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richard ii essay This study guide is intended for students taking exams at GCE Advanced (A2) and synopsis Advanced Supplementary (AS) level in the UK, but is suitable for university students and the general reader who is interested in themes community Shakespeare's plays. Please use the hyperlinks in the table above to navigate this page. If you have any comments or suggestions to make about this page, please contact me by clicking on this link. This guide is written to Anne synopsis, support your study of Richard II . The guide indicates the Obama essay terms in Anne synopsis which examiners will expect you to understand the play. It should be used in conjunction with study of Richard II in performance, as far as possible, and of the text in How to create a thesis statement for an essay one or more editions designed for study at your level. What other resources should you use? This depends on your own aptitude and readiness for study.

But any serious Advanced level student should expect to use at least some of the following: Editions of the play: The most authoritative version is the Arden edition. Most students will find this challenging, although the introduction is well worth reading. The New Cambridge edition is good (but uses archaic spelling of names) while sound editions are published by Penguin and Macmillan. For critical writing about the play, you should use the Casebook anthology (Ed. Nicholas Brooke, Macmillan, 1973): read the introduction, and study essays selectively, but those by E. Frank Synopsis? H. Kantorowicz and A. P. Rossiter are strongly recommended. The introductions to statement essay, the Cambridge and Macmillan texts are recommended, especially Cambridge edn. pp. Anne Frank Book Synopsis? 16-43 ( Structure, Imagery, Language and Staging ) and Macmillan pp. 4-14 ( When degree is shak'd - the political background ) and pp. 23-37 ( People and pattern in Richard II ). At a more basic level the guides from Brodie's Notes (Pan, 1985) and York Notes (Longman) may help you.

For general background information about Shakespeare, Ms. Marchette Chute's Shakespeare and his Stage (University of London, 1953) is hard to beat. Literature reference: Useful handbooks for essay the general study of English literature include The Cambridge Guide to English Literature and The Oxford Guide to Anne book synopsis, English Literature , J. A. Themes? Cuddon's Dictionary of Literary Terms (Penguin, 1982) and Anne frank book synopsis Richard Gill's Mastering English Literature (Macmillan, 1985). Use these books effectively: do not try to read them for extended periods like a story (unless you have unusual intellectual powers!) Study for short periods, then write down simple statements of what you want to remember, or questions to raise in class discussion. Other people's study guides (like this one) are never as effective as your own. You may wish to use any or all of the following ways of owning your study of this play: Customize books/guides with pencil markings, icons, inserts or highlighting. If you have access to suitable computer software, ask for copies of project students files, and adapt them for your learning. Make audio tapes of parts of the play and book synopsis your comments on them, as well as recording spoken essays. Put essential information/quotation on Post-It notes, and display these where you will see them frequently. Richard II is the first play in a series of four (the others are Henry IV, Parts i and ii and Henry V ), the second such series which Shakespeare wrote (the first - perhaps his very first work - was the three parts of Henry VI, followed by Richard III ). In these Shakespeare examines questions of politics (especially kingship, authority and order) which we meet in others of his plays.

Here, however, these issues are considered in relation to real events as known to the writer or his public. At this point, it makes sense to consider whether Shakespeare is a truthful or inaccurate historian, and what a history play is. If you don't know, find out! As a term to describe a category (kind) of play, tragedy (which means goat song in students classical Greek!) originates in frank synopsis Athens in ancient times. Aristotle (a philosopher and scientist, but no playwright) describes rules or principles for the drama which tragedians should follow. These rules have proved helpful as a working description, but should not be seen as absolute: Shakespeare, in practice, ignores them more or less. Comedy is a term applied to the humorous plays of Thesis Greek (e.g. Aristophanes) and later Roman (e.g. Terence) dramatists.

For Shakespeare, a comedy is a play with a happy ending - it may or may not be comical in the modern sense of book being humorous. In trying to arrange Shakespeare's work into categories (as for publication in book form) editors have produced a third category, of histories . More recently critics have noted that Shakespeare's latest plays do not fit any of these categories easily. Thus we have problem plays (or tragi-comedies) in Measure for Measure and Community essay school students All's Well that Ends Well and pastoral plays or romances in Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest . You should know that these labels were not consistently or even commonly applied in Shakespeare's time. Plays classed as tragedies (such as Macbeth ) may have a clearly historical subject. Many of our #147;histories#148; were advertised as tragedies at the time of their performance. This has led to pointless arguments, as to whether Shakespeare wrote Richard II or Richard III as history or tragedy: the dispute implies a distinction which may not have existed for Anne book the writer. For the modern student it does, however, pose a question which is worthy of consideration: how historical subjects may allow the playwright to develop tragic themes. Obama Essay? When our play appeared in print the title page read: The Tragedie of King Richard the Second.

The modern student has better access to detailed and accurate accounts of the events depicted in the history plays than Shakespeare did. We do know, however, that he had a good outline knowledge of the history, and that at points he referred to known sources which are extant (that is, still available to us). Most school editions of the plays will list these. It is clear that in places, Shakespeare will change details to synopsis, suit his needs as a dramatist. Law School Help? There is a good example of this in Anne frank synopsis Richard II and essay the Henry IV plays: as he wishes to present Prince Hal (later Henry V) and Henry Hotspur Percy as rivals for power in the realm, Shakespeare depicts them as of the same age; in Anne fact, Percy was a contemporary of Henry IV, old enough to be Hal's father.

In these same plays, we meet a character called Mortimer (after Richard's death, Henry IV's rival claimant to the throne): two (related) historical Mortimers have been conflated (made into one) to suit the service essay for high purposes of the drama. There is a genuine question for Anne scholars in how far the change was knowingly made, but it seems Shakespeare will not let the facts get in the way of a good story! The dramatic form enables Shakespeare to present characters who voice all kinds of opinions, from which we may, if we wish, attempt to infer the playwright's own view. Such inference is at best tentative: it may lead to a muddled attempt to understand the plays in terms of a modern political outlook. Thus, individualists like Richard II or Hotspur (Harry Percy) are seen as dashing and romantic (in 19th or 20th century terms) while the pragmatic Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV) is seen as devious and dishonest: almost certainly these are judgements which would not have occurred to Shakespeare or his audience. Shakespeare writes at a time when a period of peace at home has created the very conditions in Law school assignment help of sines England which have allowed the professional theatre to emerge and flourish, but where this peace is threatened by the ageing queen Elizabeth's lack of an frank synopsis heir. There is no doubt that his plays (history, comedy and tragedy) all reflect a horror of anarchy and a preoccupation with finding a balance between toleration of harmless pleasure and restraint of harmful lawlessness. Community Project For High School Students? In order to explore these themes, Shakespeare locates his stories in Anne book synopsis other (real or imagined) times and Buy narrative places.

In referring to his own times (as at the end of Richard III and the very late history Henry VIII ) he is careful to praise the book synopsis Tudors generally and Elizabeth particularly, as he also does by Buy narrative jealousy, implication in A Midsummer Night's Dream in the figure of the childless Titania. In the Anne frank book second history cycle, beginning with Richard II , Shakespeare considers the king's divine (God-given) right to rule. Though given by God, this right may be forfeited by The help essay themes community, the king's failure to exercise it (this is Richard's fault). Technically, Henry is neither usurper nor rebel, because Richard freely abdicates. Frank Book? While he lives, however, Richard will always be a figurehead for new rebellions of the discontented.

Henry, seeing this, reluctantly gives the Obama essay hint which leads to Richard's murder. This is the murder of Anne frank book a man only (he is no longer king) yet the murderer receives not thanks but banishment from the kingdom, on pain of Community service project essay for high school students death: Henry's genuine grief at Richard's killing is something most modern audiences find difficult. In the two parts of Henry IV , we see how Henry, though his claim to the throne is weaker (on paper) than that of his rival, Mortimer, proves his right to Anne frank book, rule by Law school assignment help of sines, uniting the country, resisting many attempted revolts and providing a model heir, in his son, Hal. Feeling guilty for Richard's death, Henry intends to launch a crusade, but never finds a safe time. He wrongly thinks Hal to be a delinquent and, even more wrongly, admires Hotspur, the son of his friend-turned-enemy, Northumberland. When Hal becomes king, he has no blood on his hands, and the intended religious crusade becomes more a national expedition of conquest.

Henry V is a celebration of Hal's almost legendary exploits in France, culminating in the great reversal of the odds at Agincourt. In this play, Shakespeare shows a great interest in dramatic rhetoric and in symmetry or balance . Synopsis? For the audience (then as much as now) it has two potential weaknesses: these are the lack of comic interludes, and the lack of action. Of the second of these, since there is action of a kind, but much of it ritualized, ceremonial or in formal gesture , more must be said later. The plot of the play in outline is Obama essay that of the contrasting fortunes of the principals: King Richard , at the height of his powers, banishes Henry Bolingbroke (Bullingbrook, in early editions) Earl of Derby and Duke of Hereford, and heir to the estate of John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster. Henry is banished as a result of Richard's treachery: his (and Richard's) uncle, the Anne Duke of themes community Gloucester, has been killed by Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, almost certainly on Richard's orders. Bolingbroke accuses Mowbray of treason, a charge he denies, but which is to be proved or refuted in a tournament. Book Synopsis? Richard sets the Obama essay time (St. Lambert's Day) and place (Coventry) for the tournament. He presides over it but halts it at the last moment: if Bolingbroke wins, Richard's guilt will emerge; if Mowbray wins, he will have the king at a disadvantage. So Richard banishes both, but remits the sentence to a shorter time in Henry's case. On the death of Gaunt, Richard seizes his estates to fund a military expedition to Ireland.

Powerful lords, notably the Northumberland Percy family and other northern lords, observing Richard's mismanagement of the country and his unjust dealing, encourage Henry to return in Richard's absence (in Ireland). Frank Synopsis? The forces Richard has left to guard against such an event either melt away or join Henry, who justifies returning before his sentence is complete by a technicality: he was banished as Hereford; he returns as Lancaster. Richard's actions have been influenced by his favourites, three of whom Henry executes. On his return, Richard virtually surrenders to Henry. While Henry is reluctant to assume the Community service project for high office of king, Northumberland pushes him to exploit his power and Anne frank book synopsis popularity, and Richard is all too ready to abdicate.

Once he has given up his throne, Richard, imprisoned in Pomfret (Pontefract) castle becomes a problem which Henry can only solve by assignment help of sines, murder, though he wishes to have no part in it. The play ends with an Anne anticipation of a thesis statement Henry's worries about book synopsis his son, Hal, who has acquired a reputation for foolish and degenerate behaviour. Although he shows us how Henry gains and Richard loses power, Shakespeare is careful not to express a single judgement on Community service project essay school, the (real) events he depicts. Rather, a range of viewpoints can be found, of which more must be said later. Shakespeare wrote plays to be seen in a complete performance which would (for Richard II ) last about two hours. The play would be performed by daylight (between about two and four o'clock) in the purpose-built open air theatres, or with artificial light (lanterns and candles) in private houses of wealthy patrons. The plays were not written to be read or studied and copies of the text were originally made (hand-written) for the use of the performers. It is Anne synopsis important to bear this in How to create mind when you are required to study the play as a text (with extensive editorial comment) on which you will be examined. Shakespeare's company was the most successful of its day, and his plays filled the theatres.

Many (most?) of the audience in a public performance would lack education and be technically illiterate, but these were people for Anne frank book whom the spoken word was of greater value than is the assignment help of sines case today: they would be more attentive, more sensitive to patterns of verse and rhyme, and to Anne, imagery (word pictures). Shakespeare's scenes represent changes in time or place, but not of scenery, which would be minimal or non-existent. Basic stage furniture would serve a variety of purposes, but stage properties and The help themes community costume would be more elaborate and suggestive. Anne Synopsis? A range of gestures and How to create for an essay movements with conventional connotations of meaning was used, but we are not sure today how these were performed. In order to understand a play, we have to work harder than did the Elizabethan audience.

To see a play entire (in the theatre or on film), without interruption save for frank the interval, may be needed for us to appreciate Shakespeare's strong sense of Community service project essay for high students narrative drive, and to see how the text is not the Anne frank book work but a (loose) blueprint for performance . On the other hand, study of text and editors' notes may be necessary for us to appreciate some of the attitudes the contemporary audience brought into the theatre. The Help Themes? Such notes may explain images and highlight patterns or structures which otherwise we might not hear, or explain semantic change (changes of Anne frank meaning) in words or phrases used by jealousy, the playwright to convey important ideas to his audience. The instant pleasure of experiencing a work of art (say a feature film or soap-opera or first-person novel) which uses conventions and a range of cultural references which we at once understand is unlikely ever to be found by Anne book synopsis, us in watching Shakespeare in performance. Thesis Of Phd? What is amazing is that so much is still accessible, and that by adapting the frank delivery of lines, and giving some visual clues, performers can make the plays work today. The division of plays into five acts is more apparent to the dramatist (to whom it gives an idea of how the play's narrative structure will appear in performance) than to the audience (though modern audiences often know act and scene numbers). For the student, the numbering of acts and scenes is of enormous importance in identifying a given point in the narrative.

When quoting a passage, always give act and scene number, while line numbers are helpful, too. When you begin revision, make a mental map of the play, so you know what occurs in each scene. Essay Jealousy? List the scenes down the page. Frank Book? After the scene number write no more than ten words about what happens. Follow this with a phrase from a notable speech. Buy Narrative? e.g. I, iii: The tournament - halted; the disputants banished: . such is the Anne frank synopsis breath of kings (line 214) II, i: Death of Gaunt - Richard seizes his estates: This royal throne of kings. (line 40) IV, i: The deposition scene: Are you contented to resign the crown? (line 199) These are only suggestions.

Choose a speech which is a clue to you. Community Service Project For High Students? For an outline which you can adapt or customize, click here. The structure of the play in acts. This is not rigid or mechanical, but there is a fairly simple scheme one can see, whereby Richard's fortunes decline as Bolingbroke's go up (he gains ascendancy). But the play ends with hints of trouble to come for the new ruler. You also should be aware of the relationship between public/ceremonial and private/intimate scenes or episodes.

Finally it is worth making a plan of each act, identifying episodes/speeches in which the principal themes are presented. None of this is a guarantee of success in an exam. It is Anne frank book essential preparation, to give you the material you need to succeed. General comment on each act of the play. This act establishes a pattern which Shakespeare more or less sustains for service project essay for high school students the whole play, of alternating scenes of Anne frank book a public or formal character with private, informal or intimate scenes. Law School Help? This is important in establishing a sense of the characters we meet as occupying a public rôle or office and of the private person behind the public face.

This will be an important idea in this play, as in the subsequent Henry plays. The ceremonial of the opening at Richard's court and Anne the third scene (the aborted tournament at Coventry) alternates with two intimate scenes: in the second scene we see Gloucester's widow unable to move the patient Gaunt to vengeance, while the last scene of the essay themes community act shows the cynicism of Richard in book private with his flatterers. This marks another contrast: in private, Gaunt speaks with exemplary honour and complete integrity, but Richard's private conversation reveals his public ostentation to be showy and insincere - he emerges as a cynical opportunist, ready to essay students, disregard the law to offset his financial imprudence and wishing the valiant Gaunt into frank book synopsis, an early grave. For the contemporary audience this last would be the most offensive of his errors: to the Elizabethans, Gaunt, like his grandson, Henry V, is a national hero, of legendary stature - it is The help essay community almost as if we have seen Richard planning to deface a public monument. A lot of the characters in the play have several names or titles: while this helps speakers avoid repetition it can confuse the modern audience.

Make sure you know who's who. If not, ask a teacher! Bolingbroke's quarrel appears to us to be as much a quarrel with Richard as with Mowbray. Explain, as far as possible, why his challenge is directed exclusively at Mowbray, but not at the king. Can we see more than one reason for Richard to wish to reconcile the two men? Please note that when Richard says we he speaks of himself (a man) and of his majesty (a metaphysical expression of his kingly office, derived from God). Can you explain the nature of Gaunt's refusal of the Duchess's plea? Why should Shakespeare show us this private conversation at this point? This is the key scene in the act. Note the extreme formality of the language, determined by rules of chivalry, and the number of people on stage, as well as the ceremonial garments and weapons which would appear in such a tournament. All of this is required by Anne, the tournament which is to take place: the courtesy of the language conceals the a thesis essay enmity of the disputants.

What is the effect on Anne synopsis, all this display (of rhetoric, clothing, weapons and action ) of the Thesis vs dissertation of phd king's halting of the frank synopsis tournament? Later on, you may wish to consider whether this action, taken to safeguard his position in service essay school the short term, is an error from which Richard cannot recover. Here we see Richard with his supporters, three of whom, Bushy, Bagot (who does not speak) and Green, appear for the first time. Can you think why they do not appear in Act I, scene iii? What do Richard's various remarks about Bolingbroke tell us? In the first scene of this act, Richard spurns the advice of the dying Gaunt, and seizes Gaunt's estates to fund his wars in Ireland. Bolingbroke's supporters speak of a plan for the exile to return in Richard's absence, and the next scene brings news, as Richard's flatterers try to comfort the queen, of Henry's return and the enormous support he has received. In the third scene we see this support as Bolingbroke and his allies come to frank book synopsis, Berkeley in Law school assignment help of sines Gloucestershire, where they are confronted by the Duke of Anne frank synopsis York, who has been appointed lord governor in Richard's absence: he rebukes Bolingbroke but is project school placated by his statement of his limited ambition.

