impact on the poor. It is the Anatomy holes kidney, most vulnerable people in our societies who too often have to make the hard choice to college report bullying, pay bribes to get the essential services they need, such as treatment for a sick grandparent or an education for their child. And Physiology? This focus shifted in term paper polyarteritis, the late 1990s to creating ways to both measure corruption and develop the tools to prevent it. Launched in 1995, Transparency International’s (TI) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) put governments on the spot by publishing their scores around the world (Transparency International 2015a). By 2003, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) – now ratified by 178 countries – outlined a solid framework of anti- corruption laws (UNODC 2015).

This came six years after the OECD Convention Against Foreign Bribery and seven years after the ground-breaking Inter-American Convention against Corruption (OECD 1997; International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities 2012). The G20 has had an Anti-Corruption Action Plan since 2010 and the fight against corruption is Anatomy, now at the heart of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 16, promoting peace and justice with targets for tackling corruption (Transparency International 2015b; UN 2015). Polyarteritis? Today many countries have solid anti-corruption legislation. And Physiology Holes Kidney? But laws don’t work if they are not properly enforced. Corruption remains rife. Countries get used to failing scores and billions of dollars of illicit financial flows and money laundering provide luxury lifestyles for the corrupt. Service Research? So what’s next? Pressure from the public is key. We already know that pent-up anger against corruption can provoke people action.

In Tunisia, a dictator was ousted in 2011 by kidney, hundreds of thousands of protestors. His successors are now hunting down the millions he and his family stole. In Guatemala, months of peaceful protests in 2015 forced out on a both the president and the vice-president. Anatomy And Physiology Holes Kidney? They are now in jail facing corruption charges. Marches against corruption in Brazil, Chile and Indonesia have also led to Divide term paper, substantive changes to laws. This shows how much can be achieved when people react to specific events, but the rejection of corruption needs to become more sustained. This essay explores the new tools that citizens can, and should, make use of to fight corruption both collectively and as individuals. It discusses how communities can take action on the everyday issues of Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, corruption that affect their lives and the major difference individuals can make when they say no to corruption. It also looks at Best college 2014 argumentative how we can and kidney, should act together against the phenomenon of grand corruption, something that our ever- more connected world is now making possible.

At TI, we define grand corruption as the abuse of high- level power that benefits the Essay college report bullying, few at and physiology kidney the expense of the many and on a, causes serious and widespread harm to Anatomy kidney, individuals and society alike. Too often, it goes unpunished because the corrupt hide behind political immunity, secret companies that allow them to hide stolen money and a global financial network that turns a blind eye to illicit financial flows. Even here, citizen action can make a difference to unmask the corrupt. I strongly believe that it will be pressure from people around the 2014, world – coming together, using new technologies and speaking with a united bold voice to demand justice – that will start to and physiology holes kidney, hold the grand corrupt to account. It has become urgent for Write on a paper online, the victims of grand corruption to be recognised. Together, we can all help to and physiology kidney, stop the current trend. Public opinion polls and surveys from the past five years have consistently shown that people see corruption as one of the key social challenges of our time (BBC 2010; Avaaz 2014). When a United Nations online poll consistently featured corruption as a top priority for the next generation of Write paper online, Sustainable Development Goals, this was translated into and physiology Goal 16, which commits all governments to “provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions” (UN 2016; UN 2015, p. 2). This growing awareness, combined with the emergence of smart communications technology, will help to drive activism.

Around 50% of the world’s population is online, while a similar proportion of the adult population owns a smartphone. By 2020, this is expected to rise to 80% (The Economist 2015). There are already clear wins for mobilised, tech-savvy, anti-corruption activism. In Brazil, for example, a new law took effect in Best 2014 argumentative, 2010 called Ficha Limpa, or Clean Record, which prevents candidates who have been convicted of corruption, mismanagement of public funds or electoral violations from standing for public office for at least eight years. It came about and physiology holes, because more than 40 civil society organisations were able to mobilise two million Brazilian citizens to papers, use online actions, together with events, to campaign for the legislation (Salas 2010).

This is especially important in a country where TI studies show that 81% and holes kidney, 72% of people respectively feel that political parties and the legislature are corrupt or extremely corrupt (Transparency International 2013a). Community Service Papers? Thanks to this law, Brazilian courts barred 317 mayoral candidates – who had criminal records – from running for office in the 2012 municipal election. In the 2014 general election, this rose to Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, 497 (Alves 2014). However, the campaign’s impact is not limited to the disqualification of College scholarship essay writing vcu, corrupt candidates. Crucially, it has changed the way Brazilians perceive their capacity to make their collective voice heard. It has transformed individual anger about political corruption into collective action for social change. In our latest survey, 81% of Brazilians now believe that ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against corruption (Transparency International 2013a). Use of Anatomy and physiology kidney, social media helped ignite and organise the uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East. It allowed millions of Community, people to share messages of civil resistance and Anatomy and physiology holes, collective activism.

Despite this, one of the College scholarship essay vcu, many frustrations following the kidney, Arab Spring was the feeling that the perpetrators of corruption in the old regimes were not being brought to justice. The lack of strong institutions to deliver the kind of justice the people demanded thwarted real reforms. In Guatemala, a similar story of service papers, disaffected citizenry turned out differently, because three key factors came together: technology, people and an institutional pressure for accountability. Guatemala has suffered from political corruption and widespread impunity for decades. The justice system was seen as weak and Anatomy and physiology, co-opted by powerful interests. Yet, when a huge customs fraud scandal involving a number of the country’s political elite was uncovered in 2015, the people decided enough was enough. For five months, they took to the streets every week, co-ordinating and advertising the protests on social media. Their numbers swelled. This, combined with pressure from emboldened national prosecutors who were working alongside international investigators from the UN, eventually forced the country’s president and vice- president to Write on a paper, resign. They were arrested shortly afterwards. This new spirit of empowered citizenship should be an inspiration to others precisely because it can deliver change.

It gives legitimacy to legal action in the spirit of Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, democracy. It is the on a online, will of the kidney, people. Masses can usually only be mobilised for a limited period of time around a specific goal. Their successes are watershed moments for all involved, yet they signal the beginning rather than the end of a long process. Community Research Papers? Systemic anti-corruption reforms are vital for preventing large-scale corruption scandals from happening again and again.

So how do you keep society interested when there are no big, flashy news headlines or high-profile people to holes kidney, go after? By showing it that engagement matters. When we think of on a online, communities, we think of the basic services that people need: education, health, waste collection, public transport and roads. Often communities are one step removed from how these are funded. Their taxes go into a pot and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, they take no notice until a hospital fails or a pothole damages their car. Term Paper? But we can only and physiology holes, know whether money is well spent if we have access to information about it. In too many countries, communities either don’t request the information or it is simply not available.

When people demand transparency and accountability, they can make a difference. They need to college 2014 argumentative, participate meaningfully in the decisions that affect their daily lives. This is what happened in a school just outside Dhaka, the and physiology, capital of Bangladesh. Corruption in education is Best college essay 2014 argumentative, a significant challenge in Bangladesh and particularly affects the poor. Admission officers demand bribes, teachers are often absent and there is no way to report or keep track of the problem. One school decided to change the way things worked. It signed an Integrity Pledge and introduced social monitoring tools such as citizen report cards, while budgets were prepared with the participation of the community (Zaman 2011). Within a year, the and physiology holes, dropout rate fell from What i write on 30% to 7%, the collection of Anatomy holes kidney, unauthorised payments stopped, scholarships were distributed transparently and 100% of students passed the annual final examination. This success has led to the initiative being rolled out in other schools in Bangladesh.

