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My Favorite Tv Show Essay Essays and Research Papers. Running head: CHARMED: MY FAVORITE TV SHOW Charmed: My Favorite . TV Show Tolby Markham Kaplan University LS 526-01: Academic and Obama Professional Writing for Scholarly 3 Graduate Students CHARMED: MY FAVORITE TV SHOW Charmed: My Favorite TV Show Charmed, I’m sure! Are you? Charmed is the Obama story of essay abortion The Charmed Ones – the Obama most powerful good witches the world has ever known, whose job is to protect the innocent and Do my not blow their cover. When their grandmother, Grams, suffers a heart attack, Prue.

Alyssa Milano , Charmed , Holly Marie Combs 1143 Words | 4 Pages. An example for the essay about a TV show Check, Please! Check, Please! Check, Please! Bay Area is a local . TV program, which reviews local restaurants. During each episode, three guests introduce their favorite restaurants to Obama essay, the television audience. Scholarly Diablo. Each guest also has to review the other two restaurants that are being featured on the show . Together with the host, the Obama three guests gather around a table and talk about their experiences. A Lab Report. The host of the show , Leslie Sbrocco, who has blond hair. Dining room , Eating , Food 1133 Words | 3 Pages. Smart, intelligent, handsome, charming, and essay skilled.

That is Neal Caffrey in the TV show “White Collar.” And although he seems . like an Do my immoral character in a very morally ambiguous movie, the show “White Collar” while different in its view of a god or an afterlife, puts forth strong Christian values and essay a worldview that has many similarities with Christian theism. The TV Show “White Collar” is a Crime/Comedy TV Show about Neal Caffrey, an ex-criminal, forger, and con-man, whose charming character. Ethics , Federal Bureau of Argumentative essay helper Investigation , Good and evil 1368 Words | 4 Pages. Corina Termini. My favorite movie: “The Notebook” Movies give you inspiration to do or change many things in Obama Life. This is on money is everything a . huge benefit on watching movies because they often give you something to Obama, learn from, you can see probably how a bad decision can change you life forever, how people influence can sometimes be bad for you, how everyone is capable of legal good thing in life, how by working hard you can achieve you goals, etc.

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Micah is Argumentative essay helper with a blessing to me and will . always be on the most favorite people. With all his wittiness and good looks, he is truly. Premium My Favorite Teacher all ways or I may also have misunderstood them. However, the teacher that I chose as deserving of the My Favorite Teacher earned this title due to the care he showed. Premium Favorite Place the essay kids swim. Alton Brown , Climate , Climate change 525 Words | 3 Pages. Unappropriate Tv Shows for How to write a lab with abstract Children. Television Shows Abstract Children are being influenced by television shows on a daily basis. Some children are watching . inappropriate television shows such as SpongeBob, Fish Hooks, Family Guy, South Park, Ed, Edd, Eddy, Scooby-Doo, Boondocks and etc. These shows can affect children as they grow up in many ways such as using profanity, violent and aggressive behavior, poor school performance and watch too much television may cause a slight obesity.

There are many educational television shows that. Cancellation , Episode , Film 2376 Words | 6 Pages. -Here are some guidelines for writing a descriptive essay : Take time to brainstorm If your instructor asks you to Obama essay, describe your . Scholarly Writing Diablo 3. favorite food, make sure that you jot down some ideas before you begin describing it. For instance, if you choose pizza, you might start by writing down a few words: sauce, cheese, crust, pepperoni, sausage, spices, hot, melted, etc. Obama. Once you have written down some words, you can begin by compiling descriptive lists for each one. Use clear and concise language. . Chicken , Cooking , Fried chicken 848 Words | 4 Pages. My Favorite Website is Rollingstone Rollingstone.com As s fan of music, movies, TV and just about all things pop . culture it was hard for me to choose which was my favorite website. In this day and age, any and all information is just a click away. Do My Legal Homework. I chose a website that gives me access to all of Obama these things and more, Rollingstone.com.

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Viewers have become hypnotize and want to Respect for students responsibility, imitate and copy what they see in this program. Reality television has become a big part of our society today. People. Flavor of Love , I Love New York , Reality television 905 Words | 3 Pages. Television shows are an excellent way to make the audience feel a part of a story, and it also allows a person the opportunity to take their . minds off of their own lives. Although watching television shows are an excellent way to pass time, there are some significant benefits obtained from spending some time engaged in a television show . Comedies, action / adventure, and documentaries are examples of three types of essay shows that can provide positive effects for a person. Reasons Why We Shouldnt Have Year Round. One of the Obama most important. Sociology , Television program 943 Words | 3 Pages.

TV Shows and Real Life TV shows are probably the primary source of entertainment for abortion the average . American. Most of them run from Obama, 7 p.m. to Scholarly writing, 10 p.m. with reruns starting at 5 p.m. We watch them because they give us something to do, a way to relax, something to help pass the time. We all watch different shows , some people like Married. with Children, some are repulsed with it, but like to watch Home Improvement, what draws particular crowds to Obama, certain shows ? How do these shows portray the. Al Bundy , Comedy , Ed O'Neill 1489 Words | 4 Pages. of ‘university students’ in the TV show “University” During the twentieth century people used to pay attention on How to write a lab report introduction with abstract domestic and . global politics and Obama essay economy since the Respect essay for students responsibility world was just steady after the wars, people from different country started to restructure their own rules and develop new societies. While after the twenty-first century, they tend to emphasize on the variety of lifestyle, which mostly focus on amusement and recreation, the increasing lifestyle TV programs and magazines emerge with. Episode , Miniseries , Performance 1304 Words | 4 Pages. ?Tiffany Presley English Composition Dr. Philip Underwood October 21, 2013 My favorite celebrity I’m writing . my essay on is Maya Angelou. The reason why I’ve chosen her as my favorite celebrity is that she has given us the Obama greatness of poems.

Her poem’s to me is so remarkable. My favorite poem is “Still I Rise”. This poem is so influential to me because the poem is is everything evil so powerful. The thing I am going to discuss about Maya Angelou is her childhood, career beginnings, later successes, and her. African-American Civil Rights Movement , Coretta Scott King , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings 917 Words | 3 Pages.

Price TVCC Family TV shows by decade Starting off with the 1960's, Most of the essay sitcom shows contain the Respect for students responsibility . same core themes. The 1960's were still concerned with the nuclear family unit, white suburban middle class, and Obama the traditional patriarch of the 1950's. Society was also slowly moving away from these cornerstones of social behavior. Write A Lab Report. ' My Three Sons' is a show that started in 1960, featuring a single father with three boys. The family platform here clearly lacks a mother. A single father. Family , Family Guy , Nuclear family 1821 Words | 5 Pages. almost sure to find a reality show on some channel or the Obama other. Homework. Chances are that you have watched at least one of these shows . and essay have taken a fancy to following the How to a lab abstract minutiae of the contestants’ lives as they unfold on the small screen right in front of your eyes.

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I have some existential . number of years contributed to customer service and I am available immediately! I have an shouldnt homework round awesome personality and I am a very reliable individual; also, I have the Obama essay ability to catch on to new, exciting tasks easily. I have great work ethics and I believe that I would be a great asset to your company because of why we have homework school year my willingness to succeed! I feel that this particular. Berkeley County, South Carolina , Cash , Cash drawer 770 Words | 4 Pages. What Reality TV Tells Us about Obama, American Culture Reality TV (RTV) and How to write report tabloid journalism have often been compared . to each other. (Hill 80) Are both bringing out the worst in American culture or and they merely an example of what American culture is all about, holding a mirror up to Obama essay, the audience? Western culture in general and why we shouldnt have homework school year round American culture in Obama particular has always been fascinated by two things in regards to what fascinates and intrigues their interests and holds their attention. America's Next Top Model , American Idol , Docudrama 1707 Words | 5 Pages.

My favorite season of the year is autumn. Argumentative Essay Helper Abortion. There are three main reasons why it is my favorite of the . four seasons. During this season nature is an Obama essay absolute wonder to see, Thanksgiving holiday occurs at this time, and Essay is everything evil the weather is perfect for essay many outdoor activities. The first reason I enjoy autumn so much, especially down here in Respect essay for students responsibility the South, is because nature is such an Obama absolute wonder to Scholarly writing, see during this time of the Obama essay year. There are many animals that are preparing for Scholarly writing 3 the cold winter. Essay. A good way. A Great Way to Care , Autumn , Family 1293 Words | 3 Pages.

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lot of the time spent in writing narrative is in on money the prewriting stage. Essay. When you write a narrative essay , you are telling a story. Narrative . Diablo. essays are told from Obama, a defined point of view, often the author's, so there is How to report introduction abstract feeling as well as specific and often sensory details provided to get the reader involved in the elements and essay sequence of the story. Reasons Why We Homework School Year. The verbs are vivid and Obama essay precise. The narrative essay makes a point and that point is legal homework often defined in Obama essay the opening sentence, but can also be found as the. Article , Essay , Essays 797 Words | 3 Pages. ?Take me Out- The show you can surely live without Take me Out is back, ready to Argumentative helper abortion, leave you as a disturbed and paralysed wreck. This series, . the dating show silently guarantees you the worst experience of a lifetime which includes special features such as: a comical-looking yet wooden host, a range of Obama presumptuous, “plastic” Barbie dolls that come in all shapes and sizes, and lastly, but by Essay is everything evil, no means least, recently spray tanned, egotistical males, who most of which, narrowly pass as men. Essay. Take Me.

Attention seeking , Enta da Stage , Female 863 Words | 3 Pages. every one of us have a favorite reality show . Whether it’s The Real World, Keeping up with the Kardashians, Duck Dynasty, or The . Real Housewives, there is something entertaining about watching someone else’s life. Although we watch these popular, moneymaking reality shows , have you ever thought about where they started, how it affects our society, or its affect on younger generations growing up on reality TV ? B. I am going to inform my audience on: 1. The origin of Reality TV 2. Respect. Reality TV’s affect. American Idol , An American Family , Big Brother 757 Words | 3 Pages. ANALYSIS OF A TV SHOW . ???? ???? k.dima@cityu.gr COM 307 . Chandler Bing , Communication theory , Cultivation theory 2237 Words | 6 Pages. Daytime talk shows are certainly controversial there are those who find some of these types of essay show informational and helpful. Essay Is Everything. . There are others who view these shows as pointless and inappropriate. Daily viewers turn on there television and are bombarded with images of sex, drugs, and violence on some of the essay talk shows . The essay Talk TV : Tunings into Trouble, written by Jeanne Albronda Heaton and on money Nana Leigh Wilson is about TV talk shows that are influencing many people.

In their essay Talk TV : Tuning. Broadcast syndication , Oprah Winfrey , Phil Donahue 900 Words | 3 Pages. Analysing TV : Fictions and Obama essay Entertainments – Television Autobiography I am aware that one of the main themes of on money this course is critical . self-reflection about TV watching; considering my own relationship with TV viewing and Obama how it has changed over time as well as what my attitudes towards TV are, I can think about what they say about the kind of Respect essay for students person I am. However, I think it would be useful to essay, point out that I am not a media student and that this course is an elective module for my Sociology Degree. Reality television , Television , Television network 1992 Words | 5 Pages. October 2013 Reality T.V. Essay. Is A Dream Is your dream to be on reality TV ? As we flip through the Obama essay channels there is always a reality . TV show on. Abortion. Reality shows have taken over the new generation of essay television. From being a star chef, to on money is everything evil, showing off your fashion skills, to Obama, even finding love, reality television will influence you in a way that you picture yourself on the show . Not only catering to teenagers watching their favorite celebrities live their lives on television but to adults living their. America's Next Top Model , American Idol , Reality television 1381 Words | 5 Pages. TV or Not TV: Is It Even a Question?

Dylan Lee 11/28/2007 Bob Ellis TV or Not TV : Is It Even a Question? After completing my first week of . college in August of 2007, one thing had become clear to me: I really do not like teenagers. Respect For Students Responsibility. Nothing about them. Their lifestyles, the Obama way they dress, the writing way they trash dorms, their goals, or lack thereof, the music they listen to, the list could go on for days. Upon looking further, or maybe because of the simple fact that I have been forced to live with a few, one commonality I have. Adolescence , Discovery Channel , Popular culture 960 Words | 3 Pages. As a teen, I was not much into movies, which always got my parents concerned. Essay. My parents were very broadminded; they encouraged . me to see all types of movies, to develop my interest, so that I could “know the real world”, as they believed that cinema was a reflection of legal our daily lives. My brother, who was 15, was even more concerned about my disinterest in movies, and took upon Obama essay, himself, the Respect for students responsibility pious duty of introducing me to the realities of life, though in essay a starker way.

He had a huge collection of. Film , The Prodigal Daughter 1599 Words | 4 Pages. My Favorite Show I have many favorite shows ; one of my . favorite would have to be Prison Break. Essay Responsibility. There are so many reasons why it’s my favorite . My main reason is the plot of the Obama essay story/ show . Two brothers who broke out of for students responsibility jail with a group of other prisoners. Another reason is the suspense of the show . Obama Essay. It’s literally impossible to writing 3, guess what’s going to happen next.

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Beach , Holiday , Holy Week 960 Words | 2 Pages. reference point for Obama most of us, a type of shorthand that makes it easy to with abortion, carry on a conversation. Essay. Columnist Ellen Goodman wrote that to those born since the . baby boom of the late ‘40s, “All history begins with television.” We compare ourselves to Do my legal, those on TV ; we change how we dress and Obama essay cut our hair and talk based on the latest television trend. Viewers pick up catch phrases and turn them into side-splitting party parodies that in turn become part of Essay on money our culture. For decades, almost ever since the inception. Fashion , Fashion journalism , New York City 1347 Words | 5 Pages.

April 11, 2013 Period 2 English 3 Honors Today I am going to explain to you about Judy Blume and her childhood, education, and all . of her great achievements. I chose Judy Blume to write my paper on because she is an amazing writer and I was intrigued to learn more about her. She is an inspiration to a lot of essay people and is very successful. How To Write A Lab Report Abstract. Judy Blume was born on February 12, 1938 in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Her parent’s names are Rudolph Sussman, a dentist, and Esther. A Great Way to Obama essay, Care , Children's literature , Early childhood education 1786 Words | 5 Pages. gender roles their society dictates. In Africa, I was able to see a lot of gender inequality that affected the majority of the women living in How to write a lab report introduction abstract that country. . However, because of my departure from Liberia to the United States, I was able to see the social difference of both countries. Since I arrived in the United States, my perception has shifted about the gender roles I was accustom to essay, when I was in Liberia.

I was surprised to find that America had two types of Scholarly writing gender roles, traditional and non-traditional;. Gender , Gender identity , Gender role 2317 Words | 6 Pages. A Review Of The TV Show The Teletubbies. ?William Michael Sponheimer SYP 3630 Writing Assignment One Are the Teletubbies Gay In Diguise? The PBS television show , “The . Teletubbies” has forever been a favorite of millions of Obama young children all over the world for many years.

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It succeeds in attracting and keeping viewer’s attention and for students interest. Obama. Christine explains that the Reasons why we shouldnt have year reality shows which were developed after Survivor are dull. In order to pull the viewer into the show and meet people’s curiosity and gossip, some reality shows utilize sensationalism, such as sex, horror, and essay violence, others use a large cash. Episode , Genre , Lost 448 Words | 3 Pages. didn’t have it in my life. Scholarly Diablo. I knew before writing this essay that I was going to print out a few pages of the Obama form used to track . Argumentative Essay With. my media usage. I used media for keeping in Obama essay touch with friends, listening to the radio, to do my work, download media content, and to do search my news online and do my class work. On average day, when I wake up in Argumentative helper with abortion the morning, I begin by grabbing my phone and scroll through my twitter account to see what has been going on since I’ve been asleep and check my email to Obama essay, see. Broadcasting , Marshall McLuhan , Mass media 927 Words | 4 Pages. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The report analyses the case study (The tribe has spoken: networks, marketers and viewers still love reality TV ) on for students responsibility . reality television shows . It identifies that the popularity of these shows among networks and marketers are due to monetary opportunities and brand awareness.

These shows have psychological, social, cultural and personal effects on consumer behaviour has they learn and Obama relate to the contestants situations and problems. This behaviour affects trends and patterns. America's Next Top Model , American Idol , Big Brother 1063 Words | 4 Pages. My Favorite TV Series: “SCANDAL” “Scandal” is an Argumentative essay with American political thriller television series, created by . Shonda Rhimes. It was first aired on ABC on April 5, 2012 (Wikipedia).

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A Modest Proposal Critical Essays. A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift. This entry presents criticism of Obama essay Swift's 1729 satire A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Do my legal homework, Children of the Poor People from Being a Burthen to Their Parents, or the Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick. See also Gulliver's Travels Criticism (1726). A Modest Proposal is considered one of the finest examples of satire in world literature. Written in the persona of a well-intentioned economist and published in the form of essay a popular pamphlet, the Argumentative essay abortion, tract argues that the problem of poverty in Ireland can best be remedied by selling the children of the poor as food for the wealthy. This outlandish thesis is a manifestation of Swift's outrage at what he saw as the scandalous economic and political policies of the essay, Irish and English governments, and the author uses the assumed voice of the economist, an abundance of detail, literalized metaphors, and other ironic and parodic techniques to devastating effect. At the same time Swift directs his satire at Protestant-Catholic divisions, contemporary economic theories, and other targets.

A Modest Proposal has long been judged an essay helper abortion incomparable work of rhetorical brilliance, and it continues to garner new readers and additional critical attention to this day. Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 30, 1667 to Abigaile Erick Swift, seven months after the death of his father, Jonathan Swift, Sr. Swift graduated from Trinity College in Dublin in 1686. As he was born of English parents, Swift was anxious to distance himself from Ireland, and he moved to England in 1689—the first of many relocations between England and Ireland. While living at Moor Park in England, Swift served as a secretary to Sir William Temple, and it was there that he began his writing career. Obama? After receiving his Master of Arts degree from Oxford University in 1692, Swift was ordained into the Church of Ireland in 1694 and was stationed as prebendary of Kilroot, a poor town in northern Ireland. He disliked the experience, and two years later he returned to How to write a lab with abstract, Moor Park, where he remained until Temple's death in Obama, 1699.

Swift subsequently returned to Dublin, where he would remain until 1710, though he traveled often to Scholarly 3, London. Although he originally supported the Whigs, Swift was eventually won over by the Tories due to their support of the Church of Ireland's position regarding taxation. Swift served as the Tory ministry's main political writer, culminating in 1710, when he was asked to take responsibility for essay, directing the Tory journal The Examiner. In 1713 he was appointed dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral. One year later King George I succeeded the late Queen Anne, and the newly appointed Whig government took over. Swift was left with no opportunity for further political involvement, and therefore returned to Dublin, where, over the next two decades, he became increasingly engaged in Scholarly diablo, the Irish political landscape and wrote the majority of his most influential political satire. Swift, a longtime sufferer of aphasia and Meniere's syndrome, remained at Obama essay St. Patrick's Cathedral until 1742, when he was placed under the care of a guardian.

He died in Dublin on October 19, 1745, and is buried in the middle aisle of writing St. Patrick's Cathedral. In A Modest Proposal Swift adopts the persona of a concerned economist who suggests that, in order to better combat the poverty and overpopulation of Ireland, the children of the poor be sold as food to the wealthy. As a result, he argues, not only will the population be reduced, but the income of the poor will increase significantly as they sell their children. In developing this outrageous thesis, Swift provides abundant detail, projecting the costs of child rearing (which will be saved if the child is eaten), estimating the portion of the population affected, and even providing specific ideas regarding the number of Obama servings a child might provide. He suggests that the meat of the children of Ireland would be considered a delicacy to a lab abstract, both the English and to Irish landowners, and would therefore be highly sought after for feasts and special occasions.

Throughout, Swift's satire relies on the persona of the Obama essay, economist, an ostensiblly well-meaning visionary whose sympathy for the poor leads him suggest a remedy of Do my homework murderous cruelty. His arguments, rationally presented, support a profoundly irrational proposition, and their appalling callousness radically undermine their benevolent intent. Swift uses the absurd thesis of A Modest Proposal to Obama, attack contemporary English and a lab report introduction Irish politics. He focuses on the metaphorical “devouring” of essay Ireland's resources by England's policies and by wealthy Irish landowners, literalizing the metaphor to attack the positions of Respect both parties. At its core, his suggestion is that the English and the wealthy landowners of Obama Ireland are causing the poverty and Scholarly 3 misery of the population.

Swift's satire is by turns oblique and direct; in one instance he suggests that, while the meat of children likely could not withstand preservation in salt for long sea voyages, he “could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.” His allusion to Obama essay, England (deriving from its close proximity) also directly assaults the English misuse of Ireland. Swift does not spare Ireland, however. At one point he presents a list of How to introduction abstract alternative solutions to Ireland's problems, none of which were ever attempted. In the essay, process he emphasizes the number and extent of Ireland's social ills and the indifference and neglect with which they have been treated. At the same time, through the use of the adopted persona, Swift also satirizes those who propose solutions to political and diablo economic issues without consideration of the human cost involved. With devastating irony, Swift shows the inhumanity of schemes for Obama, alleviating the writing diablo, suffering of the poor that are solely based on rational principles. Somewhat surprisingly, A Modest Proposal received little sustained critical attention until the twentieth century.

Most early critics extolled the work but treated it only briefly, judging it to Obama essay, be in a unique class of its own and therefore difficult to why we shouldnt school round, analyze. In the twentieth century scholars began to see the tract as more than a simple attack on particular conditions in Ireland, but as a penetrating interrogation of the political and economic theories that gave rise to those conditions. In his 1943 analysis of Obama A Modest Proposal, George Wittkowski argued that the work's comedic parody obscured for earlier critics its examination of political affairs. Since then, sociopolitical interpretations of Swift's satire—such as those by Oliver W. Ferguson, Robert Mahoney, and John Richardson—have vied with analyses of its brilliant deployment of rhetorical strategies—including those of Samuel J. Rogal, Denis Donoghue, and Wayne C. Booth—to account for its enduring power. By consensus, however, A Modest Proposal, is Argumentative essay helper with deemed a masterpiece and a stunning example of the satirist's art. Access our A Modest Proposal Study Guide for Free. A Modest Proposal Homework Help Questions. Your original question contained two questions.

You are not allowed to ask multiple questions in enotes, so I have edited the second question and will focus on your first. Obama Essay? Please remember to only. The purpose of How to introduction Swift's satirical essay is to call attention to the problems that were being experienced by Obama essay the people of Ireland. Essay Is Everything? He wanted the English (who ruled Ireland) to realize what they. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is a satirical piece on how to deal with the poor’s problems. Basically, “Swift suggests that impoverished Irish might ease their economic troubles by.

The ethos, pathos and logos are persuasive appeals. Logos is the idea of a logical argument. Essay? I believe no Gentleman would repine to give Ten Shillings for the Carcass of a good fat Child. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is Scholarly writing diablo 3 a prime example of satire. Satire is defined as the use of Obama humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticise people's stupidity and Reasons why we homework school year vices.

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combat camera resume Militarized, Folding All/Extreme Terrain Mountain and Electrical Bikes (F-ATBs, F-MTBs, eMTBs) COMBAT REPORT: IRAQ. BASRA, IRAQ: A British Soldier on patrol speaks to Obama essay an Iraqi boy in How to with abstract, the southern city of Obama essay Basra, 500 kms south of Baghdad 06 January 2005. It is mainly British forces that patrol this city. U.S. ARMY TESTING OPERATIONAL USE IN AFGHANISTAN/IRAQ. MONTAGUE MILITARY BIKE R D. PARATROOPER 2000 on homework All Terrain Bike (ATB): the future of war is AIRBORNE, not seaborne. All men dream: but not equally. Those who dream by night in the dusty recesses of their minds wake in the day to find that it was vanity: but the dreamers of the day are dangerous men, for they may act out their dream with open eyes, to make it possible.

--Lawrence of Arabia, Seven Pillars of Wisdom. THE AIRBORNE LIGHT BICYCLE INFANTRY (LBI) CONCEPT. The world moves by the speed of the Obama, air, not a slow boat to China . Do My Homework? America is a strategic AIR POWER as England was once the ruling sea power. U.S. Airborne forces must be able to rapidly converge on the enemy's most critical center of gravity by AIR power in order to Obama gain strategic and operational surprise; as proven in Grenada, Panama and Haiti. Air POWER is not to be confused with air STRIKES as is abstract vogue in the USAF. Essay? Our loss of Pristina airport to the Russian Airborne in a permissive motor march in legal homework, Kosovo is a perfect example of the weakness of having to wait for marine peacekeepers driving long distances overland (from Greece. ) to inland areas better reached by air-delivered forces.

This means AIRBORNE forces must move within HOURS not days, weeks, months by ship, and arrive with greater mobility than a foot-slog. These forces conduct AIRBORNE WARFARE not just logistics base seizure; they do not have to Obama seize and hold WWII-style. The days of piling supplies on the beach for an enemy to cream a bloated marine force are over; the Russians know this, we do not--as we insist on wasting BILLIONS on land-locked, slow-to-deploy, sea-based gyrene units that once ashore foot-slog and truck-hop into enemy land mines. The way to essay create a fully mobile U.S. Airborne/Air Assault Air-Mech-Strike Force is by creating LTC Richard Liebert's Dragoon units: heavily armed mounted Soldiers who use All-Terrain Vehicles like diesel-powered armed Para-Gators now used by the XVIII Airborne Corps and folding bikes and carts backed by light TRACKED Armored Fighting Vehicles. Dragoon Light Bicycle Infantry (LBI) can use air-droppable folding ATBs and Extreme Terrain Bikes (ETBs) with 10-inch wide tires to Obama essay traverse over sand/snow. seizing assault objectives and road block mobility corridor security positions immediately after forced-entry. The maneuver of LBI units would be supported by Dragoons in Respect essay for students, ATVs firing heavy-caliber machine guns, grenade launchers, rockets and recoilless rifles.

Expanding the Recon Security zone after an airhead is taken, Dragoon LBI units can act as the mobile reserve of the Airborne Task Force commander and be used for reconnaissance and raids far beyond what men on foot can travel. The Airborne's battle space tied in with digital communications means extends beyond enemy artillery and rocket weapons ranges and secures the foothold for offensive operations to collapse the enemy before he can react. Hanebrink Extreme Terrain Bike (ETB) A/ETBs can be jumped over the rear ramp or side jump doors of high-performance aircraft like the Lockheed Martin C-130 Hercules and Alenia C-27J Spartan and Obama essay, even through the super-large side jump doors of the C-17 Globemaster III . (Images-negatives owned by 1 st TSG (A) donated to have homework school year the U.S. Army; re: Infantry magazine, January-February, 1995) ITSG Begins Military Bicycle Development in 1988. Our early 1992 parachute test of the folding bike was not conclusive due to Obama the exposed condition of the bike for the jump, though we found out later this was successfully done by the British Airborne in WWII combat (see below). However, it proved the legal, ease which parachute delivery can be used to deliver ATBs. Later RD led to the padded airdrop bag for Obama, folded ATBs to be jumped with common Airborne combat equipment attached to writing ready-for combat individual Paratroopers as lowering line loads as depicted above or Container Delivery System (CDS) bundles to be recovered later (see below) as the 1 st Tactical Studies Group (AIRBORNE) Paratroopers did for the OPERATION DARK CLAW demonstration, February 11, 1993 at Laurinberg-Maxton airfield (Home of the U.S. Army Golden Knights ) near Fort Bragg, NC.

Squad Accompanying Loads are means that oversized items like A/ETBs and Javelin ATGMs can be delivered to Paratroopers. a piece of truck bed liner plastic as directional slide aids for Obama, door bundles to Scholarly writing diablo prevents bundles from getting stuck in the door when being pushed out. OPERATION DARK CLAW! C-212 STOL turbo prop aircraft. Folded ATB in airdrop bag. Non-folding ATB and Montague Folding ATB on ATAC as ramp drop bundle. Dark Claw team members rigged and ready to jump. Team Leader ready to jump combat equipment and ATB in airdrop bag. ATB bag rigged under chest reserve.

Folded ATB in bag with quick release straps. Paratrooper good exit from essay rear ramp with ATB bag. ATB in bag still connected to Paratrooper. ATB lowered on line prior to landing. Bag opened to recover ATB. Unfolding the ATB in under one minute. Paratrooper cycles at write introduction with 10 - 25 mph across battlefield. The designer of the padded ATB airdrop bag, SF MSG Lee Cashwell (Retired) acted as the primary jumpmaster employing U.S. Essay? military jump procedures for the C-212. Grenadier/scout LT Jeffrey Schram and Combat Medical Specialist, SF 18D SSG Ernest Hoppe followed their non-folding AT bikes and ATAC on a palletized bundle (Kudos Rigger SGT Ken Potter) on Essay the first pass to demonstrate this technique. Obama? On the second C-212 pass, Team Leader, LT Michael Sparks jumped with the folded bike over the rear ramp in its airdrop bag as a lowering line load. All 1 st TSG (A) members wore complete combat equipment, LBE, and Do my legal homework, weapons in M1950 cases.

The entire operation captured on Obama video by freefall legend, USAF CCT Dave Lilico (Retired) from the air, and later on the ground. Responsibility? On the ground, Team Leader LT Sparks, though jumping later was able to derig, unfold and cycle back to his men who were still de-rigging their Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs). VIDEO: Operation DARK CLAW, Part 1: Insertion. From there, they moved as a unit to rescue a mock hostage from an enemy camp, briefed the SF Command Observers, then took the hostage mannequin on ATAC in tow 35+ miles under their own power back to Obama essay Fort Bragg, NC. All done in essay responsibility, under a few hours time. As way of comparison, according to Gerard Devlin's book Paratrooper! in October 1942, the 88 th Glider Infantry Regiment foot-marched the same distance to start glider training at Laurinberg field and Obama essay, it took them 2 DAYS to get there from Fort Bragg! The HPV-mobile 1 st TSG (A) team got to Fort Bragg later that afternoon after a 2pm departure. What's fascinating is that the 88 th GIR was the Army Airborne's Experimental unit and they had bicycles so they could have went much faster!

History of the diablo 3, 88 th Airborne Battalion. The history of the 88 th Airborne Battalion, from essay its activation, to the time it was amalgamated as a regiment with the have school year, 326 th Glider Infantry Regiment in France during World War II, is covered in an eclectic assortment of Obama essay conventional official documents. Not recorded in them, or elsewhere, are its contributions and the impact these contributions have made to Scholarly diablo airborne warfare operations and doctrine, to military and essay, commercial airlift operations, to military helicopter operations or to the progress of America, especially through the aircraft industry. At its activation as the Essay on money, 88 th Airborne Battalion on 10 October, 1942, it was intended to be an experimental organization that would introduce the air landing aspects of airborne warfare to America's military forces. Such warfare had been applied by the Germans against the Belgians early during World War II with devastating affect. Germany was able to keep information about these operations from leaking out of essay Germany. This much the allies were able to glean through intelligence sources - a number of German Soldiers in large gliders had landed on the surface of Belgian's massive Fort Eben Emael on May 20, 1940. They subdued the Reasons why we homework round, fort in less than one hour.

The loss of the fort created a gap in the Belgian defenses. Obama Essay? Because of the Do my homework, shock of this loss, in only a matter of Obama days, Belgium surrendered. This left France's northern flank defensless to the Wermacht 's panzers . Report Introduction With? Soon France fell and the debacle at Dunkerque followed. The 88 th battalion was organized as a hybrid tactical and experimental unit. It was lightly manned and equipped and initially was limited to Obama essay flying in Douglas DC-3's, the only transport airplane immediately available in those early years for carrying its equipment and Reasons shouldnt have, available to Obama test airborne techniques and doctrine. Motorcycle, bicycles , guns and Reasons why we homework year round, equipment issued the (airborne) unit were intended to enable it to load in the airplanes, deplane quickly once landed, hit the enemy swiftly and hard and then hold until relieved. Obama Essay? The unit was not constituted for sustained combat. This sort of activity divined by a War Department, promised great things for the future of airborne operations, but it did not foresee, nor did it have to cope with the myriad problems in homework, putting such doctrine into reality. It left this to Obama essay the 88 th to Do my legal translate a concept into workable tactics, techniques, doctrine and procedures.

There was little, if any, experience available with respect to the loading of equipment into airplanes, and the problems such activities entailed. Nor did the Obama, 88 th get guidance from any source with such knowledge. What was achieved was achieved through dangerous, difficult, practical experience and the ingenuity and ability of the members of the 88 th to overcome the writing diablo 3, problems that developed. From the Obama essay, beginning there were problems in securing guns, ammunition and equipment so that turbulence while in flight would not cause it to shift or become free. The 88 th learned to essay for students responsibility use ropes to lash the cargo to tie down rings set into the floor of the airplanes.

When we encountered turbulence we had the harrowing experience of finding 90mm mortar ammunition floating around the interior of the plane we were riding in. Obama? Initially, we could only resecure it or hold it down the as best we could. Scholarly Diablo 3? The 88 th sent some men to Wright Patterson air base to present the problem and try to find solutions. One Mr. Baker offered a trucker's knot, the bowline, later dubbed the Obama, Baker bowline by legal homework his appreciative students. The bowline could not be untied quickly, slowing the unloading of equipment, so enterprising 88ers added the slippery half hitch, well known to boy scouts and truckers. Then we found that not just any rope would do for the task of securing equipment. Most of it stretched, permitting the equipment to loosen.

We opted for 5/8ths-inch Manila hemp, which was very durable and stretched little. Pilots of the Obama essay, day had little interest in passengers or cargo of any kind. Their attention was directed to flying the glider. The 88 th became concerned when pilots were reporting puzzling problems, especially in taking off, and in on money is everything evil, having to trim the airplanes unduly in flight. What was amiss was that loads were changing the center of gravity of the airplanes, or were heavier than the load for Obama, which the aircraft was rated. We had received no cautionary advice from the on money is everything evil, pilots on how to distribute loads. With little help from the Air Corps, the 88 th devised loading plans taking into essay consideration the center of gravity. It was customary to equip each military airplane and glider passenger with a parachute. This was OK for airplanes, but when it came to gliders Lieutenant Al Leonard, one of the homework, primary contributors to airborne techniques, considered the expendability doctrine inherent in Obama, air transport combat operations and questioned the advisability of issuing parachutes to helper with abortion passengers in gliders. Al reasoned that gliders normally were towed at Obama about 300-500 feet altitude, too low to use parachutes if the occasion demanded.

Moreover, weight was always a problem. If chutes could be dispensed with, equivalent weight in weapons and ammunition could be substituted. Al's argument carried the day, and glidermen ceased to wear parachutes, a condition that convinced paratroopers they never wanted to go into combat in a glider . The air force later adopted the practice of not issuing parachutes to passengers in transport aircraft. [EDITOR: WRONG: not true. Scholarly Writing Diablo 3? Only of late has the USAF wimped out and stopped using common sense.] To facilitate unit training for the vital task of loading men and equipment into Obama essay gliders, the 88 th built the first full-scale glider mockup.

It became the prototype for large formations of mockups in training areas that were used for loading and lashing training of the 88 th and all airborne divisions. How To Introduction With Abstract? As with the mockup, so it was with many other items of equipment and training. The 88 th made it all first, or made the suggestions and designs that led to the actual items. These ideas led to modifications of essay gliders and airplanes, and even to the design of new aircraft. A case in Reasons why we school, point is the successor of the CG-4A glider, the CG-15. Essay? The CG-4A was an innovation amongst aircraft, and was the first of its kind in America. It had little testing, and no combat experience up to that time, and thus fell to Al Leonard and other members of the 88 th to suggest improvements that would have be desirable and necessary. These were passed up to Argumentative essay helper the Airborne Command, then in charge of collecting and acting on such information, and they all found their way into Obama essay the modified CG-4A, the How to a lab with abstract, CG-15. Shortly after take off, early production CG-4As dropped their wheels, and landed on skids that ran part of the length of the fuselage. For the gliders to take off again, crews had a real chore to raise the Obama, glider and reinstall the on money, wheels.

There were other difficulties that (d)evolved from the skids too numerous to mention here. Al Leonard cited them and suggested that landings be made on wheels. The Air Corps adopted his suggestion. Problems evaporated. Gliders suffered less landing damage, and essay, changed from being expendable to recoverable. It should be understood that these gliders were largely designed by the Air Corps, with little knowledge of airborne unit requirements. This is where the 88 th played an important role. Elements of the 88 th tested the air transport capabilities of the XCG-13, the CG-15A, and the CG-19 as well as other glider and transport airplane prototypes and heavily influenced which modifications were made. The 88 th trained the essay with abortion, glider infantry regiments, artillery, medical and other battalions and many of the Obama, parachute elements of the 82 nd , 101 st , 11 th , 17 th divisions in air transport operations. Writing Diablo? After the 88 th was absorbed by the 326 th Glider Infantry Regiment in the 13 th Airborne Division, members of the former 88 th that were then in the 326 th also were selected to train the 84 th Infantry division for air transportably. From the Obama, 88 th evolved the information that was to become the basis of why we shouldnt have homework school year airborne operations, training and doctrine manuals.

The aircraft industry incorporated many of the essay, experiences gained in 3, the 88 th into the design of airplanes, especially those that were intended primarily as cargo carriers. Perhaps the best example in this trend was the 66 passenger XCG-20, America's largest glider. Obama Essay? It incorporated the best of the technology that the 88 th had devised and contributed to Respect for students cargo airplane and glider construction. It was to become the C-123, which gradually evolved into a jet airplane from which the design of many of America's most advanced airplanes have borrowed many design features. Colonel, USA (Ret.) Colonel Mrazek commanded a battalion in the 326 th Glider Infantry Regiment in the 13 th during World War II and essay, towards the Scholarly writing diablo, end of the war commanded the regiment for several months.

He then took command of the 325 th Glider Infantry Regiment of the 82 nd Airborne Division for several months after it had returned to the United States. PKO. WW2 Mystery: U.S. Essay? Army Airborne USMC Paramarines' Pre-War Experiments with Break-Apart Columbia Compax Bicycles. The question is DID U.S. Army Paratroopers and/or Paramarines JUMP disassembled Columbia Compax bicycles? If so, HOW? We know the British jumped BSA folding bicycles uncovered in their hands which is very dangerous as its a snag risk to your parachute deployment. So far, all we have are these blow-ups from Argumentative essay helper a poster hanging in a museum where a Columbia Compax is displayed. We wrote to the curator for help with better pics but so far this is all we have. As if we need yet more proof that ad hocery results in good ideas that could gain us a tactical advantage falling by Obama essay the wayside; consider the U.S. Why We Homework Round? military's failure to exploit bicycles for military mobility advantages in WW2--and thereafter.

The U.S. Army lead the world in Obama, military bicycle use but then got fat and lazy and disastrously road-bound with motorized trucks and forgot how to How to a lab report with abstract use them when it really counted in war. While the Germans were moving around entire rifle battalions by bicycle to achieve decisive effects like repelling the British at Arnhem, at best we used bicycles tactically en masse only if they were captured. The point of this is that military bikes must be ORGANIC to Obama U.S. military units so they are used aggressively in war practice so when the fear of life/death settles in during a war their utility and usefulness to essay helper abortion FAN OUT INFANTRY QUICKLY to get decisive kill/capture positions or to control ground to deny the enemy its use (prevent land mines from being laid) will be established and not be ignored . Johan Willaert from Obama essay Belgium writes: Although the write abstract, U.S. Obama? Army had used bicycles for many years before WW2, none were standardized for procurement before 1942. The Army's official use for these bicycles was: To provide Transportation for Personnel engaged in Dispatch or Messenger Service . Of course they were used for many other purposes. They proved a fast and Essay evil, economical way to essay get around Depots, Camps and Airfields. The Bicycle, Military, Universal was adopted in October 1942 by the Ordnance Department.

It was a military version of the homework, Westfield Columbia and Obama essay, was equipped with heavy duty rims and spokes. Do My Homework? It came with a D-Cell powered headlight on the front fender and basic tools were carried in a toolbag attached to the Persons saddle. A tire pump was clamped to the frame. These bikes were manufactured by both Westfield Columbia and Huffman with only minor differences in parts. Huffman fenders were rounded as opposed to gothic ones on the Columbia, chain guards varied and Huffman front sprockets had a unique whirlwind design. All parts were interchangeable . Early rubber pedal blocks were replaced with wooden ones later in the war. Obama? Early frames had a curved front tube but these were replaced with straight tubes on later models. Late in WW2 Columbia produced a Women's model. Folding Compax models were tested by [U.S. Is Everything Evil? Army] Airborne Troops and the U.S. Obama Essay? Marine Corps but saw no action in Europe in WW2.

Westfield Columbia MG138969 (± Late 1943) The Westfield Serial Number files do not contain any reference to specific Military contracts, so it's become very hard to determine how many bikes were manufactured and when. Huffman frames were dated, but there too there's no reference to how many were made. I am trying to put together a database with Models and Serial Numbers and their location, so I invite you to post that info here with a picture of the bike if possible. For more info and wartime images, feel free to 3 visit the Bicycles pages of my site: www.theliberator.be. Willaert's U.S. Military WW2 Bicycle Research Page. Tactical Bicycle Use in Hawaii shows some Custom Gear for Military Applications. U.S. Army Signal Corps Photo via Jerry Cleveland.

Members of the Obama, Intelligence Platoon, HQ Company, 34 th Infantry Regiment on patrol in is everything evil, Hawaii. Rifles are carried in leather scabbards on the front forks . Note the Willys MA Jeep in the background. Another WW2 Bicycle Mystery: By Parachute or Glider? One of the Obama essay, few surviving Columbia's in Europe is displayed in Respect for students responsibility, the Airborne Museum of Sainte-Mre-Eglise, Normandy, France where it sits under the wings of a C-47 aircraft. Obama? MG145375 was left behind during WW2 and ended up with a local farmer who used it well into the 1970's before donating it to the local museum where it underwent complete restoration. WATCH THE CLASSIC MOVIE, The Longest Day based on Cornelius Ryan's Book.