In contrast, the final (brief) scene shows how the forces left by Richard to defend the country have dispersed and gone home. This scene makes clear the frank book synopsis power politics of the time. In a country with no standing or professional army, real power lies in the feudal system whereby great lords can rely on create a thesis statement for an essay, lesser local magnates (lords of the manor, sheriffs and so on) to raise armies from their estates, and frank possess the means to pay them for their service. Richard has no extensive estates of Buy narrative his own, but Bolingbroke owns the largest of all (Lancaster) and is backed by the major landowners of the north of England, led by synopsis, the Northumberland Percy family. These have mustered a large army, against which the returning Richard will be powerless to act. This scene is essay themes notable for Gaunt's great patriotic speech (which is Anne frank synopsis often quoted out of its context in The help essay themes the play, and without the last two lines of the synopsis long sentence which are required for it to make grammatical sense, as they contain the main verb, and which give the point of the preceding images). What does this scene tell us of the state of The help themes England, the character or Richard, and how far these two are connected? This scene starts with the private conversation of York and Gaunt, moves to the public formal interview with Richard, and ends in the intimacy of the plotting by frank, Richard's enemies.

How does Shakespeare use this scene in Law school assignment help of sines which nothing really happens (though some important news arrives) as a commentary on book, events occurring elsewhere? Do the words of the queen in any way modify our view of Richard, and if so, how? At this time, the queen was only ten: why does Shakespeare present her as an adult? This is Bolingbroke's first appearance in the play since his banishment (we are shown scenes neither of Henry in France nor of Richard in jealousy Ireland). Is there any difference in the way he appears to the audience now? What are his plans for Bushy, Bagot and Green, and how does he characterize these three men? Is his quarrel merely personal or more honourable and disinterested? How does this scene serve as an appropriate sequel to scene iii?

The action here moves from Anne, Bristol, where Bolingbroke executes Bushy and Greene (not Bagot, who has fled) to create statement essay, Harlech, in Wales. Here Richard, returning from book, Ireland, meets the remnants of his supporters, and learns of the help dispersal or defection of others, and book passes on to Flint Castle, where he confronts Bolingbroke and Obama essay submits to his greater force. Although Richard speaks of being deposed, Henry has so far only claimed his right to the title and estates of Lancaster. In an frank interlude in Obama essay York's garden (near St. Alban's) the queen learns from the gardener of Bolingbroke's triumph over frank her husband. How does the audience see the execution of Bushy and Greene in terms both of Bolingbroke's private concerns and public duty? Compare Bolingbroke's long speech here with that in I, i, 87-108: how does the charge against the two caterpillars differ from that against project for high school Mowbray? At the heart of this scene is Richard's receipt of book synopsis bad news and his response to The help themes community, it. Anne Frank Book? The bad news comes in stages (what are the important details?) from Aumerle, Salisbury and Scroope. Bushy and Greene stay loyal to the king, and meet death with dignity: what do we think of Richard's response to The help essay, Scroope's ambiguous statement that the two have made peace with Bolingbroke?

Comment also on Richard's two long speeches beginning at lines 36 and 144, respectively. Richard's appearance on the ramparts of the synopsis castle (using the balcony of the theatre) allows the dramatist to symbolize the king's loss of Buy narrative essay status as he literally comes down to meet his rival. How does Richard make this explicit in his speech throughout the scene? Comment on the attitudes shown to Richard by Anne frank book synopsis, Bolingbroke (e.g., lines 31-67) and by Northumberland (who omits his title and chooses not to How to a thesis, kneel before the frank book king). Comment on Richard's tendency to Thesis of phd, reflect (in melodramatic or exaggerated fashion) on his loss of power. There is no reason to suppose that the gardener, as a master of his craft, would be unlikely to compare the government of the country to book, the tending of a garden. He elaborates the metaphor, to show Richard has neglected his gardening but Bolingbroke has begun to pluck up the weeds. root and all. Essay For High School Students? The reference to frank book synopsis, caterpillars reminds us of Bolingbroke's earlier description of Bushy, Bagot and Greene. Comment on vs dissertation of phd, the introduction of the gardener, as a kind of detached or chorus * figure. How far do we believe in his objectivity, and what weight do his words carry?

*In the classical drama of ancient Athens, the chorus is a group (of people, animals or spirits) which observes the action on stage, and frank synopsis comments about it to essay jealousy, the audience. The function of the chorus is to suggest or challenge the audience's understanding. Shakespeare rarely uses a chorus as such (he does, for Anne frank instance, in Community service project school students Romeo and Juliet ), but often transfers its functions to frank book, a character in the play (Iago, Puck, Lennox). Where the previous act moves hundreds of miles in Thesis four scenes, this act is a single scene, arguably the most important in frank book synopsis the whole play, set in Westminster. It divides into three clear episodes: First Bagot (who has evidently been spared by Henry in return for his information) accuses Aumerle of a part in Gloucester's murder. This leads to essay jealousy, a series of accusations and rebuttals, compounded by a series of challenges (Bagot, a commoner, may not answer Aumerle's challenge, so Fitzwater takes it up, only for Anne book synopsis Surrey to challenge him, while another lord issues a further challenge to Aumerle). To help clarify matters, Bolingbroke repeals Norfolk's banishment, only to learn that Mowbray has died. Thesis Vs Dissertation? In the Anne second part, York, supported by Northumberland but opposed by of phd, Carlisle, presides over Richard's abdication and Henry's accession.

In a brief sequel, the Abbot of Westminster, ostensibly holding Carlisle under arrest, invites the bishop and Aumerle to supper, to book, learn of a plot against Bolingbroke. In what way is The help essay themes Bagot's appearance here surprising? How does the Anne frank book synopsis scene compare with I, i in terms of the way in which the challenges are issued and taken up? How does Bolingbroke's handling of the challenges compare with Richard's earlier? What is the effect on the audience of Henry's words about Norfolk here? How does Shakespeare express contrasting political attitudes in the conduct of Northumberland and Carlisle in this episode? Comment on Thesis vs dissertation of phd, the importance of York, as an honest man, in the audience's eyes, here.

How much does Bolingbroke say in Anne frank book this scene (as opposed, say, to Northumberland)? What is the Thesis vs dissertation reason for this, and what is its effect? At line 222, Richard asks: What more remains? What is our view of Northumberland's insistence on Richard's answering accusations of crime, and Bolingbroke's decision (line 271) to save Richard from this humiliation? Is Northumberland insisting merely that justice be seen to be done, or gloating over a defeated enemy? What is the effect of Richard's use of the mirror in book this episode? What do you find interesting in Richard's rhetoric here? In what ways does this episode remind us of the end of II, i? In what ways is assignment it significantly different from the frank book synopsis earlier scene? Do we see this plot as more or less justified than the earlier one? Why (apart from the audience's historical knowledge) does the abbot's scheme seem unlikely to prosper?

It is appropriate that the final act of the play should both conclude the depiction of Richard's struggles, and tell of the beginning of Henry's difficulties. Richard, en route, for the Tower of London, takes his farewell of Isabel (who is to return to her native France), only to learn that Bolingbroke has decided to send him, instead, to Pomfret (Pontefract). York discovers his son, Aumerle, to be privy to a plot to kill Henry, and service project for high rushes to inform the king, who is also troubled by Anne frank book synopsis, stories of the riotous behaviour of his son, Hal (who does not appear, but is the How to create a thesis for an essay chief character of the three plays which follow in this cycle). The plot is frustrated, Aumerle pardoned and Carlisle banished. On a hint from the king, Sir Piers Exton murders Richard, but is banished for book his pains. Troubled by feelings of guilt, but, for the moment, safe from his enemies, Henry declares his wish to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, though later (in the next play) he speaks more of a crusade. How, in describing her husband's plight, do Isabel and Richard provide a résumé of the Obama essay changing fortunes of the former and current rulers? Comment on Richard's prophecy of Anne book synopsis Northumberland's rebelling against Henry.

Both Shakespeare and the audience know that the earl did rebel, but, within the world of the play, as in historical fact, Henry did not have prior knowledge of this (though eventually he is able to see it coming). The two parts of this scene express in quite different ways York's belief that it is the will of God that the failed king, Richard, give way to the new ruler, Henry. Law School? Noting that York has paused, in his distress for Richard, the duchess summarizes the gist of his speech so far, allowing him to describe the popular acclaim of Henry, and the contemptuous rejection of Richard. On Aumerle's entry, his nonchalant remarks about the proposed tournament at Oxford conceal his real interest, which is discovered when his father seizes the letter he sees his son to be carrying. How does the audience view the conduct of the two parents and their son in this episode? What is the Anne frank effect of the king's conversation with Percy about his son? What is the audience's view of Henry's situation on the arrival of his cousin, uncle and aunt, and of how he deals with this? How important is York to the audience as a touchstone or measure of correct political judgement? The short scene iv is by way of an explanation of Buy narrative what is to follow.

Why does Henry wish Richard dead? Why should Shakespeare take the trouble, in so few lines, to state twice (what Henry supposedly said twice) the king's exact words, and then to give Exton's gloss as to what the words mean? Of what incident in Richard's reign are we reminded at this point? Richard's long soliloquy at the start of scene v is arguably more moving than his earlier comments on his situation, both because it is made in private, and because it is more measured and less excessively self-pitying. How far do you support this view, and why?

What is the point of the groom's words to Richard, and the latter's response to these? Henry's fears about the rebels, which he explains to York, are at Anne synopsis once resolved by news brought by Northumberland and service essay for high school Fitzwater, who have executed the ringleaders, save for Westminster (who appears to have died naturally, possibly in prison) and Carlisle, who is banished. This is the cue for Anne book Exton's arrival with Richard's body. What is the audience's view of Henry's treatment of How to create for an Exton? How far are we persuaded by the king's justification of his words and his wish for Richard's death? His desire to Anne frank book synopsis, earn forgiveness by means of a pilgrimage seems genuine.

What obstacle lies in the way of the fulfilment of this desire? How effective, and in what ways, do you find the play's ending? General comment on all acts and scenes of the play appears above. A Thesis For An? This section deals more extensively with the most critical parts of the play. The importance of each scene (and, thus, its likely appeal to examiners) is indicated by the star (#42;) rating: the more stars, the more important! Relationship with the play and its general themes. At the start of the play, these two scenes are dramatically effective in introducing the historical situation and Anne frank book synopsis characters, and indicating the relationship between the public duty and the private concerns of the king and others. The play's first scene outlines the nature of the Community service school quarrel between Bolingbroke and Mowbray, which is really a quarrel between the king and the house of Lancaster. Synopsis? We see how the king, seemingly fully in control, attempts to reconcile the adversaries, then determines to settle their dispute by chivalrous means.

This very public scene is followed by Thesis, an intimate exchange between Gaunt and Gloucester's widow, in which Gaunt refuses to act against Mowbray, but indicates Richard's responsibility for Gloucester's death: since the king is frank book God's deputy, God's is the quarrel and it is honourable, in spite of the duchess's pleas, to How to for an, show patience. We see at once a discrepancy between Richard's public persona (the just and powerful monarch) and Anne frank his dubious actions; this contrasts with Gaunt's dignity and loyalty in public and private. To see Richard's behaviour in private, we should look to How to for an, scene iv of this act. The stage directions at the start of these scenes make the most important point. Scene i is Anne book synopsis full of ceremonial, as the stage is filled with nobles and attendants. Obama Essay? The scene has a quasi legal character, which we will see more fully developed in I, iii. The scene is full of opportunities for display of duty and chivalry - thus both Mowbray and Bolingbroke state their allegiance to Richard, at Anne book synopsis which point they may be expected to kneel.

It is Obama essay not clear whether Mowbray's I spit at him (l. 60) should be a literal insult. Though Richard eventually appoints the day for the trial by combat, it is Bolingbroke who issues the challenge in throwing down his gage, which Mowbray readily takes up. Anne Frank Synopsis? Having heard the charge and Mowbray's answer, Richard twice orders Mowbray to give up the gage, but is create a thesis for an unable to compel him to do so. By contrast, scene ii is very intimate and private, with only two characters on stage; Gaunt says little but listens patiently, while conveying the impression that this private interview takes place in the sight of God. In the first scene Shakespeare skilfully exploits the etiquette of the court to convey information. As in book synopsis scene iii, we hear the names of the principal characters stated repeatedly. As later they may be known by Community service project essay for high school students, name or one of their titles, it is useful to hear all of these. Although Richard's words are at book this point sustained by the authority of his office, even here we see very real limits: ultimately his we were not born to sue, but to command is hollow, since his suit has failed (Mowbray has not resigned the gage) and what he commands is The help essay themes simply the time and place of the show-down which Bolingbroke has prompted and Mowbray accepted. Given that three of Anne book synopsis these characters (Richard, Gaunt, Bolingbroke) are closely related, it is also worth noting at essay jealousy every point what form of address is used (intimate: my son, Harry; personal: Thomas Mowbray; familiar: Thomas, Edward or formal: the Duke of Norfolk).

Perhaps most interesting is the title John of Gaunt: this name, associated with his personal history and the subject of a series of frank book synopsis puns through this act, apparently has a special honorific status, and he is happy to be known by it, rather than the formal Duke of Buy narrative essay jealousy Lancaster. Relationship with the play and its general themes. This is the key scene in book the first act. Richard's decision in I, i, to help of sines, resolve the dispute between Bolingbroke and Anne Mowbray by means of a tournament, seems, when he makes it, to be a grand gesture, demonstrating his power and prestige. However, it appears only now that Richard realizes the practical implications of his decision: if Mowbray wins, he knows too much for the king's peace of mind; if Bolingbroke wins, Richard will be threatened by Law school of sines, his increased status. Anne Book Synopsis? Halting the proceedings and banishing the Thesis vs dissertation of phd men lets Richard apparently retain control of things, but also appears to be a violation of the laws of synopsis chivalry. As king, Richard is at the pinnacle of Community service essay a hierarchy of laws and privileges; if he disregards these, as he repeatedly does, for reasons of expediency, he undermines his own position. As in I, i, Richard, while acting in a superficially authoritative manner, makes a hasty decision. He cannot foresee its consequences, but subsequent events appear to the audience to result from what happens here.

His banishing Bolingbroke leads him later to seize Henry's inheritance, which prompts the exile's return and effective assumption of power in the realm. This scene can be compared with IV, i, in which Henry presides over events, but in very different manner: where Richard is showy, concerned with the frank impression he makes, Henry is vs dissertation silent but politically aware. The public, ceremonial character of the tournament is shown in Anne book the theatre by use of costume and properties, and by the arrangement of the actors on stage. The particular garments worn by the king, by his officers, Aumerle and the Marshal, by Law school of sines, the heralds, and by the two disputants, indicate at least the importance of the occasion, though the costume may show more exactly the Anne frank book synopsis status of the Law school assignment wearer. Synopsis? Actions are formal and essay ritualized: the marshal approaches the defendant (Mowbray) and the appellant (Bolingbroke) to address them. Weapons are presented to them (at line 100) and trumpets sound flourishes and a charge. The enemies occupy opposite sides of the stage (front) with Richard raised up on a das behind them.

All is prepared for frank book the action of the tournament, which never comes: Richard's intervention (which the audience may expect) alters the assignment help character of the proceedings, puts himself literally and metaphorically at the centre of the action, but is somewhat of an anti-climax. To halt proceedings, he throws down his warder, which may remind us of the gages thrown down in I, i and IV, i. Any actors not named in frank synopsis the scene will fill the stage as attendant nobles: a helpful sketch of Community project essay for high students this scene appears in the New Cambridge edition (p. 38). The structure of the scene is, loosely: ceremonial of the tournament, Richard's intervention and sentence, the reaction of the banished men, reduction of Bolingbroke's banishment, his farewell to Gaunt. The ceremonial quality noted above appears also in the language of this scene, where ritual forms are followed: the defendant and appellant are asked to identify themselves and state their causes. Although ready to express bitter enmity, they are required to speak with dignity, and both show the utmost courtesy to Anne frank book synopsis, their sovereign, though both know him to service project essay for high school students, be implicated in Gloucester's death. Bolingbroke's request, that he kiss the frank book king's hand, is relayed by the Marshal, though Richard has doubtless heard it directly, and, to The help essay themes, indicate their lofty status there is constant repetition of the full names and titles of both disputants. (Between lines 100 and 112 each occurs three times, with slight variations, Bolingbroke's filling a complete pentameter line of verse!) Also worthy of note are images of discord or imprisonment, references to England and discussion of time and necessity. Frank Synopsis? Finally, here, as elsewhere, it is always profitable to note the forms of address used, whether name, (Bolingbroke) relationship, rank or title (cousin Hereford, Norfolk) or honorific form (my most sovereign liege) - the Obama essay Elizabethan audience will be alert to the nuances of these, as when Gaunt bluntly addresses Richard as king, at line 225. Relationship with the play and its general themes. In the Anne synopsis previous scene we observe Richard with his sycophantic favourites: we are troubled by his contempt for Bolingbroke, and his readiness to pay for his Irish expedition through dubious taxation and seizure of Gaunt's estates: that he is concerned for Gaunt's wealth rather than his health is shocking. In this scene we see the contrast between the noble Gaunt who laments the results of Richard's poor administration, and vs dissertation of phd the king's dismissing this honest man as a lunatic lean-witted fool.

Gaunt is Anne motivated essentially by a love for his country and dismay at what it has become under Richard's rule; from his conduct in I, ii and essay I, iii we know that he subordinates his own concerns (as his brother York does later) to synopsis, those of the How to statement for an essay kingdom. Yet Richard accuses him of insolence. Once Gaunt is dead, York counsels Richard against the seizure of the Lancaster estates, but his remarks, too, fall on deaf ears: both in frank book his rebuke of Gaunt (lines 115 - 19) and Buy narrative his rejection of York's request (lines 209 - 10) Richard gives no reason for his words. He resorts to crude assertion of his authority rather than justify his actions (perhaps because they cannot be justified - he may know this, or may not even have considered it). The brief sequel to this, where Northumberland draws Ross and Willoughby into his plotting follows naturally: the men discuss what they have witnessed, articulate other grievances and look for Anne frank book synopsis comfort, of which Northumberland duly speaks. Obama Essay? Rebellion is book shocking to Obama essay, Shakespeare's audience, but it has been well-established by now that Richard is, as we say, asking for it.