Similar initiatives have been used to improve health, water and construction services from Bolivia to Uganda. Report Bullying? One crucial ingredient in their success is the active involvement of local communities. If you empower communities, they will make their voices heard and they will take charge of their own futures (Sidwell 2011). The other crucial element is transparency. Having access to holes, information is a precondition for making informed decisions and holding public officials and elected leaders to account. More than 100 countries now have freedom of information laws, yet their implementation is still patchy (McIntosh 2014). But not only do governments need to release information, citizens also need to make active use of it. This combination of information and activism can be a potent tool. In July 2015, El Salvador authorities confirmed that citizens had the right to ask for information about public officials’ assets. This is important because, if you can track wealth over time, it can show whether officials are using their positions for Divide paper polyarteritis, illicit gain.

In less than four months, Salvadoran citizens submitted close to and physiology kidney, 6,000 requests for paper online, information. These uncovered cases where the wealth of public officials grew by 300% during their time in office (Heywood 2015). Investigations into the inexplicably high wealth of some officials are now being held. New technologies are facilitating this push for transparency. And Physiology Kidney? ‘Big data’ may be a buzzword, but its trickle- down effect can allow ordinary people to paper, search and holes kidney, evaluate important information. There is no reason why local, regional and national governments cannot put their records online and create a platform for Essay college report bullying, citizens to search data on public tenders, tax spending or any other part of the day-to-day running of communities. Increasingly, civil society organisations are also launching online tools to help communities hold their local authorities to account. Through Fix My Street, people in Georgia can flag construction and infrastructure issues in their neighbourhood to the mayor’s office and track repairs (Transparency International 2013b). The online portal has triggered the fixing of hundreds of problems.

In Argentina, voters are visualising the relationship between money and Anatomy kidney, politics through an interactive database, which aggregates political party financing data. The site allows citizens to essay 2014 argumentative, see where party funds are coming from and where they are going (Transparency International 2012). In Lithuania, manoSeimas (My Parliament) lets users find out Anatomy and physiology holes kidney how parliamentarians have been voting on policy issues (Transparency International 2016a). The tools to hold elected officials to account are beginning to Best college essay 2014 argumentative, expand. It is up to people to start using them. This is where civil society organisations can play an and physiology holes kidney important role in raising awareness and creating a safe environment for speaking up. 16.4 Individuals can make a difference.

For too many people, the idea that a corrupt system can change is scholarship writing, difficult to believe; they simply accept corruption as business as usual. In Peru, there is even a popular saying about politicians ‘roba, pero hace’, which roughly translates to ‘he steals but makes things happen’ (DATUM 2014). And Physiology Holes? More than half of all Peruvians are willing to vote for Essay, corrupt politicians as long as they ‘do work’ (Ipsos Peru 2014). Sadly, every year, one in four people around the holes, world pay a bribe to access public services (Hardoon and Heinrich 2013). College? In Cambodia, India and Kenya, this figure is even higher than one in two. And Physiology Holes Kidney? In Mexico, a family spends on average 14% of its income on bribes for basic services they are entitled to, such as water, medicine and Write on a paper online, education (Transparencia Mexicana 2011). People accept this huge financial burden, because they feel powerless and vulnerable (Hardoon and Heinrich 2013). They believe reporting corruption won’t make a difference and could put them or their family in Anatomy, danger. Breaking this wall of on a paper online, silence requires a number of important cultural and legal steps. People need to know that there is strong, enforced legislation to protect whistle-blowers, so they are safe when they speak out.

When citizens feel these mechanisms cannot be trusted, then organised civil society has a vital role to play. This includes advocating the implementation of protection as well as supporting individual victims and witnesses of corruption. The results can be impressive. TI opened advocacy and legal advice centres in more than 60 countries around the world to offer free and confidential legal advice and to help citizens report corruption (Transparency International 2016b). More than 200,000 citizens have been in contact with our centres and we have collected numerous stories illustrating that one single brave individual reporting corruption can make a huge difference to the lives of entire societies. In the Czech Republic, a whistle-blower on environmental corruption helped to save the country more than ˆ2 billion (Transparency International 2015c). Anatomy And Physiology? In Nepal, money that was meant for women giving birth in remote regions but stolen by healthcare officials was returned and redistributed where it was needed most (Transparency International 2015d). In Guatemala, nepotism in local government was stamped out after a citizen uncovered that the mayor had hired around ten of his relatives (Transparency International 2015e).

In March 2015, Transparencia Venezuela launched a smartphone app Dilo Aqui, which allows ordinary citizens to report instances of bribery and any irregularities during elections (Transparencia Venezuela 2015a). In the parliamentary elections in Community service papers, December 2015, more than 400 complaints of electoral abuse were registered via the app that were then channelled to the National Electoral Council and the Comptroller General for follow-up (Transparencia Venezuela 2015b). The goal is to encourage, cajole, educate and empower more citizens to holes, speak out and speak out safely. This affects us all. In the UK, for example, a TI survey showed that, while 90% of people would like to report corruption if they came across it, fewer than 30% knew how (Krishnan and Barrington 2011). Essay Vcu? Individuals everywhere need to Anatomy and physiology holes, take their responsibility as citizens seriously and speak up for their right to live in a society free of corruption. When they do that, governments and institutions have to listen and act. 16.5 The new challenge: bringing down grand corruption.

Every year an estimated $1 trillion in illicit financial flows leave developing countries, often with a single keystroke (Global Financial Integrity 2015). College Essay 2014? The majority of these funds end up in holes, developed countries. Be it in a property in Divide term polyarteritis, London or a bank account in Switzerland, the effects on holes kidney the local economies left behind are devastating. The money comes from skimming off basic services budgets or taking bribes for contracts. Such abuse of paper, entrusted power for private gain has immediate consequences on Anatomy and physiology people – victims are often left helpless. We want to see behavioural and Divide, systemic change in the next ten years and kidney, we want victims to College scholarship writing vcu, be recognised and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, taken into serious consideration. For this to happen, we have developed the new concept of ‘grand corruption’. Unfortunately, examples of grand corruption are everywhere.

The Chinaleaks documents showed how the country’s elite funnelled billions of dollars of corrupt money into so-called ‘safe havens’ such as the Bahamas using shell companies (Boehler 2014). The President of Equatorial Guinea, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, and his son Teodoro are estimated to have allegedly siphoned off more than $300 million from state coffers to College writing, buy a luxury lifestyle in Paris and Anatomy kidney, the United States, while the majority of the country’s population lives in College writing, poverty. Then there is Anatomy and physiology kidney, Ukraine’s former leader Viktor Yanukovych who used state proceeds to fund a lavish lifestyle. Think also of the billions of dollars’ worth of fines the big banks, including household names such as Barclays, HSBC, Citibank and BNP Paribas, have had to pay for institutionalised corruption like rigging exchange rates, mis-selling products and scholarship essay, helping clients avoid anti-money laundering rules and and physiology holes kidney, evade taxes. We witness human rights abuses in cases of grand corruption. There are victims.

When money is my history, siphoned off for the benefit of the few, it is the many who suffer. Schools are not built, healthcare systems are degraded and infrastructure neglected. It exacerbates poverty and and physiology kidney, exclusion. Grand corruption also damages democracy and good governance. When a state is What i write paper on, captured, such as allegedly happened in Guatemala under President Otto Perez Molina, then insecurity and Anatomy, instability are high. It is the citizens that pay the price.

Unfortunately, grand corruption often goes unpunished. In the case of corporations, too often it is the shareholders who pay the fines, not the individuals who commit the crimes. To change this, we need help from citizens. They have to use all the tools for fighting corruption outlined above – technology, community actions and Essay, mass movements - to Anatomy and physiology holes, demand justice and unmask the corrupt both in the countries where the corrupt money is generated and, just as importantly, in the countries where it ends up. What Should? Money laundering is not just a term used to describe Mafia-style organised crimes. It might be the way your neighbour bought their flat via a secret offshore company, or the cash payments used to holes, purchase a luxury watch. Citizens living in countries on the receiving end of corrupt money need to be part of the Essay report, fight against Anatomy holes kidney, grand corruption too. And this is where awareness raising is still in its infancy. We as civil society are calling on governments to put mechanisms in place that prevent dirty cash from entering their countries. Write On A Paper Online? But because this type of corruption is Anatomy, not obvious to citizens of college, dirty money destinations – in fact it can actually add to holes, economic growth – there is still limited will from citizens to pressure their leaders or take action themselves.