Click on the picture to view the year, 2-hour movie. PROOF! U.S. Obama Essay? Airborne Glider-Airlanding Bicycle Use in Combat in WW2. Although many have claimed to see a Compax Paratrooper bicycle in on money is everything evil, the back of the Jeep on the right, the springer type front forks clearly indicate it is not a Columbia Compax. It actually is a Simplex Servicycle. There seems to be another Servicycle in the Jeep on the left where the passenger seat has been tilted forward to make room for the cycle's rear wheel. All vehicles belong to Obama essay Service Company, 504 th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 82 nd Airborne Division and are being loaded into WACO Gliders for the Operation Market-Garden Airborne insertion into helper with Holland in September 1944. During WW2, Servicycles were used by Medical units of Airborne Divisions. Compare the front forks of the Servicycle above to the one shown below.

Father Sampson, Chaplain of the 501 st Parachute Infantry is shown on a Simplex Servicycle during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. Tricycle Resupply in Combat. Al Krochka Photo from Mark Bando's The 101 st AIRBORNE-From Holland to Obama Hitler's Eagle's Nest. This image shows Technical Sergeant 5 Mendoza from B Company 326 th Airborne Engineer Battalion, 101 st Airborne Division using a captured/borrowed Dutch Tricycle to transport equipment to a Supply Dump in Veghel, Holland during Operation Market Garden in Respect essay for students responsibility, September 1944. Obama Essay? The tricycle is loaded with two A4 Supply Bundles. Homework? Note the essay, Parachute First Aid Packet tied to his M1 steel pot helmet. Bicycle Infantry: the Swiss Experience by Argumentative essay Captain Kevin D. Obama Essay? Stringer, U.S. How To A Lab Report Introduction With Abstract? Army Infantry magazine, September-October, 1994. NOTE: narrow-minded Stringer didn't realize that bikes can FOLD and be ATTACHED to armored personnel carriers for armored, mechanized maneuver to the area of Obama essay operations where LBI would fan out for effect. Infantry magazine, November-December, 1994. Infantry magazine, January-February, 1995.

CopterBox, HeliBox, MaxiBox. An Air Force Loadmaster and three Australian Army Riggers deploy a helibox and Essay evil, a maxibox load from a C-130J Hercules as part of Exercise Pacific Airlift Rally in Thailand. Use CDS bundles to airdrop oversized items like A/ETBs and essay, ATACs so heavy fire and forget missiles like Javelin ATGMs or AGTMs can be delivered to Paratroopers, who are then mobile to use them effectively. So the options are: 1. Do My Homework? Jump the folded ATB in airdrop bag attached to the Paratrooper; a. Rear ramp C-130s/C-27Js/CH-47s/CH-53s. b. Side jump doors of C-130s/C-27Js/C-17s. Obviously, jumping the ATB folded/attached to the Paratrooper will require a major gut check of those involved, but the pay-off of Obama 10-25 mph mobility on the ground afterwards is definitely worth it. The rear ramp jump provides undisturbed air for a majority of the How to report introduction abstract, parachute opening sequence; so this using this exit technique should not be a major mental obstacle to overcome.

SOF routinely jumps TacSATs and loads almost as large routinely over essay the rear ramp of C-130 type aircraft today. U.S. Is Everything Evil? Army Soldier Randy Policar recently jumped the Montague PARATROOPER folding ATB inside an Airpac airdrop system from the 36 wide SIDE jump door of a C-130 proving its feasible using EXISTING Army airdrop equipment. Jumping With The Paratrooper. October 23rd, 2006 by Obama essay Randy Policar. Montague Corporation states that their Paratrooper can be air dropped and be ready for action. As a Paratrooper myself, I was more than happy to Respect responsibility put it to the test. 5 ' 9 Tall Policar and His Airborne Unit. A few days ago, my Unit conducted an Airborne Operation. Obama Essay? It was the perfect opportunity to jump the Paratrooper. But before the jump was to Essay on money take place I had to rig up the Paratrooper in order for it to Obama be dropped.

I used an Air Pack to rig up the Paratrooper. It was one of the few containers that I had available to fit the whole bike. Here you could see the helper abortion, front tire being placed inside the bag. A lot of padding was used to protect the bike. The rest of the bike had to be placed inside a HALO kit bag. This was done so that none of the bike would be exposed decreasing the chance of essay snagging any part of the aircraft upon Scholarly 3 exit. The handle bars and pedals were removed in order to keep a uniform shape of the Drop Bag. Montague offers folding pedals as an accessory that could be used to keep from having to remove the pedals.

Above is what the Obama, Paratrooper looks after being completely rigged to be air dropped. Every part of the essay with abortion, Mountain Bike is included so that it could be used on the drop zone. This was taken on the way to the C-130 Hercules just before station time. Inside the C-130 just before the jump. Being in a unique Unit, a grand total of five static line jumpers owned the entire aircraft that day. For those of you who jump and are usually packed inside the bird like a can of sardines, stop drooling. Obama Essay? Don't worry; I've had my fair share of those jumps as well. This was taken on the drop zone after a spectacular jump. My landing could use some improvement. But the way I figure is, any jump you could walk away from is a great jump. Why We Shouldnt Have School Round? I didn't get any pictures on the way down because our public affairs person was a no show.

I plan on jumping the Paratrooper once again. Next time I'll just leave my camera on Obama the ground for someone to take pictures from the ground up. The Paratrooper made it through without any serious damages just a few minor scratches. Not bad considering the legal, fact that it was just dropped 1,250 ft above ground level. 2. Drop the folded ATB/ATACSs separately as; a. Obama Essay? Door bundle A-7A strap or A-21 cargo bag or future CopterBox loads into the personnel drop zone. b. Rear ramp CDS A-22 or CopterBox loads into Scholarly writing diablo 3 the equipment drop zone (Paratroopers must run to, identify their bundles and de-rig) In OPERATION PROVE BATTLE MOBILITY , a bicycle assault exercise at Fort Bragg, NC videotaped by a NBC correspondent, Alan Covey the 1 st TSG (A) team composed of Combat Medical Specialist LT David Tran, Grenadier/Scout SGT Paul Latham and Obama essay, Team Leader LT Mike Sparks moved rapidly from a simulated airdrop in Respect essay responsibility, fully ghillie strip camouflaged-ATBs to assault positions through woods where there was no pre-existing trails. Visual camouflage techniques were proven as enhancements for ATB forces. Photos of Operation Prove Tactical Mobility can be viewed at this hyperlink: tacticalmobility.htm. U.S. ARMY GROUND MOBILITY EXPERIMENTS.

TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, PROCEDURES. The first myth that has to be busted is Obama essay that light infantry has to take a rucksack to the field at all if you implement all the Combat Light techniques described in detail in our Airborne Equipment Shop web site. Write A Lab Introduction Abstract? The only thing that needs to be carried in the rucksack is bulk water, food (MREs) and ammunition. If local water is nearby, it can be collected and purified, instead of being carried thus, saving weight. These things are generic and thus every Soldier's rucksack should be uniform so they can be collected en masse , taken to Obama essay the rear, refilled and air-delivered (Cargo chute or CopterBox ) back to the unit as a LOGPACK. All field-living-SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape) equipments need to be and can be on the Combat Light Soldier at all times for the normal temperature/weather range from 20 degrees to 90 degrees.

Only in extremely cold weather is a rucksack with survival clothing/tentage required, in extreme hot weather (deserts) bulk water. The British SAS call this living from just the belt kit . When the rucksack is with the Paratrooper it is on the All/Extreme Terrain Bike NOT his back. Even when the A/ETB cannot be ridden, it can be pushed/towed (retractable outrigger wheels and a tow-bar at the front wheels) as a cart with the Soldier hands-free. WHAT IS SO GREAT ABOUT FOOT RUCK MARCHES THAT TAKE ALL DAY? Chart from U.S. Army then Major Stephen Tate's CGSC Master's Thesis Human Powered Vehicles in Support of Light Infantry Operations Accession Number: ADA211795. Title: Human Powered Vehicles in Support of Light Infantry Operations. Descriptive Note: Master's thesis Aug 1988-Jun 1989.

Corporate Author: ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL FORT LEAVENWORTH KS. Personal Author(s): Tate, Stephen T. Handle / proxy Url: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA211795 Check NTIS Availability. Report Date: 02 JUN 1989. Pagination or Media Count: 188.

Abstract: This study examines the suitability of using bicycles to enhance the mobility of U.S. light infantry units. Initially the study defines mobility problems encountered by U.S. light infantry units as a result of force design. The study presents historical examples of previous military cycling operations at the turn of the century, during both World Wars, and on money is everything evil, the Vietnam Conflict. Obama Essay? The tactical use, mobility, speed, distance, and load carrying capacity of bicycle troops during each of these periods are discussed. The present use of three bicycle regiments in the Swiss Army is examined.

The impact of recent technological improvements in is everything evil, the bicycle industry is examined for possible military application. Keywords: Bicycle; Light infantry; All-terrain bicycle, Mobility; Soldier's load; Vietnam, Swiss army; Strategy; Tactics; Derailleur; World War II; Logistics; Military operations. Descriptors: *MOBILITY, *LOGISTICS, MILITARY OPERATIONS, MILITARY PERSONNEL, WARFARE, GLOBAL, INDUSTRIES, ARMY PERSONNEL, CAPACITY(QUANTITY), INFANTRY, TERRAIN, CYCLES, MILITARY APPLICATIONS, LIGHTING EQUIPMENT, ARMY, VIETNAM, SWITZERLAND. Subject Categories: MILITARY OPERATIONS, STRATEGY AND TACTICS. Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. Get to point B-from-A in a bike in an hour, get off the Obama essay, bikes and into Do my attack position. Walking at a turtle's pace for hours exposes the Obama, infantry force to Essay on money all kinds of air/ground observation, artillery, mortar, small arms fires. Troops tired from long foot marches have lost battles and wars since the Battle of Obama essay Hastings in 1066 A.D. Homework? What is so great about that?

Being able to move through terrain several 1,000 meter grid squares at a time is a form of protection called SPEED. When the LBI force moves it has security front, rear and flank to contact any enemies before they can reach the Obama, main body. When contact is diablo 3 expected, LBI teams move by bounding overwatch, one team aimed in on Obama likely enemy ambush points as the other moves ahead--just like armored vehicles do. When it is Essay certain the enemy is ahead, they dismount their A/ETBs and begin fire/maneuver on the enemy. This is more tactical then riding in back of a noisy, unarmed or armored truck.

With a Weapons Gun Shield (WGS) on the end of their shoulder weapons, Paratroopers move forward from cover to cover behind the WGS in Obama essay, the prone, so even if the enemy returns fire, they can survive it to Respect complete the mission----and regain fire superiority with their own weapons. Details of how the bullet-sponge paradigm can be defeated is enclosed in the future infantry squad web page link here; squad.htm The WGS is essay attached at the front handlebars of the A/ETB during cycling for frontal protection-windscreen in event of How to introduction with abstract enemy contact from the front. It appears that the essay, powers-that-be are starting to listen. Ref: Prior message on Shields used in MOUT. Thank you for your input regarding ballistic shields for Soldiers in a MOUT environment.

You are correct that some sort of shield is Scholarly writing 3 needed. In fact, we are currently pursuing a variety of shields for evaluation within this program. Obama? Thank you again for legal homework, your message. MOUT ACTD Force. U.S.

Army Soldier Systems Command Hotline. for Food, Clothing, Shelters and Airdrop Systems. Comm: (508) 233-5341. If terrain is not passable by either cycling or towing, the A/ETB can be folded and carried attached to the rucksack for interface with motorized ground/air/sea vehicle transport. Obama Essay? This can be Fast Rope Insertion/Extraction (FRIES), Special Patrol Insertion-Extraction System (SPIES) or rappel from a hovering helicopter, airland or with the padded airdrop bag, parachuting.

U.S. Army ARMOR Magazine: Bikes Tanks = Effective Cavalry. Singapore Army Bicycle-Snipers! Modern Polish Light Bicycle Infantry. The German Army in helper with abortion, WW2 had several light bicycle infantry cavalry companies in every infantry division's reconnaissance battalion. The reason was to have an Obama, unit MORE MOBILE THAN THE MAIN BODY THAT WAS WALKING.

The German infantry also had light tank assault guns embedded with them to work together just like the M113 Gavins we need today. Dr. Leo Niehorster's excellent organizational web pages document these facts. Infantry Division (1st Wave) Infanteriedivision (1. Welle) (Commander on 22.06.1941) Gen.Lt. Frhr. Do My Legal? v. Gablenz. Gen.Maj. Obama? Frhr. v. Schleinitz.

Gen.Maj. v. Seydlitz-Kurzbach. Gen.Lt. Graf v. Sponek. Airlanding equipment was in essay for students responsibility, depots back in Germany. Gen.Maj. v. Tettau. Gen.Lt. Obama? Fischer v. Weikersthall. recon battalion without armored car platoon.

recon battalion without armored car platoon. recon battalion without heavy company, but with armored car platoon. German Radhfahrtruppes (Bicycle-Infantry) converge on Arnhem. Cavalry Bicycle Company. 1 September 1939. KStN 353 dated 01.09.1939. 1 NCO as Headquarters Section Leader (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger / Bugler (Rifle)(on bicycle)

1 Messenger / Blinker Signaler (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger (Rifle)(bicycle) 3 Messengers (Rifles)(on motorcycles) 1 Motor Vehicle Driver (Rifle) 1 car, light, cross-country (Kfz. 1) 1 Medic NCO (Pistol)(on bicycle) 4 Stretcher Bearers(on bicycles) 1 Senior NCO as First Sergeant / Trains Leader (Pistol) 1 NCO as Armorer (Pistol)

1 NCO for Equipment (Rifle)(on motorcycle) 1 Assistant Armorer (Pistol)(on motorcycle) 1 Assistant Armorer (Pistol) 5 Motor Vehicle Drivers (Rifles) 1 Motorcyclist (Rifle)(on motorcycle with sidecar) 3 Bicycle Mechanics truck escort (Rifle)

1 Cook truck escort (Rifle) 1 motorcycle with side car. 1 car, medium, cross-country (Kfz. 18) 1 truck, light, open, cross-country for field kitchen. 3 trucks, light, open, cross-country for equipment and helper abortion, ammo. 9 light machine guns (as equipment reserve) 1 Enlisted in charge of baggage / clerk (Rifle)(on motorcycle) 1 Cobbler (Rifle) 1 truck, light, open, for baggage and equipment. 1 Officer (Z) as Platoon Leader (Pistol)(on bicycle)

1 Messenger / Bugler (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger / Blinker Signaler (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger (Rifle)(bicycle) 3 Rifle Squads , each with. 1 NCO Squad Leader (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Assistant Squad Leader (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 MG Gunner (Pistol)(on bicycle) 2 Assistant MG Gunners (Pistols)(on bicycles) 7 Riflemen (Rifles)(on bicycles) 1 light machine gun.

Light Mortar Section. 1 NCO as Mortar Section Leader (Rifle)(on motorcycle) 3 Gunners / (Pistols) 6 Assistant Gunners (Rifles) 6 Motorcycle Drivers (Rifles)(on motorcycles with sidecars) 6 motorcycles with sidecars. 3 light mortars (50mm) 4 Officers, 24 NCO, 152 Enlisted; 134 Rifles, 46 Pistols, 18 LMG, 3 Light Mortars;

7 motor vehicles, 7 motorcycles, 7 motorcycles with side cars, 138 bicycles. From Steve Olderr's superb web site, the Bicyclopedia link above, lists an amazing history of the bicycle, military bike history excerpts taken here: The forerunners of today's A/ETBs have been proven by Obama years of Essay is everything successful military use in war by the Germans, British Commandos, Vietnamese, Swiss and can give AIRBORNE forces 10-25 mph mobility without logistical tail that is inherently stealthy. In its 1937 invasion of China, Japan employed some 50,000 bicycle troops. Obama Essay? Then the Do my legal homework, Japanese Army of just 3 divisions defeated the entire British Army in Malaya and essay, Singapore. Their secret weapon: bicycle jungle infiltration tactics created by a Studies Group Early in 1941 Colonel Masanobu Tsuji, (scroll down after clicking link) a veteran of the China campaign. was allocated a shoe-string budget and put in charge of a small Southern Military Studies Research Group in Taiwan to have homework school investigate problems of jungle warfare. Tsuji was given a report drawn up by Obama essay two senior Japanese army officers, who had visited Malaya in September 1940. They advised that any attack on Singapore would have to come from the north and reported that the Scholarly writing 3, British Air force in Malaya was understrength and its planes obsolete. Tsuji appreciated, as Percival and essay, Dobbie had pointed out, that a frontal attack on Singapore was scarcely feasible but her back door stood open, and he realized that British propaganda was deluding only her own people.

Tsuji embarked on his task with enthusiasm and verve. The challenge was enormous, for the Japanese Army had no experience of fighting jungle warfare. Soldiers accustomed to cold weather fighting had to be trained to face tropical conditions, and How to report introduction abstract, cavalry, which was used in Obama, China, had to Reasons shouldnt year be abandoned in favour of bicycles . The 25th Japanese Army, which was hurriedly assembled for the invasion of Malaya, was put under the command of Lieutenant-General Tomoyuki Yamashita, probably Japan's most able general . The son of a humble village doctor, Yamashita was then fifty-six years old and essay, was Tojo 's contemporary and 3, rival. He had headed the Japanese military mission to Germany and Italy in 1940 and served in Korea and North China, until November 1941 when he was summoned from Manchuria to essay command the attack on Singapore. Yamashita was offered five divisions but decided to employ only three, knowing that this was the maximum force which could be fed and maintained as his supply lines became extended south.

The 25th Army comprised the Imperial Guards, the 3, seasoned 18th Division and Obama, the highly experienced crack 25th Division, which was one of the best in Scholarly writing, the Japanese Army. The Japanese secret weapon was the bicycle and it gave them speed and mobility in the advance down the Malay peninsula. The Japanese swept down the Obama essay, Malay peninsula, carried forward by audacious planning, good fortune and Argumentative essay abortion, the exhilaration bred by Obama success. The main body of the force were disciplined, hardy and vigorous Soldiers, who had fought together in the China campaign. Yamashita used his mastery of the Essay is everything, air and the coastal waters to conduct a dynamic technique of infiltration, enveloping and outflanking which bewildered the defenders and compelled them to withdraw to avoid being cut off from the rear. Confined by the communications system of one trunk road and railway line, the British defence lacked mobility and the Japanese could defeat them in detail. Without tanks and anti-tank guns or prepared lines of defences, the Commonwealth retreat was inevitable, and the Japanese drove relentlessly south. Ironically, when he was almost out of ammunition, Yamashita attacked and General Percival surrendered to Obama his bluff. Victory brought a thrill of How to report abstract exhilaration to Obama essay Japan and her allies. The previous year German military leaders had told Yamashita it would probably take five divisions eighteen months to conquer Singapore.

In fact, the essay helper abortion, mission had been accomplished by three divisions in just over two months. For the Obama, British, the loss of Singapore was the blackest moment of the Second World War and, in essay for students responsibility, the words of Winston Churchill, 'the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history'. VIDEOS: The Fall of Malaya and Singapore. Jap bicyclists take Malaya/Singapore. PART 1: Percival had plan to block landing up north but didn't do it, Japs sink air coverless Repulse and Prince of Wales , use bicycle-infantry to infiltrate through British lines, Light tanks prevail because stupid British ASS U ME NO tanks can operate in the jungle; don't fathom LIGHT tanks that are closed-terrain mobile. PART 2: non-linear Japs outflank linear Brits repeatedly, IV and pole carry of essay casualty, planes in crates not helping; if they were folded in BATTLEBOXes they'd be ready to fly, interesting small boat with a cannon on Argumentative essay helper with abortion it, Japs encircle Singapore with light tanks and artillery, launch observation balloon to Obama direct fires; British have no planes to knock it down! Cuts off water supply, can't win a fight if forced to dislodge the writing, British so he tries leaflets to get a surrender, Yamashita bluffs Percival to surrender.

PART 3: 130, 000 POWs horror made into slave laborers. The Brits Get Bikes: Defeat the Japs Jerry. Later in the same year, British Airborne Cycle Commandos struck at Bruneval Radar station using folding mountain bikes. Obama Essay? Flying in Reasons why we have homework year, Stirling bombers which also dropped bombs to confuse the Germans, the Cycle-Commandos were paradropped 8 miles away from essay their objective for secrecy. Using their bikes for ground mobility, the Paratroopers closed on their target silently and captured the necessary radar components and prisoners to bring vital intelligence back to write a lab report abstract England by Obama essay sea landing craft.

Type G Apparatus - Folding Bicycle. In WW2 bicycles were a cheap and lightweight method of Argumentative helper with abortion giving mobility to infantry. This was particularly true for Airborne troops, who were obviously much more limited in the size and number of vehicles that could accompany them. The British Airborne forces had a unique bicycle designed to be folded in half and Obama, parachuted down. While somewhat bulky by today's standards, the bike is remarkably light. The bike could either be dropped separately or strapped to the parachutist. A member of the [6 th Airborne re-enactors] unit has acquired and restored one of these interesting pieces. BSA Folding Airborne Bike rigged to be dropped separately.

Following are several more photos of this particular bike along with several wartime photos. All of the following text is taken from the war-time military manual for the Type G Apparatus, the folding bicycle. Stores Ref. Number: The Stores Ref. Number of the parachute is legal 15C/84 Weight of folding bicycle: The weight of the folding bicycle and parachute is 32 1/2 lb. It is Obama essay necessary to throw the bicycle vertically downwards through the door of the aircraft to prevent the parachute fouling the tail. Write A Lab Report Introduction With? Tests were made by A.F.E.E. from a C-47 with satisfactory results. Airborne Bicycle General.

The frame of the Obama, bicycle is elliptical and is hinged at two points. The slackening of two wing-nuts enables the frame to be folded so that the two wheels lie side by side. Scholarly Writing Diablo 3? The wheels are lashed to the frame to Obama essay prevent their turning and a type Q parachute with 12 ft. Canopy, as described in Scholarly diablo 3, A.P. 1180A, Vol. I, Part 2, Sect. 2 Chap. 4, is Obama essay attached to for students their circumference. Any partial bending of the handlebars on landing can usually be corrected by essay hand.

Parachuting with the Airborne bicycle from either Dakota or Stirling Aircraft is simple and requires little equipment. On Money Is Everything Evil? The bicycle is suspended from the parachutist´s body by a quick-release strap when jumping and is always released and lowered to the full extent of a 20 ft suspension line during descent. Preparation of essay Bicycle. Fold the How to write report introduction with, bicycle and push the pedals through into essay the stowed position. Lower the handlebars and raise the saddle so that the latter will receive most of the landing shock. Strap both wheels together, securing them to the rear chain stays to prevent them from rotating (An Army-issue valise strap is most suitable for Argumentative helper, this.). Obama? Tie one end of the 20 ft. suspension line to both the wheels in such a position that when the cycle is suspended by the line the saddle is on money lowermost. This is important to prevent damage to the handlebars.

Method of Attaching Bicycle to Parachutist. Commencing from the free end, plait the Obama essay, suspension line to ensure that it will pay out quickly and easily without forming loose coils likely to Respect essay foul the cycle. Essay? Take the free end and tie it to the lower left leg strap of the parachute harness. Finally, suspend the bicycle from Respect a quick-release strap passing round the back of the parachutist´s neck. Method of Jumping with Airborne Bicycle. When making an exit from [C-47] Dakota aircraft, hold the bicycle slightly forward and to the right-hand side, as shown in fig. Obama Essay? 2. Take care to avoid fouling the forward edge of the door and catching the Essay is everything evil, brake cable of the bicycle on the door jettison handle.

Step well out to avoid being brushed along the side of the aircraft. As soon as the canopy has developed, release the bicycle by pulling the loose end of the quick-release strap. When jumping from Stirling aircraft, hold the bicycle slightly forward and to the right-hand side, as shown in fig. 3. It is important to stand slightly to the starboard side of the aircraft centre-line to prevent the Obama essay, cycle from fouling the exit. As soon as the canopy has developed, release the Do my legal homework, bicycle by pulling the loose end of the quick-release strap.

No anti-sear sleeve is required. BICYCLES AT WAR PHOTO GALLERY. Vietnamese Bicycle Use. Bike decisive Logistical means at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Some of the best references are Bicycles at War by Martin Caidin and Jay Barbree, 1974 (see bottom of this web page) and the 1989 U.S. Army Command General Staff College Master's Thesis of then Major Stephen Tate: Human Powered Vehicles in support of Obama essay Light Infantry Operations, Defense Technical Information Center, AD A211 795, and Infantry magazine, September-October 1994, Bicycle Infantry: The Swiss Experience by CPT Kevin Stringer who was a liaison officer with the Swiss Bike troops, January-February 1995, Airdrop of Respect essay for students All-Terrain Bicycles by Michael Sparks, Pages 4-5. LTC Edwin L. Kennedy Jr., of the Combat Studies Institute at USACGSC wrote in the same issue of Infantry magazine a quote from German General Herman Balck:

From the essay, early '30s, I advocated equipping infantry with bicycles in preference to motorcycles for the reasons that bicycles would be very quiet, would be able to Essay on money evil go off roads onto trails, and would be almost as fast as motorcycles. However I didn't have the time or the position to fight for this position. I had some actual experience with bicycle infantry because right after the First World War, I commanded a bicycle infantry battalion in Germany. the mobility of the bicycle troops was quite good. Essay? It was absolutely no problem to Reasons school round make a hundred kilometers in a day. The U.S. Army has also tested bicycles--both in the late 1800s and in this century. In a 1988 REFORGER Exercise, we used bicycles in a company that was designated one of our division's Air Assault elements proposed by Captain Kevin Stringer CURRENT SWISS ARMY 7-SPEED MOUNTAIN BIKE EQUIPPED LIGHT TROOPS.

This MO-05 ( militaer ordinanz 1905) example is from 1979 . There were numerous chainwheel designs and two head badge decals over essay the 83-year production run at Respect for students responsibility Condor of Switzerland. 1993 saw the introduction of the MO-93, a seven-speed fahrrad (six more than the MO-05) in mountain bike style. Swiss Bicycle Trailer/Sled for M1905 or M1993 Bicycle (?) The anhanger , or trailer is used to transport a stretcher with four clamp points for the two poles. The trailer weighs 62 pounds of steel, wood and rubber . The carrying capacity seams to be unlimited, or at least the rider will know their limits long before the trailer's limits are known. On the way home this day, I passed a VW waiting first at Obama the red light. Just as I passed with the bicycle, the passenger door flung outwards just as the legal, trailer's wheel was passing.

The first sign of Obama essay trouble was the loud crunch. That poor VW now has a horrible dent to for students the door corner and Obama essay, I have yet to find even scratched paint on the anhanger . I felt bad for the auto owner, but am glad the trailer was there rather than myself a split second earlier. Argumentative Essay Abortion? The VW passenger sure was civil and apologized for the scare. Obama? We shook hands and departed. This is an original Swiss bike trailer for essay for students, the MO-05. The trailer is basically meant to carry a person on a stretcher . Those stretcher with four terminals can be securely fastened. The folding cart is not so much space. The wheels can be removed with a quick and simple operation.

The wooden baseboard can be quickly removed and you can of course do everything themselves. Essay? He is essay for students very stable behind the bicycle. WITH ALL-TERRAIN CART/SLED. He seems quite sturdy and that is essay true. You notice there are not many of them as you bike and you can so that on vacation. The cart and the bicycle are a wonderful combination. BIKE + CART/SLED INTERFACE. Here is the trailer attached to on money evil the hook that comes. WITH STRETCHER TO MEDEVAC A CASUALTY. Kar stretcher and with the towing

CART/SLED ON ITS OWN (TOWED BY HAND) an option. A wheel as you get there from. The retracted bracket. In the folded position he does not take much space. Solid and very solidly made. If you get the wheels off, you get a kind of trolley because there's a couple places thick metal reinforcements have been ordered. Bicycle Infantry: the Swiss Experience by Captain Kevin D. Obama? Stringer, U.S. Army Infantry magazine, September-October, 1994.

Combat effectiveness and Reasons why we shouldnt, speed: mechanized and essay, light troops. Tanks, armoured personnel carriers, anti-tank guided weapons and Respect essay responsibility, armoured mortar carriers belong to the instruments of the mechanized troops. The light troops have mortars, anti-tank guided weapons, reconnaissance instruments and bicycles . Here, the combat effectiveness of modern tanks is combined with high speed. This allows the defenders to strike well-aimed blows against an opponent who has broken into the country, and to Obama essay maintain control of the terrain. Fighting takes place as combined arms combat - jointly with infantry, artillery and air defence. Jane's Defense Review elaborates: A unique Swiss Army formation is the bicycle regiment; it can be deployed to counter threats to the corps' rear or used to Reasons why we shouldnt secure lines of Obama essay communication for the deployment of armoured brigades or other formations. It is organized into How to report with two bicycle battalions and a headquarters battalion, including a Piranha TOW company with nine vehicles. Obama? Companies have received the new Bicycle 93, a mountain bike design which allows Soldiers quick access on road or cross-country. Legal Homework? Each battalion has an Obama, 81mm mortar company equipped with the Dragon medium-range anti-tank guide missile. The Legendary British BSA Folding Bicycle.

Headquarters 5 Airborne Brigade. Aldershot, Hants GU11 2AU. Thank you for writing, your letter of the 2 Nov 93 outlining the low cost solution to our lack of mobility. We appreciate your comments and have in fact trialled ATBs within the Brigade. We have a limited number which are used on the airhead to enhance communications. The articles you enclosed make interesting reading and will be evaluated in Obama, due course. Reasons Shouldnt Homework School Year? Once again many thanks for your interest. British Gurkhas Bicycle Security Fence Patrols in Hong Kong. We have just received evidence that the Swedish Army once used bicycle-infantry.

One of the armored infantry battalions became bicykle mounted. Essay? This meant that the Reasons why we homework school, mobility of the battalion was totally warped. Three different speeds of Obama advance. Reasons Why We Shouldnt? To command this battalion effectively was not possible. Obama? In practice one half of the Scholarly writing diablo 3, battalion fought together, the tank company and Obama essay, the KP-car mounted armored infantry company, while the Scholarly writing diablo 3, tractor towed bicykle company fought with other units of the battalion.

Condor Club of Holland found the following on essay Wikipedia: The Swedish military bicycle (Swedish: militrcykel ), or Swedish army bicycle, has been used in have round, the Swedish military for Obama, over a century. In typical military humour, these were nicknamed LTGAC (Swedish: Ltt terrnggende attackcykel or Light All-Terrain Attack Bike) by Respect essay for students responsibility the conscript soldiers using them. The first bicycles in Obama essay, the Swedish military were privately owned or bought for essay, testing purposes. Bicycle infantry were first introduced in 1901, when a Gotlandic infantry regiment, I 27 in Visby, replaced its cavalry complement with bicycle-mounted troops. Obama Essay? By 1942, there were six bicycle infantry regiments in with, the Swedish army, operating mainly m/30s and m/42s. However, there were also examples of undesignated tandem bicycles for Obama essay, use by field radio operators and specially fitted pairs of bicycles designed for mounting a stretcher between lead's rack and the rear's steer tube. Following World War II, in 1947, the decision was made to decommission the legal homework, bicycle infantry regiments.

They were gradually removed from the Army between 1948 and 1952. Following this decision, the Obama, role of the Reasons why we shouldnt school, bicycle shifted away from a combat one to a more utilitarian one, with special bicycle transport groups being formed. Obama Essay? However, bicycle rifle battalions (Swedish: cykelskyttebataljon ) continued to exist into the late 1980s. m/1901: A safety bicycle, it was the first officially designated bicycle in the Swedish army. m/30: A spoon brake equipped, balloon-tired roadster. It was based around an agreement with several large Swedish manufacturers regarding the interchangeability of homework parts.

Weight: ca. 23.5 kg (52 lb.) m/finsk: A Nymans-manufactured bicycle without chainguard. The label finsk is the Swedish word for Finnish. m/42: The most well-known Swedish military bicycle. Essay? It was produced by several large Swedish bicycle manufacturers (Rex, Husqvarna, Monark, Nymans) from the 1940s to the 1950s with a maximum of interchangeable parts. It uses a rear, one-speed Novo coaster brake hub and, on essay for students responsibility Husqvarna-produced examples, a front drum brake (chain-operated by an integrated right-hand lever). In addition, it has a large, sturdy rack with a tool box and storage tube for a short frame pump.

Weight: up to 26 kg (57 lb.) m/104, m/104A: 26 11/2 inch (584 mm) wheels with Sachs Torpedo rear hub. m/105, m/105A: Post-1971. 28 inch wheel with Sachs Torpedo rear hub. Paratroopers wearing thellie infared resistant, Multi-Cam type camouflage clothing are invisible to Obama essay visual, audio and FLIR detection. Couple this invisibility with A/ETB mobility and you have a battle-winning combination that can be taken along with Paratroopers during their jump into the drop zone. Thanks to the efforts of the 1 st TSG (A) which contacted the U.S. Homework? Army's Ground Mobility Program they are exploring off body load bearing devices like A/ETBs and ATACs as reported in their Soldier Systems Command April 1996 Warrior magazine. The SSCOM GMP has also held industry days to gain more input and ideas on these devices. BIKES AND SPECIAL OPERATIONS.

Anyone who has seen the Obama, film, Blackhawk Down! will note that in 1993, shortly after the 1 st TSG (A) test jumps that U.S. Army Special Forces Operational Detachment Delta (Delta Force) used a mountain bike to infiltrate and exfiltrate an operator into and out of downtown Mogadishu, Somalia to gain intel on the whereabouts of warlord Muhammad Farrar Aideed. The film shows the write report with abstract, Delta operator with All-Terrain Bike in civilian clothes being picked up at a beach landing site by a MH-60K helicopter. Retired Command Sergeant Major Eric Haney in Obama essay, his superb book, Inside Delta Force on How to write a lab report introduction with abstract page 210 notes: For our part, we shot targets, blew things up, and essay, executed building assaults.

We also made free-fall parachute jumps with motorcycles and, upon landing, roared past the legal homework, VIP stands firing our submachine guns. Therefore, if Delta Force can put out heavy motorcycles under a parachute canopy and follow them in under their own parachutes, land together and ride motorcycles, certainly smaller A/ETBs can be airdropped and utilized in a similar manner where more stealth is required. Its also common knowledge the essay, multi-billion-dollar Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft is too small to carry even a HMMWV inside and on money, this is Obama essay a major handicap, forcing SF units to fight at a foot-slog. A/ETBs can be cycled and rolled right off the rear ramp of Essay evil helicopters/tilt-rotor aircraft so SF units can perform special operations with 10-25 mph mobility----not getting surrounded and Obama essay, decisively engaged as famed SAS patrol Bravo Two-Zero was in Iraq. In Vietnam, U.S. Army Light infantry Divisions like the essay, 25 th Tropic Lightnings had M113 Gavin Armored Fighting Vehicles and light/medium tanks. Today, out of spite and jealousy, senior Army officers have blocked repeatedly our light units from getting tracked light tanks like the M8 Armored Gun System to replace the retired M551 Sheridan or even modernized M113A3s out of fear that these units will get all the action and have nothing left for the heavy units to do to put on career resumes. Thus, we are stuck with trying to airland heavy 70-ton Abrams tanks and essay, 33-ton Bradley Fighting Vehicles 4 hours after Paratroopers have jumped/died to seize a concrete runway for them to airland. This heavy force structure is too slow to deploy by air to take down a Kosovo so we ended up bombing 2 million people into why we school year refugee status before the enemy gave up after we decided to mass for Obama essay, a ground invasion. The current misguided Army transformation initiative seeks to instead of using sound light tracked AFVs like M113A3/4 Gavins -M8 AGS Bufords wants to use road-bound LAV-III type heavy armored cars that will be easily ambushed as this Russian 8x8 BTR armored car was recently blown up in Chechnya.

To add insult to why we homework year injury, only 2 x LAV-IIIs can be flown per C-17--the same number as M2 BFVs that can fly in a single C-17 sortie, and neither can fly by C-130 because the LAV-III is too wide, and at 16.5 tons EMPTY exceeds the USAF's 16-ton forward landing strip limit! The LAV-III is too tall (105 inches) to parachute airdrop from the rear ramp of a C-130 even if it were lighter and narrower. What we need are mobile Airborne/Light Divisions coupled with light Armored Fighting Vehicles (AFVs) like the 10.5-ton air-droppable, swimming M113A3 Gavin with RPG, auto-cannon resistant applique' armor instead of road-bound, ambush vulnerable, 22,000 pound, 5-ton trucks or trucks pretending to be tanks (LAV-III/ Strikers ) now in use, so we can take down a Kosovo quickly, senior officer jealousies be damned. With light AFVs like the Obama essay, M113A3, the U.S. Airborne can apply bunker/building busting shock action from the drop zone using in-stock M40A2 106mm Recoilless Rifles, Mk-19 40mm grenade cannon from the TC's hatch, and Javelin fire forget ATGMs fired out the rear troop hatch to overwhelm the enemy while we have the initiative. The Airborne Assault Echelon with light tracked AFVs can overcome enemy fires to secure the drop zone to enable it to be an Do my, assault landing zone for follow-on forces to essay airland.

ATB-equipped LBI forces would drop away from enemy defenses and fan out to set-up blocking positions and establish the recon security zone to act as a covering force to keep the enemy at bay and out of mortar/artillery range as the why we have homework round, airhead builds up. The flight of the 82 nd Airborne Division non-stop across the world by C-17A Globemaster IIIs to central Russia where they parachuted into simulated battle conditions proves the essay, power of the U.S. Helper Abortion? Airborne. Essay? See photo below. what we need to Argumentative abortion do now is fully exploit it by giving it the secondary mobility means once they are on the ground. Beginning with LBI and Obama, Dragoons in ATVs, and M113A3 AFVs is a very low-cost way to How to a lab report abstract create these capabilities NOW, before there is another Kosovo-type crisis. 100% of the air is covered by AIR and vulnerable to AIRBORNE attack. while a tiny fraction borders on watery edges. If that is a Desert Shield type deployment, A/ETBs can enable Light/Airborne units to conduct a mobile, area defense instead of a static, line-in-the-sand. We have been to NTC as OPFOR and we won. In one battle we were without our M113 Gavins and essay, stuck on foot defending.

ETBs would have worked great so we could have shifted forces to where the attack really ended up instead of being spread all over. Essay? We could have been on the reverse slope and Obama, used them to rapidly move to firing positions on signal. And we could have had a withdraw capability instead of fighting/dying in diablo, place. If I were BlueFor I'd have my men in Bradleys /M113 Gavins close to a position out of sight of the OPFOR defending the high ground. Then, at night close rapidly through a smoke screen (made by M58s--M113s with smoke generators--or artillery barrage in actual war) by ETBs to the defenders position and take the key terrain BEFORE trying to essay stampede AFVs which only gets everyone killed as the pass gets clogged with dead vehicles. These are exactly the kind of terrain feature-to-terrain feature crossing mobility the Afghanistan Northern Alliance does while mounted on horses. UPDATE 2002: Afghanistan: where all-terrain mobility is a MUST.

Easily ambushed roads must be avoided. 1. Mules to transport long-range rockets/mortars for Do my legal, infantry raids. Special Forces Mounted Operations. FM 31-27, PACK ANIMALS IN SUPPORT OF ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES, 15 FEB 2000. 2. Video footage of bikes/carts. National Geographic TV special on Northern Alliance legendary rebel leader, Mossoud and most news media reports if you keep a keen eye open. 3. Horse Cavalry that attacks from terrain feature to terrain feature. Ah, that we would open our minds to off-road mobility, including forces using armored TRACKED vehicles flown in by aircraft to Obama essay then maneuver to compliment the lighter forces on Respect for students foot, bike, cart, mules, horses, ATVs etc. Whatever infantrymen can do on foot, it can be done better and faster on A/ETBs and ATACs. UPDATE 2004: PROGRESS. Amphibious Light Bicycle Infantry.

The LBImen themselves can swim across lakes/rivers with a military color brown or tan version of ShuttleBike pontoon floats. When you consider that the LBIman has an ability to parachute insert and helicopter insert/extract, being able to swim adds an extra dimension for scouts fanning out from their mother M113 Gavin . RIDE YOUR BIKE ON THE WATER WITH THE INFLATABLE BICYCLE BOAT IN A BACKPACK It's easy and fun. set up in 10-15 minutes. up to 6 miles per hour. Aluminum alloy frame clamps attach to your bicycle The entire Shuttle-Bike Kit in essay, a backpack! Propeller and rudder Easy and quick float inflation with pedal power. SHUTTLE-BIKING IS THE ULTIMATE PEDAL-POWERED EXPERIENCE! Shuttle-Bike Kit Features and Technical Information: Aluminum alloy frame clamps attach as a permanent accessory to your bike. Stainless steel snap-together bike support frame. Brushed aluminum alloy propeller gear housing.

Propeller/rudder combination attaches to front wheel - steer with your handlebars. Clutch pivot retracts propeller in shallow water. Swivel roller contacts back wheel to tranfer power through a flexible drive shaft to the pump/propeller. 275 pound maximum safe load (450 lb. emergency rescue). 4 miles per hour cruising, 6 miles per hour maximum speed.

Pedal powered rapid inflation pump with pressure relief valve. Dual floats make the Shuttle-Bike(r) more stable than canoes, kayaks and other monohulls. Highly maneuverable - can turn 360 degrees in place. Compact - everything fits in a 25 lb. 3? packpack. No tools required for quick setup on the shore. Economical - lowest priced pedal powered watercraft available. Precision machined mechanical components - fine craftsmanship. The Shuttle-Bike Kit is made in Italy by SBK Engineering.

SHUTTLE-BIKE USA, Inc. is the authorized distributor and exclusive importer for the Shuttle-Bike Kit in the USA. Toll Free USA Order Line: 1-877-725-2329. Information Line: 1-425-823-7763. Most major credit cards accepted. Dealer inquiries welcome. Email address: shuttlebikeusa@aol.com. Mailing address: 9805 NE 116th St. #7139, Kirkland, WA 98034. Stability and Support Operations (SASO) in Iraq. 2. American squad arrives at city/town/village area at unpredictable, different location each day. Infantry dismounts from M113A3 Gavin and re-mount onto all Terrain MounTain Bikes (MTB)s taken off the Gavin 's sides where they were snap-linked.

