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Business Plans - The Basics of Creating a Business Plan. A business plan is a vital tool for any business. If you operate or plan to please error operate a home business, the more you know about business plans the more likely your business will succeed. This article discusses what a business plan, why you might need one, and how to write a business plan. A business plan is on homicide a document that is a valuable tool that can act as a blueprint for your home business. Business plans are essential for getting a business loan, but they#39;re also important even if you don#39;t need outside funding for your small or home business. What Types of Business Plans are There? Formal business plans are detailed documents, usually prepared for the primary purpose of ending runtime error, securing outside funding for Essays the business. Informal business plans are road maps of the business that may only consist of Papers please, handwritten notes that act as a guide to contacts pages the owners of a business in day to day operations and in please planning expansions.

Whether formal or informal, when properly written and maintained, business plans provide a means to help you stay focused. If you intend to secure outside funding for your business, you can expect a business plan to be a requirement. However, even if you#39;re starting small or have your own resources to fund your business, informal business plans can greatly improve the chances that your home or small business will succeed. They also provide a blueprint for growing your business. The US Small Business Administration (SBA) estimates that as many as 90 percent of yellow pages, all small businesses fail in the first two years. Those statistics can be very frightening. After all, why would you want to spend a lot of Papers ending error, time and effort as well as risk your own money when there is only one chance in ten your business will survive? Keep in mind that a large proportion of those who start a small business don#39;t know how to plan. They may also not be willing to homework online take the time to learn how to write a business plan and keep it up to date. While you might be able to Papers please ending succeed without one, being armed with information on homework how to write good business plans will give you a considerable leg up in starting a business, keeping it operational, managing your money, and cultivating business growth. Papers Please Error! Can I Write the Business Plan Myself?

The answer to this question depends on two key factors: Is the Essays business plan for internal use or external use? If you merely want to create a road map for yourself you probably don#39;t need to hire a professional to create it for you. Please Ending Error! If you#39;re trying to secure outside funding, professionals who write business plans for a living bring a lot to the table even if you only on homework get outside help to review the plan to make sure your bases are properly covered in the document. Additionally, business plans need to Papers ending runtime be edited and proofread for grammar and writing homework good sentence structure.

Well-written business plans increase the runtime error chances of securing needed outside funding. How are your writing skills? If you#39;re a good writer you can probably write a business plan yourself, at least with some assistance. Software and samples are available to help prepare business plans. Additionally, the SBA is Essays on homework a terrific resource for guiding you through the Papers please ending runtime process. If you haven#39;t already, you#39;ll want to take their online Develop a Business Plan Workshop to writing online get started. Papers Please! You#39;ll find that the Write research papers outline presented in this course varies from what the SBA now recommends on their website, but the information contained within the please error plan is the same. While you can easily learn how to write a business plan yourself, you will still benefit from having someone else read through your plan and you may still need outside assistance, such as a CPA to create your financial documents and/or a market research firm to develop statistics about your markets.

Whether you decide to hire someone who writes business plans, write it yourself or use software, you still need to take an active role in Yale business essays the process. Whoever writes your plan needs accurate information for each section of the document and a clear understanding of ending runtime, your business. To a large degree, this is Ontario pages information only you can provide. Ending Runtime! Gathering the Ontario contacts pages information is also of great benefit to you because it helps you understand your business and what you need to do in order to succeed, and it gives you a clearer picture of your competitors and your market. The added benefit of being prepared to runtime provide the information needed to write your business plan is that the Criminal law essay on homicide more accurate and runtime error detailed the information you provide, the lower the cost of having the writing online business plan written by someone else for a fee. Ending! What you should include in your business plan may vary somewhat, based on the type of business you#39;re operating and the purpose of the plan itself. Runkel Dissertation! While general guidelines are available, if the Papers plan is being written primarily to secure outside funding, such as a small business loan, it#39;s not a bad idea to see in advance if the financial institution has any specific requirements it likes to see in Essays on homework its loan applications and business plans. If the business plan#39;s purpose is primarily for your own use or the financial institution has no specific requirements, the SBA is an excellent unbiased source of runtime, what should be included when developing a business plan.

In a way, they are biased because they act as guarantor of many small business loans, but their suggested business plan outline is an excellent place to for me start and please runtime error is included on the next page, How to Write a Business Plan. Write For Me! Participate in the Business Plan Poll. Poll Question: Do You Have a Formal Business Plan? I have a formal business plan that I created I have a formal business plan created by others I don#39;t have a formal business plan yet, but I#39;m working on one now I don#39;t have a formal business plan yet, but I#39;ll probably prepare one in ending error the future I don#39;t have a formal business and I don#39;t plan to create one. Next: How to Write a Business Plan.

While informal business plans can be written in any format and in contacts yellow pages any order you like, a formal business plan that will be used to request funding for your small business should be written in a format that is familiar to the financial institutions, private investors and government agencies that will be reading it. For the purpose of explaining how to runtime error write a business plan , this article provides an overview of the Buying homework business plan sections included in a formal business plan as espoused by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). Each section includes a link to more detailed information on that section that will help you as you set out to runtime write your business plan. Even if you are having someone else write your business plan, knowing what#39;s expected in Yale application essays advance will help save you time and money in writing your business plan. How to Write a Business Plan - Outline. Executive Summary – A high-level overview of the document that is placed first in the finished document but that needs to be written last. Company Description - A high level look at how all of the different elements of please ending runtime error, your business fit together. Products or Services - Information on the products or services you plan to Daniela runkel dissertation offer and how they compare to Papers ending your competitors products or services. Market Analysis – A description of your market, your niche, and the demand for your product or service (supported by documentation).

The percentage of market share you envision and conclusions of dissertation, any marketing research data. Marketing and Sales Strategies – How you will promote your business, how you will get your product or service to your customers, the costs for distribution and promotion, and Papers how you will measure the effectiveness of the methods you plan to use. Organization and Management – The legal structure of your business (sole proprietorship, LLC, C corporation, S corporation, etc.), who your key players are, who is papers for me responsible for please ending error what and law essay on homicide how much they will cost your business. Financial Data – Your balance sheet, a breakeven analysis, an please error, income statement and a statement of cash flows. You#39;ll want to include both historical financial statements and forward-looking financial statements. Funding Request – This is the Buying writing online section when you#39;ll be requesting funding for the business. Papers Error! If you are not seeking outside funds right now, you can leave this section out. Appendix – Contains supporting information, such as resumes, details of market research findings, estimates, and Yale business school all other documentation required to support what#39;s contained in please ending runtime the body of the business plan. As you can see, this is, in Daniela runkel large part, the information you should have gathered if you completed my 10 Steps Before You Start a Home Business. If you completed that exercise and Papers ending collected some notes, you may already have a fair amount of information needed that you can plug in when you or someone else write your business plan.

What Happens Once I Write the yellow Business Plan? Your business plan is a valuable reference. Therefore, it needs to be a living document. Once you#39;ve learned how to write a business plan, keeping it updated should be easy. As you operate and ending grow your business, it#39;s nearly certain that you will make adjustments to how you do business, make decisions on which additional products or services to essays offer and/or which to discontinue, change how you market or distribute your products or services, and discover ways to improve how your business is ending runtime error run. Keeping your business plan current offers some important benefits, such as: If you ever need to for me apply for additional funding through either SBA loan programs or other sources of Papers please ending runtime error, private funding, up-to-date information will already be available. When it comes time to law essay submitting updated business plans, you#39;ll save time and money.

It forces you to revisit the document, which helps keep you focused on what#39;s important to Papers please the success of your business. How Often Should I Update My Business Plan? You can either update your business plan on a schedule, such as quarterly or twice annually, or you can update it on a real-time basis – as changes occur. Keeping business plans updated in real time may seem like a nuisance, but it#39;s really ideal. It allows you to act quickly when you need funding or if you need to sell your business and it makes your business plan more useful as a road map because it keeps you on top of things at all times. And that#39;s where you need to Ontario yellow be to improve the chances that your home business will succeed and grow.

Growing your business will become more and more important as your business matures. Papers Ending Runtime Error! Learning how to write a business plan can be a very valuable experience for you and Buying homework your business. Please! It will also make the task much easier when it comes to keeping your business plan updated, or, if like many entrepreneurs, you decide to start a second small business. Poll: Do You Have a Formal Business Plan? I have a formal business plan that I created I have a formal business plan created by others I don#39;t have a formal business plan yet, but I#39;m working on homework online one now I don#39;t have a formal business plan yet, but I#39;ll probably prepare one in the future I don#39;t have a formal business and I don#39;t plan to Papers please ending runtime create one. Essays On Homework! Discuss Business Plans in the Forum.

For those of you who would like to go into a bit more detail on how to write a business plan or voice your ideas, suggestions or frustrations with writing business plans, I welcome you to Papers runtime error participate in the discussion on this topic in the Business Plans folder in the About Home Business Forum.

Jan 27, 2018 Papers please ending runtime error, order your own writing help now -

paraguay essay Albrecht Glatzle and Dieter Stosiek. Paraguay is a landlocked Central South American country (Figures 1 and 2) which has common frontiers with Argentina (to the Papers please, south and west), Brazil (east) and Bolivia (north). The total land area is business application 406,752 square km. The country is divided in please error two major geographical regions, with distinct topography and geology, by the south-flowing Paraguay River. Whereas the eastern region (Oriental) with 159,827 square km has an undulating landscape of Write rolling hills with abundant rainfall (up to Papers please runtime error, 1,700 mm/year), the western part (Region Occidental or Chaco) is an runkel, extensive semi-arid to sub-humid alluvial plain with 246,925 square km (AHK 1999). Paraguay#146;s population was estimated to be 5,734,139 in July 2001 and 6,506,464 in July 2006 (World Factbook 2006, July 2006 est.), of which about Papers ending runtime 98 percent are in Ontario contacts the eastern sector; the 2006 estimated growth rate was 2.45%. More than 50 percent of the population is considered urban. Agriculture and Forestry account for 26 percent of GDP and 90 percent of exports (70 percent of which goes into the neighbouring MERCOSUR [Southern Cone Common Market] countries). Total GDP is 8,273,000,000 US $. The contribution of livestock to the GDP is ending runtime 8 percent (MAG 1996). Note: ------------ boundary of Paraguay.

Figure 1: Biogeographic Provinces of Write papers for me South America and Location of Paraguay. Adapted from Tarso Zuquim and Lima Serrano (1997) Politically, the country is divided into 17 Departments of which the three largest ones are part of the Chaco, whereas the 14 most populated ones belong to the Region Oriental (Figure 3). Land tenure is unbalanced. More than 80 percent of the farmers are small holders with properties of ending error less than 20 hectares, but they account for less than seven percent of the total farming area, whereas farms larger than 1,000 hectares (1 percent of farms) account for 77 percent of the total farm land (GTZ 1994). There are reports of farm occupations, by Daniela runkel, a growing number of landless campesinos, particularly in the Oriental sector of the country. Figure 2: Map of Paraguay (from World Factbook 2006 Website) Figure 3: Republic of Papers please ending runtime error Paraguay: Political Subdivision, Departamentos (GTZ 1994)

Landforms. Within the Yale school, two main physiographic zones, the Papers runtime error, Chaco Paraguayo and the oriental region, there are further subdivisions to contacts pages, be featured (Figure 4): A) The Chaco Paraguayo which comprises about 60 percent of the Papers please, country, is an alluvial plain with sediments from the Andes, naturally limited to the east by the Rio Paraguay and to the south and south-west by the Rio Pilcomayo. Altitudes range between 380 m in the north-west and 80 m in the south-east, where the Paraguay and Pilcomayo Rivers join, a distance of Yale school 750 km (Ramella and Spichiger 1989). Papers Please Ending Runtime Error? Mereles et al. (1992) distinguish two major zones of the Chaco: the Humid Chaco (Bajo Chaco), a plain liable to flooding, influenced by the Paraguay and Pilcomayo Rivers (annual rainfall 900 to 1300 mm); the Dry Chaco (Chaco Boreal) with an annual rainfall range of 400 to 900 mm, which is further subdivided into 3 major sub regions (Glatzle 1999): The Central Chaco is Buying homework derived from a former inland delta with a mosaic of please ending runtime so called campos (old riverbeds with coarse sandy sediments) which contrast with the monte areas with fine textured soils (formerly temporarily inundated by flooding of the ancient river system). Campos areas comprise 15 percent of this region. Most of the Northern Chaco is more uniform and is comparable with the monte system of the Central Chaco. Sand dune areas in the far north-west of the Write papers, Paraguayan Chaco are alluvial deposits remodelled by runtime error, winds. B) Eastern Paraguay (Oriental Region) comprises 40 percent of the Essays on homework, country. Altitudes range from above 600 m in runtime error the north-eastern corner (Pedro Juan Caballero) and 55 m in the south-west (Pilar). The Oriental sector of Paraguay is a rather humid region of rolling hills with three major subdivisions (Bertoni and Gorham 1973): The Rio Paraguay Valley is an undulating lowland with plains, parts of which are liable to flooding and with a few hills or strings of hills.

Almost half of Paraguay#146;s population live here, where the pages, capital Asuncion is located. The Central Plateau with many low hills forms the continental divide between the watersheds of the Rio Paraguay and the Rio Alto Parana. The Alto Parana Valley is an undulating plain, rising to Papers ending, the west. Essays On Homework? As annual rainfall is high, this zone has many large and small watercourses, all draining to the Rio Alto Parana, which runs through a deep gorge and is dammed as the Itaipu reservoir which powers the world#146;s biggest electrical power plant. Figure 4: Paraguay: Physiographic Zones (adapted from Bertoni and Gorham 1973) Soils. The Paraguayan Chaco is dominated by geologically relatively young eutric cambisols and orthic luvisols with loamy textures (BGR 2001). Sub-dominant are eutric regosols and poorly developed arenosols (in the please ending runtime, sand dune area). Poorly drained eutric gleysols and Write papers for me planosols are found in inclusions of the Central Chaco (so called water-camps with temporary water logging) and in the inundated areas of the Humid Chaco. As the distance from the Andes increases, soils tend to become finer in texture.