The G20 has taken up this cause at should i write a high level. It remains for the countries themselves to Anatomy and physiology holes, introduce the legislation and enforce it. The UK recently adopted legislation giving immediate access on beneficial ownership information to law enforcement agencies, banks and businesses with duties to check that they are not handling stolen cash. In 2016, a central registry containing this information will be made public. It is time for more countries to follow suit and for citizens to campaign to College essay writing, ensure that they do. More and more, journalists and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) – using new online search tools to follow money – are exposing cases of grand corruption and pressing for and physiology holes kidney, criminal investigations and on a paper, indictments. We strongly believe that ordinary citizens have a part to play in this too. We call this ‘social sanctioning’: once the Anatomy kidney, corrupt are exposed they should not be allowed to live freely off their dirty money. We would like to see a day when the corrupt can’t get visas for travel, luxury shops turn their cash away and real estate agents refuse to sell them their penthouse flats. Without active citizens the fight against corruption cannot be won. People need to say no to corruption on every level.

They need to speak out against college report bullying, extortion and kidney, denounce leaders and companies who are exposed as engaging in Best college essay 2014, corruption. And Physiology Holes Kidney? They need to take responsibility for their own actions and demand the same from should my history on their peers. Anatomy? Together we can create a global culture where corruption is rejected and accountability rules. There are plenty of i write paper on, examples where this has happened.But the feeling of disempowerment is still too widespread. People need to turn the anger and helplessness they feel into active rejection of the status quo. Civil society organisations can help create awareness and mobilisation, but governments have to enforce laws that show the corrupt will be held to account. In countries where institutions are weak, citizens play an even more important and often braver role. Anatomy And Physiology? Those who speak out on a online can be targets, but not everyone has to Anatomy holes kidney, be on the front line. Take the example of the school in Bangladesh: it was parents and local organisers who asked the school to note who showed up to teach and to commit to not asking for admissions bribes. College Writing Vcu? These small steps led to measurable improvements – the and physiology kidney, kids passed their exams. Our technology, our reach and our upraised voices can bring hundreds of thousands onto the street.

These things can also be used to simply draw attention to the inconsistencies between a local politician’s lifestyle and their publicly declared salary. Essay College Report? It is the Anatomy and physiology kidney, combination of our loud indignation and our quiet vigilance that will put an end to corruption, both grand and not so grand. Alves, L. 16 September 2014. My History Paper? Ficha Limpa Law Forces Candidates to Anatomy, Withdraw. The Rio Times. Available online. I Write My History Paper? Avaaz.

2014. Where next for Avaaz in 2014? Setting the agenda. Available online. BBC Press. 9 December 2010. Global poll: Corruption is world’s most talked about problem. Available online. Boehler, P. 22 January 2014.

ChinaLeaks: Expose on Anatomy and physiology holes kidney Chinese elite’s offshore accounts comes at sensitive time. South China Morning Post – China Insider. Service Research Papers? Available online. DATUM. 2014. Peru 21 – ELECCIONES 2016. Available online. Economist, The.

28 February 2015. Planet of the Phones. [online]. Available online. Global Financial Integrity. 2015. Illicit Financial Flows. Available online. Hardoon, D. and Heinrich, F. And Physiology Kidney? 2013. Global Corruption Barometer 2013: Report. Berlin: Transparency International.

Available from: http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013/report Heywood, M. 13 November 2015. When Transparency Rules. Transparency International blog. Available online. International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities. 15 February 2012. Community Papers? Organization of American States (OAS). Available online. Ipsos Peru.

September 2014. Informe de Opinion Data – Peru, septiembre de 2014. Anatomy? Available online. Krishnan, C. and Barrington, R. 2011. Corruption in the UK: Overview and Policy Recommendations. UK: Transparency International. Essay College? McIntosh, T. 19 September 2014. Paraguay is 100th nation to pass FOI law, but struggle for openness goes on. Holes? The Guardian. Available online. OECD.

1997. OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Available online. Salas, A. 22 June 2010. Aiming for a clean record in Brazil. Divide Term? Available online. Sidwell, M. 25 August 2011. Race to Anatomy, the top. Transparency International blog.

Available online. Transparencia Mexicana. 10 May 2011. Indice Nacional De Corrupcion Y Buen Gobierno. Available online. Transparencia Venezuela. 19 March 2015a. Transparencia Venezuela lanzo ‘Dilo aqui’, una aplicacion para denunciar. El Universal. Available online. Transparencia Venezuela.

6 December 2015b. Tercer Reporte denuncias recibidas en el marco del proceso electoral Parlamentarias 2015. Available online. Transparency International. 2012. Empowering citizens, securing lasting change: using technology for transparency. Berlin: Transparency International. Available online. Essay? Transparency International. 2013a. And Physiology Kidney? Global Corruption Barometer – Brazil.

Available online. Transparency International. 2013b. Fix My Street. Available online. Transparency International. 2015a. Write Paper? Corruption Perceptions Index – Overview. Available online. Transparency International.

2015b. Our work on the G20. [online]. Available online. Transparency International. 2015c. Anatomy Holes Kidney? True Stories – Hidden Costs. Available online. Divide Paper Polyarteritis? Transparency International. 2015d.

True Stories – Birth Rights. Available online. Transparency International. 2015e. True Stories – Family Affairs. Available online. Transparency International. 2016a. And Physiology Kidney? ManoSeimas.lt. Available online.

Transparency International. 2016b. Get involved – Report Corruption. Available online. United Nations – Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2015. United Nations Convention against Corruption: Signature and Ratification Status as of 1 December 2015. Available [online]((https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/signatories. html). United Nations. 2015. Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies; Sustainable Development Goals.

Available online. United Nations. 2016. Segments Priorities – MY Analytics. On A? Available online. Zaman, I. 2011. Realising the MDGs by 2015: Anti- corruption in Bangladesh. Berlin/Bangladesh: Transparency International.

Available online. An important exception to this was the republican tradition, which started in Greece and Rome, and was adopted by and physiology kidney, numerous city states in Italy, the Netherlands and elsewhere. Essay? The very term ‘republic’ comes from the Latin res publica, or ‘public thing,’ denoting that the political order was representative of kidney, a larger public good. ? A classic case was the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand: a highly corrupt individual, but a very talented diplomat, who helped negotiate the settlement at the Congress of Vienna. ? Interview with Ms Mpho Letima, Fellow, African Leadership Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, 28 October 2015. College? ? A search for the term ‘Cyprus’ on www.occrp.org will point to numerous investigations from all over Eastern Europe where companies in Anatomy and physiology holes, Cyprus are involved. ? You can find further information on this interface and access online here, here and here. ? Notes from conversation with legal professionals in Kano, Nigeria, 7 February 2015, quoting Ibrahim Mokhtar. ? Notes from Write on a online conversation with tribal elders from Shah Wali Kot District, Kandahar, Afghanistan, 24 May 2009; names withheld for security reasons. ? Notes from trip to Spin Boldak, Afghanistan, 25 May 2009. ? Also interviews with several Western officials in Abuja, November 2013. ? Notes of interview with a group of and physiology kidney, Maiduguri residents, Maiduguri, Nigeria, 21 November 2015. ? Longo, Canetti and Hite-Rubin reference the Second Intifada from 2000 to i write on, 2005, and the wider violent unrest on the West Bank. ? Ibid., notes Kano, Nigeria. ? Ibid., notes Maiduguri, Nigeria. Holes Kidney? ? Notes of conversation with Sardar Muhammad, Kandahar, Afghanistan, 20 November 2010. ? See also numerous Dutch petitions to King Phillip II of Spain 1550–1580. ? Notes of interview with Murad Louhichi, Manzil Tmim, Tunisia, 29 September 2012. ? Notes of interview with ‘Rustam’ (name changed for security reasons), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 23 February 2014. Community Research? ? This is a view I encountered frequently when covering the Algerian civil war for National Public Radio in the late 1990s. ? Conversation with Debra Laprevotte, 15 September 2015. ? In the event, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the world cycling governing body, cleared Delgado. He was not docked ten minutes and went on to win the 1988 Tour de France. ? I am grateful to World Bank Group staff Alexander Slater, Joel Turkewitz and Charles Undeland for their assistance with this essay. ? See also Olken, B. 2007. Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia, Journal of Political Economy, 115(2), pp. 200– 248. ? This 2015 estimate is an extrapolation by Daniel Kaufmann based on holes kidney his work in Myths and Realities of Best essay argumentative, Governance and Corruption (2005). ? In addition, non-compliance with tax obligations distorts competition. See IMF.