The structure of the Anne frank book synopsis scene is clear: first, Gaunt, hoping to correct his nephew's faults, foresees the ruin which will come on England if Richard cannot be dissuaded from his folly; this is followed by Richard's angry and contemptuous reaction to Community for high school students, Gaunt, and his more polite, but effectively equally dismissive response to the kindly old duke of York. Then comes the conspiracy. The first three sections are public, using the full stage, but the final section involves an intimate huddle and hushed voices, speaking treason. There is no obvious use of properties, and Gaunt's condition requires him to be static as he delivers his judgement on Anne synopsis, Richard's rule. It should be noted that the king does not hear the famous long speech. His actual rebuke to Richard is interrupted before he can complete it: perhaps we are to understand that Richard, had he been present would not have allowed the royal throne of kings speech to of sines, be uttered in synopsis full. The interest of this scene lies largely in its language. Even so small a thing as the respective greetings of the queen and Law school help of Richard are significant: where the Anne frank book synopsis queen shows respect (noble uncle Lancaster), the king is disrespectful (What comfort, man?) and uses his uncle's nickname (How is't with aged Gaunt?).

The final part of the scene is notable for the business-like giving of information, and the sense of haste and bustle with which Northumberland speaks, but also for an interesting series of images, whereby we move from Buy narrative, a tempest (Northumberland) to (ship)wreck (Ross) to the ships which bring intelligence and will later bring soldiers, and the port in Brittany from frank book synopsis, which these come. Gaunt's long speech is assignment help formal and rhetorical: it begins as a series of epithets, most introduced by this (the pronoun occurs seventeen times), to indicate some excellence of frank England. Gaunt sustains the series but delays the main verb clause, so we wait to hear what it is he has to say about this England. When it comes, the effect is of incongruity: Gaunt asserts that this seat of Mars or other Eden now suffers the shame of being bound in How to create for an rotten bonds of ink-blotted parchment. The implied contrast is between the military achievements of heroic rulers of the frank synopsis past (Edward III, and his sons, the service project students Black Prince, and Gaunt himself, perhaps) and the ignoble tax-farming and blank charters with which Richard has sustained his spendthrift court. The Elizabethan audience would be struck by the juxtaposition of images of chivalry with those of petty land-ownership and doubtful transactions in law.

Relationship with the play and its general themes. When Richard leaves the Anne frank synopsis stage in II, i, he informs us that he will leave for Ireland the How to a thesis essay next day. For several scenes now we have observed how others have responded to his absence: Bolingbroke has returned, while Richard's supporters have proved ineffectual to frank, resist him. While Bagot has saved his skin by project essay for high school, flight, Bushy, Greene and Wiltshire have paid with their lives for misleading the Anne synopsis king. On his return, Richard is at first defiant, then, as he receives more and more bad news, introspective and fatalistic. The audience notes a striking distance between the wisdom of Obama essay Richard's general comments and his inability to rule wisely. While Richard's exploration of the nature of kingship may earn some sympathy, this is Anne lessened by How to create a thesis statement for an essay, his attack on his friends.

We have just seen them, under sentence of Anne frank death, exhibit commendable dignity and essay jealousy loyalty to Richard, whose haste to condemn them is undeserved. Just as he has been politically unwise in following the counsel of his supporters, so he shows a poor understanding of their personal merits. This play is notable for its changing locations, as Shakespeare tries to depict events happening throughout the book synopsis realm. The simplicity of the stage enables places to be indicated in conversation (we know that the tournament in I, iii is at Coventry, because we have been told this in I, i, for example). Bolingbroke, landing at Ravenspurgh, swiftly crosses the country, and we meet him near Berkeley. In this scene, Richard, returning from Ireland, arrives at Harlech in north Wales. The structure of the vs dissertation scene derives from Richard's initial expressions of confidence (before and after Carlisle's comment and Aumerle's elaboration of it) and Anne frank book his responses to the news brought by Salisbury and Obama essay Scroope. Frank? Apart from the entrances of Buy narrative Salisbury and Scroope, there are interesting actions at the start of the scene and near its end. Anne Book? First, Richard appears to embrace the Thesis ground (salute. Anne Frank Synopsis? with my hand. greet. do. favours with my royal hands).

Later, as if symbolizing his resignation, he invites his followers to sit with him upon the ground, a course of (in)action from which Carlisle duly dissuades him (wise men ne'er sit and wail their woes. . This is one of the most interesting scenes in the play in terms of Obama essay language, and Anne frank perhaps the first of How to create a thesis essay those in which Richard, deprived of political power, discovers a new rhetorical power, to dramatize his own loss. It contains many of the play's best-known and often-quoted speeches. In his first long speech Richard appeals to the earth to sustain the rightful order of things by deploying its more sinister agents (spiders. toads. nettles. Anne Book Synopsis? adder) against Bolingbroke. The request is fantastic (it would be at Buy narrative essay home in A Midsummer Night's Dream where such dangers lurk in the Palace wood) and book synopsis comes ill from one who, as Gaunt has told us earlier, has so neglected his native land's best interest. That the earth is injured by the rebels' horses' hooves is a poetic conceit: it is Richard in Buy narrative essay jealousy fact who is Anne frank book harmed. In the next long speech, Richard compares his return to the rising of the sun (an image to which Shakespeare returns in the next scene, and in Buy narrative Henry IV, Part i , where Prince Hal likens himself to the sun hidden behind clouds). This leads to Anne book, a definitive statement of the inalienable right of the king to rule: Not all the The help essay themes water in Anne frank book synopsis the rough rude sea/ Can wash the balm off from an anointed king. The balm (actually a perfumed mixture of balm [balsam resin] and of sines oil) would be difficult (literally) to wash off (no modern soap or detergent being to hand) but its spiritual effect, says Richard, is permanent. Where dangerous creatures are at frank book synopsis first invoked by Obama essay, Richard to harm Bolingbroke, they are now likened unjustly to his supporters whom he believes to have betrayed him (lines 129 - 34). He further offends by comparing them to Judas Iscariot, clearly implying that he is like Christ (he is God's deputy but not His son).

There is no apology when he learns of his error, but Richard reflects on the brevity of Anne synopsis life and the certainty of death in a notable speech which also acknowledges the common humanity he shares with his subjects: I live with bread. feel want/ Taste grief, need friends. Relationship with the play and a thesis statement for an essay its general themes. Shakespeare has kept Richard and Henry apart since II, i, but we have a sense in the preceding scenes of their imminent meeting, which occurs here. While Bolingbroke is eager to submit to Richard's authority, yet he demands that his banishment be revoked, and his estates restored. Richard is advised by Aumerle to be diplomatic in Anne book the hope that he may enlist allies against Henry in the future. Although Bolingbroke makes a gesture of submission to him, Richard seems to accept as certain the loss of his throne to his rival. This is one of the most interesting scenes in create a thesis statement for an essay the play in terms of its staging (see the sketch in the New Cambridge edition, p. Anne? 39). The balcony represents the ramparts of Flint Castle, and the stage below is the base court, to which Richard must descend. Richard's appearance is likened by Obama essay, Bolingbroke to the rising of the sun: he appears most majestic here, yet there is pathos in the audience's awareness that his power is now to be eclipsed. He is Anne book invited to come down, and his descent (line 183) vividly shows his loss of authority.

Gestures of jealousy submission are important here, too: Bolingbroke says (line 36) that he will kneel, and at Anne frank line 188 he does so - Richard's response suggests either that he believes Bolingbroke is insincere (he isn't, clearly) or that he (Richard) recognizes the inevitability of Community project for high school Henry's seizing the Anne frank synopsis throne. As with the tournament scene (I, iii) trumpets are sounded (line 61; see note in Macmillan edn., p. 170): the parley is less obviously ritualized than the tournament, but there is an etiquette. Northumberland is rebuked by Richard, who has waited in vain for him to kneel (we see a similar disregard for traditional courtesy in IV, i). Northumberland speaks as Henry's envoy, Richard responds and accepts the invitation to How to create for an essay, parley. Bolingbroke, exemplary in observing the etiquette of the parley, acknowledges Richard's sovereignty, but Richard knows, as the audience does, that their rôles have effectively been reversed.

Northumberland's brusque manner towards Richard reveals this, where Bolingbroke is more courteous and deferential. Finally, we should note (by inference from Richard's comment to his uncle) how York weeps to see Richard's degradation. To emphasise the majesty of the frank synopsis soon-to-be-deposed monarch, Shakespeare repeatedly uses his proper title King Richard (not, as elsewhere, cousin, nephew and so on) with one notable exception (line 6) which earns Northumberland a rebuke from York. It is notable that the title is used most often by Bolingbroke, who later refers twice to his majesty and addresses Richard directly as my gracious lord and most redoubted lord. Richard inverts the usual forms of respect, showing mock deference (Most mighty prince, my Lord Northumberland; line 172) and calling his rival King Bolingbroke and jealousy his majesty in the next line, and speaking of himself in the third person as merely the Anne frank book king. Richard's fantasy of exchanging his royal privileges for the simple life of a poor pilgrim is pathetic: he is Thesis sorry for himself and articulates his sorrow eloquently enough to stir our sympathy, but this speech is synopsis self-indulgent and inappropriate: he could take Aumerle's advice (lines 131 - 2), grant Henry's requests and jealousy save face. Anne Frank Book Synopsis? The symbolism of Richard's coming down, in case the audience has missed it, is essay spelled out by the king in his exploration of the meanings of the words he repeats (down, base court and up). In his ironic rebuke of Anne frank book Bolingbroke for debasing himself by kneeling (lines 190 - 1) Richard reminds us of vs dissertation of phd his own similar action (with a different symbolic meaning) in the previous scene. It would appear that his real objection is book synopsis not that Bolingbroke has no need to help of sines, kneel, but that his heart is not in it: Up, cousin, up.

Your heart is up, I know/Thus high at least, although your knee be low. As in Anne frank book synopsis the last scene the king is likened to the sun, but here it is his generous rival Bolingbroke who states the likeness. Relationship with the play and its general themes. In one sense nothing really happens in this scene, which is Thesis vs dissertation valuable chiefly as comment and frank book synopsis explanation on events, at the mid-point in the drama. It is a very judicious scene in that understanding of the reasons for Richard's failure as a king is mixed with sympathy for his plight. This is one of the series of How to create for an intimate, private interludes which run through the play, culminating in the most private of frank book all, Richard's meditation in Pomfret, in V, v. The scene is set in a garden: one the one hand this contrasts with the public settings of the play's most important scenes; on assignment help, the other, the Anne synopsis real garden here, reminds us of Gaunt's repeated metaphor (II, iii: This earth of majesty. this other Eden, demi-paradise. this blessd plot, this earth) in which the whole country is likened to a garden, an idea developed in the dialogue in this scene. The queen (in reality a child) is presented as a rather pathetic young woman. She is made aware of the realities of the political situation, but her helplessness may evoke sympathy for herself and, by association, for Richard. Shakespeare varies a stock device (narrative information being reported by a messenger or well-informed noble to others on stage) as the Gardener is able to of sines, divulge information which came last night/To a dear friend of the good Duke of York's yet which is already no more than everyone doth know: the frank synopsis queen has not been informed of what we would now call the word on the street.

Shakespeare takes some pains over essay themes community the dialogue here. Book Synopsis? It is Obama essay worth noting a number of statements which establish the outdoor setting (about bowls and dancing - which give rise to a series of weak puns on rubs, bias and keeping measure - or these trees: presumably the stage posts are used here). But mostly, Shakespeare gives the Gardener an opportunity to expand the idea of England as a blessed plot or garden. A close study of all the Anne frank imagery in the scene should be made, but some ideas can be noted here. When the Gardener instructs the Servant in his task, we may already note the ambiguity of help of sines his orders: he likens the ripe fruit to unruly children, while the servant is to be the book executioner (we know that Bushy, Green and Wiltshire have just been executed by Bolingbroke's servants). The garden is a commonwealth in Obama essay the Gardener's government and the weeds are without profit in sucking fertility from the flowers. In case we miss the point, the Servant now spells out the analogy: Richard has neglected his sea-walld garden. This gives the Gardener, continuing the Servant's metaphor, the chance to explain that the garden is now being tended by Bolingbroke: Richard is likened to Anne, a tree sheltering parasitic weeds which seemed in eating him to hold him up; the Thesis vs dissertation of phd image is developed as the Anne frank book Gardener likens Richard's nobles to the boughs of a fruit tree: these need regular pruning (cutting back) while in extreme cases, superfluous branches (useless or disloyal nobles) are lopped away.

Hearing this provokes the queen to join the conversation rebuking the Gardener who in Adam's likeness describes the expulsion from Eden of cursd man in Buy narrative essay jealousy the person of Richard. The extended metaphor of the scales, in which Bolingbroke now outweighs Richard, suggests the image of the two buckets (IV, i, 183-8) but in this case Richard is the heavier (with grief) while Bolingbroke mount(s) up on high. Relationship with the play and its general themes. In this scene what has been implied by Richard in III, iii and discussed by frank book, the Gardener in III, iv, is enacted, that is How to create statement for an Richard's deposition. There is a ceremony for frank book synopsis the coronation of a monarch, but no established form for essay abdication (hitherto kings have been killed unlawfully by frank, usurpers, but Bolingbroke wishes to act lawfully).

Thus, the principals have to make up the ritual as they go along. In an obvious reversal of the a thesis for an essay positions in the tournament scene, Bolingbroke presides, while others, Northumberland, York and chiefly Richard, enact the ritual of abdication. Anne Book? Richard has indicated his willingness to resign the crown, but, given a captive audience, seizes the How to statement essay opportunity to frank book synopsis, dramatize his loss. This is the last scene in which Richard and Bolingbroke appear together. Shakespeare is concerned with the legality of the proceedings: Henry and York wish the abdication to be legal, while Carlisle thinks this impossible and Northumberland is more or less indifferent, but aware of where the power lies.

The scene divides into three unequal parts (the series of The help essay community accusations and counter-accusations relating to Gloucester's death; the abdication, and Anne book the plotting of Aumerle, Carlisle and Westminster). Thesis Vs Dissertation? Of these, the central section can be divided further into Carlisle's objection to the proceedings (107 - 161); Richard's relinquishing the Anne book synopsis crown (162 - 222); his refusal to read the charges against him (222 - 272); the breaking of the mirror (273 - 304) and Richard's departure (305 - 318). The fourth act of Richard II is an ambitious example of another variety of big scene, the ensemble-scene, in which a massive effect is obtained by the presence on stage of a large number of actors, several of whom have prominent speaking parts. Richard is given a carefully delayed entry. The scene opens with a short episode involving angry petty squabbling: the quarrel between Aumerle and Fitzwater; which is followed by the excited throwing down of gauntlets. This leads into the next episode, more serious and deeper in tone, in which the Law school help of sines Bishop of Carlisle is the chief actor. His impassioned protest against Bolingbroke's proceedings raises the scene to a new level of feeling. Only then does Richard himself appear, when the scene is half-way through. The effect in synopsis the scene is that Richard II appears just before the crest of the wave: he inherits the excitement worked up in the preceding episodes, and he dominates his scene by riding the climax.

Emrys Jones, Scenic Form in Shakespeare (p. 15) The staging of the create for an essay scene once again requires almost the full resources of the Elizabethan stage. Rival factions can be massed on either side of the stage, while the central area will in turn be taken by the various accusers, starting with Bagot, by Carlisle and by Richard. At some point (where is Anne synopsis not clear in the text) Bolingbroke will occupy the throne which was Richard's. The three conspirators at create for an essay the end of the scene remind us of the plotters in II, i. This is a scene in which objects are important: as well as the throne, we must note the use of the gages at the start of the scene, the frank book crown which Richard gives to Bolingbroke, the paper (line 269) on which Richard's alleged offences are listed, and Buy narrative essay jealousy the mirror. The throwing of the gages becomes almost silly before Bolingbroke halts it. It would appear from line 183 (On this side my hand and on that side thine) and subsequent remarks, that both men hold the crown for some time before Richard lets it go. In destroying the mirror, Richard enacts his own destruction while making his (shattered) image correspond truly to his kingship. Anne Book? When Bolingbroke (line 113) states his intention of ascending the throne, he is defied by Carlisle: whether Henry takes the throne at once or is delayed by Carlisle is not given in the stage directions, any more than is the manner of his ascent. As elsewhere, titles are instructive: York addresses Bolingbroke as Duke of Lancaster before proclaiming him Henry, fourth of that name.

Even Carlisle now refers merely to Richard, while Bolingbroke does likewise. Obama Essay? Though Richard ironically cries God save the frank synopsis king, he notes that no-one present feels able to say Amen to his acclamation. How To Create A Thesis Statement Essay? Richard now associates Henry with the sun (221, 261) while recognizing that he once dazzled beholders as the sun does (283 - 4). As he looks into the mirror, Richard examines the symbolism of the king's face (the word is re-iterated and placed in a series of synopsis rhetorical questions: Was/is this the face. ). The term indicates his sense of the difference between the literal face of the The help themes community ordinary man (he still has this) and the kingly authority others see in the face of the ruler (this has passed to Henry). This is Shakespeare's comment on the doctrine of the King's Two Bodies. For another reading of this scene click here. Relationship with the play and its general themes.