The dominating soils in the Chaco have no major limitations in soil fertility, there are however big differences in runtime error water availability (drought and excess of water) over long periods (Fatecha 1989). Soil pH ranges from mildly acid to mildly alkaline. The horizons are deep with relatively high salinity. From north-east to south-west, right across the Paraguayan Chaco, there is law essay on homicide a belt of about 500 km long and 50 to 75 km wide with a shallow saline ground water table. This transitional zone between the Dry and Humid Chaco is prone to dry land salinity due to Papers error, capillary ascension and salt enrichment at the soil surface, producing orthic solonetz and solonchaks in the discharge area of Daniela dissertation saline ground water. In eastern Paraguay, ferric acrisols with sandy to Papers runtime error, loamy texture are the main groups of soils in the rolling hills (Central Plateau).

In contrast to the Chaco with greyish soils, for the Oriental Region a reddish soil colour is typical, due to sesquioxide formation in a rather humid environment. As most bedrocks are acidic (granite, sandstone, schists, gneiss), soils also are almost consistently acid. The depth of the soil profile and Essays on homework also the pedogenetic stage depends largely on its position in ending the relief of the landscape. Seasonally swampy, lower-lying areas in the Rio Paraguay Valley, particularly in the south-western corner (vicinity of Pilar) produce soils with hydromorphic properties (planosols). Intensively cropped basalt-derived ferric luvisols are the contacts yellow pages, dominant group in the Alto Parana Valley. Papers Ending Runtime Error? Generally, the soils in the Oriental sector of Paraguay are considered to writing, have high to medium potential for rainfed crop production (two crops a year), so long as there are no limitations of topography (steep slopes) or waterlogging in temporarily flooded areas.

Contrary to the Chaco, the region has been settled and Papers runtime error farmed for several centuries and contacts yellow little of the original vegetation remains undisturbed. 3. Papers Ending Error? CLIMATE AND AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES. There is a pronounced rainfall gradient right across Paraguay. Mean annual rainfall increases from about 400 mm in the north-west to 1,700 mm in the south-east (Sanchez 1973, Figure 5). In the Chaco, about Yale essays 80 percent falls in please runtime summer, whereas in the south-east corner mean monthly rainfall is more equally distributed, with a slight depression in the driest months, July and school essays August. The growing season lasts from October to March in the Chaco. Typical crops are sorghum, cotton and groundnuts. In eastern Paraguay, arable lands are often cropped twice a year under rainfed conditions, with soybean, cotton or maize, followed by Papers please ending error, a winter crop, such as temperate cereals. Mean annual temperatures vary from 25.9 0 C in the north (Bahia Negra) to online, 21.4 0 C in the north-eastern corner of the oriental region (Pedro Juan Caballero).

Summers are hot, even very hot. Therefore, potential evapotranspiration reaches values up to 2100 mm (Verma 1982). Absolute maxima range from 40.8 0 C (Encarnacion) to 44.0 0 C (Mariscal Estigarribia). In winter, night frosts (to an ending runtime error, absolute minimum temperature of - 6.0 0 C) occur, except in Daniela the extreme north east. Papers Ending Runtime? Aerial parts of Write research tropical grasses are generally burnt off by Papers ending error, frost. This can produce a forage shortage, when standing hay is Write papers spoiled by rain after frost (Glatzle 1999). Temperature changes may be sudden (15 to 20 degrees in a few hours with the onset of a storm), as prevailing winds switch from northerly to southerly, since there are no significant east west mountain barriers to retain winds.

Wind speed exceeds 6 m/s for 14 percent of the Papers ending runtime error, year, resulting in wind erosion of cleared, bare land (Hacker et al . 1996). In short, Paraguay has a subtropical continental climate dominated by summer rainfall. It falls within the contacts yellow pages, C climates of Papers error Koppen#146;s classification (Eidt 1969). Figure 5: Paraguay (Chaco) : Rainfall and Temperature. Vegetation. Runkel Dissertation? The dominant vegetation formations are xeromorphic, thorny, dry deciduous forests in the Chaco and subtropical rainforests in the East. Dominant trees in the Dry Chaco are Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco, Chorisia insignis and Schinopsis quebracho-colorado . Among the shrubs, various Prosopis spp ., Acacia spp ., Capparis spp., Ruprechtia triflora and Cercidium praecox are dominant on the monte type soils. In contrast, the sandy campos, along the ancient riverbeds, are characterised by a savanna-like open woodland with the dominant trees being Astronium fraxinifolium, Schinopsis heterophylla, Tabebuia caraiba and Jacaranda mimosifolia . The herbaceous layer is predominantly grass species Elyonurus muticus . In the past, fires, frequently lit by indigenous people, helped to Papers please ending runtime error, keep the vegetation open (Hacker et al. 1996). Sand dunes in the north-western Chaco are stabilized by natural vegetation. Yale Business Application? Their pronounced topography differs markedly from the ending, flat, sandy campos in the Central Chaco, but their savanna-like vegetation is very similar.

To the south and Yale school essays east, depressions with seasonal waterlogging (water-camps) become more frequent. Here, the Papers runtime error, trees Prosopis ruscifolia, Calycophyllum multiflorum and Bulnesia sarmienti indicate cracking clay soils. The centre of the seasonal ponds, however, have no woody vegetation. An edaphic grassland with species tolerant of business application waterlogging like Hemarthria altissima, Leersia hexandra and Paspalum spp . Papers Error? covers the ground. In the humid Chaco, the vegetation is characterised by Buying writing homework online, a mosaic with the irregular distribution of please ending runtime wetlands. The lower areas are seasonally waterlogged savannas with a palm ( Copernicia alba ) and yellow grasses like those in the water-camps of the Central Chaco, whereas drier areas typically support a tall Anadenanthera colubrina forest (Ramella and Spichiger 1989). In the Oriental Region, the littoral of the Rio Paraguay Valley resembles the Entre Rios Formations of Argentina with open swampy grasslands and marshes.

This region is Papers please runtime suitable for cattle raising. The predominantly sandy soils of the Central Plateau and its outskirts once supported a dense forest, rich in quality and Criminal variety of hardwood species (e.g. Amburana cearensis, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Pterogyne nitens, Peltophorum dubium ) which were progressively cleared. Besides timber species there are yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis ) and the tung-oil trees ( Aleurites fordii ) as well as the coco-palm ( Acrocomia totai ) grown in pure plantations or mixed cropping systems. The valleys are dominated by please runtime error, grasslands which are, however, nowadays successively converted into arable lands with zero-tillage technology. The undulating plain of the Alto Parana Valley was also once covered by species-rich subtropical forest, much of which has been converted in recent years to intensively cropped arable lands (particularly for soy bean and temperate cereals). 4. RUMINANT LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. There are about 10,000,000 head of cattle, 400,000 sheep, 350,000 horses, 120,000 goats plus 1,800,000 pigs and some 15,000,000 poultry in Paraguay (DCEA 2000).

Figures in FAOSTAT for 2005 are 9.6M cattle; 500,000 sheep; 360,000 horses; 155,000 goats; 1.6M pigs and 17.9M poultry (FAO, 2006). Hence, cattle raising for Criminal law essay on homicide, meat and milk is by ending, far the most important livestock sector. Livestock numbers are shown in Table 1. There are about 310,000 individual producers (99 percent) or companies (1 percent) on the 24,000,000 hectares of useful land (arable and grazing). Essays? On average there are 5.3 members per producer family. Table 1. Papers Ending Runtime? Livestock numbers (FAO databases, 2006) Poultry nos (,000,000) Land and Livestock Tenure.

With respect to land and livestock tenure systems, land ownership is unbalanced. Farms between 1 and 20 hectares own less than 15 percent of the Write research papers for me, livestock and Papers ending error represent more than 70 percent of all producers / producer families. On the other hand, the producer class with more than 1000 hectares (1 percent of the farms) owns 77 percent of the farm land and 60 percent of the Write papers for me, livestock population (Table 2). About 25 percent of Paraguay#146;s producers are involved exclusively in crop production. Papers Please? Of the rest, 89 percent run mixed farms (Molas et al. 1996), combining, meat or milk production and crops, to diversify activities and Daniela minimize risk. The remaining 11 percent are exclusively livestock producers. Smallholders are usually subsistence oriented and labour intensive with limited use of technology and external inputs. However, farms at all production levels are commercially orientated, obviously with increasing market orientation, as the farm size gets bigger. Farms over 1,000 hectares contribute more than three quarters of the agricultural exports of the country (GTZ 1994).

Table 2: Land tenure system in Paraguay as analysed by most recent agricultural census (MAG 1992) Number of farms. Rel. Papers Runtime? no. of Essays on homework farms ( %) per class. Total area (1000 ha) Rel. no. of total ha (%) per class. Rel. Please Error? no. of cattle (%) per Daniela dissertation class. 1000 to Papers please ending runtime error, 5000 ha. 5000 to 10.000 ha. The most striking difference between farming systems in eastern Paraguay and the Chaco is average farm size and average stock number per farm (Table 23). Daniela Dissertation? Whereas in the sparsely populated Chaco (1 inhabitant per 2 sq. km) large farms (up to 50,000 ha) predominantly produce beef, in the more densely populated Oriental Region (32 inhabitants per ending error sq. km) farm size is much smaller and farms are much more oriented to mixed farming. Beef and milk production is highly commercialised, whereas small ruminants and pigs are predominantly kept for subsistence or have only local commercial importance (no exports).

Horses are almost exclusively working animals, particularly for cattle herd handling. Table 3: Distinctive characteristics of farms in the Oriental Region and Ontario contacts yellow the Chaco. (MAG 1992 and DCEA 2000) Number of Papers ending error farms. Total number of cattle. Average farm size. Relative number of farms with. Avg. Yale Business School Essays? no. of cattle per Papers ending farm. There is practically no permanent housing of ruminants.

Steer fattening in feedlots has shown marginal profitability. Animals are ranched on natural or improved pastures. Even in intensive dairy systems milking cows gain part of their feeding requirements on pastures near milking pens. Tethering is common among smallholders and landless campesinos, otherwise they keep their animals on public land between the fences at both sides of public roads. Stocking densities on range, bush land and sown pastures vary from about 10 (Alto Paraguay) to 0,2 ha (Central Department) per head of cattle, depending on the agro-ecological conditions and feed and Criminal supplement availability. Paraguay has a multicultural rural population with strong minorities (native Indians of at Papers ending, least eight different ethnicities and languages, groups of settlers of Brazilian, German or Japanese origin and foreign investors) which differ considerably in their production systems, production levels and organizational structures.

While the native Indians live predominantly by subsistence agriculture on research, communally owned land, most of please ending error them showing little affinity for school essays, animal husbandry, typical Paraguayan campesinos and foreign groups of settlers generally apply mixed farming systems on privately owned land, being predominantly market oriented. Please Ending Runtime? Foreign investors, representing a fairly high proportion in the Chaco (Table 3), are exclusively commercially oriented and frequently grow monocultures, such as beef, soy bean or cotton. The organizational structure of Paraguayan campesinos and foreign investors is relatively weak. However almost all emigrant settlers communities are organised into marketing co-operatives. Among them are so called colonies of Japanese and Mennonites (a religious community of German origin which settled in the Chaco and in eastern Paraguay mainly in the first half of the past century). These colonies exert a strong impact on national markets in special sectors such as dairy products, vegetables and Write for me yerba mate. Herd Productivity and Breeds.

Beef is commonly produced in extensive systems on ending, the 165,000 square km of Essays native pastures and grazed bush land plus 33,000 square km of cultivated pastures. Papers Ending Runtime? Main capital investments refer to fencing, establishment of herd handling facilities, construction of dams or so called Tajamares (basins for rain water collection) and pasture establishment and maintenance. Traditionally, there was little veterinary care and infrequent herd mustering, no seasonal bull service, no weaning control and little genetic improvement. Therefore, traditional herd productivity is contacts pages low compared to production figures which are regularly achieved nowadays by a growing number of runtime error cattle farmers (Table 4). Table 4: Comparison of traditional and Buying online present production parameters of ending runtime error beef cattle herds and grazing lands in the Chaco (Glatzle, 1999) From the most important production parameters. Calving rate ( percent) Mortality calves ( percent), first year. Mortality adults ( percent)

Fattening period till 450 kg LW (months) Proportion of cows in Buying the herd ( percent) . result in Papers ending error the following production indices: Extraction rate ( percent) Energy efficiency (kg LW GJ -1 ME) Liveweight production (kg LW ha -1 a -1 ) from ME consumed: 2.5 GJ ME ha -1 a -1 (native bushland)

25 GJ de ME ha -1 a -1 (sown pasture) The energy efficiency of forage was modelled on Essays, the basis of the production parameters of both traditional and modern systems. The improved herd productivity results in almost twice as much liveweight being produced from a unit of fodder energy consumed. Moreover, up to a tenfold rise in liveweight production per area (across the whole herd) is achieved by improving the forage base. Papers Ending Error? Hence, improved pasture establishment results in a better land use efficiency (Table 4) as long as the production system is ecologically compatible.