2015a. Current Challenges in Revenue Mobilization. Washington DC: IMF. Anatomy And Physiology Holes? ? See also, for example, Tanzi, V. and Davoodi, H. 2002. What Paper On? Corruption, Public Investment, and Growth. In: G. T. Abed and S. Anatomy? Gupta, eds. Governance, Corruption Economic Performance. Washington DC: IMF, pp. 280–299. Military spending is, in What should i write, addition, prone to and physiology, corruption, because of secrecy and a lack of service research papers, transparency (see Gupta, S., de Mello, L. and Sharan, R. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? 2002. Corruption and college essay, Military Spending. In: G. T. Abed and kidney, S. Gupta, eds.

Governance, Corruption Economic Performance. Washington DC: IMF, pp. 300–332). ? While the analysis of the Essay college, association between corruption and growth remains controversial, a meta-analysis of 52 cross-country studies found that a one-unit increase in the perceived corruption index is associated with a nearly 1 percentage-point decrease in and physiology, the growth rate of per capita GDP (see Ugur, M. and Dasgupta, N. 2011. Evidence on the Economic Growth Impacts of Corruption in Low-Income Countries and should my history on, Beyond: A Systematic Review. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London). ? Over the kidney, past decade, risk-rating agencies have realised that their previous models, driven by Essay college bullying, economic variables alone, were unsatisfactory and have incorporated governance and corruption factors, such as the Worldwide Governance Indicators. ? There are cases where corruption has caused some donors to interrupt foreign aid flows. And Physiology? ? For example, the Write online, Fiscal Transparency Evaluation conducted by the Fund in Mozambique (the first in Sub-Saharan Africa) identified a need for greater transparency in public procurement and state-owned enterprises (see IMF. And Physiology Holes Kidney? 2015c. Republic of Mozambique – Fiscal Transparency Evaluation). In Tunisia, the Fund has supported the development of a more transparent budget law that would strengthen budget preparation and execution procedures and introduce performance-based budgeting. ? Many countries are taking the Essay college report, positive step of automating public services, which not only allows for simplification and Anatomy, efficiency, but also eliminates the research, potential for abuse of discretion. ? 2015 IMF Annual Meetings Flagship Seminar – Individual Integrity in Public Sector Governance, Lima, Peru. ? A good example is the ‘I paid a bribe’ website in Anatomy kidney, India (www.ipaidabribe. Community Service Research? com).

For other examples in Bhutan, Pakistan and Kenya, see Strom, S. 2012. Websites shine light on Anatomy petty bribery worldwide. New York Times. 6 March 2012. I Write My History? Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/07/ business/web-sites-shine-light-on-petty-bribery-worldwide.html?_r=0). ? All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated.

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Christabel Coleridge Essays and Research Papers. The Characterization of Christabel Critics from around the world have put insight into the many ways that “[t]he lovely lady, . Christabel ” can be characterized ( Coleridge 23). Samuel Taylor Coleridge uses many words to describe Christabel , but with literary analysis of “ Christabel ,” provided by scholars, she can be characterized at a deeper level than the way she is Anatomy and physiology described in the text of the poem. Her description plays role in allowing the reader to relate with her quickly and College essay vcu, be able to learn. Adam and Eve , Christabel , England 1208 Words | 4 Pages. Morality in Anatomy and physiology holes, Christabel In “ Christabel ,” Samuel Taylor Coleridge addresses the issues of human nature and . morality by portraying Christabel and College writing, Geraldine as both good and evil while at the same time never allowing one’s morals to outweigh or appear superior to the others. Anatomy Kidney? At first glance, it appears to the reader that Christabel is the picture of piety and that Geraldine is an college essay evil, beautiful witch. However, upon holes further examination, the college, reader can see that neither Christabel nor Geraldine are. Academy Award for Best Actress , Christabel , Evil 1628 Words | 5 Pages. Comparison Between ‘Christabel’ from S.T.Coleridge’s Christabel and and physiology holes kidney, Madeline in John Keats ‘the Eve of St.

Agnes’ Poetry (1) Hameed Khan Topic: Comparison between ‘ Christabel ’ from S.T.Coleridge’s Christabel and report bullying, Madeline in Anatomy and physiology holes, . John Keats ‘The eve of St. Best Essay Argumentative? Agnes’ Christabel from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s ‘ Christabel ’ and Madeline from John Keats ‘The Eve of St. Agnes’ have many striking similarities. Throughout both poems, the two women are constantly referred to as pure, innocent, generally good girls. They are praised by Anatomy and physiology holes the other characters and by the narrators. John Keats , Poetry , Romanticism 2188 Words | 6 Pages. Gothic elements in Frankenstein and Christabel.

?Analysis of gothic elements in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and S.T.Coleridge's Christabel Romantic writers commonly used gothic elements to What should i write . describe supernatural events that included a dark setting and gloomy atmosphere, usually followed by a dreadful crime. Many writers took interest in Anatomy and physiology kidney, the gothic, and in this essay I will try to scholarship essay writing vcu analyze and discuss the use of those elements in Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley and Anatomy holes, Christabel by S.T.Coleridge. College Argumentative? “The Gothic novel could be seen as a description of a. Edgar Allan Poe , Frankenstein , Gothic fiction 1480 Words | 4 Pages. Femme Fatale Coleridge’s Christabel is counted among the first works of English literature to approach the Anatomy, topic of the femme fatale. He . created what is considered common stock in literature about female vampires. Many writers have created versions of Coleridge’s Christabel using Geraldine as the foundation for their femme fatale character and often even using her name or a slight variation. The first part of the poem seems to suggest that Geraldine may be a creature that is not of the. Christabel , England , Femme fatale 798 Words | 3 Pages. A Unique Analysis of “ Christabel ” In the year 1797 economic troubles filled the land and What my history, society of England.

An era previously known for . romantic/traditional literature, writers such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge , began entertaining other forms. Samuel Taylor Coleridge took to the innovative gothic genre with his poem “ Christabel ”. The poem “ Christabel ” is a two part poem containing numerous gothic elements, paired with various literary devices to convey a vampire-esque theme. These gothic characteristics. Christabel , England , Frankenstein 1267 Words | 4 Pages. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William . Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in Anatomy holes kidney, England and a member of the Lake Poets. Community Research? He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as for his major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on Shakespeare, was highly influential, and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to.

Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan , Opium 2611 Words | 7 Pages. beings to college argumentative the larger truth.’ A multitude of modes and doctrines encapsulated the holes kidney, Romantic revolt, the basis of which lie within such tenets as imagination, . individualism and idealism. This paved the way for Romantic composers such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth to convey an appreciation of personal experiences within the research, bounties of the natural world, as well as to celebrate one’s comprehension of the inner self, in order to ultimately link individuals to one another and to the larger. England , Lake District , Robert Southey 1261 Words | 4 Pages. Kubla Kahn Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Taylor Coleridge in 1797 and was published in Christabel , Kubla Khan, and Anatomy holes kidney, the Pains of Sleep in 1816. Kubla Khan is one of the . Divide Paper? most important poem of Anatomy, Coleridge and, according to the preface of the book, he wrote it during the time that he passed in a farm house between Porlock and Linton in England. Because of the opium that he had taken - prescribed to him to cure dysentery, Coleridge felt asleep when he was reading a story about Kubla Khan, which led to his dream and his poem. Coleridge said that.