Squad fans out into two fireteams, left and right of Obama essay road with M113A3 Gavin and at least one if not 3 machine gunners riding shotgun with overwatching fires if enemy should ambush. 3. Cycle troops are wearing FULL Interceptor Hard Body Armor and kevlar helmets with clear ballistic face shields to essay protect in event of grenade/small arms/bomb attack. Because they are pedaling instead of WALKING they can cover patrol area distances with less exertion and water loss. MTBs could also be human pedal or electric-powered eMTBs previously-charged by power inverters from the Gavin 's batteries. Yet, the troops are still at ground level to stop and talk to Iraqis and collect intel on their beat.

The question is in a situation of quasi-peace how much more vulnerable are the Obama, troops riding and Reasons why we shouldnt homework school round, stopping on ATBs with weapons slung at the ready in the same way as they are on foot movement if they can cover larger areas and gain more preventative intel? If the Obama, troops can cover larger areas wouldn't this contribute more to their safety than the slight advantage having one hand on the M4/M16/M249 weapon's pistol grip instead of on a handlebar. The point is that troops wearing IBA are due to with weight not patrolling as aggressively on foot and covering as large areas as the Obama essay, British are in the south without hard body armor to control and Argumentative essay, influence their beat. MTB or eMTBs. 4. Patrol complete, the troops rally onto their mother M113A3 Gavin and snap-link their MTBs to Obama the vehicle's sides, remount inside the Gavin weapons facing out How to write report introduction abstract, through the top troop hatch. Gavin and squad returns to fortified base camp along different route than it came by. 5. Squad returns to fortified base camp; provides info to S2 intelligence officer during debrief then cleans weapons, eats chow, rests. 6. And a MTB or eMTB bike can go cross country-tough to predict route, negating IEDs by avoidance.

A British Army officer writes: Interesting. The UK issued bikes for boarder road patrols in Hong Kong. - Never spoke to essay anyone who did it, but it seemed to Respect for students responsibility work chasing 14 year old Chinese kids! As I see it, the concept has three prime equipment components. The plan as you present it makes sense in the context you stated, but I would add the following observations. 1.. Obama Essay? Would bike borne troops be more or less vulnerable to Scholarly writing diablo small arms fire and blast from IED?

2.. How would they cope, in heavy traffic, both with civilian vehicles and those on foot? 3.. To patrol in the IS environment, you are constantly stopping and talking to Obama people, going into shops, stopping vehicles and just holding firm, to await the start of your next phase. 4.. No Squad/Section EVER patrols alone. All IS patrols are at least Platoon (+/-) strength, and Respect responsibility, maybe even Coy operations. Movement is always on multiple routes, aimed at the manoeuvre defeat of the Obama, bomber or shooter, PRIOR to his engagement. - In very simple terms, this is why the IRA gave up sniping in city centres.

It was just too dangerous for them. 5.. Imagine conducting a patrol in down town LA, with traffic and pedestrians. The safest method is to have your multiple of 4-man teams, on the sidewalk amongst the crowds. - watch how the Israelis do it. The enemy have to try and track lots of teams snaking around the Respect responsibility, area. BUT: - I might want to use bikes to quickly and Obama essay, silently exploit manoeuvre opportunities, or infiltrate/saturate areas at Argumentative essay helper abortion night or during silent hours sweep operations. - I'd have 3 x 4 man teams on foot, and Obama essay, 2 x 4 man teams on Respect essay for students responsibility bikes. Essay? Bikes are very quiet and fast, so you'd trade security for activity on a phase/event basis. The bike men would be dismounted most of the time, and write report abstract, only mount and dash, to Obama leap frog forward, when required. Like wise, you could foot patrol a small amount of writing teams into Obama an area, that once they had secured it, could be rapidly flooded by a Coy on bikes, to conduct sweeps or searches. - no warning sounds of Hummvees of AFV's in the night.

End of OP, M-113's come in to extract everyone, plus the essay, bikes. Good points! We add that LBI troops should carry a very large padlock to clip to a light pole to Obama essay secure their bikes if they decide to apprehend someone on foot. BICYCLE-INFANTRY AS THE CENTERPIECE OF A FUTURE FORCE DESIGN. The basic unit of the Essay on money, Islandian marine corps is the infantry battalion. All infantry battalions are light infantry, designed to be foot or bicycle mobile ; they have no organic motor vehicles. Careful attention to the marine's load means no man carries more than 50 pounds. Obama Essay? As a result, march rates are routinely 40 kilometers per day, sustained; where the terrain permits use of bicycles (mountain bikes), that rate can be as much as tripled.

An Army Captain writes: I'd rather we start placing static patrols into OPs at really good spots for reconnaissance and Respect essay for students, ambush to catch the bad guys with their hands in the cookie jar. Use the a fire team hide position similar to what the Brits devised in N. Ireland. Equip with thermals, digital cameras, etc. Dig them in at night for maximum concealment and go silent for about a week. Track the comings and goings. Then move when they have a juicy target.

A former USAF Combat Control Team (CCT) member and professional bicyclist writes: It sounds feasible. Is all of that body armor required equipment for these troops? My thoughts tend to lean more towards the essay, travel light, freeze at night SUT mode because of my CCT background. Bicycle handling is effected greatly by a lab abstract weight and it would seem that tight manuevering to get either into, or out of a situation (especially urban) would be paramount in reference to individual, or squad mobility. The only Obama essay way I could make a truly informed decision would be to gear-up and get on the bicycle(s) to be used and ride. Of course, it would have to include live fire exercises. Our efforts over the years have finally paid off, jumping the Montague and Dahon type folding bikes! Montague has finally simplified its frame into Scholarly 3 a bottom tube-less design aptly titled, The Paratrooper and DaHon has a similar simple single-tube frame that folds, one even with disc brakes---called the Zero-G . The question is at what point will the U.S. military see the light, put some minor RD funds into the effort to widen the ATB tires akin to Dan Hanebrink's ETB to gain all-terrain travel capabilities for its light infantry? There are also electric motors to compliment the Obama, speed/power of for students ATBs for recon work. WaveCrest Labs: hybrid-electric eBikes for Obama, combat.

Mountain Bike Rifle Rack. This Pack Rack design holds large and small items securely and with no damage to writing your gear. The plus is the essay, V-shaped wedge and soft rubber fins. The Single Pack Rack Plus incorporates all of the responsibility, same features as the Pack Rack Original, and mounts to anything with a tubular or square rail. Includes mounting hardware and Rubber Snubbers. Mounts beautifully to Jack's Rack. Tires that are airless and cannot go flat : 705 Yucca Street.

Boulder City, Nevada, 89005. FAX : (702) 294-3873. Greentyre USA, Inc. Shelter Island, NY 11964. Bike Details below: Finish: Camo Green. Frame: 7005 Aluminum (Alloy Front Section) Chromoly/ Hi-Tensile Steel Rear Triangle. Fork: RST 281 Suspension. Gearing: 24 Speed Shimano Alivio. Shifters: Shimano Gripshift.

Brakes: Alloy V-Brake. Tires: 1.95 Front/Rear Specific Knobbies. Spokes/Rims: Stainless Steel/Alloy. Bar Ends: Kalloy Short Alloy Bar Ends. Saddle: Velo Mountain Bike. Seatpost: Alloy Micro Adjust. Frame Size: 18 and Obama essay, 20 Standover: 29+ and 31+ Folded Size: 36 x 28 x 12 Foldable to 36 x 30 x 12

Portable (folds to a small size for transport) Stealth/Minimal Signature (second only to Reasons have homework round a walking Soldier) Off Body Load Bearing. Deployable on almost all terrains. Low Initial Cost. Low/No Logistic Support. Up to 75 miles daily range. Folds without the use of Obama tools. Folds in less than 30 seconds.

Increased Loads (lesser reliance on Respect for students responsibility resupply) Patented Technology: Out patented seat tube folding system preserves the structural integrity and inherent strength of traditional bicycle geometry. Unlike all other folding bikes, there are no wobbly hinges and no structural tubes cut in half. Quick Releases: No tools are needed to fold and unfold the Obama, Paratrooper. Just open one quick release lever on the top tube and remove the Reasons why we shouldnt homework school round, front wheel. Folds in under thirty seconds without tools. Safety Lock: Recessed drop out for Obama essay, quick release prevents frame from Essay on money evil folding even with quick release not tightened.

Frame Size: 18-inch 20-inch 26 24 Speed Zero G The sweetest portable MTB on the planet. Period. We built the Zero G for serious riders who need a bike for essay, real off-road riding. Its our steed of choice on our own weekends off. Take a look at the parts list and you'll see what we mean. For blasting down Mt. Tam, touring by rail and Reasons shouldnt homework round, trail across Europe, or an epic journey in Vietnam, this is the bike you'll want. So what are you waiting for?

SuperLite 7005 aluminum frame. ProMax Pro front disc brake. Highly portable folding design. Frame: Custom-drawn 7005 aluminum. Fork: Zokes ProAir, 90mm long travel, air damped. Gearing: 24 spd. SRAM ESP 9.0 rear derailleur/Shimano LX front derailleur. Shifters: SRAM ESP 5.0 HalfPipe.

Headset: WTB Momentum. Stem: Kore Lite 3D. Handlebars: Kore Lite. Front Brake: ProMax mechanical disc brake. Brakes: ProMax Pro V-brake. Brake levers: ProMax Pro V-brake levers, w/ CNC machined pivots and levers. Crank: FSA PowerPro. Pedals: VP, aluminum cage. Saddle: WTB SST-X2 with Comfort Zone base. Seat Post: Ritchey Comp.

Tires: 26 x 1.95 WTB Racing Raptor semi slicks. Rims: Ritchey Rock, black anodized with CNC side walls. Hubs: Front - disc, Rear - Joytech sealed. Spokes: Stainless steel. Pedals: VP Aluminum. Folded Size: 34 x 69 x 91 cm. Weight: 13 kg. ( 28.6 lbs.) Folding Time: 20 seconds. Color: High polish/Black. Folding bike motors. The Airport Shoppe.

2635 Cunningham Avenue, San Jose, CA 95148. 1-800-634-4744 PST; International: 408-923-2625 Fax: 408-929-3726 Se Habla Espaol - pregunte por Marilu Motorized Light Cycle Infantry. As you know we're all over this aspect: 1. Minimalist: the human-powered bike/motor-powered cycle is SMALL enough so that that EVERY Paratrooper can have/use them after aircraft insertion to get UNIT mobility--4x4 ATVs are too big by way of comparison. 2. Obama? All-Terrain: the bike/cycles have large airless or tweel fat-tires so they can go cross-country to avoid landmines/roads while surprising the enemy; this compensates somewhat for writing diablo, a lack of armor protection by hugging the terrain. 3. Motorized: the Obama, bikes/cycles are simple and easy-to-maintain using JP-8 fuel in powered mode to be safe and Respect for students responsibility, in-synch with the Obama, rest of the U.S. military or use battery recharging from a mother M113 Gavin TAFV. The Cushman motor scooter in U.S.

Army WW2 service was too big and heavy to Do my homework achieve goal #1 so entire main bodies could move faster than a foot slog. How all-terrain mobile (2) it was is another question mark though its tires look wide which is excellent. Gasoline-powered it was unsafe and represents the best technologies at the time (3). Result was the concept of essay all minimalist motorized American Paratrooper infantry has yet to Argumentative essay be exploited though we have proposed it repeatedly on the www and in our book, Air-Mech-Strike: Asymmetric Maneuver Warfare for the 21st Century. The place for such a minimalist, motorized, all-terrain Light Bike/Cycle Infantry (LBI) force is for Obama essay, nation-state or sub-national group war missions where they must surprise the enemy and fan out quickly to surround him or take up positions to block him using 3D aircraft and/or closed terrain mobility. Once gone to ground, this LBI force would fight at an advantage over Respect for students responsibility foot-slogging troops in terms of firepower and staying power but protection would be inferior to just making the investment in delivering minimalist light tracked armored fighting vehicles (TAFVs) which can advance in the face of enemy fire that the LBI unit would have to Obama essay go to ground against.

I always propose BOTH LBI + TAFV Light Mechanized forces for 3D maneuver. Helper With Abortion? LBI is essential an Obama, aircraft-stuffer to get say 40 x LBImen in a C-130 versus 9 x Light TAFVmechmen (M113 Gavin ) in essay, a C-130. What we see with the French 75mm RR motorscooter from Indo-China and Algeria is the essay, foot-slogging Paratroopers having some HE BUILDING/BUNKER BLASTING WEAPONS SUPPORT MOTORIZED where the internal combustion engine is used to move the heavy RR tube and ammo to accompany the men as they march at 1-4 mph and use its 4-25 mph speeds in bursts to GET INTO FIRING POSITIONS in support of the main body still trudging along at 3 a snail's pace. Obama Essay? As we propose in writing diablo 3, LBI, the ENTIRE FORCE can move up to 25-60 mph depending if we use electric or internal combustion power. Tuesday, 26 December 2006. I've got your firepower, right here. Surely, this is the scooter with the highest firepower, ever. Unless someone ever mounted a Davey Crockett on a scooter. And, it was AIRBORNE! Five parachutes would carry the Obama, two-man gun crew, weapon, ammunition, and two scooters safely to earth, and the men would load the weapon on one scooter and the ammo on the other, then ride away.

More impressively, the recoilless rifle could be fired effectively on the move by the best of the gun crews. Total cost? About $500 for the scooter and the recoilless rifle was war surplus. Were they successful military machines? Well, the Essay on money evil, French Army deployed about 800 armed scooters in wars conducted in both Algeria and Indochina. Found at Dark Roasted Blend (see history and Obama, more photos there), via Hell in responsibility, a Handbasket, via Defense Tech . Two things ACE would want added: Elevation and traverse adjustment and a .50 cal. spotter tracer mounted coaxially, like the jeep-mounted 106 recoilless had. ACE had an Obama essay, Army Surplus Airborne Cushman. as a kid. Bought it for $25 out of a front yard. It had a 4 hp engine, weighed 255 lbs, and was built like a tank (to probably survive even if the Respect responsibility, chute failed to open). Essay? Didn't arm it.

Just delivered newspapers from a metal basket mounted on the back. It had a cracked carburetor. Writing 3? It sometimes took longer to get it running than to Obama essay deliver the Do my homework, papers, but it was my pride and joy. A Paratrooper from the 506 th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101 st Airborne Division, somewhere in France , 1944. Another photo (with parachute) of the Model 53 U.S. Obama? Airborne Cushman from HobbyTech.com . Do My Homework? Better still.

The Army bought 4,734 of these beginning in 1944. See Cushman timeline. Illustrated Cushman history shows Airborne ad. Friday, December 15, 2006. Mystery Photo: One Seriously Empowered Motorcycle.

The Little (Vintage) Scooter That Could. Maybe. Any ideas what it is essay exactly? Can it fire?? UPDATE: (see the comment below) It's the work of the French Military! El Queso Grande provided the Do my legal, link (thanks!) So, what's the most unusual military vehicle you can think of? Maybe the Japanese airplane-launching submarine of Obama essay WW2? Or perhaps the evil, Soviet attempts to build a flying tank?

Or perhaps the essay, 1000-ton rolling fortress the Germans tried to build in Do my homework, WW2? All quite odd, I agree, but barely made it past the drawing boards. For us, the Obama, oddest is a scooter armed with a 75mm cannon. After World War II, there was little money for defense spending while the nations of Europe rebuilt their industry and society. How To Write Report Abstract? When there was some cash to spend, one had to be creative to stretch it as far as possible. The French probably accomplished the most astounding example of Obama that with the ACMA Troupes Aerl Portes Mle. 56 . Deployed with their airborne forces, this was essentially a militarized Vespa scooter outfitted with a 75mm recoilless rifle. Five parachutes would carry the two-man gun crew, weapon, ammunition, and essay with abortion, two scooters safely to earth, and essay, the men would load the evil, weapon on one scooter and Obama, the ammo on the other, then ride away. More impressively, the Argumentative essay abortion, recoilless rifle could be fired effectively on the move by the best of the essay, gun crews. How To Write A Lab Report? Total cost?

About $500 for the scooter and the recoilless rifle was war surplus. Were they successful military machines? Well, the French Army deployed about Obama, 800 armed scooters in wars conducted in both Algeria and Indochina. OK, so now I found more pictures: Apparently, recoil was not a problem whatsoever, and this little scooter could (and did) wreak serious havoc. Talk About a Crotch Rocket! I was browsing through the comments over at Bob's place when I came across a link to this blog post. It is all about some serious firepower welded on to a little scooter. Follow that last link for more pictures. Let me tell you, this weapon is a hoot. Seems the French were short of cash after WWII, just like every country in Europe.

They wanted to writing provide some badly needed artillery support for their airborne troops, so someone came up with the Obama, idea of write report introduction with welding a surplus 75mm recoilless cannon to a scooter. Lightweight, air-portable, mobile, and really cheap. A recoilless cannon is one of the few weapons that would work in this arrangement without tearing the Obama, scooter apart. Originally a cutting edge concept intended to provide anti-tank and artillery capabilities to light vehicles and infantry forces, recoilless cannons (AKA recoilless rifles) were eventually replaced by RPG's and wire-guided anti-tank missiles. The most famous recoilless rifle in U.S. military history has got to be the Davy Crockett.

This was a nuclear device designed during the homework, Cold War to be used against Obama advancing Russian armies in on money evil, an effort to buy time for the mobilization of Obama NATO troops. The way they work is simple enough. Argumentative? They use what looks like traditional cannon shells, but the casing is pierced by a large number of holes. The holes are sealed against Obama moisture by having small disks of plastic or waxed cardboard glued over them. When the shell is fired, the why we homework school year, holes allow most of the propellant gases to Obama essay escape to the rear in order to counteract the recoil. The biggest problem with this system is that it usually produces some rather low muzzle velocities. The trajectory of the shell resembles a rainbow, which means it can be tricky to place the Scholarly writing diablo 3, round on target. Essay? Most of the with, large caliber recoilless rifles I have seen were equipped with what appeared to Obama essay me to be some elaborate sighting devices. This begs the question: How did the French crews on their scooters elevate the muzzle of their gun? If I was one of the scooter-riding gunmen, I would bring along some wooden chocks of different sizes for the front wheel. The larger the block, the higher the muzzle and the longer the round would travel.

I would even mark the blocks with ranges in yards so I could find the Argumentative essay helper with abortion, right one quickly. I don't know how the French did it, though. I mentioned earlier that most recoilless cannon weapons have been replaced by RPG's and TOW's. It seems that at Obama essay least one major arms manufacturer thinks that it still has a use, but this version is upgraded into an autoloading remote weapon turret. The pioneering concept of the is everything, RMK 30 recoilless cannon is opening up completely new horizons in terms of protecting military convoys in crisis areas.

The RMK weapon system can be integrated into virtually any conceivable carrier, such as trailers, containers and vehicles, and thanks to its low weight, compactness and simple design, can even be retrofitted into existing vehicles. Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH. Branch Mauser Oberndorf. 78727 Oberndorf am Neckar, Germany. Phone: +49 7423 70-0. Fax: +49 7423 70-670. That is what I love about living in Obama, the 21st Century. High tech often gives new life to stuff that has been junked.

Posted on December 17, 2006 8:03 PM | Permalink. TrackBack URL for this entry: You know, I can kinda see it being useful in the two French wars that it apparently saw action: Indochina and Algeria. I mean, in Vietnam, back when the French owned the introduction abstract, whole place in the 50's, they had at least one or two roads that they protected with series of Obama essay guard posts (read The Quiet American for a mention). I suppose that I'd sure as hell rather take a Vespa with a RR than a motorcycle if I was sent from Essay on money is everything evil my post down to the next one to Obama quell some sort of disturbance. And, well, Algeria is pretty self-explanatory. flat desert area with roads don't really require off-road capabilities. Respect Essay For Students Responsibility? Or, hell, watching The Battle of Algiers makes it look like they might want it to create extra doors in urban fighting. The U.S. had Cushman scooters for our airborne troops in WWII, and in the cold war we had MULES, and we still use JD Gators and similar, so the light transport idea isn't dead. Do you know if the French issued a 75mm anti-personnel round like the U.S.

106mm flechette round? It would be a pretty nasty weapon with those. Especially for quelling riots and essay, similar, where the lack of armor wouldn't be a huge deal. Posted by Argumentative essay helper with Bob | December 18, 2006 3:43 AM. Recoilless guns are still in Obama, service: . Reasons Shouldnt Homework School Round? including the U.S. Essay? Army. Posted by J.M. Argumentative Helper With? Heinrichs | December 25, 2006 8:13 PM.

Carl Gustav is not a classical recoilless gun, it use a small rocket to propel it out of the barrel and Obama, the rocket. The rocket burn out inside the Scholarly 3, barrel to avoid burning the operator. Obama Essay? This is done for all RPG-like weapons the report introduction with abstract, advances of this is Obama that you get a smooth acceleration in the barrel to get more speed and Essay evil, almost no pressure in Obama, the barrel so it can be kept thin and light. Longer-range recoilless weapons like TOW, Milan or Stinger has a second larger rocket who start at some distance after firing to give more speed and control. Posted by mags | December 26, 2006 8:48 AM. British WelBike: The WW2 Paras' Motor Scooter. Military MotorBikes are in use Today around the World, but Commanders Fear there Men Getting Hurt so Use is Scholarly diablo 3 Limited.

Fabled Guerrilla Warfare Leader T.E. Obama? Lawrence of Arabia was killed in Scholarly writing diablo, a Motorcycle crash. pedal bikes with at essay the most electrical assists are much safer for mass troop formation use. Australian Army Scout-Motorcyclist in Afghanistan. Lawrence of Arabia on diablo 3 motorcycle. An active-duty U.S. Essay? Army Cav Scout: Hello, my name is SGT XXX XXXXX, I am a cav scout in homework, A troop XX/XXX cav at fort XXXXX. My squadron commander and I were talking about the concept of adding mountain bikes to the scout platoons in my unit.

I told him I'd research the idea and Obama, happened upon your website during my research. Argumentative With Abortion? I am hoping you would be able to send me some information by hardcopy on Obama essay specifications and Reasons shouldnt school round, costs for both the bike types. Any information would be greatly appreciated. Please send to Obama SGT XXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXX. A CAP Search and Reasons why we have homework school, Rescue (SAR) team leader: I would like to ask you to check out a professional paper at Obama www.inwingcap.org/capleader/index.htm look under Year 2000 articles at the article A Ground Team Force Multiplier. This article was inspired in part by your LBI page. (though not completely)This concept is now seriously under consideration by the United States Air Force Auxiliary, Civil Air Patrol. I wrote a letter once before, asking for the parts list you mention in responsibility, the LBI page for a $500 militarized bicycle that could be assembled in essay, a local bike shop. I would like to respectfully again request the parts list/instructions.

Thank you. Folding ATB details: 1. Folding ATB types: DaHon types approximately $500. 2. Argumentative Abortion? Non-Folding Extreme Terrain bike (ETB): Hanebrink Bikes, Ca. 3. Obama? No-More Flats solid rubber inner tubes $30 each.

1438 S. Cherokee St. Denver, CO 80223. 4. Blackburn rear rack $30. 5. Aerospoke wheels $500 each. 6. Essay For Students? Rok-Shox front suspension forks $250 (if ATB doesn't have these) 7. Electric motor. On this web page the links to these parts are offered: 1 st TSG (A) Dark Claw Team Leader. A Super Soldier writes: Like your site, and your points.

Will be working on my own site soon. I feel there is a use for band tracks but wheels in a recon role would be good (Fox vehicle with external .50 cal weapons station, C-130 loadable, quiet, fast, mast site on the back. Obama Essay? Big? Maybe, but equipped for long-range, long-time surveillance. 5 Troops, 2 mountain bikes gives option of 2 short OPs. Just a thought, it will be on my sight.

Oh, a chem PL said you can't load a Fox on a C-130 due to the EPLRS mount on the back - I say move it! Good remarks on wheeled recon. We concur that wheels can work in Essay, recon roles though we prefer band-tracks. Essay? We insist that intended-for-COMBAT vehicles must be tracked. I like your energy to get the job done--the Army already has Fox armored cars for homework, NBC recon--why buy LAV-IIIs?---use them them for peacekeeping brigades (should be MPs). Keep up the fire! An Army NCO writes: This site rocks!

I have been riding an electric-assist bike to and from Obama work, up and down flightlines, and to the store for over 5 years. I have been trying to legal homework sell the military electric bikes for 3 years but have always had trouble with the durability of the motors available, range and weight of essay lead-acid and writing diablo, NiCad batteries, and the recharging problems. Obama Essay? Now I have been asked by a DARPA funded company to help develop and Argumentative essay, market a military scout bike that meets all these challenges head-on. As development proceeds I would like to explore the possibility of using your website as an educational link for the commanders that have very little idea of how to Obama essay think out of the responsibility, box. Your website is of museum quality and will take me several weeks to digest all of the information available. Of course when we are ready I would like to Obama essay showcase our capabilities within the on money, pages of your website as well. So far we are able to essay sustain (and these numbers are subdued) speeds of 19+ mph, range in excess of Essay is everything evil 20 miles, with a trailer towing capacity of greater than 80 lbs. US Pro Drive is the best motor for bicycles on Obama essay the market right now and we have smoked it.

Literally! Can't say too much but suffice it to have school year round say the Obama essay, motor got warm trying to keep up with ours. I am very familiar with SKEDCO/FERNO products and would love the military medics to use them more often. Medics on Bikes could stow quite a lot of equipment in a trailer. SKEDS would be a lot easier for me to Do my legal medevac in my CH-47. I've been in JRTC exercises where we have run out of stretchers but not casualties. I'd like to suggest going to www.pacasaurus.com and Obama, see everything they have to offer the How to write a lab with, common Soldier sleeping in a GP Medium (or in the open), Quick React Force having to run all over a company area with the Obama essay, M60s trying to reinforce the guardpoints, and the bike mounted scouts that have to carry a MULE, water, food, ammo, NVDs, overhead cover, days worth of batteries, and the radios that eat them.

The white trailers pictured are now black in color. Camouflage may be available. The owner of the company is a retired marine EA-6B squadron commander turned airline pilot. Reply: Bring on the Hybrid-Electric Scout Bike. Teledyne Brown Engineering THELLIE FLIR camo Paratrooper suit. Technological advances have greatly reduced the a lab introduction with, cost of infrared sensors, resulting in widespread use of Obama very sophisticated surveillance and targeting devices by military forces throughout the world--including America's enemies.

Teledyne Brown Engineering, long an RD leader in camouflage for visual and RF suppression, has developed products for shouldnt have school year round, countering these infrared devices. Of particular value is our Thellie Suit, designed to suppress the Obama essay, signature of the human body in the visual through thermal infrared bands. This suit enables the wearer to blend into the background when viewed through the best performing infrared imaging devices. The alternating pictures show images from Respect essay visible and infrared sensors of a Soldier in standard field uniform (left) and in the Thellie Suit (right). Constructed of lightweight fabrics in configurations that allow proper ventilation of body-produced heat, the Thellie Suit enables the wearer to freely and comfortably accomplish mission demands.

The suit conforms to normal criteria placed on Obama qualified military equipment. The material can also be in a poncho or blanket configuration. The name thellie is a combination of thermal -- denoting the essay with abortion, suit's IR suppression capability -- and ghillie -- the name for Irish and Scottish gamekeepers who used homemade camouflage suits to stalk game poachers. This product is available only to essay authorized customers in essay, U.S. Government agencies. For additional information, contact: Jerry C. Essay? Edwards. (256) 726-1000 ask operator to report introduction abstract connect you. BICYCLES IN WAR.

By Martin Caidin and Obama, Jay Barbree. Illustrated with 24 pages of photographs and drawings. Researching this book and its illustrations presented the unusual problem of disturbing dust that hadn't been moved for write introduction with, a long time. The project of Obama essay digging out the details of the use of bicycles in war invariably provoked glassy-eyed stares of essay disbelief. After the initial reaction, a number of people did everything possible to help us in bringing this story to light.

We wish especially to thank John J. Slonaker, research historian of the Department of the Obama, Army, Military History Research Collection at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, for many hours spent in researching historical material and photographs. John Chris Reisinger, vice-president of AUTOCOMP, for his time and effort in disturbing ancient files in Washington, D.C., to unearth photographs. Miss Denise Myhill for spending much time and effort in London, England, especially in the Imperial War Museum, and for her invaluable information and illustrations. Mr. Robert S. Kohn of the Do my legal homework, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, who was most helpful with his steady supply of historical facts on the military bicycle. And a kind word to Obama essay Dame Sybil Leek, Dr. William E. Scholarly? Bagwell, and Edward Hymoff for their assistance.

Military cyclists have gone into battle from rubber rafts paddled silently to enemy shorelines. from airplanes that have dropped them by parachute behind enemy lines. and from on-the-ground attack points. Bicyclists formed military units in Obama essay, the armies of many nations. They rode on bicycles, tricycles, and quadricycles, carrying everything from pistols to heavy machine guns and cannon. They have transported food and weapons; carried out patrol, convoy, and How to write report introduction with, escort duty; conducted secret missions of demolition and sabotage; and essay, launched surprise attacks on enemy installations. With the aid of many human-interest anecdotes, the authors of this unique book about a little-known aspect of war trace the Do my homework, evolution of the essay, bicycle and describe the role cyclist troops have played in conflicts ranging from the writing diablo, Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to the jungles of Vietnam. There are graphic accounts of the Belgian underground operating via bicycles against the Germans in both world wars; the successful use of cyclist transport by Vietminh guerrillas in overwhelming the French at Dien Bien Phu; the Obama essay, significant part played by bicycles in the Japanese victory against the British in Malaya and Singapore; and for students responsibility, the unstoppable resupply of Vietcong and North Vietnamese military units by bicycle coolies (despite massive U.S. aerial bombing) in the abortive Vietnam war. MARTIN CAIDIN is recognized as one of the outstanding authorities in the areas of Obama science, aviation, astronautics, and Do my homework, military history and is the author of eighty published books.

The National War College, the Obama essay, U.S. Air Force's Air University, and other government institutions use (Bruce I. Gerard) Caidin books as doctrine and strategy guides. He has been an active parachutist; has trained in helper, centrifuges; has flown at supersonic speeds; has covered the launching of hundreds of satellites, lunar and planetary probes, and ICBMs; and has broadcast the launching and essay, mission of almost every manned space flight in essay helper abortion, the United States. Among his successful books are The Tigers Are Burning , Samurai !, Cyborg , Countdown for Tomorrow , and Obama essay, The Night Hamburg Died . JAY BARBREE is currently in his fifteenth year with NBC News as their Cape Kennedy correspondent. He covers national stories that break in the southeastern sector of the country, and has handled anchorman assignments for the past Apollo moon landing missions and the Skylab flights for the entire NBC-Radio network. He has published stories in Time and Life and narrated a thirty-minute TV film for USIA about Project Mercury . During 1963 and 1964 he wrote and essay helper with, voiced fifty-two space programs for essay, the Voice of Scholarly writing diablo America. I.

Acknowledgments Page vii. Chapter 1 Death Ride Page 3. Chapter 2 The First One Hundred and Five Years Page 10. Chapter 3 The Oddballs Page 32. Chapter 4 The Biscuit-and-Bean March Page 43. Chapter 5 The Bicycle Goes to War Page 60. Chapter 6 Along the Trenches Page 69. Chapter 7 Between Wars Page 86. Chapter 8 The Bike and the Blitzkrieg Page 98. Chapter 9 The Great Bicycle Commando Raid Page 111. Chapter 10 The Other Side of the World Page 124.

Chapter 11 History Relearned Page 137. Chapter 12 And Now, Tomorrow Page 147. Bibliography and References Page 151. Chapter 1: Death Ride. The first chill of October rode a gentle breeze across the essay, scarred trenches. The wind carried to Private Henri Roget with its stink of burnt powder. The French Soldier sniffed and Respect responsibility, wrinkled his nose with distaste, for the wind also bore the Obama, smell of is everything death. Roget slumped along the walls of his trench and looked at the men trapped with him on the muddy battlefield.

The Soldiers in the 5 th Infantry of the French Army had huddled low in Obama essay, their trenches since first light, pinned to sticky mud by an unending rain of German artillery and Respect responsibility, mortar shells. They were in Obama essay, a race for abstract, time. A reinforcement column of two thousand men was on its way. Would it reach them before the Germans opened the essay, final assault on the trenches? The year was 1914 and the Great War (which would become known as World War I) had been under way for several months. On Money Evil? But terrible battles were already decimating the armies of both sides. On the northwestern front, seesaw battles had cut a bloody swath through such fighting units as the Obama, French 5 th Infantry. For nine days and nine nights the Scholarly, French and British struggled to turn the flank of the German forces opposing them. Private Roget and his comrades had stormed the German defenses again and again.

The Germans, well dug in, threw them back every time. The French and British retired finally to their own lines, nursing severe losses. They needed reinforcements desperately. But the Germans had strengthened their own battle units first. They rushed in fresh troops, with heavy artillery and mortar support. Now they were preparing to smash the French and British, huddled in hastily dug trenches.

Private Roget was a brave man, but he worried about the dangerous position into Obama essay which his unit had fallen. Until two months before this moment, life had been pleasant. He had worked in the warm country vineyards south of How to write a lab Toulouse. Obama? Now he crouched in a battle trench in northern France, where autumn comes early. With shells bursting about why we homework school year, him, Roget pressed himself against the damp earth of his trench and wondered if he would still be alive at the end of the day. The heavy barrage fell away and Roget eased himself cautiously to the rim of the trench.

For a moment the war seemed far away. To his right a hill lifted gently above the ground, the trees were diffused with a golden hue from sunbathed dust in the air. Essay? It was a strange moment of peace. Suddenly something moved within the woods. The movement at first startled him; then he relaxed. He knew that a strong body of writing 3 British troops, including a full company of Obama essay cyclist Soldiers, was concealed in the woods. They, too, were waiting for reinforcements. But there was movement away from the point where the British had dug-in.

The activity Private Roget saw was to the rear of the write abstract, British position. Roget studied the area. There! He noticed it again. Obama Essay? Something was definitely stirring about under heavy cover and it was not part of the British encampment. Private Roget, motioning frantically for his commanding officer to join him, pointed toward the heavy growth of Scholarly diablo trees. The French officer brought powerful field glasses to his eyes. He scanned the area, then concentrated on a small break in essay, the growth. After a moment, he was able to essay helper abortion make out essay, a helmet. Several more moved into Argumentative essay helper abortion the range of essay his glasses. There was no longer any doubt.

The helmets were worn by German troops who had somehow maneuvered to Respect essay for students get behind the Allied lines, and were now waiting in essay, ambush for the Allied reinforcements. The French officer turned about and swept the road running past the wooded hill with his field glasses. In the valley below he saw the French relief column approaching the battlefield-two thousand Soldiers marching behind their mounted officers into certain death. Private Roget's officer pointed to the approaching column. We must warn them! he shouted to his men. A signalman crawled from the write a lab report with abstract, trench. For a moment he looked nervously toward the woods, where the Germans waited in concealment. Then he leaped to Obama his feet, his signal flags snapping through the Scholarly diablo 3, air in, frantic motions. All he needed was enough time for the approaching column to Obama essay see the flags. For Students? Only a few more seconds. From the copse where the Germans hid in the heavy growth came a stuttering roar-a machine gun firing a long burst.

The signalman's body jerked violently, spun. about. Dead before he struck the ground, the Soldier tumbled back into the trench. Roget rushed to essay help him, then glanced at the officer and shook his head. The French commander looked at the dismayed faces of his men. He hesitated a moment before again giving the Respect essay for students, order to signal the oncoming force. A second signalman crouched, then rushed from the trench and Obama essay, scooped up the flags from the muddy ground. In an instant he stood erect, the semaphore flags moving quickly. As quickly as the first man had died, the second signalman met his death as German machine-gun bullets slammed into his body. He was hurled violently to the mud, his face a bright red flower. Scholarly Diablo? The French officer rushed to his command post.

Another way must be found to warn the Obama essay, reinforcing column of its danger. Yet to climb from the trenches was certain death. Abruptly, the essay with, assembled officers turned at a shout from Private Roget, who was gesturing toward the wooded hill. Obama? From the trees where the British had dug in, the French saw a British Soldier race suddenly from the undergrowth. He moved with uncommon speed and Respect for students, the French stared in essay, wonder as the trooper tore down the hill on a bicycle, leaning sharply from one side to the other as he rode in zigzag spurts to confuse the aim of the German gunners. Almost at why we shouldnt school year once the Germans opened fire. The first burst went high. Tree trunks and branches exploded as a lethal spray of machine-gun bullets shredded the woods. The cyclist bent low, swerving sharply, pedaling even faster. A second long burst sent dust and mud flying all about him-but most of the bullets fell behind the speeding trooper. The Frenchmen began to cheer, but only for a moment.

Their sudden shouting froze in their throats. The Germans had the Obama, range now. The heavy gun erupted with its deadly. cough and bullets tore into the body of the Scholarly, British Soldier. As if struck by Obama a huge physical blow, he was hurled from the speeding bicycle, his body hitting the ground with terrible impact. Blood poured from a dozen wounds as the dying man rolled through leaves and mud. As suddenly as the first cyclist had rushed from the undergrowth, a second British Soldier pedaled madly down the hill, following the same evasive pattern of Do my legal homework swift changes in essay, his path.

Again the Essay evil, cheering rose from the trenches where the French watched, and again the heavy machine gun sought the range. The second rider managed another fifty yards before the Obama essay, blast of lead caught him. Man and cycle catapulted through the air in an awkward sprawl, with bicycle wheels spinning madly. The British cyclist crawled to his feet and staggered forward, blood staining his uniform. He moved three steps in the direction of the How to write report with abstract, German machine gun, then collapsed slowly. Lying down as if he were tired, he died on essay the spot. Private Roget and his comrades gaped and Scholarly diablo 3, shook their heads in wonder.

Surely even these mad, brave Soldiers must abandon further attempts to warn the Obama essay, unsuspecting French column. To expose oneself before that machine gun was suicide. The situation had become utterly hopeless. And so they were all caught by surprise when a third British Soldier dashed from the trees, riding full speed down the hill-right into the teeth of the enemy machine gun. Immediately the familiar deadly roar of the machine gun erupted from its hiding place.

Again the bullets slashed the air and essay with, ripped through trees. Essay? But this time they failed to find their target. The cyclist raced on. Unlike the first two men, the third took full advantage of the forest line along the slope . Head bent low, he raced his. bicycle expertly between the trees, constantly changing position, offering a poor, fleeting target. The German gunner did his best to How to report introduction track his elusive quarry but could not keep pace with the agility and swiftness of the adroit cyclist . The cheering, which had died out in the French trenches, burst anew over the fields. Machine-gun bullets tore into trees, buzzing like hornets about the essay, British Soldier. Other German Soldiers took up the firing-and now a second machine gun blasted into action. In the valley below, the heavy fire had alerted the column of reinfor cements.

The brigade commander, at report introduction with abstract the head of his troops, reined his horse to a halt. The column stopped, alert for Obama, any danger. They could see nothing, but the awesome sound of the chattering machine guns reached them clearly. Without warning, startling the French, the British cyclist exploded into sight. One moment nothing was there, the next second the Argumentative abortion, French saw the Obama, Soldier pedaling furiously from the shelter of the trees. They stared in astonishment as he raced toward them, crossing the open field between the forest and the road, where the French column had halted. Another machine gun coughed heavily, and again bullets sought their target. Do My? The gunner stitched a straight line through thick grass. Obama? This time he had the range.

Bullets slammed into the front wheel of the speeding bicycle! But the cyclist was ready for essay for students responsibility, this moment. He had already crossed the field to the road, and the instant he felt the wheel spokes cut by bullets, he lunged from the bicycle into the ditch. The watching French troops fell silent. Obama Essay? And now the Germans took up the cheering, certain the British bicyclist was dead.

But they couldn't see into the ditch. Hidden from view, the is everything evil, British trooper was a long way from Obama essay being dead. Staying low he crawled along the ditch, dragging his bicycle with him. Scholarly Writing Diablo? A hundred yards further along, convinced the Germans would never look for him there, he bounded from the ditch, climbed upon his bicycle, and essay, rode with all speed toward the waiting French column. Sudden shouts came from the German position. Men cursed and swung their heavy weapons about to take new aim.

The machine guns roared again. But by this time the cyclist had made good his escape. He was beyond their range. Dirt spattered wildly along the road from Essay falling bullets-all of them striking behind the speeding Soldier. The French commander dismounted and stood before his horse as the Obama essay, cyclist screeched to a stop. Gasping for air, nearly exhausted, he snapped out on money, a salute and Obama essay, transmitted his warning of the German ambush ahead. The French officer looked down the road toward the copse of trees, where certain death had awaited his troops. This one man, this wild-riding Soldier on his bicycle, had undoubtedly saved the lives of his men. Stepping forward, the Frenchman took from his own tunic the medal he himself had won for bravery under fire. This medal was given to me, man camarade, for saving one life , he said to the astonished Briton. Quickly pinning the medal to the Soldier's uniform, the French officer stepped back and saluted smartly.

I have the homework, honor, he declared, of presenting it to you today for saving the lives of Obama hundreds . Chapter 2: The First One Hundred and Five Years. There's something stirring and dramatic in the sight of Reasons shouldnt men flying, sailing, or driving off to Obama war. Well, it's far better than walking. Ask any foot slogger and you won't lack an answer. Bicycles as weapons, and as support vehicles, have been on the military scene for more than a century. In their long period of development they have been heralded and scorned, praised and derided. At times they've proven cumbersome and unwieldy enough to be thrown onto the nearest trash heap. Legal Homework? On other occasions they've been in such great demand that men have been killed defending their machines. And, as we saw in the first chapter, they have also proved vital in essay, the outcome of major battles . If nothing else, the history of the military bicycle has always been interesting and, more often than not, exciting. Bicycles in the military have been used as a means of striking silently and unexpectedly to seize enemy strongpoints, where such attacks were believed impossible.

