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Ap Us History 2005 Dbq Form B Essays and Research Papers. the an assignment, country? What difference does it make to understand the Revolution as a civil war between Americans as well as a war against Help law essay, the British? No, they . didn’t deserve to be forced out of America, it doesn’t matter what they believed, they helped form this country just as much was the an assignment, rebels did, they have every right to stay in their own country 4. How important were the beatles zaycev, diplomatic relations between European nations in determining the success of the American Revolution? How significant a role. American Revolution , American Revolutionary War , British Empire 2105 Words | 6 Pages.

AP ® United States History 2010 Free-Response Questions The College Board The College Board is an assignment introduction, a not-for-profit membership . association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Account Essay Kalä±plarä±! Founded in 1900, the College Board is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and services in. Advanced Placement , American Civil War , College Board 1873 Words | 6 Pages. DBQ : The Diverging Societies The Chesapeake and New England colonies evolved into two distinctive societies by Buying, the 1700’s because . differences in developments occurred. These differences included motives for being founded, social transformations, and geographic settlements. Assignment Chart Record! The Chesapeake and New England society differed in their motives for Buying an assignment colonization. The Chesapeake region of Virginia was founded by the Virginia Company as a joint-stock company.

Their main goal was to build opportunities. Colony , England , Massachusetts Bay Colony 1246 Words | 4 Pages. DBQ American expansionism in the late 19th century and early 20th century was, to a large extent, a continuation of past United States . expansionism, while also departing with previous expansionism in some aspects. During the period of time between the late 19th century and early 20th century, America was going through significant changes. Kalä±plarä±! After a revolution in introduction Cuba against the Spanish, as well as the Americans starting the Spanish-American War, the Americans received several territorial concessions. 20th century , American Civil War , American Empire 977 Words | 3 Pages.

AP US History 1) In Documents A, B , and C some problems in their colonial . government was that all colonies wanted to unite and become one government but one colony always tried to Help, control all of it. Also, they tried to fix the Buying, way they would trade with the Indians by setting standards all would have to follow. Assignment Chart! When they were untied for a moment in time though, they had set laws that if one colony needed assistance, the other colonies must bring a certain number of soldiers to an assignment introduction, assist. American Revolution , Benjamin Franklin , Colonialism 940 Words | 3 Pages. of U.S. Account Kalä±plarä±! becoming Communist. B . China Communist fear. C. An Assignment Introduction! McCarthyism heightened fear.

D. Hesitation of action to prevent WWIII ^ fear. . II. Eisenhower Administration A. Massive retaliation; nuclear weapons prevented USSR attack. B . Containment policy to prevent war/attack. C. Linguistics! Interstate Highway System to ^ US defense against Communism. An Assignment! D. Writing Essay Kalä±plarä±! CIA overthrowing/prevention of spread of Communism. An Assignment Introduction! E. Korean Armistice/Peace treaty b /w China/North Korea amp; US . F. Domino Theory, eco/mil aid. Cold War , Communism , Communist state 1089 Words | 4 Pages. Phd With Lots! ?Elliott Gengo AP US DBQ Summary 10/7/14 Document A Thomas Jefferson wrote to Gibeon Granger . about the powers of the states. Buying An Assignment! Jefferson believes the country is too large to Homework, have a single federal government. He believes that the states should have some power too.

Jefferson says the Republicans have accepted these rights from the Constitution and Buying an assignment introduction the federalists have opposed them. Document B Jefferson tells Samuel Miller that the Constitution doesn’t give the federal government. Democratic-Republican Party , Federalism , James Madison 910 Words | 4 Pages. AP US History Period 4 23 April 2013 The Effects of the Vietnam War By 1965, few Americans protested . involvement in the Vietnam War. However, soon after, a series of “teach-ins” on university campuses, created a massive debate over the war and United States involvement. By 1967, there was massive opposition to the war, from students, the general public, congressmen, including William Fulbright, and even former members of the armed forces. This opposition was not the only tension in Help the nation. Gulf of an assignment Tonkin Resolution , Hubert Humphrey , John F. Kennedy 1048 Words | 3 Pages.

Articles of Confederation Ap Us History Dbq. Essay #4 Trevor Gaston 10/21/10 AP US History C-Block “From 1781 to 1789, the Articles of Confederation . provided the United States with an effective government;” a bold statement considering the fact that the Articles lasted only 8 years. Although, I suppose the case could be made that the Articles of Confederation provided the Homework assignment record, means for a temporary government, only acting as a first-time attempt for Buying an assignment introduction the colonies in creating a more perfect representation for Help law essay writing c/o the colonies as a whole. This. Articles of Confederation , Federal government of the United States , Massachusetts 955 Words | 3 Pages. US History AP Outline Chapter 17 The Transformation of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1860-1900 I. Native Americans . and the Trans-Mississippi West a. The Plains Indians i. Buying Introduction! Three major sub regions: -The northern Plains: Lakota, Flatheads, Blackfeet, Assiniboins, northern Cheyennes, Arapahos, and Homework Crows -The Central region: Five Civilized Tribes, agricultural life, before horses -South: western Kansas, Colorado, eastern New Mexico, and an assignment Texas: the Comanches, Kiowas, southern Arapahos, and Kiowa. Dissertation! American Old West , Cheyenne , Great Plains 1789 Words | 6 Pages. Dbq American Revolution Ap Us History. Buying! effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800.

Notes from Mr. Williams: This essay was given to 2nd period APUSH on their first in- class . Custom Business Paper Hand! essay. Buying An Assignment! Included were 10 documents (if interested in seeing them, please come into class). The DBQ writer needed to take ideas and lots of coursework topics from the documents, and an assignment ADD significant outside fact and analysis. Notice that this writer does a complete job. He/she deals with the entire question (deals with extent) and zaycev answers the question from Buying an assignment introduction, economic. American Revolution , American Revolutionary War , Articles of Confederation 901 Words | 3 Pages.

Anthony Edwards 8/24/12 AP US History - Jones Colonial America DBQ An . interesting characteristic of the colonies that the English founded during the 17th and 18th centuries on the eastern coast of modern day America is that while all were indeed settled by people from England they each developed their own very distinct cultures and ways of chart record life. While the an assignment introduction, varying environments from each colony to the next certainly isn’t a negligible factor in the diversification of. Colonialism , Colony , Connecticut 2011 Words | 5 Pages. AP US HISTORY DBQ - Era of Good Feelings. of poorness rose for on obesity them while in the urban areas factories and corporations that ran them were running in the ring of pleasure and introduction could fatten upon them. Writing Essay Kalä±plarä±! . In Document B , John Calhoun says, the extent of the republic exposes us to the greatest of calamities disunitywe are rapidly growing this is our weakness and our strengthlet us , then, bind the republic together with a perfect system of roads This suggests the an assignment, size and distance of our growing nation was going to be another source of disunity. Because. New England , President of the United States , Southern United States 834 Words | 3 Pages. Edmund Burke’s speech to Parliament, stating the Americans should not be compared to Englishmen. “Govern America as you govern an English town which happens . to Homework assignment chart record, not be represented in an assignment introduction Parliament? Are Gentlemen really serious when they propose this?” ( B ). This article shows that even Parliament was aware of the opinion that Americans were equal to British citizens, yet they still passed the Sugar Act,Stamp Act, and Molasses Act. Zaycev! This shared opinion in the colonies is the reason as to why they were.

American Revolution , American Revolutionary War , First Continental Congress 999 Words | 3 Pages. Buying An Assignment! US History Honors 29 October 2010 A Successful Man George Washington, a man of few yet insightful words, stepped into writing, his . presidency and defined the Buying introduction, precedents for future presidents. His intentions, on unifying the states, relieving economic stress and setting up the Dissertation, United States as a country worthy of Buying an assignment respect, are worthy of praise due to the success that came out of his presidency. The way he handled each aspect of his presidency set the precedent for Help c/o the future. George Washington had a very. Introduction! Alexander Hamilton , George Washington , John Jay 815 Words | 3 Pages. AP United States History Document-Based Question After its victory over Britain in the War of 1812, the United States of Homework assignment record . Buying! America became immersed in national pride which led to Era of Good Feelings, a period of unprecedented political unity. However, problems and disagreements grew behind the facets of the era that manifested nationalism. Sectionalism began to form as the dissent between the Homework assignment chart record, north and the south and different political figures intensified. Divergence among politicians was.

American Civil War , James Monroe , John Quincy Adams 957 Words | 3 Pages. 1996 ap us history free response dbq. into a higher leveled power, their ideals began to fade and mix with Federalists' views. During Jefferson's second term as president, Jefferson's reasons . . tells me that civil powers along have been given to the President of the U.S. (Document B ). In four years time, Jefferson switched from Buying an assignment introduction, his Jeffersonian Republicans' view to the Federalists'. Furthermore, as Jefferson urged the removal/impeachment of Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, Jefferson was - at the same time - further empowering. Aaron Burr , Alexander Hamilton , Democratic-Republican Party 1322 Words | 4 Pages. ? Payne 1 Max Payne AP English 11 Ms.

Paul 13 November 2012 The Rise and Fall It is November 9, the Year of Our Lord 1799, and Dissertation a . Buying! battered French army begins the arduous climb up the Alps, just as a light snow begins to gently fall, a precursor of the hardship and Homework assignment chart bone chilling temperatures to come. They are led by the newly crowned consulate and France’s savior, Napoleon Bonaparte. There is a fear that Genoa may fall to Austrians. This fateful journey was captured in a painting by artist. Buying An Assignment! Charlotte Corday , First French Empire , French Revolution 1080 Words | 3 Pages. DMusialik@schools.nyc.gov 2014-2015 School Year Congratulations! You have been accepted into the Advanced Placement United States History . Course for the 2014-2015 school year.

With over Custom paper hand, 100 well qualified applicants, you made the introduction, cut of only 36 students. You should be very proud of yourself. Prepare to immerse yourself in the great story that is U.S. History . As Mark Twain once wrote, “Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities; Truth isn’t. Africa , History of the United States , Martin Luther King, Jr. 623 Words | 2 Pages. 1993 DBQ New England and Chesapeake were two of the first colonies settled by people of English origin. That is where the similarities . end.

These two colonies evolved into Help writing c/o, two completely different societies. There are many factors that contributed to the different lifestyles. These factors include government of society, socioeconomic status, and climate. These four exceedingly important aspects of any society provided a split in these two early English colonies. Those who arrived in the. Colonialism , Colony , New England 1241 Words | 4 Pages. ? AP U.S. History Summer HW Sec. 1: 1. The settlers were finally able to get food when the an assignment introduction, Indians decided to give them corn . and bread. The problems that still remained were that they were once again running out of food and writing kalä±plarä± they had no houses to live in. This led to sickness and starvation amongst the settlers. 2. The indications that Smith gave that morale and leadership were problems for the young colony were that their president of the Buying an assignment introduction, colony, Captain Wingfeild, was deposed of his presidency.

Agriculture , Colonialism , Colony 1524 Words | 5 Pages. AP American History DBQ : Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian democracy was created during the antebellum America. The . Jackson democrats made an attempt to grant power to the lower classes while decreasing the influence of the rich and c/o potent. The Jacksonian democrats viewed themselves as saviors of the common people and ruled by the means of a powerful executive branch who attempted to destroy aristocracy in America. In reality, they were typically very wealthy, they disregarded the capability of introduction the.

Andrew Jackson , Democracy , Democratic Party 715 Words | 3 Pages. DBQ : US expansion American expansion in the late 19th century and early 20th century held many similarities to on obesity, that of early . American expansionism. The motives for early American expansion held similar to that of the turn of the 19th century in that the United States has grown in introduction the reasoning of Homework chart record Manifest Destiny, the progress of the American economy and an assignment introduction an increasing perception of American racial supremacy. Through the course of history , American expansionist incentives have shifted from withstanding. 19th century , American Civil War , Cold War 1159 Words | 4 Pages. railroads, pipe lines, etc, in his company were blessed with wealth beyond their dreams. Assignment Chart Record! The companies competing against introduction, Rockefeller gathered together to business, . form their own super pipeline to “outdo” him and beat him to the sea. They weren’t going to sit there and an assignment let him take over everything and put them out of on obesity business.

The Standard Oil Company had its own form of introduction union and through them they idea of a trust was formed, which evolved into huge aggregations of capital. Account Kalä±plarä±! In Document C, however, labor killed capital. Capitalism , Collective bargaining , Eight-hour day 1102 Words | 3 Pages. membership reaches 5 million Scopes Trial –Evolution, Tennessee Model T Ford drops to cost $290 (3 months wages) “Scarface” Al Capone begins 6 years of an assignment introduction . gang warfare Nellie Tayloe Ross elected Governor of Linguistics phd with of coursework Wyoming, First woman governor of a U.S. State US troops occupy Nicaragua Lindbergh’s first solo flight across the Atlantic; Sacco and Vanzetti executed; Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs for the Yankees; Al Jolson stars in The Jazz Singer, the first talking film U.S. citizenship granted to inhabitants. Aaron Burr , Alexander Hamilton , Democratic-Republican Party 416 Words | 3 Pages. Ap Us History - Industrialization Notes. Buying Introduction! Bankers challenge industrialists for law essay writing c/o economic influence – J.P Morgan spearheads this; he seeks to consolidate entire industry into a sole monopoly; . forms Federal Steel Company Companies seek to become self-sufficient, independent from an assignment, Carnegie – beginning inter-industrial conflict Morgan resolves to buy-out Carnegie - $.5 billion to form United States Steel Corp. in 1901; constitutes 3/5ths of steel business John Rockefeller, the Carnegie of Oil – similar to Carnegie in business astuteness.

Andrew Carnegie , ExxonMobil , John D. Rockefeller 1135 Words | 7 Pages. Ch. 12 1) Among the primary reasons that young farm women moved from the Homework assignment chart record, farms to work in textile mill towns in the early 19th century was: To escape farm . life and an assignment earn wages 2) The history of Lowell epitomizes this transition: Self-sufficient farm families to urban wageworkers 3)In the pre-industrial system, a boy who wanted to Dissertation, learn a trade Entered a formal apprenticeship system 4)The organization of a family business in the pre-industrial era was Patriarchal 5) If you lived in Boston. Abraham Lincoln , American Civil War , Compromise of 1850 1039 Words | 4 Pages. Cynthia Ms. Conboy AP U.S. History 25 January 2012 After the 13th Amendment was passed, African American slaves were . freed from Buying an assignment, their lifetime involuntary servitude, and life for them seemed to be on the way to happiness (Document A). An economy that worked without slaves was a new concept to Help law essay c/o, the South; freedmen were joyous about it, and white planters loathed it. The United States underwent a sort of revolution in its economy and its social hierarchy (Document D). Buying! After the Civil War ended. African American , American Civil War , Black people 717 Words | 2 Pages. ?Writing In AP US History U.S.

History Essay Writing / Exam Information The AP U.S. . History Exam is Help, 3 hours and 15 minutes long and includes both a 100-minute multiple-choice / short-answer section (Part I) and a 95-minute free-response section (Part II). Buying An Assignment Introduction! Each section is divided into two parts, as shown in the table below. Student performance on these four parts will be compiled and chart record weighted to determine an AP Exam score. AP Scores are 5 – 1. Section Question Type Number of introduction Questions Timing Percentage. American Civil War , Greek loanwords , Historiography 1641 Words | 6 Pages. Homework Chart! ?1.All of the following statements are true about Herbert Hoover’s responses to the Great Depression EXCEPT: B .:-) He saw the Depression as . akin to an act of nature, about Buying an assignment introduction, which nothing could be done except to writing kalä±plarä±, ride it out. 2.Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal program attempted or achieved all of the Buying introduction, following EXCEPT C.:-) supported the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. 3.The “New Immigration” was made up primarily of D.:-) persons from Southern and Eastern Europe. On Obesity! . Franklin D. Roosevelt , Great Depression , Herbert Hoover 1672 Words | 8 Pages. New England region. New England was a family orientated colony (doc b ) . Most of the people on Buying an assignment introduction the ship heading to New england were familys . and this showed that the Massachuettes Bay colony was a stable , well ordered and well planned colony. The Chesapeake colony was not well planned and as organized as the New England Colony (doc c) . The emigrant list in law essay doc c. Buying Introduction! was less detailed then the New England colony and this shows us the lack of organization. The people in this colony often took oaths.

Connecticut , Connecticut Colony , Human migration 563 Words | 2 Pages. 1990 Apush Dbq Paige Reinfeld Jacksonian DBQ The uproar of the people of the Linguistics phd with, U.S. was heard after the corrupted . elections of 1824. It wasn’t until 1828, the year the Jacksonians came into power and satisfied the popular demand after a mudslinging battle against the aristocrats. The Jacksonian Democrats claime Premium 599 Words 3 Pages Jacksonian Democrats: Oppressors of the Common Man Keegan Kylstra 12/9/12 APUSH Darnell Jacksonian Democrats: Ruthless Oppressors. Andrew Jackson , Democratic Party , History of the United States 1162 Words | 5 Pages. Ap World History Dbq Christianity. Unit 6 DBQ When thinking about the history of the world, one must always consider that merchants as well as trade have played an . Introduction! immerse role in shaping the world as it is today. Of Coursework! They are responsible for Buying an assignment many of the cross-cultural interactions that we have had in assignment chart the past. Christianity and Islam, the two predominant religions of the world today, have both grown and an assignment introduction spread through merchants and Account trade also.

These two chief religions both have attitudes towards merchants and an assignment trade that have either. International trade , Islam , Merchant 1597 Words | 4 Pages. 2013 1. Of Coursework! The Great Gatsby motion pictures is a drama film. 2. The Great Gatsby shows us the various love affairs that goes on in the raging . 20s of New York City, through the viewpoint of Nick Carraway. Buying An Assignment Introduction! Throughout the Custom paper hand towels, movie, relationships, hidden pasts, secrets, and Buying affairs between Nick’s friends are revealed and shown. Gatsby, who is on obesity, known to Buying introduction, hold extravagant parties in the probation period of US history , befriends Nick in order to Help beatles zaycev, get close to his cousin Daisy, his first ever love. However. F. Scott Fitzgerald , Film , Great Depression 2295 Words | 6 Pages. AP European History DBQ Activity Using the APEURO DBQ from 2008 answer the . following questions. Write down the introduction, question you are going to be answering. Explain the reasons for the adaptation of Account writing kalä±plarä± a new calendar in Buying the revolutionary France and analyze reactions to it in the period of Dissertation 1789 to 1806.

Write down the 6 elements of the basic core you will be scored on and explain how you will receive these points. 1. Thesis 2. Majority. Buying An Assignment Introduction! Catholic Church , Documents , Explanation 349 Words | 3 Pages. Throughout history , there is not an Custom, event that can relate to the one of the American Revolution. This revolution that took place in the . Americas had many events that led to this revolution for the colonies.

The events that slowly crept up to the much-needed revolution was in the period from 1750 to 1776. During this time, the struggling American colonies that were under control by introduction, the English and its parliament were dealing with different situations politically, socially and economically that led. American Revolution , Benjamin Franklin , Boston Tea Party 1057 Words | 3 Pages. KYsassi US History B Assignment 9 Journal Write. Assignment #: Karolina Ysassi US History B 9 . US History B ­ Assignment 9 ­ Teacher Graded Journal Write ­ Rights vs. National Security Copying and on obesity Submitting Journal Assignments? : 1. ? Copy? : Click File, then ? Make a Copy? . Your copy will open in a new tab or window. 2. ? Title? :? In your new copy, click File, then ? Rename? . Change title to: ? your first initial and an assignment last name ­ ? US History B ­ Assignment 9 ­ Journal Write For example: jsmith ­ US History B ­ Assignment 9­ Journal Write . Custom Business Hand! Copy editing 434 Words | 2 Pages. publication of Buying an assignment The Jungle, Roosevelt soon seemed to reform the outrageous problem. The Neill-Reynolds report was a type of yellow journalism that angered . Roosevelt because it portrayed the meat packing industry and America into a dirty and essay horrid place (Doc. B ). The Pure Food And Drug Act and an assignment introduction the Meat Inspection Act were passed by writing essay, Congress, which established sanitation standards and federal inspections. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was the Buying an assignment, largest American women organization, they also protested.

History of the kalä±plarä±, United States , President of the United States , Theodore Roosevelt 673 Words | 2 Pages. Buying! that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) By the 1830s, which of the following groups was NOT denied suffrage? 1) __D____ A) women . B ) blacks C) indentured servants D) white males E) Native Americans 2) In the 1820s, a two-party system was fostered by 2) _E_____ A) an increasing concern about foreign policy issues. B ) the burgeoning population of the trans-Appalachian West. C) changes in the Constitution regarding the party system. D) married women gaining the right to. Andrew Jackson , Daniel Webster , Henry Clay 1854 Words | 7 Pages.

Ap Us Dbq - Articles of Confederation. The implementation of the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, provided the Homework assignment, first form of government for the United States while the . nation was in its infancy. Often referred to as the “Articles of Confusion”, the introduction, document created a central government that lacked sufficient power to govern the writing essay, nation successfully. The Second Continental Congress and head writer John Dickinson purposely provided weak governmental power because the Buying introduction, nation feared repeating the oppression they experienced under. Custom Hand! Articles of Confederation , Continental Army , Massachusetts 1295 Words | 4 Pages. ?2007 DBQ At the height of the Han and Roman Empires, the emergence of technological advancements heavily influenced their societies. These . advancements had several benefits in improving the social order of the empires, however they also had their negative effects; the essential argument being that the more elaborate, and intricate the inventions were, the Buying an assignment introduction, higher they were considered in the social classes. The simpler, craft-like inventions on the other hand, were said to be made by men who are. Ancient Rome , Byzantine Empire , Elite 893 Words | 3 Pages. James Richards Harris 3rd The Fatal Flaws of the law essay, Constitution ( DBQ ) During the 1850’s, the supreme and Buying absolute Constitution, which had . previously seen no topic it couldn’t resolve or illuminate in the eyes of its interpreters, was faced with its toughest, unrelenting foe; the issue of assignment chart slavery, and the locations that it existed in or was desired to Buying introduction, exist in. Dissertation! Ultimately, this issue led to the demise of the Union that had been created under the introduction, watchful and guiding eye of the Constitution.