Garden of Eden , Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan 2362 Words | 6 Pages. How Effective Were the on a online, Methods of the Anatomy holes kidney, Wspu in Gaining Women the Vote. union was founded by scholarship vcu Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst, in Anatomy holes kidney, her family home in Manchester, on the 10th of October 1903. Mrs Pankhurst and her husband Richard were . members of the Independent Labour Party and had been since 1893. Emmeline and her eldest daughter Christabel became the leaders of the organization.

The WSPU was the most notorious of all the essay argumentative, suffrage movements; splitting from the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies after becoming disheartened by the groups lack of success in gaining votes for. Christabel Pankhurst , Emmeline Pankhurst , Millicent Fawcett 1435 Words | 4 Pages. Essay : How Far Had the Political Position of Women Changed from 1850 - 1950. public life and local politics. The development of the WSPU acted as a “barrier” to the progression of the political position of women between 1850 – 1914. . The Women’s social and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, political union was formed by Emmiline Pankhurst and What should i write my history, her daughters; Christabel Pankhurst and Sylvia Pankhurst. Many historians have condemned the elitism of the WSPU as it recruited mostly rich, influential women. When the WSPU moved to London in 1906, the emphasis on recruiting working class women was thought to have been. Christabel Pankhurst , Democracy , Elections 928 Words | 3 Pages. Why Did Women Get the Vote in 1918? cause of women gaining the and physiology holes, vote: the militant suffragettes, the more peaceful suffragists or World War One.

Many women who wanted the right to vote had . put their faith in the Independent Labour Party (ILP) and local trade unions. Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst (mother and daughter) were key parts of the suffrage movement. In 1903, the papers, Pankhurst family founded the WSPU (Women’s Social and and physiology kidney, Political Union). Emmeline wanted the ILP to report simply state that women had equal political status as men- to. Christabel Pankhurst , Emmeline Pankhurst , Suffrage 998 Words | 3 Pages. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (A Romantic Poet) Introduction to holes S.T Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge , a leader of . the British Romantic movement, a literary critic and a philosopher, was born on October 21, 1772 and died in 25 July 1834, in service papers, England. The youngest child in the family, Coleridge was a student at his father's school and an avid reader.

Coleridge's father had always wanted his son to be a clergyman, so when Coleridge entered Jesus College, University of Cambridge in 1791, he focused on. England , Kubla Khan , Lyrical Ballads 499 Words | 2 Pages. Treatment of Supernatural in Coleridge's Christabel. Christabel is an unfinished poem of 677 lines written by Anatomy kidney S.T. Coleridge . Its first part consists of 337 lines, which was written . in 1797 and its second part consists of 337 lines which were written in 1800, after Coleridge returned back from Germany. After this there was a decline in his poetic powers and in spite of Best college essay, his numerous efforts to complete the poem, he could not do so. This poem was supposed to be included in the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, but because it was not complete its. John Keats , Mind , Poetry 3393 Words | 8 Pages. Concepts of Wordsworth Applied to Coleridge.

Concepts of Anatomy and physiology, Wordsworth Applied to Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth were two very dominant Romantic Era . poets. They published some of their writings together, and were very influenced by each other in their writing style. College Essay? We see this in Coleridge’s contribution to Wordsworth, Biographia Literaria. And Physiology? In Biographia Literaria, Coleridge gives praise to Wordsworth’s brilliance in his writings and What my history paper, makes it known how much he looked up to Wordsworth. Coleridge goes into detail describing.

England , Mind , Robert Southey 1428 Words | 4 Pages. Describe Ways in Which the Methods of the Suffragists and and physiology holes, Suffragettes Where Different. member's houses and they signed many, many, many petitions. However, there rather feeble attempts were unsuccessful and Write paper online, no news came to them of the law being . past. So in 1903 two women Emmeline Pankhurst (Born 1858 in Manchester) and her daughter Christabel Pankhurst (Born 1880 in Manchester) got fed up with the slow and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, inadequate protesting of Mrs Fawcett. They believed that violence gave results, they wanted the bullying, right to vote and they wanted it now. So they decided to create the Women's Social. Christabel Pankhurst , Emmeline Pankhurst , Millicent Fawcett 843 Words | 3 Pages. Commons is one of panic.

I am frankly not very hopeful of kidney, success if these tactics are persisted in’11. Lloyd George was, generally, a supporter of women’s . suffrage but, over writing breakfast a couple of days later, he confided to Anatomy and physiology Scott that talking to Christabel Pankhurst was ‘like going to a lunatic asylum and talking to a man who thinks he is on a paper online God’. However, although violence was used, Emmeline did use various other non-violent methods. This is shown in the secondary work by kidney Sylvia E. Pankhurst the online, daughter. Christabel Pankhurst , Emmeline Pankhurst , Suffrage 2028 Words | 4 Pages. The Poetry of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. ? Samuel Taylor Coleridge Date of birth: October 21,1772 born at: Ottery St Mary, United Kingdom . Education: Jesus College, Cambridge Christ’s Hospital Poems from Samuel Taylor Coleridge ? a broken friendship ? a day dream ? a mathematical problem ? cologne ? a christmas carol constancy to an ideal object by samuel taylor coleridge Since all, that beat about in Nature's range, Or veer or vanish ? why should'st thou remain The only constant in and physiology holes, a world of change, . England , Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan 678 Words | 9 Pages. * Her parents had been heavily influenced by the ideas of the French Revolution and were part of Best college essay 2014 argumentative, a small radical group. * Her child house (Godwin’s) . was visited by some of the Anatomy and physiology, most famous writers of the day, like the Romantic poets Samuel Coleridge and Percy Bysshe Shelley. * Shelley was immediately attracted by the young Mary Godwin; in 1814 the Essay college report, couple fled to Anatomy France and What i write paper on, later they decided to holes kidney rent a country house on the banks of Lake Geneva near Villa Diodati. It was there that the writing. Frankenstein , John Keats , Mary Shelley 2601 Words | 7 Pages. Samuel Taylor Coleridge Romanticism.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a poem which forged the beginnings of the romantic era in which Coleridge lived. . Whilst still containing vivid imagery characteristic of the romantic era, its ballad form and its internal archaisms reflect another more ancient period of literature, though no specific one. Part three of the poem entails the mariner recounting the should paper, crew's thirst and the sighting of the ship, which turned out to be a form of Anatomy holes, ghost ship which carried Death and. Albatross , Poetic form , Poetry 1059 Words | 3 Pages. Samuel Coleridge - The Rime of Best college essay 2014, The Ancient Mariner. ?Interplay between philosophy and and physiology kidney, piety In Coleridge’s “The Rime of Write on a online, The Ancient Mariner” Samuel Coleridge was a very influential poet who . left his mark upon and physiology holes kidney the next generations of scholarship, poets and writers. His work has been approved by many people like Wordsworth for instance. One of his most famous poems is “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.” In this poem Coleridge creates unique image in which the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, interplay between nature, religion and his own philosophy on service the world, builds the very essence of Anatomy and physiology holes, this. Albatross , Lyrical Ballads , Nature 1989 Words | 6 Pages. Imaginitive Journey (Coleridge and College, the Matrix) Analysis. uncomfortably quiet surroundings are brought to attention. Coleridge tries to leave his physical body and enter his mind.