Special teams, as well as individuals, have used cycles to carry. out successful long-range forays and behind-the-lines demolition and sabotage. They have proved their worth time and again in patrol, convoy, and escort duty. Their speed in emergencies has made them especially valuable in performing defense and delayed-action missions. Legal? Riot police have testified to Obama essay the merit of bicycles in controlling crowds, moving swiftly over ground impassable to other forms of transport.

Bicycles have been unspindled, folded, and racked into How to write report abstract compact packages for paratroopers and mountain forces. Obama Essay? In modern times, the lowly bicycle, sans the glitter of weaponry, has been at times virtually the sole logistics force of entire armies. Without the bicycle the Vietminh would never have been able to overwhelm the French defenders at Dien Bien Phu . And without the bicycle in the hands of the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese, the United States would have ended the war in Vietnam years before if dragged to its unsuccessful non-conclusion. In Asia, more than in any other part of the world, the bicycle survived against Reasons shouldnt homework school a massive assault by the most advanced and sophisticated weapons in history. It was the simple bicycle that reigned supreme in jungle logistics, and finally became, through its consistent success, one of the most-sought-after targets along the supply trails of the Vietnamese jungles. History has recorded some strange conflicts, but few David-and-Goliath stories will ever match the Obama, sight of a massive American jet fighter-bomber, costing upward of $6 million, trying to destroy a string of bicycles costing no more than $20 each.

The bicycle had been around for a century before it earned its greatest success in for students responsibility, the wars that have plagued Indochina in the last few decades. In the intervening hun- dred years the Obama, military bicycle has seen many ups and downs in its development. It all began during the Franco-Prussian War of Argumentative abortion 1870-1871. At that time, an enterprising tactician approached military officials of the French government with the proposition of using bicycles to conduct armed scouting expeditions in enemy territory. What a surprise it would be! First the armed scouts gliding noiselessly through the fortifications and camps of the enemy, gathering vital information about their weak points.

Then, the weaknesses well-recorded, task forces of specially trained Soldiers racing deep into the enemy's land-to strike and essay, disappear as silently and as mysteriously as they had come . Like many ideas, everything looked good on paper, but this one came a cropper when the tacticians faced up to the harsh problems of reality. Write A Lab Introduction Abstract? To begin with, the bicycles of Obama essay 1870 were, by for students responsibility today's standards, crude in essay, design, clumsy in use, distressingly heavy, and notoriously unreliable in their ability to Argumentative helper with survive in rough country. Soldiers burdened with rifle, pack, and supplies needed acrobatic agility, great strength, and infinite patience simply to wobble their way along the essay, cowpaths that served for roads in those days. Essay Helper? More often than not, Soldiers on foot, overtaking the speedy cyclists , found them panting in total exhaustion in a ditch by the road. Initial experiments with the essay, bicycle as a swift and silent weapon proved it to have all the bad characteristics of a mule with none of its advantages.

Well-no guts, no glory. The Italian army, studying the experiences of the Scholarly diablo, French, responded with many a sneer at the northerners . What could one expect from the. French? After all, the intrinsic advantages of the bicycle could hardly be denied, said the Italians. Without fuel or servicing , it promised far-ranging speed and essay, mobility. One needed only to know how to improve the clumsy machines. French bicycles were still rusting by the roadside, where they had been flung in disdain, when the Italian army put its theories into practice. Do My? In 1870, taking the best bicycles to be had on Obama essay the open market, the Italians introduced the two-wheelers to their famed bersaglieri , the crack sharpshooters of the Argumentative, army infantry corps. For five years grinning riflemen wheeled their cycles up and down the roads of Italy, waving to Obama pretty girls-and pedaling off to meet those same girls under cover of darkness. But would the machines that encouraged such clandestine meetings also function under the adversities of an army in the field? In 1875 the Italian army carried out large-scale maneuvers, duplicating battle conditions as closely as possible-and to writing diablo 3 everyone's surprise, especially that of the French, the bicycle came out a winner.

Italian military cyclists were used to carry dispatches to units isolated in the field. Notwithstanding the fact that even the best machines of that period were clumsy, heavy, and Obama, a nightmare of crude gearing, the cyclists averaged a speed of twelve miles an hour across open country . They achieved this feat despite the heavy machines, and of being outfitted, as well, with a brake, lantern, knapsack, rifle in a support, ammunition, and a leather pouch for military orders (and, no doubt, cheese and wine). Reports of the bicycle's success in the Italian field maneuvers of 1875 sparked a rush by other countries to begin their own experimental programs. As inventors and tinkerers were turned loose, the Respect, bicycle showed up in a be- wildering variety of designs and shapes. It grew in essay, size and complexity as rapidly as the enthusiasm of its supporters could be translated into physical hardware. Such progression is inevitable. The lure of bigger and better is Scholarly irresistible. Thus the Obama essay, line of reasoning that if the bicycle, with its constant demand for balance on thin and hard tires, still had advantages over walking, what might not be done with the tricycle? So the three-wheeler was rushed from the factory to the army for field tests, and bore immediate fruit in reports that over Argumentative helper good roads it could carry heavy loads with reasonable speed. The tricycle was better than the bicycle for carrying heavy loads over Obama distances.

What might be the next, step? You guessed it. The quadricycle lumbered away from the assembly shop, a contraption of machinery demanding the leg power and body stamina of two men. The concept itself could hardly be faulted. But practicality lagged sadly behind concept-and the quadricycles that emerged were mechanical monstrosities. Lumbering on thin tires, and with ungainly bodies desperately in need of spring action, they jolted and rocked wildly over the rutted and potholed roads in for students responsibility, battle areas. However, despite their staggering faults, they proved even more dangerous to the enemy than to their riders-for there was nothing preposterous in Obama essay, the mounting of machine guns or other weapons on Argumentative essay helper abortion the quadricycles' bulky frames. The improvisor is a hardy breed, and, when the tinkerers reached their limit on the four-wheels, they gravitated naturally to the next step-two quadricycles in tandem. The trailing or towed vehicle was a perfect means of transporting machine guns, small cannon, ammunition, or any kind of supplies.

By 1890, the British army was well into field tests on these eight-wheeled monsters. It didn't take long for them to become known as the hernia horrors . The Soldiers gasping their way cross-country, with leg muscles in knots, could have told the experts what was wrong with these mechanical uglies. Unless the road surface was of high quality, both men and machines took a beating that all too quickly put them out of action. There was little joking about the essay, problem-the men were literally being shaken into injury and illness. Everyone was really waiting for an invention that would make the bicycle practical. Solid tires had never been the a lab report with, answer and never would be. Essay? Something better was needed for rolling across the countryside.

Unknown to How to a lab those with battered bladders, that new invention had already been created by a horse doctor in Belfast, Ireland. John Boyd Dunlap was his name, and in 1888 he produced the invention that was to make him famous. It was the pneumatic tire-the inflated tire that gave a cushion of air to jolting jenny. Overnight a new wave of enthusiasm carried bicycle testing to new heights. The pneumatic tire was actually the turning point for the military bicycle, since it gave the machine unexcelled mobility over roads that had proved impassable for the earlier machines. In 1892 the United States Army joined the parade of Obama essay bicycle improvisors, beginning a series of extensive military field tests that offered fertile territory to the tinkerers. Military bicycles appeared on roads, with large umbrellas that could be used as sunshades and that also could be rotated 90° to act as sails to catch' a favorable wind.

Farmers gaped at these apparitions-two-wheeled sailing ships flitting over narrow country roads and Essay on money is everything evil, gliding effortlessly over distant hills. Unfortunately, that was the ideal. All too often the um- brella-sails dragged their kicking riders into ditches and Obama essay, off bridges into streams. They twisted and, more than once, folded with a sudden whack across the heads of hapless riders. Someone in headquarters decided there had been enough tomfoolery with inventions.

It was time to concentrate on Scholarly using the Obama, bicycle as it had been designed for simple, reliable, and fast transportation. The 15 th Infantry was given the job of on money is everything developing the bicycle as a useful weapon. Few military projects have enjoyed the essay, success that the bicycle met with this organization. A detachment of Do my legal eight Soldiers, under the essay, command of 1st Lt . Essay? W. T. Obama? May, spent several weeks becoming accustomed to their two-wheelers. They practiced loading with rifles and supplies until they could mount up and be on their way cross-country with only essay helper abortion a few minutes warning-as Soldiers, not sightseers. While the army went through its testing program, history was being made by members of the American Wheelman's Association. Essay? Relays of bicycle carriers posted by the AWA covered a distance of 3 975 miles in the amazing time of only four days and thirteen hours, carrying a dispatch from the Headquarters Department of the essay, Missouri in Chicago to the Headquarters Department of the East in legal, New York. Another organization also had begun its own development program.

The National Guard of Connecticut was the first unit of its kind officially to Obama essay deploy cyclists within its ranks. This same guard outfit was actually the 3, first American military organization to use the bicycle as standard equipment assigned to Obama essay its troops. But the purists will argue that peacetime training just isn't in Respect for students, the same league as roughing it in the field. It, was Maj. Obama? Gen. Nelson A. Miles (who had commanded army. field units during the Indian Wars and had defeated the Chiricahua Apaches under Geronimo)who first used cyclists under realistic field conditions.

Working under special handicaps of mountain country, Miles organized the 25 th Infantry Bicycle Corps in July 1896 at Fort Missoula, Montana. Second Lieutenant James A. Moss was assigned as commander. Moss not only was the first man to command a cycle corps, he was the How to a lab report introduction with abstract, only white man in the outfit, which was all-Negro in its ranks. They were also a brilliant team. In 1897 they performed an astonishing cross-country cycling feat that took them from Fort Missoula to St. Louis, Missouri, in thirty-four days. There were many tests other than racing cross-country.

In 1896, Capt. R. E. Obama Essay? Thompson of the United States Army Signal Corps proposed using the bicycle for laying and retrieving temporary telegraph and telephone wires under combat conditions. He invented a special device, to be attached to a bicycle, that could run a length of Respect for students responsibility wire over a distance of 1,800 yards, and could reel it back, within two minutes. Thompson received authorization to essay test his invention in the field. In the interim, mountain troops of several European armies were trying to evolve a new military use for the bicycle-one that so far had eluded all military organizations.

Much of Europe consists of steep and mountainous country, often plagued with sucking mud and laced with impassable terrain, as well as countrysides abounding in walls and fences. Troops on the move often had to How to write report introduction struggle through both natural and man-made obstacles. If there was any hope for the bicycle as a means of individual transport, it must be able to go where the Soldier went hen he was walking or climbing. Austrian and French in- ventors introduced machines that could be folded easily and secured to a pack , to be carried on the back of a Soldier when he had to essay leave the road. 3? The first folding bicycles weighed about twenty-eight pounds. In the United States the folding bicycle received short shrift from the military. Ignoring the built-in problems of sliding and folding parts, Maj. Essay? R. P. Davidson of Northwestern Military Academy at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, launched his own development program. The major was convinced that brawn and skill could easily prove superior to folding apparatus that; once unfolded, might never again be properly reassembled. Davidson organized sixteen cadets into a bicycle corps.

Each cadet was given a standard bicycle, equipped with clips to hold rifles and other military gear . Davidson wasn't content simply to have his cadets race along roads. He wanted them to be able to 3 go virtually anywhere, and his cadets soon discovered the major meant what he said. They practiced slinging the cycles onto Obama essay, their backs and fording streams . They climbed hills and clambered along gullies. And then they went to scaling walls-carrying full bicycles strapped to their backs! The first attempts to clamber over walls, each man encumbered by the weight and clumsy mass of essay for students responsibility his bicycle, produced a rash of skinned knees, elbows, and Obama essay, bleeding fingers.

Dressed in essay for students responsibility, full battle gear, with the heavy bicycles on their backs, the cadets cut loose with some remarks a bit too ripe for these pages. Davidson permitted no slack as he hammered at his charges. Within a few days, having caught the knack of it, each cadet managed to assault and scale a sixteen-foot wall in full gear, including his bicycle. Once they knew it could be done, they redoubled their efforts. Obama? Within a week they were functioning as a smooth.

and unstoppable team, carrying their bicycles with them over, across, or around every obstacle they met. Major; Davidson, initially the laughingstock of the army with his program, reaped his full reward when he was recognized for his leadership and was told his efforts with his cadets had led directly to at new program of military bicycle development. Before the year was out the army had commissioned the Pope Manufacturing Company to report introduction abstract produce a bicycle on which a Colt automatic machine gun was to Obama essay be mounted . The machine-gun cycle proved surprisingly effective in field maneuvers , and soon Pope was hard at work on a tandem bicycle that was a rolling fortress-bristling with a 12-shot repeating rifle, two Colt quick-action revolvers, a case of Do my legal homework signal flags, ammunition, two rolled overcoats, and two rolled blankets . Again the specter of runaway innovation reared its mechanical head. Delighted with the results of the Pope bicycles, the army, in 1898, used a light tubing framework to connect two tandem bicycles into a single machine. Across the connecting tubes they placed a detachable stretcher of light steel tubing, with handles made from handlebar grips. Obama Essay? Thus the bicycle ambulance was born.

On February 15, 1898, the battleship USS Maine went to writing diablo the bottom of Havana harbor, after a violent explosion that claimed the lives of 266, men aboard. Five weeks later demolition experts reported that the essay, Maine had been the victim of a mine placed deliberately against the hull, and one month later the United States declared war against Spain. Helper With? Cuban ports were blockaded, Theodore Roosevelt led his famed Rough Riders in Obama essay, a thundering charge up San Juan hill, and within three months the war no one really. wanted had lurched to its conclusion: The United States Army occupied Cuba. The occupation brought more misery, grief, and death than was occasioned by the short-lived war. Without necessary preparations for bivouac in the tropics , especially during the write a lab report introduction with abstract, wet summer season, yellow fever and Obama, malaria swept through both military and civilian ranks. Essay Responsibility? As the Cubans fell victim by essay the thousands, they reacted with mob violence. Riots turned the streets into shambles.

Stricken United States Soldiers were removed from the Reasons have homework year, island, and a call went out for Maj. Gen. Nelson A. Miles to send in troops for riot-control duty. Lt. James A. Moss and the black troops of the 25 th Infantry Bicycle Corps had their chance.

They sailed at once for Cuba and went immediately on riot-control duty, using their bicycles in loose formation to patrol the troubled city of Obama Havana. The complete story of the corps' operations in shouldnt have homework school round, Cuba is Obama essay told later on in this narrative, but it is sufficient to say now that there have been few times when the military bicycle was better proven as an instrument for How to write report introduction with abstract, preventing violence. War is one of man's more active pursuits, and within a year of the Spanish-American War a new conflict erupted across the plains of South Africa. The Boer War, which started in 1899, also provided a fertile ground for new developments of the military bicycle. Pedersen Folding Bicycle. The key was modifying the standard assembly of the bicycle, and the new hero of the day was an English manufacturer, Dursley Pedersen, whose folding bicycle was a vast improvement over the bulky machines with which most Soldiers had been burdened. The compact shape of the folded bicycle and Obama, its light. weight meant that British and Respect essay, South African cyclists could carry their machines across their shoulders when moving across rough terrain impassable to a wheeled vehicle. The success of the Pedersen bicycle in the Boer War galvanized other countries to conduct renewed tests. Within a year, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Russia, Switzerland, and Japan had adopted the folding bicycle as standard military equipment . Innovation had given way to steady, reliable improvement, and bicycle brigades became an Obama essay, integral element in most armed forces.

French Captain Gerard's Folding Military Bike. By the legal, time the Great War flamed across Europe in Obama essay, 1914, folding bicycles were as common as other transport or weapons. The British army supplied 100,000 bicycles to its infantry on the premise that trucks and why we homework round, other vehicles could be stopped by adverse terrain, but that bicycle troops, who could pick up their machines and Obama essay, press on, would always get through . Abortion? It was a procedure followed by other armies, and when the great battles raged across Europe, bicycle troops were often in the spearhead of clashing forces. Obama? The British began the move with 100,000 machines, and the French and Belgian armies quickly added another 150,000 bicycles. It didn't take long for the Germans to counter the quarter million bicycle troops with similar forces of their own. Throughout the year, early operations in the Ardennes, French observers often called for immediate pursuit and destruction of German cyclists on Obama reconnaissance and security missions. By the time the United States entered the war with the school round, first troops of the Obama essay, American Expeditionary Force, hundreds of essay helper with thousands of bicycles were in use along the front. The AEF crossed the Obama, Atlantic with 29,000 bicycles assigned to frontline operations. Unlike the European forces, how- ever, the United States Army lacked a specifically designated bicycle corps , and its two-wheelers were used for communication, unit reconnaissance, recreation, and as a means of why we homework school year round supplementary transport. Of all the successes achieved with bicycle forces in World War I, the most outstanding was claimed by the Belgians.

In late September 1914, a Belgian commander who had a special fondness for striking at German communications lines-organized a commando-like force of seven volunteer cyclist detachments. Obama? Each detachment was made up of write a lab report introduction with abstract two officers and about 100 enlisted men. Obama Essay? A small demolitions team filled out the write report, individual force. During the two-week period between September 25 and Obama, October 9, 1914, the Belgian bicycle commandos launched five major raids behind German lines . Railroads especially came in for essay with, their attention, and the demolition squads blew apart tracks and switching points of German railways at sixteen separate key points. Obama Essay? Other cyclist teams gathered valuable information on Essay evil German troop movements, supplies, and fortifications, and, as an incidental aside to reconnaissance, killed several dozen German Soldiers whom they encountered. Only one bicycle commando team suffered heavy losses. The detachment was well behind German lines when it ran into an unexpectedly heavy infantry force. In the Obama essay, raging fight that broke out, sixty Belgians were killed-but not before they inflicted heavy casualties on the Germans, and succeeded in blowing up both ends of a key tunnel on the rail line between Brussels and Mons.

The bicycle as a military auxiliary faded from the front pages after 1914, but not from Essay is everything evil continued widespread use. In the summer of 1917, an entire German cyclist brigade was transferred to the eastern front to augment the Obama essay, force. General von Hutier was assembling for the invasion of the Baltic Islands. In this unusual and carefully planned operation, two complete German cyclist battalions participated in shouldnt homework school round, the initial assault against Oesel Island, and Obama essay, distinguished themselves in the capture of that island, where a high degree of mobility was essential. One of the Argumentative essay helper, most noted military leaders of World War 1 General von Lettow Vorbeck, the German commander in East Africa-paid special tribute to the effectiveness of the bicycle as a key element in his operations. Vorbeck had been equipped with only a few motorized vehicles in East Africa, and when these wore out or were destroyed the Obama, entire military staff was left without transport-except for the bicycle . On Money Is Everything Evil? The general and his complete staff quickly gained mobility by pedaling their own way during operations.

They were still at it, and astonishingly mobile, when the Obama essay, Armistice was signed. Certain people, who were interested in Scholarly, military strife after World War I came to Obama essay its final, bloodied halt, had taken special note of the effectiveness of the bicycle in some forms of military operations. It didn't take too long to realize that the bicycle was ideally suited for what was to become known as guerrilla warfare . The booming echoes of a world war were still being heard when Ireland renewed its bitter internal struggles, and a group known as the Irish Volunteers launched a guerrilla war campaign against armed police and military forces. Essay Helper With Abortion? Under the Obama essay, banner of the Argumentative essay helper abortion, IRA (Irish Republican Army) they were soon terrorizing the essay, countryside with deadly ambushes. The bushwhacking tactics graduated to full-scale assaults against How to write a lab report introduction with abstract troop barracks and convoys. Essay? Violence invariably begets violence and the government. retaliated in kind. Swiftly and Do my legal homework, bloodily, Ireland was politically sundered. When a large number of the Irish police threw off their uniforms, they were replaced swiftly with recruits from Obama England, who became known as the Black-and-Tans because of the color of Respect essay for students responsibility their uniforms. The Black-and-Tans, embarked on a campaign of vicious reprisals for the hit-and-run strikes. Obama? Violence flared to the extent that the Black-and-Tans set fire to a large section of helper with abortion Cork when it seemed that reprisals were the Obama, only way to a lab abstract deal with the continued uprising.

Because government forces were growing in strength and striking back with any means at their disposal, the IRA found it critical to move silently and swiftly. And for the purposes of guerrilla, conflict, especially in rough country , there was no better machine than the bicycle. On a dark night without any lights to give away their position, the IRA cyclists were able to move with great speed and stealth. Hidden by the cloak of Obama darkness they sabotaged communications lines, destroyed bridges, cut railways, and struck with telling effect against police and military centers. The government authorities never knew when shadowy forms would emerge from the cover of Respect essay for students darkness shatter the Obama, quiet gloom with flaming explosions or bursts of gunfire, and then disappear on Scholarly writing 3 their bicycles without a sound.

There were other vital missions for Obama, the cyclists besides overt military strikes, of course. A perfectly innocent man or woman riding a bicycle could easily transport all manner of secret documents, which had been stuffed into the tubular handlebars or into the bicycle frame. All smuggling didn't take place at write introduction abstract night, for Obama, the guerrillas were bold and brazen. There's the famous story in for students responsibility, Ireland of the shapely lass who rode her bicycle frequently. down heavily guarded roads, nodding and Obama essay, smiling at delighted guards. She became so well-known that passing nods blossomed into open recognition, and soon the friendships were so many that the guards would often wave her through their checkpoints and Respect essay for students responsibility, barricades without any inspection or question. Finally there came the one occasion when this carefully sustained charade came unglued. The woman had stopped before she was waved on, but the guards noted she was having great difficulty in Obama, remounting her bicycle. Essay Evil? Stumbling, she lost control of her machine, which struck the ground with a surprisingly heavy thud. One of the friendly guards hurried to her aid.

We can imagine the shock on Obama essay his face when he found it impossible to lift the on money is everything evil, bicycle from where it lay on the ground. Other guards came up and surprise turned at once to suspicion. They opened the essay, tubular steel sections of the bicycle-and found them lined solidly with gold that had been melted down and poured into them. Swiftly friendship flew out the nearest window and they turned to seize the girl. The shapely lass, however, had already vanished from the Respect responsibility, scene. The bicycle, as used by the IRA, so bedeviled the essay, English-and its success was so widespread-that army leaders throughout Europe renewed their interest in developing special-purpose forces that could put the bicycle to greater military advantage.

Aiding this new concentration on the bicycle was a series of factors: first, there was the extensive experience and success of bicycles as used by the IRA; second, bicycles had improved greatly in design. They were lighter, more durable than ever before, and their reliability had improved greatly; third, automatic, weapons also had im- proved to the point where they were much lighter and boasted higher firing rates; and fourth, with advances in weapons, mobility had become increasingly critical to any military operation. Thus the new demands emerged. Writing 3? The well-trained and well-equipped Soldier on a bicycle was a more dangerous and Obama essay, effective fighting man than the same Soldier on write a lab report introduction with abstract foot. By the time everyone had taken a long breath between fighting, the world was on the verge of another world war. This time experience stood behind the cyclist Soldier as a keenly honed fighting unit. He appeared in special brigades to Obama rush to for students responsibility the scene of conflict with machine guns and grenade-firing rifles. He was a dangerous force in silent wars of sabotage. Obama? And when mechanized vehicles broke down or stopped for lack of Reasons shouldnt have school year fuel, men on bicycles could always get through with needed supplies. What worked in Europe was just as meaningful elsewhere, of course.

The bicycle as a weapon appeared in force in Obama essay, the Far East, where troops were training as advanced fighting units to use bicycles in thick jungle areas. Where the truck or tank could not go, where only writing diablo jungle trails were available, the man on a bicycle could move with surprising speed. And, for the first time, the bicycle Soldier had the ability to leap oceans, rivers, plains, and Obama, mountains-in the form of the Paratrooper who jumped from his plane with a folded bicycle secured to his back. By the time World War II was getting into full swing the Soldier-bicyclist was an accepted and is everything, major force in European and Obama, Asian armies. But not in the United States. In this country, as the world plunged deeper into war, the Soldier on his bicycle was a matter only of history. No plans existed for cyclist troops.

The mechanized vehicle. reigned supreme in military thinking. Troops would be moved by sea, they would roll on trucks and Do my homework, trains, they would fly-and when they reached their destinations, they would walk. In 1941, with the war already several years old, a single exception was made. Essay? The 88 th Infantry Airborne Battalion was formed at Fort Benning, Georgia. Five hundred men made up the battalion, and it was equipped with 280 bicycles , 140 motorcycles and Do my homework, a small number of essay jeeps. The idea was to move with as little weight, and with as much speed, as possible.

The troops were trained to parachute from their transport aircraft with bicycles secured to their backs . As soon as they touched down, they would mount their bicycles and set off as a fast-moving, silent force, to strike pre-assigned objectives. But the battalion never got further than the red clay hills of Do my Georgia. The outfit sat out the Obama essay, entire war without foreign assignment. Argumentative Essay Helper? Not so the Soldier and guerrilla forces in other parts of the world. Sabotage and espionage teams were dropped in large numbers behind enemy lines-complete with folding bicycles . A British War Department training film paid special attention to this danger, warning British civilians to be on the lookout for German Paratroopers in disguise. One scene dramatized the danger by showing a nun walking sedately on Obama a quiet city street. Respect Essay For Students? Suddenly, the nun-who turns out to be a German Soldier in disguise-slips a folding bicycle from beneath her habit, assembles it, and rides off! But while German cyclists were a daily fear in England, in France, and in essay, Belgium, it was the writing 3, Germans who came to hate the bicycle most.

Acts of sabotage carried out by individuals or by special striking teams became so widespread that just to be riding a bicycle at certain times of. day, or in sensitive areas, was cause for suspicion and intensive questioning. Essay? Despite the dragnets and searches, the underground kept increasing its blows against selected targets of the German occupation forces. On May 8, 1942, alarmed by the worsening situation, the German command in Paris forbade the use of bicycles after dark in Argumentative essay helper with abortion, almost half of France. What bad burgeoned in France was sweeping like a prairie fire through Belgium.

The Germans were beset with explosions, killings, fires, and other sabotage strikes perpetrated by 500 special saboteur teams. Again it was the bicycle that gave the Obama, underground the mobility it needed. So effective were these teams, using the bicycle to glide silently at night through city and countryside, that the essay for students responsibility, underground forces were/credited with being the key factor in preventing the Germans from destroying the vital port of Antwerp . Yet of all the nations that made effective use of the bicycle as a primary military weapon, none matched the expertise of the Japanese during their invasion of Obama Malaya and during the fall of Scholarly 3 Singapore in Obama essay, 1942 . The Japanese, more than any other military group, fully appreciated the Argumentative essay with, ability of the bicycle-riding Soldier to move at essay a rapid and steady pace where no [strykerhorrors] motorized vehicle could travel. Hard-surface roadways were unnecessary to the movement of large bodies of troops. If the Japanese Soldier had a path no more than eighteen inches in width through the why we shouldnt homework, jungle, he would movre steadily and swiftly to his target area.

A Japanese leader who understood this factor, and put it to excellent use, was Gen. Tomoyuki Yarnashita, who became famous as the Tiger of Malaya . His clever use of the Obama, bicycle, of innovative scare tactics, and his skill in doing what the British least expected him to Scholarly writing diablo 3 do were largely influ- ential in the Japanese takeover of Malaya and Singapore. What Yamashita accomplished with the bicycle was not lost to other Asians. In French Indochina, which the Obama, Japanese had occupied with little or no resistance before their main assaults after December 7,1941, the insurgent guerrilla forces of Ho Chi Minh, led by General va Nguyen Giap, waited out the war. One day the Japanese would be defeated.

When that day came, the guerrillas would be ready to why we have school year round assert themselves. It didn't work out that way. The Japanese went down to defeat, but instead of Minh's forces finding the country waiting to be plucked like a ripe plum, they were faced with the return of powerful French military units. When the Obama, French reoccupied Indochina, the guerilla leaders decided they had no choice but to fight for Reasons shouldnt school, their land. The guerrillas named themselves the Vietminh , and for years they kept to the jungles and gathered strength. General Giap, using Japanese tactics practiced during the war, trained his guerrilla forces with relentless discipline. By 1950, he judged his jungle Soldiers ready to take on Obama the French and why we year, start the battle to oust them from the country. One of the key lessons Giap had learned from the Chinese was that any battle of appreciable size must have reliable transport that can be maintained for long periods. Giap turned now to the legacy of General Tomoyuki Yamashita and built up a complex system of porters who could move vast quantities of food and ammunition by bicycle . Where even the bicycle could not move, a man's back became the Obama essay, means of transport. Giap developed bicycle transport for combat supply to its finest art. By adding wooden struts to strengthen the.

frame and the front fork of Argumentative helper Peugeot bicycles, and by using bamboo poles to Obama essay extend one handlebar and the brake levers, Giap created a machine that could haul 500 pounds of supplies . This was ten to a lab report twelve times the load that could be carried by a man on foot, and more than an elephant could haul through jungle terrain. Giap had prepared his army well by the time he was ready for his showdown with the French at their powerful fortress of Dien Bien Phu. In the months preceding the final onslaught, 200,000 men had moved their bicycles, loaded with rice and ammunition, through the jungle, and Obama, stockpiled their supplies around the essay for students, French fortress. The French, of course, did everything possible to destroy the primitive transport system, but not even massive air attacks with napalm could do more than slightly delay the determined bicycle-supply effort. In March 1954, the Vietminh began closing in for Obama essay, the kill, in early May Dien Bien Phu fell, and a month later the Respect for students responsibility, French government yielded its position in Obama essay, Indochina, with the guerrilla force controlling Vietnam north of the Ben Hoi River, at the 17th Parallel.

On July 21, at a conference in Geneva, an armistice went into effect. The communists set up the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, with the essay responsibility, capital at Hanoi. Ho Chi Minh became president. With political promises for a time of peace and plenty, the people of Indochina looked forward to better times in Obama essay, both South and North Vietnam. It didn't take long for their hopes to be shattered. Shouldnt Have Year Round? Infiltrators from the north worked their way into the small communities of South Vietnam to recruit sympathizers for Obama essay, the communist cause. Those who volunteered or were selected were then trained in terrorist and with abortion, guerrilla war- fare, and Obama essay, organized under the legal, banner of the National Front of Liberation of South Vietnam-better known as the Vietcong . Through the 1960s and well into the early 1970s the Vietcong proved what history had already taught: No matter how difficult Vietnam's narrow winding trails, no matter how thickly sown the jungle, with its roots, snags, stumps, bamboo trellises, and overhead creepers, no matter how dense the growth or heavy the rain- bicycle transport would always get through . In the war that raged for years through the Vietnam countryside, the bicycle proved itself superior to every other means of supply and transport.

Not even the most concentrated. and Obama essay, modern airpower and electronic systems could stem the tributaries of Argumentative essay with abortion supply in Obama essay, the jungle. Since the bicycle moved with almost complete silence, the Soldier-porters almost always had time to melt away from open trails and to hide in dense growth. It was a frustrating and ineffective way to fight a war pitting multimillion-dollar jet fighter-bombers against the hundreds of twisting brush-choked trails that snaked their way across mountains and through jungles. The bicycle that was scorned by helper with abortion the most modern armed forces in the world was also the major supply factor that kept those armed forces largely ineffective. To support the savage, fighting throughout South Vietnam, where the Vietcong battled the Obama essay, South Vietnamese army and the vast force of the United States, the North Vietnamese poured down the Ho Chi Minh Trail, with thousands of porters riding bicycles loaded with food, supplies, and ammunition. Scholarly Diablo 3? No matter what steps were used to Obama stem the flow it was never effective-and the history of the Respect essay, final outcome in Vietnam is Obama essay no older than yesterday's newspapers.

Chapter 3: The Oddballs. British Army Ariel bike from 1872. If there's one thing man has always wanted to do, it's to do better than the animals about him. He looked at birds for so long and with so much envy that he couldn't resist crowding into their domain. After all, if a bird could fly, why not a man? So the earliest birdmen sewed cloth across wooden strips and, hanging onto their fragile winged craft, launched themselves from bridges, housetops, and cliffs.

And promptly fell straight down to bust their-ah, necks. There were men who envied and did their best to emulate creatures in the sea. Of course, if man couldn't obtain oxygen from Do my homework sea water as did fish and seagoing mammals, at least he was smart enough to build an airtight undersea vessel, and carry his oxygen along with him. Right? It shows how to Obama do it, right there on those drawings.

And as fast as inventors built their new-fangled submarines they invented new ways to get to writing 3 the bottom of the sea, where they either tried frantically to get back to the surface or they drowned. The point is that as men did their best to extend man's. own physical capabilities, they had something to use for an example. Until someone came up with the Obama, idea of the bicycle. If we stop to think about it, the concept of the bicycle had to be the result of a nightmare or the far-out concoction of a drunk. Man wanted to fly because birds fly. He wanted to Do my legal homework swim because fish and Obama, other mammals swim atop and beneath the water. He wanted to sail because the effects of wind upon write a lab introduction abstract large surfaces are glaringly evident. But the bicycle? There isn't a thing in nature that is totally unbalanced while at rest, and gets its balance from the principle of gyroscopic motion -which can't be seen, felt, smelled, or whatever.

One suspects, then, that the Obama, man who invented the bicycle must have been a lunatic genius. Most inventors are either crazy or presumed to be crazy, and it's safe to Respect for students responsibility assume that a Frenchman named Sirvac had to beat the head of the Obama, list of this fraternity. Do My Homework? For it was none other than Sirvac who stumbled one day into the brightness of a morning sun and, according to onlookers, promptly did his best to prove that he was as mad as a bedbug. For several weeks Sirvac closeted himself from the world, and all that was heard from his sealed room was a strange mixture of hammering, sawing, and mumbles from the great inventor himself. Finally, emerging into the bright morning of a day in 1790, he maneuvered the object on which he had concentrated all his attention. A mockery of a wooden horse, albeit reduced in size from the original, and mounted on two wheels placed in tandem.

Those who first saw the Sirvac invention murmured, I'm sure its nice, Sirvac, but what is it? Demonstration is often the best retort to questions like that, and Sirvac lost no time in proving the wonder he. had created. Witnesses also saw the wisdom of placing the essay, saddle fairly close to Respect essay responsibility the ground. Left to essay itself, the responsibility, wooden wheeled horse immediately fell over on its side. With Sirvac on the seat, his legs provided stability when at rest or moving slowly. Sirvac had judged that as soon as he got up some speed there would be an Obama, inherent balance to his contraption, and Scholarly diablo, he would be coasting. If he went downhill, then the coasting promised to Obama be something of legal a whiz-bang ride. With commendable temerity he put his apparatus to Obama essay the test.

He gripped the wooden head with both hands and then propelled himself forward with alternate kicks of his feet against Do my homework the ground. Wobbling, weaving, and panting, he completed his first limited journey down the street where he lived. Experience came quickly, and essay, soon Sirvac was living-or riding, at it were-the life of a daredevil. He gained fame swiftly because those unprepared for his rumbling approach were often bowled over by his passage. The more speed Sirvac gained, the Iouder he needed to shout warnings of his approach.

His brakes were no more than his heels dragging on the ground, and as for steering, well, there was a lot to be desired here. Reasons Why We Year Round? The only way Sirvac could steer was by leaning from one side to the other-a dangerous procedure on his clumsy vehicle-or by essay smashing his fists on How to write introduction with abstract the side of the head of his wooden-horsecycle in Obama essay, order to Scholarly writing turn it from its path. This resulted in Sirvac's having a control that was, at its best, a travesty of Obama movement. As a result, he achieved a remarkable score in pedestrians knocked from their feet. He also ran into the sides of buildings, into horses, dogs, and little children. He collected an extraordinary range of. bruises upon his own person. Reasons Why We Shouldnt Homework School? Even if a ride proved successful in avoiding objects in his way, Sirvac was often seen returning home whimpering and holding his bruised fists carefully, because of the damage sustained in trying to Obama essay steer his self-made monster. Sirvac discovered soon enough that most people treated his invention in the same manner that the ancient Greeks treated migraine headache-with contempt. This attitude also assured that Sirvac would slip into history with an Reasons shouldnt homework school year round, obscurity sought by few inventors.

Not for twenty-eight years did someone ponder over the wooden thing Sirvac had created, and ponder long enough to essay judge that, if major improvements were made in the original idea, a workable device might emerge from the effort. In the year 1818, Baron Drais of a lab report introduction abstract Baden began the essay, first of the Essay is everything, many improvements to come. If one rides a horse, he reasoned, one can steer the beast by essay bringing him to turn his head to the left or the right. The wooden-horse-cycle put together by Respect essay responsibility that bumbler, Sirvac, had neglected this most basic element of control. So the good Baron placed the front wheel of the vehicle on a vertical pivot, and added a control lever that permitted the rider to guide himself. He could now turn left or right, rather than staring in horror at a wall that seemed to jump before him. Obama Essay? There were still no brakes, of course, and a rough surface meant getting shaken, as though rolling over a high waterfall in a barrel, but progress was being made. No sooner had Baron Drais completed his significant change in why we round, what was to become the bicycle than an Obama essay, unknown inventor in England stepped into the act. Even a scaled-down body of a horse made of wood was, he reasoned, a monstrosity, and so he substituted an iron frame for the.

timbered flanks created by Sirvac. For the abortion, first time, the bicycle was taking a shape we would, in later years, be able to recognize. Thirty-seven years passed before another significant change was made. Yet these years saw a phenomenal growth in the manufacture of the bicycle's ancestor. If nothing else, the machine was now steerable, and Obama, plenty of people were ready to take a daring whirl at racing down slopes while the Essay on money is everything evil, wind rushed past them. It was of no particular consequence that they had to push the thing back up a hill. People had been doing that same thing for many years with sleds and essay, toboggans, and evil, the snow slopes were jammed every year. The same reasoning applies to skiers. Obama? If there's enough of a thrill in going down, there are plenty of people willing to work their way up.

Besides, if the ground was reasonably level, it was still possible to move along by lustily kicking one's heels into the ground in erratic self-propulsion. Hardy barefoot boys found no problem in with, this means of locomotion, and cobblers encouraged those with shoes to take up the essay, sport, since they often returned from have homework school round their outings with leather soles and heels looking as though they'd been chewed by a small hungry bear. By 1855, the time was ripe for the next major improvement-and it was in France, once again, that the genius of invention arose. Obama? A French locksmith, Pierre Michaux, studied the battered feet and shoes of his friends. Surely there had to be a better way of enjoying the bicycle than making the shoemaker wealthy . Michaux designed a system whereby two pedals were placed on the front wheel, one on each side, where the rider's feet were to be found. Essay Abortion? This permitted the rider to propel the machine with foot power applied directly to the. pedals rather than thumping shoes against Obama essay the ground.

The small horizontal bars extending from the steering pivot were considered by Michaux to Scholarly diablo be much too small for comfort or for proper steering control, so he refined this part of the machine by creating a T-shaped bar with horizontally extended branches-eventually to become the handlebars. The machine was evolving. It now had free-moving wheels, foot pedals for power, a vertical pivot for steering, and Obama, horizontal extensions for handlebars. It was becoming the bicycle in real truth. Known in those times as the velocipede , bearing the manufacturer's name of Michaux, it went into limited production as a device for pleasure. Remaining, however, an imperfect instrument, it failed to earn anything more than a passing glance from military officials. That time had to wait for further design improvements. Again the French led the Respect, way, this time in essay, the person of write introduction abstract Surnay, who was adept with the use of ball bearings.

Surnay reasoned that the crude fittings of the bicycle wheels created great friction. Obama Essay? Friction meant drag, and Scholarly writing diablo, drag meant inefficiency. Obama Essay? Much of the energy, either from How to write report introduction with abstract pedaling or from gravity, thus went into the production of heat rather than movement . It was as if a low brake setting were always on when the machine was moving. The way to improved performance, then, would come only from reducing that friction. The wheel hubs were placed in Surnay's ball bearing design, and the results were astonishing. It was one thing to achieve high speed downhill in Obama essay, a bicycle without the bearings, but the effort over level ground or along a slight upgrade was enormous, and bicycle pathways were often littered with gasping and wheezing sportsmen. The ball bearings changed all that, and, soon after a number of the. Surnay machines were made available, someone called for a bicycle race between Paris and Rouen. Now the bicycle caught the eye of the writing diablo, military, for the Paris-Rouen contest achieved an average speed for the full distance of essay nine miles an shouldnt have school round, hour . If civilians could accomplish this much without proper development, without goals, without financing to achieve those goals, what might a military-sponsored program achieve? In 1870 the Franco-Prussian war provoked another of the frequent mass joustings on Obama essay the European continent, and with the new spree of bloodletting came military experiments with the still clumsy and still archaic bicycle.

There is an old saying that necessity is the for students responsibility, mother of Obama essay invention-and no one ever needs things faster than an army in Reasons homework year round, wartime-even the Italian army, which introduced the Obama essay, bicycle to its bersaglieri rifle battalions. Five years later, the Soldiers had built up enormous leg muscles . How To Write A Lab Introduction Abstract? They had improved the speed of Obama cross-country pedaling from nine to twelve miles an hour . Not auspicious, perhaps, but considering the clumsy machines they used, it was a feat to for students earn admiration. In 1870, production of the Obama, velocipede ; as the bicycle was called in those times, had spread to Essay is everything evil a dozen or more factories. Obama? The most popular machine was a high-wheeled variant that seemed to have been perfected by a torturer turned loose in a bicycle shop. The machines were known as boneshakers . Without springs or other shock-absorbing systems, with hard wheels, rigid frames, poor construction, clumsy handling-to name only a few of the ills that plagued the things-they were used more than once only by the most energetic fanatics. Understand, then, the reaction of the essay, frontline Soldier when he learned of the program under way that required.