More efficient beef production technologies are increasingly adopted by Essays, cattle farmers, as indicated by an increase by runtime error, 66 percent of the nation-wide extraction rate in the past 20 years (Table 6). As far as the milk sector is concerned, 40 percent of the farms own milking cows (in the average 3.6 per farm). Only part of Ontario them (estimated at Papers please, 25 percent) have access to milk collection and processing systems. The remaining 75 percent are either subsistence oriented or depend on local markets for fresh milk or home made cheese. There is Essays on homework a big variation of production levels, taking into account all (not only the commercial) milk producers. Whereas the Papers ending runtime, nation-wide average production parameters are poor, specialised commercial milk producers achieve remarkably high production levels (Table 5) applying high technology, and covering up to 75 percent of the runkel dissertation, daily feed requirements with concentrates and silages, in order to raise milk yields and to achieve a more balanced production across the seasons.

Table 5: Milk production parameters in Paraguay comparing the national average with data from a commercial farm and a Mennonite co-operative (Molas et al . 1996) Heifer age at first service (months) Calving interval (days) Lactation period (days) Average production (kg milk/cow/year) The Criollio breed, derived from Spanish and later British cattle importations, is a well adapted, small framed and runtime error robust, double purpose breed, highly fertile but otherwise low in production. This traditional breed forms about 70 percent of the Paraguayan cattle population (MAG 1992). Yellow? However, an ending error, increasing proportion of commercial beef cattle farms are replacing Criollo by Write for me, Zebu types, such as Nellore and Brahman.

Frequently a high level of Zebu-genes is maintained in the herds, served by bulls of British (Angus, Hereford) or European continental (Gelbvieh, Fleckvieh, Limousine) breeds in Papers please ending order to produce a fast growing, environmentally adapted and resistant industrial cross. In commercial dairying, almost exclusively Holstein Friesian genes are incorporated by substitution crossing. In addition some hardy dual purpose breeds, such as Santa Gertrudis or Brown Swiss are kept. Artificial insemination is practised within well organized co-operatives or on very big farms. Production, Marketing and Consumption of Animal Products. Since the early nineteen-eighties the cattle population grew by research for me, about 50 percent from approx. 6,500,000 to almost 10,000,000 (MAG 1992 and DCEA 2000). In the Papers please runtime, same period, beef and milk production more than doubled, and indicators of production levels, such as average extraction rate of slaughter animals and milk yields per milking cow, increased by about 65 percent and 25 percent respectively (Table 6).

These higher production levels can be attributed to better herd handling, improved veterinary care and the use of Write papers for me adapted and productive breeds, but also to Papers ending runtime error, the expansion of the area sown to on homicide, improved pastures. Moreover the amount of agro-industrial by-products available increased considerably in the past two decades, particularly in medium to large scale dairy farms. In 2000, total agricultural imports reached a value of US$ 383,241,000 and exports a value of US$ 647,699,000 (FAO 2005) by 2003 figures were US$ 207.7 for imports and US$ 1.02 billion for exports. Net beef exports accounted for 4 to 9 percent of the total beef production in the past years (Table 6). Beef exports vary from year to ending runtime, year and depend very much on the outbreaks of Write research papers Foot and Mouth Disease and Papers please error a positive immunological status of the animals due to compulsory vaccinations; meat exports beyond South America are insignificant. Beef imports are negligible, like imports and Ontario yellow pages exports of other meats.

Almost all wool and hides are processed locally or discarded. There is please runtime error only commercial milk production where an efficient and reliable collection system and Essays a processing plant have been built up. This is the case in the Central Department (around the capital Asuncion) with about Papers runtime 1,000,000 inhabitants, in the Boqueron and Presidente Hayes Departments (Chaco) and Buying online the Departments Caaguazu and Alto Parana (Oriental Region). Insignificant amounts of please ending runtime error dairy products are exported since national production does not cover consumption. Imported milk equivalents (predominantly from Argentina) account in recent years for Write research papers for me, 7 to 13 percent of the national production of commercialised milk (Table 6). More than half of the meat consumed is beef. Please Error? As stated in Table 6, total meat consumption is high in Paraguay. Essays On Homework? On the other hand the supply of processed milk is unsatisfactory (less than 2/3 of the 150 kg/head/yr. recommended by the FAO). Table 6: Paraguay statistics of production, exports and consumption of animal products and important agro-industrial by-products used as animal feeds (FAO 2006) (percent cattle slaughtered) 1. Live cattle net export.

Net beef export. (1000 t) incl. offal. Mutton and goat meat production (1000 t) Pig meat production. Poultry meat production. Production of cattle hides. Milk production 2. Milk production 2. per milking cow (kg/yr.) Net milk product imports. (1000 kg milk equiv.)

Bovine meat supply. Total meat supply. Milk supply (kg/cap/yr.) Agro-industrial by-products for error, concentrates: 1 Sources: MAG (1992), DCEA (2000) and FAO (2006) 2 Only commercialised milk. 3 Bran yield: about 25 percent of wheat production - wheat exports. 4 Seed cakes (production - exports) of soy bean, cotton, sunflower and groundnuts. The main forage resource for contacts yellow, ruminant livestock is natural pasture, cultivated pastures, and native bush . Ending Runtime? The total area dedicated to livestock production is 19,900,000 ha which are distributed in the Oriental and the Occidental Regions as shown in Table 7. Table 7: Areas (millions of Write papers for me hectares) of native and cultivated pastures and extensively grazed bush land in Paraguay (Molas et al . 1996)

Native Grazing Resources in Eastern Paraguay. Most of the grazing lands in the Oriental Region are marginal for agriculture due to natural constraints such as poor drainage, shallow soils, and rocky soil . Basically there are two types of native pastures in Eastern Paraguay. Lowland grazing (Praderas Bajas): grazing lands on hydromorphic, periodically waterlogged and even swampy soils, mostly on the banks of rivers (particularly Rio Paraguay). However, there are also extended stretches of plains with hydromorphic planosols with an Papers ending runtime, impermeable clayey subsoil towards the central Oriental Region along riverain zones. Within these grazing lands, the business application, dominant herbaceous species are large tussock grasses generally with low palatability and nutritive value Sorghastrum agrostoides, Panicum prionitis, Andropogon lateralis , and A. condensatus , and grasses of low growth habit, such as Andropogon selloanus, Leersia hexandra, Luziola peruviana, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, Panicum millioides, Paspalum almum, Hemarthria altissima, Rottboellia selloana, Paspalum notatum, Axonopus compressus, A. affinis , and Paspalum plicatulum , all considered as highly palatable and nutritive. Moreover, herbaceous legumes such as Desmodium canum, Aeschynomene americana, Macroptilium lathyroides and Papers please runtime Arachis spp . Buying Writing Homework? are valuable components commonly found in Papers please the lowlands of the Buying writing homework, Oriental Region.

Hillside grazing (Praderas Altas): These are grazing lands in the rolling hills of eastern Paraguay, predominantly at sites, sub-optimal for cropping in the Central Plateau and the Alto Parana Valley. Though generally not cultivated, native hillside grazing lands developed under human influence in forest clearings. Most of them maintain the aspect of a savanna or open woodland with varying densities of please error trees (even the planted coco-palm Acrocomia totai ). In the Central Plateau, grazing lands are often restricted to sandy soils with rocky outcrops (granite, sandstone, schist) and of limited fertility (high acidity, high aluminium and low phosphorous contents). In the Criminal law essay on homicide, Alto Parana Valley, fertility characteristics of the basaltic soils are better, however, grazing lands frequently present slopes marginal for Papers please ending error, agriculture. The most important indigenous forage grasses of Essays hillside grazing lands are Paspalum notatum, Axonopus affinis, A. compressus, Paspalum plicatulum and Papers please ending runtime error Andropogon lateralis . Common valuable native legumes are Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Stylosanthes guianensis, Arachis spp . Ontario? , and Alysicarpus sp . Papers Error? . Among the grasses of Essays on homework low stock acceptability are Imperata brasilensis and Aristida spp . . Weedy dicotyledoneous species commonly found are Vernonia chamaedrys, Baccharis sp ., Psidium araca, Butia yatay and Campomanesia obversa . Native Grazing Resources of the Chaco Region. The Occidental (Chaco) Region is an extended alluvial plain with a gradient of rainfall and soil texture from Papers please ending, north-west to south-east (more rain and finer texture as the distance from the Yale business school essays, Andes Mountains increases). The agro-ecological conditions are good for permanent pastures.

However cropping faces some limitations and risks from the quantity and Papers please error distribution of rainfall (Dry Chaco) and temporary waterlogging (Humid Chaco) respectively (Figure 4). The native grazing resources in the two major physiographic sub regions of the Chaco can be described as follows: The Humid Chaco (Bajo Chaco) : The grazing lands of the Humid Chaco are predominantly palm savannas with Copernicia alba on poorly drained, hydromorphic gleysols and planosols. The palm Copernicia tolerates fires and temporary waterlogging. Runkel Dissertation? It is found in densities of up to 100 trunks per hectare and Papers ending its spread is promoted by livestock (Degen 1996). These natural grazing lands contain many grasses of medium to high nutritive value and palatability, such as Leersia hexandra, Hemarthria altissima, Panicum elephantipes, Diplachne uninervia, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, Paspalum lividum, P. Write Research? alcalinum, P. Please? almum, Cynodon dactylon, Pennisetum nervosum and Eriochloa montevidensis . Frequently found herbaceous legumes are Desmodium canum, Aeschynomene americana, A. denticulata, Desmanthus virgatus, Dolichopsis paraguariensis and Macroptilium lathyroides . Tussock grasses with rather low palatability are Sorghastrum agrostoides, Paspalum paniculatum, P. plicatulum and P. conspersum. Essays? Reported carrying capacities are one American Livestock Unit (454 kg LW) per ending 2 to 4 ha (Ramirez and Laneri 1989). Writing? Besides mechanical or chemical treatments or burning of the shrubby weeds ( Acacia curvifructa, Prosopis ruscifolia and Geoffroea decorticans, and Papers ending runtime error Tessaria dodoneaefolia ), there are practically no interventions for the maintenance of good grazing economically feasible or necessary (Glatzle 1999).

Periodically and episodically flooded areas with waters from the Pilcomayo river in regions with rather low rainfall (below 750 mm) are to be considered as a transitional zone between the research, Humid and the Dry Chaco. This zone along the left side riverbanks of the upper Picomayo-river is exposed to an extremely varying water regime, which may cause seasonally flooded grasslands to be reconverted into please ending, xeromorphic bush and vice versa within a few consecutive years. The Dry Chaco : Traditionally the most important natural grazing resource in the Dry Chaco are the espartillo grasslands (campos) on writing online, the regosols or arenososls in old riverbeds of the Papers please ending error, former inland delta which shaped the landscape of the Essays on homework, Central Chaco. These grasslands are characterised by error, abundance of the grass Elyonurus muticus (espartillo), not particularly palatable. Other grasses are Aristida circinalis, Paspalum chaseanum, Heteropogon contortus and Sporobolus pyramidalis . The espartillo-grasslands present a wealth of native legumes as soon as fire frequency is reduced and disturbance by grazing increased. Among the runkel dissertation, more important legumes are Aeschynomene histrix, Stylosanthes leiocarpa, Galactia sp ., Macroptilium bracteatum, Mimosa chacoensis, M. nuda, Rhynchosia balansae, Chamaecrista rotundifolia and Zornia crinita (Hacker et al.

1996). Typical pasture weeds coming up in overgrazed espartillos are Sida spp ., Croton cujabensis, Aloysia virgata and Acacia aroma . In former decades, a relatively high proportion of the campos was used for cropping by early European settlers and indigenous horticulturalists. Although the fertility status (organic matter, P, K) of virgin regosols is relatively high, continuous cropping with frequent tillage and without fertilization drastically reduced soil fertility. Papers Ending Error? Nowadays, rundown regosols are restored establishing a permanent pasture (e.g. with Pangola grass) and contacts introducing a suitable legume (e.g. Stylosanthes hippocampoides or Alysicarpus vaginalis ). Towards the sub-humid parts of the Central Chaco (south and east), inclusions of edaphic grasslands on please runtime error, poorly drained gleysols (so called water-camps ) are found with increasing density. The forage species occurring in the water-camps are essentially those listed for Yale school application essays, the Copernicia savannas in Papers error the Humid Chaco. Another important traditional natural forage resource in the Dry Chaco is the native bush land ( montes ). Browsing the mostly thorny woody plants, such as Acacia praecox, A. Yale Business Application Essays? aroma, Caesalpinia paraguariensis, Ruprechtia triflora, Capparis tweediana and C. Papers Please Ending Runtime? retusa and eating the pods of various Prosopis and Acacia spp. (Morello and online Toledo 1959) supports an average stocking density of Papers please error about one bovine animal unit to 10 to Ontario, 15 ha of bush (Fretes et al.

1969). Understorey grasses are virtually absent: Setaria globulifera, S. fiebrigii and Digitaria sacchariflora are practically the only grasses found, but in very low frequency. There are studies demonstrating a severe degradation of the runtime error, monte soils due to overgrazing under traditional grazing regimes. However, Adamoli et al. (1990) estimated the area affected by soil degradation in Chaco bush land to be less than one percent of the total area. Abril and Bucher (2001) reported that soil organic carbon losses are much lower under cultivated pastures than in over utilised bush land. 6. OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF FODDER RESOURCES. Sown Pastures with Introduced Forages . The establishment of application pastures with selected grasses and legumes on cleared land raises herd productivity per unit area about ten fold (Glatzle and Cabrera 1996, and Table 3). Hence it is ending runtime not surprising that the area of homework cultivated pastures increased five to six fold since 1980, mostly at the expense of native forests and bush. Large scale land clearing and Papers ending pasture establishment obviously has adverse effects on landscape and on homework species diversity and carbon sequestration. Therefore it is indispensable to take into account a number of land clearing regulations in order to Papers please ending, maintain or create a healthy and diverse agro-ecosystem.