This scene is Anne a bridge between IV, i, where Richard's self-dramatization reaches a climax, and the philosophical acceptance of his situation which redeems and dignifies Richard in V, v. It is a sequel to III, iv, as the appearance of the queen evokes sympathy for Richard, though he seems now not to How to create statement for an essay, need this, and book tells her so. Assignment Of Sines? And it prepares us for the next play in the sequence (Henry IV, Part i) as Richard correctly forecasts Northumberland's future dissatisfaction with his lot, and fomenting of rebellion. Outside the political process, Richard has the shrewdness he lacked in office. The action here precedes what York describes at the start of scene ii, which is Henry's and Richard's coming into London. As with the queen's earlier appearance (III, iv) her opening words indicate the location (a street which Richard must take on his way to the Tower of London). Anne Book? Although this is a public place, the guard, who accompanies Richard but does not speak, evidently defers to Buy narrative essay jealousy, the queen, who takes her leave of Richard before the Northumberland's arrival changes the mood. The queen's attendants are also silent. The queen is emotional but Richard is Anne frank composed and serene; as Hamlet does to Horatio, and as Othello does in his final speech, Richard invites his queen, in time to come, to essay, tell. the lamentable tale of him, which will send the frank synopsis hearers weeping to their beds. The decorum and pathos here contrast with the brusqueness of what follows: throughout the drama, Northumberland acts for Bolingbroke against Richard (rather as Norfolk did for Richard against Gloucester). In doing so, Northumberland has been more zealous than necessary, and his personal malice is evident: we can see Henry as an honest man in an impossible position; we cannot see Northumberland in this light. The force of Richard's stinging rebuke here is felt by the audience, most of whom will know its historical accuracy.

Whether Richard actually made this prediction is not important: in the series of history plays, Northumberland's ambition is apparent already; later it will be recognized (and punished) by Henry. In Henry IV, Part ii the king sees Richard's words here as an accurate prophecy. Northumberland's curt rejoinder shows that he cares nothing for Richard. Community Service Project School Students? My guilt be on my head tells the audience that this is a bad man. Note the contrast between the strained language of the queen, who invites her attendants (really, the audience) to wash her fair rose. with true love tears, and the stoicism of Richard, who is preparing for his death (does he guess how imminent this is?) and bids her take up the religious life.

At the end of this scene (81-86) we find the sequence, common in frank book Shakespeare generally, but not in this play, of short alternating lines (known as stichomythia) which also introduce use of rhyme, to mark with pathos Richard's taking leave of the queen. Otherwise the scene is notable for Obama essay Richard's comment on the deposing of a rightful king, his likening of Northumberland to a ladder wherewithal. Bolingbroke ascends (his) throne (55), and Richard's quibble on the double divorce - from his queen and from his crown. Relationship with the play and its general themes. Since Richard is alone in his cell in Pomfret (Pontefract), his meditation on his misfortune has more pathos than his self-pity in IV, i. He has discovered poetic and philosophic insights into frank book, man's isolation, the nature of imprisonment, of imagination and Obama essay of time. Richard is ready for his death and confront his murderers with dignity and frank synopsis heroic defiance - he is at last the man of action. Obama Essay? The audience knows, as Richard does not until the end of the scene, that his murderers are already on the way.

Although Richard has many long speeches, and from Act III onwards these are increasingly perceptive and eloquent, this scene contains his only soliloquy in the whole play. In acquiring wisdom and stripped of privilege, Richard has acquired the full humanity hitherto denied him by his kingly office and his melodramatic and self-pitying response to frank synopsis, its loss. The long speech is painful to us because we know what is to Thesis vs dissertation of phd, be its sequel. In his last appearance Richard stood on a crowded stage, to some extent playing to the gallery. Now he has the whole stage to frank, himself at Buy narrative jealousy first, followed by a touching and intimate encounter with an ordinary man whose affection for him is plain. Though the audience may accept that Richard is now only an ordinary man, yet his murder is an Anne synopsis ugly act of violence which is jealousy hard to Anne frank book, justify, though politically expedient. Richard's long speech is community almost like a poem and important detail cannot readily be indicated here: it is advisable to study the whole soliloquy, looking out for Anne frank book the sequence of ideas and How to the principal images and conceits. Richard's love of puns is frank book shown when he addresses the groom as noble peer (why?).

You should also note the Obama essay discussion of roan Barbary, leading to Richard's observation that he was not made a horse but has borne a burthen like an ass, spurred on by jauncing Bolingbroke. Richard and Bolingbroke: the nature of kingship. In an frank book exam you may encounter a question about one or both of the principal characters, a question about the nature of kingship, or a statement (such as Richard's Not all the water in the rough rude sea. ) with which you are invited to agree. Make sure you answer the community question as set: if it specifies one character, you can only write (briefly) of the other to clarify your subject. The notes which follow should enable you to work out a structure for any question in this area: be ready to frank book, arrange your material to support your argument. Structurally, the play charts Richard's loss of power and Henry's ascent: this is made explicit in metaphor (up/down, buckets, base court etc.). In the case of Obama essay Richard the loss of kingly authority leads to personal growth: Richard acquires humanity and humility, and the play is a tragedie as he acknowledges the universal nature of suffering.

As characters, the two are readily contrasted - Richard is ostentatious and fond of rhetorical flourishes; Bolingbroke says little, but means much. Richard is Anne book politically inept; Henry is a shrewd political operator. Richard has an early mediaeval belief in absolute monarchy; Bolingbroke understands modern power-politics and how to themes, enlist others' support. Richard's Irish expedition is not well-managed (he leaves York to guard his interests); Henry's return is managed efficiently. Richard chooses friends who cannot help him in time of need; Henry's friends are able to Anne synopsis, deliver. Their attitudes to kingship differ radically. Richard sees the crown as his by right; because he is king, his decisions are almost by assignment, definition correct, approved by God and not to be resisted. Henry sees the Anne synopsis kingship as a sacred duty which he reluctantly accepts, because he is competent to rule: he does not promote himself or show off, but works to create, defend the national interest, in the terms laid down by Gaunt in II,i, as he laments Richard's abuse of taxation. The drama gives Shakespeare licence to present a range of views about kingship. Two extreme views (those of Carlisle and Northumberland) meet with little support, but the pragmatic attitudes of Bolingbroke, York and Henry's allies (other than the Percy family) would appear to receive endorsement from the course of events, and the way in which they are presented.

Richard expresses the view (in III, ii) that the crown is inalienable: Not all the water in frank book the rough rude sea/Can wash the balm off from an anointed king. This belief receives its most consistent support from Carlisle: when Henry is to ascend the royal throne in God's name, Carlisle cries God forbid. His covert response to Richard's abdication is to plot Henry's assassination: in his eyes murder is less serious than treason, which he believes Richard's supplanting by Henry to be. Since the church is the guarantor of the king's divine right to Buy narrative, rule, the church's authority is weakened by what has happened, so we may see self-interest at work. Northumberland is a very modern type; he may pay lip service to the sacred nature of kingship, but sees the king merely as a man who wields supreme power; Bolingbroke is more powerful than Richard, so he can take his throne. Henry repeatedly resists Northumberland's promptings: he does not wish to go so far, nor so quickly.

While Richard is in Ireland, York tries to Anne frank book, defend the king's interests but recognizes his inability to counter Henry's military power. He moves slowly, and help when Richard effectively yields to Anne frank book, his enemies in III,iii, York weeps (we know this from Richard's remark). But in IV,i, York is central to the deposition ceremony and in vs dissertation of phd V,ii pledges his loyalty to the new monarch whose state and honour he for aye allows. He shows his loyalty in reporting his son's treachery to Anne frank, Henry; where the duchess is moved by her feelings as a mother, York subordinates his paternal feelings to his high sense of duty. What York and Obama essay Henry show the audience is a moderate view: the king is Anne book divinely appointed to rule, but his kingship is an help obligation to the country, not an opportunity for self aggrandisement.

The crown can be forfeited if the frank book king fails to rule well. Since Henry's triumph is in a chain of historical events which leads to Elizabeth's accession Shakespeare is safe to depict Richard's overthrow, so long as it is clear that this is justified by the peculiar circumstances of the time, and by Buy narrative, the fact that Richard freely abdicates. Exton's murder is the killing of a good man, but not regicide (murder of a king). Shakespeare's history plays (especially Henry IV, Part i, the sequel to Richard II ) are quite explicit in condemning treason. Any discussion of these two characters may lead to consideration of recurrent images. Anne Frank Book Synopsis? The sun and day represent kingly rule; in Law school of sines the first half of the play the book sun image is How to create statement claimed by Richard (III,ii and III,iii) but at Anne book synopsis Harlech Castle (III,ii), Richard speaks of Bolingbroke's fair day, as the crown is to pass to his rival. In the central part of the Obama essay play (especially III,iii and Anne book IV,i) images of ascent and descent recur. We use these metaphorically in a loose everyday sense to express ideas of status (high and low; going up, coming down) but they are dramatized in essay III,iii by Richard's action in coming down from the battlements of Flint Castle, to which his words draw our attention (references to Anne synopsis, the base-court, kneeling and so on). Finally, as Henry kneels, Richard questions his fealty: Up, cousin, up, your heart is up, I know. Later (IV,i) he will compare himself and Henry to two buckets: as one goes down (full of tears) the other (Bolingbroke) rises.

In any scene, it is project school instructive to note the forms of address characters use to one another. Belief in Richard's continuing title to the throne can be discerned in these. Northumberland is the first to refer to Richard merely by his Christian name; York rebukes him, but Bolingbroke suggests that it is Anne frank book synopsis a slip of the tongue: this may be charitable to How to for an essay, Northumberland. After Henry accedes to the throne, characters may or may not refer to him as the King; be alert to this. This play is principally about Anne frank book Richard and in the middle and latter parts of the play, he becomes more prominent in How to create a thesis statement for an essay the drama.

In Act III he seems by turns pathetic and Anne book defiant; his appeal to nature in III,ii is bizarre, his self-pity in this scene and III,iii may appear unattractive. In IV,i, as he loses the reality of power, Richard seeks to dominate the How to create statement proceedings. Noting that his throne can be taken away, but not his grief, he performs a series of actions which dramatize his situation. These culminate in the smashing of the mirror, an action which suggests a lack of self-control. Anne Frank Book? But in Act V, having taken leave of his wife, Richard gains in dignity. He is reconciled to his fate, sees the universal character of suffering and meets his death with courage and fortitude. Richard is a thesis for an never a good king, but he becomes a very good man. The king's two bodies and the royal we This should not confuse you too much. Synopsis? The king is service students believed to be two people in one: the ordinary man, and the king's majesty (God's deputy on frank book synopsis, earth). As these two are embodied in one person, the king refers to himself using the first person plural pronouns we/us to refer to the king and his majesty.

When he is addressed (as king) it is the majesty to whom people speak. This is one of Shakespeare's plays in which theatrical language is not merely the narrative medium, but is also a subject of the drama: the play is about language. You should be aware that any essay in which you contrast the characters and fortunes of service project for high Richard and Bolingbroke will involve comparison of their language, among other things. Briefly, Henry is capable of eloquence, as in his accusation of Mowbray in I, i, in his speeches before the tournament in I, iii, and especially in his praise of Richard's sun-like majesty in III, iii. Book? But he can be silent, as in The help essay themes community his response to Anne, Northumberland's flattery in Law school of sines II, iii. His speech is business-like where it needs to be, and he has no time for ostentation: as he becomes more powerful, to simplify greatly, so he becomes more sparing of his words.

Richard, by contrast, loves the sound of his own voice. When he has effective power, as at the start of the play, he has a liking for unnecessary display (I, i and I, iii) but is more ready to issue absolute commands than to give reasons (as in II, i). Anne? Before he gains power, Henry always tries to justify his actions; when he has power, he tries to Law school assignment of sines, present his actions as reasonable, which, mostly, they are. As his power wanes, Richard becomes eloquent in Anne frank book his introspection, engaging our sympathy but indulging in self-pity and jumping to Obama essay, rash conclusions (as in his condemnation of Anne frank book synopsis his friends in III, ii). His abdication is blatantly theatrical, but he achieves a more complete humanity and peace with himself in the play's last act. Richard, as ruler, fails to grasp that the display of authority needs to be backed up with the reality of power . This may mean cultivating his own popularity, as Bolingbroke is said to do (V, i, 7 - 21) but more importantly establishing a broad power base among the nobility and commons, rather than indulging a clique of sycophants while excluding many of the most powerful in Obama essay the land. From the start of the Anne frank synopsis play, Shakespeare establishes a sense of utterances forceful in manner, but not backed up by real power. Richard believes in his majesty, a sacred, quasi-magical quality which comes from God and is inalienable (Not all the Buy narrative jealousy water in the rough rude sea/Can wash the balm off from an Anne anointed king; III, ii, 54 - 55) and so do others, Carlisle wholly and Henry to a point. But the moment powerful people cease to essay jealousy, believe in this (as Northumberland has) the game is up.

There is a calculating quality in Bolingbroke's speech by contrast: he never threatens what he cannot deliver. In II, i, Richard rants at the dying Gaunt, speaking of punishment only Anne frank book synopsis, forestalled by his uncle's age and sickness, then sets in train the seizure of his estates, wrongly supposing that he can do this without risk. But in III, i, Henry actually executes three of Richard's counsellors, one of them (Wiltshire) a noble, knowing that his action is sanctioned by his and Northumberland's soldiers. Discussion of the play's language can also be thought of in terms of the service students variety of Anne frank book synopsis poetic forms and of imagery , especially related groups of project images (images of nature, the four elements, the sun) recurring throughout the drama. Space does not permit full discussion of these here, and Anne you are directed for a more extensive treatment to Brodie's Notes , pp. 86 - 91 ( Style: Variety, Word-play, Rhyme, Imagery ) and the section headed Language (pp. 31 - 34) in the introduction to the New Cambridge edition of the play. You should have a clear sense of the different headings or categories under which you would organize comment on the play's language, and be aware that examiners might invite this comment in general or specific terms. It is quite likely, for example, that you might be asked about the theatrical effectiveness of the Buy narrative jealousy play's language - that is, how it works in conveying narrative, giving insight into character or attitudes, and frank book synopsis engaging the sympathy or revulsion of the audience. The comment below is the outline of a lecture given at a study day for A level students.

notes from a lecture by Dr. Paul Hammond at Leeds University. Language is not just a medium of the play, but one of its subjects. Language is used as an of phd instrument of political control and manipulation. Book Synopsis? We are shown how power operates through language. Political uses of language can be considered under these headings: The rhetoric of Thesis vs dissertation command: Richard uses this early in the play, but not much hereafter. We were not born to sue, but to command. At the end of this statement Richard admits he is already losing power.

The rhetoric of persuasion: Richard tries to patch up the differences of Bolingbroke and Mowbray. This, too, fails. The rhetoric of authentication: Richard and others appeal to the source of their authority. Richard appeals to God. In doing this he reminds others of the source of his power. Bolingbroke does so: In God's name I'll ascend the regal throne and Carlisle retorts in Anne frank synopsis like manner: Marry, God forbid. The rhetoric of display: The power of the monarchy is displayed through verbal imagery (compare also the visual stage imagery of pageantry, costume and theatrical display - use of throne, crown and so on: Richard is aware of both kinds of imagery). All these kinds of rhetoric gradually cease to work for Richard. The implication is politically dangerous: that rulers have no power if their subjects refuse to be manipulated. The play is very concerned with the use of language.

The audience lived in a society dependent on the spoken word. Those who were illiterate would be used to hearing long sermons and stories. Those who were literate were trained at school in the arts of using language rhetorically to persuade. Having learned to argue effectively they would be well able to judge others' rhetorical skills. Act I, scene i alerts us to project essay school, the fact that this play is to be about language. Anne Frank Synopsis? Richard begins with the rhetoric of control and of phd power.

He has a monopoly of command here: he is to be the arbiter of the dispute. In I, iii, the frank book synopsis tournament is a ritual with a set order and create a thesis statement essay forms of expression (the closest modern equivalent would be a law court). The ritual here is ancient and traditional and has little to do with Richard's power as king. He chooses to use his temporal power to break the ritual of divine justice on which the tournament is based (God decides in the trial by combat). Richard halts the contest, asserts his own power and dispenses with the Anne book synopsis divine justice. He replaces the ritual language with his own personal language, and his words are no longer effective, only project school, decorative. The (musical) flourish at line 122 matches the rhetorical flourish with which his judgement is delivered. The power of Richard's utterances appears as he easily remits four years of Bolingbroke's exile, but its limits are noted by Gaunt (226) who observes that Richard is powerless to extend his life. Though Richard's word is law in this scene, it will not be so for long.

From this point in the play we note the contrast between Richard's and Bolingbroke's speech. On his return from exile, Bolingbroke is plain, direct and Anne frank synopsis forceful. In II, iii, line 70 he insist that Berkeley address him by his proper title - Lancaster. The Help Community? When York accuses him of treason in returning before his exile has expired, he justifies himself by a quibble, taking refuge in a legal nicety. Bolingbroke's actions appear honest for a while, as he metes out justice to Bushy, Greene and Wiltshire, and his simple and effective words and actions are very different from Richard's flourishes and self-glorification. Bushy, Greene and Wiltshire have razed out his imprese, the heraldic sign which declares his identity of Lancaster. However, the audience may be troubled in wondering by what authority Bolingbroke executes these men. On his return from Ireland (III, ii) Richard greets the earth using a familiar image of mother and child, yet reverses the frank book synopsis usual rôles, as he tries to own the earth and direct it to act as an effective agent of harm to Community project students, his enemies.

This demonstrates Richard's compulsive tendency to retreat into a fantastic world of excess and disproportion. As he invokes spiders and synopsis toads to be his soldiers, we are aware that he lacks real forces (he is essay themes community about to find this out). His language is grotesque and bizarre, not the rhetoric of realistic command or persuasion. In this scene, discussion of language becomes explicit: Salisbury, bringing bad news, says: Discomfort guides my tongue while Scroope refers to his own care-tuned tongue. Richard urges morbid conversation: Of comfort no man speak as he wants to sit upon the ground and tell sad stories. While Aumerle's brief interruptions are all practical, Richard wants only to talk and write. Anne Book? His musings lead him (151) to question his and others' identity. His language isolates him from his supporters; it is no longer functional but self-consolatory. In III, iii, at line 144, Richard turns the power game into a language game: first he asks a series of questions and proceeds, in self-dramatizing fashion, to answer them (Must he submit?/ The King shall do it. ) Then he changes from he to I, indicating a problem of identity. He can no longer use language to display power, so uses it to display his spirituality, imagining himself as a humble hermit, but the language disturbs by its extravagance.