French army scouts, and line troopers as well, to become proficient in the use of boneshakers while under enemy fire. Notwithstanding the horror that greeted arrival of the essay, machines at the front, the Soldiers were rushed into the range of German guns. The Germans, after they had wiped the tears of laughter from their eyes, shot to ribbons any French unfortunate within their sights, and French Soldier-cyclists scurried for is everything, their lives as they abandoned their clumsy high-wheelers in ditches and behind concealing brush. It was a strange twist of fate that brought the bicycle from France to England, with a promise of great improvement. Rowley Turner was an Obama, Englishman, who had escaped the essay for students, siege of Paris through his skill and stamina on one of the old boneshaker high-wheeling cycles. Pedaling furiously on the bicycle enabled Turner to escape the city, but the resultant internal bodily damage nearly killed him. Lamenting his bruised innards and aching back he decided to improve on the vehicle that had, after all, given him his freedom.

In 1878, the ideas of Turner were seeing realization in a new bicycle manufactured by the Tangent Coventry Company of, England. Essay? They had produced-by 1880-the first commercial bicycle with tangent spokes. Tangent Coventry also attempted another major innovation-changing the source of pedal power. Until this time the Respect, front wheel-the oversize high wheel of the bicycle received the foot power of Obama essay its rider. The wheel was so high that the machine was more of Respect responsibility a monstrosity than a practical vehicle, and to mount his mechanical steed the cyclist needed to climb a ladder so that he would be high enough to swing onto the saddle.

The saddle, or seat, was placed directly over the high wheel, while the. rear wheel was so diminutive in size as to look like something left over and hurriedly bolted on. Tangent Coventry changed all that by making the rear wheel the power source. It was a move in the right direction, but it didn't go far enough. The company failed to alter the dimensions of the two wheels, and the cyclist still had to be a mixture of Obama acrobat and have homework school year, weight lifter to emerge without bodily injury from any prolonged riding.

The great day in the history of the bicycle came in 1886 when the Pioneer emerged from its British factory. All of a sudden, it seemed, inventors were acquiring the skill so long and desperately needed in Obama essay, the development of the legal, bicycle. The Pioneer was the direct predecessor to the machine we know today. Since the rear wheel was now the power source, it was increased in size. The seat was moved to a position almost midway between the wheels, and Obama, a chain-and-sprocket system was installed for transferring pedal power to Reasons shouldnt have homework year round the rear wheel.

In one final stroke the Obama essay, Pioneer had acquired the needed elements of safety and speed. Whatever bicycle models existed at Respect essay for students the time the Pioneer made its debut were quickly discarded. Improvements of all sorts cropped up in one new model after another. Ball bearing systems were introduced to the foot pedals. Handlebars were properly weighted and carefully sized for Obama, different riders. Angled and graceful frames replaced the Do my, original clumsy upright iron bodies. Spring saddles offered increased comfort.

In 1888 the Scots veterinarian, John Boyd Dunlop, entered the scene with the hollow pneumatic tire, and brought about another quantum jump in bicycle performance. Dunlop, who was to become a giant in Obama essay, tire development and manufacture, had no ideals about building a better bicycle. The Belfast doctor had had enough of complaints from his son, whose tricycle jolted him to the point of essay helper bruises and tears. Dunlop studied the boy's machine, then formed a hollow tube from horse bandages, sealed off the Obama, tube except for a valve, and pumped the why we shouldnt homework school year round, thing full of air. The pneumatic tire was born. Militarists applied every new development to the war bicycle. The fully equipped two-wheeler trooper went into essay the field burdened with a change of underclothing, a blanket, a tent shelter half, a revolver, and Argumentative essay helper abortion, ammunition. For his machine he took along a spare chain, two pedals, two tires, two tubes of cement, repair patches, and a small case of assorted nuts and bolts. Since he was now laden with some fifty pounds of equipment, he looked with special fondness on the bicycle that kept him off his feet and essay, rolled away the miles with comparative ease. One after the other, the military modifications came upon the scene.

Bicycles with automatic machine guns and Argumentative essay with abortion, repeating rifles were joined with men carrying boxes of signal flags for communication across battlefields. Essay? The tricycle and the quadricycle, the why we have year, infamous hernia horrors, appeared to bedevil Soldiers. The umbrella sail came and went. James C. Obama Essay? Anderson of Highland Park, Illinois, a devotee of mobile firepower, patented a bicycle designed from the outset for military use. Do My Legal Homework? This 1899 apparatus resembled a dentist's chair on wheels, and featured a forward-projecting rifle mount, a body-shaped saddle, and a three-to-one gear drive system. It was literally a lightweight, one-man version of what was to essay become the tank. Unfortunately for Anderson, it was clumsy, heavy, and a mechanical stinker. The army showed Anderson the nearest door.

Tests and experiments are interesting, but too often they're also far from Respect essay responsibility able to pass the acid test of essay operating under field conditions. It remained for the 25 th Infantry Bicycle Carps, stationed at Fort Missoula, Montana-and an astonishing 1,900 mile trek-to bring true significance to the role of the military bicycle. Chapter 4: The Biscuit-and-Bean March. Six o'clock in the morning is an uncivilized time for write introduction with, most people to Obama be up and about. But in the Montana countryside surrounding Fort Missoula, six A.M., in 1897 was well past the time when ranchers and farmers were already hard at work. These good people were accustomed to considerable activity at this time of Essay on money evil day, and wagons and farming equipment had long since taken to the roads.

On the morning of Monday, June 14, 1897, just about everyone who looked at the main road leading away from Missoula came to a dead halt in his work. Riding along the road in loose formation were two white and nineteen black men-on bicycles. Twenty-one men in uniform, with rifles slung across their backs, on bicycles loaded neatly with an assortment of supplies. It was the beginning of a historic 1,900-mile trek by bicycle, under conditions deliberately chosen to test the mettle of the men and their two-wheel machines. Leading the rolling pack was a short and stocky 135-pound second lieutenant , James A. Moss, the man whom historians were to say was to the bicycle what Lindbergh was to aviation. Jim Moss had a profound 'streak of practicality in him. He believed in bicycle troops, but, even more than that, he believed that bicycle troops should be able to prove, under severe conditions, that they were a reliable adjunct to the military. His favorite words seem to be practical, reliable, durable. To erase all question about the way he had trained his bicycle soldiers, Moss selected a grueling stretch of 1,900 miles between Fort Missoula, Montana, and St. Essay? Louis, Missouri, over which his men were to carry out diablo, a forced march on their bikes.

The route took in low and high altitudes, both dry and wet climates, and with a variety of road surfaces that ranged from flat to hilly and, on occasion, to steep grades. There were the stony and Obama essay, mountainous roads of write a lab report introduction with abstract Montana, the hummocky dirt roads of Wyoming and South Dakota, the Obama, sandy roads of Nebraska, and the clay wagon ruts of Missouri. Moss led his men from the fort at abortion 5: 30 A.M. on June 14, 1897, convinced that he'd take them all the way to St. Louis. As they pedaled smartly through Missoula, hundreds of townspeople cheered them on their way. Once before they'd seen Moss off on Obama a long cycle journey. In 1896 Moss led seven men on a 1,000-mile journey over admittedly easy, terrain. But it was an excellent trip from the fort down through Yellowstone National Park, and a return via Fort Assiniboine. The eight men made the bicycle trek with only four days' rations, packed along with bedding, mess utensils, shelter halves, rifles, and ammunition.

Across the Rocky Mountains they maintained an average speed of six miles an hour . They rode through rain and writing, mud, and to the cyclist force the sight of roaring geysers in Yellowstone was a shower of success. But this was the test. The 25 th Infantry Bicycle Corps. was about to essay tackle 1, 900 miles, with its men in excellent condition and banking their reputation on the all-new Spalding bikes, built to specifications laid down by Moss . The Spaldings featured steel rims with puncture-proof Goodrich pneumatic tires, tandem spokes, reinforced side forks and crowns, gear cases, luggage carriers, frame cases, brakes, and Argumentative essay helper with, Christy saddles, all neatly packaged, with a riderless weight of thirty-two pounds . Normally Moss would have been the only white man with his bicycle troop. But there was another. Assistant Surgeon J. M. Kennedy.

Regulations called for at Obama essay least one medical officer to writing diablo 3 be part of the Obama essay, twenty-one-man command. Kennedy, who was less than enthusiastic about the trip, was selected. If something happened to Moss en route, Kennedy was to take over why we school year round as commander. A noncommissioned officer was far more capable than-Kennedy, but in 1897 the army wanted nothing to do with black leaders. The best man in essay, the troop, Moss judged, was a thirty nine-year-old sergeant by the name of Saunders. Argumentative Essay Helper With? He was well-disciplined, intelligent, in excellent shape, and a born leader of his men. Getting down to it, mused Jim Moss, he had all good men-with but one exception.

Pvt. Eugene Jones was a chronic whiner, almost a nonstop complainer. Moss shrugged off the Obama essay, problem; he'd handled that sort before. Moss had in his command Sergeant Saunders, Corporal Martin, and why we have school, Privates F. Johnson, S. Johnson, Proctor, Cook, Haines, Findley, Bridges, Scott, Dingman, S. Williamson, W. Obama Essay? Williamson, Wilson, Butler, Reed, Foreman, Rout, Jones, and Essay on money, Assistant Surgeon Kennedy. Each fully equipped bike, with supplies, averaged fifty-nine pounds.

Moss worked out every detail for Obama essay, the reports he was to file. The heaviest Soldier, stripped, weighed 177. pounds, the lightest just over 125 pounds, for an average of 148.5 pounds per helper abortion, man. This put more than 200 pounds per bicycle on the road, but the men were in good condition and well-trained. The oldest was thirty-nine and the youngest twenty-four, making the average age twenty-seven years. Strangely enough, Moss was in violation of army regulations because of his bigger men. By whatever military wisdom prevailed (that one day would require all army aviators to wear spurs when flying), the Obama essay, army said that no cyclist should weigh more than 140 pounds or be taller than five feet eight inches . Moss appealed to Maj. Gen. Why We Shouldnt Have School Year? Nelson A. Essay? Miles to waive the regulations for the trip and the general, sharing Moss's enthusiasm for the venture, agreed. Evidence of Moss's meticulous preparations was to be found in the equipment his men carried. Cooking pans were shaped to Argumentative fit diamond-shaped carrying pouches, and each man carried his own tin cup, plate, knife, fork, and spoon.

Individual provisions included hard bread, ship's biscuits, canned beef, bacon, beans, sugar, coffee, salt, pepper, and Obama essay, flour. Each man also carried a Krag-Jorgenson rifle (except one individualist who received permission to tote his own shotgun), with fifty rounds of ammunition in How to write report introduction abstract, his cartridge belt. Completing the personal equipment was a blanket, a shelter half, and a water canteen (often filled with whiskey). Along the essay, bicycle route, Moss arranged for a resupply station every 100 miles . Most supplies were shipped ahead by rail. Finally, every last detail had been met. Shouldnt School Year Round? It was time to move out.

The first stretch went beautifully. The cyclists made their first rest stop six hours and essay, twenty-eight miles out of. Fort Missoula. Moss dispersed his men beneath heavy shade trees alongside a ranch and broke for Reasons why we have homework school year round, lunch. He planned to spend the hottest part of Obama essay each day resting, after a hard morning's ride, and to resume traveling about why we, five each afternoon. The planning was great, but not the weather. No sooner had the cyclists finished their lunch when an afternoon thunderstorm howled about them. Before the men could set up their small tents they were inundated.

Lightning cast its eerie shafts of light all about them and the men decided to wait out the storm beneath the huge branches of the essay, trees they had selected for shade. With passing of the storm the drenched cyclists started out to Argumentative helper make up for Obama, loss time. Wet or not, Moss wanted no undue delay this early in the march. They rode steadily through the Respect for students responsibility, woods, their spirits rising, until a second storm, accompanied by essay high winds and torrential rain, again hampered their progress. The heavily rutted road, more of a wagon trail than anything else, quickly melted into a quagmire that stretched ahead through the forest. Continued movement became so difficult that Moss, ever the opportunist, ordered his troops off the road to avoid the shouldnt homework year, mud, and set them to pushing their bicycles through weeds and underbrush that offered less resistance. It took two hours of Obama strenuous pushing and scrambling to get through the storm-drenched area.

By the time the weather had cleared, the men were exhausted and Reasons round, Moss called a halt. After a brief rest they remounted their bikes and pedaled along still-muddy and hilly trails, passing the Obama essay, Clear Water Post Office at dusk. Relentlessly, Moss pressed on. Not until eight that night did he terminate the first day's trek, pitching camp at Cottonwood, just over fifty-four miles from Fort Missoula. If anything the second day was worse than its predecessor, for even though the heavy rains had relaxed to a drizzle, the why we have school, narrow road had become an impassable river gf mud. Obama? There was just no way to introduction continue. Undaunted, Moss and his men rolled their bicycles down the tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad. They dragged themselves f along in this fashion for nine miles, until they reached Elliston, Montana. Obama Essay? Splattered with mud, drenched to the skin, weary, they pitched their tent halves to wait out the storm. Moss must have thought his luck had reached bottom when the inclement weather continued to harass them through the second night and well into the next morning.

With rations running low, he pushed his men to head for Reasons shouldnt have homework year, Fort Harrison, where they were to resupply-and perhaps get a decent weather break. It was back to the railroad tracks and a jolting, muscle-pounding trek. Despite the severity of this road; the men continued in good spirits, willing to follow where Jim Moss lead. Obama? All except Pvt. Eugene Jones, who irritated his fellow Soldiers and the officers by constantly moaning about his lot in life.

Three miles down the railroad tracks they came across a road bearing away to the left. Respect For Students? Moss called a halt while he studied the old Mullan Stage Road. He knew it to be little more than a trail, pitted with ruts, stones, and sagging bridges. Essay? Yet almost anything was better than the accursed cross-ties of the rail line. Moss took the road, leading his men by pushing his own bicycle up the first slope of write with slippery mud. It was worse than Moss could have imagined. Obama? They struggled up a seemingly endless hill that sapped the strength of the men pushing their heavily loaded bikes. Two hours and seven miles later they reached the summit.

of the Main Divide of the Rocky Mountains. School Round? The men looked about them with disbelief. The hour was high noon and it was the essay, last week of spring. They'd spent the past two days fighting the heat and drenching rains of summer thunderstorms and now all about 3, them they saw several inches of snow on Obama essay the ground. There was hardly time for How to report abstract, a few muttered curses when a freezing sleet slashed down at them from the leaden sky. Moss rushed them from the summit to get to warmer air, but the temperature dropped so swiftly that every five or ten minutes the men had to stop to rub freezing hands and ears.

The way down the slope left no doubt that Moss had made the worst possible choice of trails to travel. The old Stage Road had never been much more than a dry creek, which exploded into life with spring rain, sleet, and melting snow. Now the men worked their way slowly and carefully down a road filled with water and slush above their ankles, exerting a constant grip on their heavy bicycles to prevent them from Obama essay getting away. Four-and-a-half hours after starting down the mountain slope Moss and his men dragged themselves into Fort Harrison. They broke formation to eat, checked their equipment, and collapsed for the night. The men awoke to Argumentative helper with abortion unexpectedly clear skies. With drying roads beneath their feet, they pressed on at an accelerated pace. By the time their trek ended at nightfall they had covered more than their planned fifty miles, and set up camp in a construction area called Recap, located between the Northern Pacific Railroad tracks and the Gallatin River. Morning light brought groans from the men. On one side of Obama their planned travel route rose a high bluff.

The river. covered the opposite side and once again the bicycle corps men trudged along railroad tracks. They rode and pushed their way for five jolting miles over new cross ties, the spaces between, the newly installed logs still unfilled and tamped down with earth. If only they could move alongside the tracks, but there was no way the railbed was a mess of old cross ties, and heaped dirt and rocks on both sides. They could feel their muscles tightening as they fought their way ahead, finally covering the five miles to Gallatin, Montana, by 3 midmorning. Here their morale rose, for they had been assured that good roads awaited them. But beyond Gallatin the good road turned out to be a blind trail through marshy fields buzzing with vicious mosquitoes. Off they went, into Obama the worst segment of the trip so far, maddened by the incessant bites of write a lab report with swarming insects. o matter how fast they pedaled the mosquitoes stayed with them, causing intense suffering from swollen eyes, faces, necks, and hands.

Just west of Logan, they swerved away from the marshy trail to follow the Obama essay, rail tracks into town, and another two hours of pedaling brought them to Bozeman, center of the Gallatin Valley. Behind them was a day of more than fifty miles of muscle-tearing, mosquito-ridden travel. And they had ticked off only a small part of the journey to come. On June 23, nine days out of their home base, the 25 th Infantry Bicycle Carps rode into Billings, Montana. It wa's a little before 10 A.M. In four hours of hard riding that morning the men had sped over thirty-seven miles. They pedaled into Respect essay responsibility Billings in high spirits. At the local rail depot they picked up the supplies waiting for essay, them. Quickly word of their arrival spread and townspeople gathered to legal homework watch the show . Seeing nineteen black men in uniform on bicycles brought forth catcalls and Obama essay, derisive laughter, and an angry Moss led his men quickly out of the town. Moss must have felt that someone was jinxing them. Riding away from the Yellowstone River, they moved into the Crow Indian Reservation against a stiff headwind, working up long grades.

Before Moss and his men knew what was happening, they were surrounded by Argumentative with abortion whooping Crows, having the time of Obama their lives making fun of this Soldier infantry on bicycles. It took more than an hour of stoically ignoring, their feathered companions before the troopers found themselves alone again-and back into heavy rains. A short time later they halted along a steep trail, in mountain country, wet, cold, and facing early darkness. Hastily they set up camp and crawled beneath their small tents, listening the Essay evil, night through to Obama essay an incessant hissing rain.. Moss realized that to slow down now could cripple the expedition. The men had to keep moving. As they ate a quick breakfast, the rains eased and finally stopped.

The break in the storm heartened them, but new hopes vanished as they staggered along the steep, winding trail, slogging their way through gripping clay-gumbo mud that made every step an effort. The entire day ground slowly forward. Bone weary, caked with mud, bitten by voracious insects, they were still fighting the killing mountain trail when darkness settled upon the rugged land. Essay Is Everything? They made camp and collapsed into essay deep sleep. They were awake at dawn and started another grueling. session along the winding and hilly trail, stopping frequently to homework scrape caked mud from bicycle wheels and frames. They were still on the trail when night fell. Essay? By now they were convinced they were the only living beings in the godforsaken hills. They were so fed up with the trail they decided to push on Do my legal as long as they could in darkness. Two and-a-half hours later they stumbled onto the banks of Pryor Creek.

No disillusionment with the task of Obama fording the stream. It was a joy compared to the mountain trails and the water washed the write report, heavy mud from their bikes. Across the stream they came upon a deserted Indian cabin where the men fell asleep in their clothes. By now their supplies were almost gone. For breakfast each man had a cup of weak coffee and a small piece of hard bread. Essay? They tightened ,their belts, knowing that the next supply station, Fort Custer, lay forty-two miles cross-country. Reasons Shouldnt Homework School Round? Their spirits sagged further when their first three hours of Obama fighting through still more mud gained them only six miles. Then they crested a ridge and saw Moss's weary features break out in diablo 3, a huge grin! The lieutenant pointed ahead. Before them lay a hard, dry surface-and all downhill slope.

Moss rode out, with the others behind him, and with everyone picking up speed all the Obama essay, way. At three-thirty that afternoon they pedaled into write report abstract Fort Custer. They had now completed the first leg of their journey while being completely out of touch with the essay, outside world. In the a lab report introduction with, fort the men enjoyed a hearty meal, then cleaned up their clothing and equipment. Judging his troop to be close to complete exhaustion, Moss announced a day's rest. The cyclists camped that night near the scene of Custer's last stand , where in Obama, 1876 227 cavalry troops had been. wiped out in a bloody fight with Sioux and Cheyenne Indians.

They spent their day of rest sightseeing along the Little Big Horn. Refreshed and rested, with their bellies full, the bicycle troops pedaled away from the old Custer battlefield, determined to pick up the precious time that had been lost in the mountains. They were now moving from legal Montana into Obama Wyoming, and at 3 the crossing from one state to another was an imaginary signpost marking the Obama essay, first third of on money is everything their journey of 1,900 miles. It was a good thing they'd, had their rest-the ninety miles from the Little Big Horn to Sheridan, Wyoming, proved to be one of the Obama, most difficult legs of their trek. What was laughingly called a road snaked through rough and hilly country, trying its best-and. failing-to follow the river to the Wyoming border. Six times Moss and his cyclists came to a stop, staring morosely at the water before them, and year round, each time they had to ford the Little Big Horn wading chest-high through water in teams of essay four carrying their bicycles across one by How to a lab report one, raised high above their heads on long poles.

Grimly determined now to successfully [tbate]combat whatever nature had to offer, the twenty-one men hammered their way to the Wyoming border. Their route led them southeast away from the river, but through dangerous country that abounded In huge potholes filled with alkali water. No small matter, this, for Obama essay, they obtained their water from why we have school year round sources they found en route. Their main supplies came from railroad tanks they passed. Despite all the Obama, difficulties they had encountered, they were only slightly behind schedule when they passed through Sheridan. They pressed forward and on June 29, after having battled their way up twenty miles of mountain grade, tortured by a broiling sun, the 25 th Infantry Bicycle Corps pedaled wearily into Gillette, Wyoming. Moss grinned at his men.

Time for lunch , he announced. As his men rested, Moss. Why We Shouldnt Have Homework Year? checked the route ahead. Thirty miles distant was Moorcroft, where he could count on getting water and additional supplies. At four o'clock that afternoon they were on their way, making eight miles an hour beneath a late-day warming sun. Just after six P.M. things started coming unglued. Storm clouds swept behind them and the men started searching for a safe camp.

At that moment they all heard a sharp metallic snap! Private Foreman stood beside his bicycle with the front fork sagging from a broken axle. Moss tried not to show his frustration: They had no spare front axles . Obama Essay? Foreman would have to walk, pushing his machine all the way, to the next supply station. By now Jim Moss had endured all he could in complying with orders to which he'd never agreed. He turned the command over to Sergeant Saunders: Keep the men together , ordered Moss. Proceed to Moorcroft with the Scholarly writing diablo, speed it takes Foreman to walk his machine. I'm going ahead with the cook and two men. Obama? We'll get a hot meal together and line up repair materials and supplies . Scholarly Diablo 3? Moss and Obama, the other three men sped off down the is everything, already dark, unfamiliar road.

They made only four miles before the black night and essay, muddy surface forced them to dismount. Now they had to walk, pushing their bikes into increasingly treacherous underfooting. It was midnight when the four exhausted men stumbled upon railway tracks. Hungry and cold from the damp. night air, they sprawled on Respect the ground to rest. They needed warmth but failed to find firewood. As they huddled together, sharing their misery, a rifle shot cracked through the darkness.

Fire one shot , Moss ordered a Soldier. Moments later three of his troops, who had pushed their way ahead of Saunders' group and lost themselves in Obama essay, the dark, staggered up to Argumentative essay abortion Moss. Now they made up a band of seven, with fourteen more coming up behind. Moss and the six Soldiers started out in Obama essay, the darkness for Moorcroft. The pain of pulled muscles was excruciating.

Every man suffered from muscle cramps. Doggedly and deliberately they pushed on. The journey became a mind-blurring effort of How to write a lab introduction abstract lifting one foot after the other. Then, after hours of body-punishing travel, a voice groaned.from the darkness. My God. . . I can't . . . Essay? I can't go no more . How To Write A Lab Report? Moss turned but couldn't see a thing in Obama essay, the inky night. Yet he knew the identity of the Soldier who had fallen out and was already sprawled by the side of the muddy road. Leave him there , he ordered. Let him sleep . Moss resumed the march.

All he could think of now was reaching the next supply station, where he could regroup his command. His men were strung out along fifteen miles of muddy Wyoming trail. He stumbled on, more asleep than awake, his bicycle as much a support to school year round his shaking body as it was a burden to push. He blinked his eyes, wondering if he was falling victim to Obama essay hallucinations. In the distance there seemed to be a faint glow of light, as if a clothesline were strung before the road, drifting toward him. Is Everything Evil? It came so close it seemed certain to strike his face. Several times he threw out his arm, but nothing was there. Jim Moss fell asleep even as he fought his way through the mud. His feet stumbled and. he went down, as if in slow. motion, unconscious but still trying to walk.

The six men with him went down like poled oxen. Each Soldier slept where he fell. Barely sixty minutes later Moss opened his eyes, stunned to find himself lying on the road. Obama Essay? As first light silhouetted the horizon, Moss stared through morning mist at Respect essay a red building. Moorcroft! And only a few steps away from where they'd fallen into the mud. Angered and disgusted with himself, Moss shouted at the other men to get to their feet. With stiffened arms and legs they lurched into essay the supply camp. The cook ordered the men with him to Argumentative helper help. Obama? Hot food quickly revived them, and Moss split his force, one group sleeping while the others prepared for the rest of the shouldnt have homework year round, men to arrive.

One by one the Obama, rear guard straggled in, grateful for the hot meal waiting for them. By two o'clock that same afternoon, the write abstract, 25 th Infantry Bicycle Corps was again on its way. Jim Moss knew many things. But not how to quit. For the next five days the bicycle troop traveled steadily across the southwestern corner of South Dakota. Obama? And their luck held until they were well into Nebraska where, to their surprise, they plowed into that state's hills of sand. Year Round? Their progress slowed by difficult riding and Obama essay, rising temperatures, the men turned to whatever water they could find. Unfortunately, the water they drank was heavily laced with alkali, and just beyond the city of Alliance, Nebraska, Jim Moss toppled from his bicycle seat. Half unconscious and seriously ill from taking too much alkali into his system, he was judged unfit for further travel by bicycle.

Assistant Surgeon J. M. Kennedy now took over command of the troop. The men carried Moss back to Alliance where he could recover and, later, could travel by train to How to write a lab report introduction abstract rejoin his command. Kennedy must have regretted the twist of fate that gave him control of the Soldier-cyclists, for essay, no sooner was Moss removed from his position of leadership than the troop plunged into a fresh nightmare. The Nebraskan hills tortured them with roads of shifting masses of sand worse than any mud. Every day the sun blazed hotter in Reasons have homework, the sky, sapping their strength and Obama essay, burning whatever skin was exposed to its brutal rays. Finally human endurance reached its limit, and Kennedy led the men away from the ankle deep sand to Reasons why we have homework school follow the Obama essay, railroad tracks. Ahead of the men lay 170 miles of Argumentative essay with torturous travel.

It was a question of which was worse, the jarring of the railroad cross ties or the ankle-clutching sand. On July 7, as the men fell by the tracks to rest beneath trees, the temperature registered 110° F: in the, shade. That night more than half the men were seriously ill. Two Soldiers suffered the Obama essay, agony of is everything badly blistered feet-the result of endless trudging in burning sand. Obama Essay? The others had a variety of ills, ranging from heat prostration and pulled muscles to chafed skin and stomach cramps.

Despite the why we have school, heat, the blisters, and assorted sufferings, the Soldiers exerted every ounce of their strength to Obama continue. What carried them through the. worst of the trek was the clean water they drew from the railroad storage tanks. They pushed their way through the worst of the Argumentative helper abortion, sand hills in four-and-a-half days, establishing the astonishing average of better than thirty-seven miles a day. The men greeted a recovered Jim Moss with shouts of joy as the lieutenant swung down from Obama essay a train he had ordered stopped. With Moss again in command, they reached the on money is everything, clay roads of Obama essay Missouri on July 17.

They rolled into the. town of Rulo, where they discovered that the local citizens were every bit as hostile as the country through which they'd just fought their way. How To? The local folk, it seemed, wanted no truck with negras , even if they were Soldiers. The sand. hills were behind them, and so were the mountains, but nothing had improved where the roads were concerned. They crossed the state on what Moss later described as the worst roads of the entire journey. The troops finished the last three heat-scorching days struggling from one hill to the next, their lips becoming parched and their tongues swollen when their water supplies ran out. Obama? By this time, however, nothing, not heat nor terrible roads nor the hostility of the local people could keep Moss and writing, his men from getting through. No matter that almost all of Missouri regarded them .as outcasts. Obama? St. Louis made it up to them with a thundering reception and open arms.

Waiting to write report greet them was a huge crowd of cheering well-wishers on bicycles, who provided a colorful escort for the men. They officially ended their memorable trip of 1,900 miles before the Cottage Hotefin Forest Park. Obama Essay? It was six o'clock on the evening of Saturday, July 24, 1897. Exclusive of the brief time spent in repairs and recuperating from illness, they had completed their journey in Do my legal, thirty-four days of Obama actual travel, averaging 6.3 miles an hour and 55.9 miles a day . Jim Moss was the hero of the day. Write Report Introduction With? He told reporters he was convinced that the trip had demonstrated the ability of an army bicycle corps to compete with infantry or cavalry moving cross-country at one-third of the cost. Some of our experiences , he stressed, tested to the utmost not only the men's physical endurance, but also their moral courage and disposition. I wish to commend. them for the spirit, pluck, and fine Soldierly qualities they displayed . Of the twenty-one Soldiers who pedaled from Fort Missoula, twenty reached St. Louis in surprisingly good health and Obama essay, condition. Only one man failed to Argumentative essay with abortion complete the trip. One week short of Obama their destination, Pvt.

Eugene Jones claimed to on money is everything be too weak to continue. Moss shipped Jones and Obama, his bicycle back to Fort Missoula by train. No one missed him. They were too busy enjoying their moment of well-deserved acclaim in cycling history. Chapter 5: The Bicycle Goes to War. The bicycle managed to survive three decades of trial-and-error military experiments before actually being committed to battle, But going to war on diablo 3 two-wheelers was actually a two-phase affair, the first being a too-late entry into Cuba, and the second being a full-scale test in Obama essay, South Africa. The initial orders for for students responsibility, combat service came with the Spanish-American War of 1898, and once again it brought to the limelight none other than Lt. James Moss and his men of the 25 th Infantry Bicycle Corps . . When Moss completed historic journey from Montana to Missouri, his hopes for Obama, realistic tests for bicycle troops fell by the wayside. He soon found himself a cyclist leader with no one to have year round lead, and an officer without a command. On his return to Obama essay Fort Missoula, Moss prepared an official proposal, for an unprecedented and, he considered, a really acid test of the bicycle under field conditions.

He asked permission to lead twenty Soldier-cyclists from Fort Missoula to San Francisco, and to return along a route different from the outgoing roads. To Moss, who now had experience to back his proposal, such a trip would demonstrate beyond all question the bicycle's qualifications as a vehicle to convey troops across long distances at only a fraction of the cost of horse-drawn wagons . Moss was dismayed to discover his enthusiasm didn't reach beyond the report with, walls of Obama essay Fort Missoula. The Secretary of War , who passed upon such matters, had little interest in Soldiers pedaling their way around the country. Reasons Shouldnt Homework Year? The horse and the railroad , by God, were the ways to transport fighting men. Moss's request came back with the explanation that sufficient experiments had already been made with the military bicycle to tell the army everything it needed to know about such matters . Sorely disappointed, Moss swallowed his pride and returned to the mundane life of an army post officer, while the black cyclists who had made history with him returned to their prosaic duties. Yet prosaic was a matter of essay attitude. The black Soldiers' regiment was at Scholarly writing 3 the time the only organized force in the northwestern United States, and much of their time was spent away from their post, helping people recover from the [transformationunderfire] ravages of weather and man . They assisted people caught in essay, floods, fires, and How to a lab report introduction with abstract, storms. Obama Essay? When local police authority failed to control lawlessness, the black Soldiers went out to regain command.

They assisted Indian agents in a wide range of duties. They trailed deserters across hundreds of miles, formed military posses where they were needed. At times such duty was the best a Soldier could have, for the men often set up camps deep in California's Yosemite, Sequoia, and Grant national parks. There they rounded up cattle and sheep-rustlers, disarmed anyone caught carrying weapons without special authority, protected game in the parks, arrested timber stealers, and often, fought raging forest fires. Then came the Spanish-American War and a renewed interest in bicycle-mounted troops.

Moss received orders to. regroup his force. Now he was in command of 100 men, all trained to use the bicycle as a well-disciplined military force. Once he had selected the men best suited for the new cycle corps, Moss had each bicycle fitted with a special clip fastened to the left side of the frame, where rifles were carried muzzle to the front and barrel up. Diablo? The tension clip was designed to let a man snatch his weapon from the clip for immediate use. Moss had learned his lessons well on his 1,900-mile trip, when the weight and clumsiness of a rifle slung across a man's back was nearly too much to endure along with other privations.

He also armed each man with a double-action revolver, kept in a holster strapped to his right hip. Moss never went to Obama essay [nation-state] war with the Reasons why we shouldnt have homework, 25 th Infantry Bicycle Corps. The war didn't last long enough. Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and his cavalry troop of Rough Riders stormed San. Juan Hill and three months after the war began it was ended. The Army took up occupation duties in Obama essay, Cuba. Resigned to on money evil remaining forever in Montana, Moss was surprised when he received emergency orders for shipped out to Cuba. All hell had broken loose in Havana. In the wet summer season there was an explosive spread of yellow fever and Obama, a mild form of malaria.

Cubans and occupying American troops alike were affected, but the Do my legal homework, local citizens heaped blame on the United States Army, taking to the streets with mob violence and riots. The United States hastily withdrew its own stricken Soldiers and Maj. Essay? Gen. Nelson A. Miles sent out a call for Moss and his all-new bicycle force. Two days later Moss and Reasons why we shouldnt have homework school round, his 100 picked men were on a train to Tampa, Florida, where they moved quickly aboard a waiting troopship. No sooner had they disembarked in. Havana than they were rushed into immediate riot-control duty. There was no question that their appearance caught the Obama essay, attention of the Essay is everything, Cubans, although the first reaction was one of loud laughter. The sight of black Soldiers on bicycles wheeling to scenes of trouble brought its mixture of scorn and amusement. Obama Essay? The chuckles died away when they watched the disciplined order of Moss and his men who, heavily armed, rode unflinchingly into Reasons school the worst trouble spots in the Cuban city. For a while the Cubans held back.

Then the incidence of fever increased sharply and amused tolerance exploded again into anger. Moss and Obama, his cyclists were busy day and night dispersing crowds and stopping mobs in writing 3, the streets. There were so many incidents that a force five times greater than the 25 th Infantry Bicycle Corps could never have dealt with them all. Yet wherever Moss and essay, his men appeared they put down the rioting mobs. Their technique was to approach in groups from different sides of the crowd, who suddenly found themselves facing a hundred heavily armed and determined men . If the cyclists encountered a crowd that seemed determined to why we school year break through their ranks, the men would dismount, stack their bicycles into a barricade , and essay, present a solid force of firepower. Against all the pessimistic forecasts for Essay, a force of only a hundred men, the Moss troop was given credit as the major factor in stopping a potential destruction in its tracks . Oddly enough, the Obama essay, bicycle troops never had to resort to their weapons.

In fact, they didn't have to fire so much as a warning shot-an incredible testimonial to their effectiveness. The men stayed on twenty-four-hour duty until the outbreak of write a lab report introduction with abstract fever subsided and the threat of mob outbreaks eased away. Moss and his men returned to Montana with their weapons unused, but with a ringing tribute to the effectiveness of military bicycle forces. Yet many observers hesitated to accept the Obama essay, bicycle as a major element in the military. Riot duty was one thing, they noted, not without justification. [Nation-state] Combat was another. That test was to Respect for students responsibility come just one year later. War broke out in 1899 on the plains of essay South Africa.

It was called the Boer War after the Dutch farmers of that land who decided to implement armed resistance against the British advance into the territories of the area. Their resentment began thirteen years earlier when the discovery of gold brought a swarm of British miners and prospectors to the Dutch farmlands . To control the newcomers the Boer government refused them citizenship and imposed severe taxes on almost every activity in which they engaged. The British, as might have been expected, vigorously protested such shabby treatment, accepting the moves of the Boers as a direct challenge to responsibility the Crown. The situation went from Obama essay bad to worse when, in 1895, Sir Leander Starr Jameson carried out an unexpected military raid against the Boers. The Dutch on their part shouted that the on money is everything, Jameson raid was an ill-concealed British attempt to seize the Transvaal. In mutual self-interest the locals immediately formed a military alliance of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. One action begets another. The British reacted with the claim that the Obama essay, alliance was a subterfuge to essay for students deny deserved commercial rights to Obama essay their citizens, and for students, demanded the disbanding of the new alliance and the withdrawal of military. forces.

No one yielded and on Obama October 12, 1899, both sides plunged into open conflict. Perhaps the single most important piece of writing 3 equipment brought to South Africa by the British military force was the bicycle. The British commander had judged with great wisdom the Obama essay, problems peculiar to the country his troops would face. And the first lesson he observed was that reliance upon the horse, traditional in regions such as South Africa, would be a disaster. The mortality rate among such animals was nothing less than crippling. To have based his field operations upon Scholarly diablo horse-mounted troops, with the loss of the horses through disease and sickness, could have crippled his men and left them at the mercy of essay their enemies. At the essay responsibility, same time, he needed mobility. The nature of the land called for Obama, great flexibility in moving his forces from one danger point to another.

For this purpose the British made their gamble on the bicycle. If they were right, then British troops would be able to move with much greater speed than' could the Boer Soldiers, and the British would enjoy the advantage of being able to select their battlegrounds, as well as being able to press after enemy forces. Thousands of bicycles arrived with the report abstract, British. They were given, as first priority, to the combat troops, although they were in Obama essay, great demand with virtually everyone else. The bicycle carried supplies, permitted rapid communication and Reasons shouldnt homework school round, transport, and served as a substitute for Obama, horses, without the attendant problems of food supplies and diseased animals. The bicycle became synonymous with the British in South Africa and prompted one African, upon seeing his first bicycle under way with a British Soldier riding se- renely by to comment: Trust the English to invent a way of traveling while sitting down . During its initial use in South Africa, the bicycle faced many of the problems other military forces had encountered in the field. The machines were heavy, required excessive maintenance and, unless surface conditions were reasonable, they often had to be abandoned by troops who were forced to is everything keep moving in essay, field operations. All that changed when Dursley Pederson applied common sense and skilled engineering to the problem, and essay helper with abortion, produced a folding bicycle that weighed only fifteen pounds . Soldiers who were issued the new machines quickly devised carrying straps and slings for the folded bicycles, and overnight the problems of Obama moving through terrain impassable to any wheeled vehicle disappeared. On good terrain the troops could travel from forty to sixty miles a day with full equipment. When they encountered uncharted and rough surfaces, the men folded their bicycles into a compact and manageable size, lashed them to their backs, and kept moving on write introduction abstract foot.

The moment they were back on reasonable ground, the essay, folded machines were reassembled, and the men were moving swiftly in why we shouldnt homework year round, pursuit of their enemy. No force on foot could hope to escape the Obama essay, cyclist troops . The advantages of the 3, bicycle were never brought home more forcibly than when British and African Soldiers were chasing their enemy holed up in distant sanctuaries. So long as the Boers knew the general distance of their camps from the British and Africans, they assumed they had a built-in time safety factor. But too often they judged that time on the basis of Obama essay troops on foot. They were completely unprepared for the silent swift strikes of men on bicycles. Scholarly Diablo 3? The British and African cycle.

troops covered ground quickly, and were able to Obama essay move into encirclement positions without detection by their unsuspecting foes. Then they had the choice of swift attack, often firing from moving bicycles for surprise effect, or moving up close to their enemy and making a rush on foot. A year later the war was considered all but ended. The British landed heavy reinforcements under the command of Lord Kitchener, and the newly arrived troops moved across South Africa in a well-planned mopping-up maneuver. The campaign fizzled out when the Boers chose not to stand and fight. Argumentative Essay? Instead they slipped away from the concentrations of British troops to begin two years of guerrilla warfare.

Once again the key factor, where the Obama essay, British were concerned, was the fast mobility of field forces. And the bicycle became the critical element of How to write a lab report abstract that mobility. Kitchener's troops were forced to comb the Obama, guerrilla country section-by-section. So long as the British had to move on foot, the Boers could always keep one step ahead of them. But not ahead of bicycle troops, who could move with many times the Boers' speed. If they remained holed up, the helper with, British had plenty of time to move in heavy siege forces.

If the Boers fled, they were sure to be overtaken by hundreds of Obama fresh, heavily armed men on Do my bicycles. Unable to deal with these tactics, outflanked and outmaneuvered by the Bicycle-Soldiers, the Boers capitulated on May 31, 1902. The bicycle emerged from the Boer War with its vital role in combat field forces no longer in Obama, question. Theory had been replaced with performance. Questions, had been shunted aside by victories. The bicycle had ridden off to Essay on money evil war an unknown machine, but it emerged from Obama its first major conflict with flying colors. Argumentative With Abortion? It proved able to essay travel where no horse had ever penetrated . It conquered South Africa's densest brush, rolled along its narrow trails, and sped across fields and writing, roads quickly and silently, demanding no more support than a lubricating can and a pocket wrench. The military bicycle had come of Obama essay age. Chapter 6: Along the Trenches.

The first light of day came reluctantly, if it preferred the hiding cloak of darkness. Yet the earth rolled ponderously about its axis, and introduction, no wish or hope could stay the thin sliver of gray that began to splinter the eastern horizon. As the sky brightened, it passed through a brief period when the slanting rays of the sun- touched high clouds, first with deep pink, then glowing yellow, and finally white, all before the sun itself climbed above the visible edge of the world. In that quiet moment hundreds of thousands of men lifted their eyes upward, regretting the brightness that would follow, that would reveal to them the scarred horror of essay a world gone mad. For in the area of France where the river Marne flowed, terrible things had been done to evil the earth, now lying stark in the growing day. The fields and essay, the farms, the banks of streams and the slopes of Respect for students gentle hills, the orchards and valleys, all had been attacked and essay, laid bare to their earthly bones. In every direction across the countryside holes gaped like great blind eyes-holes made by bursting shells.

Slicing crazily through the essay, mindless pattern of destruction were other scars, zigzag things carved from the soil by Obama men desperate to escape the reach of jacketed steel and Respect for students responsibility, glowing fragments. and powder that shattered all about it, especially the fragile bodies of Obama men. Yet, despite the Essay, disease that scarred the land, there was still beauty to be found. Obama? It was fleeting, to be sure, and not all men who looked upon it saw the same thing. To some it was beauty.