A steadily increasing number of farmers leave at least 25 percent of the Essays on homework, forest, woodlands or bush of a property intact (Ley Forestal 422/73). Leave intact a bush strip of 100 m width in east-west orientation, perpendicular to the prevailing wind (north-south) every 500 m and around the property (Resolucion No. 729/2000) Leave bush borders at least 100 m wide around all types of temporary or permanent waters (rivers, lagoons, water-camps) (Decreto No. 18.831/86). A significantly higher biodiversity was found when pastures contained a large number of native bush niches (strips and islands) and when the use of ending runtime error fire as a management tool was restricted or avoided (Glatzle 1999). Moreover, at sites with an elevated dry land salinity risk (high water table of saline ground water in a semi-arid climate, such as the Chaco), native bush fulfils the important role of preventing salinity due to on homicide, the very high suction forces produced by many Chaco woody species, capable of keeping the ground water at a low level (Glatzle et al. 2001).

Bush clearing at sites prone to Papers please ending error, salinisation has resulted in Buying the loss of valuable pasture land. Pasture establishment in Paraguay with selected forages has a relatively short history but has reached significant importance during the past two decades (Table 7). Probably with the introduction and multiplication of buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris ) by an American agricultural advisor of the Mennonite colonies in the Central Chaco, Robert Unruh, in the early nineteen fifties, cultivated pastures attained economic importance for the first time. Later on, a number of other introduced grasses gained commercial importance and were multiplied on a national level (Table 8). Papers Please Runtime? When the Write research papers for me, German-Paraguayan Project Estacion Experimental Chaco Central started in the early nineteen-nineties, a new era started for the commercial use of introduced pasture legumes (Table 8). In order to maintain productivity, cultivated pastures require, even more than native grazing lands, a correct adjustment of stocking rates.

Typical stocking rates range from about 0.5 to 2 bovine units per hectare along the Papers, rainfall gradient across Paraguay, from north-west to south-east. Essays On Homework? Maximum energy conversion from Panicum maximum cv. Gatton and Cynodon nlemfuensis pastures in the Central Chaco by grazing steers (into animal liveweight per ha) was attained by a stocking rate of 1.8 AU/ ha (Stosiek et al. Papers Please Ending Runtime Error? 1997). Yale Essays? This figure exceeds, however, the recommended long term ecological optimum stocking rate for this zone (0.8 to 1.2 AU/ ha). Maintenance interventions, such as woody weed control, are necessary to maintain long term profitability of sown pastures. Other grasses cultivated on a commercial scale, but of runtime much less importance than the Ontario pages, ones mentioned in Table 8, are: Chloris gayana cv. Callide, Panicum coloratum cv. Bambatsi, Brachiaria decumbens, B. Papers? mutica, B. humidicola, Cynodon sp . Criminal Law Essay? Tifton 85 and Callie, Digitaria milanjiana, Cenchrus ciliaris Bella, Acroceras macrum and Dichanthium caricosum . Pasture legumes of secondary importance are: Macroptilium atropurpureum Siratro, Lotononis bainesii, Stylosanthes scabra cv.

Seca and Siran, S. hamata cv. Amiga, Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgarra and Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv. Wynn. Other Fodders. Among the most important cultivated forages is Silage Sorghum for dairy enterprises. Papers Please Ending Error? In the Central Chaco (accounting for about 50 percent of the national milk production), the area cultivated with Silage Sorghum is estimated at over 10,000 hectares. Essays? At smallholder level in Eastern Paraguay some silage is made from Pennisetum purpureum (Cameroon grass). Part of the grain Sorghum (23,000 t on 16,000 ha in Paraguay) and Papers ending maize (900,000 t on 370,000 ha in Paraguay) is used for concentrates, to law essay, be mixed at Papers please ending error, farm or at small commercial enterprise level with the agro-industrial by-products obtained predominantly from oilseeds (Table 6). No statistics are available on total concentrate feed production, nor on the proportions used to Yale school application, feed dairy cows, pigs, horses or poultry.

However, concentrates used for beef production are negligible. A typical emergency feed is sugar cane, grown on a small area on Papers please ending runtime error, many farms and harvested in the dry season. During prolonged drought periods (about one in 10 years), whole sugar cane (produced in more humid Eastern Paraguay) is sold to cattle farmers in the Dry Chaco to enable them to maintain at least their breeding herd. There is little haymaking in Paraguay. Similarly, there is virtually no irrigated fodder production due to the absence of irrigation water in the Chaco (and poor external drainage) the high rainfall reliability in Criminal Eastern Paraguay the high opportunity costs (irrigated vegetables are more profitable than forages).

Table 8: Commercially important pasture grasses and legumes in Paraguay. Cultivar or/and common name. Since 1990 most important grass for newly cleared lands. In the Chaco, many 100,000 hectare of highly productive Gatton pastures. Colonial and please ending runtime error Tanzania. Grown on the more fertile basaltic soils in East Paraguay. Less important in the Chaco. Buffel grass, Texas 4464. Since nineteen fifties.

Several 100,000 ha in the Dry Chaco. Otherwise replaced by Gatton. Several 100,000 ha along the limit of the Dry and Humid Chaco, in Daniela the Humid Chaco, and on Papers ending, the fertile soils in Write papers for me East Paraguay. Wide spread in please ending runtime error East Paraguay predominantly on infertile sandy soils. In the Chaco not frequent.

Tolerant to spittle bug. Digitaria eriantha var . On Homicide? pentzii. Several 10,000 hectare on sandy soils and at shortly inundated sites in East and West Py. Important since 1995 in ending runtime error the Chaco to restore rundown Gatton and buffel pastures. Restores rundown arable regosols in the Chaco. Papers? Combines well with Pangola. Also used as a summer active ley legume. Excellent to restore rundown arable regosols. Combines well with Pangola.

Cultivated legume, native to error, the Chaco. Adapts well to heavy textured soils. Unsatisfactory long term persistence under grazing is limiting factor. Cunningham and Tarramba. Used as a fodder bank by application, an increasing number of smallholders and big farms. Winter active, to be mixed into permanent pastures in Papers please ending error the Alto Parana Valley, East Py. Winter active ley legume, relatively rare. Constraints. The main constraints to pasture establishment, grassland management, forage and Yale school application ruminant production and product marketing in Paraguay are the following: Shrubby weed invasion in cultivated pastures and runtime native grasslands (requires interventions every two to Write for me, three years) Soil compaction due to overstocking and loss of soil plasticity (loss of organic matter) Reduced pasture productivity due to nitrogen deficiency in please ending error older pastures Uncontrolled fires entering from Criminal on homicide, neighbouring properties, destroying fodder reserves Wind erosion on sandy, denuded soils Increasing pests and diseases, such as leaf cutting ants ( Acromyrmex landolti and Atta vollenweideri ), grasshoppers ( Staurorhectus longicornis ), caterpillars ( Spodoptera frugiperda ), spittle bugs ( Zulia sp . ), red spider mite ( Tetranychus sp. ), buffel blight ( Pyricularia grisea ), ergot ( Claviceps maximensis ) etc. Unexpectedly prolonged droughts, particularly in the Chaco High risks of dryland salinity within a belt of about 500 km long and Papers runtime error 50 to 75 km wide with a shallow saline ground water table, right across the Paraguayan Chaco from north-east to south-west Long distances to the slaughter houses (reduces profitability for beef) Absence of milk collection systems in many parts of the country. Pasture seed production.

There is a strong small to medium scale pasture seed production in Buying homework online the Central Chaco of Paraguay at farm level. The seed produced are Panicum maxium cv. Gatton, Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Papers? Texas 4464 and Bella, Urochloa mosambicensis, Chloris gayana cv. Callide, selections of Buying homework Digitaria milanjiana , Panicum coloratum cv. Bambatsi, Sorghum sudanense, Leucaena leucocephala, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Desmanthus virgatus cv. Filadelfia and Stylosanthes hippocampoides cv. Oxley. Please Runtime? Total seed production attains several hundred tons a year.

Although there is no pasture seed certification, seed quality commonly competes with certified Argentine or Brazilian seed. Most seed is locally marketed directly between farms or via the co-operatives of the zone. Bigger seed producers also export Gatton Panic seed to neighbouring Argentina and Bolivia. However, practically all Brachiaria spp . Essays? seed and most Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania and cv. Colonial seed which are used in Papers please error Paraguay, are imported from Brazil, because seed yields are too low under local conditions.

7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONNEL. At present little research is law essay on homicide carried out actively in Paraguay in the fodder and Papers please error pasture sector. Yellow Pages? However, in the past, international or bilateral programmes and projects introduced and screened pasture species, initiated trials on pasture and herd handling and grazing management, and disseminated innovations in the forage and livestock sector. For example: an American agronomist employed by ending runtime, the MCC (Mennonite Central Committee) who introduced buffel grass and initiated pasture cultivation in the Chaco the Servicio Tecnico Interamericano de Cooperacion Agricola (STICA) who evaluated for the first time cattle breeds, native and introduced to Paraguay a Swiss project in connection with the Instituto Agrario Nacional (IAN) in Caacupe a USAID project in connection with PRONIEGA (Programa Nacional de Investigacion y Extension Ganadera) in Pozo Colorado a French project in connection with the Fondo Gandero in La Patria a German project in Yale school application essays co-operation with DIA (Direccion de Investigacion Agricola) in the Central Chaco (Estacion Experimental Chaco Central, Cruce de los Pioneros). Besides that, there were many initiatives by individual farmers to introduce and test species they brought in from other countries, mostly Brazil and Argentina. Most of the Brachiaria species and a number of Cynodon cultivars came in through this channel and were spread from please runtime error, farmer to farmer. More recently, livestock farmers interested in applied experimentation became privately organised in the Consorcio Ganadero para la Experimentacion Agropecuaria (CEA). CEA holds a highly appreciated international congress on technology transfer every year in Asuncion at the headquarters of the Asociacion Rural del Paraguay (ARP).

CEA members even organised an information travel of runkel farmers to Queensland, Australia, from Papers, where a lot of new ideas and aspects on cattle breeds and grass cultivars came into the country. Moreover, the ARP is the organiser of Yale school a big annual Agricultural Trade Fair, where regularly cattle breeds and adapted pasture seed are exposed and marketed. On a regional level, farmers conscious of sustainable and profitable production systems organise themselves in so called CREA-groups (Consorcio Regional de Extension Agropecuaria). Papers Please Runtime? Some private CREA groups work very efficiently, and sometimes contrast favourably with public extension services, such as divisions of the Ministry based Direccion de Extension Agricola y Ganadera (DEA) or even services offered by credit institutes, such as CAH, BNF and Fondo Gandero. Contacts Yellow Pages? Only about one in ten farms is reached by a pubic extension service at a nation-wide average (Molas et al. 1996). However, many producers#146; co-operatives provide competent technical assistance to their members. A new programme has started in October 2001 at Loma Plata, Chaco, the Iniciativa para la Investigacion y Transferencia de Tecnologia Agraria Sostenible (INTTAS), initiated by the private foundation DeSdel-Chaco (Fundacion para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Chaco), and sponsored by the Swiss foundation AVINA (Accion para la Vida y la Naturaleza).

This programme integrates, co-ordinates and complements the on-farm-experimentation and technology dissemination activities carried out by various co-operatives and please ending runtime their extension services, and private farmer groups within the Buying online, Paraguayan Chaco. Furthermore, INTTAS is to reactivate a virtually paralysed public research station in the Chaco Region, implementing joint research programmes, and to promote regular exchange of experience with private and runtime error public entities of writing homework interest from the other Chaco countries, Argentina and Bolivia. The Direccion de Investigacion Agricola (DIA), part of the Ministry of Agriculture, carries out research mainly in the cropping sector in 9 research stations spread over the country. However, little importance is given to research in pastures and forages. The mandate of another Ministry-dependent research unit, the Direccion de Investigacion de Produccion Animal (DIPA), is to conduct research in Papers please error the animal production sector in three stations across the writing homework online, country. Again, the products of Papers ending error co-operative based and other private initiatives on animal breeding, animal selection and improvement of herd handling are more obvious than public efforts in this field. The low efficiency of public research in Paraguay is Buying writing homework online primarily due to the lack of runtime operational funds. More than 80% of the small budgets available (including revenues generated on the research stations) are used to cover the personnel costs.

In contrast to many other countries throughout Latin America efforts to revamp public-sector agricultural research and development agencies in Paraguay have yet to Yale business application, come to fruition. Please Ending? Major change was proposed in the mid-1990s in the form of the establishment of a national agricultural research institute, the Paraguayan Institute of Daniela runkel dissertation Agrarian Technology (IPTA), as a joint public-private venture with multiple funding sources. The proposal for the creation of please runtime error IPTA is still pending, however, and it now appears that no legislative decision will be made until at least 2002, following a public reform process that is currently underway in Paraguay Beintema et al. Daniela Runkel? (2000). On the other hand meanwhile, a strong negative selection process is being observed, by skilled technicians and scientists moving away from the Papers ending runtime, public sector (DIA and DIPA) into private research and dissertation development entities. Some kind of extension work and small scale experimentation in the forage and please runtime error livestock sector is done by contacts yellow pages, institutions of higher education which are:

Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (FCA) - Universidad Nacional de Asuncion (UNA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV) - Universidad Nacional de Asuncion (UNA) Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (FCA) - Universidad Catolica Nuestra Senora de Asuncion (UCA) Facultad de Ingenieria Agronomica Ciencias Agrarias (FCA) - Universidad Nacional del Este (UNE) Distinguished Technicians currently engaged in public or private research programmes in the pasture and forage sector are: Jefe Seccion Pastura. Estacion Experimental Chaco Central. Cruce de los Pioneros. Ruta Trans-Chaco - km 412.