This. American Civil War , Compromise of Homework chart 1850 , Confederate States of America 979 Words | 3 Pages. Buying An Assignment! ? AP – United States History STUDY GUIDE - Test #1 (Units 1-3, Chapters 1-9) 1. Explain the phd with lots of coursework, official ending of the American . Buying Introduction! Revolution in 1783? 2. In 1754, identify Benjamin Franklin and his use of a political cartoon at the Albany Congress on “the present disunited state of the British Colonies”. 3. On the issue of women’s rights, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention did what? 4. Identify the English relationship with Native Americans in the early history of Virginia. Beatles! 5. Which general. Benjamin Franklin , North America , Thirteen Colonies 1347 Words | 4 Pages. sabotage British support of a British East India Company monopoly; British responded by closing the port of Boston until damages were paid and order was . restored; prompted passage of the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act Boycott effective form of organized colonial resistance against Buying an assignment, the Stamp Act, which made homespun clothing fashionable Committees of Help beatles zaycev correspondence underground networks of communication and propaganda, established by Samuel Adams, which sustained colonial resistance Continental.

American Revolution , American Revolutionary War , Boston Tea Party 1208 Words | 4 Pages. Introduction! The 17th and 18th centuries saw the embryonic stage of women#8217;s quest for intellectual and social parity with men. The evolution of women#8217;s fight . for equal opportunities was bogged down by Custom business paper towels, a long history of stereotyping and condescension. Women were weaker physically, bore children and nurtured them. The economics and an assignment culture of Help law essay Europe at this time was strongly influenced by introduction, religion and resulted in prejudice against women. The dominating religions of Europe in the 1600#8217;s and 1700#8217;s.

Discrimination , Equality , Equals sign 1046 Words | 3 Pages. Abraham Lincoln , African American , American Civil War 2062 Words | 7 Pages. ? Tips for writing a “9” DBQ : 1. As you read the question, come up with at Help beatles, least three categories. Then try to fill in as much specific . factual information that you can think of, and put this into the categories. It’s important to do this BEFORE you read the documents, so that you don’t forget them when you are analyzing the documents. 2. An Assignment Introduction! After you do this, and ONLY after, start reading the documents. When looking at the documents, be sure to look at who is the author/painter/political cartoonist/historian. African American , African American history , Democratic Party 713 Words | 3 Pages. the Mohicans” HS: he was a very successful novelist in Homework record America in the early 19th century.

9. John Marshall- was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court . during 1801 to Buying, 1835 and presided over many of the most influencial cases in Supreme Court history like McCullouch vs Maryland. He was in favor of loose construction and this shows up in his case decisions. HS: Is considered the most influencial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ever. 10. John C Calhoun- Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law. Andrew Jackson , James Monroe , John Quincy Adams 2310 Words | 7 Pages. Imperialism Dbq Ap European History. believed that Imperialism gave the opportunity to Help, civilize the barbaric people from the African colonies. Buying! Rudyard Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden” . expresses their duty to do so. Prince Leopold, heir to Linguistics phd with, the throne of Belgium and future king said “let us see where there are unoccupied lands… where are to Buying introduction, be found peoples to Help writing c/o, civilize, to lead to progress in Buying an assignment introduction every sense” (Document 1). Martial Henri Merlin, governor general of French Equatorial Africa announced that “We [France] went there by on obesity, virtue of.

Africa , British Empire , Colonialism 832 Words | 3 Pages. accurately analyze the responses to Buying an assignment introduction, Buddhism is Linguistics lots of coursework, a document from a woman. This document would be helpful due to the fact that all of these documents are . written by men and there isn’t a woman’s perspective to introduction, balance out the Homework assignment chart, spectrum. This would give us a general idea of how someone of Buying an assignment introduction lesser power felt about the religion. However, not everyone thought that Buddhism could solve their problems and rejected the spread of Buddhism. Document four by Han Yu completely mocks Buddhism and claims it. Buddhism , China , Confucianism 1014 Words | 3 Pages. then the VP shall act as President if he cannot -Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the US -Congress shall have power . to enforce this article by appropriate legislation -All persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens of the US and of the state where they reside -No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of US citizens -No state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law -No state shall. 1791 in American politics , Amendments of the Help law essay c/o, Constitution of Ireland , Amendments to the United States Constitution 704 Words | 4 Pages.

Summer 2012 Assignments: Due Thursday, September 6th. Welcome to AP . US History ! The following is a summer . An Assignment Introduction! assignment to Custom paper, get you started for the new school year. Part I: Textbook Assignment. Buying An Assignment! (Use the textbook if you received it in June or download the PDF files or use the essay, dropbox link) Part II: Free Response Question Essay Part I: Use your American Passages textbook if you have, or Download the pdf files titled “ AP US CH 1” and “ AP US Chapter 2 excerpts” Read. As you read, Outline the chapter and. Essay , Following , Protestant Reformation 993 Words | 5 Pages. of 1789 1788 Bill of Rights 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Shay’s Rebellion Great Compromise of 1787 1787 The Federalist . Papers 1790 Second Great Awakening 1791 Democratic Republican Party formed 1791 First Bank of US 1793 Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 Treaty of an assignment Grenville 1794 Jays Treaty 1794 Whiskey Rebellion 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1797 XYZ affair 1798 Quasi- French War 1801 Midnight. Help Beatles Zaycev! American Revolution , Andrew Jackson , George Washington 810 Words | 6 Pages. in their way. This mental warfare is described in document 3, where it is said that the Buying an assignment introduction, Mongols would completely surround the Dissertation, city they were attacking in . order to appear much larger in Buying introduction number that they actually were. While it is often said that history is told from the point of view of the victors, this does not pertain to the Mongols. Being illiterate, they could not keep records, and instead relied on the efforts of their subjects to keep the empire running smoothly. This also means that all primary. Black Death , Central Asia , Genghis Khan 1120 Words | 3 Pages.

Thomas Jefferson Outline Ap Us History. April 13 th , 1743 Goochland, VA b ) Died: July 4 th , 1826, Monticello, II. VA Educational and Occupational Background a) College . of business paper William and Buying an assignment introduction Mary b ) VA delegate to Continental Congress (1783-1784) c) VA House of Burgesses (1769-1774) d) Governor of VA (1779-1791) e) Minister of France f) Secretary of State for George Washington (1790-1793) g) Vice President for Custom business hand towels John Adams (1797-1801) III. Terms of Office a) First term: 1801-1805 b ) Second term: 1805-1809 IV. Aaron Burr , George Washington , James Madison 1242 Words | 4 Pages. The US’s victory in the Mexican War resulted in renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories, a possible split in the Whig . and Democrat parties over slavery, the cession by Mexico of an enormous amount of Buying introduction land to the US , and a rush of settlers to new American territory in California 3. The Wilmot Proviso, if adopted, would have prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War 4. The debate over slavery in the Mexican Cession threatened to split. Abraham Lincoln , American Civil War , Compromise of 1850 1089 Words | 3 Pages.

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Agriculture , American Civil War , Americas 791 Words | 3 Pages. US History Prep 20 2012 1. Essay! The authors of the Articles of Confederation established a decentralized political system mainly . to 1. cancel state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War 2. assist the southern states in their efforts to gain a manufacturing base 3. Buying An Assignment! promote the common goal of national sovereignty 4. prevent the abuses of power that had existed under British rule 2. Homework Assignment Record! Senate ratification of treaties negotiated by the President is Buying an assignment introduction, required by the United States. Articles of Confederation , President of the United States , Separation of powers 676 Words | 3 Pages. the AP U.S. History Exam © 2003 James L. Smith TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The Advanced Placement U.S. . History Exam . . . . Linguistics Phd With Lots! . . . . An Assignment Introduction! . . . . . . . . . Account! . . . . . . . . . . . Buying! . . . Assignment Chart! . . . . . . . . . . 3 Information about the AP exam and Buying an assignment introduction helpful hints for obtaining the highest grade possible. 2. Important Dates in U.S.

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Obama’s Favorite Theologian? A Short Course on Reinhold Niebuhr. Some of the an assignment, nation’s leading journalists gathered in Key West, Fla., in May 2009 for the Pew Forum’s biannual Faith Angle Conference on religion, politics and public life. Ever since then-Sen. Barack Obama spoke of law essay c/o his admiration for Reinhold Niebuhr in a 2007 interview with New York Times columnist David Brooks, there has been speculation about the extent to which the Buying introduction, 20th-century theologian has influenced Obama’s views on faith, politics and social change. Wilfred McClay, a historian specializing in American intellectual history and author of The Masterless: Self and Society in Modern America , which won the 1995 Merle Curti Award in intellectual history, offered an overview of Niebuhr’s unique form of progressive Christianity and addressed ongoing debates about the influence of Niebuhr’s work on 20th-century American politics and international affairs. E.J. Dionne, columnist for The Washington Post , remarked on the recent revival of interest in Niebuhrian thought and paper towels, spoke about the role Niebuhr played as a public intellectual active during the Buying introduction, worldwide political upheavals of the 1930s, ’40s and ’50s.

Speaker: Wilfred M. McClay, SunTrust Bank Chair of essay kalä±plarä± Excellence in Humanities, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Respondent: E.J. Dionne Jr., Columnist, The Washington Post ; Senior Advisor, Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion Public Life. Moderator: Michael Cromartie, Vice President, Ethics Public Policy Center; Senior Advisor, Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion Public Life. And Obama went on for 25 minutes about his admiration for Reinhold Niebuhr. And then David did a column on Niebuhr and then we got an Buying introduction, excuse to do Niebuhr. So that’s why we’re talking about Reinhold Niebuhr – because our president likes Reinhold Niebuhr.

But we thought you wanted to know about him anyway. Help Zaycev! So our session is an assignment introduction really not about President Obama; it’s about Reinhold Niebuhr. But we used that teaser “Obama’s Favorite Theologian?” just to Help beatles zaycev, get your attention. And I’m sure the president’s name will come up in our conversation. Bill McClay is an Buying introduction, intellectual historian who’s taught at Tulane and Georgetown universities and now is an Homework record, endowed chair at the University of Buying an assignment Tennessee at Linguistics lots, Chattanooga. Buying An Assignment Introduction! Bill has, if you look at his bio, written some very important books.

One is called The Masterless: Self and Society in Modern America , which was the winner of Dissertation a best-book award – the Merle Curti Award in intellectual history – in 1995. Remind me, Bill, who was Merle Curti? WILFRED MCCLAY: He was a great intellectual historian. MCCLAY: From the University of Wisconsin. CROMARTIE: Okay, good, well you won his award in 1995 and that’s why we invited you. Now ladies and gentlemen, we’re going to hear from Bill McClay and then E.J. Dionne is going to Buying introduction, read to Help, us from about five different books by Niebuhr that he has stacked over introduction here. E.J.

DIONNE: Even a thriller. How do you like that? I have a thriller on my list. CROMARTIE: And you’re going to do all that in on obesity 15 minutes? CROMARTIE: Okay. Bill, we look forward. Thank you. MCCLAY: Thanks.

This is really quite a change. I think Francis Collins and Buying an assignment introduction, Barbara Bradley Hagerty had a sort of uplifting, hopeful subject. And I have Niebuhr who’s – I think by the time we get through with this you may be ready to slash your wrists. Writing! (Laughter.) But I hope not. I hope not. CROMARTIE: Do you have a song about that – suicide? (Laughter.) MCCLAY: “Stormy Weather.” I’m leaning with “Stormy Weather.” But actually I think there are some connections with what Professor Robert Putnam is going to be doing tomorrow. So I think you will see some linkages. Niebuhr is a theologian. He’s also a student of power politics and a great admirer of the saying of Lord Acton, that the power corrupts and PowerPoint corrupts absolutely. Buying An Assignment Introduction! (Laughter.) But now, there are souls who – let me finish – there are souls who are pure enough, children of light, as Niebuhr might say, who can – actually that’s a double-edged thing, you’ll see – but who can do it.

But I’m not one of them. So there will be no PowerPoint, which is not to say that there won’t be any corruption, but at least that particular occasion of sin is one I’m going to pass up. Mike’s right: The occasion for this – the Dissertation on obesity, hook – is this discussion between David Brooks and then-Senator Obama, which was in 2007, actually. And actually, it was at a time when his candidacy was beginning to look very plausible. And it’s interesting – this may or may not be significant – but he said that Niebuhr was one of an assignment introduction his favorite philosophers, according to David’s transcription – not one of his favorite theologians. So that may or may not have any significance. And of course, David did say that Obama gave a sort of perfect description of the book in perfect sentences and phd with of coursework, perfect paragraph structure for 20 minutes, which does suggest that he knew the book in question, The Irony of American History , which is one of the books I’m going to Buying introduction, talk about.

Obama’s not the phd with, first American president to declare his fondness for Niebuhr. Jimmy Carter notably did, and both before and after his election. Some people think that the famous “malaise” speech had some Niebuhrian input, and certainly it was influenced by Christopher Lasch’s book The Culture of Narcissism , although in ways that Lasch didn’t particularly like. An Assignment Introduction! It always tends to happen, when politicians use your books in writing c/o speeches – all of a sudden you’re not so thrilled to see it happening. And I think Niebuhr would have been, probably, no exception.

In any event, as Mike has said, I’m not really going to talk very much about Obama. I have a feeling you all would want to, and between E.J. and myself, we may have some thoughts. And certainly, I’m not going to get into the question of introduction whether his interest – Obama’s interest in Niebuhr – is Custom paper hand towels genuine or not, whether he really understands Niebuhr or not. An Assignment Introduction! That’s unrelated to my pay grade. I won’t say above or below – instead, what I really want to do is Linguistics lots of coursework what I said in the title, is to Buying an assignment introduction, lay out his vision, his worldview in a kind of short course. And obviously, if there’s an Help beatles zaycev, agenda here, it’s simply to Buying an assignment, indicate that his thinking, although it does develop – and whose doesn’t – has a core of consistency. There is a core to Niebuhr that seems to me carries through some three decades of on obesity concentrated work. I will avoid, strenuously, speculating about “what would Niebuhr do,” what would Niebuhr say, about embryonic stem cell research or whatever other present-day issue.

I think there’s plenty to talk about, just with respect to what he did say and think. And I’ll lay that out and then we can speculate. Niebuhr is the outstanding public theologian of the 20th century, and I’m sure you know about him. You may not know much about him. He has become a figure of Buying an assignment introduction obscurity in recent decades, and assignment chart record, that’s partly because the term “public theologian” has come to represent something of Buying an assignment introduction a null set in recent times.

I remember in the issue of on obesity Time right before 9/11, Stanley Hauerwas was dubbed America’s best theologian. But he’s not really a theologian who, whatever his other virtues, has much of Buying an assignment practical import to say about political life. But Niebuhr had an unusually long and productive career. He turned out many books, many articles; wrote journalistically; wrote highly, densely scholarly works. He was engaged.

He was involved in the politics of the day, from World War I all the phd with lots, way to the Vietnam War. So he was not only a theologian of Buying an assignment introduction great distinction, but also a public intellectual who addressed himself to the full range of public concerns and had an assignment chart, enormously capacious mind that really could take in all kinds of issues that he wouldn’t necessarily have discussed in his books. His importance in his time tells you something about his time. It was a time when theologians were important people. And it was a time when there was that great vitality in the mainline of Protestantism that Barbara referred to. It’s an Buying an assignment introduction, indication of the severe attenuation of that influence that the closest thing to Niebuhr in recent years has been the late Father Richard John Neuhaus – who converted to Dissertation on obesity, Catholicism (laughs) – and who had very low regard for the Protestant mainline. So Niebuhr’s career in Buying some ways raises the issue of this now-attenuated influence and the fact that Neuhaus, who started out as a Protestant, ended up with Catholicism. The mainline Protestant world today is no longer the place where Protestants go for fresh ideas. Also, as a general observation, Niebuhr is something of a counterpuncher as an intellectual, and what I mean by business paper hand towels that term I think will become evident; but in short, it’s hard to know what he thinks about somebody or about some subject unless he’s reacting to them. That’s when he truly discloses himself: in taking exception to or responding to other thinkers, which is why I think it’s very important to see him in context and an assignment, be very careful about hand what we can extract and use for all occasions.

One thing about the context is, I think it’s impossible to Buying introduction, imagine him operating in beatles zaycev anything other than a modern, Western, liberal environment, where there’s a strong tradition of Buying science, of belief in the idea of progress – a society that is in some ways poised on the cusp of Help zaycev a transformation into Buying, secularity, or at any rate a world in which a secular option exists. He was very much a creature of that historical moment and a critic of liberalism from within liberalism, a breed that flourished particularly in Homework chart the late ’40s and ’50s – and doesn’t seem to an assignment, exist, at least in the same form, today. The issues that he struggled with are quintessentially related to problems of assignment record advanced modernity, and introduction, science is one of them. I wouldn’t necessarily have emphasized this – but with Francis Collins here – his talk made me think again and again about how his own perspective on paper hand towels science represents an advance over the dilemma that Niebuhr saw us in. Niebuhr upholds the idea of Buying an assignment introduction progress and remorselessly critiques it at the same time.

I might add something else that you may know Niebuhr for – what’s called the business, “serenity prayer,” which goes something like “God, grant us the serenity to accept the things we cannot change, the an assignment introduction, courage to change the things that can be changed, and the wisdom to know the one from the other.” I’m reciting from memory. But the interesting thing is beatles what – to me anyway, as someone of conservative disposition – is what he leaves out, and that is preserving the things that need to be preserved. (Laughter.) It’s a striking omission! But it shows how thoroughgoing a progressive he was. There’s no hint of Buying introduction this in the serenity prayer – I don’t know whether anybody’s ever observed this about it, but – CROMARTIE: It could be a first. MCCLAY: It’s a first and assignment record, last.

So Niebuhr has an understanding of Christianity that’s grounded in a very complicated view of human nature. Actually, a lot of his persuasiveness derives from the fact that this view is more complicated and adequate than its secular equivalents. But first, let me give you a little background biography, which is all-important. He was born in 1892, not in a log cabin, you’ll be happy to know, but in rural Missouri, the son of a German immigrant pastor, Gustav Niebuhr. And Gustav Niebuhr was a member of a tiny Protestant group called the German Evangelical Synod, which was very much an immigrant group. He really grew up in a German-speaking enclave, which was actually rather common in Buying introduction that part of the Dissertation on obesity, Midwest – Missouri and Illinois in late 19th- or early 20th-century farm communities. By the way, an an assignment, interesting side point: The German Evangelical Synod eventually became part of the business paper towels, United Church of Christ, which is the same Protestant denomination that the Rev. Jeremiah Wright belongs to. So there’s a sort of odd little connection there. Reinhold inherited from his father this sense of pastoral vocation and a keen interest in an assignment social and political affairs. He built on this with two years at Help law essay c/o, Yale Divinity School, and so he began his career as a theologian and Buying introduction, pastor as an advocate of what was called the “social gospel.” The social gospel was a movement within liberal Protestantism which located the meaning of the Christian Gospel in its promise as a blueprint for Help law essay c/o, progressive social reform, rather than its assertions about supernatural reality.

A few words about the social gospel, because it’s very important to this story. It arose out of a crisis within, particularly, Protestantism – although Catholicism had its own version of this – in response to industrialization and urbanization. In the Protestant case, particularly salient were the challenges to biblical authority rising out of these things, but more so out of Darwinism – Darwin and Darwinism. And not so much the idea of evolution per se, which was a doctrine that easily comported with Christian faith, but the specific idea of natural selection. An Assignment Introduction! It was the randomness of the process of natural selection that was viewed as particularly threatening. And an equally powerful threat came from the so-called “higher criticism” of the Bible, which deconstructed the Bible, for all intents and purposes, into a collection of redactions of successive texts by multiple authors over long periods of time, and therefore not a text that should be regarded as having any kind of organic or authorial unity. So all of these things were terribly threatening, especially to Protestants. Phd With Lots! Why Protestants?

Because the whole basis of the Protestant Reformation, to oversimplify grandly, was to see the authority of the Bible as overriding – as superseding – the an assignment introduction, authority of the historical institutional church. There are some qualifications you’d need to make to that statement, but basically that is writing essay kalä±plarä± a fair assessment. So that tremendous weight is Buying placed on the authority of that text, and if its authority falls into question, then the entire foundation of beatles zaycev Protestantism is introduction threatened. So the social gospel was one way of responding to this problem. Social gospelers were modernists. Business! They had dismissed the notion that the Bible should be read authoritatively in the way that, say, fundamentalists – the an assignment, fundamentalist movement was just getting going at this time – read the Bible, or even the historical creeds. But the social gospelers insisted that what they thought of as the heart of the Christian Gospel was very much valid and of coursework, alive and worth preserving. It could be preserved by dispensing with these supernatural problematic elements and instead socializing the an assignment introduction, Gospel, i.e., translating it into the language of writing essay kalä±plarä± social reform, including scientific social reform.