From line 161 on, the language becomes even more grotesque: Richard shows no interest in confronting Bolingbroke's army, but rather in using his and Aumerle's tears to cause foul weather and dearth or to make a pair of graves. He has retreated into image-making, but communication has broken down. In IV, i, Richard, on his entry, tries to invent a new ritual of vs dissertation uncrowning and to invent the language for this. While Bolingbroke presides over the ceremony it is largely Richard who enacts it, and uses the objects of ritual: he transfers the crown, refuses Northumberland's paper, but improvises his own confession, and introduces the final ritual object in the mirror, giving a commentary on the destruction of himself which he enacts. In V, v, the solitary Richard recognizes how hard it is to conceive of images, as he tries to invent an imaginary world to people his cell. He can now see the gap between his ideas and language and the real world; his isolation is explicit, and he is aware of it. Anne Book? He now has no audience. At the start of the play everyone is obliged to acquiesce in Richard's language game. He now has no power, only language, which is decorative and The help essay themes community consolatory. We have moved from a world in which images authenticate (real) power, through a struggle to sustain this, to language itself, which is frank all Richard has left.

Act IV, scene i (the deposition scene); summary of a lecture by David Lindley at create a thesis essay Leeds University. Two questions to consider are: Why is the main action preceded by the sections in which Aumerle and Carlisle figure prominently? Why does the scene continue beyond Richard's renunciation of the crown, which is its natural climax? The scene begins the second half of the play. It recollects the opening of the whole play and points a parallel between Bolingbroke and Richard. It emphasises the clash of aristocratic pride with law and kingly power. It looks back to events before the play's opening, showing how present events are determined by the past, and the continuity of history.

It reminds us that the events of the play are historical. Henry IV faces difficulties similar to those of Richard, but he deals with them differently. Anne Book Synopsis? By way of contrast, Carlisle sets forth a view of the king as above judgement. He foretells future events (in this play, other than prompting Exton's murder of Richard, Henry has avoided bloodshed, but it will come later in his reign). We see the events which cause the future. When Richard enters the Obama essay scene a number of people are under suspicion or arrest: Aumerle and his supporters, Carlisle, Richard himself. Shakespeare added and invented this part of the scene.

There is no historical basis for Anne synopsis it. There is no suspense involved in this scene, for assignment of sines its outcome is already known (Richard has earlier given up the crown). The focus is not on what is to happen, but how it will happen. Frank Synopsis? It is a struggle for theatrical, not political dominance. Richard tries to gain the audience's attention: note how he swamps Northumberland with words.

This is a play which seems deliberately not to indulge in assignment action. There is suspension or paralysis of action whenever it threatens. How then is our interest sustained? The focus of the scene is on objects rather than actions , to Anne synopsis, each of which objects Richard has a different attitude. He resigns the crown , the symbol of power. He refuses to read the paper listing his crimes, the symbol of The help essay themes real actions. He smashes the Anne synopsis mirror , symbol of vanity and self-knowledge, and shadow of his face. It is a dramatic moment when Richard's wish to turn everything into images collapses. This prepares us for service project essay school the prison scene (V, v). Coping with tasks in A level exams. In preparing for the exam you should be aware of the Anne frank book synopsis different kinds of question you will have to answer.

In studying the text closely you should simply realise that the material studied can be approached in different ways in Obama essay the exam. Tasks based on a passage from the play. In theory any scene in synopsis the play could be chosen; in practice the number of suitable scenes is more limited, but of Thesis vs dissertation course the extract chosen will only be a brief part of a much longer scene. Because of the part of the question (usually) which refers to the themes of the play (not necessarily in so many words) and which implies consideration of book before and after, scenes from the middle of the text are more likely to be chosen. What the examiners do NOT want is a gloss (prose paraphrase) of the extract given. This might make you feel secure, but you won't be.

What (usually) is required is as follows: Consideration of the scene's treatment of the Buy narrative jealousy play's general themes - the frank synopsis extract and Obama essay its place in relation to the rest of the play. Matters of staging and frank book theatrical presentation as implied in the text: use of objects; movements; relationships on stage (to whom are speeches addressed?) and the scene's structure (in episodes). Questions about theatrical presentation are NOT questions about character and Law school of sines the content of speeches. How a character (or characters) is frank synopsis (are) revealed in the dialogue.

Again, this is not a question which invites paraphrase, but discussion of rhetoric. Usually, the examiners will give you an outline of how you should answer the question. You must organize your answer in these terms. Once again, remember not merely to paraphrase or give a loose running commentary. Tasks based on themes and Community project school students characters. The examiners want to Anne book, see lots of material but without irrelevance or sacrifice of depth and thoroughness. In general, essays produced in trial examinations have shown too much narrowness of approach.

It is essential to plan your essay to ensure that sufficient range of Thesis comment appears. This plan need not be beautiful, nor take more than a few minutes, but should be comprehensive. Embody the plan in your opening sentence(s), e.g. In Richard II Shakespeare presents the audience with a range of ideas about the Anne book synopsis nature of Obama essay kingship: to Carlisle the Anne frank book synopsis right to rule is God-given and inalienable, while for Northumberland the throne is available to the candidate who wields most effective power; between these extremes we see how York, Bolingbroke and, above all, Richard, come gradually to modify their ideas. The example questions below come from past Advanced level papers: #147;It is the cynical and devious who prosper in Richard II .#148; Do you agree? How does Shakespeare present Richard and Bolingbroke as contrasting personalities and kings in Richard II ? By what means and with what success does Shakespeare attempt to secure our sympathy for The help themes community Richard? In what ways do the minor characters serve to heighten the tragic effect of the play Richard II ? You should deal particularly with two or three characters (other than Richard and Bolingbroke). The examiners will play fair and certainly won't set an essay on the Second Herald or the Welsh Captain. Essays explicitly about a single character are comparatively rare at 'A' level (as they invite the Anne frank book synopsis prepared essay). Essays may well be about community relationships and the theatrical presentation of characters.

In this play, questions about Richard and frank book Bolingbroke must be expected. Questions about Obama essay York, Aumerle and Northumberland are also possible. Frank Book Synopsis? The queen, the caterpillars, Carlisle and Gaunt also contribute to how we see Richard, but are not in enough of the play to sustain essays on their own. Questions on themes look harder but aren't, usually. Obama Essay? And they inhibit the retelling-with-comment method you should avoid. The central theme of this play is the frank synopsis nature of kingship. Questions about kingship may appear as questions (or statements to which you respond) about Buy narrative jealousy order/disorder, anarchy, rule or government . For example, you may need to Anne frank book synopsis, discuss the idea of the King's two bodies or whether the create statement essay play supports the view that not all the water in the rough rude sea/Can wash the balm off from th'anointed king.

You may be asked in what sense the play is a history play (how does Shakespeare interpret history to present a debate on ideas of kingship) or how Shakespeare addresses political issues. Any order/disorder question is really a question about the contrasting approaches and fortunes of book Richard and Henry, which is qualified by the views (on the sources and nature of kingship) of Obama essay these two, and of others, among them Carlisle, Bagot, Fitzwater, Aumerle, Northumberland, Gaunt and York, as well as the Gardener. If you are given a statement to respond to, do not suppose you must agree or disagree wholly. Usually, the statement will be more or less fair but will invite some qualification. Wholly wrong comments are never used. Synopsis? Often the accuracy of a statement may depend upon the interpretation given to the text in performance.

Questions about the play as theatre. A third kind of question will allow you to Thesis of phd, examine the play in frank book synopsis explicitly theatrical terms (note that discussion of dramatic qualities is perfectly in order in Community for high students the other types of question). Book Synopsis? Subjects on which you should be ready to answer would include some of the things discussed in a context-based question, but seen in the perspective of the whole play (structure, actions, properties and language). Other subjects would include the unity (or lack of it) of the play (organic coherence, consistency of tone - see, for example, A. P. Rossiter's essay, Uncomformity in Richard II , in the Casebook guide, pp. 214-229) and Community project for high students Shakespeare's use of oppositions or contrasting elements: Richard and Henry; public (formal, ceremonial) and private (informal) scenes; action and inaction; Northumberland's power politics and Anne Carlisle's divine right of create a thesis statement for an kings, and so on: these things are not to be examined simply in their own right, but in frank book synopsis terms of their effect on the play as a work of theatre.

As language is of such importance here, this is discussed more fully in a separate section of this guide. A very basic outline for revision. Use this very basic outline to learn the structure of the of sines play. Adapt or customize it to suit your preferred methods of book study. Bolingbroke challenges Mowbray (Norfolk) for killing his uncle (Gloucester). Richard declares a tournament at Coventry. Gaunt rejects Duchess's (Gloucesters's widow's) plea for revenge: God's is the essay jealousy quarrel. Coventry - the lists - no result but Mowbray and Bolingbroke (Henry, Hereford, Lancaster, King) banished. Richard plans to take Gaunt's estates. Gaunt makes mega-patriotic speech and dies. Richard is rude and seizes his goods; Northumberland is unimpressed and tells of a very tasty plot (lots of names) France - heading for Ravenspurgh.

Bushy, Bagot and synopsis the queen - surely the least memorable scene in the play; Bagot goes to Obama essay, Ireland; the other two (Greene, Bushy) don't. York is worried. Bolingbroke near Berkeley - meets pals and book York. Salisbury and a Welsh captain tell us Richard has lost his army - rumoured to be dead. Caterpillars - Bushy, Greene and Wiltshire get the chop (why not Bagot? See above). Harlech - king gets lots of bad news but makes some ace speeches: Spiders. toads,Not all the water in Community essay students the rough rude sea. and For God's sake let us sit upon frank synopsis, the ground. . Flint Castle - Richard like the essay sun on the ramparts but comes down into the base court and says Up, cousin, up. . The Queen and the Gardener - cue a load of metaphors. Very easy - it's all one scene; note its structure and the use of objects (the gages, the throne, the crown and the mirror etc. etc.) Richard abdicates and Henry becomes king (How? When?) Plot at the end like in II, i, but this time its Carlisle, Westminster and Aumerle against Henry. (No chance of this one succeeding). First of (too) many scenes: Richard bids dignified farewell to his queen, and is diverted from the Tower of London to Pomfret (sounds like pommes frtes) Castle.

York is sorry for Richard but supports Henry now, and proves it by reporting his son's plotting. Henry is worried about his unthrifty son (Hal, later Henry V) an advert for the next play in the series. Cue for some slapstick as Aumerle rushes in, asks Henry to lock the door, then York turns up, then the Duchess. Henry graciously spares Aumerle but demotes him to frank, Rutland. Exton thinks he should kill Richard. (v) Richard in prison; he is philosophical and resolute; he learns from the groom of his horse's disloyalty and is duly murdered. Northumberland and Fitzwater have sorted out the would-be rebels. Westminster has died (naturally) but Carlisle is banished. Exton is also banished and Henry decides to go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land to make up for what he's done. But he never goes (Why not?) Please acknowledge my authorship by giving the URL of essay any pages you use, and/or include the copyright symbol. Suggestions for improvement are welcome.

Thank you.

Jan 27, 2018 Anne frank book synopsis, write my essay -

Organic Foods: What You Need to Know. Organic food has become very popular. Book. But navigating the maze of Obama essay, organic food labels, benefits, and book claims can be confusing. Essay Community. Is organic food really better for your mental and physical health? Do GMOs and pesticides cause cancer and Anne frank other diseases? What do all the labels mean? This guide can help you make better choices about shopping organic, including what to Law school of sines focus on and how to Anne frank synopsis make eating organic more affordable. The term “organic” refers to the way agricultural products are grown and processed.

While the regulations vary from country to country, in the U.S., organic crops must be grown without the use of synthetic pesticides, bioengineered genes (GMOs), petroleum-based fertilizers, and sewage sludge-based fertilizers. Organic livestock raised for meat, eggs, and dairy products must have access to the outdoors and Buy narrative jealousy be given organic feed. They may not be given antibiotics, growth hormones, or any animal by-products. How your food is grown or raised can have a major impact on your mental and emotional health as well as the Anne environment. Organic foods often have more beneficial nutrients, such as antioxidants, than their conventionally-grown counterparts and people with allergies to foods, chemicals, or preservatives often find their symptoms lessen or go away when they eat only How to create a thesis statement organic foods. Organic produce contains fewer pesticides. Chemicals such as fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides are widely used in conventional agriculture and residues remain on (and in) the food we eat. Organic food is often fresher because it doesn’t contain preservatives that make it last longer.

Organic produce is often (but not always, so watch where it is from) produced on smaller farms near where it is sold. Organic farming is better for the environment. Organic farming practices reduce pollution, conserve water, reduce soil erosion, increase soil fertility, and use less energy. Farming without pesticides is also better for nearby birds and animals as well as people who live close to farms. Organically raised animals are NOT given antibiotics, growth hormones, or fed animal byproducts. Feeding livestock animal byproducts increases the risk of Anne synopsis, mad cow disease (BSE) and the use of help of sines, antibiotics can create antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Organically-raised animals are given more space to move around and access to frank the outdoors, which help to keep them healthy. Organic meat and milk are richer in certain nutrients. Results of a 2016 European study show that levels of create a thesis statement for an essay, certain nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids, were up to 50 percent higher in organic meat and book milk than in conventionally raised versions. Organic food is GMO-free. Obama Essay. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) or genetically engineered (GE) foods are plants whose DNA has been altered in ways that cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding, most commonly in order to be resistant to book pesticides or produce an insecticide. Organic food vs. locally-grown food. Unlike organic standards, there is no specific definition for Thesis vs dissertation “local food”. Frank Book Synopsis. It could be grown in your local community, your state, your region, or your country. Assignment Of Sines. During large portions of the year it is frank usually possible to find food grown close to home at places such as a farmer’s market. The benefitis of locally grown food. Financial: Money stays within the local economy.

More money goes directly to the farmer, instead of to things like marketing and distribution. Transportation: In the The help themes community U.S., for Anne example, the How to a thesis statement for an essay average distance a meal travels from the farm to Anne book synopsis the dinner plate is over 1,500 miles. Produce must be picked while still unripe and then gassed to ripen it after transport. Or the food is The help community highly processed in factories using preservatives, irradiation, and other means to keep it stable for frank book transport. Freshness: Local food is harvested when ripe and thus fresher and full of Buy narrative essay jealousy, flavor. Small local farmers often use organic methods but sometimes cannot afford to become certified organic. Visit a farmer’s market and talk with the farmers to find out what methods they use. The ongoing debate about the effects of GMOs on health and the environment is a controversial one. Anne Book. In most cases, GMOs are engineered to make food crops resistant to herbicides and/or to produce an insecticide.

For example, much of the sweet corn consumed in the U.S. is genetically engineered to be resistant to The help the herbicide Roundup and to produce its own insecticide, Bt Toxin. GMOs are also commonly found in U.S. crops such as soybeans, alfalfa, squash, zucchini, papaya, and canola, and Anne are present in many breakfast cereals and Thesis vs dissertation of phd much of the processed food that we eat. If the ingredients on a package include corn syrup or soy lecithin, chances are it contains GMOs. The use of book synopsis, toxic herbicides like Roundup (glyphosate) has increased 15 times since GMOs were introduced. While the World Health Organization announced that glyphosate is Law school assignment help “probably carcinogenic to frank book humans,” there is still some controversy over the level of health risks posed by Obama essay the use of pesticides. While the U.S. Food and Anne book Drug Administration (FDA) and the biotech companies that engineer GMOs insist they are safe, many food safety advocates point out that no long term studies have ever been conducted to confirm the safety of GMO use, while some animal studies have indicated that consuming GMOs may cause internal organ damage, slowed brain growth, and thickening of the digestive tract. GMOs have been linked to of phd increased food allergens and gastro-intestinal problems in humans. While many people think that altering the DNA of Anne frank book, a plant or animal can increase the How to a thesis statement essay risk of cancer, the research has so far proven inconclusive. As mentioned above, one of the primary benefits of eating organic is Anne book lower levels of pesticides.

However, despite popular belief, organic farms do use pesticides. The difference is that they only use naturally-derived pesticides, rather than the synthetic pesticides used on conventional commercial farms. Natural pesticides are believed to be less toxic, however, some have been found to have health risks. That said, your exposure to Law school harmful pesticides will be lower when eating organic. What are the possible risks of pesticides? Most of us have an accumulated build-up of pesticide exposure in our bodies due to numerous years of Anne frank book, exposure. Assignment. This chemical body burden as it is medically known could lead to Anne health issues such as headaches, birth defects, and added strain on help weakened immune systems. Some studies have indicated that the use of pesticides even at low doses can increase the risk of certain cancers , such as leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumors, breast cancer and prostate cancer.

Children and fetuses are most vulnerable to pesticide exposure because their immune systems, bodies, and brains are still developing. Frank Synopsis. Exposure at Thesis vs dissertation of phd, an early age may cause developmental delays, behavioral disorders, autism, immune system harm, and Anne frank book synopsis motor dysfunction. Pregnant women are more vulnerable due to for high school the added stress pesticides put on their already taxed organs. Anne Book. Plus, pesticides can be passed from mother to child in the womb, as well as through breast milk. The widespread use of Obama essay, pesticides has also led to Anne book the emergence of Buy narrative jealousy, “super weeds” and “super bugs,” which can only Anne frank book be killed with extremely toxic poisons like 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (a major ingredient in Agent Orange). Does washing and peeling produce get rid of pesticides? Rinsing reduces but does not eliminate pesticides. Peeling sometimes helps, but valuable nutrients often go down the drain with the skin. The best approach: eat a varied diet, wash and service project school students scrub all produce thoroughly, and Anne book buy organic when possible. The best bang for your buck when shopping organic. Organic food is create a thesis essay often more expensive than conventionally-grown food.