To others it was nothing, for they stared upon the world with eyes too long vacant. Respect Essay? And finally, to another group of hard-eyed men, the essay, beauty that was the early morning mist gliding from the Marne River was a gossamer shield behind which they might conceal themselves from enemies. On the essay, south side of the Marne was a group of men with bicycles. Some kept on their machines, patiently waiting, with legs comfortably wide for balance. Others had left their cycles and sat or sprawled on the ground, awaiting the signal that would galvanize them into action. But all of them studied the Obama essay, mist that drifted from the rippling gray surface of the Marne. The cottony soft mist sheathed river and surrounding. countryside in a hush of a lab report introduction with abstract its own making. At a touch of Obama breeze the mist swirled, sending tendrils exploring upward along the river banks, reaching high enough to glide along the lower structure of a bridge spanning the a lab introduction, river and into the village of Mt. St. Pere. There was a false security in that mist.

It soothed the minds of men, and for this the cyclists south of the bridge were grateful. They were Germans, and Obama, they were deep in the land of their French enemy. The mist also lulled the French into a pervasive security that was perilously thin and insubstantial. A German trooper, his hand moving with a subconscious desire for reassurance from his weapons, slapped gently at the side of a lethal machine gun on which he sat, balanced, waiting for the moment to roll forward. The. trooper nodded to himself. He thought of the French just beyond that mist and Reasons shouldnt have, a thin smile came to Obama essay his lips. Turning slowly, he glanced about him again, then nodded with satisfaction. His men, soldiers of the 1 st Bicycle Company, Rifleman Battalion of the Guards of the German Army, had traveled a long way through a treacherous night.

In the midst of the enemy, the German cyclists had struggled through more than twenty miles of muddy roads, unexpected embankments, and open fields. They had managed to is everything evil escape the attention of French patrols and to work their way through mine fields. Moving with careful discipline, the entire force on bicycles had penetrated deep into French-controlled territory. Now, looking down from a slope on the iron-and-concrete bridge spanning the Marne River to Mt. St.Pere, they waited out the final minutes of essay their daring operation. The bridge across the Marne, shrouded in the swirling, sound-deadening mists. It was critical to the operations of both the Germans and the French. Everything had to be timed perfectly.

If the German troopers continued moving with the clockwork precision they had sustained through the night, then even the daring of their presence would be far exceeded by what they would next attempt. For they had come here to snatch the bridge from the hands of an on money is everything, enemy force well established on its own ground . A force well dug in, that far outnumbered that of the Germans, was backed with artillery, communications to bring up immediate reinforcements, and had a further advantage of zeroing in its weapons from different sides to defend the bridge. The Germans, on their part, had allies the French lacked: surprise and audacity. The last minutes ticked away. By the first day of September in 1914 the Great War was still less than overwhelming in Obama essay, its dimensions. Do My? The combatants had succeeded in wrecking enormous areas of essay land, and at times the bloodletting on both sides was staggering. Yet the fighting was still, as tacticians described it, rather straightforward.

Combat leaders were to on money evil accept specific areas for fighting the enemy. Obama? It was essentially a static front war, with sluggish movement on Reasons why we homework year both sides; a battle of two massive elephants grinding slowly at one another. Thus the German trooper who came up with the idea of bicycle troops, outfitted with machine guns, to Obama serve as a swift-moving advance guard before a main body of Scholarly writing 3 troops, was actually a man of audacious, almost reckless, thought. He was flirting with things beyond the Obama, accepted pattern of military operations. The idea was ridiculous. But the officers of the German 5 th Cavalry Division agreed among themselves that it was so ridiculous the last people to admit its possibility would be the Respect for students, French. Which meant that if they were too hidebound in their thinking to conceive of fast advance guards on bicycles, then it was most likely they would not grant to the Germans such an innovation in thinking . Ergo, the French would be particularly vulnerable to a surprise strike with such a force. So it was with the essay, bicycle.

The Germans were under no misconception about the use of the bicycle with foot Soldiers. It could liberate them from the restricted pace of a march on foot, and open up many additional miles to swift-wheeling cyclists . But that was as far as it went, where the French were concerned. An army with tens of. thousands of bicycles aIong its frontline units, like the French, was chained to limited thinking. For it was the official line among the French military leaders that the bicycle was strictly for transport , and could be effective only when that transport took place under the heavy protection of massed French arms. Logistics, to responsibility the French, was the goal for Obama essay, the bicycle, and not exposure to essay responsibility enemy guns that could tear cyclist troops limb from limb. By this line of essay reasoning, then, it was obvious that any troops of bicycle Soldiers that pedaled away from this protection was doomed to being cut to pieces. They must remain with the main force. This was a fact life. Of course, where the French went wrong was assuming that what was obvious to them would be equally clear to the Germans. The stultified French thinking, and lack of Do my homework imagination was the first breach in Obama essay, the defense wall along the Marne River.

Thus the German moves began with an already existing safety factor-the shortsightedness of their enemy . On the night of September 2, 1914, the lead elements of the Scholarly writing, 1 st Bicycle Company, Rifleman Battalion slipped away from their frontline positions. Advance scouts studying the area until the Obama essay, last touch of day vanished reported all was well. The French had pulled back within their defense positions. There might be a scouting patrol that night, but otherwise the French were holing up for the hours of darkness. The Marne twisted as it went through the town of Mt. St. How To Introduction? Pere, and essay, the main French force had dug in their bridgehead on the north bank. Across the bridge, along the south bank, the French maintained another defensive force. The. latter group was intended solely to safeguard the approaches to homework school round the bridge. If there was to essay be any attack against the bridge, the defenders would have more than enough time to both sound the alarm and hold off their attackers, while the main body of troops roared forth from the stronger positions along the north bank.

It was the type of strategy that induced commanders to shift responsibility to is everything evil subordinates, and the subordinates, in turn, naturally did everything the easiest way possible. As the German troops rolled silently through the night, all protruding pieces of metal were muffled, with cloth so that no betraying sounds would alert the Obama, French troops sprawled in deep slumber. Only a handful of guards were up, and Reasons have homework school round, these few paid little attention to the approaches leading to the bridge. What could possibly threaten them or the bridge they guarded? The nearest enemy forces were more than twenty miles away. And how could they get there without being noticed? If they walked it would take them, all that night and longer, and they would be exposed by daylight, and essay, decimated by superior French firepower. Would the with, Germans approach by Obama essay motor transport? Not very likely, for the sound of motorcycles or trucks would have been heard for miles.

What about Reasons shouldnt homework school year round, horses? Again the sound would have been a fatal giveaway. No, there had not been a sound during the night. Essay? The outlying posts had heard nothing, seen nothing. So one would be foolish not to legal relax, to get a good night's rest, to count on essay the few sentries who had the task of scanning the approaches to the bridge. Morning came, and in essay for students responsibility, the faint light of the new day the world was wreathed in heavy mists from the river. A stillness to essay make one forget the war. Enjoy the moment while it was there. The German troopers checked their watches.

The weariness that came with the forced ride of more than twenty miles--and with maintaining absolute silence--was now gone. Essay Is Everything? As the last moments of their carefully followed plan slid away, adrenalin rushed through their bodies, bringing them to full alertness. They had managed the first of essay several impossible steps by arriving where they were without detection. Now they must press that advantage. The German commander scanned his cyclists, took a look at Essay on money is everything evil his watch, then raised his arm for the signal. The others stood ready, right feet poised on pedals, prepared for the sudden downswing to get started. The commander dropped his arm. The cyclist troops rushed forward to strike, still enveloped in silence, but now racing toward their still-unsuspecting foe.

The advance team of essay German cyclists took advantage of the steep down-slope toward the legal homework, river. There, along the south bank, was the main defense element guarding the approaches to the bridge. They had to be knocked: out first. As the Obama, cyclists rushed down; they spread apart , allowing a preplanned distance between each man. Why We Shouldnt Have School Year Round? And as they closed the distance between themselves and essay, the unsuspecting French, they prepared to open fire. The strike was made in two prongs. First came the advance group, streaming down hill, fanning out, preparing to chew into the collection of French tents . Directly behind them was the main striking force that kept to the road, bunching together for greater fire support, heading directly for the bridge, and prepared to go storming across that vital passageway. The Germans wanted not to capture the bridge, which would' have meant bringing up heavy reinforcements, but to destroy it, so that it could not be used. by the Argumentative essay helper, French to counter a planned offensive by the German army. Potential Mountain Bike Handlebar Weapon: Full-Automatic Pistols.

Everyman rode forward with his left hand gripping his handlebar and his right hand clutching the Obama, trigger and Reasons have homework year round, butt of his machine gun . Moving in behind the main force on the road was a third force on bicycles. But these men, instead of being machine gunners, were sappers, loaded down with demolition charges . The lead team of cyclists rode toward the enemy, waiting for Obama essay, the prearranged signal to commence firing. It came suddenly, a shattering explosive roar as the commander squeezed his trigger. Have Homework? Instantly the others opened fire dozens of machine guns roaring violently. The men had spread out, enough now so that their deadly fire tore into the rows and clusters of tents . In a few brief seconds the French bridgehead force, intended to hold off any attack, was decimated. Men were killed where they slept. Bullets screamed through thin canvas and tore into bodies. Those not killed outright rose up in Obama, panic, rushing out for students, blindly with their weapons so they might see their attackers.

They. were caught in a devastating crossfire, The men on essay bicycles continued their dash downslope, firing in long bursts that tumbled French Soldiers from their feet, and sent them rushing for cover. Now they were cut to ribbons by another team of German cyclists. These men had dismounted and setup machine guns to sweep the tent area. As the French Soldiers dashed out of their tents to avoid the diablo 3, fire of the men racing at them, they were riddled by essay the machine guns chattering from the side. It wasn't even a fight. Instead, the cyclists attack had been so effective, so devastating, that the French.

troops had no chance to defend themselves . Those who escaped from their tents and from the write a lab introduction, hail of bullets all about them, could only flee for their lives. The Germans continued their hammering fire as the enemy Soldiers, many of them clad only in socks and underwear , threw themselves frantically into the river, trying to escape by swimming away, or concealing themselves against the lower bank. This was good enough for the Germans, for their mission was to destroy or pin down the bridgehead defense force so it could not interfere with the main body of cyclists. On the bridge there was pandemonium within the ranks of the guards on duty. The staccato roar of machine guns brought them upright--just in essay, time to legal homework be cut down by the withering fire of the main body of Obama essay German cyclists, already on evil the bridge and racing for the north bank. The few guards on the bridge never even slowed down the Germans. Pedaling furiously, they rushed across the bridge and swept up the opposite side. The lead cyclists were already firing into the main body of French troops, and once again the carnage was repeated. With no warning, completely unexpected, a savage band of men with machine guns had exploded in the midst of the French. Those who rushed from their positions with guns at essay the ready were met with a wicked fusillade from both flanks. On the south bank, the Scholarly writing diablo, cyclists who had decimated the Obama essay, defenders were now in Argumentative essay helper, secure positions and essay, blazing away with covering fire to legal homework protect their men who had rushed across the bridge . No matter which way the French turned they were whipsawed by the lethal crossfire from the German machine guns.

Badly outnumbered, the Obama essay, invaders had the satisfaction of writing 3 seeing the French in complete turmoil. Within moments the survivors of the Obama essay, French units were throwing down their arms; In the river, dozens of Scholarly writing diablo 3 bodies floating beneath the bridge were' staining the water a bloody red. Other French Soldiers were sprawled grotesquely along the Obama essay, banks, like dolls hurled away and crumpled in essay helper with abortion, anger. Essay? The firing began to die away as the French came into the open, demoralized and Respect, shocked, their hands held high. An entire French force posted along the north bank was captured intact. The Germans kept moving with incredible precision. Machine gunners herded the captives across the bridge to the south side, where they were started moving at Obama essay double time back toward the is everything evil, German lines. These men now served a dual role-as captives and as insurance against immediate assault, for a counter strike against the Germans now would result in thus committing murderous mayhem upon the French prisoners. As soon as the surrendering French Soldiers had been herded across the Obama essay, bridge the enemy sappers received word to go ahead with their assigned job. On Money? Their bicycles were safely on the south side of the essay, river. The Germans placed dynamite in strategic spots along the span, connected the wires, unrolled those wires as they raced from the bridge to concealment, detonated their charges.

A sheet of Scholarly diablo bright flame erupted outward, followed instantly by a, thunderclap of sound as the Obama, explosives went off. Huge chunks of concrete and iron hurtled through the air, followed by clouds of dense, acrid smoke. Moments later the placid gray surface of the Essay on money, Marne boiled with the debris crashing into it. Well before the gentle morning wind pushed the essay, sudden rising smoke and spray to one side, the Germans were hurrying back to their own front lines, herding their prisoners before them. Respect Essay? They moved quickly and they kept up their.

pace for hours. Obama Essay? By the time they were back with their own unit, the on money, story of their incredible mission was spreading like wildfire through the ranks. The story, incredible as it seemed when it was heard by officials on both sides, was true enough. The bridge at Mt. St. Pere had been wrecked, blown apart and hurled into the river. The French guard along the south bank had been torn to pieces, the men surprised and thrust into chaos and confusion. Obama Essay? The strong garrison forces along the Essay on money evil, north bank had been caught in their quarters, their strength slashed, their ability to fight seriously hampered. Obama? Most of the men were either dead, missing, or prisoners.

And the Germans had suffered only a few casualties during the daring foray. They had fought a brilliant military action and Argumentative essay helper with, retired safely and swiftly to their own lines. And they'd done it on bicycles . Where were the Obama essay, British Bicycle-Troops at Arnhem? Germans on Bicycles Repulse Them in 1944. If nothing else; the French knew how to nurse their wounded pride . Essay Is Everything? The incident across the Marne River at Mt. St. Pere sent repercussions all the way back to Obama Paris.

The French had suffered, more than their killed, wounded, missing, and prisoners. More than the loss of the Scholarly diablo 3, vital bridge. The Germans hap rubbed their heavy boots in the French nose. Obama Essay? And they'd gone so deep within French lines. Let it not be said that the French could not profit from their losses. Six days after the disaster at a lab with Mt.

St. Pere a French commander, convinced the essay, Germans would never dream that the French might give them a dose of their own medicine, sent a strong force of bicycle troops beyond the French front lines, deep into German territory. Their mission? No bridge this time. No working up slowly to a specific target. Their mission was to get into the. midst of the enemy, who would not be expecting swift and silent mobility-and to legal raise general havoc. Which is precisely what the French did. They threw a temporary bridge across the Marne at Mt.

St. Pere, they brought equipment over by boat, and when the Germans least expected it, French troops rode like ghosts into their outposts. The bicycles permitted them to challenge strongpoints from essay different sides, all at the same time , and the French, eager for revenge, were off on a shoot and shouldnt year round, run operation that wreaked no small havoc among their enemy. Operations such as these, especially that of the Germans, who had executed their mission with precision, daring, and extraordinary effect, could not help but have reactions throughout the different high commands. Within a month of the incident at Mt. Essay? St. Pere, the allied armies of the abortion, French, the Obama essay, Belgians, and the British had thrown into the combat zones more than a quarter of Essay evil a million bicycles . The Germans were already well-equipped with the two-wheel vehicles, and they responded, wherever conditions dictated, with strong bicycle troop operations of their own. Both sides did their best to use the bicycle in the roles for which it was best suited. It was hardly a combination of mobility and heavy weapons transport, but it was excellent for scouting, foraging, and reconnaissance. Bicyclists could move well ahead of an advancing force to Obama search out the best roads and surface conditions.

They could study the lay of the land for enemy strongpoints and, like all scouting forces, could often determine enemy dispositions by have school deliberately drawing fire . A rather risky way to do a job, but sometimes the only one available. Some officers of the First World War likened the bicycles. in such roles to fast-moving wraiths that always kept one jump ahead of the essay, enemy trying to knock them out. One man on a bicycle, who could use his eyes and helper with abortion, ears and essay, get back with his information, was worth more than a thousand men committed to a battle where the disposition of the write a lab introduction, enemy was in question. The combat bicycles that came into wide use with the allied armies were of the essay, latest designs, equipped with three-speed gear systems that made it possible for their riders to on money is everything evil cycle over essay almost any kind of report introduction with road, without suffering the injuries associated with the older hernia horrors . Soon a common sight along the frontline areas was a combat patrol on bicycles, peddling in low gear along a muddy and essay, rutted road, but with normal riding effort and also with excellent sustained speed. A sort of personal combat flavor arose along certain, areas of the front, much in Respect, the manner of the jousting that marked aerial combat in the fabric flivvers of the Obama essay, age. Patrol leaders took pride in the capabilities of their bicycle troops, and fierce-and often fatal-competition developed between allied and Essay on money, enemy bicycle groups.

They developed unwritten rules of warfare, much as did the pilots in Fokkers and Sopwiths. At times the exchange of fire between small groups exploded into Obama essay huge frays of bicycle-mounted forces, as great armies wheeled to evil have at one another. Finally, just as happened in the air, individualities melted away in the sheer numbers and horror of the war. Even when bicycles were replaced in many sectors by Obama essay powerful motorcycles, the for students, foot-powered machine more than held its own for combat situations where stealth was all important. While bicycle brigades hacked and blasted one. another in the open along the front lines, commando cyclists took advantage of the silence of essay their vehicles at night to penetrate rear areas of enemy territory. In any war, personal stories emerge as reflections of the larger and faceless mass of men who were engaged in the business of trying to destroy one another. These Individual tales are valuable arid evocative as emblematic of the larger canvas of action. Such is the case concerning Corporal Walter Roberts, whose bicycle got him into is everything terrible trouble, kept him in essay, backbreaking work while a prisoner of the Germans, and also provided his means of escape--a rare case indeed of a man's fortune being welded to the frame of his own machine! Roberts was a Welsh dispatch rider who made the unfortunate mistake of pedaling directly in front, of the rifle sights of a nest of German snipers.

Riding for his life as shots rang out Do my homework, suddenly, Roberts felt the essay, impact of a high-velocity bullet smashing into his rear tire. The Welshman didn't hesitate for an instant. The moment the bullet struck he hurled himself into a ditch alongside the Argumentative essay helper abortion, road, letting the bicycle go spinning off by itself. Roberts discovered quickly, as bullets smacked the Obama essay, ground about him, that the refuge he had selected was extremely low, and hardly the best place to be while German snipers made sport of his presence. Beyond the ditch stretched a turnip field, and the now-frantic Roberts worked his way forward, face pressed in dirt and leaves, belly hard against the ground, hoping to find a shell hole or depression that would hide him from the hornet-buzzing of bullets.

No matter where he moved, a bullet sang its death cry just before him, close to his feet, or on either side of him. It slowly dawned on Roberts that had the Germans wanted him dead by now he would have been riddled from his skull. to his feet. They were using him for sport! His suspicions were confirmed when one sniper expertly sent a round directly through the crown of Roberts' dispatch rider's cap. He needed no further demonstrations. Immediately, while still lying on the. ground, he brought both hands into the air, above the school year, field of turnips. When no further shots were fired, and he heard the sound of Obama German laughter, or Roberts clambered slowly, to his feet, his hands thrust as high as he could get them. The Germans waved him forward, and How to, Roberts was made a prisoner; at which time the grinning Germans (who could easily have killed him at any time) stripped him of his revolver, knife, dispatch, and Obama, other papers. Roberts gratitude at having his life spared was immediately modified and color by ensuing events.

Any idea he might have entertained that the Germans had suffered compassion evaporated quickly. The snipers, who moved in a group, from one area to another, were weary of carrying their heavy supplies. And there was this stranger on a bicycle. Don't kill him, friends let use him! They did. While grinning Germans held his rifle casually on him, Roberts repaired the puncture in his bicycle's rear tire.

When everything was in good order the squad of essay helper with abortion snipers came up with their, supplies and gear. The bicycle became heavier and Obama, heavier as Roberts tied and How to a lab report with, lashed everything together. When he could barely stand with the machine, the Germans tied a small bag of biscuits for Obama essay, Roberts to eat, and with the muzzle of a rifle prodded him into activity. Cpl. Walter Roberts was now, the private packhorse of a squad of skilled German killers, and Essay, watching them at their work made it all too obvious just how slim his chances were of getting away alive. Well, at least it was better than. being penned up in a prison camp. His captors made certain that Roberts remained in good health and decently fed. He would be of no use to them as a weakling. For five weeks Roberts hauled the equipment and supplies of the German sniper squad from one place of Obama essay concealment to another.

Every time he thought he might have a chance to escape he studied the situation with extra care, then changed his mind because the chances far success seemed so dubious. But as he walked and diablo 3, wheeled his heavily loaded bicycle through fields of essay deep mud, along back roads, and through heavy brush, he never stopped looking far opportunities. Finally, late one afternoon, the moment came. Homework? It was near sunset. The snipers were fully deployed in combat gear, waiting in a carefully planned ambush for a squad of British troops who were approaching their position from the east. The snipers did their job with thoroughness. They left nothing to chance, and their ambush was so set up that the British Soldiers were facing directly into the blinding light of the essay, sun. That could work for me as well , Roberts thought. He knew the essay responsibility, Germans had already came to Obama accept his presence as part of their own squad. They were concentrating so hard on helper abortion the anticipated ambush that they had actually dismissed Roberts from their minds. As the Obama, Germans kept their sights on Argumentative helper with abortion the approaching squad, Roberts casually began to unload the heavy supplies from his bicycle.

No one paid any attention to him. A shot cracked out and Roberts flinched, dropping to one knee. Another shot sound, the Obama essay, bigger, the faster the Scholarly diablo, trucks, cars, motorcycles, fighters, and bombers, the more frantically they were sought. We grasped eagerly at anything that expandimself onto his. bicycle, leaning far forward and pedaling far his life. Not toward the British but away from them---straight into the brilliant setting sun. Anyone who looked his way could hardly see him, and besides, the Germans suddenly had a thundering fight, an their hands. Roberts wheeled wildly down a slope, swung along a ditch out of sight of the German snipers, and began the long turn back to essay the east. That night he showed up at his command headquarters, a ghost who had been given up for legal homework, dead. Before the long, dreary, and bloody war reached its end, the military cyclist was part and parcel of the Obama, vast system of machinery used to Do my legal carryon the fight.

Almost every duty that required transport and mobility fell to the lot of the cyclists-from rear-area carrying of messages to Obama essay mortal combat in and behind the Scholarly writing 3, front lines. Small groups of cyclists grew to essay complete brigades shipped to the front, and essay abortion, they formed the major elements from Obama which entire campaigns were begun. By the time the war ended in November of 1918, more than six thousand cyclist troops had met their death in combat; another eight thousand were seriously wounded; and Do my, tens of Obama essay thousands more were listed as missing or taken prisoner. The cyclist troopers thus took their place among the Respect essay, bravest of the brave. Chapter 7: Between the Wars.

What the bicycle could do in the big war it could also accomplish in small wars. Small wars is one way of describing insurrections, revolts, uprisings, takeovers, revolutions, protests, overthrow of authority, guerrilla warfare, and disruption. Obama Essay? [EDITOR: a more accurate description is that large wars are NATION-STATE WARS (NSWs) and a lab report introduction with, small wars are SUB-NATIONAL CONFLICTS (SNCs).] The echo of huge artillery shells was still dying away across the battlefields of continental Europe when new fighting broke out in the British Isles. The Irish Volunteers, fed to the teeth with what they considered to be repression, launched a campaign of hit-and-run -tactics, neatly mixed with devastating ambushes that sundered the country. The hard-pressed Irish Volunteers, as already noted, found the quick and quiet bicycle the perfect weapon with which to Obama inflict punishment upon a superior military force and armed police. To stand and fight was to invite disaster. The only way to strike hard and survive was to hew strictly to the strategy of hit-and-run raids. The bicycle brought the guerrilla combatants to the scene of their raids and removed them as silently and swiftly as they had come. A world in Scholarly diablo 3, which many great nations had been bled white found no way to Obama essay exist without powerful military forces. Argumentative Helper With Abortion? No matter what other problems bedeviled a country, government leaders considered (and not entirely without reason) that not to maintain a powerful armed force was to invite disaster from one's neighbors. Essay? The economic disaster of World War I, and accompanying minor conflicts, also demanded the maximum military for the minimum dollar. (That attitude hasn't changed.

Today the reference is to the biggest bang-for-the-buck .) To meet these special needs, military leaders studied the why we shouldnt homework school year, lessons of the massive war that had just been fought. Obama Essay? More than a half-million bicycles had been in use by the various combatants at one time. And this same bicycle imposed no economic hardship in mass numbers as did the horse or the motor vehicle. The demands of essay for students peacetime military forces are different from those same forces in time of war. It's easy too see that if you need a patrol to essay cover thirty miles a day, day after day, and month after month, you're going to be faced with a staggering logistics consumption. Using supplies is only the top of the Reasons why we have homework year, iceberg. You've got to produce those supplies, purchase them, store them and ship them to Obama essay their destination before they're consumed.

Keep this up for months and years and Essay is everything evil, the economic load becomes staggering. The Great War had ended, but smaller wars were raging, and the combatants in these head-bashing episodes had no choice but to make maximum use of the minimum material available. Obama Essay? The strife chewing up the green fields and Scholarly writing diablo 3, lovely villages of Ireland was perhaps the best example. From all the various requirements of conflicting groups one vehicle emerged that met all economic needs: the bicycle. At this point, then, the bicycle acquired its between-wars popularity.

Military needs, hobbled by economic restrictions, demanded total performance from the two-wheelers, which remained free from fuel, food, or shelter require- ments. Even the most volatile critic of armed forces could hardly criticize the bicycle. The widespread acceptance of the bicycle by national armed forces had one glaring exception-the United States . The record of the Obama, American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during World War I in Europe made it all too clear that the bicycle was an idler's toy-at least in the minds of write a lab our military leaders. The two-wheelers that arrived in Europe with the AEF, were allotted strictly for odd jobs-carrying mail, personal transport in Obama, local areas-in general, for How to write with abstract, us wherever it was easier to pedal than to Obama essay walk. No native resistance to the bicycle generated this attitude. Rather, the homework year, United States had a smashing love affair going with all mechanical objects that roared and Obama essay, thundered and Do my, spewed forth exhaust gases. The more powerful, the bigger, the faster the essay, trucks, cars, motorcycles, fighters, and bombers, the more frantically they were sought. We grasped eagerly at anything that expanded our horizons and increased our performance.

This was an honest, if economically costly, attitude in the postwar period. Experienced men swept aside the bicycle because motorized machines were faster, could carry heavier loads, and had vastly greater endurance. Machines meant heavy weapons moving quickly over long distances. When the argument was put forth that the bicycle was superior in the economic sense, the answer was that economics were overshadowed by the need for How to introduction with abstract, performance. There was no shortage of fuel, nor was there likely to be any. It could also be argued that, on this basis of thinking, the steamship was an economic disaster compared to Obama essay the great sailing ships.

And to essay helper continue this line of reasoning, the essay, ox-drawn cart could feed itself en route, whereas the locomotive had to rely upon for students responsibility coal, oil, and water. Such arguments can, of course, become specious. It would be unfair to pass on from this attitude without a word about the Obama essay, philosophy underlying the decision of the United States to ignore the bicycle as a major adjunct to our armies. We were a nation of vast distances . Europe was, in comparison a collection of small states with short distances between lands of Scholarly writing 3 different governments and languages. A man could ride a bicycle for two days in Europe and cross several national borders. He could do the same in the United States and crawl an inch or two on a map. The inclination to essay count upon motorized transport was a natural one and best suited to our needs. For all these reasons it came to pass that between the two world wars the United States kept the bicycle relegated to on money the status of an interesting experiment, or simply a transport or recreation device, while other nations, combined, put more than a million men on two-wheelers. Any vehicle-or other form of equipment-is developed for military use on the basis of what may be done with that vehicle.

So it was with the bicycle. Experiments had taken place in the past involving the projected use of the essay, bicycle in essay responsibility, two-, three-, and four-wheeled versions for essay, hauling rapid-fire weapons into combat areas. The glorious predictions for year round, such machines usually collapsed when it came to essay their practical use in the field. Testing a bicycle on Scholarly 3 a paved surface, as we have seen, is a far cry from trying to pedal that same machine through a road reduced to sucking mud. And a man who is exhausted from Obama that kind of effort will soon heave the offending machine to the side and revert to Essay is everything evil walking. One of the Obama essay, problems of hauling heavy weapons about on bicycles, when conditions were less than perfect, was the. weight and cumbersome shape and size of the weapons themselves. All this was to change in the years following World War I. New metal alloys, vastly improved ammunition, and air-cooled automatic weapons, all brought such powerful instruments to Reasons why we shouldnt homework manageable size and weight, so that their use with bicycle-borne transport became a sensible venture. The bicycle itself had gone through a steady evolution. Its metal frame was lighter and stronger than ever before.

The wheels could endure far more punishment than older machines could have absorbed. New ball bearings, lubrication systems, drive trains-everything had undergone improvements. Gear systems had advanced to the extent that a man could pedal up a long slope with a heavily loaded machine as easily as a lightly loaded vehicle could be handled on a level stretch. There was another way-a broad view-to consider the military bicycle. Other weapons had improved, especially new explosives.

Pound-for-pound new explosives were anywhere from two to twenty times more powerful than older materials . This had a profound effect upon Obama military thinking. It meant that one man, or a few men, in Scholarly writing 3, the right place at the right time, could enormously affect any given situation-because now they could carry, even on bicycles, a hundred times the firepower available to essay them before . In the old days, it might have taken twenty men to carry enough explosives to blow up a certain bridge. Twenty men carrying supplies aren't that easy to hide . They cover a fair amount of ground physically when they're under way. The chances of making noise are greatly increased. They need protection from men who carry nothing. but weapons, so their total numbers in Respect, the force are increase at an a alarming rate.

But if one man can carry by himself the Obama essay, explosive force formerly handled by twenty or thirty men, then a tiny band of Scholarly writing 3 three men could do what might previously have required fifty . The use of such small teams, with their enormous potential for destruction, has made the bicycle all the Obama essay, more valuable. Among the nations that took the lead in developing the bicycle as an essential element in their military forces were England (especially with its great success in the Boer War), France; and Hungary. Hungary grouped its cyclists into in organization made up of seven battalions, breaking gown each battalion into three companies of mounted cyclist troops. Scholarly Writing Diablo 3? Within each company they established two rifle platoons and a light machine-gun squad. Always available for any special operation then was a permanent force of forty-two bicycle-mounted rifle platoons and twenty-one machine-gun squads. Field tests with the new bicycle force were so successful that the Hungarian army went so far as to establish a new table of organization. Before the extensive trials that proved the bicycle troops a powerful weapon in their own right they had always been tacked onto of other units. Now, for Obama, the first time, the Hungarians regrouped the bicycle troops into a special corps, on writing an equal footing with other elements of their field army. The Dutch had an, especially keen interest in a new bicycle military force. Having suffered particularly during the war, the Hollanders were determined to maintain a standing fighting ,force in excellent condition. At the same time, the.

limited resources of Holland prevented free spending in this area. Obama Essay? Investigation of all possibilities caused attention to focus on Argumentative helper the bicycle. The Dutch reasoned that they could never establish a field army consisting mainly of heavy weapons. Massive tanks and artillery forces were too unwieldy and Obama essay, expensive. Why We Homework Year? What they needed most of all was a high-quality, always ready and mobile force of light divisions.

Accordingly, orders went out to equip each division with a special unit of bicycle-mounted infantry. Another change came about in the organization of reconnaissance groups. Essay? Until the period after the war, the Dutch reconnaissance forces were composed exclusively of horse cavalry and Argumentative essay with abortion, armored vehicles. Looking toward the long run and intent on minimizing the drain on the national coffers, the Dutch army created crack teams of cyclists for reconnaissance squads. Using multiple-speed bicycles and men selected for their excellent physical condition they built up squads that could easily cover more than a hundred miles every day. In a country as flat as the proverbial pancake, duty in the bicycle squads became a favored choice for the infantryman. But it was in essay, Italy that the bicycle took a down-turn in post-war organization. Essay On Money? The Italian army, considered one of .the pioneering forces in Obama, the use' of the military bicycle, decided that the rough terrain of the country, and the long distances separating the on money evil, north from the south, called for powered vehicles to handle the special forces equipped with light machine guns. The Italians kept infantry teams on bicycles within their celebrated bersaglieri regiments, but re-formed light-machine-gun squads around motorcycle sidecar equipment. Innovation was the keynote to the use of the bicycle in Russia. A vast land in essay, which the wealthy seemed always to remain wealthy, it was filled with people who had lived on the thin edge of economic disaster all their lives.

Until their industrial muscle could grow far more than was possible after the Great War, the Russians preferred the use of Respect essay for students responsibility manpower to machinery whenever this was feasible. Obama Essay? The bicycle, therefore, came under serious consideration. At first it seemed that the bicycle could be used only in Argumentative essay with, certain seasons. Obama? Mobility in Russia had to Do my homework be equated with mobility during the infamous Russian winter. Could the essay, bicycle be used when, the ground was not only frozen, but covered with ice and snow?

Moreover, distances were so vast that it might be necessary for Russian bicycle forces to live for Essay, long periods of time away from main supply bases . All these problems were seriously considered by the Russians. The result caught many people by surprise. Using wider tires than were normally used on bicycles , the Russian Soldier proved adept at maneuvering his machine, over the most treacherous ground surfaces. It was appreciated that men sent into the vastness of the land must themselves have protection, and Obama, it would, been even better if they could present the unexpected to why we have homework school year a potential enemy . Thus was created the bicycle-man-dog combination, a troika of Obama weaponry. Consisting of the Russian trooper mounted on his bicycle, with a specially trained attack dog running by his side. It was a dazzling arrangement. Man and dog protected one another.

They could maintain the same steady pace while moving cross-country. Exhausted men could sleep after covering great distances, with the dogs providing the best sentry duty . If the Do my, Russian troops. had need to Obama enter forested areas, what better weapon than the Respect essay responsibility, extraordinary scent and hearing of their animals-always ready to Obama open a slashing attack against any foe! It will undoubtedly come as a surprise for most readers, but the one nation that made the responsibility, greatest use of the bicycle as a military weapon was Germany . The surprise can be explained by Obama the fact that the essay, German army before and during World War II was famed for its powerful mechanized and armored forces . It is difficult to imagine otherwise for the Germans made blitzkrieg (lightning-fast attack) a household word. Yet the truth of the matter is that a great percentage of the German army-before and during World War II was horse-drawn! Millions of horses were pressed into use for Obama, transport . On the legal, Russian front alone the Germans lost more than one-and a half million horses killed in combat and by Obama essay other factors. The Germans, then, could well be expected to consider the potential of the military bicycle.

Certainly their experience during World War I had established the value of the two-wheeler. Now they made their move to improve not only on the machine, and its weapons, but on the organizations using the why we shouldnt year round, bicycle, as well as different means of rushing bicycle troops to combat zones where their particular advantages could be best employed . If horses were so important to the German army, it can be understood that a means of moving troops rapidly, without the supply problems of motorized vehicles or animals , would be welcome. Essay? The German High Command ordered bicycles by How to write report introduction with the tens of thousands and rushed them off to training units. Years. before the German army committed itself to the combat actions that would trigger World War II, every infantry regiment was assigned one complete company of bicycle troops.

Each company was issued rifles as standard arms and in addition, received nine light machine guns. Normally, the Obama essay, bicycle company marched and fought with its assigned regiment, but the German commandant had several options for special operations. The German Army in WW2 had several light bicycle infantry cavalry companies in every infantry division's reconnaissance battalion. The reason was to have an unit MORE MOBILE THAN THE MAIN BODY THAT WAS WALKING. The German infantry also had light tank assault guns embedded with them to work together just like the M113 Gavins we need today. Dr. Leo Niehorster's excellent organizational web pages document these facts. Infantry Division (1st Wave)

Infanteriedivision (1. Welle) (Commander on How to a lab report introduction with 22.06.1941) Gen.Lt. Frhr. v. Gablenz. Gen.Maj. Frhr. v. Schleinitz. Gen.Maj. Obama Essay? v. Seydlitz-Kurzbach. Gen.Lt. Respect For Students Responsibility? Graf v. Sponek.

Airlanding equipment was in depots back in Germany. Gen.Maj. v. Tettau. Gen.Lt. Fischer v. Obama? Weikersthall. recon battalion without armored car platoon. recon battalion without armored car platoon. recon battalion without heavy company, but with armored car platoon.

German Radhfahrtruppes (Bicycle-Infantry) converge on Arnhem. Cavalry Bicycle Company. 1 September 1939. KStN 353 dated 01.09.1939. 1 NCO as Headquarters Section Leader (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger / Bugler (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger / Blinker Signaler (Rifle)(on bicycle)

1 Messenger (Rifle)(bicycle) 3 Messengers (Rifles)(on motorcycles) 1 Motor Vehicle Driver (Rifle) 1 car, light, cross-country (Kfz. Responsibility? 1) 1 Medic NCO (Pistol)(on bicycle)

4 Stretcher Bearers(on bicycles) 1 Senior NCO as First Sergeant / Trains Leader (Pistol) 1 NCO as Armorer (Pistol) 1 NCO for Equipment (Rifle)(on motorcycle) 1 Assistant Armorer (Pistol)(on motorcycle) 1 Assistant Armorer (Pistol) 5 Motor Vehicle Drivers (Rifles) 1 Motorcyclist (Rifle)(on motorcycle with sidecar) 3 Bicycle Mechanics truck escort (Rifle)

1 Cook truck escort (Rifle) 1 motorcycle with side car. 1 car, medium, cross-country (Kfz. 18) 1 truck, light, open, cross-country for field kitchen. 3 trucks, light, open, cross-country for equipment and ammo. 9 light machine guns (as equipment reserve) 1 Enlisted in charge of baggage / clerk (Rifle)(on motorcycle)

1 Cobbler (Rifle) 1 truck, light, open, for baggage and equipment. 1 Officer (Z) as Platoon Leader (Pistol)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger / Bugler (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger / Blinker Signaler (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 Messenger (Rifle)(bicycle) 3 Rifle Squads , each with. 1 NCO Squad Leader (Rifle)(on bicycle)

1 Assistant Squad Leader (Rifle)(on bicycle) 1 MG Gunner (Pistol)(on bicycle) 2 Assistant MG Gunners (Pistols)(on bicycles) 7 Riflemen (Rifles)(on bicycles) 1 light machine gun. Light Mortar Section. 1 NCO as Mortar Section Leader (Rifle)(on motorcycle) 3 Gunners / (Pistols)

6 Assistant Gunners (Rifles) 6 Motorcycle Drivers (Rifles)(on motorcycles with sidecars) 6 motorcycles with sidecars. 3 light mortars (50mm) 4 Officers, 24 NCO, 152 Enlisted; 134 Rifles, 46 Pistols, 18 LMG, 3 Light Mortars; 7 motor vehicles, 7 motorcycles, 7 motorcycles with side cars, 138 bicycles. He could group his cyclist companies and send them into Obama battle as a complete battalion. They offered a unique mobile reserve . Homework? They could be sent out in teams of varying size as scouts and reconnaissance patrols. Obama? And they were always available for special operations calling for the movement of troops to particular sectors.

Carrying ammunition, and as many machine guns as might be needed, they formed a highly effective means of moving concentrated firepower about in a combat area. Most armies concentrated the Scholarly writing, use of cyclist troops in two basic areas. The first was in essay, the form of line troops little different from any other manned force. Have Homework Year Round? The second was for essay, special operations as scouts or as cyclist-commandos venturing behind enemy lines. The latter assignment gave rise to the German use of cyclist troops that were sent far behind enemy lines by parachute. Paratrooper teams fitted with folding bicycles operated as sabotage teams and commandos on special operations.

Intelligence units intended to operate in Respect essay, the midst of enemy country were often dispatched on their missions by parachute, and then used bicycles to cover long distances on the ground, certainly far from where any tell-tale aircraft engines might have given them away. Another innovation for which the German army was cred- ited was the chemical warfare unit assigned to Obama essay bicycle operations. Men who received advanced training in Argumentative essay with, chemical warfare, specializing in problems associated with poison gas, were rushed to the front lines and. to areas where an essay, enemy gas attack was expected. Their bicycles were carefully modified in the frame went a complete chemical warfare detection kit, which would not only reveal the presence of even slight traces of poison gas, but would also permit immediate identification of that gas. Each bicycle was a small chemical warfare station 'on wheels.

The rider carried in his saddlebag pouches fastened to Respect essay the bicycle complete protective equipment in Obama essay, the form of gas mask and impermeable suit with hood, boots, and gloves. On the write with, other side of the world the Japanese were making their preparations for tens of thousands of troops equipped with bicycles to be used on Obama the Asian mainland. China loomed large on the horizon as a target for Japanese invasion. There were Korea and Manchuria in Essay on money evil, the north, and the lands of Indochina to the south, and in all of these areas there was special interest in the vast campaign of conquest planned by the empire. Japan was a powerful industrial nation; but a small giant. Few people are aware that at the peak of her strength Japan never had even 10 percent of the industrial might of the essay, United States. Third World Bike Use: Logistics Kings (mouseclick power point show) To a nation with severely restricted resources, especially, petroleum products, the bicycle became a vital addition to the Japanese army. The average Japanese foot-Soldier was expected to walk to battle, but there would be times when speed was important, and writing, the Japanese wanted that speed without the expense of motorized transport, with its vast consumption of fuel and oil. By the time the Obama essay, Japanese were on the move in homework, Asia, they.

had perfected the use of a cyclist-mounted light-machinegun corps operating as a permanent unit of a cavalry regiment. Fifty thousand Japanese Soldiers, armed with rifles, and sharing machine guns, were shipped across the seas surrounding Japan. World War II was about to begin. Chapter 8: The Bike and essay, the Blitzkrieg. The role of the bicycle in World War II has been greatly understated. Reasons Have Homework Round? The bulk of the records of bicycle troops vanished in the maw of fighting and destruction, Most of the men who rode bicycles off to war were killed, or so scattered that their stories were lost forever. Essay? And in essay for students responsibility, the face of vast numbers of Obama essay tanks and armored vehicles of tens of thousands of fighters and Scholarly diablo, bombers and other aircraft, in battles involving millions of Obama essay men and in the great struggles at sea, the military part played by the bicycle was tossed aside in the fury of the conflict.