They saw very little sense of antagonism between science and reform. And in the general optimism of the period, there were seen to Buying, be very few limits on what could be achieved. Walter Rauschenbusch, who was perhaps the leading figure in the social gospel movement, put it this way – and beatles, forgive me, I’m going to have to Buying introduction, read more quotes than I would normally read to Custom paper hand, give you a sense of these thinkers. But here’s Rauschenbusch: “We have the possibility of so directing religious energy by scientific knowledge that a comprehensive and continuous reconstruction of an assignment social life in the name of God is within the phd with lots, bounds of an assignment introduction human possibility.” So this idea of progress, the idea of perfectibility of the human condition, of man himself, to Help law essay writing, use that term in Buying introduction a generic sense, is very much at the core of it all. By the way, one of the ways American sociology differed dramatically from, say, German sociology is phd with that from the Buying an assignment introduction, very beginning it had an astonishingly religious content to it. Albion Small, who was the assignment record, chairman of the department of sociology at the University of Chicago, the founder of the first sociology journal in the United States, the president of the American Sociological Association, and so on and so forth, wrote the an assignment introduction, following: “Sociology is a science … of God’s image … a moral philosophy conscious of its task,” which was nothing less than “an approximation of the lots of coursework, ideal of social life contained in the Gospels.” Social science was “the holiest sacrament open to men,” devoted to “laying the individualistic superstition” and ensuring that “we live, move, and have our being as members of one another.” In other words, the an assignment, kingdom of God is not reserved for on obesity, the beyond or the an assignment introduction, end of business paper time, but can be created in the here and now by social scientists and ministers working hand-in-hand together. Although Niebuhr is my subject, I’m going to make a few little interjections about Obama at appropriate points. And I think that certainly one of the Buying an assignment introduction, things that one could speculate on essay is the degree to which Obama has been influenced by Buying an assignment introduction the social gospel, as I think his pastor Jeremiah Wright very clearly was. There is a lot of evidence that he has been.

For example, there was the famous speech that Obama gave in writing South Carolina, during the campaign, in an assignment introduction which he declared his desire to be an “instrument of God” – and declared, quote, “I am confident that we can create a kingdom right here on Earth.” And it was a capitalized ‘k,’ – I assume he did not mean that he was going to institute the political institution of the monarchy. So definitely, echoes of the social gospel were there. So Niebuhr initially bought into this. He bought into Homework chart record, the social gospel movement. An Assignment Introduction! It fit with his upbringing. It fit with his reformist inclinations. But being Niebuhr, as you’ll see, he soon became impatient with this kind of talk. He became uneasy with the progressive movement. He found it and Help beatles, the social gospel to be utterly naive about human nature, about the an assignment, intractability of human nature, and inadequate to the task of explaining the nature of power relations as they existed in the real world. Sin was not just a word that we use to describe bad institutions that can be corrected. Sin, he thought, was something much deeper, an Help writing, intrinsic part of the human condition, something that social reform was powerless to do much, if anything, about.

And – I just had to throw this in for E.J. – in 1939 he says, “Liberalism is little more than faith in man, exemplifying that perversion of the will, that betrayal of divine trust, which is called sin.” Of course he was a liberal through and through, so he was critiquing his own beliefs, his own system. What was arguably his most important book came out in 1932, with the revealing title Moral Man and Immoral Society . Nineteen thirty-two, needless to say, is the depths of the Depression, so it’s a propitious moment to publish a rather hard-hitting book, which this was. Niebuhr turned the social gospelers’ view on its head or on its feet – whichever Marxian analogy you like – and argued that in an assignment fact there was a disjuncture between the morality of individuals and the morality of groups. And the latter – the morality of groups – that morality was generally inferior to law essay writing c/o, the morality of individuals. I’ll explain that in a moment. This was, he thought, a fixed condition, a fixed dynamic of human life.

Individuals could, once in introduction a while, in rare instances, transcend their self-interest for Dissertation on obesity, the sake of a larger good. But groups of Buying an assignment individuals, especially groups like nations, never could. So in assignment fact, groups made individuals worse rather than better because the work of introduction collectives was invariably governed by a logic of self-interest. So Niebuhr rejected the progressives’ belief in the plasticity or semi-plasticity of Dissertation human nature. An Assignment! He thought sin was a better explanation. He liked to say that sin was the one element in the Christian creed that was empirically verifiable. (Laughter.) And he also took aim – and I think this is more radical than people appreciate – he took aim at Linguistics phd with of coursework, the very concept of socialization, which for the progressives was so central. John Dewey was a frequent target – in Moral Man and Immoral Society he just goes after him every chance he gets. John Dewey argued that “The lost individual will re-find inner wholeness … by an assignment introduction subduing himself to the forces of organization at work in externals.” You can tell that’s John Dewey because you could read it over and over Custom again and it’s sort of an assignment introduction like processing jelly, but you get the idea. (Laughter.) Niebuhr thought almost the opposite was true. As I said before, men have little enough goodness in themselves and Linguistics of coursework, socialization makes them worse because the reason for being, for all social groups, is to pursue the shared self-interest of the members. So that self-interest is triumphant. He dismissed as sentimentality the progressive hope that the an assignment, wages of individual sin could be overcome by intelligent reform and that there we could transform into a loving fellowship of like-minded comrades holding hands beside the Custom hand towels, campfire.

Instead, the pursuit of good ends in the arenas of Buying an assignment national and on obesity, international politics had to take full account of the un-loveliness of human nature, and the un-loveliness of power. Introduction! The implications for Christians who wanted to do good in the world were fairly stark in his view. They had to be willing to get their hands dirty – very dirty, for existing social relations were held together by coercion and only counter-coercion could change them. Social change was brought about not by persuasion, diplomacy, pedagogy, intelligence or sweetness, but by – to use a term that he uses repeatedly in the book – “emotionally potent oversimplifications.” Emotionally potent oversimplifications – these are the things that galvanize groups to effective action. You see why I say this is a rather depressing outlook – (laughs) – and it doesn’t get any better. A quotation: “Our contemporary culture fails to realize the power, extent and persistence of Account writing group egoism in human relations.” So the idea of solidarity – the an assignment introduction, campfire – is an illusion. Quote: “Society is a perpetual state of war between different self-interested groups.” Jesus Christ, meet Thomas Hobbes. Quote: “The only way a society can maintain itself is by the coercion of dominant groups who go on to invent romantic and moral interpretations of the facts, and the peace lasts only as long as the underdogs are kept down.

Then when they are able to successfully challenge and coerce a new peace, they impose another set of Dissertation on obesity romantic and moral interpretations of the an assignment, facts.” So only power can counter power in kalä±plarä± his view – and power, as Henry Adams said, is poison. It’s a formulation that doesn’t – (laughs) – that doesn’t lead to an attractive conclusion. His conclusion was that the exercise of power was always morally dangerous, but also always morally necessary. You had to Buying an assignment introduction, act in the world. Dissertation! You couldn’t take the option of opting out. Hence, the Buying introduction, need for a dualism in morals, since – and I quote again – “The selfishness of human communities must be regarded as an inevitability and Homework chart record, can only be countered by competing assertions of an assignment introduction interests.” So that’s James Madison – (laughs) – along with Hobbes. But in law essay writing c/o none of this is there a release from the moral requirements of Christianity. I’ll come back to an assignment, that. This rather stark view extends very much to the nation-state. And this was a response on business hand towels his part to Buying an assignment introduction, the social gospel, to the progressive movement and to a rather long strain in American ideas – progressive ideas – about solidarity.

Edward Bellamy’s famous movement was built around a philosophy, a kind of socialist-fascist meld that he called nationalism. So on the reform – I won’t necessarily call it the left; I’m not sure what to call it – but on the progressive side of things, nationalism was not a bad thing. But to Niebuhr it was. Niebuhr wrote an article in 1916 in Linguistics phd with lots of coursework The Atlantic called “The Nation’s Crime Against the Individual,” a nice, subtle title. And the idea here was, and this is before American entry into the first world war, which he strongly supported, that the nation cheats the soldier because it takes his loyalty, his willingness to die and Buying an assignment introduction, sacrifice, for its own purposes without being able to hallow that sacrifice. Or as he put it, the nation “claims a life of eternal significance for ends that have no eternal value.” Or as he expressed the same idea some 16 years later in Moral Man and Immoral Society , “Patriotism transmutes individual unselfishness into towels, national egoism.” It is “the unselfishness of the individuals [that] makes for an assignment, the selfishness of nations,” which “is why the hope of solving the larger social problems of mankind, merely by extending the Help beatles, social sympathies of individuals, is so vain.” So much for empathy. But there’s an interesting twist here; it is that all of this rejection of the Buying an assignment, social gospel, affirmation of original sin and so on, did not mean that he gave up on social reform. And Niebuhr was a man of the left and he remained a man of the lots of coursework, left always. Maybe not enough left to suit some people, but he certainly was never a conservative. And he believed Christians were obligated to work actively for progressive social causes, for the realization of justice and righteousness, but they had to do this in a way that, as he characteristically put it, abandoned their illusions, not least in the way they thought about themselves. The pursuit of social justice would involve them in acts of sin and acts of imperfection.

Even the most surgical action, one might say, involves collateral damage. But the Christian faith, just as inexorably, called its adherents to a life of perfect righteousness, a calling that would seem to give no quarter to dirty hands. So we’re left with the feeling that Niebuhr is calling Christians to the impossible and, in an assignment a sense, he is. Writing Essay Kalä±plarä±! He insists original sin is true. He insists that its probative value is Buying confirmed every day. Yet he insists at the same time that human beings are splendidly endowed by their Creator, still capable of acts of nobility and writing, generosity or truth, still able to advance the cause of an assignment introduction social improvement.

All of these things he insisted are true at Dissertation on obesity, the same time and introduction, all have an equivalent claim. Essay! So he’s correcting the social gospel. He’s pushing against Buying the social gospel, which he sees as making many errors, but he’s not abandoning it entirely. These ideas would continue to develop. Paper Towels! In 1938, he was invited to give the Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews University, very prestigious lectures in natural theology.

And these were later published as what is arguably his magnum opus, a book called The Nature and Buying introduction, Destiny of Man , about which David Brooks once said, as I recall, “If you write a book with a title like that, you really feel like you have nothing else left to say.” (Laughter.) And that appeared in 1943. It’s interesting how productive Niebuhr was right through the second world war. And this book is really a grand tour of the entire intellectual history of the West and Help law essay writing c/o, ultimately, I think, it’s really a book about the idea of progress itself and about the question of whether human history can be meaningful. Buying Introduction! I want to stress that last point. One of Niebuhr’s great antagonists was Henry Ford. He hated Henry Ford, loathed him for his treatment of his workers. And actually his hatred for Henry Ford was a very formative influence in his life.

But Henry Ford had one of the great sayings about phd with lots history: that history is “one damn thing after another.” I think that’s a legitimate way of introduction understanding history, that it has no intrinsic dynamic or meaning. But Niebuhr wanted to struggle with that, of course. And as a thinking Christian he had to see some meaning in Custom towels history. Christians understand history as meaningful, although sometimes the meaning is in history and sometimes it’s outside of history and one can’t know in advance which is operating. So it’s another one of these hazardous but necessary operations. Buying An Assignment! What he felt had happened, however, in Homework chart record modern times, was that there was a secularized idea of progress that saw an immanent order, or as he called it, “an immanent logos,” that was no longer related to a transcendent meaning, but was inherent in an assignment introduction history itself. And this idea of progress was something that had emerged out of Christianity, that was in some sense an outgrowth of Christianity’s worldview and c/o, ethos, but that had threatened to Buying, negate Christianity. Dissertation! It’s a view that is built on biblical language, built on biblical insights, but an idea that became transformed by two modern innovations. First, there was the elimination of the notion that grace, meaning the supernatural intervention of divine power to give meaning to introduction, history, was necessary.

And second, the thinkers who laid the writing kalä±plarä±, foundation of modernity – and Buying, this I think is really where you get to assignment chart, the heart of an assignment Niebuhr – failed to see that the dynamism of history was a double-edged thing. These thinkers assumed that all development means the advancement of the good, but in so assuming, they failed to recognize – and this I think he sees as characteristic of all modernity – that, and I quote, “every heightened potency of human existence may also represent a possibility of Dissertation evil.” So in other words, as our capacity grows, so does our power to do evil – intentionally or unintentionally. Everything that has its being within history is involved, on an assignment every level, in contradicting the phd with of coursework, eternal. And so the tendency is, as he says, to complete the system of meaning falsely in a way that makes either the individual or the group the center of the system. And then Niebuhr goes on and says, “It’s not possible for any philosophy to escape this error … but it is possible to have a philosophy, or at least a theology, grounded in faith, which understands the error will be committed and that it is analogous to all these presumptions of history which defy the majesty of Buying an assignment introduction God.”

So he sees progress as a factor of history, a facet of history. He sees that it’s right to conceive of history dynamically. He takes a generous view of history’s possibilities, but also warns that, as he puts it, “History cannot move forward towards increasing order without developing possibilities of chaos by the very potencies which have enhanced order.” In other words, we’re never out of the woods. That’s my redaction there. And the danger only increases as we progress. Man’s capacity for Homework, evil advances with his progress towards the good. Hence, the greater the progress, the greater the need for vigilance, the greater the introduction, need for some metaphysical check on Homework human pride. The image I like to use to introduction, describe this is of a tightrope, one that is always going higher and higher and, as you know, with a tightrope, you have to keep moving forward.

You can’t stop moving. Homework Record! But you’re moving along this tightrope towards ever-greater dangers, along with the ever-greater achievements. And that I think is the vision that he’s operating with. I was going to introduction, say a little bit about on obesity The Children of Light and Buying, the Children of Darkness , but I think I’m running out of time. So let me move on to the book that has really gotten attention in the last 10 years, The Irony of American History , published in 1952. And he takes these same insights and focuses them upon a consideration of America’s role in the world.

Published in 1952, at the height of the Cold War, this was an interesting and perhaps surprising book. It was a stinging attack on communism and at the same time a stinging attack on America, on the moral complacency of law essay writing America, a warning against the moral failings that would make America vulnerable. That’s Niebuhr – typically, as always, fighting on two fronts at once. Nobody can top Niebuhr for his anticommunism, but he also believed the United States resembled its antagonists more than it cared to imagine. And much of the book is devoted to making that case.

He criticizes the communists for their philosophical materialism, but then points out Buying, that Americans are guilty of the Linguistics lots of coursework, same thing in practice. Here’s a statement that I think rings just as true today as in 1952: “Despite the constant emphasis upon the ‘dignity of man’ in Buying our own liberal culture, its predominant naturalistic bias frequently results in views of human nature in which the dignity of man is not very clear.” And this tendency towards materialism was not even the Account essay kalä±plarä±, greatest of America’s dangers. Even more perilous, he thought, was one of our principal points of pride, the entrenched idea that America has a providential mission in introduction the world and our nation’s rendered uniquely virtuous and innocent by the blessings of that history. And he goes through a discussion of this, locating the beginnings of Help it in the Calvinist Puritan tradition, and then the Buying introduction, Jeffersonian tradition, which saw America’s as nature’s nation, free from the encumbrances of the old world.

It was the place of the new man, of the democratic future. America was, so to Help zaycev, speak, the land of the great reset button, presumably labeled in the correct manner. (Laughs.) Even Abraham Lincoln, who was not a dewy-eyed fellow, called America “the last best hope of introduction mankind,” words that certainly, if nothing else, convey a kind of business hand cosmic significance to American history. Niebuhr didn’t reject these things completely; he didn’t see them as having no basis. He did not reject the greatness of America, but he insisted that the American belief that America had turned its back on history and made a new beginning for an assignment, humankind was naive and dangerous, laying America open to the sins of spiritual pride. It was a source of strength that turned into a source of weakness. And that is what he meant by the irony of American history, the tendency of American civilization to allow decent motives and noble intentions to blind it to the sins and Help beatles, errors to which it’s prone and thereby let its virtue become the source of its vice. It was an irony because it was unintended, inadvertent, unconscious and Buying an assignment introduction, a consequence of good intentions, rather than doing evil for the sake of a larger good, which he called tragedy, not irony.

If that was all he was saying, then he would just sound like another typical critic of American civilization, but he said something more. He said America had to act in the world and do so effectively. It had no choice but to do so. Linguistics Phd With Lots! In the same way that the sinful imperfect Christian is required to act in the world and get his or her hands dirty in working for the cause of good, so a morally imperfect America was obliged to employ its power in the world. Now, opting out was not an option, or rather it was an option that was just as perilous as the alternatives it would avoid. And let me just read you a couple of passages that illustrate this, and then I’ll stop: “Our culture knows little of the use and abuse of power; but we have to use power in global terms. Our idealists are divided between those who would renounce the responsibilities of power for the sake of preserving the purity of our soul and those who are ready to Buying an assignment introduction, cover every ambiguity of good and evil in our actions by the frantic insistence that any measure taken in a good cause must be unequivocally virtuous.” Fairly timely words, I think.

Needless to say, he rejects both of Help law essay writing c/o these options and Buying, continues this way: “We take, and must continue to Help, take, morally hazardous actions to Buying introduction, preserve our civilization. We must exercise our power. But we ought neither to believe that a nation is capable of perfect disinterestedness in its exercise, nor become complacent about particular degrees of interest and passion which corrupt the Dissertation, justice by which the exercise of power is legitimated.” And I will stop there. CROMARTIE: No, that’s great. We’ll just keep it rolling. Everybody here knows E.J. Dionne. I know you’ve spoken on Niebuhr a lot and we’re delighted to have you respond to Bill. Thank you. DIONNE: Thank you, Mike.

I was thinking that maybe Barbara would explain it as some peculiar part of my brain, but it actually makes me happy to talk about Reinhold Niebuhr – (laughter) – and to Buying an assignment, do some research on him. I ran across how Robert McAfee Brown described Niebuhr as a pessimistic optimist. And I think that’s exactly what he is, unless you want to see him as an Account writing, optimistic pessimist. But I think there is this very deep element of optimism that comes out of that pessimism, which I want to get into. Before I say anything, I just want to thank Mike for an assignment introduction, running these things for 10 years.

We’ll probably say this later, but I’ve been coming to these things from the beginning, and who’d have thunk that having sessions with journalists on religion would work like this. C/o! Now, Mike had the absolutely brilliant idea of holding these sessions in rather nice places. (Laughter.) But for me it’s not only been the Buying, meetings, but also all the beatles zaycev, friends I have met through this. He actually – in this time it’s not easy – he actually created community out of this 10 years of Buying introduction work. Help Beatles! So I thank him and introduction, the Pew Charitable Trusts. (Applause.) And I also want to say it’s a great honor to be with Bill McClay.

One of my very favorite essays on the general subject of lots of coursework religion in politics is a piece Bill wrote in 2003 called “Two Concepts of Secularism,” which I commend to everyone. And he wrote a great essay right after 9/11 called “The Continuing Irony of American History” in First Things . And I suggest this to anybody who wants to see more of Bill’s thoughts on this. It’s a very interesting read in the wake – all these years later. Just to pick up two quick points that Bill made and then I just want to say a few things. He did note that Barack Obama called Reinhold Niebuhr a philosopher rather than a theologian, and I can’t help but point out that President Bush referred to Jesus as his favorite philosopher. And you may recall that Alan Keyes took George Bush to task by saying, “Jesus isn’t a philosopher; Jesus is the Word.” And I was thinking that would be a great Cromartie session: “Jesus: A Philosopher or the Word?” So I hope Mike gets refunded. Introduction! And it’s not just because he finally gave me one of those nice rooms on assignment chart the water this year. (Laughter.)

And I’m really glad that Bill did point out that Niebuhr got all this attention in Time magazine. Can you think of a talk show that would book Reinhold Niebuhr now? I was thinking about that. “Tell us, Reinhold, what do you mean by the irony of American history?” “Well, Larry, as I was saying the other day to Abraham Heschel and Paul Tillich …” It just wouldn’t happen. Buying An Assignment! And I think – (laughter) – it suggests a certain hole in our discussion of this. Colbert would have him on; absolutely, absolutely. And I was reminded of the omnipresence of Reinhold Niebuhr when I picked up one of my favorite thriller writers Philip Kerr – I highly recommend him. His hero is c/o a perfect Niebuhrian character. He is a German detective in Nazi Germany.

He’s anti-Nazi. I’m pleased to say that in one of his books he says that he voted for the social democrats. Buying An Assignment! And he’s trying to operate in Nazi Germany to do as little damage and as much good as he can without actually going to the slammer. And I opened my Philip Kerr and Help, there right at the beginning is the serenity prayer of Reinhold Niebuhr. So we were destined to have this discussion. In 1987, so 22 years ago, the late Father Richard Neuhaus organized a conference on an assignment Reinhold Niebuhr.

It was funded – you will be surprised – by the Pew Charitable Trusts. It is written that the Pew Trusts will always be with us. Help Beatles! And Father Neuhaus said a very interesting thing in introducing the volume about Niebuhr. He said, “In recent years,” – this is back in ’87 – “there has been something of a Niebuhr renaissance. Buying An Assignment Introduction! It has been led in large parts by those who are or are suspected of being, as though it were a sin, neoconservative.” And then he adds – and Help c/o, this part I very much agree with – “Attempting to capture Niebuhr for any partisan agenda, however, would be a great disservice both to Niebuhr and to what he can help us do today.” And I think it says something about Buying an assignment Niebuhr that this new Niebuhr revival, which I think we are seeing right now, is not being led primarily by neoconservatives, but actually by liberals and business hand, certain dissident conservatives like our friend David Brooks. I want to just talk a little bit about the political character of Buying an assignment introduction Niebuhr’s thought without violating what Father Neuhaus said. Help Law Essay! I do think in the end he is unmistakably, or if you have the an assignment introduction, other view, irredeemably, a liberal in the end.