Estacion Experimental Pilar. Tacuary esq. Dr. Mazzei. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNA. Dpto. Produccion Animal. Campo Universitario, San Lorenzo. Servicio Agropecuario, Chortitzer Komite. Loma Plata - 101 / Chaco.

C.d.c. 883 Asuncion. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNA. Campo Universitario, San Lorenzo. Servicio Agropecuario, Chortitzer Komite. Loma Plata - 101 / Chaco. C.d.c. 883 Asuncion. Tel: xx 595 918 2301. Abril, A. and E.H.

Bucher (2001): Overgrazing and please soil carbon dynamics in the western Chaco of Essays Argentina. Applied Soil Ecology 16, 243 - 249. Adamoli, J., E. Sennhauser, J.M. Acero and A. Rescia (1990): Stress and Papers please ending runtime disturbance: Vegetation dynamics in Criminal the dry Chaco region of Argentina. Papers Please Error? Journal of Biogeography 17, 491 - 500. AHK (1999): PARAGUAY . Deutsch-Paraguayische Industrie- und Handelskammer, Asuncion, Paraguay. Beintema, N.M., P. Zambrano, M. Nunez, and P.G. Pardey (2000): Agricultural RD in Paraguay: Policy, Investments, and Institutional Profile. Homework Online? International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C. Bertoni, G.T. and J.R. Papers Please Ending? Gorham (1973): The Geography of Essays on homework Paraguay.

In J.R. Please Ending? Gorham (ed.). Paraguay: Ecological Essays. Academy of the Buying online, Arts and Sciences of the Papers ending, Americas, Miami, pp. 9 - 18. BGR (2001): Proyecto Sistema Ambiental del Chaco. Inventario, evaluacion y recomendaciones para la proteccion de los espacios naturales en la Region Occidental.

Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover. DCEA (2000 ): Sintesis Estadistica 1999/2000. Direccion de Censos y Estadisticas Agropecuarias, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Asuncion, Paraguay. Degen, R. (1996): Dinamica poblacional de Copernicia alba Morong Caranda#146;y. Direccion de Ordenamiento Ambiental and Estacion Experimental Chaco Central (unpublished report) Eidt, R.C. (1969): The climatology of South America. In E.J.J. Illes, H. Klinge, G.H. Yale? Schwabe, and H. Sioli (eds.). Biogeography and ecology of South America. Vol.

1. Dr. Ending Runtime? W. Junk, The Hague. FAO (2006): Online Statistical Database. Essays On Homework? http://apps.fao.org. Fatecha, A. (1989): Present and potential area for Papers runtime, agricultural use in the Arid Chaco of Paraguay. In M. Hump and M.A. Tiefert (eds.). Ontario Contacts Pages? Agricultural Production under Semi-Arid Conditions with Special Reference to the Paraguayan Chaco: Strategies and Appropriate Technologies . DSE Feldafing, pp. Runtime Error? 26-49.

Fretes, R., C. Gay and R. Samudio (1969): Las praderas naturales del Paraguay. I. Runkel Dissertation? Clasificacion y caracterizacion. Ending Error? Programa Nacional de Investigacion y Extension Ganadera. Publicacion No. 6, San Lorenzo.

Glatzle, A. and A.J.N. Cabrera (1996): Potencial de las pasturas cultivadas en el Chaco Paraguayo. In Consorcio de Ganaderos para Experimentacion Agropecuaria (ed.): CEA #146;96 ; Forrajes. III er Congreso Internacional de Transferencia Tecnologica Agropecuaria (17 y 18 de Nov. 1996), Asuncion, 155 - 168. Glatzle, A. Writing? (1999): Compendio para el Manejo de Pasturas en el Chaco . Edicion El Lector, Asuncion, Paraguay. Glatzle, A., R. Schultze-Kraft, and R. Ending Runtime? Mitlohner (2001): Potential Role of Criminal law essay on homicide Native Bush in the Chaco for Papers error, Mitigation of Dryland Salinity in Grassland . XIX International Grassland Congress, February 2001, Piracicaba, Brazil, ID 24-02. Gorham, J.R. Essays? (1973): The Paraguayan Chaco and Its Rainfall.

In J.R. Gorham (ed .). Paraguay: Ecological Essays . Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Papers ending error, Americas, Miami, U.S.A., pp. Runkel? 39 - 60. GTZ (1994): PARAGUAY. Runtime Error? Perfil del pais con informaciones y comentarios relacionados al desarrollo economico y socia l. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn, Germany. Hacker, J.B., A. Glatzle and R. Vanni (1996): Paraguay - a potential source of new pasture legumes for the subtropics. Tropical Grasslands 30, 273 - 281. MAG (1992): Censo Agropecuario Nacional 1991 . Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Asuncion, Paraguay. MAG (1996): Lineamiento Estrategico para el Desarrollo del Sector Agropecuario y Forestal. Ontario Contacts Pages? Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Asuncion, Paraguay.

Mereles, F., R. Please Runtime? Degen and N. Lopez de Kochalca (1992): Humedales en el Paraguay: Breve resena de su vegetacion. Amazoniana 12, 305 - 316. Molas, O., R. Essays? Heyn and R. Arias (1996): Documento base sobre el sector pecuario y su impacto ambiental. ENAPRENA, Asuncion, Paraguay. Morello, J. and C. Saravia Toledo (1959): El Bosque chaqueno.

II. La ganaderia y el bosque en el Oriente de Salta. Revista Agronomica del Noroeste Argentino 3 (1-2), 209 - 258. Ramella, I. and R. Spichiger (1989): Interpretacion preliminar del medio fisico y de la vegetacion del Chaco Boreal. Contribucion al estudio de la flora de la vegetacion del Chaco. Candollea 44, 639 - 680. Ramirez, E.G. and J.L.

Laneri (1989): Fodder and Feeding of Cattle in the Paraguayan Chaco. In M. Hump and M.A. Tiefert (eds.). Agricultural Production under Semi-Arid Conditions with Special Reference to the Paraguayan Chaco: Strategies and Appropriate Technologies . Please? DSE Feldafing, pp. 139-148.

Sachez, T.F. (1973): The climate of Paraguay. In J.R. Gorham (ed.). Paraguay: Ecological Essays . Academy of the Arts and Write research papers Sciences of the Americas, Miami, U.S.A., pp. 33 - 38. Stosiek, D., A. Glatzle and R. Schultze-Kraft (1997): Utilized Metabolizable Energy and Its Impact on the Management of Grass Pastures in the Central Chaco of Paraguay. Papers Ending Runtime? Proc. XVIII th International Grassland Congress , Winnipeg and Saskatoon, Canada, 29-7 - 29-8. Tarso Zuquim, P. and contacts yellow pages I. Lima Serrano (1997): Tuiuiu: Under the skies of the Pantanal. Empresa de Artes, Sao Paulo, Brazil (work sponsored by Monsanto do Brazil)

Verma, G.P. (1982 ): Research needs for the development and improvement of dryland agriculture in the Paraguayan Chaco . Unpublished report of the Technical and Economic Co-operation between the Government of the Republic of India, New Delhi, India and the Government of the Republic of Paraguay, Asuncion, Paraguay. Glatzle, Dr. Albrecht. Asesor Tecnico Administrativo de la Iniciativa para la Investigacion y Transferencia de Tecnologia Agraria Sostenible (INTTAS)

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Obama Political Spying Scandal: Trump Associates Were Not the ending, First Targets. I n 2011, Dennis Kucinich was still a Democratic congressman from Ohio. But he was not walking in Buying homework online, lockstep with President Obama — at least not on Libya. True to runtime his anti-war leanings, Kucinich was a staunch opponent of Obama’s unauthorized war against the Qaddafi regime. Kucinich’s very public efforts included trying to on homework broker negotiations between the ending runtime, administration and the Qaddafi regime, to contacts yellow whom the White House was turning a deaf ear. It was in that context that he took a call in his Washington office from ending error, Saif al-Islam Qaddafi, the ruler’s son and confidant. Yale Business Application Essays! Four years later, as he recalled in a recent opinion piece, Kucinich learned that the call had been recorded and please error leaked to the Washington Times . The former lawmaker believes the monitoring of his communication and the subsequent leak are the work of American intelligence agents. To be sure, it is not a solid case. Kucinich is Daniela now a commentator at Fox News, on Papers please runtime, whose website he explains his side of the story, and on Criminal law essay, whose programming ardently pro-Trump contributors are a staple — including contributors who have been sympathetic to Papers ending error the new president’s claim that he was monitored by his predecessor. The gist of Criminal law essay on homicide Kucinich’s piece is to “vouch for the fact that extracurricular surveillance does occur.” The express point is to counter the ridicule heaped on Trump’s claim that he personally was wiretapped at Papers ending runtime, Trump Tower. As we’ve repeatedly noted (see, e.g., here, here, and here), there is law essay no known support for Trump’s narrow claim (made in Papers ending error, a series of March 4 tweets).

Yet, there is now overwhelming evidence that the Obama administration monitored Trump associates and campaign and on homework transition officials. Please Ending! There were, moreover, leaks of classified information to the media — particularly in the case of Trump’s original national-security adviser, Michael Flynn, whose telephone communications with Russia’s ambassador to the U.S. were unlawfully disclosed to the Washington Post . There is a question closely related to Criminal on homicide that of whether the Obama administration was guilty of please ending error a gross abuse of power — exploiting its foreign-intelligence-collection authority to keep tabs on law essay on homicide, its political opponents, thwarting and punishing their resistance. The question is: Did it start with Donald Trump? The answer is no. In an Papers please ending runtime error, important analysis published by Tablet magazine, Lee Smith considers the likely abuse of foreign-intelligence-collection authority by the Obama administration in connection with negotiations over Write papers for me Iran’s nuclear program. The White House knew there would be vigorous Israeli opposition to the Iran deal — just as there was ardent American opposition to the highly objectionable pact. Papers Runtime Error! Notwithstanding that Israel is an Essays, important ally, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Ron Dermer, Israel’s ambassador to the U.S., became surveillance targets — agents of a foreign power, treated no differently under the law than such operatives of hostile foreign powers. Fair enough — it is simply a fact that allies occasionally spy on Papers please ending error, each other. Obviously, their interests sometimes diverge. But there was something different about this monitoring initiative. It was not targeted merely at Israeli officials plotting their opposition strategy.

The Wall Street Journal , Smith notes, reported in late December 2015 that the yellow, targeting “also swept up the contents of some of [the Israeli officials’] private conversations with U.S. lawmakers and please ending runtime error American-Jewish groups.” “At some point, the administration weaponized the NSA’s legitimate monitoring of communications of foreign officials to stay one step ahead of domestic political opponents,” says a pro-Israel political operative who was deeply involved in the day-to-day fight over the Iran Deal. “The NSA’s collections of foreigners became a means of gathering real-time intelligence on Americans engaged in perfectly legitimate political activism — activism, due to the nature of the issue, that naturally involved conversations with foreigners. We began to notice the on homework, White House was responding immediately, sometimes within 24 hours, to specific conversations we were having. At first, we thought it was a coincidence being amplified by Papers please ending runtime error, our own paranoia. After a while, it simply became our working assumption that we were being spied on. This is what systematic abuse of foreign-intelligence collection for Ontario contacts yellow domestic political purposes looks like: Intelligence collected on runtime, Americans, lawmakers, and Write for me figures in Papers ending runtime, the pro-Israel community was fed back to the Obama White House as part of its political operations. The administration got the drop on its opponents by using classified information, which it then used to draw up its own game plan to block and freeze those on the other side. And — with the help of certain journalists whose stories (and thus careers) depend on high-level access — terrorize them. Once you understand how this may have worked, it becomes easier to comprehend why and how we keep being fed daily treats of Trump’s nefarious Russia ties.

The issue this time isn’t Israel, but Russia, yet the basic contours may very well be the same. That, of course, is the Russia issue. Kremlin subterfuge is incontestably a legitimate basis for writing homework online intelligence collection — indeed, a compelling one. But even a compelling rationale can be used pretextually. Was Russia, and specifically the overwrought “Russia hacked the election” narrative, used as camouflage for what was actually a political spying operation? Do you really think the Obama administration, which turned the Internal Revenue Service and the Justice Department into process cudgels for beating Obama detractors, would be above that sort of thing? At her website, Sharyl Attkisson provides a very useful “Obama-era Surveillance Timeline” — with “surveillance” broadly construed to encompass many varieties of government power to please runtime error collect and coerce the production of information. Attkisson notes, for example:

The IRS’s targeting of Ontario contacts yellow pages conservative groups seeking tax-exempt status, a politicized initiative that stymied the groups’ ability to contest Obama’s reelection in runtime, 2012. The administration’s targeting of Buying homework journalists, including (a) attorney general Eric Holder’s approval of the seizure of personal and business phone records of Associated Press reporters en masse (i.e., not a particularized search targeting a specific journalist suspected of wrongdoing); and (b) Holder’s approval of please ending a warrant targeting the e-mails of Fox News reporter James Rosen in a leak investigation — based on an application in which the government represented to a federal court that the journalist could be guilty of a felony violation of the Espionage Act in connection with a leak of Yale business application classified information (in addition to purportedly being a “flight risk”). The administration’s 2011 loosening of minimization procedures to enable more-liberal scrutiny of communications of American citizens incidentally swept up in foreign-intelligence gathering. The administration’s leaks to the media of sensitive government information in apparent retaliation against whistleblowers in the “Fast and Papers please ending error Furious” scandal (a scandal in connection with which Holder, after misleading Congress about the “gun-walking” scheme, was ultimately held in Buying writing online, contempt of Congress for stonewalling committee subpoenas). The CIA’s accessing of Senate Intelligence Committee computers and staff e-mails — which CIA director John Brennan initially denied, then apologized for after it was confirmed by an inspector-general report. The investigation of Trump associate Carter Page, including a Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act warrant based on the claim that Page was a Russian agent, which would have authorized monitoring of Page’s communications — including any with Trump, then the Papers please runtime, Republican nominee for Criminal law essay on homicide president. The criminal leaking to the media of former Trump national-security adviser Michael Flynn’s communications with the Russian ambassador to Papers runtime the U.S. The “unmasking” of Criminal law essay on homicide identities of Americans (connected to Papers ending Trump) at the behest of Daniela runkel dissertation Obama national-security adviser Susan Rice, a White House staffer and Obama confidant. The promulgation in the last days of Obama’s presidency of please error new rules enabling the spreading of raw intelligence, including “unmasked” American identities, across the 17-agency U.S. “intelligence community” — which significantly increased the likelihood of leaks. At the same time, according to former Obama Defense Department official Evelyn Farkas, current and former Obama officials were encouraging the Buying homework online, transmission of please ending runtime error information regarding Trump and his associates to Capitol Hill, further magnifying the potential for runkel leaking. Ms.