Yet the bicycle played vital, if isolated, roles as an important weapon in a world war that lasted, from Essay on money evil 1937, with the first fighting in China, to essay the surrender of the How to a lab with, Japanese' in Obama, August of 1945 soon after the towering remnants of Reasons why we shouldnt round two mushroom clouds drifted away before the wind. Full-scale war in Obama, Europe began on the first day of September in 1939, when the Wehrmacht of Germany unleashed its massive armored divisions against Poland. Evil? We have seen how much of the German, army was horse-drawn and mounted on bicycles, but it was the very use of such transport in rear areas that permitted the Germans to concentrate their armored and mechanized forces at the tip of their military spearheads . The leaders of Poland, in the final tense days before they were invaded, were not obsessed with fear of the Obama essay, German army. They respected the ability of the Germans to fight and had no misconceptions about the quality of German weapons. Scholarly Diablo? But the Poles could not conceive of the essay, extraordinary discipline and Respect, effectiveness of the Nazi fighting forces -and the shock was so great it quickly broke the back of the Polish defense. As the Germans moved their armor up toward the Polish border, the Obama, Poles took stock of theft own men and writing diablo, weapons, and concluded that, while they might suffer severe losses, they could throw back the strongest blows that could be directed at them. This was anything but blind confidence for the Polish armed forces were every bit as strong as those of France and, not incidentally, almost as powerful in numbers as those of Germany itself. The Poles had mobilized thirty infantry divisions and a dozen cavalry brigades.

Their air force was on the alert and Obama essay, ready for for students responsibility, any action against essay the enemy Luftwaffe . What they could not comprehend was the relationship between the armored spearhead of the Essay is everything, Nazi panzers -the armored forces-and the long Polish borders. Against the essay, type of attack expected by the Poles-a broad and steady advance along a wide front-they could have battled effectively against the invaders. But not against Reasons why we shouldnt school year round the blitzkrieg, a massing of the most powerful armored forces on Obama the ground, operating beneath an umbrella of the best fighters and bombers in the world. Shortly before six o'clock on the morning of September 1, 1939, Hitler unleashed his war machine. German fighter planes-the outstanding Messerschmitt ME-109s-ripped through Polish air defenses.

Polish pilots were outflown, outgunned, and outfought almost everywhere they turned. by the superior German fighters. And with the air cleared of any meaningful defense, German bombers-notably waves of Junkers Ju-87 Stukas -shattered Polish strongpoints as well as armored units in the field. And then came the panzers .. Row upon row of fast, deadly tanks. Writing Diablo 3? Thousands of men in armored personnel carriers . Powerful antitank killer teams. Obama? All of them moving swiftly and with deadly effectiveness behind the write a lab introduction with abstract, hammering blows of the Luftwaffe . Polish resistance crumbled on almost every front. Essay? The Poles were simply unprepared physically or mentally for Argumentative with, the staggering weight of arms hurled against them. The Germans advanced as fast as their tanks could move. Where the Poles massed for counterattacks they were ripped from the essay, air, then cut to pieces by fast-moving tanks.

The Poles had no time to adjust to the withering assault. No matter which way they turned, they were slashed and battered from the air and on on money the ground. All too quickly the follow-up tactics became evident. The armored juggernaughts kept moving. They swept past huge pockets of Polish infantry, for behind the armored waves of the essay, blitzkrieg came German infantry to finish off what the tanks had split wide open. And within the ranks of the crack German troops, in How to report introduction abstract, a regiment of the essay, Volks Grenadier Division, was a bicycle battalion hoping to Do my get into the thick of fighting before the panzers had finished off the opposition. It was a curious change from the first Great War on the continent. Then, in the period from 1914 through 1918, the Soldier on his bicycle had been the Obama, fastest mobile force on Argumentative helper with abortion the battlefield. Those days were gone, and Obama, now the cyclist Soldier followed the spearheads of the panzers and essay for students, personnel carriers into Obama essay combat. The German cyclist troops, in fact, never had an opportunity to prove themselves in Do my legal, full-scale fighting with the Poles.

The Polish army fell apart much too quickly for that. But there was a vast amount of mopping up to be done. Scattered Polish army units, fully armed and supplied, were on the loose and essay, had to be considered dangerous. The German tanks and motorized divisions were still needed along the spreading wave of the invasion. Mopping-up operations fell to essay special units, which included the bicycle troops. Most of the essay, Polish defenders had lost their vehicles and were retreating on Scholarly diablo 3 foot along back trails and into remote areas. They could be located by German air reconnaissance, and bicycle-mounted Soldiers were sent rushing after them. What was important to the Germans was not the destruction of Obama these scattered Polish units, but the need to keep them moving to prevent their joining into Scholarly writing a cohesive force. Essay? And this mission the for students, cyclist-Soldiers did well.

After all, the tanks and tracked vehicles would be back soon enough to essay finish the war. Eight days after the invasion began, the first panzers race through the outskirts of Warsaw. Essay Abortion? Less than three weeks later Poland surrendered. On October 5,1939, when Adolf Hitler came to the Polish capitol to review personally his victorious forces, the proud cyclist troops of the Volks Grenadier Division were among the Obama, crack units paraded before the man who had ordered the attack. In the spring of 1940 the German army was again on the move, slashing with its panzer divisions into Denmark and Norway.

Danish defenses succumbed quickly to the heavy Nazi armored forces, but the battle for Norway extended beyond the planned timetable as unexpectedly stiff resis- tance slowed down the invaders. Here was no level ground over which the panzers could race forward, crushing everything before them. Even the Luftwaffe was hard-pressed to How to a lab introduction abstract do its work in steep fjords and mountain passes, where the Norwegian resistance held fast behind its skilled mountain troops. For the first time, the Germans found a critical need for their bicycle troops. Accordingly, crack Soldiers on bicycles were thrown into the very spearhead of the fighting, inflicting and essay, receiving heavy casualties. Norway was unsuited to Argumentative with abortion great masses of men hammering their way forward. The available ground for movement and fighting was much too restricted for Obama essay, that . The battles became bitter struggles for Do my, strongpoints that controlled roads, valleys, and essay, backcountry areas. If the Germans moved forward with infantry on foot behind tanks and armored vehicles, the Norwegian mountain fighters set up deadly ambushes, picking off the German infantry from long range and setting off avalanches that roared down upon the armored units and foot Soldiers. If the Germans were to defeat their enemy, they needed the armor as a spearhead to grind along, the How to write a lab, mountain roads, while the Obama essay, infantry moved out Essay on money evil, swiftly from, those roads to dislodge the Norwegians. The system of Obama armored personnel carriers following the tanks worked only up to a point. Do My Legal Homework? The situation called for an orderly arrangement that could propel Soldiers in swift sorties along back roads.

The natural answer to the problem was to dispatch selected elements of bicycle-mounted troops down narrow trails and along mountain passes, while operating under the Obama essay, protective fire from German armor. This is how the for students responsibility, war proceeded. The cyclist troopers of the Wehrmacht suffered severe losses as they maneuvered over essay icy roads. Yet there was no stopping them. Heavily armed with grenade launchers and essay responsibility, light machine guns, they kept moving, with their powerful firepower always at the ready. If they needed to shift quickly to gain an essay, advantageous position, the introduction, bicycle was always there. If Norwegian resistance was too great to risk getting into the open, the Obama essay, cyclists remained close to German armor, while powerful tank weapons methodically blasted away at enemy strongpoints.

It was an effective combination, ideally suited to the unusual terrain of the country. And when the battle ended, it was the bicycle-every bit as much as the Reasons have year, tank or the bomber-that crushed Norwegian defenses. Many of the first Americans to fight the Japanese in World War II were pilots, and the ground crews of fighter planes who started rolling on bicycles. The bicycles were not used as combat weapons, but as quick transport, grabbed hastily when the Japanese air strike on essay December 7, 1941, turned Pearl Harbor into Argumentative helper abortion a flaming shambles. It was a strange quirk of fate that many of our first casualties during the war should occur on Obama essay bicycles. As the air shook from the concussion of Japanese bombs and exploding torpedoes, pilots caught away from their planes on that Sunday morning took to Argumentative essay helper with cars and bicycles, as did ground crews, to reach their aircraft. And they fell victim to strafing Zero fighters, streaking low over the American installations just for that purpose-gunning down pilots trying to get into the air to intercept the Japanese. The Japanese, as has been noted in the preceding chapter, had prepared 50,000 cyclist troops as part of their. spearhead forces to sweep through the Asian mainland.

And no military force in Obama, the history of the bicycle was so well prepared for its task as the cyclist troops trained on Hainan Island by Scholarly writing 3 Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, the essay, Tiger of legal homework Malaya , whose forces finally swept through Malaya and into the great British stronghold of Singapore. Harsh discipline and essay, training, meticulous attention to detail, and perfect timing-as well as playing on the fears of the British and native troops-gave the essay for students responsibility, Japanese cyclists an advantage far beyond that achieved by Obama any comparable force in any war. When we consider that the use of firecrackers along gloorny jungle trails helped convince the British that the Japanese were swarming through the legal, undergrowth-when in reality only a comparative handful of men were creating that impression-it is clear that Yamashita had no competition as a master in bicycle combat. In the many years of fighting in China, the details of grinding advances and the long occupation often went unrecorded by Obama essay the combatants on both sides. Yet there is no question that the for students responsibility, bicycle formed a mainstay of essay transportation for, the Japanese army throughout China, Manchuria, and Korea, or that Japanese combat and Respect essay, security patrols were carried out by essay bicycle. In areas of particularly strong unrest, the standard procedure was to send out one or two light armored vehicles as a rolling command post, while anywhere from a dozen to a hundred Soldiers kept pace on bicycles, with the vehicles mounting radios and machine guns. The Chinese, of course, used the bicycle in vast numbers as part of their daily lives, and it was inevitable that Chinese resistance, especially in mountain redoubts, would make maximum use of the bicycle for guerrilla warfare. Such resistance measured always depended on speed and stealth and the bicycle, of course, filled the bill admirably as a means of launching hit-and-run forays against superior forces.

In certain areas of heavy population and industrial concentration, occupying armies were hard-pressed to combat well-organized resistance. Perhaps the best example of underground organization, making maximum use of the Reasons year round, bicycle, was to be found in Belgium. In that small but fiercely independent country, a secret army was created to fight the Nazis. Obama Essay? Five hundred bicycle-mounted sabotage teams struck repeatedly at Respect for students German communications lines, transport convoys, strongpoints, and bodies of troops. The destruction and Obama, killing became so great the essay helper, Germans resorted to desperate measures specifically to Obama essay counter this threat. The German moves in writing 3, Belgium became their standard operation in almost all occupied areas during the war. Special platoons and companies were assigned to full-time duty to fight the underground.

They were organized into instant-response teams armed with light and, heavy machine guns and grenade rifles. To better organize the Obama, fight against the elusive underground guerrillas, the Nazis kept their units in touch by radio with a central headquarters coordinating all movements. To maintain high mobility, the special teams were mounted on essay with abortion bicycles, motorcycles, and Obama, trucks. In most cases bicycles were loaded onto truck beds so they could be rushed along highways to trouble spots, and to Essay the edge of narrow lanes where a truck could not enter. The cyclists unloaded their two-wheelers and set off in hot pursuit of the sabotage teams. Normally the Nazi patrols rode back and Obama, forth along pre-assigned roads and pathways so they could cover a strip several miles on either side of a major highway. But this was only essay for students responsibility during the Obama, daytime. Scholarly Diablo? Then the Obama, Germans might roll with heavy forces as much as twenty miles to each side of that highway, moving without warning into any town or community within the zone to be investigated. This freedom of action vanished at night. Then the smallest path, the Respect essay for students responsibility, narrowest lane, became an invisible artery for the Belgian underground traveling on bicycles.

To venture forth along isolated roads at Obama night was for the German occupying forces an invitation to disaster. Bicycle teams, warned ahead of time by radio, would swiftly set up ambushes that trapped and decimated the hapless Nazi troops. Bicycles maintained a freedom of action for the Belgian underground completely out of proportion to their military strength. And it was a freedom they used to the utmost, keeping the Germans on edge, and Argumentative essay with, denying them great areas of country, until Allied armies hurled the enemy out of Belgium. When the American army moved into Europe during World War I, it brought with it, as already noted, a total of 29,000 bicycles. During World War II, fighting on many more fronts, American armed forces went overseas with a total of more than 60,000 bicycles.

But it was a case of history repeating itself-none of the two-wheelers were assigned to combat organizations to be used as weapons. Instead, the bicycles filled subsidiary roles in personal transportation, message carrying, recreation, and other utility functions. In one of the paradoxes of the bicycle's employment during the war, American Soldiers in Europe ended up using the two-wheelers in pursuit of the Germans-on captured enemy machines. Wherever G.I.s found bicycles abandoned by hastily retreating Germans, they snatched up their booty on the basis that it's better to be riding than walking. Hundreds of G.I.s used captured bicycles for their immediate needs, which were as wide as imagination allowed. After the invasion of Europe on Obama June 6, 1944, and the breakthrough that followed, the American Soldiers found thousands of with bicycles piled along French roadways. If the Obama essay, French got there first, the bicycles were gone. If not, they were there for the picking. One example will demonstrate a semiofficial use for su.ch vehicles. Pvt.

Oscar Mondoza of the 101 st Airborne fighting at the time in writing 3, Holland, came across a storage depot of German bicycles. One of Mondoza's duties was to keep a steady flow of rations and ammunition going to the members of his unit scattered in the area. Mondoza was handy with tools, and after several hours of tinkering he rigged up a hauling bed, two feet wide and, four feet long, placing the bed between two wheels he had mounted in front of the bicycle. The standard rear wheel with its chain connection provided footpower. Mondoza had contrived to assemble an essay, excellent and practical tricycle, complete with loading pallet for moving supplies through snow, mud, and even across fields. Of all the bicycles that were sent to combat areas in World War II, it would appear that no one machine could possibly be singled out as a coveted prize by other men. Yet this was precisely the case in December of 1944 in on money is everything, the area of Manhay, Belgium, where American Soldiers of the 3 rd Armored Division were slugging it out with crack units of Germany's special SS troops. German Bicycle-Troops in Obama, Action Later in WW2. German Radhfahrtruppen (Bicycle-Infantry) converge on Arnhem.

As Elite Panzerjager (tank hunter) Anti-Tank Forces. During several skirmishes, American Soldiers later reported that they had witnessed the incredible sight of one German SS trooper-powerfully built, daring, and seemingly possessed with nine lives---pedaling his bicycle into essay abortion the worst of the fighting. Intelligence was at essay first inclined to water down the reports, but the grins accompanying the stories vanished quickly when it turned out that the bicycle-mounted SS trooper was also an why we shouldnt have school, effective killer. At times he would ride under cover of night to a spot selected as a point of essay ambush. There, concealed from view, he waited until American Soldiers were well within his sights. Then he opened fire. The German was an for students responsibility, expert marksman. Almost every time he struck, American Soldiers were killed or wounded. When the G.I.s finally succeeded in flanking the position from where they'd been attacked, there was no one there. All they found were bicycle tracks leading away from the scene. On other occasions the Nazi would ride full tilt within sight of Obama essay Americans on patrol and open fire suddenly with a light machine gun.

As quickly as he appeared he was gone, his powerful legs propelling him away from the astonished and on money is everything, enraged American troops. The SS trooper burst from Obama heavy snowfalls. He struck during day and at night. Hundreds of rounds were fired at him, but he seemed to Reasons why we year live a charmed life, weaving from side to side as he raced away from his pursuers. Essay? And still the toll rose, and the stories began to make some sort of cyclist superman of the German. The word went out to get him . How To A Lab Report Introduction With? Even a cat runs out of Obama lives sooner or later, and so did the luck of the German. But not entirely. The phantom killer with his bicycle was captured. He had killed twenty-two American Soldiers with his daring hit-and-run attacks, by essay for students responsibility himself, on his bicycle! He survived the war as a prisoner.

It was perhaps a fitting touch that the last use of the bicycle as an offensive weapon against American troops was more pathetic than it was dangerous. Essay? In February of Reasons shouldnt have round 1945 the 84 th Infantry Division- the Railsplitters -took on dug-in German troops in a pitched battle near Rickelrath, Germany. American Intelligence learned that the Germans had been ordered to stand their ground. They were not to retreat a foot, but were to die where they were, or else hurl themselves at Obama essay the Americans in a final and gallant attack. And the attack did come-with German Soldiers appearing in the distance on bicycles. Armed with rifles and How to report abstract, other small arms, the Nazi troops pedaled in an uneven mob directly at the astonished American Soldiers. Obama? It was an incredible sight to the G.I.s, but their first astonishment was replaced quickly by is everything evil the grim preparation to meet the weird and unorthodox enemy challenge. At a given signal a withering fire tore from the American positions.

Bicycles were flung and tossed in every direction as the riders were blasted from their seats. The G.I.s were starting to pick off the survivors when the command rang out to hold their fire. The best of the elite German forces had been reduced to. old men and young boys, hardly trained, ill-equipped, but still driven by a desperate hope to stand their ground. The shooting, for this battle at least, was over. The G.I.s lowered their weapons and shook their heads as the crying, broken cyclists dragged themselves away. Chapter 9, The Great Bicycle Commando Raid Throughout this book we have referred to the many occasions when the bicycle was adopted as the favorite mobile weapon for guerrilla fighters, special forces, members of the underground, and other special organizations that moved and fought with stealth as their ally. But special or limited operations were not the only province of such groups. There were occasions, and we have seen some of essay them, when the bicycle became a primary weapon for a daring and critical operation on what must be considered a major scale. Among such actions, the one that stands out from all the others took place in February 1942. It demonstrates about as perfect a use of the bicycle as was ever planned.

Our story begins at How to write a lab introduction abstract night, high over the French coast along the English Channel. At midnight the world was a silent clash between deep darkness and the sporadic brilliance provided by the light of a silvery moon that rode high along the tumbling rims of snow clouds. The clouds themselves formed a line of Obama battlements towering over the coastline of France along the English Channel. The rushing night wind buffeted the drifting clouds, shredding them occasionally and creating gaps and valleys, troughs and holes, through which a single aircraft and-in some places-a dozen aircraft might slip with ease. This is precisely what happened at midnight: through the legal, gap of one great cloud ravine, gliding like silvery metallic minnows against the mile-high towets of clouds, flew a long formation of Obama essay Whitleys . The Whitley was, by contemporary standards, an ancient machine, a bomber that had seen its best days in years past, a combat machine that dared not venture into skies filled with new German fighters.

But while it could no longer perform adequately in the thick of aerial conflict, it flew well, and it had a capacious fuselage into essay which men, instead of bombs, might fit. Essay? And if a special effort needed to be made, the essay, lumbering Whitley could carry both men and bombs. So it was this night. The bomb bays carried their bulging cases of death, and essay, the bellies of the airplanes were crowded with men. British commandos, clumsy in fighting gear and parachutes. Cold, jammed together, uncomfortable, waiting to plunge into action. The British formation of bombers was detected by the enemy.

German radar, German acoustic detectors, German ears saw and essay responsibility, heard the essay, line of aircraft and plotted their probable target. Those targets ahead of the bomber formation were alerted about the chances of a raid. Antiaircraft installations rumbled into action and at remote airfields Luftwaffe pilots hurried with sleep-heavy eyes to their machines. There was no immediate rush to meet the bombers. They were swinging inland along a course that would take them to an industrial target some distance away. So the writing diablo 3, Nazis paid little attention, except for essay, tracking, as the old bombers droned over the coastline. And no one on the ground saw the dark shapes tumble from the a lab abstract, bellies of the Whitleys . Dozens of objects fell toward the earth below and then, suddenly, their plunge was arrested as dark canopies blossomed, with thin riflelike sounds. An entire commando force had left the old Whitleys , which continued on Obama essay with a diversionary bombing strike. The men floated easily and silently through the cold air.

They had selected their landing area well, in open fields far from any community. The commandos assembled quickly. Write Introduction Abstract? It had been a good drop. They were eight miles from their objective . If they continued to move as planned, maintaining silence, there was every chance they would burst with complete surprise upon the Germans. As guards searched the area, the other men unfolded strange contraptions of Obama essay metal bars, wheels, spokes, pedals, and handles. Within scant minutes every British commando had beneath him a completely assembled bicycle . Quickly the paratroopers loaded their gear-grenades, ammunition, machine guns, iron rations, explosive charges. Using hand signals instead of shouldnt have voice commands they pedaled away, following a narrow trail covered with a thin layer of fresh snow. The men rode steadily through the night along the French coastline. Essay? Eight miles ahead of them lay a huge and secret radar installation, the most advanced system of its kind.

It was a powerful weapon in the hands of the Germans, used fqr tracking aircraft flying to Europe from Essay on money Britain. Obama Essay? Knocking out the radar would effectively poke a stick in the electronic vision of the Nazis. Leading the commando force was Maj. John D. Sheffield. [EDITOR: then Lieutenant John Frost was a subordinate leader of this raid] The major crossed his fingers. If events kept unfolding the way they had so far, they could do their job and get out without suffering heavy casualties. Knocking out the radar installation might turn out to be a bigger bite than they could handle. The radar system was critical to German air defense on legal homework the (Continent and Obama essay, the Nazis were sure to have set up bristling defenses on the ground. Sheffield shrugged to himself. They'd know soon enough.

He had led his small force through brutal training for four solid weeks, and each man was already a crack professional before joining Sheffield's tight commando group. Every man knew as well as did Sheffield the layout of their objective. The vital radar site lay near the village of Bruneval in northern France, about twelve miles north-northeast of Le Havre. As well-defended as was the radar installation, British army officials were gambling everything on Scholarly writing diablo 3 the fact that the enemy would never dream an attack would be launched against Obama the well-defended site by bicycle . It seemed too incongruous, this concept of trained killers pedaling their way into the mouths of German guns. Well, now they were for How to a lab introduction abstract, it. Sheffield and his commandos maintained a steady pace on their bicycles, on Obama the way to their moment of legal destiny. The Royal Air Force had flown them in.

If they did their job and survived to get away, the Royal Navy would be waiting for them on the beach to bring them out. There was only one small hitch about that. First, the commandos had to wrest control of the beach away from the Germans. Intelligence advised Sheffield and his men that the radar installation itself appeared to be housed within a cabin, standing deep inside a pit. The cabin itself was located near ari isolated house between cliffs that were 500 feet high. Essay? The Intelligence report, based on aerial reconnaissance photographs, described the house as lithe modern villa type and quite new . Undoubtedly taken over for the convenience of the Germans, judged Sheffield. Responsibility? Yet the information had presented a serious problem. The towering cliffs eliminated any hope of making an assault from the Obama essay, sea. Long before a small striking force could work its way to the radar site it would come under a withering crossfire.

The answer was the parachute and the bicycle . Even as the commandos rode toward their objective, the old Whitleys were dumping their bombs on a distant target, and hoping the Germans would see nothing unusual in their flight pattern. Sheffield thought of one beach area in particular. It lay about a quarter of a mile south of the radar installation, a small steeply sloping beach of pebbles and sand lying at report introduction with abstract the foot of high chalk and flint formations. He hoped to see that pebbly stretch of sand on schedule, for it was there the Navy would pick them up for the dash home across the Channel. Sheffield concentrated his thoughts again on the defenses of the radar site. Most of the work crew, he had been told, would be German specialists attending to the radar equipment itself. Obama? They might or might not be armed. That situation would have to be handled as events developed. Immediately adjacent to the radar installation, the essay helper, Nazis had prepared an extensive trench with regularly spaced dugouts, where the commandos might encounter heavy machine-gun fire.

A short distance from the site was a powerful pillbox covered by a machine-gun detail and essay, situated right on the edge of a cliff, so that it looked down on the radar installation. Just south of Bruneval was another pillbox. Both pillboxes were so located that they could cover the cove in a devastating crossfire. Four hundred yards inland from the radar site was a farmhouse with a German garrison of unspecified strength, but believed to be strong in diablo, numbers. A small wooded area embraced the farmhouse, which was designated on Sheffield's map by essay the name of le Presbytere . In all, the radar site was defended by Essay fifteen separate posts, most of which covered approaches to the beach. The others were pointed seaward . Obama Essay? Intelligence guessed that the German force in the immediate vicinity of the radar installation-the guard force-numbered about 100 men. Perhaps a mile or two away, the Germans had garrisoned a full regiment of How to a lab with abstract infantry, and Obama essay, a few miles beyond that was quartered an entire battalion equipped with armored cars. Any assault force that moved in daylight would also face attack from German fighters based on Reasons have year round fields in the area. The strike, therefore, had to be executed with speed and precision or the commandos would be cut to pieces . The commandos bore down steadily on their target. Luck had been with them in several ways.

A bright moon reflected ideally along the Obama essay, snow-covered path before them, providing the men with more than adequate visibility without risking lights. And the legal homework, light snow cover softened the inevitable small noises such a group might make. They reached their first planned stop point, only essay 200 yards from the a lab report with abstract, bulking radar installation, without any alarm being sounded. Everything was going with clockwork precision. Staying low, muffling their movements, the men looked to their commander for final orders.

Immediately, Sheffield divided his attack force into Obama essay four units. He would take the Do my legal homework, first group of commandos in a wide-open assault against the house nearby. The major believed the reserve troops and a good number of the essay, permanent guards would be in year, the house. If he could catch them unawares--in fact asleep--he could wipe out a dangerous part of the resistance that could be mounted against them. The second commando unit was ordered to move against the radar installation proper. Group three would cover this move, taking up a position between the essay, le Presbytere farm and the edge of the Respect responsibility, cliffs. The fourth and last unit was assigned to work its way around the Obama, cliffs to reach the beach. If any opposition was encountered there, it was to be ruthlessly cut down.

At all costs the helper abortion, beach must be secured by the remainder of the commando force for the purpose of embarkation. Everything was set. The men remounted their bicycles and Major Sheffield passed the word to commit. Obama? The first and second groups pedaled furiously toward the isolated house and the radar post. Still no alarm!

As quickly as they reached their objectives the men leaped off the bicycles and rushed to attack position. Sheffield headed straight for the farmhouse door. A heavy boot smashed it open and the major dashed inside, weapon at the ready. No one in sight. Sheffield blew a loud blast on his whistle and other commandos rushed in on his heels, moving swiftly to Do my legal break into the four rooms on the ground floor.

They were all empty. At once Sheffield pounded up the stairs, four men with him, to the second landing. Hiinde hoch! he called, shouting an order to surrender. Essay? A single thunderstruck German Soldier brought his the radar site. But that accounted only for enemy personnel in the immediate area. Sheffield realized that reinforcements would soon be rushing to How to write a lab with the scene.

As things turned out, the troops assigned to permanent garrison duty were already on the move. The first sign that all was not well came with a long burst of Obama essay probing machine-gun fire from the legal homework, nearby farm of le Presbytere . Obama Essay? German troops were on the move within the wooded area surrounding the farmhouse. First things first, reasoned Sheffield. Return to the house and get his men out. Firing on Scholarly 3 the run in short bursts, the first group with Sheffield raced back to the house where the twelve men were standing fast. Now the men ran outside again, crouching low and weaving from side to side. The German troops were completely over their initial surprise and laying down a heavy fire. Miraculously, only one man was hit.

Despite his wounds, he kept up with the rest of the essay, men. Sheffield's group, joining up with the third-or covering-unit, scrambled to set up a heavy defensive fire in the vicinity of the radar post. The demolition team needed time to set their explosive charges. Well, murmured Sheffield when told he would have to hold off the Respect responsibility, Germans for awhile, we'll jolly well give you the time you need. Get to it, lads. The Germans moving in from the farm worked their way steadily toward Sheffield's force.

The commandos held their fire until the Obama, last moment, then cut loose with a withering blast at the advancing enemy. As Sheffield had figured, the Do my legal, return fire from the British force was so heavy, and caught the Germans with such surprise, that they held back on Obama further advances and resorted instead to heavy firepower. Do My Legal? Two German machine guns, well protected from return fire, hammered at the British in the radar post. Bullets slammed into the house in essay, a steady rain of death. Sheffield was more than content with the standoff. So long as the write a lab report introduction, Germans kept their distance his demolition team could complete their work. Essay? Then the situation began to change swiftly. The lights of three vehicles were seen in the distance, coming toward the radar site. Sheffield looked about with abstract, him.

It was going to get very sticky in a hell of a hurry. Let's get cracking! he shouted to the demolition squad. Move it, lads! Reinforcements are coming in and we bloody well can't hold them off for long! His words were almost drowned out in another burst of machine gun fire. Sir! a commando shouted back. We're done!

Charges all set! All right! Sheffield bellowed to his men, sensing that there was no time to Obama essay waste. Everybody start moving out! Get to the beach! They began moving from the house, crouching low, the shouldnt homework year, men situated in the rear cutting loose with bursts of Obama machine-gun fire to cover the withdrawal. For the why we shouldnt have school, first time since they had left England, they abandoned their bicycles. The remainder of their travels would be across six hundred yards of open, rough country, south of their position, toward the village of Bruneval. But now they had a pack. of hellhounds at their heels. German reinforcements had rolled to the scene and German firepower seemed to Obama increase with every moment. It was to their advantage that the enemy seemed to overestimate the strength of the commando force.

They moved toward the British in careful stages, covering every move with heavy blasts of machine-gun fire. The commandos were forced to retreat in Reasons why we year round, stages, running twenty or thirty yards, then turning and digging in to essay fire furiously at their pursuers. The going was getting uncomfortable even for essay helper with abortion, Sheffield when the essay, sky split wide apart with a terrifying mushroom of red flames. Instantly there followed an have school round, ear-shattering crash of thunder. The commandos answered the blast of their demolition charges with shouted cheers, and an enthusiastic burst of Obama fire in Scholarly writing diablo, the direction of the Obama, Nazis. No matter what happened now, their mission was fully successful. Another blast ripped through the radar site and an angry red fireball licked upward, churning within itself like a thing alive. Low clouds were moving silently into the area, and the curling flames glowed with a sinister ruddy reflection along their bases.

Sheffield saw his men staring with fascination at the blood-red flames. All right! he shouted. The sightseeing is done with. Let's move it! Retreat, fire in short, massed bursts, then run like hell and shouldnt have homework school, flop down in the thin snow for another ripping fire at the Germans. They were at the cliffs and a voice called hoarsely.

The boats are here. Essay? It's all right, fellows. Come on legal down, and hurry it up, will you? Sudden elation became shock when German machine-gun posts on each cliff opened up with stuttering bursts. The troops in the pillbox had waited out the retreat in silence, knowing the commandos must venture into their crossfire when they tried to work their way down to the beach. Now Sheffield and essay, his men were being cut up by fire from Reasons why we homework school round their front and rear. Dig in! he roared to Obama the commandos.

They had taken immediate hits. One man died instantly as he took the full effect of a long burst. A second commando tumbled wildly through the air, collapsing with several bullets in Essay on money is everything evil, his legs and Obama essay, a third fell with three rounds in his abdomen. His stunned friends found him alive and cursing his luck. A Lab Report Introduction With? No one believed it then, but the man would be carried to safety and would survive the essay, raid. Sheffield was trying to figure a way out of the mess when a voice called up to him from the beach. Don't come down, whatever you do! The beach isn't secured yet!

Sheffield recognized the voice of Lieutenant Frost, commanding the fourth unit of commandos . It wasn't difficult to figure what had happened. Frost's group had run into helper with stiff German resistance. All they could do was hold on essay until more commandos arrived. Sheffield ordered one group of his men to concentrate their fire on the machine guns atop the cliffs. With those weapons pinned down, he led a force of commandos through the narrow pass and down onto the beach to link up with Frost's men. The unit firing at is everything the cliff top Germans then withdrew hastily and joined Sheffield. With full strength at Obama essay hand, the a lab abstract, major began the essay, rush against with abortion German outposts along the beach.

The biggest problem was a pillbox bristling with machine guns. Sheffield and several men with him went in low, against the pillbox walls, and hurled grenades through the gun slit. They mopped up swiftly until answering German fire from the beach died out. Further along the beach, the commandos discovered a small house that had remained unknown to them. Within the house a single German orderly clung to his telephone, trying to Obama explain to a major from the nearby garrison that the explosions along the beach were from grenades thrown by British Commandos . Is Everything Evil? Unable to understand the words because of the noise of gunfire and exploding grenades, the German officer was reduced to cursing and shouting.

He never had the chance to finish. The commandos burst into the house and the German signalman threw up his hands. The British troops took the signalman, and another wounded German hiding in a back room, as prisoners. These two men, along with one soldier captured along the edge of the Obama, cliff, were the Do my, only prisoners taken during the Obama, raid. Sheffield peered at Reasons why we have school his watch. It was two-thirty in the morning. The commandos had been on French soil twoand-a-half hours. Off the coast, the Navy rescue force had been watching, spellbound, as the night lit up with explosions and the glowing fireballs of essay tracer bullets. Finally they received the pickup signal and started in.

Assault landing craft rode directly to the beach, where the commandos poured aboard. Heavy German fire from machine guns swept the diablo, beach. Further out to sea, supporting ships opened fire with heavy weapons. Essay? British guns raked the cliff tops with thundering blasts that killed many enemy defenders and shouldnt have year, tore huge chunks from the nearly vertical walls. The German fire died abruptly, and Obama, the assault ships pulled away from the beaches. Of the why we shouldnt year round, commando force that rode its bicycles along the French coastline, eight men were left behind.

One had been killed. Obama? The other seven never made it to the beach, but Sheffield could no longer wait for them. The boats had to break from the beaches. As they headed back for England he counted his casualties. One dead, seven wounded, seven missing. They were fifteen miles from the Respect essay for students responsibility, French coast when dawn broke. Spitfires flew protection cover. But Sheffield and his men were looking at the beach fading in the distance, where the ruins of the shattered radar installation were still smoking. Chapter 10: The Other Side of the World. First it was China.

Fifty thousand Japanese troops on essay bicycles with rifles, light machine guns, and mortars. A rolling mass of Argumentative with soldiery carrying supplies and food, spare parts and medicines, everything an army on the move might need. The officers rode on horses or in the rare motor vehicle, but when the essay, Japanese army struck across a country where no rail lines stretched, they sent their best men on bicycles. While the Japanese chewed away at Do my legal homework the vast mainland of China, more troops trained with bicycles on Hainan Island under the fierce disciplinary rules set up by General Tomoyuki Yamashita. Others went through their drills in Obama, mainland Japan. These troops lived under primitive field conditions . Again and again they rehearsed beach assaults and invasion breakouts.

They were drilled until they were considered experts in maintaining their health in humid jungle conditions and knew how to use the jungle to why we have homework school year obtain food. They were already loaded on troopships moving away from home ports when Peal Harbor was bombed into a blazing shambles. Across the Pacific went the Japanese. And into the Philippines went their best army-thousands of the Soldiers on bicycles. Without trains, without fleets of.

trucks, the Japanese army moved swiftly along roads, paths, and trails . Retreating Filipino troops and essay, hard-pressed Americans were stunned,to find the essay responsibility, Japanese foot Soldier always breathing down their necks. Then came Malaya and Singapore, where General Yamashita's earlier meticulous preparations for Obama, battle against the British paid off so handsomely. The victory he achieved in this theater of war is even more noteworthy in view of the almost insurmountable problem he faced of write a lab report with abstract defeating an army three times stronger than the largest force Japan could bring to bear against the British-and the latter were embedded within a mighty fortress. It is important to note, also, that from the outset the bicycle affected every move the Japanese general was to make. The first thing not to do, Yamashita knew, was to hurl himself and Obama essay, his men into the teeth of enemy firepower. Argumentative Abortion? Open attack was suicide.

But what if the defenders could be made to believe that the Obama, Japanese attackers were many times stronger than their actual number? The ultimate purpose of any assault is to make the defenders change their minds about resisting . If they believe they can't hold out against attack, there's a good chance they'll give up quickly. Keeping this tactic in mind, Yamashita began his extensive preparations. Long before the Japanese planned to launch their invasion, he set up a network of Argumentative helper abortion espionage and intelligence. He recruited as his agents fishermen, plantation managers, merchants, barbers, and Obama, photographers from among the Japanese already living and why we shouldnt homework, working in Malaya. From the Obama, reports this network forwarded to headquarters in Japan, Yamashita acquired an excellent inside view of conditions existing in the Malayan countryside and within Singapore itself. The old adage that truth is often stranger--and more unbelievable-than fiction applied in every way to Yamashita's careful preparations. For the methods he was employing were those taught annually at British staff war colleges ! Special studies conducted by the British showed that an attempt to take Singapore had .the best chance of succeeding if the Do my legal homework, invader landed in Obama, Malaya and worked his way southward. Above all, the invader would do well not to attempt an assault by sea, where he would be met by massed big guns. That is so strange is that what was established doctrine in the war colleges never seemed to reach the have homework, men who commanded the defense of Obama essay Singapore, and they operated under the firm belief that the Japanese would never dare to attack except from the sea.

At the same time the British considered the jungle an Do my legal homework, impassable barrier, simply because no large military force had thus far penetrated it. The rest is history. Yamashita's troops spent months learning to live in thick jungle growth, to cut bicycle trails through heavy undergrowth to move on bicycles and to fight at a moment's notice. As Yamashita had planned, his men used abandoned British trucks for transport wherever they were to be found. But most of essay his troops moved silently through the jungle on bicycles. Finally major contact was made with resisting British forces, and Yamashita opened his bag of surprises. First, the size of his force was less important than what the British believed that force to Essay is everything be. Yamashita sent picked troops riding through jungle trails on their bicycles, setting off firecrackers and Obama essay, explosive charges. Everywhere the British turned they heard explosions and homework, shots ripping through the heavy growth.

The constant barrage of explosions and shots, combined with well-timed and fiercely mounted Japanese attacks, convinced the British that they were under assault by essay an enormous army grinding its way into Singapore from the Do my, land side-where its defenses were weakest. It took more than this grimly effective charade finally to defeat the British, of course. Essay? But Yamashita had gained an enormous advantage over his enemy. Large areas of jungle, as well as selected strongpoints, were yielded to his phantom army , when a minimum of resistance might have held the Japanese at bay. The defeat of Japan in the late summer of 1945 was the beginning of one of the longest wars in modern history the bitter struggle for control of the mountainous jungle of essay Indochina. In the land we know today. Vietnam, North and South, insurgent guerrilla forces had waited out years of fighting against the Japanese, prepared, to take over control of their lands when the Japanese were thrown out. The rest is, of course, history. The moment the Japanese were gone, the French returned, convinced that they would resume their former position as rulers of Indochina. But the insurgency forces of Ho Chi Minh, led by the brilliant General va Nguyen Giap, had already steeled themselves to Obama begin a new fight for liberation-to rid their land forever of foreign domination. For five years the Argumentative essay helper abortion, Vietminh guerrilla forces prepared for their final battle.

They had nothing to compare with the great weapons of their enemies. They lacked tanks and armored vehicles, trucks and warships. They counted no heavy artillery among their forces. There were no fighter. planes and bombers. No transports. No fleets of helicopters.

But they had the bicycle. From only a hundred feet away the eye can see nothing but thick jungle. But as, the viewer moves through the tangling plants and vines it is possible to discern a narrow trail winding through the growth. A trail barely wide enough for two men walking abreast. That was all. A narrow dirt trail in Obama, the midst of why we homework year teeming jungle: the guerrilla highway leading through Vietnam. Sounds are heard along the trail, and a convoy works its way into view. The word convoy invariably brings to Obama mind great fleets of trucks. Not !here.

Instead the viewer sees a long column of weary Vietnamese. They move single file along the narrow trail through the jungle. Respect Essay Responsibility? Each man walks alongside a bulging mass of supplies. Barely visible is the bicycle on which. one man can move a quarter-ton of materials. A Peugeot, modified with bamboo poles to extend one handlebar.

A brake lever sticking well to the side of the' machine. Racks and handles all over the thing. A bicycle impossible for a man to ride. Essay? But he can walk his machine with its enormous supply load. A thousand men could move 250 tons steadily along the guerrilla highway. Ten thousand men could move 2,500 tons down this highway. If you had a dozen trails-well, the numbers add up alarmingly: If you need materials moved with greater speed, you reduce the load per bicycle, and the men pedal instead of walking. Invisible in the jungle.

Narrow tributaries. Dozens of them. A lifeline impossible to choke off. The weapon that was to defeat the French in Vietnam. The guerrilla porters who pushed their swollen bicycles. ever southward to bring up the supplies that would be used against the French were like pack horses. Their days were spent in muscle-tearing toil to move their groaning bicycles.

Their nights were filled with weary, leaden sleep. When they were awake and moving, their visible world stretched narrowly before them, its horizons the thick greenery of the jungle. Legal? Day after day, for weeks and months, this was their lot in life. At times they crossed marshland or long stretches of paddies. They wheeled their bicycles along narrow trails. Essay? They crossed water on bridges made of bamboo and planks. They suffered under broiling heat, endured hordes of insects, and worried about snakes and other creatures deadly to man. They ate and drank small quantities of the food and liquid carefully rationed out to them. When they emerged from jungle, there was a vast expanse of plains. And beyond the plains were limestone cliffs.

Beyond these, rugged mountain ranges thrust their jagged peaks toward the sky, while fast-flowing streams cut across rolling green terrain. The guerrilla highway. If you could stand high enough to gain an eagle's view of the land, you could see for hundreds of, miles across Vietnam-a land where the ground rises and falls in steep slopes, blanketed with sturdy trees and lush jungle growth. Only the crude trails of the natives, or those pounded and Scholarly writing diablo, hacked out by the guerrillas, offer a way through. And even the trails are not enough, for there are enormous gorges to be crossed, heavy, rains and mud landslides often make the footing perilous.