I wouldn’t use the word “irredeemably,” but it is something worth talking about because it’s very much a question of how his view of original sin fits in with a liberal worldview. How do you sort of get at Dissertation, what being a Niebuhrian is? My original example was going to introduction, be about beatles a baseball player, but in deference to Buying, our resident hockey star Clare Duffy, I decided to use a hockey player instead. A Niebuhrian hockey player tries to beatles, win the game, but does not assume victory renders him superior to his opponent and would admit that he may have won unfairly when he high-sticked Clare Duffy and got away with it. That’s a Niebuhrian hockey player. An Assignment! A Niebuhrian wagering in Vegas plays the odds intelligently and tries to win, but always admits that perhaps luck or God’s grace, not his system, is why he won.

A Niebuhrian will get into a fistfight if it’s absolutely necessary, but would be acutely conscious of the Linguistics, pain his blows are inflicting on an assignment introduction his opponent and know that the very fact the fight is happening is Linguistics phd with lots proof of the fallen nature of both himself and the person he is fighting. (Laughter.) And a proper Niebuhrian will have a sense of humor about all of Buying an assignment these things, understanding the profound ironies involved in Dissertation on obesity trying to act effectively in the world and trying to act morally at the same time. Buying An Assignment Introduction! And that’s why I love Reinhold Niebuhr. I went back to the canonical text, which is David Brooks’ famous interview with Barack Obama, and I just think it’s worth to recalling. It was actually just a short statement by Obama, but it’s worth quoting to provide a context for Help beatles zaycev, the headline that Mike put on our discussion. An Assignment Introduction! David asked, “Have you ever read Reinhold Niebuhr?” Obama replied, “I love him. He’s one of my favorite philosophers.” And David asked what Obama took take away from Niebuhr.

And here’s what Obama actually said. “I take away the Dissertation, compelling idea that there’s serious evil in the world, and hardship and pain. And we should be humble and modest in our belief that we can eliminate those things. But we shouldn’t use that as an excuse for cynicism and inaction. I take away the sense we have to make these efforts knowing they are hard, and an assignment, not swinging from Dissertation on obesity, naive idealism to Buying, bitter realism.” That is actually a pretty good description of Reinhold Niebuhr. And whether Barack Obama, the politician, was pandering to assignment, David Brooks’ well-known love for Niebuhr or whether he was reflecting something deep in him, it sounded pretty deep and I think it’s actually not a bad description of the way Obama views the Buying introduction, world. Custom Towels! In the discussion I’d love to have a friendly argument with Bill about whether he’s more social gospel or more Niebuhrian. An Assignment! I think he’s actually more Niebuhrian. There are elements of social gospel in the way Obama preaches, but I think his content is more Niebuhrian. Niebuhr – and this is probably why I like him – is much more a “both/and” guy.

He’s a “yes, but” guy. His favorite words are “paradox” and “irony.” He is a 1940s liberal and that’s why there is the big debate between liberals and Help, neocons because a lot of neocons say they are 1940s liberals. I think Niebuhr, later in life, suggested that he did not take the same path as some of his neoconservative friends, particularly with his very early support for the civil rights movement – although a lot of them supported the civil rights movement – but also with his strong opposition to the Vietnam War. But that’s just a piece of history that we can talk about. Buying An Assignment Introduction! What I like about him is that he believes what he believes passionately, but with a sense of humility. I got some Niebuhr in Francis Collins’ presentation today. Why are there Niebuhr revivals? Niebuhr is the person we turn to for balance. Account! We turn to Buying introduction, him when things get out of hand. He is a critic of the Help beatles zaycev, left’s utopianism and he’s a critic of the Buying an assignment introduction, right’s tendency to paper towels, deify our own country. His critique of original sin I think applies neatly at different times to introduction, both the right and essay, the left in Buying an assignment introduction our politics.

I think he has what you might call a dialectical relationship with the left. And I think Bill was absolutely right to point out kind of three important episodes. He reacted against zaycev the social gospel not because he opposed the an assignment introduction, economic or social programs of the social gospel but because he had a different understanding of human nature. He thought liberals had too optimistic a view of Linguistics human nature. His next big political turn was in the late 1930s, when he broke with his pacifist friends. The Christian Century , as you know, is an assignment introduction still around, but he broke with The Christian Century and formed another magazine called Christianity and Crisis to argue that we needed to go to war against Help writing c/o Hitler and Nazism.

And then he made his mark again in politics, with a liberal anticommunism that made him one of the founders of Americans for Democratic Action with Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Buying An Assignment Introduction! And I’m going to cite Schlesinger before I close. Niebuhr never stopped being a liberal, but he was a liberal critic. I want to use myself as simply a specimen of why people at Linguistics lots, different points get engaged with Niebuhr. I think I’m fairly typical of people who will fall in love with Niebuhr, if he would permit that. I’m not even sure he would. Buying Introduction! (Laughter.) I read The Children of Light and Help law essay writing c/o, the Children of an assignment introduction Darkness , which is the first Niebuhr I read, in the early-to-mid-’70s. Dissertation On Obesity! I read it as someone who broadly shared – still shares – the left’s views on economic justice and social reform, but I was impatient with a certain utopianism I saw on the left, which I thought was destructive. And I was also impatient with some parts of the left that seemed not to believe in the disciplines and limits placed upon our aspirations by the need to Buying, persuade majorities and to phd with, build consensus in democratic societies.

I was and an assignment, still am turned off by self-righteous moralism disguised as morality. Mike Novak is someone who’s written very well on that over the years and phd with of coursework, I think that tendency to Buying introduction, be moralistic rather than moral afflicts the right, the Dissertation on obesity, center, the left and even parts of the Buying introduction, self-satisfied center. And so I realized quickly after reading that book that Niebuhr was my guy, again preaching that you could combine passion and humility. I see two major reasons for the revival of interest in Niebuhr among liberals. Business Hand! One, I think some of the criticism by Christian moderates and liberals of what we would see as a hyper-politicized Christian right square very much with some of Niebuhr’s criticism of a certain style of Christianity, a kind of an assignment introduction revivalism that he was critical of in his own time.

Niebuhr enjoined the believer to understand that “the worst corruption is a corrupt religion.” We need a sense of modesty about the virtue, wisdom and power available to us and a sense of contrition about the writing, common human frailties and foibles which lie at the foundation of both the enemy’s demonry and our vanities. Americans, Niebuhr argued, were never safe against the temptation of an assignment introduction claiming God too simply as the Homework record, sanctifier of whatever we most fervently desire. One great Niebuhrian quote should hang over all seminars. Niebuhr once said that “we must always seek the Buying, truth in our opponents’ error and the error in our own truth.” And that is also classic Niebuhr.

I think the paradox is that – and my friend Bill Galston really called this to my attention – one of the Dissertation on obesity, paradoxes is that Niebuhr encourages us to an assignment introduction, doubt and phd with of coursework, the kind of doubt that Niebuhr encourages is the Buying an assignment introduction, kind of doubt that faith ought to encourage. If faith is defined solely as a demand that everyone assent, without reservation, to a long and particular list of phd with lots propositions, that’s an odd idea. Buying! But I think this is an inadequate understanding of the beatles, Christian and Jewish traditions, which always call us to a form of moral doubt that, as Bill Galston has said, calls upon us to an assignment introduction, question our motivations and pretensions to special virtue. Niebuhr said, “No virtuous act is quite as virtuous from the standpoint of our friend or foe as it is from our standpoint.” He argued that some of the greatest perils to Dissertation on obesity, democracy arise from the an assignment introduction, fanaticism of moral idealists who are not conscious of the corruption of self-interest. And in his assertion, which might usefully have guided us during our debate over Custom business paper hand the war in Iraq, Niebuhr warned, “A nation with an inordinate degree of political power is doubly tempted to exceed the bounds of historical possibilities, if it is informed by an idealism which does not understand the limits of man’s wisdom and volition.” David Brooks and I did a session on Niebuhr recently, and an assignment introduction, one point that emerged clearly is that it is not surprising that Niebuhr really came to popularity in a period when he was writing about Nazism and Stalinism, which were ideologies that justified despotic pretensions in Homework assignment chart record the name of creating new human beings and introduction, perfect societies. Niebuhr had a strong sense of human nature as a constant. He was very skeptical of projects designed to create a new humanity and was very aware of how terrible these projects could become. This is religion’s essentially moderating role, which is far removed from ideology and from many claims that religion can provide a detailed textbook for creating the Account essay, perfect society here on Earth.

Even the religious left’s talk of our obligation to build the an assignment, kingdom of God’s justice on earth emphasizes a constant act of creation – building – not a final outcome that human beings can achieve on our own. It’s very important to understand that Niebuhr imported Saint Augustine into liberalism. Business Hand! And a friend of many of introduction ours, Jean Elshtain, captured this very well. She wrote – and Dissertation, this is Buying a totally Niebuhrian thought on business hand Jean’s part – that if Augustine is “a thorn in the side of those who would cure the Buying an assignment introduction, universe once and for all, he similarly torments critics who disdain any project of human community or justice or possibility.” “Wisdom,” Jean says, “comes from experiencing fully the ambivalence and Homework chart record, ambiguity that is the human condition.” When David and I recently did the introduction, session on Niebuhr, at one point, I blurted out Dissertation on obesity, that maybe we were talking about the Buying introduction, marriage of Madison, Lincoln and Niebuhr. And then I looked up and I said, wait a minute. That is assignment polygamy. (Laughter.) And I don’t know what Niebuhr would think of that. Introduction! But one of chart Niebuhr’s – and I think Bill alluded to this – one of Niebuhr’s favorite public statements by introduction any politician is Account Lincoln’s second inaugural address.

And you all remember the key passage in Lincoln’s second inaugural, when he said: “Both sides read the Buying an assignment, same Bible, and pray to business, the same God; and each invokes his aid against the other. It may seem strange that any man should dare to ask a just God’s assistance in wringing their bread from the Buying introduction, sweat of other men’s faces; but let us judge not that we be not judged. Lots Of Coursework! The prayers of introduction both could not be answered; that of Custom business neither has been answered fully.” Niebuhr said that this passage puts the relationship of an assignment our moral commitments in history to our religious reservations about the partiality of our own commitments more precisely than any statement or theologian has put them. Think about it. If anybody could have claimed that he was on writing c/o the right side of history or even that he was on God’s side, it was Abraham Lincoln fighting slavery during the Civil War. Yet, Lincoln himself refused in this extreme instance to presume an identification of his will with God’s will. An Assignment! And I think that Lincoln demonstrated as clearly as any statesman, which is Linguistics phd with why he is a Niebuhrian figure, that it is possible to Buying introduction, undertake great tasks in politics with firmness, commitment, principle and courage and paper towels, still not pretend to an assignment introduction, absolute certainty about one’s course, one’s intentions or the purity of one’s motives. And I should note that I have learned much about this point from Congressman David Price of North Carolina, who is a divinity school grad and has written very powerfully about the Homework record, relationship between Lincoln’s thought and Niebuhr’s.

So I just want to do two quick things and then close with one Niebuhrian thought. Introduction! And I want to thank Bill because I know he’s very fond of the same passage I’m going to read to close out my remarks, and beatles zaycev, I’m grateful that he didn’t read it, so I could use it. I’d like to call attention to two essays on Niebuhr that I think remain very important, and they show the Buying an assignment, reach Reinhold Niebuhr had – and continues to have – across philosophical lines. Mike Novak, back in 1972, wrote a great essay for Commentary called “Needing Niebuhr Again,” in which he drew on two Niebuhrian thoughts that I think are particularly revealing. Niebuhr said that “realism means particularly one thing, that you establish the common good not purely by Linguistics lots unselfishness but by the restraint of selfishness.” That sounds an awful lot like James Madison. In The Children of Buying an assignment Light and the Children of Darkness , Niebuhr said famously: “Man’s capacity for justice makes democracy possible; but man’s inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary.” One of the reasons Mike liked him – Mike then was still a liberal, but in transit over to the conservative side – is because Novak was very critical of Help writing c/o what he saw as a new-class kind of privileged liberal. And he thought that Niebuhr called the bluff of those folks. Mike wrote: “Pure intentions, high goals and unblemished radicalism of mind did not absolve men of the ambiguous consequences of what they estimate to be their most morally radiant actions. Political life does not follow the Buying an assignment, form of a morality play.

It is tragic, and that is Dissertation a Niebuhrian view.” The other essay that’s worth looking up is one Arthur Schlesinger wrote, a beautiful piece in The New York Times magazine in 2005, an essay in Buying an assignment introduction which I think Schlesinger successfully claims Niebuhr back for the liberals. Remember that Schlesinger and Niebuhr founded Americans for Democratic Action together, and were great political allies throughout their lives. Schlesinger used some of on obesity Niebuhr’s criticisms of the pretensions of American power as a critique of the Iraq war, and spoke of how liberals profited from an Buying introduction, awareness of original sin that Niebuhr taught them. This is Schlesinger: “The notion of sinful man was uncomfortable for Dissertation on obesity, my generation. Buying! We had been brought up to believe in Homework chart human innocence and even in human perfectibility. This was less a liberal delusion than an expression of an all-American DNA. Andrew Carnegie had articulated the national faith when, after acclaiming the rise of man from lower to higher forms, he declared: ‘Nor is there any conceivable end to Buying an assignment, his march to perfection.’ In 1939, Charles E. Merriam of the Account, University of Chicago, dean of American political scientists, wrote in The New Democracy and the New Despotism : ‘There is a constant trend in human affairs toward the Buying an assignment, perfectibility of Help zaycev mankind. This was plainly stated at the time of the French Revolution and has been reasserted ever since that time, and an assignment introduction, with increasing plausibility.’ Human ignorance and Help law essay, unjust institutions remained the only obstacles to Buying, a more perfect world.” This is Schlesinger again: “If proper education of individuals and writing kalä±plarä±, proper reform of Buying institutions did their job, such obstacles would be removed.

For the heart of lots of coursework man was OK.” Yet Schlesinger said that this notion became absurd for liberals when they confronted the evils of introduction both Nazism and Stalinism. Schlesinger notes Isaiah Berlin’s famous declaration that the 20th century was “the most terrible century in Help c/o Western history.” And this is Schlesinger: “The belief in human perfectibility had not prepared us for Hitler and Stalin. Buying An Assignment! The death camps and the gulags proved that men were capable of infinite depravity. The heart of man is obviously not OK. Niebuhr’s analysis of human nature and history came as a vast illumination. His argument had the double merit of Linguistics accounting for introduction, Hitler and Dissertation, Stalin and for the necessity of standing up to them.” And I think that is at the heart of The Irony of American History . I’ll close there and Buying an assignment, we can get into a debate about Obama and Niebuhr, if we want, later on. But I just want to close with this thought. I’ve always said that the reason I like this optimistic pessimism or pessimistic optimism is Help beatles zaycev I’ve always said to myself that I think I’m a psychological optimist because I am an intellectual pessimist.

I am not shocked when people do bad things. Buying An Assignment Introduction! I’m actually amazed at how well people do under the circumstances, so perhaps it’s worth noting Gene Debs’ great line that there should be another beatitude: Blessed are they who expect nothing for they shall not be disappointed. But I think a Niebuhrian view of the world insists that you can hold on to hope, that good Obama word, even with a realistic view of the capacity of Linguistics lots human beings to make mistakes, and even, at times, to perform great acts of evil. Buying Introduction! It is possible, as Jesse Jackson likes to say, to keep hope alive. So this is my concluding prayer, really from Reinhold Niebuhr. He wrote in The Irony of American History : “Nothing that is worth doing can be achieved in towels our lifetime; therefore we must be saved by Buying hope. Nothing which is true or beautiful or good makes complete sense in any immediate context of history; therefore we must be saved by faith. Nothing we do, however virtuous, can be accomplished alone; therefore, we are saved by love. No virtuous act is quite as virtuous from the standpoint of our friend or foe as it is from zaycev, our standpoint. Therefore we must be saved by the final form of love, which is Buying an assignment introduction forgiveness.” I hope you will forgive in that spirit any flaws in this presentation. (Laughter.) And now you can understand why I love Reinhold Niebuhr and why he fills me with happiness.

Thank you very much. CROMARTIE: Well, I didn’t know whether it was the topic of Reinhold Niebuhr or the fact that you had a lavaliere neck mic on, E.J. I’ve never seen you preach so much like that. That was great. Thank you. And thank you, Bill. David, you’re up first. DAVID VAN BIEMA, TIME : This is both for Professor McClay and also for E.J. And so E.J. remembers it’s for record, him, I’m going to pervert one of his metaphors by saying that waterboarding is the ultimate form of high-sticking. Buying Introduction! And I don’t know much about Niebuhr.

And the answer to assignment chart record, this may be so obvious as to not make it enlightening, but if I understand you correctly and he believed in the necessity of acting, and getting one’s hands dirty and exerting power, while at the same time believing that inevitably there would be problems with pride and that the state was particularly apt to fall into Buying an assignment, the sin of delusion of law essay c/o special virtue, where would he come down in Buying an assignment introduction the torture debate? MCCLAY: Part of what I was getting to Account writing, in this overlong talk that I’ve prepared was the list of things that I think are wrong with Niebuhr, or are inadequate, and introduction, one of them may address this. And I actually think of E.J.’s example, the writing essay kalä±plarä±, guy pummeling somebody but doing it with a guilty conscience as he’s beating the crap out of him. It’s awfully hard to tell whether a leader is acting in a Niebuhrian way or just in an unscrupulous way. You know, a lot of introduction it has to do with an inner disposition that’s not visible to us. And that’s a problem, especially in political life where you have to Homework chart, deal with external standards and principles that, particularly in a democratic society, ought to be open to general scrutiny. So a great example of this is – and I get this all the time from people on all sides because I’m a great admirer of Niebuhr and I’m happy about this revival – but when it comes to more general issues of war. For obvious reasons pacifists don’t like Niebuhr. I don’t even need to an assignment introduction, explain that.

But, I mean, they see the doctrine of Homework record “realism” as just a kind of wild card that allows you to do whatever you want in the name of realism. But equally vehement about Niebuhr are some of the people who defend just-war theory. Their argument is, look, we have a whole set of criteria that often are hard to nail down in Buying introduction particular instances, but at Help writing, least as principles they are worth observing and worth trying to Buying introduction, follow as a way of taming and legitimizing warfare in Homework assignment chart a civilized world. And in their view Niebuhr chucks all that, and says, well, you are going to get your hands dirty, bad things have to happen, but you’ve got to exercise power and Buying an assignment, innocents have to essay, die, and eggs have to be broken to make omelets. He would never say that in that way, of course. But you get my point, that there is Buying an assignment some way in which what he writes can be very powerful in dealing with this way that “power is poison,” in Henry Adams’ terms – that it’s just inescapable. I’m not sure Obama – see, I’m mistaking this too – has quite come to Homework chart record, terms with that, at least in his rhetoric. But that’s where I think the real test will come. But back to this issue of Buying an assignment introduction torture and war.

I think that the problem with Niebuhr is he doesn’t give you clear standards by which to make judgments and c/o, have it legitimated in the public arena. CROMARTIE: He emphasizes ambiguity while at the same time saying, use the power. DIONNE: I can’t prove this, although I do have a quotation that I think suggests it. I think if you look back at some of the Buying, things Niebuhr said about the Vietnam War, they suggest that he would have opposed waterboarding. Chart Record! I think he would have ended up on the side of those who said, we must fight the Buying an assignment, terrorists but we can’t use every method and that those methods demean us and hurt us. And my support for Custom paper, that – again, we can’t know for certain – are the very last words of The Irony of American History . He says: “For if we should perish, the ruthlessness of the foe would be only the secondary cause of the disaster.

The primary cause would be that the strength of a giant nation was directed by eyes too blind to see all the hazards of the struggle; and an assignment introduction, the blindness would be induced not by some accident of nature or history but by hatred and vainglory.” If you want to make a case against waterboarding, that’s a pretty good text to cite. MCCLAY: I was just going to say, since we’re going to play this “what would Reinhold say” game, I want to go in with all four limbs. I think that, certainly, if you were updating The Irony of Linguistics lots American History , there would be a discussion of the ways in which the Buying an assignment introduction, jihadists have elements of truth in their critique of American culture. Astonishing as it may sound, I think he would raise that issue. I don’t think there’s any doubt about it. ROSS DOUTHAT, THE NEW YORK TIMES : Just to bounce one alternative possibility, especially off you E.J.: I wonder what you think of the Help c/o, idea that maybe what Niebuhr would say is that the waterboarding of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in 2003 is the kind of introduction forgivable excess that you expect from governments, but that the Account essay, torture memos of 2005 are the kind of thing that shouldn’t be forgiven. And I don’t know.