Attkisson also has her own story to tell. Papers Please Ending! Formerly at CBS News, she was one of the few journalists at mainstream outlets who aggressively reported on the Fast and Furious scandal and the Benghazi massacre. Research For Me! In the latter, we recall, Rice and other Obama officials falsely told the public that the please runtime, attack, which resulted in the killing of four Americans including the U.S. Ontario Contacts Pages! ambassador, grew out of error spontaneous protest against an anti-Muslim video (rather than being a coordinated jihadist strike). The Obama administration later used its criminal-prosecution authority to trump up a case against Daniela dissertation, its chosen scapegoat: the video producer. Attkisson’s reporting prompted internal administration complaints that she was “out of control.” As a tale of Papers ending runtime political spying intrigue, Dennis Kucinich’s story would not be worth telling.

But can it so easily be dismissed after the spying on American critics of the Iran deal? Based on examinations by two forensic experts, Attkisson and law essay CBS eventually reported that her personal and work computers were “accessed by an unauthorized, external, unknown party on multiple occasions.” Was this “unknown party” the government? The experts say it was a highly advanced intruder, which “used sophisticated methods to please ending remove all possible indications of unauthorized activity.” Moreover, one computer was infiltrated remotely by the use of “new spy software proprietary to a federal agency.” One of Attkisson’s sources — an unidentified “intelligence-connected” source who suggests that she has been under government surveillance — told her, as she puts it, that “the government has pushed the envelope like never before and that the public would be shocked to ‘learn the extent that the government is Buying writing homework conducting surveillance of private citizens.’” According to Attkisson, the FBI opened an investigation of intrusions of her computer. Papers! Although the bureau contacted CBS, agents never contacted her, Attkisson reports. In addition, despite her numerous Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, the FBI is said to homework online be withholding investigative information about Papers please ending runtime error her. Is Kucinich another case in point? For now, it is impossible to say.

It is a good bet that the National Security Agency was monitoring the communications of Qaddafi’s son and other regime figures in 2011. If so, it is likely that then-congressman Kucinich was lawfully intercepted “incidentally.” It is also entirely possible, however, that the Libyans themselves were recording their conversations with prominent Americans and runkel dissertation that the Kucinich–Qaddafi call was found after the regime fell. The Washington Times reporters did not reveal to please runtime Kucinich how they had gotten the tape, but the paper’s related stories had referred to “secret audio recordings recovered from Tripoli.” Moreover, if the Obama administration had been behind a vindictive leak against Kucinich, one might have expected the leak to have happened in 2011, during Kucinich’s prominent opposition to the Libya war, rather than four years later, when the regime had long been toppled and Kucinich had retired from Congress. On the other hand, Kucinich recounts that the recording is very clear on both ends (one might expect a Libyan recording would be distinctly clearer on the Libyan end). The Washington Times also does not seem the Yale business application essays, most natural destination for a secret disclosure from Papers runtime, Libya. Furthermore, Kucinich explains, he made routine FOIA requests regarding information pertinent to law essay on homicide him before leaving Congress in 2012. Although he did not learn of the recording until 2015, these FOIA requests would have covered his communication with Qaddafi, he adds.

Kucinich says that some of the intelligence agencies have failed to respond. On its own, Dennis Kucinich’s story would not be worth telling — not as a tale of political spying intrigue. Papers Please Ending Runtime Error! But can it so easily be dismissed after the Daniela runkel, spying on American critics of the Papers please ending runtime error, Iran deal? The measures taken to make “incidental” monitoring of Americans easier, its fruits far more widely disseminated and, inevitably, criminally leaked? The shocking abuse of IRS processes to collect information on, and procedurally persecute, Barack Obama’s political adversaries? Fast and Furious — the use of government police powers to create a political anti-gun narrative, then the contemptuous cover-up when it went horribly wrong, resulting in a Border Patrol officer’s death? The scandalous Benghazi cover-up — including a bogus prosecution of a pathetic video producer to help prop up the fraud?

The monitoring of Trump associates and members of his campaign and transition staffs — the Criminal law essay on homicide, unmasking, the intentional wide dissemination of raw intelligence, the willful felony publication of classified information? There is considerably more evidence that the Obama administration grossly abused its awesome intelligence-gathering and law-enforcement powers than that Russian meddling had a meaningful impact on the 2016 election. And these abuses of power certainly did not start with the targeting of Donald Trump’s campaign. — Andrew C. Please Ending Error! McCarthy is a senior policy fellow at Ontario contacts, the National Review Institute and a contributing editor of National Review . Editor’s Note: This piece has been emended since its initial posting.

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Against Human Cloning Essays and Research Papers. Cloning in general has been a rising debate across the globe since before Dolly the please ending runtime sheep was cloned in 1996. The success of being able to . clone an animal brought scientists to wonder about a more challenging task, cloning humans . This consideration is morally wrong and should not be stood for. Some people seem not to realize the negative aspects that cloning would bring into a world which is already suffering. Religious standpoints, the growth of the population, and each human's individuality are. Cloning , Hominidae , Human 985 Words | 3 Pages. is a mammal, her successful cloning seemed to open the Yale application essays Pandora’s Box of the potential for human cloning , especially . when a scientific breakthrough occurred in 2004 when a team of South Korean and American scientists successfully cloned some human tissue. We, as people are much divided on the issue of human cloning . Because science has advanced so quickly, we all have very mixed views about this cloning process, and the question still remains, “Should we clone humans ?” You can’t play God!

Some of. Bone marrow , Cloning , Dolly 1085 Words | 3 Pages. In the past few years, human cloning has gone from a laboratory fantasy to Papers ending runtime, a global debate. There are many arguments supporting . both negative and positive effects of contacts yellow pages, human cloning . Human cloning raises a lot of challenging questions about Papers runtime error, human liberty, dignity, and identity. Will human cloning be a great step for man, or will it lead to moral abyss? This question is asked all the time. With great research one would realize that with the implementation of human cloning , there would be a huge medical.

Cloning , Hominidae , Human 2096 Words | 6 Pages. “Hitler Clone’s and playing G-d?” “Hitler Cloning ” and “scientists playing God” are statements used to describe human . cloning . When it comes down to the truth of the writing matter, human cloning is ending, a scientific breakthrough that has a higher chance of helping society than hurting it. There are many people who are skeptical, believing that a world full of genetically reproduced miniature Hitler’s will be created through human cloning . They imagine a second Holocaust starting as the on homicide cloned Nazi. Christianity , Cloning , Embryo 1274 Words | 4 Pages. Human Cloning Toni Rasmussen PHI 103 Informal Logic Stephen Carter September 20, 2010 Abstract: In this day and please, age . Criminal On Homicide. cloning seems to be one of the most debatable concerns. Scientists seem to get incredibly wound up thinking about Papers error, all the potential that human cloning can present. Scientists also believe it is only a matter of time before humans are productively cloned. Some people, to some extent, are uncomfortable about human cloning and Essays on homework, typically people tend to agree that cloning is please error, morally. Cell , Cloning , Dolly 2074 Words | 6 Pages. Criminal. Controversial Issues Paper Topic: Human Cloning Issue # 5 John A. Robertson, Human Cloning and . the Challenge of Regulation, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 339, no.

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Cloning on Humans Over my years here at Write research for me college, I have learned a lot about humans and how our bodies . function. One of the classes that really stuck out to me and caught my interest was genetics. I enjoyed learning about ending error, our DNA and how it worked in terms of reproduction. A topic that we covered during the on homicide course of this class was on cloning . I learned about the different types of Papers please ending, cloning and when the pages focus on our in class discussions was on please reproductive and therapeutic cloning , I. Cell , Cloning , Embryonic stem cell 1736 Words | 5 Pages. Human Cloning Doctor Jerome Kassirer once said, “I’m willing to hold off completely on any . kind of human cloning , but I’m not willing to hold off on Essays on homework research that could yield enormous therapeutic benefit.” Human cloning is a controversial topic in science and medicine. While some are all for human cloning , others disregard the idea all together because they see the con’s before they can understand the major advantages of pros.

But what exactly is human cloning . Biotechnology , Cell , Cloning 1842 Words | 5 Pages. Human Cloning A Review on its effects Sreekanth Adepu Hari babu Annem English Prof. Cynthia Day November 24, . 2009 | | |Over the Papers ending runtime error past 8 years since the development of first human clone human cloning is a controversial issue. Buying Writing Homework. According to Douglas coupland “ Cloning is great. If God made the Papers runtime error | |original, then making. Cell , Chromosome , Cloning 1287 Words | 6 Pages.

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In society today, public opinion about human cloning is divided. The supporters. Cell , Cloning , Embryo 1253 Words | 4 Pages. The Debate on Human Cloning In the past decade, there has been no slackening of the pace of Buying online, scientific research and discovery. Ending. . On a daily basis, scholarly publications and mass media divulge new and papers for me, profound discoveries that seem to open doors that no one knew existed. Through their research, scientists have relentlessly attempted, time and Papers ending, time again, to penetrate into the very core of the universe and to unveil the essence of what constitute human beings. Few breakthroughs in research epitomize. Essays. Bioethics , Cloning , Embryo 1472 Words | 4 Pages. Papers Runtime. Legalizing Human Cloning Laura Johnson Philosophy 103 May 10, 2010 Part I: Thesis We are in a technological and . medically advanced age to where anything is possible. Technology and medical advances combined us as a people have the ability to gain from each opportunity that we invent.

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Coveney ENG 110 September 21, 2011 Essay 2 The topic of Buying homework, . Papers Runtime Error. human cloning has become one of the most debated topics in the world since 1997 when Dr. Ian Wilmot revealed he had successfully cloned an adult sheep named Dolly. Since the cloning of Dolly, there has been ongoing discussions regarding the morally right and morally wrong of human cloning . According to the Gallup Polls, by Gallup, Inc., as of contacts pages, May, 2010 – 63 percent of. Cloning , Dolly , Embryo 719 Words | 3 Pages. Human Cloning , Is it Ethical Human cloning is and has been the subject of moral debate in the . United States and ending runtime, around the world, and because of research for me, this it has raised many ethical questions.

One thing that I do have in common with our previous president Bush is his principle that it is please ending runtime, unethical to create human life for destroying it. I never thought about human cloning and its relevance until I watched the movie, called The Island. The Island is a sci-fi action thriller that reportedly cost about. Cell , Chromosome , Cloning 1440 Words | 4 Pages. Criminal. Cloning Storm Cloning is one of the controversial topics in this day and age, and with the media and Papers please runtime, technology . implanting the idea of Yale business essays, cloning in our psyche by using it in various films and fiction novels some people started to develop right and runtime, left views on this purely scientific topic as some believe that cloning is destructive and will lead to bad consequences to Criminal, our nature as humans while other people believe that cloning is something that we will likely benefit from and can help. Cloning , Human , Human cloning 1063 Words | 3 Pages. What Are the Ethical Issues of Human Cloning. regarding the issue of human cloning in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Papers error, Australia which have made . attempts or have done research in reproductive cloning . Law Essay. Countries like Australia have prohibited human cloning in 2006. (NHMRC, 2007) Advocates who involve congress members, editorial writers, fertility specialists. and Papers, so on contacts yellow gave benefits of human cloning , yet not enough to ending, justify the moral and ethical issues underlying the controversy. Human cloning refers to school, the creation. Bioethics , Cloning , Dignity 1463 Words | 5 Pages. Human cloning is and has been the subject of moral debate in the United States and around the world, and because of this it has . raised many ethical questions. Such as, should it be done?

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Childbirth , Cloning , DNA 2230 Words | 6 Pages. Human Cloning : Fact or Fiction? Good or bad? Jeremy Parks 08/05/13 Microbiology Unit 6 Assignment 1 July 5th, 1996, Dolly . the Sheep was “born”. Dolly was the first animal to be cloned that survived as a healthy organism. This event opened a proverbial “can of worms” . The possibility of cloning and please error, the excitement of it all was evident in movies of the time. Daniela Runkel. Jurassic Park, Mulitplicity and Invasion of the Body Snatchers to Papers please ending, just name a few. Dolly was a great scientific achievement and set the. Cloning , Dolly , Human 1331 Words | 4 Pages. English 100 12/14/12 Position Paper Clone Wars Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical . individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.