But if you set some priorities, it may be possible to purchase organic food and stay within your food budget. Know your produce pesticide levels. Some types of Anne book, conventionally-grown produce are much higher in Buy narrative essay jealousy pesticides than others, and should be avoided. Others are low enough that buying non-organic is relatively safe. The Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit organization that analyzes the results of government pesticide testing in the U.S., offers a annually-updated list that can help guide your choices.

Fruits and vegetables where the organic label matters most. According to the Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit organization that analyzes the results of government pesticide testing in Anne book the U.S., the following fruits and assignment vegetables have the highest pesticide levels so are best to buy organic: Apples Sweet Bell Peppers Cucumbers Celery Potatoes Grapes Cherry Tomatoes. Kale/Collard Greens Summer Squash Nectarines (imported) Peaches Spinach Strawberries Hot Peppers. Fruits and vegetables you don't need to buy organic. Known as the Anne frank book synopsis “Clean 15”, these conventionally-grown fruits and help vegetables are generally low in pesticides. Asparagus Avocado Mushrooms Cabbage Sweet Corn Eggplant Kiwi Mango. Onion Papaya Pineapple Sweet Peas (frozen) Sweet Potatoes Grapefruit Cantaloupe.

Buy organic meat, eggs, and dairy if you can afford to. While prominent organizations such as the Anne frank synopsis American Heart Association maintain that eating saturated fat from any source increases the risk of Law school of sines, heart disease, other nutrition experts maintain that eating organic grass-fed meat and organic dairy products doesn’t carry the same risks. It’s not the saturated fat that’s the problem, they say, but the unnatural diet of an industrially-raised animal that includes corn, hormones, and medication. According to Animal Feed, conventionally raised animals in U.S. can be given: Dairy cows – antibiotics, pig and chicken byproducts, growth hormones, pesticides, sewage sludge Beef cows – antibiotics, pig and chicken byproducts, steroids, hormones, pesticides, sewage sludge Pigs - antibiotics, animal byproducts, pesticides, sewage sludge, arsenic-based drugs Broiler chickens - antibiotics, animal byproducts, pesticides, sewage sludge, arsenic-based drugs Egg laying hens - antibiotics, animal byproducts, pesticides, sewage sludge, arsenic-based drugs.

Other ways to keep the cost of organic food within your budget. Shop at farmers' markets. Many cities, as well as small towns, host a weekly farmers' market, where local farmers sell their produce at an open-air street market, often at a discount to grocery stores. Join a food co-op. A natural foods co-op, or cooperative grocery store typically offers lower prices to members, who pay an annual fee to belong. Join a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) farm, in which individuals and Anne frank book synopsis families join up to purchase shares of produce in Law school of sines bulk, directly from Anne synopsis, a local farm. Local and organic! Buy in season – Fruits and vegetables are cheapest and freshest when they are in season.

Find out when produce is delivered to your market so you're buying the freshest food possible. Shop around – Compare the price of organic items at The help themes community, the grocery store, the frank book farmers’ market and create statement for an essay other venues (even the freezer aisle). Remember that organic doesn’t always equal healthy –Making junk food sound healthy is a common marketing ploy in the food industry but organic baked goods, desserts, and snacks are usually still very high in sugar, salt, fat, or calories. It pays to read food labels carefully. Why is organic food often more expensive? Organic food is more labor intensive since the farmers do not use pesticides, chemical fertilizers, or drugs. Organic certification is expensive and frank synopsis organic feed for animals can cost twice as much. Organic farms tend to be smaller than conventional farms, which means fixed costs and overhead must be distributed across smaller produce volumes without government subsidies. More help for healthy eating. Healthy Eating: Simple Ways to Plan, Enjoy, and Stick to a Healthy Diet The Mediterranean Diet: What You Need to Know About Eating he Mediterranean Way. To find farmers' markets, organic farms, and grocery co-ops in your area:

General information about organic food. Organic Foods: Are they safer? More nutritious? Information on essay community the difference between organic and conventional foods. (MayoClinic.com) Organic FAQs “Get Educated” a whole section on organics: What is Organic? Myths About Organic, 10 Reasons to Go Organic, and frank book FAQs. (Organic.org) Animal Feed – Details how livestock feed affects animal health, and the health of people who consume animal products. (Grace Communications Foundation)

Organic Meat and Milk Higher in Healthful Fatty Acids – Details a review of scientific studies that showed organic meat and milk differ markedly from their conventionally produced counterparts. (New York Times) GMO Facts – Frequently asked questions on the use and safety of GMOs. (Non GMO Project) Where GMOs hide in your food – Details tests that found GMOs in many packaged foods—including those labeled 'natural,' (Consumer Reports) The Problem with Pesticides – Examines some of the potential health effects of pesticides. Vs Dissertation. (Toxics Action Center) Genetic Engineering in Anne book Agriculture – Article that highlights why both the risks and the benefits of GMOs may have been exaggerated. (Union of Concerned Scientists) Autism Risk Higher Near Pesticide-Treated Fields – Research that shows babies whose moms lived within a mile of crops treated with widely used pesticides were more likely to develop autism. (Scientific America)

Pesticides and Cancer Highlights problems with the a thesis statement for an evidence linking cancer to Anne frank book pesticide use. (Cancer Research UK) Find Non-GMO Foods – Database of foods verified as non-GMO, including an iPhone app shopping guide. (Non GMO Project) Organic or Not? Is organic produce healthier than conventional? Find out where to spend and of sines where to Anne frank book synopsis save for your health. Thesis Vs Dissertation. (EatingWell) Health Benefits – Information on various topics related to the benefits of organics. (Organic Trade Association) What is local?

How to buy and eat local food and why it matters. (Sustainable Table) Shopper's Guide to Pesticides (PDF) List of the produce with the highest and lowest pesticide levels. Anne Frank Book. (Environmental Working Group) Was this article helpful? Authors: Lawrence Robinson, Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., and Robert Segal, M.A. Last updated: April 2017.

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Jan 27, 2018 Anne frank book synopsis, essay writer for all kinds of papers -

19 Reasons Why This Is An Excellent Resume. Recruiters spend an average of six seconds reviewing a resume before they make the initial decision on frank synopsis candidates, according to research conducted by TheLadders, an Community service essay school students online job-matching service for frank synopsis professionals. Community For High Students? That means you have to win them over fast. To get a better idea of what makes a resume great, we reached out to Amanda Augustine, career expert at TheLadders. She created an Anne example of an excellent resume and allowed us to share it. While resumes should be tailored to the industry you're in, the one below offers a helpful guide for entry- and mid-level professionals with three to a thesis essay five years of Anne frank relevant work experience.. What makes this resume so great? Augustine outlines the following reasons: 1. It includes a URL to the jobseeker's professional online profile. Obama Essay? If you don't include URLs to your professional online profiles, hiring managers will look you up regardless. Augustine tells Business Insider that 86% of Anne synopsis recruiters admit to Thesis vs dissertation reviewing candidates' online profiles, so why not include your URL along with your contact information? This will prevent recruiters from having to guess or mistaking you for someone else.

If you have a common name, consider including your middle initial on your resume and online professional profiles to book differentiate yourself from the competition, says Augustine. For example, decide if you're Mike Johnson, Michael Johnson, or Mike E. How To Create A Thesis? Johnson. Then use this name consistently, be it on book LinkedIn, Google+, Twitter, or Facebook. Buy Narrative? 3. It includes a single phone number and email address. Choose one phone number for your resume where you control the voicemail message and who picks up the phone, she advises.

The same rule applies to Anne frank book synopsis an email address. 4. The Help Themes? It does not include an objective statement. There's no point in including a generic objective about a professional looking for opportunities that will allow me to leverage my skills, says Augustine. It's not helpful and distracting. Ditch it. 5. Instead, it includes an executive summary.

Replace your fluffy statement with an Anne frank synopsis executive summary, which should be like a 30-second elevator pitch where you explain who you are and what you're looking for . In approximately three to five sentences, explain what you€™re great at, most interested in, and how you can provide value to a prospective employer, Augustine says. 6. It uses reverse chronological order. This is the most helpful for recruiters because they're able to see what you've been doing in recent years immediately, says Augustine. The only Law school assignment help time you shouldn't do this is if you're trying to transition to another career altogether, but then again, in this situation, you'll probably be relying more on networks, than your resume, she says. 7. Anne Book? It uses keywords like forecasting and strategic planning. Many companies use some kind of Community essay for high students screening process to frank book identify the right candidates. You should include the keywords mentioned in the job posting throughout your resume. Identify the common keywords, terminology, and key phrases that routinely pop up in the job descriptions of your target role and incorporate them into your resume (assuming you have those skills), advises Augustine. This will help you make it past the initial screenings and on to the recruiter or hiring manager.

8. It provides company descriptions. It's helpful for recruiters to know the size of the company you used to work for, advises Augustine. Being a director of a huge company means something very different than a director at a small company, she says. You can go to the company's About Us section and rewrite one or two lines of the description. This should be included right underneath the Community for high school students name of the company. Anne? While the company size is helpful information, including the company description will also let the hiring manager know what industries you've worked in. For example, being an Buy narrative jealousy accountant in tech may be very different than being an accountant in the hospitality industry.

As with most things on a resume, the company description should be tailored based on the professional's goals. If you're looking to book switch industries, your focus may be on the company size €” assuming it's similar to your goals €” and less on discussing the various products your company sells. 9. It does not list achievements in dense blocks of statement for an essay text. Synopsis? Recruiters receive so many resumes to scan through at a time, so make it as easy as possible for Law school them to understand why you're perfect for the job. Frank Synopsis? Dense blocks of text are too difficult to read, says Augustine.. 10. Instead, achievements are listed in two to Buy narrative essay jealousy five bullet points per job. Under each job or experience you've had, explain how you contributed to or supported your team€™s projects and initiatives. As you build up your experience, save the bullets for your bragging points, says Augustine.

Quantify your major accomplishments and contributions for each role, Augustine tells us. This can include the money you saved or brought in for your employer, deals closed, and projects delivered on Anne time or under budget. Do not use any more than three to five bullet points. Law School? 12. Accomplishments are formatted as result-and-then-cause. A good rule is to use the Anne synopsis result BY action sentence structure whenever possible. For example: Generated approximately $452,000 in annual savings by employing a new procedure which streamlined the business's vendor relationships. 13. White space draws the service school reader's eyes to important points.

Recruiters do not spend a lot of book time scanning resumes, so avoid dense blocks of text. The key is to format the information in a way that makes it easy to scan and recognize your job goals and relevant qualifications, Augustine tells us. 14. It doesn't use crazy fonts or colors. Stick to black and white color, says Augustine. Obama Essay? As for font, it's best to stick with the frank synopsis basics, such as Arial, Tahoma, or Calibri. Augustine says you should never write your resume in Community service project essay for high, third person because everyone knows you're the one writing it (unless you go through a professional resume writing service). Instead, you should write it in first person, and book, do not include pronouns. It's weird [to include pronouns], and Obama essay, it's an frank synopsis extra word you don't need, she says. You need to streamline your resume because you have limited real estate.

Avoid adding any embedded tables, pictures, or other images in your resume, as this can confuse the applicant-tracking software and jumble your resume in the system, says Augustine. 17. It doesn't use headers or footers. It may look neat and Thesis vs dissertation of phd, concise to display your contact information in the header, but for Anne frank synopsis t he same reason with embedded tables and charts, it often gets scrambled in an applicant tracking system, says Augustine. 18. Education is listed at the bottom.

Unless you're a recent graduate, you should highlight your work experience and move your education information to the bottom of your resume, says Augustine. Never include anything about your high-school years. 19. It doesn't say references upon The help essay themes community, request. Frank Synopsis? Every recruiter knows you're going to provide references if they request it so there's no reason for you to include this line. Again, remember that space on your resume is crucial so don't waste it on Thesis of phd a meaningless line, Augustine tells us. Now watch how to ace an interview: SEE ALSO: What Recruiters Look At During The 6 Seconds They Spend On Your Resume. NOW WATCH: The 9 Worst Mistakes You Can Make On Your Resume. Recommended For You Powered by Sailthru. 19 Reasons Why This Is An Excellent Resume.

Recruiters spend an Anne book average of six seconds. Get the best of Business Insider delivered to your inbox every day.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) Case Study. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. This newest definition COPD , provided by the Global Initiative for Chrnonic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), is a broad description that better explains this disorder and its signs and symptoms (GOLD, World Health Organization [WHO] National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [NHLBI], 2004). Although previous definitions have include emphysema and Anne synopsis chronic bronchitis under the umbrella classification of COPD , this was often confusing because most patient with COPD present with over lapping signs and symptoms of these two distinct disease processes. COPD may include diseases that cause airflow obstruction (e.g., Emphysema, chronic bronchitis) or any combination of these disorders. Other diseases as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and asthma that were previously classified as types of chronic obstructive lung disease are now classified as chronic pulmonary disorders. However, asthma is now considered as a separate disorder and is classified as an abnormal airway condition characterized primarily by reversible inflammation. COPD can co-exist with asthma. Both of these diseases have the same major symptoms; however, symptoms are generally more variable in asthma than in service project, COPD . Currently, COPD is the fourth leading cause of mortality and the 12 th leading cause of disability.

However, by book synopsis the year 2020 it is estimated that COPD will be the third leading cause of death and the firth leading cause of disability (Sin, McAlister, Man. Et al., 2003). People with COPD commonly become symptomatic during the middle adult years, and the incidence of the disease increases with age. The respiratory system consists of all the organs involved in breathing. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory system does two very important things: it brings oxygen into our bodies, which we need for our cells to live and function properly; and it helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi all work like a system of pipes through which the air is Obama essay funneled down into our lungs.

There, in very small air sacs called alveoli, oxygen is brought into the bloodstream and Anne frank carbon dioxide is pushed from the Buy narrative jealousy, blood out into the air. When something goes wrong with part of the respiratory system, such as an infection like pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, it makes it harder for us to get the oxygen we need and to get rid of the waste product carbon dioxide. Common respiratory symptoms include breathlessness, cough, and frank chest pain. When you breathe in, air enters your body through your nose or mouth. From there, it travels down your throat through the of phd, larynx (or voicebox) and into the trachea (or windpipe) before entering your lungs. Frank Synopsis. All these structures act to funnel fresh air down from the outside world into your body.

The upper airway is important because it must always stay open for you to be able to breathe. It also helps to jealousy moisten and frank synopsis warm the air before it reaches your lungs. The lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs which take up most of the space in our chests, along with the heart. Of Phd. Their role is to take oxygen into frank book synopsis, the body, which we need for our cells to live and function properly, and to help us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product. We each have two lungs, a left lung and a right lung. These are divided up into The help themes, ‘lobes’, or big sections of tissue separated by Anne frank ‘fissures’ or dividers. The Help Themes Community. The right lung has three lobes but the left lung has only Anne frank book two, because the Obama essay, heart takes up some of the space in the left side of our chest. The lungs can also be divided up into even smaller portions, called ‘bronchopulmonary segments’.

These are pyramidal-shaped areas which are also separated from each other by membranes. There are about 10 of Anne book them in each lung. Each segment receives its own blood supply and air supply. COPD VERSUS HEALTHY LUNG. Air enters your lungs through a system of statement for an pipes called the bronchi. These pipes start from the book, bottom of the trachea as the left and right bronchi and branch many times throughout the lungs, until they eventually form little thin-walled air sacs or bubbles, known as the alveoli.

The alveoli are where the important work of gas exchange takes place between the air and your blood. Covering each alveolus is service project essay for high school students a whole network of Anne frank synopsis little blood vessel called capillaries, which are very small branches of the pulmonary arteries. It is important that the air in the alveoli and How to a thesis statement essay the blood in the capillaries are very close together, so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can move (or diffuse) between them. Anne. So, when you breathe in, air comes down the trachea and through the bronchi into the alveoli. This fresh air has lots of oxygen in it, and Buy narrative essay some of this oxygen will travel across the walls of the alveoli into your bloodstream. Traveling in the opposite direction is carbon dioxide, which crosses from the blood in the capillaries into frank, the air in the alveoli and is then breathed out. In this way, you bring in to your body the oxygen that you need to live, and The help themes community get rid of the waste product carbon dioxide. The lungs are very vascular organs, meaning they receive a very large blood supply. Synopsis. This is because the pulmonary arteries, which supply the lungs, come directly from the right side of your heart. They carry blood which is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide into your lungs so that the carbon dioxide can be blown off, and more oxygen can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

The newly oxygen-rich blood then travels back through the The help themes, paired pulmonary veins into the left side of Anne frank synopsis your heart. From there, it is pumped all around your body to supply oxygen to cells and organs. The lungs are covered by smooth membranes that we call pleurae. The pleurae have two layers, a ‘visceral’ layer which sticks closely to the outside surface of service project for high school your lungs, and a ‘parietal’ layer which lines the inside of your chest wall (ribcage). The pleurae are important because they help you breathe in and out smoothly, without any friction. They also make sure that when your ribcage expands on breathing in, your lungs expand as well to frank fill the extra space.

The Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles. When you breathe in (inspiration), your muscles need to work to fill your lungs with air. The diaphragm, a large, sheet-like muscle which stretches across your chest under the ribcage, does much of this work. At rest, it is shaped like a dome curving up into your chest. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and flattens out, expanding the space in your chest and drawing air into your lungs.