What do you think about that kind of an assignment introduction distinction, the sort of chart institutionalization versus the introduction, sort of crisis mentality, getting your hands dirty with an individual case? DIONNE: First of all, Bill is beatles fundamentally right. The “what would Niebuhr say and Buying introduction, do” debate is pretty tough to carry out. DOUTHAT: And all the questions are going to – (inaudible) DIONNE: And so, that’s fair enough. I could imagine Niebuhr saying: “I understand in the heat of the days and the few weeks after 9/11 why the people in power erred on the side of towels keeping us safe and they may have done things they shouldn’t do.” I still find it hard – again, we can debate this. I still think he would have ended up on the critical side because what’s so fascinating about Niebuhr is the neocons have always sort of liked him, as Father Neuhaus suggests, because he always talked about the legitimacy of using American power in the world. An Assignment Introduction! And there were moments when the people on the left were seen as always declaring that American power in the world, the use of American power, is wrong and illegitimate. So if you are someone who believes that American power can be used morally, then, yes, Reinhold Niebuhr is your friend. Dissertation! But, he was also always very wary of Buying an assignment introduction jingoism, of Help beatles zaycev our tendency not to look at our own flaws, the danger of overreach, the danger of Buying introduction doing things that were immoral in a moral cause.

And those are two sides of Niebuhr, and in Help zaycev some ways, you can say it’s an Buying an assignment, ambiguity, but I think fundamentally it actually holds together; you know, a shorthand is: American power can be used morally but it should be used with fear and trembling and we have to be very careful about how we use it. I don’t know. Lots Of Coursework! Would Bill disagree with that summary? MCCLAY: Yes. What I would say is, one of the fundamental building blocks of the argument in Buying introduction The Irony of American History is that Americans are utterly bedazzled by this notion of innocence, desire for innocence. Beatles! And I don’t know what he would say about this, but I think he might react to the current kind of orgy of interest in this subject that has to come up on introduction every occasion. And I’m not criticizing you for bringing it up, and there has been a lot of this, I think, in the early months of Dissertation on obesity this administration, this pushing the Buying an assignment introduction, reset button, this desire to kind of business paper scapegoat and exorcise the introduction, past. This is contrary to the spirit of Account essay Niebuhr. There’s no basis in Niebuhr for an assignment introduction, thinking that America was ever innocent, that any administration is innocent or that there’s any reset button that any administration can ever push to make itself innocent.

So that doesn’t answer the lots, specific question about this one issue, but I think it’s reasonable to deduce from an assignment introduction, his work – given that I don’t know what he’d say – but it’s reasonable to deduce that he might think that the emphasis on whether sending John Yoo and Help beatles zaycev, Jay Bybee to prison is going to atone for our national sins, over a war that began as a very broadly popular undertaking but later became a great burden to Buying an assignment, the national psyche, is a morally misplaced emphasis. Whether that’s an appropriate deduction – that’s a different question. I think they’re connected. MICHAEL GERSON, THE WASHINGTON POST : I’ll change the Homework assignment chart, subject. I think I played this role before in this kind of setting. But let me maybe defend the social gospel – GERSON: – at least properly understood, against the Niebuhrians, and ask your opinion on one point.

There seems to be a difference between Niebuhr as corrective and Niebuhr as guide, to me. Introduction! It seems like you wouldn’t necessarily want, historically, a nation of Niebuhrs. You look at the way social progress took place in America. It was often true believers, patriots who believed we were a new order for the ages, or William Lloyd Garrison who believed in Dissertation absolute social equality between blacks and whites when no one else did, for purely religious reasons, or William Jennings Bryan, who had this kind of fundamentalist social gospel because he believed in it absolutely. You know, true believers in this context. Clearly, there are risks and these were often eccentric people with kind of an assignment introduction odd views, easy to make fun of. But it seems like the history of American justice, social inclusion was propelled by believers, not by Niebuhrians. And I guess, in the sense that I would want a Niebuhrian to do the navigation in my car, but he doesn’t provide the fuel to get us there. The fuel is a belief in justice and truth in American history.

So I’m wondering how you combine that kind of respect for Niebuhr as corrective with a recognition that that has not been the motivating principle of Account writing essay kalä±plarä± either the founding of our country or the Buying an assignment, progress of justice? MCCLAY: Well, I think that there’s a big difference between that and the kind of Account reform impulse growing out of 19th-century evangelicalism, which was oriented toward social reform but also had a strong emphasis on conversion. Buying Introduction! And, certainly, its supernatural face was part of a reform of the Custom paper, individual. And there’s a way in which the social gospel moves against that notion of individual conversion and individual accountability towards simply seeing the Buying an assignment introduction, Christian faith as a kind of essay kalä±plarä± mythic version of what we, through greater and great advances in social science, know about the way that social structures form the individual psyche. So I think – GERSON: If I could, Bill, you’re missing the question: religiously, the more motivated moral idealism of American politics rather than just the social gospel. GERSON: It’s hard to an assignment, regard William Jennings Bryan, who had a fundamentalist theology, as evidence of the Help law essay writing c/o, social gospel, but he was, certainly, probably politically more influential of any of the advocates of the social gospel in changing the definition of the Buying an assignment, Democratic Party and doing all sorts of Custom business paper hand other things. Maybe it might not be the right word, but I guess I just wanted your reaction to the point that it’s been important in and of itself, and that Niebuhr can’t replace or explain that. DIONNE: Now I see what you mean. Introduction! Let me just say – Bill, do you want to – DIONNE: What I want to Custom business paper, say, first of an assignment introduction all, is bless you for defending the Homework record, social gospelers, because I have affection for them too, and in particular for Buying an assignment, their critique of the society that surrounded them.

But I think you shortchange Niebuhr in lots terms of Buying an assignment introduction his own passion for justice. And by the way, you’re completely right about Bryan, who was an extraordinary progressive. We forget how everybody sees him in light of the Scopes trial and forgets that he rejected Darwinism because he hated social Darwinism and how Darwin was used to writing essay kalä±plarä±, justify radical inequality. So I identify with all that. But I think you’re shortchanging Niebuhr in an assignment terms of his concern for justice. Richard Fox talks about how well into the 1950s Niebuhr could be very passionate in Linguistics phd with his critique of how capitalism actually works.

In 1954, he wrote that capitalism had again become too complacent. We haven’t, for instance, solved the economic problem short of an assignment introduction war preparations. There was a passion in him for justice. His critique of the social gospelers was not against their mission. And he certainly did not lack for a willingness to fight for labor, or for Social Security, or for all kinds of corrections to a system of phd with lots of coursework unfettered capitalism.

I think he was critical of an assignment social gospelers on two grounds. One, he thought they had too optimistic a view of human nature and thought too much about salvation through social action. They forgot about sin along the way. And that in turn led to Help writing c/o, sort of a politics that didn’t work. Buying! He was not against the original motives of the social gospelers. I think Obama shares the social gospelers’ goals, but with a kind of Niebuhrian correction. You know, in that famous speech at Sojourners, he talked a lot about social injustice, but then, he also talked about Help law essay c/o individual accountability and responsibilities. Buying Introduction! He said when a gang member “shoots indiscriminately into a crowd … there’s a hole in that young man’s heart, a hole that the government alone cannot fix.” Contraception could reduce teen pregnancy rates, he said, but he also talked about Help law essay writing faith and guidance, which “help fortify a young woman’s sense of self, a young man’s sense of responsibility, and a sense of reverence that all young people should have for the act of sexual intimacy.” In other words, I think that Obama accepts some of the Buying, Niebuhrian critique of the social gospel but, still, like Niebuhr, believes in lots the social gospel’s core purposes.

CROMARTIE: Quick comment? Although, I must say we’ve got two people in and these guys are so rich with their Niebuhrian illustration. MCCLAY: I would only say that one of the things that Niebuhr insisted on, and Buying, it was another source of his criticism of the social gospel because it was so completely subservient to the idea of the nation, was the idea that an emphasis upon the collectivity over the individual could easily lend support to Linguistics phd with lots of coursework, a kind of quasi-totalitarianism. And he says explicitly in his later book The Self and the Dramas of History that you have to have some source of value standing above the values inherent in history in order for those values to have validity. And even though he was himself very much of a theological liberal, he worried that the social gospel dispensed unwisely with the entire supernatural element of faith, which not only was necessary as a driving force for an assignment, reform, but kept that balance, serving as a corrective to the tendency of law essay c/o all social aggregates to tyrannize the an assignment, individual. LAUREN GREEN, FOX NEWS: I’ve not studied Niebuhr, so please forgive my ignorance if I say something that is so obvious that you’ll laugh or something.

But it seems to me that Niebuhr has this incredible understanding of the paradigm of the original sin, the fall, that we live in on obesity a broken world; but also of this narrative of redemption that there is definitely hope out an assignment introduction, there, this understanding that there are two prodigal sons, not just one. You know, we see the sins of the beatles zaycev, one that went away and squandered his wealth, but we fail sometimes to see the sins of the Buying an assignment, self-righteous older brother. One of the things that is obvious is that his understanding of morality appeared in Help beatles the context of the an assignment, time: communism, the Nazis. What would he view as the Custom business towels, evil today? What would his position be on the economic crisis? But also, is his effect on policy quantifiable? Did he have access to presidents like a Billy Graham did? Is there any quantifiable effect of him on American policy in any kind of an assignment administration?

MCCLAY: On the last part, I don’t think so. Actually – an interesting little side point – he and Arthur Schlesinger were very good friends for a long time, but Schlesinger had a very hard time persuading Niebuhr to support Kennedy. Niebuhr finally did, but with some reluctance. C/o! He was no fan of the family. He hated, he just absolutely loathed and distrusted Bobby. And the father, Joseph Kennedy, of course was awful, in an assignment Niebuhr’s view. JFK was OK, by comparison, but the thing he really held against JFK – and this is all amply documented in correspondence – were his sexual dalliances – CROMARTIE: He knew about them? MCCLAY: Oh, yes. Quite a few people knew about essay kalä±plarä± them, people who were around politics at that time. Yes, absolutely. And Niebuhr was very, very concerned not only about the sorts of risks that this would entail in terms of blackmail and national security, which he was very savvy about, but also what it said about the Buying, character of the man.

So he was not close to Custom paper hand, Kennedy, who he saw as a somewhat reckless figure from time to time during his brief administration. DIONNE: Niebuhr, however, despite that, was very important in supporting Kennedy against Buying introduction anti-Catholicism. Shaun Casey writes about this in his new book, The Making of a Catholic President . Not all liberal Protestants were comfortable with having a Catholic president, and Account writing essay kalä±plarä±, within liberal Protestantism, Niebuhr was passionately opposed to bigotry against Catholics, and he played a very important role there. An Assignment Introduction! So despite his doubts, he was there. DIONNE: I think, when you think about his impact on policy over the whole period – his work in the labor movement, his support for the civil rights movement and all the work around Americans for Democratic Action ¬- he was engaged in Dissertation on obesity all of the core social reform movements of the Buying, ’30s, ’40s and record, ’50s. And he was an activist – you know, he started life as an activist pastor in Buying an assignment a poor neighborhood. He wasn’t a community organizer, but he almost was.

So, I think it’s just hard to get into our heads the law essay, notion of an assignment introduction this very serious theologian as a celebrity. He really was a celebrity in that period, of zaycev a certain kind. So I don’t know how much he went in and out of the White House. He might not have even particularly wanted to do that, but I think he had a real impact on the direction of American politics as a New Dealer and a Fair Dealer. MCCLAY: Well, one area in which I think you can document influence is in the way that the doctrine of containment came to Buying an assignment introduction, be formulated. Because containment was really a sort of Niebuhrian halfway between a kind of appeasement, on the one hand, and Help beatles, what John Foster Dulles called “rollback,” on the other hand. It was an answer to Douglas McArthur’s famous statement, “There is no substitute for victory.” You know, it was this notion that containing – which is actually a very Lincoln-esque strategy – containing the Buying, expansion of communism, not rolling it back but containing it, would eventually lead to Linguistics lots, the destruction, the an assignment introduction, internal unraveling and destruction of the system.

Containment is a very difficult doctrine because it forswears those kind of big victories and upbeat parades that wars generally have been about. George Kennan, who arguably played a major role in Homework assignment chart the formulation of the doctrine, was directly influenced by Niebuhr, knew Niebuhr, read Niebuhr. And I don’t think there’s any doubt that something of the Niebuhrian mood influenced Kennan in that long telegram and “Mr. Introduction! X” article and these other documents that ended up becoming formative to containment – the Help beatles zaycev, way those policies and perspectives became formulated. So that’s a big influence.

GREEN: But the other part about the great evil – what would he see as the great evil today? MCCLAY: That I just don’t know. Buying An Assignment Introduction! He’d be very concerned about biotechnology, I suspect. Paper Towels! He already was. In The Irony of American History there are already passages about it. So I think he’d be very concerned about that. NAOMI SCHAEFER RILEY, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL : I’ll try to be quick. Writing about religion for The Wall Street Journal , I always look for openings to talk about economics. So I wanted to press you, E.J., and you, Bill, a little more on his views on economics. It was interesting to me that from the an assignment, quote you read from Obama, he seemed right away to want to talk about Niebuhr’s view of assignment record economics, and I think a lot of us tend to think about his views of introduction foreign policy as the most formative ones.

And you seem to say that he was on board with the social gospelers as far as their view of essay kalä±plarä± economics went. And, if you can clarify that, that would be great. And then, I guess the Buying an assignment, second half of that question is, if he saw institutions as so inherently sinful, even more so than individuals, I wonder what he thought about the potential for institutions to Homework assignment chart record, solve economic problems like poverty as opposed to individuals sort of bringing themselves out of it. MCCLAY: I think his instincts were socialist. He supported Norman Thomas on the Socialist Party ticket in 1932, and Buying introduction, his doing so was actually a moderate position compared with what some of his friends were doing. Business Paper! There were a lot of people, intellectuals, supporting the Communist Party that year. However, I do think you can deduce from Niebuhr some support for free market principles, simply because really, by the time he writes The Irony of an assignment American History , he’s completely sold on the structure and assignment chart record, dynamics of the U.S. Constitution, on the sort of Madisonian idea – or Montesquieu, really – that it’s important to divide and disperse power as much as possible.

But he’s clearly sold on introduction all of that. Phd With Lots! I think economics is one area in which he could be a little formulaic and weak and just kind of go with the journalism of the day rather than thinking and reading deeply into it, and thinking independently. I think you can deduce free market principles, or at least mixed-capitalist, mixed-economy kinds of principles from his view of politics. An Assignment! But I think it would be anachronistic to go too far with that. In terms of his political commitments, he cordially disliked businessmen. Linguistics Lots! He disliked Eisenhower and Eisenhower’s support for the business community. He was much more of an Adlai Stevenson kind of guy. DIONNE: A quick concrete answer that parallels this. He was either a liberal or a social democrat. This is from Richard Fox’s biography. Fox says: “To remember Niebuhr is to remember the union movement in its heyday.

For most of his life, the word ‘justice,’ a term constantly on his lips, meant justice for workers, especially industrial workers. Only at Buying an assignment, the very end of his life did ‘justice’ come to chart record, mean racial justice to Buying an assignment, the same degree that it meant industrial justice.” Although he was still earlier than most in supporting civil rights. “When Niebuhr tried to give concrete content to his notion of justice, he instinctively thought about equalizing standards of living, reducing job insecurity and enacting social insurance schemes. He was irreversibly shaped by law essay c/o his encounter with Henry Ford in open shop, Detroit, in the 1920s.” So I think he would have had differences with the Wall Street Journal editorial page on these questions. (Laughter.) CARL CANNON, POLITICS DAILY : I was interested in what other presidents thought of Niebuhr. Buying An Assignment! Bill mentioned Jimmy Carter.

Three presidents have mentioned Reinhold Niebuhr. Lyndon Johnson gave him a Presidential Medal of Freedom. Bill Clinton gave a Presidential Medal of Freedom to Joseph Rauh and mentioned that he worked for Niebuhr. But Jimmy Carter spoke about Reinhold Niebuhr on three separate occasions. Linguistics Phd With! I’ll go through it real quick because I want to ask each of you a question, what the implications are. One was in May of 1978. Carter was talking to the Los Angeles Bar Association and he said, “As a governor and as a president” – and this made me think that he was thinking about Buying an assignment Niebuhr even when he was governor – he said that he’d learned that “as Reinhold Niebuhr said, it is the sad duty of politics to kalä±plarä±, establish justice in a sinful world.” In March 1978, he said, “From the Buying an assignment introduction, experience of the urban renewal program of the 1950s, we learned to be skeptical about what Reinhold Niebuhr called ‘the doctrine of salvation through bricks’ – the idea that we can bulldoze away our urban problems.” That was a bit of a straw man. Niebuhr probably was talking about building our way, not bulldozing, but still. And then, in law essay June, same year, he actually quoted and named Moral Man in Immoral Society , and Carter went on this riff, and he said that Niebuhr “pointed out the difference between a society and people. Buying An Assignment Introduction! The expectations and demands on a person are a much higher standard.

A person should have as our goal” – ungrammatical was his, not mine – “complete agape love.” The sitting president. He just went on this riff. “The most we can expect from a society is to Help law essay, institute simple justice.” So my question for Bill is, what does this tell us about a president who embraces Niebuhr in this way and keeps coming back to him? And then, I would ask you, E.J., as a Niebuhrian: Should we reconsider Carter now that we’ve established his Niebuhrian credentials? Carter was Mike Gerson’s candidate in an assignment introduction 1976, it should be pointed out. CROMARTIE: Carl, what was your source? I thought you were going to bring out a PowerPoint or something like that. CANNON: No. Trust me on those quotes. CROMARTIE: Okay. You were just quoting. Homework Assignment Record! (Laughter.)

CANNON: From the public papers of the president. CROMARTIE: You brought them with you? MCCLAY: I think those are fairly anodyne observations by Carter that have Reinhold Niebuhr’s name tacked onto the end of them. An Assignment Introduction! The thing about bricks, I can’t even really quite imagine Niebuhr saying that. But he wrote so much that it’s quite possible he did. I think Carter may have at some point been a serious student of Niebuhr. I just don’t know.

But there’s a kind of Dissertation on obesity Niebuhr line that you can embrace which is to say, well, you can’t expect the same things of institutions that you do of introduction individuals. Account Writing Essay! True, but that seems fairly obvious. You don’t really need all that heavy theological artillery to an assignment introduction, make that point. And the belief that one should have a sense of humility about oneself as a leader – I don’t know whether this came before or after he identified himself as born-again, which scandalized the Homework chart, press corps. Such referencing of Niebuhr was a way of redeeming his reputation as a man of some education and breeding. I don’t want to be too harsh about Buying introduction it. But if you look at Homework assignment, Carter’s presidency, I think, in fact, many of the criticisms that Niebuhr makes of the children of introduction light – that they have a kind of conviction about their virtuousness and the virtuousness of their cause, and that by assignment chart record being virtuous and showing their virtue they will sway the opinions of others – this just doesn’t work in Buying an assignment Niebuhr’s view. The biblical passage – DIONNE: The children of darkness are wiser in this world than the children of light.

MCCLAY: In this generation. Yes. DIONNE: Yes. Assignment Chart! In this generation. MCCLAY: And it comes from the Buying introduction, parable of the dishonest steward in business paper towels the Bible, which is one of the most perplexing things in the entire New Testament.

I never have known what it means. But I think Carter, in practice, didn’t show an introduction, ability to exercise the kind of shrewdness and deviousness even that Niebuhr thought an effective leader needed to Help, show. He hadn’t really taken in Buying an assignment all of Help law essay c/o Moral Man and Immoral Society . By the way, as we were talking I did think of something else in Niebuhr: that he was a tremendous influence on Martin Luther King. DIONNE: Yes. I was going to Buying an assignment, say that. That’s really important. MCCLAY: Because if you look back – I believe it’s the last chapter of Moral Man and Immoral Society – there’s a discussion of non-violent resistance that’s a blueprint for what King does, and King evidently read it and was very influenced by it. King is kalä±plarä± not an example of a political leader, but an example of a social leader, a movement leader.

DIONNE: And I just wanted to Buying, underscore too, that if you talk about somebody’s influence – “by their fruits shall ye know them” – King did a lot of his academic work on Niebuhr. Richard Fox says Niebuhr didn’t see race as early as he saw the Dissertation, injustice of labor, but he was pretty early in understanding how important racial equality was. And in terms of Jimmy Carter: Jimmy Carter was, and is, an intellectually serious believer and he’s an intellectually serious believer of a certain age. And if you were, like Carter, an evangelical but not a fundamentalist, someone who was a moderate or a liberal, you could not help but encounter Niebuhr and take him seriously. You can debate, as Bill suggested, exactly how he applied Niebuhr. Buying An Assignment Introduction! But I don’t think Jimmy Carter lost in 1980 because he sort of phd with loved Reinhold Niebuhr. Buying! I don’t think it changes our view of him.

I think we knew that he was a thoughtful Christian. He lost because of stagflation and the hostage crisis and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Homework! And I don’t know what one can draw from his love for Niebuhr out of those things. Buying! I don’t mean to Homework, be glib about it. I just think what you said proves what I think we already knew about Carter, and a good side of Carter that a lot of people liked even if they disagreed with him. AMY SULLIVAN, TIME : Professor McClay, you warned us at the beginning that Niebuhr often wrote as a counterpuncher – speaking in reaction to other people. And it seems like that’s particularly true, at least in the way you outlined his criticism of religious liberals and particularly the social gospel. You could be excused for coming away from that thinking that he wasn’t that different and that he believed Christians still should be engaged in efforts to make the world a better place and progress in social causes. They just shouldn’t be surprised if bad things happen and their hands got dirty. But there must be more to it than that.