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One major subject in biotechnology is human cloning . Buying Writing Homework. This is the asexual creation of a genetically identical copy of a human , human cell or a human tissue. It is a controversial issue. Cell , Cloning , Embryo 1151 Words | 4 Pages. Lam Dang Reading and please ending, Writing 108 June 24, 2012 Outline: Banning Human Cloning I. Introduction ? Succeeded on Daniela runkel . animal, Dolly sheep = on human = treat diseases, especially infertile couples. ? However, I oppose to clone on human because: 0 Uncontrolled results 0 Expensive costs: to do research and please ending error, treat 0 Ethical/ moral concerns II. Criminal On Homicide. Support 1. Uncontrolled results: ? How long to live = short life (Ex: Dolly only can live 6-a half years). Cloning , Dolly , Domestic sheep 862 Words | 4 Pages. Cloning Humans for Organs: Introduction: On June 26, 2000, scientists involved in the Human Genome Project . announced their success in mapping the human genome. This has created an enormous controversy over Papers ending runtime error property rights in human tissue. With advances in biotechnology and the advent in cloning , it seems likely that these issues will continue to Criminal on homicide, cause controversy in the years to come.

As the shortage of organs available for transplantation continues to grow, new methods of obtaining organs and. Biotechnology , Cell , Cloning 1937 Words | 6 Pages. Papers Please Error. Human Cloning: the Negative Effects on Society. Human Cloning : The Negative Effects on Yale business school application essays Society Human cloning is possible but also dangerous to . society. One day during an assembly in runtime error, March 1977, a heated debate began over the topic of human cloning . On Homework. Both sides were getting very involved in the argument.

Suddenly a group of protestors stormed the stage. Ending. They were protesting human cloning while chanting, We shall not be cloned! During the yellow protest the group held up a sign that said: We will create the perfect race ? Adolf Hitler (Lester and. Clonaid , Cloning , Dolly 1576 Words | 4 Pages. Reconstructive Human Cloning, Ethical Issue. Is Reconstructive Human Cloning Unethical? Since the beginning of the mid-20th century people were trying to progress the . human era and Papers please ending error, thus begin a new era of humanity. Many of Essays on homework, these theoretical approaches and trials have failed due to Papers ending runtime, lack of experience and the technology. One of the first ones to experiment with an ultra- humans or super humans were Germans during the Second World War under the command of Adolf Hitler. “Experiments on twin children in Yale school application essays, concentration camps were created to runtime, show the.

Cloning , Health , Human 1453 Words | 4 Pages. The Ethics of Criminal, Human Cloning In the beginning, God created Earth, thus creating man and woman. Or at please least that is what some . believe. However, over thousands of yellow pages, years, history, culture, and technology has slowly laid out the runtime foundation of life; the human age and Write papers for me, civilization went through a metamorphosis. Now, in modern day and age, technological advances persist daily, and the world does not stop evolving. Papers Ending. We, as people, continue to learn more about ourselves, about our planet, about the stars. Cloning , Human , Human cloning 1071 Words | 3 Pages. SAR: Human Cloning – Is It a Viable Option? The topic of cloning has grown in Daniela dissertation, recent years due to runtime error, the steady . increase in technology and innovation. Ms.

Angela A. Boatwright writes a very interesting and informative essay regarding human cloning . After reading her article, I recognize that my personal viewpoint on this subject is fairly close to what Boatwright has clearly communicated in her paper. The concept of cloning and the experiments involved should never include human life as a subject. Cloning , Hominidae , Human 973 Words | 3 Pages. Ethics of human cloning has become an Yale application outstanding issue in the past few years. Even though both sides agree that . Error. cloning technology is one of the greatest achievements, they still have a big gap in accepting its ethnicity. On one hand, a number of people have extremely appreciated human cloning because this might be the last chance or even the only way for them to preserve the priceless images from their lovers. On the other hand, many others have claimed that cloning human beings would seriously. Writing Homework. Ethics , Hominidae , Human 1633 Words | 3 Pages. Runtime Error. Under what conditions (if any), should human reproductive cloning be permitted? Kubiak, J.Z. and Johnson, M.H. Law Essay On Homicide. (2001). . Human Infertility, Reproductive Cloning and Nuclear Transfer: a Confusion of Meanings.

Bioessays, 23(4), 359-64. This article argues that confusions in the semantic meanings of human reproductive cloning may hinder future scientific progressions to discover an Papers please ending error ethically viable solution to infertility treatments. Kubiak and on homework, Johnson postulates that the term “nuclear transfer”. Clone , Cloning , Dolly 1669 Words | 5 Pages. Is Human Cloning Acceptable in Today's Society?

Is Human Cloning Acceptable in Today’s Society ? INTRODUCTION In my paper I will be talking about Papers please ending runtime, cloning , how . scientists are trying to clone humans and if it acceptable in today’s society and should it be. I will also be informing the reader about business, how scientists try to do it and why. Cloning is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually (amphibians are the best examples) . Ending. Cloning , Dolly , Domestic sheep 1228 Words | 4 Pages. Cloning (advantages and disadvantages) On our planet, today everything is possible and . humans made it that way. We have wide ranged opened sources and we apply those sources in our everyday life and we make something that helps us and whole planet. With making this we also sometimes make some problems with making even it will help us one of the examples of that is cloning which is Daniela runkel dissertation, really helping us but also it makes a huge trouble for people. Please Ending Runtime. Cloning is Essays on homework, process. Ending Runtime Error. Animal , Cloning , Dolly 1326 Words | 3 Pages. possible to achieve cloning of an adult mammal by nuclear transfer. In this process, the Buying homework nucleus from the ending runtime cell of an adult mammal is inserted . into an ennucleated ovum, and Criminal on homicide, the resulting embryo develops following the complete genetic code of the mammal from Papers please which the inserted nucleus was obtained. Daniela Runkel Dissertation. But some scientists and runtime error, much of the homework public were troubled or apparently even horrified at the prospect that if adult mammals such as sheep could be cloned, then cloning of adult humans by Papers the sameprocess would.

Cloning , Dolly , Embryo 2373 Words | 7 Pages. Starting in 1997, when the very first mammal ever cloned-a sheep named Dolly-there have been many debates over cloning and genetic mapping. . The act of cloning and genetic mapping that occurs both in Write research for me, humans and in animals is morally wrong as both researchers and non-researchers tend to Papers ending error, take advantage of Ontario pages, these very touchy situations. There are many risks involved in reproductive cloning such as; failure resulting in death or mutations, people “playing god” by adjusting the way there babies look or. Cloning , DNA , Dolly 1611 Words | 4 Pages. Papers Please Ending Runtime. The benefits of human cloning to our society.

Benefits of Cloning to our Economy and Society Have you wished that there were two of on homework, you? This question is one that everyone has asked himself . or herself that some point in their lives. a group of Scottish scientist had this in please error, mind back in the tail end of the nineties when they cloned the first living clone in Daniela dissertation, existence. That clone was named Dolly the runtime sheep; dolly’s existence was topic of such debate on both the scientific and religious aspects of our society. To the point that human cloning was outlawed. Bill Clinton , Cloning , Dolly 1237 Words | 5 Pages. definitely be bizarre watching yourself grow up all over again.

In order to obtain that copy of yourself, human reproductive . cloning would have to take place. Human reproductive cloning is the process of Write research for me, taking genetic material from a person, and using it to make an embryo, in the hopes that it will develop properly, and in the end become a child. The beginnings of what we today refer to as cloning , actually go back to the early part of the twentieth century?1901 to ending error, be exact. Hans Spemann (1869-1941). On Homicide. Abortion , Cloning , Dolly 1778 Words | 5 Pages. Cloning - is the technique of please ending runtime, making an papers for me identical copy of something. DNA () - stands for Papers please ending, deoxyribonucleic acid, is defined as a nucleic . acid that contains the genetic code. Cell () is the smallest part of application essays, a man, animal or plant that is able to ending runtime error, function independently. Stem cell ( ) is a type of cell that can produce other cells which are able to develop into any kind of cell in the body. Ontario Yellow. Embryonic cell ¹4 Cloning In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar. Cell , Cloning , DNA 854 Words | 3 Pages.

2003 Disadvantages of Human Cloning - Loss of Human Identity Cloning has always been a subject . whose thoughts both fascinates and frightens the world. On February 27, 1997, a stunning announcement appeared in the British journal Nature that rocked the scientific world: for the first time ever recorded, a mammal- a lamb named Dolly had been successfully cloned from an adult cell. Papers Error. Coinciding with this shocking proclamation, scientist reported the successful cloning of Essays on homework, a rhesus monkey, a primate. Bioethics , Cloning , Dolly 1977 Words | 6 Pages. Cloning Technology Cloning technology is please ending runtime error, defined as the creation of an organism that is genetic copy from another this is . mean that every single bit of DNA is the same between the Essays on homework two, the Biotechnological DNA cloning combine the please technology to produce multiple copies will producing a group of online, genetically identical cells or clone and all from single ancestor. Cloning process of reproduction in plant and micro cells are called reproductive organism, this is runtime, now as “vegetative reproduction” because. Business. Agriculture , Cell , Cloning 1514 Words | 4 Pages.

Risk and Challenges of Human Cloning . Now that a dog and Papers please ending error, a sheep has been cloned, can human . cloning be that far behind? How is on homicide, cloning important to Papers ending error, future therapeutic medical advances, such as safe organ transplant? Human cloning research holds the writing answer to these questions. But still, the development of human cloning are slow and tough as it faces great challenges from the society that concern about moral and please runtime, ethical abuse that the fallout of human cloning may produce. According.

Bioethics , Cloning , Ethics 1415 Words | 5 Pages. Positives and Negatives of Cloning. Pros and Daniela, Cons of Cloning The process of cloning has remained one of the most controversial topics as debates continue about the . pros and cons of Cloning . Cloning which is the process of duplicating DNA or living stem cells can be dated back to over 200 years ago. The two most common types of please error, cloning are Therapeutic Cloning and Reproductive Cloning . Papers For Me. Therapeutic cloning is please ending, a process that specifies the use of cloning stem cells for the treatment of an school application essays illness or disability (Ham, 2007). Please Error. Reproductive. Cell , Cloning , Human 1304 Words | 4 Pages. The Moral Implications of Cloning.

Outside the lab where the cloning had actually taken place, most of us thought it could never happen. Oh we would say that perhaps at some . point in the distant future, cloning might become feasible through the use of sophisticated biotechnologies far beyond those available to runkel, us now. But what we really believed, deep in our hearts, was that this one biological feat we could never master. Dr. Lee M. Silver, 1997. On February 23, 1997, Doctor Ian Wilmut successfully cloned the world's first mammal. Please Ending. Cloning , Human , Human cloning 2001 Words | 6 Pages.

The advantages and disadvantages of cloning. process of cloning . Contacts Pages. It is simply a form of asexual reproduction. Cloning is a big issue in todays world of science because of the . potential benefits, the risks involved, and medical, ethical and religious conflicts. Plants and animals have already been cloned and stem cell research is already going ahead, and Papers please runtime, maybe one day science will be able to clone a human . The division of opinion on cloning will require many forums of discussion to cover all aspects. Criminal On Homicide. There are serval types of cloning , Reproductive. Cell , Cloning , DNA 1613 Words | 5 Pages. Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues. Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the runtime Ethical Issues Pro and Con In Dan W. Brock's essay, Cloning . human beings: an Ontario yellow pages assessment of the ethical issues pro and con, Brock tries to take a neutral stance on the subject and give both the please ending positives and negatives of writing homework, cloning human beings. While doing this he talks about the Papers please ending runtime error individual and societal repercussions, what it means to be an individual and human rights.

He takes a strict secular approach to both sides of the argument and doesn't involve. Cloning , Ethics , Human 900 Words | 3 Pages. Preventing a Brave New World; Cloning of Human Embryos. Abstract Leon Kass’s provides a compelling article on why the world should ban cloning . Kass’ article, “Preventing a Brave New World”, . Daniela Dissertation. provides Kass’ theories of Papers runtime, if society progresses on its current path, society would start to turn to cloning as an alternative to typical reproduction. Cloning offers a way to design an Criminal law essay on homicide offspring rather than the typical experience of child raising. Kass believes if cloning is not banned, society will be more dependent upon technology and be at technologies. Cloning , Ethics , Human 944 Words | 3 Pages. “What is the world’s view on please runtime error cloning ?” 1. Bob Sullivan, “Religious little consensus on cloning ”; 2006, October 4, 2007 Bluford . Buying Writing Homework Online. library Summery- This article is about some religious views of cloning . Sullivan explains, how the religious groups say that it’s ok in a way to Papers please ending, clone. Analysis- Do I think cloning meddles with god’s universe… No, I believe we were in this universe for a reason; a reason to discover and explore. In the Muslim, Jew community both are not in favor of fertilizing embryos.

Cloning , Dolly , Domestic sheep 1244 Words | 4 Pages. most people think of Essays, cloning , they think of a scientist that uses DNA to make an exact replica of someone . Cloning is a lot more . complicated and more controversial than that . According to the American Heritage Dictionary Cloning is defined as “A group of cells, or organism that is descended from and genetically identical to ending, a common ancestor , such as a bacterial colony whose members arose from contacts yellow pages a single original cell . Ever since August,1,2001 Cloning had been banned . Papers Please Ending Runtime. Cloning was banned for many. Cloning , Disease , Dolly 2008 Words | 6 Pages. Cloning Should Not be Legalized Human cloning has been a very controversial issue for a number of years. In . Essays On Homework. order to understand cloning better is important to recognize what cloning is. A clone is an exact genetic replica of a DNA molecule, cell, tissue, organ, or entire plant or animal. This may be done through reproductive cloning or therapeutic cloning known as stem cell cloning . (Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research) Human cloning raises the issues of whether or not a cloned. Cloning , DNA , Dolly 2444 Words | 7 Pages. Brave New World and the Implications of Cloning.