He presents the . concept of solitude and peacefulness with his wandering and reminiscent mind. He wants us to understand his boredom with the monotony of his life and his longing for holes kidney escape. There is a close link between his past and present and Write on a online, as he was deprived of nature as a child and and physiology kidney, longed for scholarship essay writing vcu it during his school days. Coleridge uses the boredom of his present to bring back the memories. Mind , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , The Animatrix 1359 Words | 4 Pages. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Don Juan. beauty……(keats) 9. was it avision or a waking dream………(keats) 10. now more than ever seems…………(keats) 11. Anatomy? away away……………………….(keats) 12. ah happy boughs . …..(keats) 13. blu glossy green and velvet black.( Coleridge ) 14. the ice wqas here………….. ( Coleridge ) 15. about about in Divide term polyarteritis, real rout………….. ( Coleridge ) 16. but oftt in lonely rooms(wordsworth) 17.for I have learned…….(wordsworth 18. a motion and spirit…………(wordsworth 19.breeak this heavy chain…..(blake) 20.how thw chimney. Albatross , Don Juan , George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron 427 Words | 3 Pages.

Critical Analysis of Kubla Khan by S.T. Coleridge. In the and physiology kidney, poem Kubla Khan by Samuel Coleridge , language is used to convey images from Divide term paper polyarteritis, Coleridge's imagination. Holes Kidney? This is done with the paper, use of . vocabulary, imagery, structure, use of contrasts, rhythm and sound devices such as alliteration and assonance. By conveying his imagination by using language, the and physiology holes kidney, vocabulary used by Coleridge is of great importance. Essay Report Bullying? The five lines of the poem Kubla Khan sound like a chant or incantation, and and physiology, help suggest mystery and supernatural themes of the poem. Another important. Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1616 Words | 5 Pages.

the “renaissance of wonder”. Coleridge (1772-1834) is one of the greatest of romantic poets who touched lightly on all the keys of poetic . expression, but he remains unequaled in one sphere of poetry – that is supernatural. Before Coleridge supernatural element had applied in English literature (apart from drama) in Divide, the works of Horace Walpole, Mrs. Ann Radcliff and Monk Lewis. Anatomy? While planning a new volume of poems to be jointly written by Wordsworth and Coleridge , Coleridge undertook to deal with the. John Keats , Middle Ages , Poetry 902 Words | 3 Pages.

Taylor Coleridge called lyrical ballads that pushed the Romantic period forward. One of Coleridge’s more popular poems called Kubla Khan . represents the romantic period well, the Write on a online, name referring to the ancient Mongol emperor. The first half of the poem is holes kidney a vivid description of a fantasy place in the fictional land of Xanadu. The pleasure-dome is what he referred to it as, “where ALPH, the Essay report bullying, sacred river, ran through caverns measureless to man down to a sunless sea.” ( Coleridge 670) He then. Gothic fiction , John Keats , Kubla Khan 2336 Words | 6 Pages. ultimately unsatisfactory -- not because it is and physiology wrong, but rather because it imposes too rigorously schematic a meaning on Essay college bullying the poem and presupposes a . theoretical precision beyond Coleridge's grasp in 1797. Since Kubla Khan was composed well before Coleridge had worked out, even in outline, the Anatomy holes kidney, major tenets of his critical theory, it is impossible to see how it can properly be interpreted as an illustration and symbolic embodiment of critical principles that had not yet been formulated.

This is not to. Carl Jung , Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan 1913 Words | 5 Pages. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Depresion- True or false. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Depression- True or false? This paper will explore whether Samuel Taylor Coleridge had suffered . from depression or not. In order to explore the paper, issue I will first explain what Depression is and its symptoms. Later on I will analyze four of the symptoms with reflection to and physiology holes kidney two of Coleridge’s poems in order to see if I can find any hints to depression in them. Depression significantly affects a person's family and Divide, personal relationships, work or school life, sleeping. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder , Bipolar disorder , Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 799 Words | 3 Pages. Comparison of the Supernatural in Coleridge’s Kubla Khan and Christabel.

three poems The Ancient Mariner, Christabel , and Kubla Khan and the conversational group which includes the poems like The Eolian Harp, Frost . At Midnight, the Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, irregular ode Dejection and To William Wordsworth. The later poems Limbo and Ne Plus Ultra mark a kind of return to bullying the daemonic mode. The poems of the daemonic group bring out Coleridge’s preoccupation with the imaginative, the occult and the supernatural. Though pre-eminently a poet of the supernatural, Coleridge differs from the school of Gothic. Demon , Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan 3528 Words | 10 Pages. Romanticism - Samual Taylor Coleridge Joseph Turner. Khan' and Joseph Turner's painting Snowstorm: steamboat off a harbour's mouth – reveal how the human imaginative appreciation of the natural world is able to and physiology kidney . transcend physical limitations as well as the Best, restrictions of Anatomy and physiology kidney, technology and logic. Coleridge , in particular, was a true proponent of the Romantic tradition. He described the uniting of reason and feeling as ‘intellectual intuition’ and saw imagination as ‘the ultimate synthesising faculty, enabling humans to reconcile differences and opposites.

Aesthetics , Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan 1297 Words | 4 Pages. Poetry Analysis - Coleridge, Tennyson, Hopkins, and Wordsworth. tale, teaching a universal lesson on nature’s value and the earth’s deserving of respect. Best College Essay Argumentative? Coleridge uses both dialogue and varying perspective . to establish a credibility in his work. Anatomy And Physiology? An omniscient narrator speaks of an instance where the “bright-eyed” Mariner tells his story to a wedding-guest and the effect the tale has on him; “a sadder and a wiser man, / He rise the morrow morn” ( Coleridge 624-625).

Coleridge often utilizes the effect of exclamation points when the Divide polyarteritis, Mariner is speaking to convey his. England , John Keats , Poetry 1838 Words | 5 Pages. On what account does Coleridge attack Wordsworth's views on poetic diction. Wordsworth and Coleridge came together early in life. It was in 1796, that they were frequently together, and out of their mutual discussion . arose the various theories which Wordsworth embodied in his Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, and which he tried to put into practice in Anatomy, the poems. Coleridge claimed credit for these theories and Write online, said they were, “half the child of his brain.” But later on, his views underwent a change, he no longer agreed with Wordsworth’s theories, and so criticised them in Chapter. England , Life , Man 1661 Words | 5 Pages. How Coleridge, Shelley and Wordsworth Carried Out Their Aesthetic Principles. How Coleridge , Shelley and Wordsworth Carried Out Their Aesthetic Principles Poetry, according to the definition of Percy Bysshe Shelley, . is the expression of the Anatomy holes, imagination (696).

Samuel Taylor Coleridge would agree with this concise definition. On the Community service, contrary, William Wordsworth said that, no words which imagination can suggest, will be compared with those which are the emanations of reality and truth (336). Wordsworth also differed from Shelley and Coleridge in his approach to Anatomy and physiology writing. England , Lake District , Mary Shelley 1087 Words | 5 Pages. the poetry of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Browning. Coleridge who is a romantic poet has displayed gothic themes in some . his work such as, “The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner” and “ Christabel ”. Browning who writes at a later Victorian period displays similar themes in What should my history, poems such as “My Last Duchess” and Anatomy and physiology holes kidney, “Porphyria’s Lover”. By exploring both poets work we may begin to have an understanding of the gothic tale in Write on a paper online, poetry, as well as the gothic figure.

Both “ Christabel ” and “Porphyria’s Lover” have. Edgar Allan Poe , Gothic fiction , Mary Shelley 1676 Words | 4 Pages. Offer a Close Comparative Reading of the and physiology holes, Treatment of the Imagination in Barbauld's, 'to Mr Coleridge' and Coleridge's 'This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison.' Offer a close comparative reading of the treatment of the imagination in Best college essay 2014 argumentative, Barbauld's, 'To Mr Coleridge ' and and physiology holes, Coleridge's 'This Lime-Tree Bower My . Prison.' Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born in 1772, in Ottery St Mary in Devonshire. Argumentative? During the Anatomy and physiology holes, Romantic era at a time of What should i write paper on, revolution from 1770-1830. At this time Britain’s economy was experiencing the industrial revolution, consequently creating radical class divisions and holes kidney, an extremely large scale of dissatisfaction between the lower classes and the wealthy. John Keats , Mary Shelley , Poetry 2429 Words | 7 Pages.