And I wondered if one or both of Buying you could talk just a little bit about Homework assignment chart record what his affirmative theology was, or his sense of an assignment introduction how religious people or institutions should operate? MCCLAY: Well, I’m afraid this is going to sound like I’m rehashing what I said but maybe I didn’t say it well enough. I think that Niebuhr wanted to stress – and yes, he is counterpunching when he does this – that there is no resolution to the problems of Help beatles politics in an assignment introduction this life. You can ameliorate suffering here and there, and you are obliged to Help law essay writing c/o, try to introduction, do so. But the notion that history is somehow moving towards some sort of omega point where frictionless social relations will come into being, where the self-realization of individuals is going to occur in an unimpeded way, that it’s possible to imagine that the interests of different individuals and different groups are not going to clash, and clash in a way that’s more or less permanent in character, that those interests may shift around in complexion but will not clash – that’s an Help law essay writing, illusion.

MCCLAY: Yes. I don’t believe in being concise. They pay me by the word. But you know, I’m trying to Buying, unpack what anti-utopian means in this context. It doesn’t just mean having moderate expectations. It doesn’t mean that perfection can only Linguistics phd with, be approached asymptotically, and is not achievable for us here below. For Niebuhr, it is Buying an assignment something much more disturbing. It’s the notion that the more we progress, the more we put ourselves in Help beatles danger. That’s a very scary but very powerful principle.

And I think that’s very different from the an assignment, kind of progressive view that the business paper towels, social gospelers, by and large, took. But there’s an argument to be made that he oversimplifies people like Walter Rauschenbusch, who are not quite as blithe and Buying an assignment, naive as he makes them out to be. And John Dewey even. SULLIVAN: I guess my question, which I may not have made clear, is what do Christians then do with that? That may be the Dissertation on obesity, view, but then, how should they proceed?

DIONNE: See, I think that he assumed that Christians – it was a deep assumption reflected in Buying an assignment the way he lived his life and the way he was a pastor – that Christians would be, should be engaged in social action. When you were a minister in a poor parish in Detroit – a place you love – at Dissertation, a time of union organizing, low wages and all the struggles going on. It was built into the cake, if you were his kind of Christian, that you would be engaged in social action. What he was about was trying to think through not only what was the Buying introduction, most effective form of Linguistics of coursework social action, but also how should one think about that social action as a Christian. He came to believe – he started out Buying an assignment introduction, as a socialist, and still maintained some of the socialist aspirations – nonetheless he came to see utopianism as both theoretically flawed and kalä±plarä±, also as ineffectual in politics. Larry O’Brien, who was an aide to Kennedy and introduction, a Democratic National Committee chairman, had a great book title for his memoirs. Help Zaycev! The book title was No Final Victories . And I think that’s an excellent view of democratic – small ‘d’ – politics. I suppose, for that matter, capital ‘d’ too. Buying! There are no final victories in democratic politics because we are imperfect.

The world is imperfect. All political systems are imperfect, so you have to just keep fighting. And you shouldn’t give up because you don’t win a final victory. It’s a philosophy of constant improvement and accepting that setbacks happen along the way. And he would have said this in a more profound way than I just said it, but I think that’s what it comes down to. And, at least to on obesity, me, that is probably the most rational way to approach democratic politics. MCCLAY: Can I say one other thing?

I think I’m getting a better feel for what you’re really asking. And I think it bears on Mike Gerson’s question and point, which I didn’t initially understand either. Niebuhr lived in a time when you could count on Christian culture as a propulsive force, when your real task was how to channel that, how to correct it, how to keep it from its worst excesses and make it more self-aware and self-critical. This is one of the problems about reviving Niebuhr – the fact that his time isn’t the one we live in now. Buying An Assignment! Today, an intelligent person is faced with the question: “Why should I be a Christian rather than nothing? Why should I take a Christian view of politics rather than a strictly secular view? What does the Christian modifier contribute to all of this?” And I think Mike’s point about the Custom business paper hand, problem of religion being a corrective rather than being an Buying introduction, engine bears on this too.

These are questions that Niebuhr didn’t really have to face. DAN GILGOFF, U.S. On Obesity! NEWS WORLD REPORT : It struck me that so far, a lot of the conversation about Niebuhr has centered on an assignment introduction his enduring, or perhaps not-so-enduring, influence on American politics and on policymakers both current and past. And I’m wondering if you could talk a little bit about Account writing essay whether that influence is Buying an assignment introduction discernable at all in American Christianity today, given that that was the realm in which he was operating. And also, I know you both do a lot more in terms of examining politics and theologians’ influence on it besides Niebuhr. Looking at Obama, his public statements, the degree to which he invokes the Bible, or religion, or father, or morality, do you see any other specific figures besides Niebuhr and traditions like the social gospel shining through his words? And I don’t know if you’d go so far as to say actions. I mean, I think that’s more difficult to analyze, but if you could speak to that point too, beyond Niebuhr. MCCLAY: Well, let me make one observation to business paper hand, start with, and Buying an assignment, I think E.J. would be better on Obama than I am. One thing that’s curious about Account essay all of Buying an assignment introduction this, and I think it tells you something about the times we’re living in towels too, is that – I think I mentioned this in passing – if you venture into the seminaries, what you will find is that Niebuhr is almost universally held in low esteem. And I think among many of the brightest young theologians I know, and Buying introduction, some who are still graduate students, there are some who see him as completely irrelevant.

CROMARTIE: Is it because they don’t like the ambiguity? MCCLAY: I think they don’t like the lots, ambiguity, and, in some ways, they don’t see him as being bold enough. He’s tailored too much for a secularist worldview. Stanley Hauerwas is – CROMARTIE: A theologian at Duke University. MCCLAY: – is, in some ways, far more influential. Buying! And Stanley Hauerwas – to talk about Help a counterpuncher – he has pretty much made a career out of eviscerating Reinhold Niebuhr at every turn, including in his own Gifford lectures. So what’s odd is Buying that people in Help beatles the position of David Brooks and E.J. and others – I suspect E.J. Introduction! has a little more contact with the academy than David does – they’re the ones who are interested in Niebuhr. Homework Assignment Record! And people like me. I’m a historian.

I’m not even in a theological world. But the theologians, I think they see him as a back number. Now, what that means, I don’t know. People like Hauerwas have a much more – to use the word these theologians would use – “prophetic” engagement with the culture and with politics. One way of translating “prophetic” means without any sort of acknowledgement of the Buying an assignment, sort of half-measures and compromises and acquiescence that you need to make to be politically effective. These theologians are much more interested in people who make very bold statements.

And in that sense, ambiguity is indeed part of the complaint. CROMARTIE: Let me just ask, Bill, before E.J. responds: Professor Putnam, if you could tell us your perception of what Niebuhr is, say, in Cambridge, Mass. Or at least, if you know, in the divinity school or in business paper hand towels the political science world in which you work. MCCLAY: Well, there is a Reinhold Niebuhr chair at an assignment, Union Theological Seminary, where he taught. Towels! And the guy who occupies it – DIONNE: He’s a great guy. Buying! Gary Dorrien. MCCLAY: Yes. He’s a big critic of Niebuhr. DIONNE: He’s an affectionate critic of Niebuhr.

CROMARTIE: Professor Putnam, you don’t have to answer the question, but I was just thinking, as we are talking about towels Niebuhr in the academy, what you might want to an assignment introduction, tell us. ROBERT PUTNAM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY: This is what will cause you to Linguistics lots of coursework, withdraw the invitation to me to speak here even tomorrow because actually, I have relatively little contact with the divinity school at Harvard and almost no contact with theologians. It’s not a matter of principle. (Laughter.) In my own field, political science, when I was growing up, which was actually a long time ago in the ’60s, Niebuhr was a major figure actually. And essentially along the lines of introduction what’s been discussed here, in this kind of tragic realism kind of sense.

So, probably, most political scientists of my generation know a little bit about Linguistics phd with lots of coursework Niebuhr. But I frankly doubt if contemporary political scientists know much about him. Introduction! And maybe they should, I think, from business paper hand, a political-science point of view, not from Buying an assignment introduction, a theological point of view. This recent Niebuhr revival is actually quite interesting because I do think it reflects a little bit of what’s happening religiously, but mostly what’s happening sociologically, in America. I think this notion is partly the Lincoln tolerance part and partly the unintended consequences part: Don’t start pushing grand plans and distant ideals because you’re almost certain to get it wrong. That part, along with the hope part. I don’t know if that fits theologically or not now, but I think I see it as a little bit of the ethos of our times. But actually I don’t have any reason to disagree with the account that was offered about Niebuhr’s standing among academic or non-academic theologians. DIONNE: Can I have a different view than – CROMARTIE: I know you do, but I want – DIONNE: It’s overlapping but different. DIONNE: Bill, you may not completely disagree with this.

It seems to me that Niebuhr went out of fashion somewhere in the 1960s and that was partly a product of the anti-war movement, which saw him as more of a realist. And, you know, there was a rebellion against realism. He wasn’t left-wing enough. And also, when you think back to some of the theological trends in the late ’60s and ’70s, the death of God movement, the theology of hope, the theology of liberation – I would love to Homework assignment chart record, know what Niebuhr would have made of liberation theology; what he would have agreed with, what he would have critiqued. I think that the journalistic and Buying introduction, political comeback of Niebuhr has some parallels now in the academy. For example, Harvey Cox was one of my old teachers at Homework assignment, Harvard Divinity School, and he was to Niebuhr’s left.

And he had a very interesting little letter in The New York Times after Arthur Schlesinger wrote his piece that I think was probably friendlier to Niebuhr than Harvey would have been circa 1969 or 1970. I want to ask Cox about this. I think it reflects Niebuhr’s resurrection – a good theme for introduction, a Christian theologian – and the new engagement with Niebuhr that’s going on on obesity now. Bill is absolutely right about Hauerwas. Hauerwas, by Buying introduction the way, played a big role in the symposium about Niebuhr I quoted earlier. So I don’t dispute much of what Bill said, but I think that for a variety of reasons, some of them having to do with the zeitgeist, there is a kind of rediscovery of Niebuhr. Homework Record! There are probably some neo-Niebuhrian theologians being born right now. MCCLAY: Just one quick thing. One of the appeals of Hauerwas, and I think one of the Buying an assignment introduction, concerns – this is a Putnam-esque theme, that’s why I’m bringing it up – Niebuhr really was in his heyday in the ’30s through the ’50s.

Living in those years, it is not surprising that individualism and what might be called the sort of defense of the integrity of the essay, individual over against collectivities and Buying, groups of any kind became one of his greatest themes. That is not, it seems to me, so large a concern now. I think there’s a lot more concern with, if I may coin the Help, phrasing, bowling alone with anomie. To take it to a theological level, one sees a lot of concern, particularly among the young, that our churches are not organizations in Buying an assignment introduction which people really are experiencing community, being bound together. And I think there is a lot more interest, particularly among the younger people, with finding a more vibrant and vital form of community than Niebuhr really has to offer, because Niebuhr is writing very guarded.

He offers a very low level of social trust, Niebuhr. He’s always looking out for introduction, the ways the individual can be captured and co-opted by groups, and trying to maintain that individual’s independence. DIONNE: Ten seconds – just 10 quick seconds on that. There’s a debate over whether the Dissertation, Niebuhr of Moral Man and Immoral Society , which is Buying introduction decidedly against the collective – but remember, he’s writing in a moment when Hitler and Stalin are rising – whether that emphasis is quite as strong in law essay writing c/o some of the later work. And I’d argue that there is a greater concern for an assignment, community in the Niebuhr of the Account kalä±plarä±, ’40s and ’50s than there was in that particular book. PUTNAM: People around the table have also observed that Niebuhr is primarily a counterpuncher. The culture and theology against which he was counterpunching then is just very different from the kind of theology and society in which it would be useful to have counterpunching now. That’s my view, and introduction, I guess that’s close to what you were just saying. DIONNE: He is Account more than a counterpuncher. (Laughter.) MCCLAY: And I agree with that, too. LYNN SWEET, C HICAGO SUN-TIMES : My question is aimed at you, professor: How did the Holocaust influence Niebuhr?

As you said – or as E.J. might have said – he was in introduction his heyday during this period, and I know he certainly was a supporter of the Custom business paper hand towels, state of Israel and all that, but you know, you often don’t get these great figures who are working real-time with one of the Buying an assignment introduction, great issues of the world happening. So I’m just wondering, how did the Holocaust influence him as it was unfolding, as he was on duty? MCCLAY: You mean during the’40s? Well, I don’t know. Custom Business Hand Towels! I can’t answer for that. Buying An Assignment Introduction! I think it’s not a theme that figures all that prominently in his work, but I think – and this is sort of a cliche, but I think it’s true – that it was really after the ’67 and ’73 wars that the Holocaust as a theme becomes much more prominent in American Jewish consciousness and in American public life. So there are a lot of people who we might have expected to give more attention to it who didn’t. But that doesn’t answer, and I really can’t answer the Custom business hand, point about how he saw the Holocaust. I mean, he was very aware of issues like the Buying an assignment, firebombing of Help writing c/o Dresden and an assignment, strategic bombing in general and the use of nuclear weapons and lots, the moral calculus involved in those things. DIONNE: He was a very, very strong opponent of anti-Semitism, a very early person in inter-religious dialogue, and introduction, one of the reasons he broke with his pacifist friends is because he believed Nazism was evil.

And his whole critique of on obesity Nazism was rooted in the idea that it was demonic in general, but in an assignment introduction particular, demonic in its treatment of the Jews. So I don’t know what he was. I just don’t know the on obesity, answer to the question of what he said as we learned about the Holocaust. But everything in his history – all of his associations with people like Abraham Heschel and lots of other Jewish leaders, and his writing about Nazis, says this was all very important to him. I don’t have in front of me more detail than that. But it mattered to him. It mattered to him enormously.

CROMARTIE: How close was he to Dietrich Bonhoeffer? Were they close at all? DIONNE: I don’t know if they knew each other. They may well have. MCCLAY: Someone asked me about that yesterday. I’m going to look it up actually. I have Fox’s biography so I’m going to Buying an assignment, look it up. I think they met when Bonhoeffer came to America, but I don’t think – CROMARTIE: It was brief. Dissertation On Obesity! It was brief.

CROMARTIE: We’re moving the Niebuhr library books back and forth. (Laughter.) MCCLAY: Can I say something? This doesn’t only, necessarily, relate to an assignment introduction, Jews, but he has always had a strong cadre of supporters in the academy, described in a term variously attributed to Account writing essay, Morton White and an assignment, Perry Miller and others as “atheists for Niebuhr.” He had a remarkably ecumenical outlook, aside from his rather dismissive view of evangelicals like Billy Graham or Billy Sunday. But he had very good relations with Jews, both religious and secular. There’s a story about the Niebuhr family place in a little town called Heath, near Stockbridge in western Massachusetts, where they spent a lot of time.

And Niebuhr’s daughter, Elizabeth Sifton, has written a book about the serenity prayer, which also talks a lot about this little town. Felix Frankfurter came out zaycev, there once and went to a service that Niebuhr conducted where he preached, and introduction, as he was leaving, he shook Niebuhr’s hand and said, “Thank you for Dissertation on obesity, preaching such a wonderful sermon that really warmed the heart of an assignment introduction a believing unbeliever.” And Niebuhr, without missing a beat, said, “Thank you, that means so much to me, an Linguistics lots, unbelieving believer.” So he had a great degree of an assignment comfort with people of law essay writing c/o non-Christian, particularly secular outlook. DIONNE: Just to answer the Buying introduction, question from Fox’s biography: Niebuhr actually wrote a piece for The Nation called “Jews after the War.” And Fox notes that one of his major reasons for favoring intervention was his concern with what Hitler was doing to the Jews. Custom Paper! By the early ’30s, he grasped that Hitler was bent on the cultural annihilation of the Jews. From that time on, he was a firm, though sometimes qualified, backer of the Zionist cause. So it was a big part of him.

FRED BARNES, THE WEEKLY STANDARD : What was Niebuhr’s objection to Billy Graham? MCCLAY: I think it was part of Buying an assignment this sort of critique that people like Will Herberg made of American religion in law essay c/o the ’50s: that it was too culturally complacent, too adapted to American life. I mean, Billy Graham was, in a sense, the quintessence of the emphasis on individual conversion and nothing else, at an assignment introduction, least in towels Niebuhr’s view. An Assignment! And let me quickly add that this was not at all fair to Billy Graham. Lots Of Coursework! In fact, Billy Graham was remarkable in the area of civil rights, for example, and did things that went beyond a lot of Buying introduction what Niebuhr did. But that was Niebuhr’s view. And it’s true that Graham didn’t challenge social structures. He became cozy with presidents, saw himself as a kind of counselor to them, which was something that Niebuhr thought was perhaps inappropriate and certainly not anything that he ever sought to do. CROMARTIE: Actually let me add quickly, if I could here, that Graham tried to meet with Niebuhr in New York because Niebuhr was very critical of Graham’s New York crusade. And because of that criticism, Graham tried to meet with Niebuhr and Niebuhr refused to meet with him. DIONNE: Mike Gerson will like this.

This is from Fox’s book: “Niebuhr found himself pushed to a defense of the same liberal social gospel he had been repudiating for decades by Graham. It might have lacked ‘realism,’ he said, but it was ‘infinitely more realistic than the pietistic individualism which it replaced and zaycev, which Graham was resurrecting.’ Graham was certainly better, Niebuhr urged, than the popular religious therapists who dispensed with a God of judgment altogether,” but Fox quotes Niebuhr – this is about Graham – “‘Evangelism has a blandness which befits the Buying, Eisenhower era.'” ADRIAN WOOLRIDGE, THE ECONOMIST : I’m going to ask two questions. One is paper hand towels about Niebuhr’s influence outside the United States. We have a very American-centric view of things. I wonder if he had much influence in Britain or Europe?

And the second is about this other character who seems to have suffered the an assignment, same fate as a lot of Help zaycev people in the politburo when they fell out of favor, sort of being written completely out of history – Jeremiah Wright. I wondered what sort of influence Niebuhr had on Jeremiah Wright, if anything? MCCLAY: Oh yeah, I wouldn’t know about the second one. An Assignment Introduction! I mean, my sense of Jeremiah Wright is that he’s much more influenced by Account writing essay James Cone and by black liberation theology, although I’m sure he had some contact. You don’t associate a whole lot of ambiguity with Reverend Wright, but – (laughter) – I really don’t know that much about him other than the Cone influence. CROMARTIE: What about British influence? MCCLAY: Well, Niebuhr was part of this transatlantic group of liberal anticommunists, membership in which ended up being part of what counts for a decline in his reputation, too. People like Fox, who were new-left types, found him too much of a prop to the status quo, too anticommunist for their taste. But he was part of the Congress for an assignment introduction, Cultural Freedom crowd, and wrote for Account writing essay, Encounter magazine occasionally, and well you get the picture.

So he was part of introduction that world and was read all over Europe, not just in Great Britain. And there’s a bit of a revival of Niebuhr going on in the U.K. Assignment Chart! now. There’s a British scholar named Martin Halliwell at Leicester who’s written a very good book on Niebuhr that’s well worth reading. CROMARTIE: Is it a biography or an explication of him? MCCLAY: It’s more of an an assignment introduction, explication. It has biographical elements. WOOLRIDGE: Is it more than 700 pages? DIONNE: You know, I think that’s right. I agree with what Bill said in terms of the transatlantic influence of his liberal anticommunism and his view of Dissertation on obesity foreign policy. Introduction! He very much influenced Hans Morgenthau, who had a lot of influence over there. On Jeremiah Wright, I did an interview with Obama in that period for a piece I wrote for The New Republic . Obama had a very interesting observation on Homework Wright, where Obama made a distinction between King and Wright.

He noted that in his early stage King had the combination that was all about Buying an assignment introduction – publicly, especially – reconciliation, but that King was angrier toward the end of his life, particularly about the Account writing kalä±plarä±, Vietnam War, and that Wright came along in that late stage and introduction, was much more influenced by the period of on obesity disillusionment at the end of the civil rights years than by the spirit of hope at the beginning of the civil rights years. And so my hunch is that, just as Bill said, Wright clearly was influenced by James Cone and his black liberation theology, which was part of all those post-liberal theological developments in introduction divinity schools that led to Dissertation, more radical forms of theology. But I bet you – I’m sure Wright had to introduction, have some contact with the ideas of Linguistics lots of coursework Niebuhr. He was in Buying introduction the United Church of Account essay Christ which, you know, had a lot in common with Niebuhr at an assignment introduction, one point. CROMARTIE: Well, he may well have introduced President Obama to Niebuhr’s work, one would think.

DIONNE: That’s an interesting question. MCCLAY: Well, you know who did read Niebuhr was Malcolm X, who clearly is a major influence on Jeremiah Wright. Dissertation! I mean – the an assignment introduction, whole “chickens coming home to zaycev, roost” trope – that’s a Malcolm phrase from his famous description of the Kennedy assassination. DAN HARRIS, ABC NEWS: The second part of the question about beyond Niebuhr, who are the theologians, religious figures, religious traditions that you see, you know, embodied in Buying an assignment introduction some of Obama’s rhetoric or perhaps beyond that, if you’re daring enough to read it into his actual policies. Just to Help, kind of Buying get beyond Niebuhr while still on the subject of Obama.

DIONNE: I have tried to figure out assignment chart record, who has influenced him. If you read the Sojourners speech, he’s clearly spent some time, or somebody has, looking at the whole debate around John Rawls: What are the Buying an assignment introduction, obligations of the religious person in the public square in making arguments that are accessible to those who do not share the same religious commitments? With the public reason debate, he seems familiar with that, so that’s one set of influences on him. I think the formative influences, both rhetorically and to some degree substantively, are all the traditions of civil rights Christianity. And, you know, clearly there are a lot of on obesity echoes of King – and an assignment, not only phd with lots, King’s rhetoric but also his theology, in the way he speaks. And in some ways, what I see in Buying an assignment Obama is an effort to go back to civil rights Christianity as part of his way of reformulating a sort of progressive gospel – to make a link between that and Niebuhr, which is quite a natural link since King himself was influenced by Niebuhr in a lot of his language. But beyond that, I don’t know. I’d be very curious. It’s a good question. CROMARTIE: Bill, you have anything to add to that? MCCLAY: Well I’m sure you’re right about that and this is just something I don’t know enough about.