Other muscles, including the muscles between your ribs (the intercostal muscles) also help by moving your ribcage in and out. Obama Essay. Breathing out (expiration) does not normally require your muscles to work. This is because your lungs are very elastic, and when your muscles relax at synopsis, the end of inspiration your lungs simply recoil back into their resting position, pushing the air out as they go. The Respiratory System and Ageing. The normal process of ageing is associated with a number of changes in both the structure and function of the respiratory system. These include: Enlargement of the alveoli.

The air spaces get bigger and create a thesis for an essay lose their elasticity, meaning that there is less area for gases to be exchanged across. This change is sometimes referred to as ‘senile emphysema’. The compliance (or springiness) of the chest wall decreases, so that it takes more effort to breathe in and out. The strength of the respiratory muscles (the diaphragm and intercostal muscles) decreases. Anne Frank. This change is closely connected to jealousy the general health of the person. All of these changes mean that an older person might have more difficulty coping with increased stress on book synopsis, their respiratory system, such as with an infection like pneumonia, than a younger person would. Risk factors for COPD include environmental exposures and host factors. The most important risk factor for COPD is cigarette smoking.

Other risk factors are pipe, cigar, and of phd other types of Anne book synopsis tobacco smoking. In addition, passive smoking contributes to The help community respiratory symptoms and COPD. Smoking depresses the frank, activity of scavenger cells and affects the respiratory tract’s ciliary cleansing mechanism, which keeps breathing passages free of inhaled irritants, bacteria, and other foreign matter. When smoking damages this cleansing mechanism, airflow is obstructed and service air becomes trapped behind the obstruction. The alveoli greatly distend, diminished lung capacity. Smoking also irritates the goblet cells and mucus glands, causing an increased accumulation of synopsis mucus, which in turn produces more irritation, infection, and Obama essay damage to the lung. Synopsis. In addition, carbon monoxide (a by Law school help of sines product of smoking) combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin. Hemoglobin that is bound by carboxyhemoglobin cannot carry oxygen efficiently.

A host risk factor for COPD is a deficiency of alpha antitrypsin, an enzyme inhibitor that protects the lung parenchyma from injury. This deficiency predisposes young people to rapid development of lobular emphysema, even if they do not smoke. Book. Genetically susceptible people are sensitive to environmental factors (eg. Smoking, air pollution, infectious agents, allergens) and eventually developed chronic obstructive symptoms. Carriers of this genetic defect must be identified so that they can modify environmental risk factors to delay or prevent overt symptoms of disease.

In COPD , the Obama essay, airflow limitation is both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. The inflammatory response occurs throughout the airways, parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. Because of the chronic inflammation and the body’s attempts to repair it, narrowing occurs in the small peripheral airways. Over time, this injury-and-repair process causes scar tissue formation and narrowing of the airway lumen. Airflow obstruction may also be caused by Anne book parenchymal destruction, as is seen with emphysema, a disease of the alveoli or gas exchange units. In addition to Community service project inflammation, processes related to imbalances of proteinases and antiproteinases in the lung may be responsible for airflow limitation. When activated by chronic inflammation, proteiness and frank book other substances may be released, damaging the parenchyma of the lung. The parenchymal changes may occur as a consequence of inflammation or environmental or genetic factors (eg. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency). Early in essay for high school, the course of book COPD , the inflammatory response causes pulmonary vasculature changes that are characterized by thickening of the vessel wall. These changes may result from exposure to cigarette smoke, use of tobacco products, and the release of inflammatory medicators.

Lung damage and inflammation in The help essay community, the large airways results in chronic bronchitis. Frank Book Synopsis. Chronic bronchitis is defined in clinical terms as a cough with sputum production on most days for Obama essay 3 months of frank a year, for 2 consecutive years. In the vs dissertation of phd, airways of the lung, the hallmark of Anne synopsis chronic bronchitris is an increased number (hyperplasia) and increased size (hypertrophy) of the goblet cells and mucous glands of the Law school help of sines, airway. As a result, there is more mucus than usual in the airways, contributing to narrowing of the book, airways and How to causing a cough with sputum. Microscopically there is infiltration of the airway walls with inflammatory cells. Inflammation is followed by scarring and remodeling that thickens the walls and also results in narrowing of the airways. As chronic bronchitis progresses, there is squamous metaplasia (an abnormal change in the tissue lining the inside of the synopsis, airway) and fibrosis (further thickening and scarring of the airway wall).

The consequence of these changes is a limitation of airflow. Patients with advanced COPD that have primarily chronic bronchitis rather than emphysema were commonly referred to as “blue bloaters” because of the bluish color of the skin and lips (cyanosis) seen in them. The hypoxia and fluid retention leads to them being called “Blue Bloaters.” One of the most common symptoms of COPD is shortness of breath (dyspnea). People with COPD commonly describe this as: “My breathing requires effort”, “I feel out of breath”, or “I can not get enough air in”. People with COPD typically first notice dyspnea during vigorous exercise when the demands on the lungs are greatest.

Over the years, dyspnea tends to get gradually worse so that it can occur during milder, everyday activities such as housework. In the advanced stages of COPD , dyspnea can become so bad that it occurs during rest and is constantly present. Of Phd. Other symptoms of COPD are a persistent cough, sputum or mucus production, wheezing, chest tightness, and tiredness. People with advanced (very severe) COPD sometimes develop respiratory failure. When this happens, cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the lips caused by a lack of synopsis oxygen in the blood, can occur. An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood can cause headaches, drowsiness or twitching (asterixis).

A complication of Thesis vs dissertation of phd advanced COPD is frank cor pulmonale, a strain on the heart due to the extra work required by the heart to pump blood through the affected lungs. Symptoms of cor pulmonale are peripheral edema, seen as swelling of the help of sines, ankles, and dyspnea. There are a few signs of COPD that a healthcare worker may detect although they can be seen in other diseases. Some people have COPD and have none of these signs. Common signs are: tachypnea, a rapid breathing rate wheezing sounds or crackles in Anne synopsis, the lungs heard through a stethoscope breathing out taking a longer time than breathing in enlargement of the chest, particularly the front-to-back distance (hyperinflation) active use of help muscles in the neck to help with breathing breathing through pursed lips increased anteroposterior to lateral ratio of the chest (i.e. barrel chest). Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, as it is Anne frank otherwise known, formerly termed a chronic obstructive lung disease). It is often caused by exposure to jealousy toxic chemicals, including long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. Emphysema is characterized by loss of elasticity (increased pulmonary compliance) of the lung tissue caused by destruction of structures feeding the alveoli, owing to the action of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. This causes the small airways to collapse during forced exhalation, as alveolar collapsibility has decreased. As a result, airflow is impeded and air becomes trapped in the lungs, in the same way as other obstructive lung diseases.

Symptoms include shortness of breath on exertion, and an expanded chest. However, the constriction of air passages isn’t always immediately deadly, and treatment is available. Signs of frank book emphysema include pursed-lipped breathing, central cyanosis and finger clubbing. The chest has hyper resonant percussion notes, particularly just above the Law school assignment help of sines, liver, and a difficult to palpate apex beat, both due to hyperinflation. There may be decreased breath sounds and audible expiratory wheeze. In advanced disease, there are signs of frank fluid overload such as pitting peripheral edema. The face has a ruddy complexion if there is a secondary polycythemia. Sufferers who retain carbon dioxide have asterixis (metabolic flap) at the wrist.

PFTs demonstrative airflow obstruction – reduced forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1, FEV1 to Thesis vs dissertation of phd FVC ration; increased residual volume to total lung capacity (TLC) ratio, possibly increased TLC. Anne Book Synopsis. ABG levels- decreased PaO2, pH, and increased CO2. Essay Themes Community. Chest X-ray – in late stages, hyperinflation, flattened diaphragm, increased rettrosternal space, decreased vascular markings, possible bullae. Alpa1-antitrypsin assay useful in identifying genetically determined deficiency in emphysema. The goals of COPD treatment are 1) to prevent further deterioration in lung function, 2) to alleviate symptoms, 3) to Anne improve performance of daily activities and quality of life. Buy Narrative Essay. The treatment strategies include 1) quitting cigarette smoking, 2) taking medications to synopsis dilate airways (bronchodilators) and decrease airway inflammation, 3) vaccinating against flu influenza and pneumonia and 4) regular oxygen supplementation and 5) pulmonary rehabilitation. Quitting cigarette smoking. The most important treatment for COPD is create statement quitting cigarette smoking. Patients who continue to frank book synopsis smoke have a more rapid deterioration in lung function when compared to others who quit. Aging itself can cause a very slow decline in lung function.

In susceptible individuals, cigarette smoking can result in a much more dramatic loss of lung function. Buy Narrative. It is important to frank note that when one stops smoking the decline in lung function eventually reverts to that of a non-smoker. Nicotine in project essay for high school, cigarettes is addictive, and, therefore, cessation of smoking can cause symptoms of nicotine withdrawal including anxiety, irritability, anger, depression, fatigue, difficulty concentrating or sleeping, and intense craving for cigarettes. Synopsis. Patients likely to develop withdrawal symptoms typically smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day, need to smoke shortly after waking up in the morning, and have difficulty refraining from smoking in non-smoking areas. However, some 25% of smokers can stop smoking without developing these symptoms. Even in those smokers who develop symptoms of withdrawal, the symptoms will decrease after several weeks of abstinence. Treating airway obstruction in COPD with bronchodilators is similar but not identical to Obama essay treating bronchospasm in Anne, asthma. Bronchodilators are medications that relax the muscles surrounding the small airways thereby opening the airways. Bronchodilators can be inhaled, taken orally or administered intravenously.

Inhaled bronchodilators are popular because they go directly to the airways where they work. As compared with bronchodilators given orally, less medication reaches the rest of the body, and, therefore, there are fewer side effects. Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) are used to deliver bronchodilators. Essay Jealousy. An MDI is a pressurized canister containing a medication that is Anne frank synopsis released when the canister is compressed. A standard amount of medication is released with each compression of the MDI. To maximize the Obama essay, delivery of the medications to the airways, the patient has to learn to synopsis coordinate inhalation with each compression.

Incorrect use of the MDI can lead to deposition of much of the medication on the tongue and the back of the throat instead of on the airways. To decrease the Buy narrative essay jealousy, deposition of Anne frank synopsis medications on the throat and increase the amount reaching the airways, spacers can be helpful. Spacers are tube-like chambers attached to the outlet of the MDI canister. Spacer devices can hold the Obama essay, released medications long enough for patients to inhale them slowly and book deeply into Obama essay, the lungs. Proper use of spacer devices can greatly increase the proportion of medication reaching the airways.

Pulmonary rehabilitation has become a cornerstone in the management of moderate to severe COPD. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program of education regarding lung function and dysfunction, proper breathing techniques (diaphragmatic breathing, pursed lip breathing), and Anne frank book synopsis proper use of essay themes respiratory equipment and medications. An essential ingredient in this program is the use of increasing physical exercise to overcome the frank book, reduced physical capacity that usually has developed over time. In addition, occupational and physical therapy are used to teach optimal and Obama essay efficient body mechanics. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has received much fanfare in the lay press. LVRS is Anne frank book a surgical procedure used to treat some patients with COPD. The premise behind this surgery is that the over-inflated, poorly-functioning upper parts of the jealousy, lung compress and Anne frank synopsis impair function of the Obama essay, better-functioning lung elsewhere. Thus, if the book, over-inflated portions of lung are removed surgically, the compressed lung may expand and function better. In addition, the diaphragm and the chest cavity achieve more optimal positioning following the surgery, and this improves breathing further. The best criteria for Law school assignment help choosing patients for LVRS are still uncertain.

A national study was completed in 2003. Patients primarily with emphysema at the top of their lungs, whose exercise tolerance was low even after pulmonary rehabilitation, seemed to do the best with this procedure. On average, lung function and exercise capacity among surviving surgical patients improved significantly following LVRS, but after two years returned to Anne frank book about the same levels as before the themes, procedure. Patients with forced expiratory volume in synopsis, FEVI of less than 20% of Obama essay predicted and either diffuse disease on the CAT scan or lower than 20% diffusing capacity or elevated carbon dioxide levels had higher mortality. The role of book synopsis LVRS is at present is very limited. Beta-agonists Beta-2 agonists have the bronchodilating effects of adrenaline without many of Obama essay its unwanted side effects. Beta-2 agonists can be administered by MDI inhalers or orally. They are called “agonists” because they activate the beta-2 receptor on the muscles surrounding the airways. Activation of beta-2 receptors relaxes the frank book, muscles surrounding the airways and Community for high school students opens the airways. Dilating airways helps to relieve the symptoms of dyspnea (shortness of breath).

Beta-2 agonists have been shown to relieve dyspnea in many COPD patients, even among those without demonstrable reversibility in airway obstruction. The action of Anne frank synopsis beta-2 agonists starts within minutes after inhalation and lasts for about 4 hours. Because of their quick onset of action, beta-2 agonists are especially helpful for patients who are acutely short of breath. Because of Buy narrative essay their short duration of action, these medications should be used for frank synopsis symptoms as they develop rather than as maintenance. Of Sines. Evidence suggests that when these drugs are used routinely, their effectiveness is diminished. These are referred to as rescue inhalers. Examples of beta-2 agonists include albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil), metaproterenol (Alupent), pirbuterol (Maxair), terbutaline (Brethaire), and isoetharine (Bronkosol). Levalbuterol (Xopenex) is a recently approved Beta-2 agonist. In contrast, Beta-2 agonists with a slower onset of action but a longer period of activity, such as salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent) and formoterol fumarate (Foradil) may be used routinely as maintenance medications. These drugs last twelve hours and Anne book synopsis should be taken twice daily and no more.

Along with some of these inhalers to be mentioned, these are often referred to as maintenance inhalers. Side effects of beta-2 agonists include anxiety, tremor, palpitations or fast heart rate, and low blood potassium. Anti-cholinergic Agents Acetylcholine is a chemical released by essay themes nerves that attaches to receptors on the muscles surrounding the Anne frank book synopsis, airway causing the muscles to contract and the airways to narrow. Anti-cholinergic drugs such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) dilate airways by blocking the receptors for How to statement for an acetylcholine on Anne, the muscles of the airways and preventing them from narrowing. Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) usually is administered via a MDI.

In patients with COPD, ipratropium has been shown to alleviate dyspnea, improve exercise tolerance and improve FEV1. Community Service Essay For High School. Ipratropium has a slower onset of action but longer duration of action than the shorter-acting beta-2 agonists. Ipratropium usually is well tolerated with minimal side effects even when used in higher doses. Tiotropium (SPIRIVA) is frank book a long acting and more powerful version of Ipratropium and has been shown to be more effective. In comparing ipratropium with beta-2 agonists in the treatment of patients with COPD, studies suggest that ipratropium may be more effective in dilating airways and improving symptoms with fewer side effects. Ipratropium is especially suitable for use by elderly patients who may have difficulty with fast heart rate and tremor from the beta-2 agonists. Thesis. In patients who respond poorly to either beta-2 agonists or ipratropium alone, a combination of the two drugs sometimes results in frank, a better response than to Buy narrative jealousy either drug alone without additional side effects. Methylxanthines Theophylline (Theo-Dur, Theolair, Slo-Bid, Uniphyl, Theo-24) and aminophylline are examples of methylxanthines.

Methylxanthines are administered orally or intravenously. Long acting theophylline preparations can be given orally once or twice a day. Theophylline, like a beta agonist, relaxes the muscles surrounding the airways but also prevents mast cells around the airways from Anne book releasing bronchoconstricting chemicals such as histamine. Theophylline also can act as a mild diuretic and increase urination. Theophylline also may increase the force of contraction of the heart and lower pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Assignment Of Sines. Thus, theophylline can help patients with COPD who have heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Patients who have difficulty using inhaled bronchodilators but no difficulty taking oral medications find theophylline particularly useful.

The disadvantage of methylxanthines is their side effects. Dosage and blood levels of theophylline or aminophylline have to Anne frank synopsis be closely monitored. How To A Thesis Statement. Excessively high levels in the blood can lead to nausea, vomiting, heart rhythm problems, and even seizures. Anne Book Synopsis. In patients with heart failure or cirrhosis, dosages of methylxanthines are lowered to avoid high blood levels. How To A Thesis Statement Essay. Interactions with other medications, such as cimetidine (Tagamet), calcium channel blockers (Procardia), quinolones (Cipro), and allopurinol (Zyloprim) also can alter blood levels of methylxanthines. Corticosteroids When airway inflammation (which causes swelling) contributes to airflow obstruction, anti-inflammatory medications (more specifically, corticosteroids) may be beneficial. Examples of corticosteroids include Prednisone and Prednisolone. Twenty to thirty percent of patients with COPD show improvement in Anne frank synopsis, lung function when given corticosteroids by mouth. Unfortunately, high doses of oral corticosteroids over prolonged periods can have serious side effects, including osteoporosis, bone fractures, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, thinning of the skin and assignment help easy bruising, insomnia, emotional changes, and weight gain. Therefore, many doctors use oral corticosteroids as the treatment of last resort. Anne Frank Synopsis. When oral corticosteroids are used, they are prescribed at the lowest possible doses for the shortest period of time to minimize side effects.

When it is necessary to use long term oral steroids, medications are often prescribed to Thesis vs dissertation of phd help reduce the development of the above side effects. Frank Book. Corticosteroids also can be inhaled. Inhaled corticosteroids have many fewer side effects than long term oral corticosteroids. Examples of inhaled corticosteroids include beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent, Beconase, Vancenase, and Vanceril), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort), fluticasone (Flovent), budesonide (Pulmicort), mometasone furoate (Asmanex) and flunisolide (Aerobid). Inhaled corticosteroids have been useful in treating patients with asthma, but in patients with COPD, it is not clear whether inhaled corticosteroid have the same benefit as oral corticosteroids. Buy Narrative Essay. Nevertheless, doctors are less concerned about using inhaled corticosteroids because of their safety.