How Does Coleridge in 'the Rime of the Ancient Mariner' and 'Kubla Kha. How Does Coleridge in 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' and 'Kubla Khan' Show the papers, Interrelatedness Between Mankind, Nature and the Poetic . Experience? Coleridge expresses many thoughtful and rather intense ideas in his poetry, through using either peculiar or common images of all forms of Anatomy holes kidney, nature ie human, environmental or supernatural. His poetic expression is unique in its use of college bullying, extraordinary imagery and transition of mood yet he what he creates usually conforms to holes numerous literary techniques. Expression , Gene expression , Human 810 Words | 3 Pages. Sin Penance and Redemption in Samuel Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner remains tangible and historical based to disseminate the realities of many beliefs and conducts made in different scenarios people found themselves in. ‘The . Essay College? Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ is one of the longest poems in writing history written by Samuel Coleridge in 1798 (Rubasky, 1).

Ideas of sin, penance, and redemption are denotable from this poem in relation to the ancient approaches of acts of sin, the encountering of the sinners, and the relatable redemption after several befalling of scenarios as discussed. Albatross , England , Lyrical Ballads 1177 Words | 4 Pages. How Does Coleridge Being Telling the Story in Part 1 of the and physiology, Rime of the Ancient Mariner? How does Coleridge begin telling the story in Community service research papers, Part 1? In the first line of this poem, we meet the protagonist, “The Ancient Mariner”, who . manages to Anatomy holes get hold of one of the Divide term polyarteritis, guests to holes the wedding that he is attending in order to tell him the story of his journey on a “bright” and “cold” day. Against the will of the wedding guest, the Ancient Mariner spends the remainder of Part 1 describing his tale in detail; which eventually leads to the shooting of a magnificent and supposedly good omen of college bullying, an. Albatross , Narrative , Narrative poetry 956 Words | 3 Pages. New Models of Poetry as Reflected in holes kidney, the Romantic Works of Blake, Wordsworth, and Coleridge. authors focused on creating perfect pieces of report, literature, and hoped that by some means their work would be considered ?sublime'. With the coming of the . Industrial Revolution and the age of Romanticism, several poets such as Blake, Wordsworth, and Anatomy kidney, Coleridge sought the ?sublime' within the realms of nature.

The Romantics began to create a new model of poetry through focusing on the feelings or subjects of the poets mind instead of traditional methods. Alexander Pope would be considered one of the. England , English literature , John Keats 1537 Words | 5 Pages. Analyse the poem 'The Eolian Harp' by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and comment on the poetic form and language used and the way they contribute to term paper the meaning and and physiology holes kidney, effects of the What should i write paper, poem. The Eolian Harp by Samuel Taylor Coleridge , can be described as the musings of a man thinking about his love for Anatomy holes kidney his wife Sara, the beauty of . nature and about the wonder of God in essay 2014, providing him with both nature and Sara. The voice of the poem is Anatomy kidney Coleridge himself as it refers to Divide term Sara, his wife at the time of writing. It is a Romantic poem as it deals with a mixture of traditional Romantic themes: those of strong feelings, the importance of the imagination and the idea of the sublime, and the natural. Blank verse , Iambic pentameter , John Milton 1723 Words | 5 Pages. Themes The Transformative Power of the Anatomy holes kidney, Imagination Coleridge believed that a strong, active imagination could become a vehicle for transcending . unpleasant circumstances.

Many of his poems are powered exclusively by imaginative flights, wherein the speaker temporarily abandons his immediate surroundings, exchanging them for an entirely new and completely fabricated experience. Report Bullying? Using the imagination in this way is both empowering and surprising because it encourages a total and complete disrespect. Frost at Midnight , God , Kubla Khan 1666 Words | 5 Pages. KUBLA KHAN 1797 Samuel Taylor Coleridge The Romantic Movement changed the way art and literature represented the world by Anatomy and physiology holes kidney focusing on . What My History On? emotions, nature, and imagination. This emphasis can be seen in and physiology kidney, the work of College scholarship essay writing vcu, Samuel Taylor Coleridge , one of the most in?uential poets of the era. In his poem “Kubla Khan,” Coleridge used dreamlike imagery to describe the fabulous palace of Anatomy and physiology kidney, a Mongol emperor. The poem shows the author’s interest in the mysterious and the exotic, as well as the beauty and Write online, savagery. Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 570 Words | 4 Pages. ”“The Solitary Reaper,” “Michael,” “The Ruined Cottage” From The Prelude, Book, I and II. “Lucy Gray” Week VII: Wordsworth Week VIII: . Coleridge , Conversation Poems: “The Eolian Harp” “Reflections on Having Left and Place of Retirement” “This Lime-Tree Bower my Prison” “Frost and Midnight” “Dejection: An Ode” Week IX: Coleridge “The Rime,” “Kubla Khan,” “ Christabel ,” from Biographia Literaria, Chapter I Week X: Byron from Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, from Don Juan Week XI: Shelley “Mont Blanc,” “To. England , John Keats , Mary Shelley 536 Words | 3 Pages. Romanticism in poetry, William Blake, William Wordsworth, P. Coleridge, Robert Burns, Shelley, Keats.

generation of romanticism the first generation are William Blake, William Wordsworth, P. Coleridge , Robert Burns. And the second generation is . Anatomy Kidney? Shelley, Keats, and Byron. Wordsworth is the most famous of the romantic poets and College scholarship, his most productive years took only ten years although he had lived 80 years. He was a great supporter of French Revolution. The main differences between Coleringe and Wordsworth is holes that Coleridge believes in education and was fond of Essay college bullying, reading whereas Wordsworth believes in Anatomy holes, the education. George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron , John Keats , Mary Shelley 735 Words | 3 Pages. people feel at Community service research papers, home and relaxed. Both Coleridge and Wordsworth found this same serenity in nature. And Physiology Holes Kidney? Watching the beautiful flowers blow in Community, . the wind gave Wordsworth a sense of peacefulness, one that could not be compared to any manmade object. He describes a sense of Anatomy and physiology, ultimate joyfulness, where one could not but be happy while watching the my history on, majestic flowers dance.

Wordsworth has opened his mind to the beauty of Anatomy, nature, allowing it to be saved in his mind. Should My History Paper On? Coleridge finds this ultimate joyfulness watching. Appreciation , England , English-language films 476 Words | 2 Pages. ?Sylvia Pankhurst Sylvia Pankhurst is the daughter of Dr. Richard Pankhurst and Emmeline Pankhurst.

Sylivia was born in Manchester, England on the 5th of . May 1882. Holes Kidney? She had a older sister Christabel Pankhurst and another sister Adela Pankhurst. Sylvia’s dad was a strong advocate for Community papers the Women’s Suffrage and was the main cause for two laws which passed, one in 1869 and one in 1870. In 1866 Sylvia’s family moved to London. Richard and Emmeline continued their involvement in and physiology holes kidney, the struggle for women's. Adela Pankhurst , Christabel Pankhurst , Emmeline Pankhurst 669 Words | 2 Pages. paying special attention to the romantic interpretation of Community research, art and the status of the artist/poet.

Along with “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(1798) . and “ Christabel ” (1816), “Kubla Khan” is one of Coleridge’s most famous and impressive poems. These poems deal with supernatural events. Holes Kidney? At the time of the poem’s publication, Coleridge calls Kubla Khan a “fragment” and subtitles it “A Vision in a Dream”, adding an paper polyarteritis introductory note explaining its unusual origin. And Physiology Holes? The poet remarked that after taking. John Keats , Kubla Khan , Kublai Khan 1070 Words | 4 Pages. How does Coleridge in 'The Rime of the paper polyarteritis, Ancient Mariner' and 'Kubla Khan' show the interrelatedness between mankind, nature and holes, the poetic experience? Coleridge expresses many thoughtful and rather intense ideas in his poetry, through using either peculiar or common images of all forms of . Community Service? nature ie human, environmental or supernatural. His poetic expression is unique in holes kidney, its use of extraordinary imagery and transition of mood yet he what he creates usually conforms to numerous literary techniques. The recurring theme in many of his poems is that of man's harmony with nature, and Community service research, this idea, combined with his bizarre and even eccentric poetic. Expression , Gene expression , Human 723 Words | 5 Pages. from the holes, country to the cities, the Divide term, Napoleon final battle of Waterloo in 1815 left many soldiers unemployed, and many social problems took over these years . (Peterloo massacre, 1819).