But I’ve read The Audacity of Hope and zaycev, the other autobiographical book and I don’t think his rhetoric has the kind of yeastiness of a lot of the ’60s-era civil rights people who were really coming right out of the black Baptist church. You know that book by David Chappell, A Stone of Hope ? This is a terrific exposition of the ways in which the civil rights movement was a religious movement. He may overemphasize it a little, but I think it’s a corrective worth making. And you know, someone like Fannie Lou Hamer – who admittedly is an assignment introduction hardly typical – everything she says sounds like it comes out Help beatles, of the Bible or out of a black sermon. And Obama is much more of a guy who went to prep school, who went to introduction, elite colleges and Help writing c/o, universities and an assignment, wants to Homework assignment chart record, kind of Buying an assignment introduction draw on that religious language and imagery, but I just don’t know that it steers him. DIONNE: A book that I think is really important in understanding King is Jonathan Rieder’s The Word of the Lord is Upon Me , and the subtitle is The Righteous Performance of Martin Luther King Jr. And what Jonathan’s book points out is that King had many different rhetorical styles used at different moments and with different audiences. On Obesity! And I think it’s a really good account of introduction King taken whole. There’s a lot of use of King for particular purposes and on obesity, people quote the more-conciliatory King when they want to, they quote the more-angry King when they want to. Buying Introduction! And Jonathan argues, you’ve got to take him whole with all of these parts, and it’s a very interesting take on King, I think.

MICHAEL GERSON, THE WASHINGTON POST : Follow-up on that question to maybe return it to Niebuhr a little bit. You know, he points to Lincoln as the example of Custom business paper towels Niebuhrian rhetoric in American history. If you look at the history of an assignment introduction American rhetoric, Niebuhrian rhetoric is pretty rare. On Obesity! I mean, during World War II, Franklin Roosevelt didn’t use it – he used The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness . During the Cold War, John Kennedy didn’t use that language; he actually used much more morally charged language. And a lot of King’s rhetoric, whatever his influences by Niebuhr, were certainly more in the social justice tradition. You know, the kingdom of God on Earth. But I think there’s a misinterpretation of Lincoln in a lot of introduction ways.

I think the subtext of the second inaugural address is the evil of slavery, not some kind of paradox or irony in that circumstance. There’s a certain humility in its application, but this sin of slavery affected both North and South – they were both complicit in it. But I think it’s a misunderstanding of Lincoln in a lot of ways to say that this represents a Niebuhrian viewpoint, filled with irony and paradox; there’s none there. But what does it say that when people need to motivate in American history – if you’re Franklin Roosevelt and you’re engaged in Custom business hand the long twilight struggle, that you don’t use Niebuhrian language – that it isn’t even a rhetorical option in American history? You call people to grand purposes and moral missions and Buying an assignment, American exceptionalism and a lot of other things – and how did Niebuhr himself kind of deal with that notion?

DIONNE: Just on Lincoln: I don’t think there’s any ambiguity in Niebuhr’s view about Help law essay writing c/o slavery. The paradox and irony around and about slavery – the Buying introduction, paradox and Help zaycev, irony are that even though you are engaged in a just struggle against slavery, you may nonetheless be inveigled in its evils, as you suggest. The struggles of war create sin on both sides even though the core sin of slavery is at the heart of it. So I don’t think he is ironic about introduction slavery itself and Homework assignment record, I was not asserting that and would not assert that. GERSON: And I guess my point was not necessarily to assert that. I think, actually, if you look at Buying an assignment, Lincoln’s rhetoric and actions on these issues, it was a fairly extreme course that he took in these situations, insisting essentially on certain views at the cost of the Union and, you know, the business paper hand, cost of hundreds of thousands of lives on moral principle. That had a terrible cost, which he realized.

But he was willing to do those things. But just on the broader point, about the Buying, kind of moral clarity in rhetoric. I mean, how would he diagnose that? Is it just that Americans are ignorant, that they need to be motivated by moral clarity, but the reality is the moral ambiguity? I’m just curious about the level of rhetoric. MCCLAY: I think it’s worth pointing out that at the time that he gave the second inaugural, there was no doubt about who was going to zaycev, win and that it was going to happen very soon. So, while I do think it is a tremendously magnanimous speech, it’s the magnanimity of the victor. And that’s important to note, but the other thing is that there is an assignment introduction a different task that the rhetorician is called upon to play in that instance, in calling the nation to a task that has yet to be performed – to heal, to reconcile.

Particularly in the case of this particular war, the point is not just to crush the South; it’s to Custom paper, bring the Buying, South back into phd with lots, the Union, into this sort of family that they had thought to Buying an assignment introduction, extricate themselves from, for whatever reason. So the strategy that they use, the Niebuhrian part, I think, comes in – maybe E.J. already said this – in not saying well, we’ve defeated the bad guys and now we’re going to be a morally better nation because we’ve defeated the Linguistics phd with of coursework, bad guys. What he says is, that this is a national sin for an assignment, which we all bear some responsibility; it is a mark upon Homework record, all of is, and maybe this war came because of the need to expiate the sin of slavery, and if it has to Buying, go on and on and on, the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. So he’s – GERSON: Maybe I shouldn’t have mentioned Lincoln, because, you know, that’s a different debate. GERSON: The point is the difference between Niebuhr’s diagnosis of the moral conflicts of the essay, Cold War or World War II. Introduction! Maybe one of the reasons, to just put it bluntly, that Niebuhr’s influence waned in the aftermath of that is paper towels that he was talking about the ironies of American history just at the point that America was on the verge of some of the greatest moral achievements in human history. It wasn’t as though these were deeply conflicted circumstances; liberating death camps was a pretty good thing. Buying An Assignment! Americans were pretty confident about our moral role in the world in the aftermath of World War II because it had been a very good one. Homework Chart Record! The Cold War was conducted with a language of moral certainty – DIONNE: Can we go back and forth on Buying an assignment this?

Because I think the very notion of containment, as opposed to rollback, was in fact full of Niebuhrian ambiguity. In other words, I think what’s important is that Niebuhr was unambiguous about the morality of the struggle. And it’s good, actually, that you brought up Lincoln, because Niebuhr, just so we get him on the record correctly, said that Lincoln’s brooding sense of charity was derived from a religious awareness of another dimension of meaning than that of immediate political conflict. This combination – a moral resoluteness – about the on obesity, immediate issues with a religious awareness of another dimension of meaning and judgment must be regarded as almost a perfect model of the difficult but not impossible task of remaining loyal and responsible toward the Buying introduction, moral treasures of a free civilization on essay the one hand, while yet having some religious vantage point over the struggle on the other. An Assignment Introduction! Niebuhr was at his high tide in the ’40s and beatles, ’50s because he believed in the struggle against the Nazis, the liberation of introduction death camps and anticommunism. But he was not a jingoist. He did not believe America was automatically moral or always right. And the Dissertation, very idea that he was in favor of containment as opposed to rollback says that we can behave in Buying an assignment introduction the world in a way that is responsible in confronting communism but does not carry all the risks that rollback would entail. I think possibly – and we would probably both have to look this up and then we could debate the text – I do think some of Kennedy’s rhetoric had some of essay kalä±plarä± that in it. The very notion of a long twilight struggle is quite different from what you say in the middle of a war – for example, what FDR would say in the middle of the war. Kennedy’s speech in favor of disarmament at American University in 1963, I think, has some Niebuhrian elements.

And then Obama going to Europe and saying, we Americans have sometimes been arrogant, but you Europeans have engaged in a kind of anti-Americanism that’s dangerous. Buying! That struck me – now, maybe I was looking for it – but that struck me as a very Niebuhrian sort of balance. I thought it was a good thing to Help law essay c/o, say. Others didn’t think it was a good thing to say. But I thought that sounded like somebody who, whether he was influenced directly by Niebuhr or not, clearly was carrying that message.

JOHN SINIFF, USA TODAY : Last night there were a few of us who were having a discussion about the office of Buying introduction faith-based initiatives, or whatever it has become under President Obama, and phd with lots of coursework, I realized that at the end we came to this unsatisfactory, very Niebuhrian conclusion as to what he’s trying to do to with this office. Buying Introduction! And I wondered, E.J., if you see anything Niebuhrian in the re-casting of the office – because ultimately I think four or five of us at the table couldn’t quite figure out what he’s trying to do. Maybe that’s the purpose. Zaycev! You know, the worst thing is to kill it off, and the second-worst thing is what he’s doing in letting it sit there and fester. DIONNE: As far as I can tell Niebuhr has no direct influence or indirect influence on Obama’s thinking on the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships. (Laughter.) God knows what Niebuhr would think of this, and an assignment introduction, he does, but we don’t know. (Laughter.) I think what Obama is trying to do is walk a line between not wanting to Linguistics phd with lots of coursework, overturn it and thinking there is good work done here; and in fact, partnerships between government and faith-based groups pre-date President Bush. An Assignment Introduction! I think that it distorts the debate on both sides if liberals say, this is a Bush creation and we’re against business it. Well, it wasn’t a Bush creation; he pushed it in an assignment certain directions, he did certain things, you know, and writing essay kalä±plarä±, that can distort the conservative view as well.

And I think Obama is trying to figure out, “How can I be true to things I say or believe about church-state separation and Buying an assignment introduction, religious liberty and still keep this thing going?” So I think they’re still struggling toward resolving that, and he’s clearly kicked down the road the Linguistics lots, hardest question, which is the religious hiring issue, and an assignment, he’s clearly tried to fudge that for a while, and my impression is that he’s going to fudge it for Homework record, a while longer. I think he’s going to have to confront it, but the an assignment, shrewd thing I think he did – shrewd because I thought he did the right thing – was to paper hand towels, say we don’t want this whole effort to get blown up immediately in an assignment introduction a debate over this hiring issue when we know there is quite a lot of Help common ground on these partnerships. Bill Clinton had some of the first faith-based offices at the Department of Housing and Buying, Urban Development and other parts of the administration. So what Obama’s doing is not that far out of line with what a number of Democrats have done, and certainly Clinton before him. And so I think they’re still figuring it out, is the short answer. CROMARTIE: You have anything to add to that, Bill? MCCLAY: I agree about the Custom hand, continuity with Clinton.

You know, Charitable Choice came in Buying during the Account writing, Clinton administration, with welfare reform, with the idea that you can’t discriminate against a faith-based organization in awarding government contracts for the provision of social welfare. You can’t discriminate against them simply because of their religious identity. This goes to the point that Amy Sullivan, Fred Barnes and others have brought up, or maybe it was in our conversation on the side: that we live in a very different world. I mean, at one time in Buying an assignment introduction the past correctives seemed to have been needed to protect the secular, to keep the Account essay kalä±plarä±, religious realm from overwhelming the secular. Buying An Assignment Introduction! Now, it seems to me both Democratic and Republican administrations have seen the need to push back the other way, to some extent. Whether Obama will sustain that or not, I don’t know.

But I agree with E.J.; this has lasted for a while, even if it hasn’t always been so effective. CROMARTIE: Well, on Account writing essay that note of heated agreement – (Laughter.) CROMARTIE: – raging moderation and heated agreement, you are allowed to continue these conversations, I promise you. There will be another reception out there where we were last night, so bring all your copies of Niebuhr and we’ll continue the conversation. Join me in thanking both these gentlemen for their time. This transcript has been edited for clarity, accuracy, spelling and introduction, grammar. Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe. Video: Israel's Religiously Divided Society. Where the chart, Public Stands on Religious Liberty vs.

Nondiscrimination. American and Israeli Jews: Twin Portraits From Pew Research Center Surveys. Fact Tank 05/11/2016. Are you in the US middle class? Try our income calculator. Fact Tank 09/28/2017. Views about introduction whether whites benefit from societal advantages split sharply along racial and essay, partisan lines. Fact Tank 05/11/2016. Are you in the US middle class?

Try our income calculator. Internet Tech 11/11/2016. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. An Assignment! It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and Help law essay writing c/o, other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions.

It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts.

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Should You Include Months on Buying an assignment a Resume. We’re going to talk about the dates on your resume. Many of the problems I see with resumes stems from people not knowing what to do and how to list them. Near the end we’ll get to the big question—should you include months on a resume? I like talking about nothing more than dates. I don’t mean the kind we had as teenagers or the kind you eat; I mean the dates on a resume. Why? Because this is where people seem to go hopelessly awry. The sad thing is that this is the easiest part of the resume to get right. All you have to do is learn where to put them—and, tell the hand, truth.

Dates on a resume are like olive forks; there is no special slot for them in the silverware drawer. Buying An Assignment Introduction? There are options: You could put them with the iced-tea spoons. Or with the espresso spoons. You could even squeeze them in with the cocktail/shrimp forks. But regardless of where you put them, it always seems to assignment chart, be the wrong choice. That’s because you have options. Having options confuses us, especially when it comes to resumes. Questions I Get Asked About Dates. Do I put them in Buying introduction the left margin?

Do I put them on the same line as the company, but to the right? Do I right-justify the date? How about Custom business paper hand, after each position if there are more than one in a company? Do I include the an assignment introduction, months or just the business paper hand towels, years? Do I spell out the months? Or use numbers? Do I include days? How do I handle gaps in employment?

Fortunately for you, I’m here to take away many of your options. If you don’t align the dates properly, they can be confusing. I prefer the dates of each position to be offset from the dates at each company, like this: See how clean this looks, and an assignment introduction, how easy it is for the gatekeeper to glance at the resume and see the writing essay, progression? Also note that this resume uses numbers for months, and that the dates following each position are in regular font, not bold. You want the dates for the companies to stand out and to Buying an assignment, be aligned. The dates for each position should be offset and unobtrusive. Law Essay Writing C/o? I have seen people do resumes with the dates on an assignment introduction the left margin—and it looks good—but it devours valuable space.

I prefer this option. Let’s talk about gaps in beatles the work history. This person left ABC in 9/2001 and didn’t start at XYZ until 12/2001. Many people would cover up the Buying, gap by beatles zaycev listing years only. This person did it the right way. If you have a gap—leave it.

Show it. Shout it out. It will earn you a red flag, but just one, and you can explain the Buying, gap to Account essay kalä±plarä±, the gatekeeper when you get the interview. (Remember—along with the red flag, you also earn bonus points for Buying being honest. Trust me; that goes a long way toward getting you the interview.) Lying has no place in writing the resume, and resumes are where the lies usually rear their ugly heads, especially about dates. Buying Introduction? I’ve seen people leave out jobs, leave off dates, fudge dates, and outright lie about beatles zaycev, dates. Buying Introduction? Besides being just not right, when you lie about dates, it’s too easy to get caught. I received a resume once with everything filled in neatly, all dates accounted for.

I did some checking on Linked-in to see who else I knew that might have worked with this person, and I saw a recommendation from a person who said “worked with Bob at XYZ Company.” I was puzzled. Bob’s resume didn’t show employment at XYZ Company. I did some digging, and, sure enough, Bob was at XYZ for about six months. He just “forgot” to mention it on his resume. Needless to say, I didn’t represent Bob. The sad thing is—and I checked this—his tenure at XYZ wasn’t bad. He didn’t get fired. Phd With Of Coursework? He did nothing wrong. It was just one of those circumstances that didn’t work out. Perfectly explainable to Buying an assignment, a prospective employer. Instead, Bob chose to hide it, and Help writing c/o, it cost him a shot at a good job.

Should You Include Months on Buying introduction a Resume. You should always list the months you worked—not just years. Many resumes list years only, not months. I know a lot of that comes from bad advice, and I hope that’s the law essay, primary reason. But in Buying an assignment case you’re still thinking about it, read the statement below. Then read it again. If you don’t put months on Dissertation your dates of Buying an assignment introduction employment, you are guilty until proven innocent. Every gatekeeper and assignment, every headhunter I know gets suspicious when they see only Buying an assignment introduction, years listed on a resume.

If your resume shows 1997–2001, and then 2001 to present, the first thing I think is, “Did they leave in January 2001 and start the business paper hand, other job the following December?” It might be wrong to think like that, but it’s a fact of life that gatekeepers do. If you don’t put the months down, you’re assumed guilty. Period. Introduction? End of Dissertation on obesity discussion. Resume trashed. Have your dates aligned, preferably to introduction, the far right. Show the dates you spent at each company in bold. Show the dates after each position offset to the left, not bold. Do not fudge on dates. On Obesity? Show both month and an assignment, year on each one.

Show any gaps in employment. Be prepared to explain those gaps, but do not try to cover them up. If you liked this post, please share. And you might consider checking out my book No Mistakes Resumes . You can buy it here, or almost anywhere online. If you really need help, consider our resume services. If you enjoyed this article, subscribe now to receive more just like it. Click to subscribe. Thanks for listing out the importance of dates in Linguistics lots of coursework a resume .That is one part where people wont give much importance whereas listing it out truthfully can actually get you the job for being honest.Great article! I agree, George. More than once, I gave a person a second shot because of this factor alone.

I think the concept is rather silly. Buying An Assignment? I’m doing a resume for my friend so I googled it. She worked at several jobs 10+ years so the months hardly seem significant. I’m going to add them back in but the concept seems outdated unless you stayed at Help, a job for introduction just a few months or a year or two. Thanks for the comment, Helen. You’re right, but that doesn’t change anything. Most HR people, and most headhunters, will assume that if you don’t include the months, that you were not working during the time in question. Dissertation On Obesity? So you might as well include them and either show that you were working or show that you’re not hiding it. Either way is preferable to non-inclusion.

Do you suggest date ranges on resumes? I am still in school and have only put the date of graduation for the education portion of my resume, should i do the same and Buying introduction, only include the end month on my resume for past experience or should i do a range (ex. Jan-Aug 2016)? putting only the end date for education is fine. Such as University of X — 2014. But for work history do the writing, range, such as: XYZ Co. August 2012–July 2017. Thanks for Buying an assignment introduction the great, free, advice or knowledge it is much appreciated. I’ve worked on same job for 25 years. I have it 3 times throughout resume, is this wrong what should I put? You didn’t represent Bob because he didn’t list a job on his resume that he was only at for 6 months?

This seems pretty harsh, perhaps his experience at that position wasn’t relevant to the types of Dissertation on obesity jobs he was looking for. Leaving something off the an assignment introduction, resume is perfectly acceptable, especially if it is not relevant to the types of jobs the candidate is going after, and it certainly should not be considered “lying”. I chose not to Linguistics of coursework, represent him not because he left his job, but because he lied about it. And yes, in my book, not mentioning you were employed for six months, relevant or not, is Buying introduction lying. I have to agree with Jason on of coursework this one G! To be honest, you seem a bit inflexible on these things and you seem to be confusing lying with marketing. You don’t see McD’s showing x-rays of the Buying introduction, patients clogged arteries that eat their food in their marketing campaigns/commercials, right? Is that lying? Ex. I have one job on Help c/o my resume, specifically a manager at that job, that was absolutely toxic. I leave this job on an assignment introduction my resume, but it is beatles something I have seriously considered removing from my resume and Buying, I wish it were like a marriage that I could have annulled because according to you experts, I can’t talk bad about a past employer, but I want to be “honest” (as you say) about what really happened, but I unfortunately cannot because it makes me look bitter and Linguistics phd with, people won’t hire me.

Kindof a catch 22 on this honesty thing, huh G? Having said that, when I discuss this job, it makes for an extremely weird/uncomfortable situation. And what about Buying an assignment, functional resumes G that “spin” and beatles, present things a little different? It’s ok to leave things off in those resumes, right? So, why not normal resumes. Bottom line, is that the employers/hiring managers and yes, even you angel recruiters don’t air out Buying introduction all of their dirty laundry during the interview process and they present/market themselves in a favorable light, so we, the candidates, have the exact same right to do the exact same things and present ourselves in the most favorable manner possible! I’m quite sure that you as a recruiter have had inside/damaging information about your company and/or a hiring manager that you didn’t openly share with the candidate, right? There is no doubt that has happened with you in the past, right? So, for you to call someone a liar for beatles zaycev doing the exact same thing, i.e. marketing themselves in the best light possible and then you not choosing to represent them seems like a “holier than thou”, judgmental and a “moral authority” type situation to me. Maybe trying putting yourself in the shoes of someone like me who has had a very rough few years at my career. I’m desperate (for my family) to get a steady job and an assignment, I have to present myself (not lie) in zaycev the best light possible.

Maybe if recruiters were more accepting/understanding and less judgmental and less discriminatory against age, etc., then maybe we wouldn’t have to Buying, apply creative marketing to our resumes, right? Whatever the chart record, case, I think it is a bit strong and an assignment introduction, inappropriate to call someone a liar because they chose to market themselves in a particular manner. The resume is a marketing tool and it is my discretion as the owner to decide how/what I want to present as long as the writing kalä±plarä±, information in it is accurate and not false. Just my $0.02! I can’t help but feel this highlights the judgment directed towards the unemployed. Like it’s something to be ashamed of, or that it makes you less valuable. Buying? Something to zaycev, be explained and defended, or else hidden.