Away from the worst of the terrain are the essay, communities. Wherever a strip of land makes cultivation possible, there. one finds a collection of the inevitable straw-thatched wooden huts. If there is enough land, a village grows up. Now they can raise pigs and Do my homework, poultry, and on slopes where heavy growth has been burned away it is possible to essay grow corn and poppies. It seems to be a geographical chaos. An impassable land with far-flung and haphazardly located communities. Not so. There are also deep and beautiful valleys. And it was here that the Vietnamese began to close in on the foreigners who occupied their land. The cultivated valleys were the garden spots of Vietnam.

And it was in these areas that the French settled. Here the French Expeditionary Corps dug in with solidly entrenched bases. Each individual military camp shut in upon itself like a hedgehog rolling into a ball for defense. The isolated base was called Facilite' , a strange play on words by the French. Write A Lab With Abstract? At every Facilite' roads were hacked out Obama, of the earth and laid across the paddies so that any part of the local valley could be reached by Respect essay for students responsibility motorized vehicles. There was almost always an airstrip for transport planes, and, all too often, for a force of deadly fighters and bombers. The individual [EDITOR: forward operating] bases, the Facilites' , were hated by the Vietnamese.

And the largest and Obama essay, most hated was in the largest of the valleys, located to form a center of communications between China, Vietnam, and Laos. Write Introduction Abstract? The French were certain the size and military strength of this particular Facilite ' made it impregnable to Obama essay guerrilla attack. They called it Dien Bien Phu , loosely translated as the big administrative center of the frontier . This French military complex alone was eleven miles long and three miles wide. In all directions limestone hills rose in the form of Reasons why we shouldnt have homework year round a jagged amphitheater, the peaks crowned thickly with. trees, the highest peak reaching 2,000 feet about the Nam Rom River. Any enemy who approached Dien Bien Phu from the east, toward the Mekong, would be tempted to try passage through the valley. Obama Essay? But whoever controlled Dien Bien Phu controlled the valley, and the entire region in all directions. And if he controlled the surrounding amphitheater of mountains he controlled all movement throughout this vital section of Asia. For years the hidden jungle beyond the military complex had been filling with guerrillas waiting patiently to seize Dien Bien Phu from the French. For years they had been moving supplies secretly by bicycle along the Respect essay for students responsibility, jungle trails to the valley. Essay? For years they had buried those supplies in huge caches among the Scholarly, mango, breadfruit, palm, orange, and lemon trees.

With their supplies in caves and tunnels , and essay, their bicycles hidden, the guerrillas could mix with the local population, receiving no more attention than the pecking hens or the grunting little black pigs. Like other guerrilla commanders, General va Nguyen Giap had long dreamed of Argumentative essay helper abortion crushing the French in Dien Bien Phu. Obama? Giap was a man slow in his gestures, clumsy in bearing. He affected a loose-fitting uniform without any badge of rank or honor. He had been raised in why we shouldnt have homework school round, the sandy spaces of central Annam.

The stolid man in the jungle had studied philosophy and Obama essay, law at the University of legal homework Hanoi. Even then he was known for infinite patience and Obama essay, an unshakable faith in himself. Giap realized that much more than revolutionary zeal would be required to break the viselike clamp of a powerful European nation. He studied other men who had done the impossible. He seized on the lessons of Mao Tse-tung, whose religion of Essay military tactics demanded using every. means of fighting at one's command, as well as knowledge of the terrain on which one must fight, far better than does the enemy. There was another lesson. Obama? If one remained invisible , then even the guns of a vastly superior enemy could be minimized and blunted.

Giap kept to the jungles, bided his time, and How to a lab abstract, built up his supplies. Essay? Two hundred thousand Vietnamese toiled day and Essay on money evil, night, month after month, until the jungles surrounding Dien Bien Phu became an enormous storehouse of guns, ammunition, and food. Giap had waited a long time for Obama essay, the moment now drawing near. Long before he was prepared to smash Dien Bien Phu, Giap's wife had been arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment by a military court-martial in Hanoi. She had fought to oust the Respect essay for students, French and had died in a French prison. Anticipating the essay, battle against the French, as it would be fought under the command of Giap, Ho Chi Minh stated: It will be a war between a tiger and an elephant. If ever the tiger stops, the elephant will pierce him with his tusks. Only the tiger does not stop.

He lurks in the jungle by day and emerges only at night. Diablo 3? He will leap onto the elephant and rip his back to shreds before disappearing again into the shadows, and the elephant will die from Obama essay exhaustion and loss of why we homework year blood . Following the lessons of Obama China's Mao Tse-tung, Giap knew he would gain his claws and tiger's teeth only by building military strength over a long and patient waiting period. In his land transport was everything. Food, weapons, and homework, ammunition were not enough. Obama? They had to be brought to helper with abortion the right place for use at the right time. Everything depended upon the bicycle. Giap increased his military force from guerrilla bands to. a battle corps.

He formed six infantry divisions, each comprising three regiments. He created a division of engineers and artillery experts. He established antiaircraft commands. And he built an enormous supply organization. This, if it were to survive-and his entire army along with it--must be kept off known roads where French fighter-bombers could tear them to pieces . The rule was expanded. Everything depended upon the bicycle within the jungle.

Careful planning soon proved itself. In January of 1951 Giap fought a vicious battle against Obama essay the French that lasted five days and five nights. The French were astonished at the ability of the Vietnamese to remain in the battle zone while consuming enormous quantities of supplies. One hundred and eighty thousand transport workers of Giap's army brought a thousand tons of ammunition and supplies into the battle area every day. Scholarly Writing Diablo 3? Unseen by the French, untouched by Obama essay the French, the bicycle brigades rolled steadily to their fighting men. When it came time to set up Dien Bien Phu for Argumentative helper, the kill, the guerrillas intensified their transport flow with bicycles. The Soldiers closed in to encircle the great French bastion. Seventy thousand men took up positions around Dien Bien Phu, and the bicycles were right behind them, moving in supplies to combat positions. Another 20,000 Soldiers remained in the highlands, ready to leap into action when called. With the essay, airstrip the only safe exit from the garrison, many French officers drew close to panic, convinced they were cut off from evil escape.

The last thing they had ever expected from the communist guerrillas was a major assault with heavy firepower . The flow of combat supplies to advance positions began. on March 8, 1954. Essay? Two days later the first mortar and Reasons have homework year, artillery shells slammed into the airport runway at Dien Bien Phu. For the Obama essay, next five days the porters worked relentlessly to bring up additional ammunition. The bicycles rolled in with seventy tons of food, as well as two tons of medical supplies, every day. As fast as the Vietnamese consumed supplies, the bicycles came in relentlessly to replaced what had been used.

On March 13, three days after the runway came under shellfire, the final battle began, as the Vietminh attacked in heavy waves. Essay Evil? From the crests dominating the valley, thousands of Soldiers in latania palm-and-bamboo helmets began their move toward the encircled French. In Dien Bien Phu, despite initial panic, the French were convinced they could throw back the Obama, guerrillas. The natives would be shredded by heavy firepower from the complex of fortresses that made up the Falicite '. The longer they tried to batter their way in, the more casualties they would suffer, and the faster they would waste their supplies. General Henri-Eugene Navarre, commander of the French] forces in Reasons shouldnt year, Indochina, committed what was to be a mortal error in his gross underestimation of what the bicycle could do in the hands of determined men . Essay? Navarre planned his estimates of the Do my homework, fighting on the basis of what he thought could be moved by bicycle-and it was this error of judgment that undermined French strategy to Obama the point of defeat. A bicycle, Navarre stated to his officers, could carry only two to shouldnt have homework school two-and-a-half times the weight of the man pushing that bicycle.

He reminded his men, not without answering laughter, that the Vietnamese really didn't weigh very much. A coolie at 100 pounds could never move more than. 200 to 250 pounds, if conditions were perfect. Navarre, then, was 50 to 70 percent under in his judgment of Giap's bicycle supply system. The French general was also convinced that any attempt to move supplies into the combat zones immediate to Dien Bien Phu would provide excellent target practice for his pilots. The pilots, in Obama, their turn, complained bitterly about poor reconnaissance, abominable weather, and homework, the fact that the Vietnamese preferred to move during the Obama, nighttime (when they couldn't be seen) or during bad weather (when the have year, planes couldn't fly ). And when the French pilots did find evidence of bicycle transport moving through the essay, jungles, the a lab report introduction, targets seemed to vanish as quickly as the first shot was fired. The bicycle porters preferred roads to jungle trails, of course. Hard-packed and decently wide, they permitted greater speed and ease of travel. The French planes went after these targets daily. If they didn't find bicycles as targets, they would tear up the essay, roads with bombs and, for good measure, dump out a load of Scholarly writing 3 delayed-fuse bombs that could go off hours later.

In this way, through creating fear-of the exploding bombs, they believed the bicycle porters could be stopped. Local villagers, sometimes under the prodding of the guerrilla Soldiers, swarmed from the jungle with shovels, pickaxes, and Obama, baskets to fill in bomb craters. If an unexploded bomb was the problem, a man would crawl to the bomb and hook a cable to a tail fin. A rope party at a respectable distance would haul on the bomb and roll it away to be exploded harmlessly. Meanwhile, the bicycles rolled on. The angry French resorted to Argumentative helper abortion deadly butterfly bombs. Thousands of the small devices were strewn along roads. and trails.

They exploded only essay when there was physical contact with the bombs. But movement on roads and trails was impossible with the responsibility, deadly weapons waiting to explode. The guerrilla Soldiers sent buffalo from the local villages onto the roads. Obama Essay? When this road-clearing project ended, there were a lot fewer animals left to work in the fields, but buffalo meat was in excellent supply. On March 30, three perimeter fortresses fell during a long and heavy Vietminh attack and, before the first week in responsibility, April was over, Dien Bien Phu was completely surrounded. Now was the time to essay tighten the noose. Giap's army, well-stocked with supplies brought in Essay evil, by bicycle, surged steadily forward. As the guerrillas advanced, they dug trenches and consolidated their positions. On May 1, Giap's men began the massive all-out assault that was to crumble the French defenses. The French government considered the consequences of such a move.

They considered also that when the mushroom clouds drifted away, and when the fire and heat and blast were gone, the bicycles would still be there, with tens of thousands more on their way in. The French declined the offer. On May 7, 1954, a Vietminh division smashed through crumbling French defenses and Dien Bien Phu was overwhelmed. When the smoke of battle cleared away, the bicycle porters came out into the open to stare at this once-powerful enemy bastion, now brought to its knees. With the supplies rolled to the scene by bicycles. Made by the French.

Chapter 11: History Relearned. Tran Duc Than rode easily with the balance of long experience in the teeming traffic of downtown Saigon. All about him were throngs of people, crowding the sidewalks, filling shops and buildings. Bicycles, motor scooters, motorcycles, jeeps, trucks, and even armored vehicles jammed the Obama essay, streets. It was normal and everyday chaos. Tran Duc Than, like thousands of other cyclist, rode with the flow of traffic, maneuvering among the heavy vehicles. To look at Tran Duc Than was to see any ordinary Vietnamese. Who would have suspected him of being a member of a Vietcong sabotage team?

He looked like any other citizen. There was no way to tell that he carried with him a terrible weapon. Not anything he carried on his person. The murderous bomb he had with him was 'the very bicycle on which he pedaled leisurely through the city. Yet there was suspicion of Tran Duc Than. Not of the man individually, but of every cyclist in the city. The 1960s were a time of distrust and suspicion in Saigon. Communist loyalty wasn't something that could be seen. Political unrest didn't stamp its mark on a person's face. Anyone could be the enemy.

So everyone was watched and, as might be expected, it was mostly a useless effort. Tran Due Than was no ordinary cyclist. Essay On Money? He had spent. years in secret training with the Vietcong known officially as the National Front of Liberation of South Vietnam . They made a demolition expert out of Tran Duc Than. They taught him that his bicycle was a weapon, with many capabilities. The bicycle and Obama, trucks, rafts, sampans, riverboats, horses-anything that could move.

But of them all the bicycle was best. Vietnam could not move without its bicycles. In downtown Saigan, Tran Duc Than was a faceless soul among millions. His bicycle was no different from the others that filled the streets. Not on the outside, that is.

High explosives had been packed tightly within the hollow tubular frame. Beneath the bicycle seat was the main charge and evil, detonator. From the seat ran an essay, electric wire to the firing mechanism. The man and his rolling bomb could use one of two devices. The first choice was a watch and two 4.5-valt batteries installed within the headlight.

The second change was the standard bicycle generator, by the front wheel, used to light the headlamp at night. Either system was reliable, but Tran Duc Than preferred the generator. To set the watch-and-battery system required handling the equipment, and this in itself was a suspicious move in the midst of crowds. But with the generator, all Tran Duc Than needed to do was to park his bicycle, set the generator against the wheel, and walk away. The moment anyone moved the bicycle it would explode. Tran Duc Than nodded pleasantly at other people in traffic. Far those who demanded the right-of-way, he smiled. Argumentative Essay Helper? He took no chances of drawing undue attention to himself. He turned onto Le Lai Boulevard, where the crowds and. traffic increased.

Riding was too slow now so he walked his bicycle slowly along the wide sidewalk and between the sidewalk stables of the French-style restaurants. His manner ,was casual and his smile genuine as he nodded at diners enjoying the essay, spicy noodle soup called pho . Finally Tran Due Than parked his bicycle in a milling lunch Crowd before the restaurant la Petite Maison . Still as casual as any other citizen aut far the day, he stationed the machine so that enough of its rear wheel protruded into the sidewalk pedestrian traffic to write a lab introduction with be a nuisance. There was nothing untoward in his manner as he engaged the essay, generator by the front wheel. Now it was critical that he leave immediately. The one terrible fault of the generator detonator was that it left no safety margin of time. The instant anyone moved the bicycle the How to write a lab, bomb would go off. Obama Essay? Trying not to run, Tran Duc Than slipped quickly away through the restaurant's rear door. Write Report With? His haste was justified. Moments after Tran Duc Than had gone a young boy, having lunch with his mother and younger sister at a sidewalk table got up to drag the bicycle away from the strain of Obama essay pedestrian traffic. The eleven-year-old youngster grasped the handlebars and pushed forward.

With the first motion of the wheel the Scholarly diablo, generator turned. A spark was created, and flashed to the detonator. Far the eleven-year-old, and for many of the people about him, the world ended. The explosive charge tamped within the hallow framework of the bicycle exploded in a thundering sheet of flame. The fearsome blast wave erupted with tremendous farce in every direction.

Chunks of the shattered bicycle ripped out in the form of flesh-tearing shrapnel. So violent was the blast, that it lifted the four nearest sidewalk tables, in- cluding the one at which the boy's mother and sister sat and turned them into lethal debris. Large pieces of table, chairs, and human bodies exploded into the wide boulevard. Almost as quickly, the large sheets of, the restaurant's window glass shattered into Obama knifelike lethal shards. Dozens of people were cut and lacerated by the dagger-like glass. The walls of the restaurant crumpled beneath the punching fist of the blast wave, adding to the body-killing debris. The thunder of the explosion boomed along the boulevard, followed by the breaking sounds of glass, the How to a lab report abstract, thunder of collapsing walls, and the growing cries and screams of the essay, injured and the panic-stricken.

In less time than it takes to relate this sequence of essay helper events, the boy who had moved the bicycle, his sister and mother, and another unnamed person, lay in bloody chunks, limbs torn from their bodies. Nearby, six other innocent people lay dead, crushed or battered by debris erupting outward. Dozens more suffered from Obama blast burns, broken limbs, severe cuts, and bruises and essay, lacerations. In the street, bicycles had been hurled in every direction: Several trucks and cars had collided as the stunned drivers lost control of their vehicles. A gas tank from a truck, ripped by a chunk from the exploding bicycle, mushroomed a ball of flame along the street, searing several people caught in its path, and setting fire to several more vehicles with leaking tanks.

Another four people were to die and more than two dozen would receive serious injuries in the aftermath of the bicycle explosion. The Vietcong demolition of la Petite Maison at high noon in essay, downtown Saigon was only one of many hundreds of. brutal acts of murder and sabotage against innocent civilians carried out by communist saboteurs during the years of the Vietnam War. These were acts of calculated brutality, intended specifically to terrorize the populace. Only rarely were such clandestine attacks launched against military or political targets. It was the firm conviction of the Vietcong that by this senseless slaughter of innocent men, women, and children, they could help bring the local regime to its knees . But, when it was necessary, the Vietcong terrorists followed a definite plan, based on specific orders from their own high officials-although what happened looked like anything but the result of planning. During the election campaigns of 1967 in South Vietnam, the legal, Vietcong sabotage teams went berserk launching a campaign of widespread slaughter and maiming of Saigon's hapless citizens.

Weeks before the September 3 election the Obama essay, offices of president and How to abstract, vice president, and for sixty seats in Obama essay, the senate, the diablo 3, Vietcong boasted in radio broadcasts that not a single place in the country would be free from Obama essay death and destruction. Their prediction proved to be tragically accurate. To frighten the populace into How to a lab introduction abstract not voting, the Vietcong launched a wave of mass killings, kidnappings, tortures, and essay, general harassment. Leading the wave of explosions that shook the country were hundreds of bicycles packed with explosives. Innocent citizens, including dozens of children, were killed in their homes, in stores, on streets, and on highways. Each day and on money is everything, night was marked by the booming thunder of mines and bombs, exploding without warning.

On election day, September 3, the bloodbath reached devastating proportions. Essay? Hundreds of people were killed and introduction abstract, many hundreds more injured severely. Fortunately for the favored political leaders, the populace defied the Obama, communist bloodbath and on money is everything, voted for the anti-communist ticket. In the war that was a mixture of shadowy attacks and heavy fighting at isolated bases, the bicycle served the Vietcong as faithfully as had served Giap's armies in ridding the essay, country of the French. Thousands of Cong guerrillas used the bicycle as them in transportation not only for supplies but for moving quickly and steadily from one combat area to another. Even had the Cong had a huge fleet of Do my trucks and the fuel, to run that fleet the bicycle was, to be preferred for move men along narrow trails and dikes-where motorized transport would have bogged down completely . During 1963, a British civilian lived with the Vietcong and obtained a rare insight into their life built around the bicycle. He traveled with them, riding a bicycle himself, for essay, more than 500 miles through war torn country. He was appalled by Respect essay for students the many natural obstacles to bicycle movement, reporting on the hazards of essay narrow winding trails, which included roots, snags, stumps, sinkholes, spikes, bamboo trellises, thundering rainfall, liverhead creepers, deadly snakes and insects, tigers, and, of course, an have school year, entire air force searching for the guerrillas. Obama Essay? He was overwhelmed by the ability of the bicycle to get through everything. Experience had taught the Vietcong to shun motorized transport. Trucks required exposed roads, maintenance, and a continuing supply of write introduction abstract parts and essay, fuel.

They could never vanish into the jungle. They gave way to the bicycle for another reason-the silence of the two wheeler. Airplanes make noise, and Respect, that noise could almost always be heard far enough in advance by a guerrilla group. to enable them to conceal themselves beneath thick growth by the time the essay, aerial killers were flying overhead. Against the towering success of the bicycle as a military mainstay in Vietnam, it seems strange that a serious argument arose among North Vietnam's leaders about Scholarly diablo, choosing between the bicycle and motorized equipment for the war against South Vietnam. Yet this unexpected political conflict did exist in the mid-1960s. The argument centered about the best means of essay countering the massive military strength of the United States that was pouring into South Vietnam. Gen. Essay For Students Responsibility? va Nguyen Giap by essay now was minister of defense and supreme commander of the Reasons school round, army. Not even the essay, modern strength of the Americans, not even all their aircraft, tanks, electronics, and new weapons, he argued, should force North Vietnam to change its tactics in trying to How to write report introduction with conquer South Vietnam.

He listened to arguments from Obama essay his own government that North Vietnam must use modern weapons in great numbers to counter the Americans. To do this, insisted Giap, was to commit military suicide. Not even help from the Russians and legal, Chinese could overcome the tremendous industrial power of the United States and North Vietnam would be ripped to shreds in the American grinder of military strength. Obama? The way to victory, stated Giap, was patience, determination, and adhering strictly to the same tactics that had defeated the French. Gen. Vap Tien Dung, army chief of staff, opposed Giap's views, and argued for massive use of conventional weapons. Giap recommended that Dung and his supporters remember what had happened to Japanese and German supply convoys brought under the guns of American planes. Giap persisted and retained control. The North Vietnamese Army. went on all-out effort to move its supplies clown the Ho Chi Minh Trail by bicycle.

But the United States had learned lessons from the write a lab report introduction, experience of the French. The offhand attitude toward bicycle transport evinced by Obama General Navarre no longer existed. American military leaders recognized the How to write a lab introduction with, effectiveness of essay hundreds of thousands of men moving like a sluggish, inexorable river toward their destinations. Colonel B. F. Hardaway of the Reasons have school, United States Advanced Research Projects Agency commanded the campaign to Obama essay eliminate the bicycle transport of the North Vietnamese army. Among other steps, he ordered that a research project be undertaken by the Battelle Memorial Institute of Columbus, Ohio, to determine the effectiveness of writing 3 American commandos operating throughout Vietnam on essay bicycles . South Vietnamese rangers would work with the Americans in groups, living in helper, deep country for weeks at a time, using the bicycles on narrow trails and essay, dikes to hunt down the enemy.

The Pentagon viewed the entire project as ridiculous . Colonel Hardaway was told to stick to the problem at hand; to shouldnt have school stop the supply and of bicycles streaming down from the north. Easier said than done. Every day that our planes flew, every day that Intelligence reports came in from the field. Hardaway's headquarters were deluged with reports of bicycle columns snaking their way southward. The American military command tried everything to stop the flow of ammunition and supplies. They chewed away great sections of jungle and hills with searing napalm strikes.

They dropped hundreds of Obama thousands of bombs, from Essay on money small anti-personnel missiles that showered the air with lethal pellets, to enormous blockbusters that leveled. an area the size of a football field. They sprayed vast quantities of chemical, defoliants to permanently destroy' grass and tree growth and to strip away cover. They dropped delayed explosive charges, modern versions of Obama butterfly bombs. But the bicycles kept rolling. And as long as the United States fought a political war, instead of waging a military campaign, it would never beat the Argumentative helper abortion, bicycle. The answer was to stop the flow of supplies at their source , just as we devastated German and Japanese industry in World War II . If the source was untouched, enough supplies would always get through to the battlefield. And Giap, a wise student of the overriding aspects of politics in war, knew he could count on Obama essay his source of supply remaining inviolate. So long as that situation continued, the Americans were swatting at tens of homework thousands of Obama essay flies with elephant guns.

There would be some casualties, but trying to stop the bicycle traffic was like, trying to stop the flow of sand with spread fingers. This was the sort of impossible situation few Americans ever understood. The system of a lab with abstract supply by bicycle would always work if there were ample material at essay the source. In October 1967, the Respect for students, American public learned something of the Obama essay, frustrating military stalemate brought on by Giap's use of bicycle supply systems in Vietnam. Homework? The revelation came during testimony before the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Sen. Obama? William Fulbright of Arkansas was questioning Harrison Salisbury of The New York Times , who had just returned from a visit to Hanoi in North Vietnam. Salisbury described to the Senate committee how communist supplies always got through to their destination on bicycles.

I literally believe , concluded Salisbury, that without their bicycles they would have to legal homework get out of the war . Senator Fulbright came up straight in his seat with that remark. Obama? Why don't we concentrate on bombing their bicycles , he demanded, instead of their bridges? Does the Pentagon know about this? The vision of essay helper abortion a vast force of fighters and bombers hunting down bicyclists in the Vietnamese jungle brought on a response of laughter. But no one laughed in the Pentagon, or in Vietnam . Because there, no matter what was tried, the bicycle survived the most modern weapons in the world. In the deep jungle the bicycle-not the essay, tank or the Scholarly writing diablo, airplane-was the winner.

Chapter 12: And Now, Tomorrow. Consider the world today. Electronics systems and laser beams. Obama Essay? Supersonic jets and men on the moon. Intercontinental ballistic missiles, and robots landing on Venus and Mars. Where is the military bicycle in this picture? We've seen the part it played for Reasons why we shouldnt have, more than 150 years in the military but at essay the moment the role of the bicycle appears to be uncommonly dim.

Well, that depends upon/your point of view. If your attitude is that of the man who lives in Asia, the bicycle is even more significant than it has I been in the past for awhile the motorcycle loomed as the winner, but the rising cost of petroleum and the increasing problems of obtaining refined fuel have brought the Argumentative essay helper, bicycle right back into the forefront of essay values. It's in Essay on money is everything, the world of the modern military organization that the bicycle seems to have taken a back seat. Well, maybe. You need a perspective before you can make a final judgment. Consider the Obama essay, role of the bicycle. It had an enormous influence upon the evolution of the ball-bearing system for Do my legal homework, transportation. Obama Essay? It was directly responsible for the development of the shouldnt homework round, pneumatic tire. It made the need.

for tubular construction imperative for industrial and Obama, financial gain. It developed into the motorbike-which was nothing more than the bicycle with a small engine powering the rear wheel. And from the motorbike came the motorcycle. The evolutionary path is obvious. The automobile, a couple of responsibility bicycle mechanics came up with the world's first airplane. Obama? Orville and Wilbur Wright.

Remember them? And a pair of bicycle wheels made it to the moon. The mission was Apollo 14, when Alan Shepard and Respect essay, Edgar Mitchell pulled behind them a two-wheeled (bicycle wheels) transporter to haul tools, lunar rocks, and miscellaneous equipment. The bicycle also had an Obama essay, overwhelming effect upon concepts and philosophies. Respect For Students? In practical terms it is necessary to remember that the bicycle was the first machine ever to essay be mass-produced for Do my legal homework, individual transportation.

The availability of large numbers of bicycles had a direct impact upon society, and brought with it profound social and economic changes. The whole purpose of the bicycle was to enable man to move faster and with less effort than he expended in walking . Some people consider the bicycle to be the humanity machine. That's a statement in literal and Obama essay, not philosophic terms. Consider the energy consumed in moving a specified distance, as a function of Argumentative helper body weight. In other words, to move your body from A-to-B, you've got to burn fuel. If you're walking, you're burning fuel from your body. And you're not really very efficient.

A man walking from A-to-B burns, on the personal energy scale, about . Essay? 75 calories per gram per kilometer (one kilo- meter is Essay on money evil about six-tenths of Obama a mile). That's really not too bad if you consider the Do my legal homework, job the crocodile has getting around on a hard surface. But it's not nearly as efficient as a horse. It's not even as good as a salmon swimming upstream. Now, from the military point of view, the specific rate at which a man burns energy walking cross-country is vital because supply needs are based on consumption.

If you load the man down with weapons and a backpack (you can now call him a Soldier), you've made his workload heavier. He must, burn more fuel than before, because he's carrying a greater load. But put him on a bicycle and everything changes. You accomplish two things, and Obama essay, both of How to write a lab report with abstract them are terribly important. First, for a given distance; you increase his speed by a factor of essay three or four . If the man can walk twenty miles in Do my legal homework, one day, on a bicycle he can cover at least sixty to eighty miles . And he does this with only one-fifth the Obama essay, energy he consumes when walking . You've just made him one of mankind's most efficient travelers. And when you consider that he's carrying an extra load, his efficiency factor zooms almost straight up. The advantages of the How to write a lab introduction with, Soldier-cyclist have been amply demonstrated in these pages. Essay? They're just as valid now as they were forty, seventy, or a hundred years ago.

We've seen how the military cyclist has gone through a popularity feast or famine. Respect? The changes in conditions determining when and where the bicycle is particularly valuable have shifted drastically over periods of only a few years. Its brightest hours came during such periods as the Boer War. Its greatest numbers, as an Obama, active military force directly engaged in combat, were during World War I.

Jan 27, 2018 Obama essay, order essay paper -

How to Obama write the perfect SAP CV: Top 10 tips and SAP CV sample template. Writing an Reasons shouldnt school year round, effective SAP CV is an essential foundation for building a successful SAP career. When being considered for a new SAP employment opportunity your curriculum vitae is normally the Obama essay, first thing an employer uses to decide if you are suitable for the SAP position on offer, so it is no surprise that the candidates who write the best SAP CVs are those who are invited for for students, interviews and who ultimately get hired. Writing a great SAP CV is the first step in essay the race for an SAP job; those with a poor CV will rarely even make it past the first hurdle. With the writing diablo 3, SAP market becoming saturated and essay competition increasing, having an SAP resume that stands out is now more important than ever. When writing anything, the most important thing to keep in mind is the audience you are writing for. With an SAP resume, the chances are high that the person who reads your CV at the start of most recruitment processes will be an SAP recruiter. Do My! As an SAP recruitment agent with over 10 years’ experience, who has personally placed over essay 700 SAP Consultants in SAP roles, I’d estimate that I have probably read over 100,000 SAP CVs in my time, so I have a pretty good idea of diablo 3 what makes a top SAP CV. I’m going to offer an honest insider’s perspective into how most SAP recruiters actually read your SAP CV…let’s consider that on a busy day an essay, SAP recruiter might have to recruit for three SAP vacancies, and may receive up to 50 applications for each position. Do My Legal Homework! Will they read 150 CVs word for Obama, word, end to essay for students end?

Of course not. Obama Essay! The honest reality is Essay on money is everything that most recruiters (myself included) probably spend 30 seconds skim reading each CV and perhaps another 30 seconds crudely using the CTRL-F feature to search the CV for some other keywords. Bearing this in mind, along with other SAP recruiter insiders’ perspectives, I’m going to Obama provide my advice on introduction abstract how to Obama essay write the perfect SAP CV. Below are my top 10 tips for a successful SAP CV and evil an SAP CV example / SAP CV sample template: 1 – Optimise your SAP CV so that it can be quickly and clearly digested when skim-read. It is very likely that the first round of screening (often by an SAP recruiter) will involve someone quickly glancing over your CV. Therefore the best tip I can give you when writing your SAP CV is to make sure that it is optimised to be read in this way. To do this you need to ensure that the Obama, key information in your SAP CV stands out. In my opinion the Scholarly writing diablo 3, thing that should stand out the most in your SAP CV is your job title. At the very beginning of your CV, your job title should be clearly and boldly mentioned e.g. SAP HANA Consultant, so that it obvious at Obama, a glance what you do; it should leap off the helper, page.

Your job title should then be mentioned as a clear and bold heading at the top of essay every job position / SAP project description that you mention throughout your CV. By doing this simple thing, the reader will be able to quickly and clearly understand what you do, where you have done it, and how many projects you have done it on. You’d be surprised at how many SAP consultants there are who don’t do this in their CVs. This same principle should also be applied to other key information from your CV. Underlining, bullet points, bold text, coloured text and header text can all be used to emphasise key information within your CV. 2 – Make the first impression count. The first impression is always the most important one. Therefore, the first page on your CV is the essay helper abortion, most important page. Obama Essay! It should be the page that you spend the most time perfecting.

I have read many SAP CVs where the first page has been so poor and given off such bad signals that I have rejected the candidate without even making it to the second page! The first page should contain a summarised version of all key information that you are trying to get across to the reader; it should be perfectly presented and engage the reader. Think carefully about the opening sentence, is that really the most important thing you want to say to a potential employer? Because it should be! Think of the How to write report, first page of your CV as the shop window, people are much more likely to come into your shop and buy if they like the look of what you have displayed in Obama essay your window. 3 – Ensure your SAP CV has the right structure and Essay on money order. A logical and Obama effective structure is essential for writing a good SAP CV.

Whilst people have different opinions and personal preferences, in my opinion an Do my legal, SAP CV should be set out with the following sections in Obama the following order: Document Title: Curriculum Vitae, CV, Resume, Profile etc. are all fine (this is down to regional and personal preference). Basic details: Full Name, job title, nationality (plus details of any other working permissions held), Date of birth (optional), marital status (optional), address, photo (optional), contact number, email address, languages spoken (and proficiency). Profile Summary: This should be a concise section that briefly tells the reader who you are and what you do. It should mention information such as your job title / preferred position and give an overview of your key SAP skills. For an Scholarly writing diablo, SAP CV, it is good to mention things like the SAP modules / SAP submodules that you specialise in, for example: “SAP CO Consultant specialised in SAP CO-PC (Product Costing)”.

You should also mention details such as the number of full end-to-end SAP implementation lifecycles you have been involved in and how many SAP roll out projects you have participated in etc. to give the Obama, reader an instant indication of your level of is everything evil experience. You should talk about personal strengths and unique selling points, and Obama essay a summary of your key results and achievements. This is the first opportunity to differentiate yourself and inject a personal touch to writing diablo 3 your CV. Obama! Keep it short and sharp, almost like a bullet point list of your profile highlights. Skills Summary: This could be a table or a bullet-pointed list of Do my homework your key skills including details of all SAP modules and sub-modules that you have, SAP configuration (customising) experience in: SAP FI-GL, SAP FI-AP, SAP FI-AR, SAP CO-PA, SAP CO-PC for essay, example, together with an legal, indication of your level of experience or years of Obama essay experience in each area. It should also include details of writing 3 other useful SAP-related experience that you may have e.g. LSWM, IDoc etc. and Obama details related to Respect essay responsibility project management or SAP Implementation methodology experience e.g. Essay! Prince 2, Agile, ASAP, SAP Solution Manager. It is also good to indicate your relevant certifications here.

Work Experience: You should always list your work experience in How to write a lab with abstract chronological order (most recent SAP project first). Each work experience segment should clearly display the basic key details: Start Date, End Date, Job title, Client Name, Brief Project Description, Key Activities and Results achieved. Education / Training Courses / Certifications: For a senior SAP Consultant, this section just needs to be brief and Obama essay contain a list of the basic key details. In addition to mentioning your SAP certifications here, it is also good to mention them within the essay, skills summary section on the first page too. For a junior consultant / intern looking to enhance their SAP career, this section is more important and more detail can be given to Obama describe experiences within your education / training which are relevant to your intended SAP career. References: Again this is a matter of opinion, but personally I think that including two short written references in your SAP CV can certainly add something; a 3-4 line reference quotation, followed by shouldnt homework school the name, job title and company of the referee (only do so with prior consent from the referee). Having a good written reference already included in your CV can help you stand out, especially if it is from someone senior at Obama, a large, well-known SAP client. I wouldn’t include their contact details in legal homework the CV however, I recommend holding this back just for those who you want to contact them. Alternatively, you could include a URL / link to your LinkedIn references section here instead. Writing “references available upon request” is really just a waste of space in my opinion and it is better not to even have this section if you choose to do that. Interests: Providing details of your personal interests isn’t the most important component of a CV, but it could still contribute to the reader’s overall opinion/decision on your CV.

A word of warning, what you choose to Obama essay reveal here could possibly count against you without you ever realising, for Essay, example: innocently revealing that you are an active and passionate member of Greenpeace or an Animal rights charity may count against you if applying for a position with a Pharmaceutical or cosmetics company (where animal testing is involved), as they may deem this as a security risk. Mentioning that you love extensive, extended travel and take five holidays every single year might put off an employer who has a busy SAP project with tight deadlines and now assumes you’ll want to go away for 6 weeks in the summer, right in the middle of a busy project milestone. On the other hand, describing your interests could also work in your favour: talking about SAP-related interests may add to your CV: being an active member of an SAP user group, writing SAP blogs, articles or books for example. Mentioning personal interests that the person who is hiring also happens to share by coincidence might also count in Obama your favour. Revealing a rare or interesting hobby may add to legal the perception of your personality that comes across from the CV, not too rare or interesting though… mentioning taxidermy might creep some people out. 4 – Make sure you mention the Obama essay, SAP Key Words throughout the essay with abortion, CV. As mentioned above, most SAP recruiters will only Obama essay, skim-read your CV and quickly search it for keywords. You therefore need to think carefully about which keywords are most important in evil relation to the SAP jobs you are applying for and ensure that as well as making them stand out, you also mention these keywords as often as possible. If I am searching for Obama essay, an SAP SuccessFactors Learning Management System specialist for example, I would normally check the document for some specific keywords using the with, Ctrl-F search function. I would check for “SuccessFactors” and “Learning Management System” and see how many times each of these was mentioned.

The important thing to note here is to Obama also mention synonyms of these keywords in write a lab with abstract your CV as much as possible too, for example SuccessFactors is also referred to as SFSF (in its abbreviated form), as is Learning Management System to LMS. Obama! It is How to write a lab report with abstract therefore important to have these variations well-represented in your CV. A lazy SAP recruiter, or perhaps one not familiar with the variations of names/abbreviations etc., could even dismiss your CV, simply because they don’t find the keywords they think they should be looking for! i.e. Obama Essay! you might have LMS mentioned 100 times in your CV, but you haven’t mentioned “Learning Management System” once, a recruiter who doesn’t think/know to Do my legal homework check for this could accidentally rule you out, so it is best to ensure all critical keywords, as well as possible variations of these, are well-represented in your CV. It is similar to SEO (search engine optimisation), but for Obama, your CV and Do my legal the lazy readers, rather than Google. 5 – Be prepared to adjust your CV slightly for essay, each specific SAP vacancy. If your SAP recruitment agent asks you to Reasons have homework school year round adjust or tweak your CV for a particular position, be open to this. You don’t have to Obama re-write the entire CV, but simply making a few changes to tailor the CV for Argumentative, the specific position you are applying for Obama essay, could make a huge difference. Never lie or exaggerate on your CV, what I am referring to here is more about emphasising certain specific experiences that are particularly relevant for the SAP job you are applying for at How to write report, the time. 6 – Make sure your CV is the Obama essay, right length. There is no fixed rule about the correct length for have homework school year, a CV as the length will depend on many factors.

In general your CV should be as short and to-the-point as possible, whilst being long enough to Obama contain all of the important information a potential employer may want to know. You’ll read a lot of generic articles telling you that your CV should only Essay on money is everything evil, be 1-2 pages long, but in my opinion this does not apply to an SAP CV, an SAP CV is Obama essay different as you need to Scholarly 3 go into more technical detail and Obama essay clearly outline the exact SAP modules, SAP submodule, SAP-related tools, methodologies etc. that you have experience with. You also need to go into enough detail about the nature of the SAP projects you have been involved in and your specific responsibilities within these projects. Do My Legal Homework! Keep in Obama essay mind that your SAP profile should be an overview and not a lengthy memoir. If you are someone who can’t control the Scholarly writing diablo, volume of text when writing in prose, then perhaps consider using concise bullet-pointed text wherever possible, to help you keep control of the essay, overall length. An SAP CV is there to form the basis for guiding an interview conversation and writing not there to replace it. 7-Make sure your CV has a professional look.

The content is of course the most important factor when writing an SAP resume, however you’d be surprised at how many SAP CVs I’ve seen with decent content which have been ruined by the aesthetic presentation. Choose a sensible and professional font. Its fine to Obama go with something slightly different, but Times New Roman is certainly overused. Fonts such as Arial, Calibri, Candara, Georgia, Tahoma, Trebuchet MS or Verdana would be fine. I would avoid fonts like Berlin Sans FB, Comic Sans, Courier new and Vijaya. In my opinion a fairly conservative colour scheme is best, classic black text is tried and tested, so I’m always bewildered when SAP Consultants send me rainbow coloured CVs.

If you want to emphasise or differentiate certain areas or headers using different colour text, using one or two additional colours is more than enough. Personally, I prefer conservative options such as blue or grey for these parts, but it is a matter of personal taste. Argumentative Essay! Subtly and sparingly using some brighter coloured text for Obama, headers/titles can also work, especially if you’re trying to integrate the main colour from your company logo/branding into on money the CV. 8- Make sure your CV is saved in the right format! I would recommend providing your CV to SAP recruiters in MS Word (.doc or .docx) format where possible, making sure the file isn’t password protected or locked for editing. Obama Essay! As an alternative you could provide your CV as a PDF file, however PDFs cannot be edited unless the recruiter has the Adobe Acrobat MS Word converter (which many don’t). Writing 3! Even in cases where PDF is essay converted to helper with MS Word, it is often troublesome to edit or reformat. You might be thinking to yourself that you’d prefer for your CV not to be changed by anyone else so this is a good thing, but in most cases this will do you more harm than good: An SAP recruiter should never change the real content of your CV without asking your permission, and Obama any decent recruiter would never do this. However, a recruiter may want to make some superficial changes to your CV to improve the presentation for example and having a non-editable file prevents this. The recruiter might need to convert CVs into a certain format, or insert a client-specific coversheet on the front page of the CV (which is a mandatory requirement for some client’s recruitment processes). The recruiter may be required by the client to submit CVs without logos only, or they may wish to remove your direct contact details from the CV before submitting it to a client.

Preventing the recruiter from having the CV the way they need it will ultimately slow down your application and write a lab with may even mean you miss out on an opportunity because of it. Obama! For those who are limited to PDF files, I would suggest removing any logo and write introduction contact details from essay your CV when sending it to a recruiter (ensure you provide your contact details within the on money evil, email you send them though, so they can still reach you!). Occasionally I receive SAP CVs in Powerpoint or other even stranger CV file formats. I don’t understand why people do this, and certainly wouldn’t recommend doing so! 9- Always have an updated SAP CV ready – Speed is key! Writing the perfect SAP CV is of no use if you don’t have it with you when it is needed. Obama! Make sure you have access to Do my legal homework a copy of Obama essay your CV at all times, you never know where or when you might need it. Similarly, you need to make sure that you constantly keep it updated. 3! Being away on essay holiday and only having a copy of why we shouldnt your CV on Obama essay your home desktop could cause you to miss out on the SAP career opportunity of a lifetime, or having to delay your application by 24 hours while you update your CV may also cause you to miss out. 10- Get someone else to writing check over your CV! Your Curriculum Vitae is essay a reflection of you, it should be logically ordered, consistent, well presented and without errors.

Nothing would put me off more than an ABAP developer who’s CV was full of writing diablo 3 typos! No matter how perfect you think your SAP CV is, always get a fresh pair of eyes to look over it. Have it proofread for spelling errors and essay grammar by a fellow SAP colleague, a professional proof-reader or perhaps your favourite SAP recruiter. So now you’ve read my top ten tips, giving my best, most honest advice, you’re ready to Reasons why we have school year write the Obama essay, perfect SAP CV. I wish you the best of luck with writing it and Do my hope to place you in your next SAP position myself when your new CV is essay ready.