In literature, poets wanted a revolution too, Wordsworth and Coleridge changed the Anatomy holes, way poetry was conceived in contrast with the period that came before, the Augustan Age. A change in the vocabulary used in the poems, much simpler than in Divide term polyarteritis, the Augustans. Now, emotions were important, the feelings and the imagination. George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron , John Keats , Mary Shelley 1250 Words | 5 Pages. Platonism, Kant, Locke, and new German idealism Coleridge’s poetry reflected Christian Pantheism and spirituality. And Physiology Kidney? Although Coleridge was . Papers? outraged by the carnage of the Anatomy holes, French Revolution, he was experimental with poetic style, mirroring the revolutionary tide in Romanticism’s political paradigms, using language as ‘a new source of freedom’.

The Romantic ideologies presented by Coleridge remain impressionable to this day due to polyarteritis the remarkable sentiments he captures in Anatomy, his conversational poems, particularly. Gothic fiction , Jane Austen , Mary Shelley 3412 Words | 11 Pages. The Early Romantic Era: the Second Greatest Romantic Era in English Literature. happened in intellectual life and literature. Particularly in Write on a, literature, Romantic writing is mostly poetry. For the Anatomy, changes occurred in almost all aspects . of life, the literature fields also were expected to Essay college bullying transform especially by Wordsworth and Coleridge . Anatomy Kidney? They wanted to contrast the poetic language and theme with the Augustan Age. When Augustans thought that feelings and imagination were dangerous, Romantics thought that reason and intellect, as Augustans was concerned, were dangerous. They were.

England , John Keats , Poetry 1994 Words | 6 Pages. Taylor Coleridge 3. William Blake 4. Lord Byron 5. Percy Shelley 6. John Keats XIII) William Wordsworth . A. 1770-1850 1. College? Wrote a collection of a. Lyrical Ballads B. Married Childhood Friend a. Mary Hutchinson b. Had five children C. Career Began in 1793 D. Anatomy Holes? Made references to natural beauty in a. “ I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” b. Service? “The World is too Much with Us” XIV) Samuel Taylor Coleridge A. 1772-1834 . England , George III of the United Kingdom , John Keats 415 Words | 4 Pages. by selling his paintings Samuel Taylor Coleridge - obsessed with metaphor, use of symbols - Kubla Khan - Dreaming visions, fragmentary . thoughts ? force us to Anatomy and physiology kidney use our own imagination - Keen readers should read everything – because of a lot of Divide paper, references in his poetry - Pleasure atmosphere; symbols – moon = forecast of Anatomy and physiology, sth tragic, sun = positive - Coleridge – The Prince of the Essay college bullying, Ancient Mariner (negative symbol – killing of the albatross) - Christabel – draw his into tragedy - * poem – 5 miles. George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron , John Keats , Kubla Khan 664 Words | 3 Pages. Using the Work of Either Wordsworth or Coleridge, Show How Romanticism Constituted a Radical Break with the Techniques and Anatomy, Subject Matter of What Had Gone Before. Using the Write, work of and physiology holes kidney, EITHER Wordsworth or Coleridge , show how Romanticism constituted a radical break with the techniques and subject matter of . what had gone before. Wordsworth was the beginning of a new genre of writing.

In the late18th century a lot of society and writing focussed around order and reason, however Wordsworth romantic and What i write my history on, naturalistic writing created a tremendous break through. Holes Kidney? With the Essay college report, joint efforts and collaboration with Samuel Coleridge he published ‘Lyrical Ballads’ which helped. England , John Keats , Lyrical Ballads 1125 Words | 4 Pages. Definitions of somes literary terms. (”(la demoiselle d’honneur)/”A new way to pay old debts”--- Philip Massingerdept”--- 10-“Allegro and Anatomy holes kidney, Pensero”/”Paradise lost”/”, paradise regained”---John . What? Milton. 11-“Arcadia”--- Philip Sydney 12-“Lyrical ballads”---W. Wordsworth S. Taylor Coleridge . 13-“Tuttle’s miscellany”---Thomas Wyatt Surrey 14-“The Faerie Queene”--- Edmund Spenser 14-“Fairy queens”--- 15-“The honest Whore”/”Stairmaster”---Thomas Dekker” 16-“Journal intime”---Samuel Pepys 17-“Astrea Redux”/”Annus Mirabilis”(chronicle). John Milton , Lake District , Literature 1396 Words | 10 Pages. women's suffrage movement. And Physiology? However he died in 1898, leaving Emmeline a widow.

In 1889, Emmeline founded the Women's Franchise League, which fought to . allow married women to vote in local elections. In October 1903, along with her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, she helped found the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) - whose members were the first to be christened 'suffragettes'. The WSPU was more militant than the Women's Franchise League and The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. Christabel Pankhurst , Elections , Emmeline Pankhurst 375 Words | 2 Pages. Woman's Social and Political Union. WSPU and NUWSS membership. The NUWSS membership rose from under 6,000 in 1907 to on a paper over 50,000 by 1913. They were taken seriously because of their violent . campaigns whereas the peaceful campaigns had been unsuccessful in the past. For example in 1905 Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenny interrupted one of Churchill's election meetings. This incident gained more publicity than a whole year of peaceful campaigning could have done.

Some women felt it was their duty to help with the campaign after witnessing. Christabel Pankhurst , Emmeline Pankhurst , National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies 646 Words | 2 Pages. How Far Do These Sources Suggest the Wspu Was Run Undemocratically? formal equality. There are many similarities between sources 1 and 3 which show that the WSPU was run undemocratically. Firstly, in and physiology holes, both of these sources . the need for organisation and smooth running is highly emphasised. Source 1 is written by Christabel Pankhurst who was the leader of the WSPU. This means the source is term paper polyarteritis primary evidence as it was written by Anatomy and physiology holes not just a member of the Write online, society but by someone who ran it, resulting in us receiving firsthand knowledge on the nature of the WSPU. And Physiology Kidney? “The founders. Christabel Pankhurst , Democracy , Emmeline Pankhurst 827 Words | 2 Pages. sought for term paper polyarteritis its own sake.

Romantic nature poetry is essentially a poetry of meditation. Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a good example of Anatomy and physiology kidney, a true . poet of nature. His attitude towards nature is Best college essay 2014 full of respect and more intensified than the poetry of Goldsmith or Burns. He found comfort in and physiology holes, nature. As if everything he wanted to Divide term polyarteritis express whether it was good or bad, it was expressed through nature. “ Coleridge sees himself alone with nature and he is overly joyous in this solitude. Anatomy And Physiology Kidney? He considers man a part of nature. John Keats , Kubla Khan , Mary Shelley 2937 Words | 6 Pages. (a) How far do sources 11 and 12 challenge the Divide polyarteritis, view presented in source 10 about the conduct of the police on Black Friday? people saw her death as an important issue; The Times had to and physiology keep their readers happy and show sympathy for such a sacrifice. Source 11 pretty much . Community Papers? displays a complete opposite view of Anatomy, Emily Davison's death compared to source 10. This is because Christabel Pankhurst was a fellow campaigner for woman's suffrage in the Women's Social and Political Union, (source 11 is an extract from Pankhurst's autobiography, Unshackled).

Pankhurst gives a much more positive and most likely biased view on the actions. Christabel Pankhurst , Emmeline Pankhurst , Newspaper 559 Words | 2 Pages.