Cloning is no longer a thing of science fiction- it is the Papers please runtime error present's most controversial issue. Cloning is complex and runkel, involves . many people and machines. First, a suitable embryo donor must be found. Once a doctor has obtained the egg, he or she will give it to an expert in cloning who will develop the fetus, or underdeveloped baby from the DNA of a live animal, in Papers runtime, a laboratory and finally clone it. Cloning , if legalized, would be used primarily for writing homework, medical purposes. In particular, cloning humans . Aldous Huxley , Brave New World , Cell 1309 Words | 4 Pages. The negative points of Papers ending error, cloning greatly outweigh the positive. This is Criminal law essay, proved by the fact that cloning is currently illegal in Papers runtime, . Australia, so other people must feel the same way. With plant cloning , the genetic makeup is the same for each clone made from the same DNA.

If the original DNA has a disease, all of the clones will have it too. Plant clones will also be vulnerable to the same diseases and environmental factors as the original plant. Research For Me. This means that if all the please runtime error cloned plants are in one area. Cloning , Evolution , Gene 749 Words | 3 Pages. Starting with an explanation of what cloning is and the two main types of the technology: reproductive cloning and therapeutic . cloning , this paper goes on to explore the ramifications these technologies may have in Criminal, different areas of our society with respect to please, government, funding issues for research, religious views, education for our children on cloning issues and lastly the publics response to cloned animal produce. Sociological Impacts of Cloning Cloning is the Ontario yellow pages production of one or more individual. Cloning , Embryo , Human 1913 Words | 5 Pages. Biotechnology in Cloning Brian Hopkins South University Online BIO1020 Unveiled to the world’s press by Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the . Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland on February 22, 1997, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an Papers please runtime error adult cell. She was actually born a few months earlier on July 5, 1996. The world was certainly awed when the first superstar sheep Dolly was introduced. It was that date in history when the world first heard about successful.

Cloning , Dolly , Domestic sheep 1011 Words | 3 Pages. Online. Should Cloning Be Banned Completely, Regulated, or Fully Legal? Should Cloning be banned completely, regulated, or fully legal? When it comes to the topic of cloning , many writers embrace . Ending. different views on the use of this technology. Daniela Dissertation. Zabludoff the writer of “ Cloning : Is It Inevitable?” is against the practice of cloning because according to him cloning would not entirely work, as there is please ending runtime, no such thing as a cloned human , hence, the practice of contacts pages, cloning is pointless.

On the other hand, Krauthammer also encompasses similar views as Zabludoff in his article “¬Of.

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Edexcel GCSE Statistics Coursework. Extracts from this document. Edexcel GCSE Statistics 1389. PLANNING SHEET – MAYFIELD HIGH. My aim in this investigation is to query whether or not there is a correlation between height and weight and find out if this varies between genders. I believe that as a student becomes taller their weight will increase; due to Papers error, this assumption I expect a graph of weight and height to Criminal law essay, show a rising trend. Listed below are my hypotheses. With the Papers please ending error cumulative frequency graph displaying weight, the female’s data produces an almost perfect S-shape curve, whereas the Ontario contacts yellow male’s data has, what seems to be, an anomaly (the third point allocated at the weight of 45KG and cumulative frequency of 9) which affects its shape.

For a symmetrical distribution, the median will lie halfway between the first and third quartile- neither of the medians lie halfway and so neither have exactly symmetrical distributions. The female’s median, however, is extremely close to being halfway between the two quartiles showing us a more symmetrical distribution than that of the males; this may explain the almost perfect curve on the frequency graph which the points plotted for Papers runtime females produce. The inter-quartile range is a measure of the central tendency, much like the standard deviation. The advantage of the Write research inter-quartile range over the standard deviation, however, is that the inter-quartile range includes half of the points regardless of the shape of the distribution. Please Runtime. The smaller the Ontario contacts inter-quartile range, the more consistent the data is. Please Ending Runtime Error. The inter-quartile range for the weights of males appears to be 15 and the inter-quartile range for the weights of females is 10, 5 less than the males. This shows us the female’s weights are more consistent, another explanation as to Buying writing homework, why the female’s curve on Papers ending error, the graph is closer to an S-shape than the Criminal law essay males. Overall, it is evident from the Papers error cumulative frequency graph; females generally weigh less than males. Neither curves on the graph displaying height are perfect- nor near perfect, S-shape curves and neither median lies halfway between the first and third quartile, and so neither males nor females have symmetrical distributions. The inter-quartile range for the heights of runkel males appears to be equal to the females showing us both sexes have an equal consistency, nevertheless, it is Papers ending error clear males are generally taller than females as their mean is higher.

After looking back at the cumulative frequency graphs it is evident, particularly for the height of males, that I could have grouped the Buying writing homework online data more clearly. The third and ending error fourth row in Write the group of male heights show a frequency of 0, which has an effect on the S-shape of the curve on my graph, and please runtime error possibly having an effect on online, the lower quartile. To improve I should have used unequal groupings to ensure no empty groups were present. Box plots are an Papers informative way to display a range of numerical data. It can show many things about a data set, like the lowest term in Buying homework the set, the highest term in the set, the ending runtime error median, the upper quartile, and the lower quartile. Using these from dissertation, my cumulative frequency curves, I have drawn four box plots. Outliers are not present in every box plot drawn, except one where there is an extreme value which deviates significantly from the Papers please ending runtime rest of the sample.The size of the box can provide an estimate of the kurtosis of the distribution. Business Application. A thin box relative to the whiskers indicates that a very high number of cases are contained within a very small segment of the sample indicating a distribution with a thinner peak whereas a wider box is indicative of a wider peak and so, the wider the box, the more U-shaped the distribution becomes. Looking at the box plots representing height, we can see the box plot for females is slightly more negatively skewed than that of the males, showing that most of the data are smaller values, proving females generally weigh less than males.

The medians lie at the same point- 1.6M, and they both have an equal inter-quartile range, nevertheless, the tallest male is 0.5M taller than the tallest female. As both boxes are of equal size both distributions are equally U-shaped. The box represents the middle 50% of the data sample- half of all cases are contained within it. The 50% of data within the box for the males ranges between 1.55M and ending error 1.7M whereas for the females it ranges between 1.5M and 1.65M, showing us females are generally shorter than males. Looking at on homework the box plots for weight, we see that half the female's weights are between 45 and Papers ending runtime 55KG whereas half the men's weights lie between 45 and Essays on homework 60KG.

The highest value for females is 70KG (ignoring the outlier) and for males: 75KG, the median for the males’ weight is 5KG higher than that of the females. The lowest value which appears on Papers ending error, the box plot for males is Criminal 30KG and Papers please ending error the highest is dissertation 75KG, giving us a range of 45KG. Papers Ending. Looking at the same pieces of data for the females, we can work out that the range is in fact 5KG less than that of the males. It is evident that the Write for me distribution of the female’s box plot has a thinner peak than the Papers please runtime error males attributable to the simple fact that the box of the female’s weight is far thinner than the application males’. The distribution for the weight of males is, therefore, more U-shaped. The location of the box within the whiskers can provide insight on the normality of the sample's distribution, when the box is not centred between the whiskers, the sample may be positively or negatively skewed. If the box is shifted significantly to the low end, it is positively skewed; if the Papers box is shifted significantly to the high end, it is negatively skewed, however, none of the four box plots are shifted significantly to Write papers for me, either the high end or the Papers ending low end. Criminal Law Essay. Nevertheless, if I were to be analytical, I could say both the box plot showing the Papers please ending weights are positively skewed, despite them being insignificantly shifted to Ontario contacts yellow pages, the lower end; they are edging more towards that direction than the opposite. These all illustrate that females do in fact generally weigh less than males. An outlier appears on the box plot showing the weights of females, this may be the result of an error in measurement, in which case it will distort the interpretation of the Papers runtime error data, having undue influence on many summary statistics- for example: the mean , however, if the outlier is a genuine result, it is important because it may perhaps indicate an extreme of behaviour or may have been affected by external behaviour, for example, dietary habits.

For this reason, I have left the outlier in the data as I am not sure whether it be a genuine result or miscalculation, as a result of not having information on exercise or dietary habits. To conclude, it is Write papers for me construable that my hypothesis was in fact correct. It is evident from all the please ending graphs included that females are, in Essays on homework effect, generally shorter and weigh less than males. Whether this is attributable to, as studies show, the varied skeletons of the opposed sexes or the dissimilar hormones produced in both female and male bodies, it is known females are generally shorter and weigh less than males. When the average male and female both reach the age of 20 it is said ‘females are generally 10 percent shorter than males and 20 per cent lighter’ and between the ages of please ending runtime error 11 and 16 ‘males appear to generally be 15 percent taller and heavier than the female sex’. After comparing my results to articles and published graphs on the internet, I am able to confirm that my hypothesis stating females are generally shorter and weigh less than males, was correct. After calculating the frequency density for the male and female heights and weights, I created four histograms; the advantage of a histogram is that it shows the shape of the distribution for application a large set of data and so was therefore able to Papers please runtime, show me the shape of the Write distributions for male and female heights and weights, however, when using histograms it is more difficult to Papers runtime, compare two or more data sets as we are unable to read exact values as the Buying homework data is Papers error grouped into Ontario yellow pages, categories. Runtime. For this reason I used standard to show whether or not the data is normally distributed. From a first glance at the histograms it is easy to see they are not completely symmetrical but not entirely asymmetrical, I expect if I were to have used a larger sample the histograms would have appeared more symmetrical. Tables in which I used to create the histograms.

From looking at Yale business school application the histograms, it is clear only two of these encompass curves which are appropriate to super impose normal distribution curves, and Papers error so for Essays on homework this reason I will not calculate the Papers ending runtime error normal distribution. If I had, perhaps, selected a bigger sample it may have been possible to calculate the normal distribution as the histograms may have been more symmetrical. After calculating the standard deviation, it is evident for both height and weight, that for homework the male data each value is closer to the central tendency meaning height and weight are normally distributed more so for males than females. Again it is clear males weigh less and are taller than females as the means for the males are higher than that of the femles. After calculating the spearman’s rank it is evident there is please ending error a correlation between height and contacts weight, and the taller the person is the heavier they are, vice versa. Please Ending Error. There is a weak positive correlation between height and weight for females and a moderate positive correlation for males as it is slightly stronger. The height and weight of a person is affected by their age and gender. Essays. I assumed that in years 7-9 girls will generally be taller than boys- due to the fact girls tend to ending error, grow faster than boys during the early stages of on homework development. Boys will, however, eventually grow taller and so in years 10-11 I assumed the please error number boys taller than girls will be greater. I was correct. I also expected the relationship between height and weight to show a rising trend, although both trends for males and females were weak, they both showed this.

It can be seen from all the graphs included that females are, in effect, generally shorter and weigh less than males. Whether this is attributable to, the Write for me varied skeletons of the opposed sexes or the dissimilar hormones produced, it has been proved females are generally shorter and weigh less than males. Start learning 29% faster today 150,000+ documents available Just £6.99 a month. Join over 1.2 million students every month Accelerate your learning by 29% Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month. Related GCSE Height and Weight of Pupils and other Mayfield High School investigations essays. Maths Statistics Coursework - relationship between the Papers please error weight and height. 11 Girls: 86?1183?50=4 girls Now that I have calculated the number of boys and papers girls that have to Papers ending runtime, be sampled from each year group, I can now sample randomly from my database that displays all the Write research for me details of every boy and girl in the Mayfield High School from years 7 to 11.

of the male and female people in my sample. A box plot will be plotted to error, show the inter-quartile range and to Daniela runkel, see who is more intellectually smarter (Male or female). Male Average SAT's Results Frequency Cumulative Frequency 1 x ? 2 2 2 2 x ? The purpose of Papers ending runtime this research paper is to present our findings on how the . Why should we be bothered when it seems to contacts yellow pages, most observers that boys are the authors of their own misfortune? (Noble, Brown Murphy, 2001, p.1). The answer is 'every underachieving boy is a small tragedy for the individual; but a cohort of underachieving men will be a huge problem for any society (Noble, Brown Murphy, 2001, p.1). Conduct an investigation comparing height and weight from pupils in Mayfield School.

So therefore this meant that my hypothesis was correct but not very accurate because my results indicate that my hypothesis is generally correct but not for all students. Ending Runtime Error. I then hypothesised that separating boy and girls would produce stronger correlation, and my results indicated that my new hypothesis was correct. Offers and Stipulation in Lonely Hearts Advertisements: A Comparison of Gender and Age. or opinions, so it could be taken either way; that he wants an open-minded partner or he maybe implying that he wants someone with similar interests. Open-minded friendly, considerate male, 41, 5'8, slim build, blue/brown, loves eating out, day-trips, boot-sales, seeks like-minded female for happy times. Statistics GCSE Coursework.

Height and weight of pupils. The sampling method I am . 35 97.5 -8 64 1.45 92 72 3.5 88.5 7832.25 1.44 93.5 49 57.5 36 1296 1.44 93.5 49 57.5 36 1296 1.42 95.5 34 100 -4.5 20.25 1.42 95.5 52 44 51.5 2652.25 1.39 97 42 82.5 14.5 210.25 1.36 98 44 78.5 19.5 380.25 1.32 99 48 63. What affects a persons ability to estimate? In a graph I think these results would be easier to compare, therefore below is a column chart to evaluate both sets of dissertation results: Observations and conclusions: - The column chart shows that the females are on Papers please, average better at estimating then males. Mayfield School Mathematics Statistics Coursework. Below is Buying homework a table illustrating these values: Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Males Females 0.96 0.68 [Table 5: Male / Female Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients] The calculation of the product-moment correlation coefficient is such that it will lie between 1 and -1, with 1 meaning that there is perfect positive correlation, 0 no correlation and Papers error -1 perfect negative correlation. of student written work Annotated by. experienced teachers Ideas and feedback to. improve your own work. Marked by Teachers, The Student Room and Get Revising are all trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd.

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