The side effects of inhaled corticosteroids include hoarseness, loss of voice, and oral yeast infections. A spacing device placed between the mouth and book synopsis the MDI can improve medication delivery and reduce the side effects on the mouth and throat. How To Statement For An Essay. Rinsing out the mouth after use of a steroid inhaler also can decrease these side effects. Treatment of Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Emphysema can develop at a very young age in some patients with severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AAT). Replacement of the missing or inactive AAT by Anne frank book synopsis injection can help prevent progression of the of sines, associated emphysema. This therapy is of no benefit in frank book, other types of Buy narrative essay COPD. Respiratory failure Pneumonia, overwhelming respiratory infection Right-sided heart failure, dysrhythmias Depression Skeletal muscle dysfunction. Monitor for Anne frank adverse effects of bronchodilators – tremulousness, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, central nervous system stimulation, hypertension.

Monitor condition after administration of aerosol bronchodilators to assess for How to create a thesis statement essay improved aeration, reduced adventitious sounds, reduced dyspnea. Frank Book Synopsis. Monitor serum theophylline level, as ordered, to ensure therapeutic level and prevent toxicity. Monitor oxygen saturation at rest and with activity. Eliminate all pulmonary irritants, particularly cigarette smoke. Smoking cessation usually reduces pulmonary irritation, sputum production, and cough. Themes Community. Keep the frank book, patient’s room as dust-free as possible. Use postural drainage positions to help clear secretions responsible for airway obstructions. Teach controlled coughing. Encourage high level of fluid intake ( 8 to 10 glasses; 2 to 2.5 liters daily) within level of cardiac reserve.

Give inhalations of nebulized saline to humidify bronchial tree and liquefy sputum. Add moisture (humidifier, vaporizer) to indoor air. Avoid dairy products if these increases sputum production. Encourage the patient to assume comfortable position to decrease dyspnea. Instruct and supervise patient’s breathing retraining exercises.

Use pursed lip breathing at intervals and during periods of dyspnea to How to create a thesis essay control rate and depth of respiration and improve respiratory muscle coordination. Frank. Discuss and demonstrate relaxation exercises to reduce stress, tension, and anxiety. Maintain the patient’s nutritional status. Reemphasize the importance of Law school assignment graded exercise and physical conditioning programs. Encourage use of portable oxygen system for ambulation for patients with hypoxemia and frank synopsis marked disability. Obama Essay. Train the patient in energy conservation technique.

Assess the patient for reactive-behaviors such as anger, depression and acceptance. Education and health maintenance. Review with the patient the objectives of Anne synopsis treatment and nursing management. Advise the patient to How to create a thesis essay avoid respiratory irritants. Suggest that high efficiency particulate air filter may have some benefit. Warn patient to stay out of extremely hot or cold weather and to avoid aggravating bronchial obstruction and sputum obstruction. Book. Warn patient to Law school help of sines avoid persons with respiratory infections, and to Anne frank book avoid crowds and areas with poor ventilation. Teach the patient how to recognize and report evidence of respiratory infection promptly such as chest pain, changes in character of sputum (amount, color and consistency), increasing difficulty in raising sputum, increasing coughing and wheezing, increasing of shortness of breath. Medical and Surgical Nursing by Brunner and Thesis of phd Suddarth’s.

Medical Surgical Nursing by frank book synopsis Josie Quiambao Udan. Manuals of Nursing Practice by Lippincott. Mosby’s Medical Surgical Nursing. Daisy Jane Antipuesto RN MN. Currently a Nursing Local Board Examination Reviewer. Subjects handled are Pediatric, Obstetric and Psychiatric Nursing. Previous work experiences include: Clinical instructor/lecturer, clinical coordinator (Level II), caregiver instructor/lecturer, NC2 examination reviewer and staff/clinic nurse.

Areas of specialization: Emergency room, Orthopedic Ward and The help Delivery Room. Also an IELTS passer.

Jan 27, 2018 Anne frank book synopsis, pay for exclusive essay -

essay title Advice about writing an Anne frank book essay. The importance of essays. Some suggestions for good essay writing: You will develop your own techniques for essay writing, so use the following plan as advice, not as a straightjacket. Service Project Essay. The plan starts with bullet points. Click on the coloured word by one of Anne book, these to Community project for high go to frank the advice about the Buy narrative jealousy point. Use your analysis to start drafting your introduction.

Start your bibliography. Review your resources, starting with what you already know and moving on to what you need to research. Generate ideas and use these to draft a summary of what your essay may be about. Read and take notes from the recommended sources, guided by Anne book the preparation you have already done. Develop your ideas in assignment help of sines the light of your reading. One way to do this is by Anne book synopsis revising your draft summary. Draft the The help essay themes body of the essay without looking at your notes or books. Then turn to the notes and books for Anne synopsis the evidence for the arguments you have made in the essay. Essay. Reference as you go along . Show your draft to book synopsis someone else who will give you feedback on the issues listed below. Rewrite your essay in the light of their feedback. Most courses give you essay titles that point you clearly in the direction your essay should go.

Begin by analysing this title and the guidance given in other ways, like the reading list. The parts of an essay title are its key words. Every aspect of the How to create a thesis statement essay title needs to be covered by your essay. So analysing lets you see what your essay should contain. It also helps you to focus your essay. You should not just write around a subject in a general way. It is really important to spend time thinking about what the essay title means, and how to answer it.

Analysing helps you see what is wanted. A title we can analyse as an example is Outline the concepts of reason and politics in Plato's Republic . Show how they relate. This tells you a source you must use (a book by Plato, called the book Republic ), and two concepts (reason and politics) that you should investigate in essay jealousy it. The title also tells you that you should outline the concepts of reason and politics that you find in the Republic , and that you should show how they relate . Sources are often suggested in Anne a reading list rather than in the title. Now that you know what you are doing, review your resources : What you need to know. Where information can be obtained. Use your analysis to start drafting your introduction . The analysis has given you a plan of the essay, which is used to draft the first outline of the essay introduction. Your introduction will eventually contain a summary and an argument, as well as an outline . Start your draft bibliography . Your bibliography will relate to references in the body or text of the essay, which you add as you go along. Drafting the introduction and body of the create text is discussed in greater detail below.

Use whatever technique you find necessary to start your ideas flowing. Once they have started to flow, you will be able to Anne book tighten them up. Develop your ideas. It is important to Obama essay build the essay on ideas that you develop yourself, and not to frank synopsis just follow the pattern of ideas that someone else has provided. You will need, therefore, to develop a technique that uses your notes on books, but does not let the notes set the pattern of your essay. Your essay needs to be organised by you and to express your interpretation and understanding of the subject. This is what people mean when they say that you should write in your own words. The best way to do this is to force yourself to write without referring to books or notes. Having made your notes, put them aside for a while and Obama essay, write your first draft essay without looking at them or your books.

When you have the first draft of the essay written in your own words (that is, without referring to books or notes) you can go to books and Anne frank synopsis, notes for Buy narrative essay the quotations and references that you need to Anne frank substantiate your argument and for material that will help you to develop your essay further. As you look for evidence in your notes and books you will probably find that you need to Law school assignment revise your arguments. Rewrite your essay including all the evidence that you can find to back up your argument in Anne frank book synopsis your notes, or in the books, articles etc you are using. Adjust your argument if the evidence does not fit it. Try drafting your essay in four parts: an introduction a body (which includes references) a conclusion a bibliography (which relates to the references in the body) If you draft on paper, the draft of each part should be on separate sheets to allow you to redraft more easily. You will probably find you redraft the introduction more often than the other parts. The parts will be physically put together in your final version. The introduction explains the essay themes community academic problem as you see it and frank, tells the reader what is in Law school of sines your essay. Book Synopsis. To do this, always include an outline (plan) of the organisation (structure) of the body of the essay.

You should also include a summary of the statement essay. A good introduction will also include an Anne frank book synopsis argument statement . The draft outline usually follows naturally from the analysis of the jealousy essay title . As a start, you may organise the essay in the order that the issues are raised in the title. As you proceed with the essay, its plan will become more complex (sophisticated), and frank book, the outline in the introduction should be updated as the essay develops. The issues you deal with in an essay should follow on from one another in a meaningful way. Regularly revising a summary of the essay will help you see if you are doing this.

Your argument is the case that you are making. You make a statement of it in the introduction and a demonstration of it in the body of the essay. The body of the essay presents the statement essay evidence for the statement. The body of an essay is also called its content or text . Frank. It is the essay for high school students largest part of the essay and contains the points you want to Anne book synopsis make in greater detail than the introduction (because they are being explained) and with the evidence for them. It must show the reader that you know your subject. You do this by explaining the subject to the reader. It is a fatal mistake to think the marker already knows this subject. I will discuss it without explaining it.

The marker is looking for evidence that you know the How to create a thesis statement subject. Just as a mathematician will want to Anne frank book synopsis see how students have worked out the answers to their sums, an essay marker will want to see how students reach conclusions. It should also present the Obama essay evidence for the essay's argument. The conclusion If your essay's argument has been stated in the introduction, your conclusion can be just a brief summary of your main points. If you find that your conclusion includes important points not already fully covered, you should seriously consider whether they need including in the introduction, or omitting. The bibliography is the frank book synopsis list of create for an, books and frank, other sources you use for the essay. Thesis Vs Dissertation Of Phd. The bibliography should relate to references in the essay. See ABC Referencing for a list of what you need to Anne reference . Reference as you go along is not just much easier than trying to write all the references when the service school students essay is almost finished, it is also one of the most powerful ways of improving your academic writing. To prepare references as you proceed, you will need to Anne frank synopsis begin a draft bibliography as soon as you begin reading, record the source of all notes you take, and enter references in drafts you write. To prepare a draft bibliography you should make a list of each book or article you use, recording: The author's surname and initial,

The year of edition you are using. This is at the front of most books. If several dates are given, the Obama essay one you want is the book synopsis copyright date. This is often shown by Buy narrative the sign © The place of Anne book synopsis, publication, The Publisher. Thesis. When you make notes from books, make sure that you make a note of the book the notes come from and the page number. Then, if you use those notes in an essay, you will know which book and what page to reference.

Referencing drafts is relatively easy if you have sorted out your bibliography entry for the work you are referencing. If you want to reference something on page ten of a book whose Bibliography entry is: Smith, A. 1997, Invented Book, Burke Publishers, London. You just need to enter (Smith, A. Book. p.10) in the text of your draft at the point you want to reference the Obama essay book. You could get good ideas about synopsis, making your essay clearer by asking a friend to look at the draft. Sometimes tutors will look at essay drafts and make comments. Or you may get comments from English Support Tutors. Click here for an explanation of feedback. and why friends and other students.

may be good at giving it. Points that other people could give you feedback on. The Bibliography and Buy narrative essay jealousy, References . The reader can check that there is a bibliography at the end of the essay and synopsis, that the key word in each bibliography entry matches the Thesis vs dissertation of phd key word in the relevant references. The reader should feel confident that he or she would be able to Anne frank book synopsis find the source that is being referred to Buy narrative jealousy in each case. Frank Book Synopsis. References to books should give a page number. If the reader does not know the Harvard system of referencing, the writer should explain it. The Introduction . The essay should have an introduction that is Obama essay, distinct from the body of the essay and explains what the essay is about. If this exists, does it give the reader a framework (outline or essay plan) of the order in which issues are to be dealt with in the essay? If so, the reader should look at Anne frank book, the body of the essay to see if it is clear to essay him or her that the author is following the outline.

The outline indicates the Anne frank book synopsis organisation, or structure, of the essay. Readers will be able to essay jealousy say if this was clear to them, and may be able to make suggestions for improvements. It is helpful if the introduction also says what the key texts used for the essay are. It does not need to use this term, but it should show what the essay is based on. The outline of the essay is the essential part of an introduction. As students' essay writing skills develop they will also begin to include an argument and a summary of the essay in the introduction. Student groups can help one another by discussing what these terms mean, by seeing if they can recognise arguments in frank one another's essays, and by discussing how to construct a summary.

Content Does the essay show to Thesis the reader what the writer knows about the frank subject? Or are there issues that the reader is left in the dark about? How much does the Obama essay reader feel he or she has learnt about the Anne book subject by reading the essay? Readability Can the Obama essay reader understand the essay? Is it clearly written or are there words that are difficult to read, or which appear to frank be missed out, or spelt in Law school assignment a way that the reader is not sure which word is meant? Does the essay explain the terms it uses (especially terms relevant to the title)? Is the meaning of every part of the essay clear and unambiguous? If the reader notes terms and passages that he or she finds difficult to understand, the writer can explain them verbally. This should help the writer to Anne synopsis rewrite the passages and explain the terms in the essay.

It is useful to check (proof-read) your essay through for Buy narrative different things. Check that you have written the title at Anne book, the top of the Buy narrative jealousy essay. Think about the title and check that your essay discusses every aspect of it . Check that the introduction correctly describes the body of the essay. Book Synopsis. The structure of the essay should follow the outline and the summary should accurately describe what the essay says. Check that you say what you mean. It is suprising how often some of us write something different to what we meant to say.

These are mistakes that a friend may notice quicker than the writer does. Check for logical argument : Have you got an argument? Have you stated it in the introduction? Have you followed your argument through logically in the body of the Law school of sines essay? Have you recapped it in the conclusion? Check for the use of evidence to book synopsis back up the argument.

Evidence may be references to an author you are interpreting. Community Service For High School Students. Have you shown how your argument is supported by quotations and other references to the authors your essay is about? Check for the accurate presentation of quotations and frank book, references . Are quotations clearly identified? Do the references use the Harvard system? Do the references allow the reader to trace the of sines work and page they refer to?

If you are using a wordprocessor, take time to run the spellchecker. Then read the essay through for the spelling mistakes that a spellchecker misses, and for its grammar. You may have a friend who can read the essay through for synopsis spelling mistakes and Community service project school students, grammatical errors. Someone else can often see errors that the synopsis writer misses. Some people find computer grammar checkers useful. Check that the essay themes essay is laid out in logical paragraphs , with a clear line between each paragraph to make sure they do not become merged. When you have finished your essay, make a last check that the outline, argument and summary in your introduction correctly describe the rest of the essay. If they do not, rewrite the introduction. Only submit your essay after you have made sure you have a copy and that the copy is safely filed where you will be able to recover it. If your essay was written on a wordprocessor you will have an electronic copy of it. If not, make a photocopy.

It is important to keep a copy of your essay in case the original goes astray. Essays are also sources you will want to refer to later. Book Synopsis. So file it in a way that is vs dissertation, convenient for Anne future reference. Essays are valuable records for future reference. Click here for advice on record keeping.

There may be courses which are very strict about word limits, but usually the following student will be throwing away marks by not writing an essay themes extra hundred words: I have written as concisely as I can, but there is an essential point I have not been able to explain properly because of the Anne book word limit. I need the material I have to explain the subject properly, but this means that my argument is not fully stated. I am already 10% over the limit and I would need an extra hundred words to state it fully. The marks lost (if any) for taking the extra hundred words will almost certainly be small compared by the marks gained by a fully stated argument. If your essay is more than 10% under the word limit, or if it is Buy narrative jealousy, very long, you should not pad it out with material, or hack material out. Instead, look at the content of the essay to Anne frank synopsis see if you can improve that by lengthening or shortening . What to themes do if your essay is too short. Sometimes essays are short because the writer has only done part of what was asked.

Check to see that every aspect of the title has been covered, that any other instructions have been followed and Anne book synopsis, that you have an adequate introduction that is followed through in essay themes community the body of the synopsis essay. An essay can be too short because it needs to be more explicit. Look at whether you have fully explained everything. It may be that you have left a lot of the thoughts in your head to be inferred, rather than saying them. The reflections of this student may help you: I realised through my essay drafts that I tend to Buy narrative condense information making the frank book essay very short and straight to the point. I have made improvements, but the habit is ingrained and I need to Thesis vs dissertation make more.

To do this, I must expand on my thoughts, ideas and opinions, explain in more depth the point I am trying to make, and Anne, write an How to statement for an essay imagining that the person who may read it has no clue about the subject. You may need to include quotations to illustrate what you have said, or you may find that you have used quotations without explaining them. If your essay is well explained and linked to the sources it draws on by referencing and quotation, see if there are points that could be better explained or more points that would benefit by referencing and quotation. What to do if your essay is too long. Do you always know what you are saying, or are there places where you are just throwing words in? Replace vague passages that do not say anything important, and Anne frank synopsis, passages that ramble, with sentences that are to Law school the point. Try focusing your introduction more on the title, and then checking to see that the body of the essay sticks to what you focused on and does not wander all over the place. Remove material that is not relevant to what you say you are doing.

Using ways like this should improve the essay and shorten it at the same time. Précising and paraphrasing are good practice for any writer. One use of Précising is to Anne frank synopsis creat a summary or abstract of project for high, your writing for Anne frank the introduction . Traditonal steps in précis writing. You could précis any piece of Buy narrative jealousy, writing, including your own. In the traditional précis students reduce a passage of writing to a third or a quarter of its original length by Anne frank book taking these steps: Read through the whole passage to get an overall view. Read it through again, underlining each important point. These will all need to Obama essay be included in the précis. Write a summary of the passage with all the book underlined (above) points in the appropriate order, omitting all unnecessary matter. Compare the summary with the original and add anything of importance that had been left out. Check the approximate length to see how close you are to the length aimed at.

Re-read carefully to see if the summary flows smoothly and is grammatically correct. Some essays are difficult to understand because material has been copied from books with no understanding of the meaning. These essays are often too long as well, as the writer does not know what to Obama essay cut out. If this is what you do, read about: avoiding copying and plagiarism.