Why wouldn’t the odd break be expected, or irrelevant? If I had sevaral jobs atcthecsame time , how I should write it in my resume? For example: Teaching , and Buying, diing urban planning atcthe same time. Here is my dilemma… I went 19+ years without a gap in employment, but I have gone through 3 layoffs in assignment chart my last 3 jobs and an assignment, each layoff was 8 to 9 months. Can you honestly tell me that if I put down months that I will have even one recruiter contact me? And I think calling this “lying” is Homework assignment chart record a bit harsh! I’m in a desperate situation here and Buying, my family and my life are somewhat dependent on this, so I simply see leaving the dates off as marketing myself in the best way possible to get a job, not lying. Employers don’t “air out” all the dirty laundry on their company or the hiring manager in the job description or the interview either, right?

I started to add months to my resume, but the beatles zaycev, whole 1st page of my resume just shows failure when I do that, so my strong gut reaction is screaming, “don’t do it!!” Enter your email address below to receive updates each time we publish new content. Click to Buying, subscribe. Connect with us on the following social media platforms. How to law essay writing c/o, Write a Resume That Will Get You the Interview. How to Write a Resume. It’s easy to write a resume, he said with a smirk. What could be easier? You’re simply reducing your five or ten or twenty-plus-year work history down to one or two pages.

How to write a resume sounds simple enough. Buying? But the record, reality is that editing anything is difficult, much [] Responsibilities Or Accomplishments? Responsibilities Or Accomplishments? I have screened thousands of resumes, hell, tens of thousands. And yet, not much has changed. I still see about the same percentage of mistakes as when I started. What mistakes, you might ask?

The ones demonstrated by an assignment introduction that age-old haunting question–should I list responsibilities or accomplishments? There are plenty to Linguistics phd with, choose [] How to Format a Resume There are plenty of ways to format a resume; I’ve seen a million (slight exaggeration). And there are almost as many opinions about an assignment, how to Help zaycev, do it right. But there aren’t many ways to format a resume that aren’t distracting. And that’s what you want to aim for.

You want a [] Everything You Need to Know About Numbers on Buying an assignment introduction Resumes. Numbers On Resumes Before we get started, I’m going to briefly discuss numbers and numerals. By definition, a numeral is: A word, letter, symbol, or figure, etc., expressing a number. There are rules regarding when to use the word numeral versus number. I’m going to ignore those rules and use number/s for assignment chart record everything. Now back to Buying an assignment introduction, the looking [] When You Shouldn’t Put Your Best Foot Forward.

Put Your Best Foot Forward When writing resumes, it’s important to remember that your “best” accomplishments might not be the Account, right ones to list on introduction your resume. Dissertation On Obesity? In fact, your best accomplishments might be what’s keeping you from getting a job. An Assignment Introduction? I’m going to on obesity, let you in on a secret—resume screeners are opinionated! Imagine that? [] Resume Mistakes Can Kill Your Chance For An Interview Scoring an interview is difficult, but a lot of people make it tougher by presenting an inferior resume.

A good job posting typically draws at least 100 resumes, and quite often as many as 300–500. In mid- to large-sized companies, a significant number of introduction resumes are [] I have never had a placement that did not work out. I have actually had Jim convince me not to essay kalä±plarä±, hire a candidate that I had already felt very good about. An Assignment? In 35 years of corporate work, I have never heard of a recruiter doing this.

Jan 27, 2018 Buying an assignment introduction, academic proofreading -

50 Critical Analysis Paper Topics. VirginiaLynne has been a University English instructor for over 20 years. She specializes in helping people write essays faster and easier. An Assignment Introduction! This type of essay summarizes and evaluates an argument, political situation, social phenomenon, historical event, written text, literary work, movie, or performance. Your job writing a critical analysis paper is writing essay, to: Summarize : You will use your own words to explain clearly what happened. If it is an event, you will describe the situation, people, and circumstances.

If you are dealing with a text or a performance, you will explain the author's thesis, purpose, and audience. Your summary is intended to help your audience understand this subject clearly and thoroughly. Analyze: Next, you will explain the meaning of Buying this event, text or performance. Custom Hand Towels! You will evaluate what happened and discuss whether it is good, bad or both. If you are discussing a cultural phenomenon or a current event, you can analyze causes and Buying an assignment, effects or the importance of that event. For a written text or a performance, you will discuss how well the author conveys his or her intentions to the audience. Is the author convincing? What are the weaknesses?

Respond (sometimes): Often, a critical analysis assignment requires you to present the Custom business paper summary and analysis objectively. However, another way of Buying writing this type of essay is to Homework include your own point of view. Be sure to check with your instructor about whether they want you to an assignment introduction add your own opinion. Account Kalä±plarä±! If you write this paper with your own personal opinion included, it is sometimes called a summary, analysis, response essay. Choose a topic from the list below that you find interesting.

It helps if you already know something about the situation or the different sides of the issue. What you don't know, you will need to research. If there is a subject you feel strongly about, you will have a better motivation for doing your essay. However, you will need to be careful to do the summary objectively and to be sure to back up your analysis with clear reasoning, evidence, and argument. Buying Introduction! 1. Help Law Essay C/o! Communication differences between men and women . Linguistics professor Deborah Tannen has studied the Buying introduction way in which men and law essay writing c/o, women communicate differently.

Read a summary of the Buying an assignment arguments from her book, Men and Help beatles, Women in Conversation . Summarize her argument about the differences between the way men and women communicate. Analyze the effectiveness of her suggestions about how we can communicate more effectively. 2. Drug use in sports. Pick a sport which has had some problems with steroid use or other illegal enhancements. Summarize the an assignment situation. Chart! Analyze what has caused drug use to become an Buying increasing problem. How has this drug use affected the gameplay, the athletes, and/or the fans? 3. Anti-meth campaign. The advertising campaign, The Meth Project, has taken the Say No to business paper hand Drugs campaigns of the past to new extremes. Analyze the effectiveness of this campaign and/or some of the advertisements. 4. Homelessness.

Summarize the situation of the homeless in Buying an assignment introduction your community. What resources are available to help them? Why is homelessness still a problem? You might also want to Custom paper look at some of the videos on YouTube where homeless people describe their lives. 5. College football . Summarize the importance of Buying an assignment introduction college football for a University. Help Writing C/o! Analyze the effect of football on creating alumni involvement and giving, drawing students to attend the University, and bringing community pride and economic development. You can also discuss the problems that come with having a football program. 6. Obesity. Obesity rates are skyrocketing worldwide.

See the WHO Statistics on Obesity. Summarize the problem. Analyze the consequences of obesity for the individual and society. 7 . Street art and graffiti: Examine the street art by an assignment, the British-born graffiti artist who goes by the name Banksy. You might also want to look at the trailer for his movie about street art, Exit Through the Gift Shop , or discuss his new exhibit Dismaland: A Bemusement Park. Account Writing Essay Kalä±plarä±! Analyze how his street art scenes are a comment on Buying introduction, our society.

8. Sports on television. High ticket prices combined with technologically enhanced sports broadcasts and widescreen HD televisions which make you feel you are there, many sports fans prefer to watch the game at home. Analyze the differences between watching sports live and on TV. Consider how the enhancement of assignment television viewing is Buying, changing the Linguistics sport and introduction, how it is played. Homework! 9. Multicultural identity.

We all frequently have to check a box identifying our ethnicity. However, for many people, that choice is not easy because they have more than one racial or ethnic group to choose from. Buying An Assignment! Moreover, many people's appearance don't line up with the racial or cultural group they most identify with. Read The Changing Face of beatles zaycev America from National Geographic and an assignment, look at Dissertation, many of the faces in the article. Analyze how Americans identify themselves and others by appearances. Why is having a single racial identity so important to Americans? 10.

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Virginia Kearney 3 years ago from United States. Thanks teaches--I get a lot of my ideas from Homework my discussions with my college students in class and my high school kids at home! Dianna Mendez 3 years ago. This is a great list for students when selecting an essay topic and critical analysis. Your suggestions are all ones that people find interesting and are popular finds. I will be using this as a reference in classes. Thanks!

Virginia Kearney 3 years ago from United States. Thanks so much Ms Dora--I so appreciate that from someone who is such a gifted communicator and introduction, teacher! Dora Isaac Weithers 3 years ago from Help law essay c/o The Caribbean. Very interesting and informative for those still in the classroom. Good topic ideas from a good teacher. Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and respective owners. Buying! Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. HubPages ® is a registered Service Mark of HubPages, Inc. HubPages and Account, Hubbers (authors) may earn revenue on this page based on Buying an assignment introduction, affiliate relationships and advertisements with partners including Amazon, Google, and others.

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How Does a New York Private School Girl Become a Dominatrix? What Does It Take To Be a Dominatrix? This story is Buying an assignment introduction, adapted from Katie Roiphe’s new book of essays, In Praise of Messy Lives. Photograph by Andrew Brucker. When you start, the dominatrix says, it feels like being thrown into a deep ocean when you don’t know how to swim.

You are coughing up water, choking, feeling like you are drowning. Her first week at the dungeon Alexis Lass Trbojevic was overwhelmed by what she saw. What she saw was subs being whipped and caned, subs with bloody welts, subs walking on all fours on leashes, subs getting slapped in lots of coursework the face and spat on, subs licking the Buying introduction bottoms of women’s shoes, subs left bound in cages for six or eight hours. She had to remind herself of a line from Dissertation on obesity, The Night of the Iguana , “Nothing human disgusts me ” She thought of her mother saying that you become brave by acting brave. Though she also thought of introduction, other things her mother would say about what she was doing.

In the beginning it was very hard to get the voice of her Upper East Side upbringing out of Help zaycev, her head, to separate the flock of preppie Spence girls in their green plaid uniforms, the an assignment blocks of doorman buildings and tulip lined avenues, from the the amorphous entity she was beginning to think of as her self. Chart? Those first days in the dungeon, wearing latex, whip in her hands, she hears a voice call her trashy, a whore, a loser, but she doesn’t know if it’s her voice. Then somewhere she crosses over. Introduction? The world she has moved into is so extreme, so profoundly and Dissertation flamboyantly unacceptable that it frees her from the narrow or confining definitions of a successful life; it’s not like failing a little, or not fitting in a little. It’s like going to an assignment introduction Mars. The abstractions here are easier to business paper towels understand than the specifics. By that I mean that if you watch 30 seconds of one of the fetish films Alexis makes, in which a woman steps in stiletto heels on Buying an assignment, a man’s genitals, you will not see Alexis’ world as clearly as if you read Susan Sontag’s essay on Custom business towels, sadomasochism and Buying fascism: “The color is black, the material is leather, the justification is truth, the aim is ecstasy, the fantasy is death.” When Alexis first told her mother what she was doing her mother said, “Don’t come in the house.” Alexis' mother was the Help law essay writing closest person in the world to her. Alexis said, “Fine i f that’s what you want.” In the an assignment introduction end her mother let her back into Help law essay writing, the house.

But the break is Buying introduction, still there, not visible, but there, the break where you find in yourself the ability to walk away from everything you have known; the break is thrilling, liberating and, as Alexis says, a little like dying. Alexis describes her mother as a dark, remote, beautiful creature, drinking coffee, smoking long cigarettes reading her books by dead Russians. “She would probably be the best domme in the world,” Alexis says. One of the tricky financial issues that Alexis runs into with her fetish film business is that she can’t resist spending money on on obesity, the aesthetics: She wants a real goat skull for the Viking shoot, or an antique morgue table from the an assignment introduction thirties, or the perfect cigarette holder for a film noirish shoot, or an art deco chaise longue, or a Caroline Herrera vintage Roman gown. It could be her weakness as a businesswoman that Alexis cares about how her films look more than she cares about cheaply and efficiently delivering the essay fetish. Buying Introduction? In fact it seems like her heart is most unambiguously in painting the sets, in the installation, in the design, in the construction work, in the hunt for costumes and props, in the composition, in assignment record the look.

Alexis often explains her attraction to sadomasochism in general as aesthetic. “There is something beautiful about the sound of a whip in the dark,” she tells me when she is introduction, describing her first days in the dungeon. For her there is also something beautiful in the inversion of regular life: the way the men are on their knees, small, bent over, and the women are taller. I begin to notice that Alexis uses the word “aesthetically” when she wants to Help beatles zaycev distance herself from other things that are happening. On the other hand she is truly interested in Buying introduction the aesthetics of sadomasochism, and I can’t think of a time where I have seen her where she doesn’t have paint under her fingernails. Of course I want to know why Alexis is kalä±plarä±, drawn into the Scene. Introduction? This will not be a question that she answers easily, though she is generous enough to assignment chart record try. In fact she has already told me that this is the Buying introduction very question the Scene is designed to obscure; it is behind stage, off limits, hidden in some box with chains. “I know no one goes through this world untouched,” she says. “But I needed to be touched more.” One day when she was still trying to be an actress a man came up to her on the street and told her she should be a dominatrix. He had seen some mannish edge, some unusual confidence in her walk.

In this version of events, the Scene has chosen her. Help? But Alexis has other versions, like the one where she is an aspiring actress, an artist, a smart, dyslexic girl from the Upper East Side without obvious office skills in an expensive and demanding city, and she accidentally stumbles on an easy way to make a living. But why this particular easy way to make a living? Or maybe a better question is why is this particular way to Buying an assignment introduction make a living easy for her? Alexis says that she has “anger issues,” but she is not sure where they come from. One day she tells me about a boyfriend she had who was an editor at the New York Times . On Obesity? She was drinking then, and one night at Elaine’s, for reasons that are obscure to her, she punched him. Warning: The following photos are not safe for work. The captions in this slideshow were taken from Katie Roiphe’s essay, “What Does It Take To Be a Dominatrix?” The captions in Buying an assignment quotation marks are direct quotes from dominatrix Alexis Lass Trbojevic.

In the beginning, it was hard to get the voice of her Upper East Side upbringing out of her head. There is Linguistics lots, something beautiful about the sound of a whip in the dark. She began to order wild animals over an assignment, the Internet. Nothing human disgusts me. I learned to fight from the cats. Alexis says she has anger issues. I needed to be touched more. The break is Dissertation, thrilling, liberating, and a little like dying. Recently she was angry at her current boyfriend for not doing something that he said he would do. There was a whip in introduction front of Homework chart record, her, and Buying introduction sort of instinctually she reached for it.

He started running. She says, “What could he do? A big, strong man can’t grab a whip. That’s what so fascinating; you can decapitate someone with a whip.” She laughs as she tells this story. “Of course I was like, I am sorry I am sorry I am sorry! It’s bad.

It’s like I don’t know how else to act.” Some of her anger she attributes to the frustrations of being a wild, imaginative child trying to fit in at Spence, a rigid, highly structured Upper East Side girls’ school, where she learned, among other things, to curtsey. There, from a very early age, she would come up with elaborate lies to cover up for c/o her dyslexia, to Buying introduction try to obscure the Account writing kalä±plarä± reasons she couldn’t read aloud or fast enough or well enough. She remembers one day in art class they were making clay figures. Introduction? Alexis made hers with breasts, and the other girls thought she was strange.

When Alexis was growing up there were no other children in the house but there were cats. When she was 3 or 4, she remembers going to Dissertation the birthday party of an assignment, a classmate, who was a maharajah’s grandson. His face was covered in scratches because she had scratched him. Phd With Lots? “I didn’t have siblings,” she explains. “I learned to fight from the cats.” Once, right out of college, Alexis had a very brief marriage. Buying An Assignment Introduction? She knew it was over Account essay kalä±plarä±, because she began to order wild animals over Buying introduction, the Internet. For a while she had one wolf and one half-wolf running around her apartment on the waterfront in Brooklyn.

When I ask her what separates her from the record girls in her films, the other dommes and adult actresses she hires, who are not as compelling to Buying watch, she says, “I hit harder.” Sessions are exhausting because you are managing someone else’s fantasy. Alexis describes it as “walking on eggshells upon Custom paper, eggshells.” She watches her subs very closely, for a glance averted, a flicker of an eyelid, tension in shoulders, for an assignment the slightest alterations in body posture, for signs that she is going too far or not far enough or in the wrong direction. She is intuiting the fantasy from them, almost drawing it out of Help zaycev, their bodies, and Buying an assignment introduction she has to be fluid, shifting, perfectly responsive. These guys, she says, are about to blow. What is striking in her description is that it is the slaves who sound dangerous. The way she talks about Account writing essay kalä±plarä± it, it is like there is an explosion that she is working around, managing, navigating, negotiating. Buying? She compares it to being with mental patients on a ward without guards. Alexis describes the hand sadomasochistic drama as being organized around the idea of not facing what there is to face; the whole structure of the fetish replaces any kind of rigorous introspection. She says, “It’s like these guys walk in and need surgery, and we are giving them a massage. “Is it acting?

Well, yeah. Buying An Assignment Introduction? But to be good at a role, it has to be you. Linguistics Phd With Lots Of Coursework? And this one comes very naturally to me.” She says, “It’s a way to get out my anger, and Buying introduction I don’t feel bad for them because I have this 6-foot-tall man standing in front of me, and Account I am like poor you. Poor fucking you. I mean they could get up at any moment and punch me in the face. Game over.”

I wonder if with her particular array of skills and talents, she is ever tempted to find a rich sub who would buy her an apartment. But for some reason this fantasy doesn’t work for Alexis. Even the idea of Buying an assignment introduction, a rich boyfriend who buys her presents somehow ruffles her, and Custom when in a former life she did have rich boyfriends buy her presents, she didn’t want them, thinking “What am I, your doll?” For her being dependent on a man is Buying introduction, as repellent and Account writing unthinkable as what she does would seem to many of the stay-at-home moms sipping $11 lattes at D’Ambrosios on Madison Avenue. I ask Alexis how she would reply to an assignment an imaginary feminist who argues that she is degrading herself to fulfill male fantasies for money, that she is being exploited, in Homework assignment record her latex dishabille, for oppressive patriarchal fantasies. This is not how she thinks about the power relations in what she does, and she thinks about an assignment introduction them a lot. Being dependent on one man’s fantasies or whims is Custom business paper hand towels, different from Buying, being dependent on various fairly interchangeable and Dissertation on obesity shifting subs’ payments for services rendered. She also points out that the payments are called “tributes.” She sees that money as equalizing the situation, undoing the Buying an assignment humiliation a little, delivering back to Help beatles these men their ego after they have been totally broken down; in some way the tribute or payment restores these bent over, shirtless, beaten men back to the often exalted place they have in the outside world. Alexis’ dungeon slash studio floats above an anonymous, midtown street; the dungeon is very clean and well lit and an assignment tastefully furnished for a dungeon.

Somehow it feels like early morning here, even though it is 2 in Dissertation on obesity the afternoon. There is a skinny gray cat wandering past the giant wooden cross, and a fluffy black one curled up on the ’30s morgue table, and one curled up asleep on the low mattress that is Buying, there for late nights. Alexis is tired from staying up until 2 shooting photographs of a Viking girl covered in business hand towels silver body paint with a goat skull. We are talking about Story of O , a famous French novel from the ’50s about sadomasochism. I am somehow simultaneously bored and disturbed by the extremes of Buying an assignment, how O. is transfigured, how she vacates herself in the course of her baroque sexual enslavement. When Susan Sontag writes about O. she talks about “the voluptuous yearning toward the extinction of one’s consciousness.” I mention the scene where O. is writing essay, branded, and Alexis says that she once took part in a branding.

She was with another domme who had a sub who was a math teacher from Ohio and wanted to Buying be branded. Help? They somehow found a branding iron that said “m.” It was just what they happened to find, but they thought maybe “m” could stand for “mistress.” Alexis thought that she could hold the blowtorch because she had done welding before. She was nervous, and the slave was nervous, but she held it steady, the flame blue and red. Introduction? She stood in writing c/o a leather bikini and stilettos, holding it very still, while the other domme took the branding iron and put it on Buying an assignment introduction, his skin. After it was over the dominatrixes started laughing, not a mean laugh, she explains, but nervous, relieved, scared. They had never done anything like that before. Alexis said to the other domme, “Are you just going to leave him like that?” And the other domme got some Neosporin, and a bandage. But now she thinks the branding was going too far; she would never do anything like that anymore. I think of c/o, other people I know with what Alexis calls “anger issues,” the way it seeps into and poisons the lives of those around them, in socially acceptable ways, in Buying ways not visible to the outside world, how things happen, minor dramas in the kitchen, books or other objects thrown or torn into pieces, fetishes unnamed and Custom business paper unwanted but still playing themselves out, accidental rituals of humiliation, humdrum or otherwise, little, banal stories of O. on the subway ride to work, the boring everyday way people “voluptuously yearn toward the extinction of their consciousness,” or not even that voluptuously. The Viking girl already sent Alexis a text this morning saying she is having second thoughts about the topless photos with silver body paint because her fundamentalist Christian family in Texas might see them.

Alexis is more or less taking the position that body paint is clothes. Somewhere in the middle of an assignment introduction, this Alexis is telling me about a dinner party she went to with her parents on Help writing c/o, the Upper East Side, at the house of an important judge. They are sitting around the table, the an assignment introduction judge, his wife, his son who goes to an all boys’ school, his 85-year-old mother with dyed red hair, Alexis and her family, and a couple of other Upper East Side friends, eating a pork roast from Lobel’s, with horseradish sauce. They are talking about things they regret not doing. Someone turns politely to the the important judge’s 85-year old mother and Linguistics phd with asks her what she regrets not doing. Buying Introduction? She says, “I wish I’d been a stripper.”

In the dungeon, the window to beatles zaycev the fire escape is criss-crossed with bars. Alexis takes another sip of her orange soda and lights a menthol cigarette. Slate is published by Buying an assignment introduction, The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Help Zaycev? All contents 2017 The Slate Group LLC. Buying An Assignment Introduction? All rights reserved.