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Automated Essay Evaluation for English Language Learners:A Case Study of Homework now north 13, MY Access. Computer technology made its way into writing instruction and How to a good literature essay english assessment with spelling and grammar checkers decades ago, but more recently it has done so with automated essay evaluation (AEE) and diagnostic feedback. And although many programs and tools have been developed in the last decade, not enough research has been conducted to support or evaluate the claims of the developers. This study examined the effectiveness of Homework, automated writing instructional programs in consistent scoring of essays and appropriate feedback to student writers. Essay! It examined the scoring and instructional program called MY Access! Home Edition , which has an Homework error feedback tool called My Editor to address these issues. The study combined a quantitative study of agreement and correlational analyses with an analysis of content and topic. Participants included 114 English language learners who wrote 147 essays to three writing prompts, which were graded by essay using pictures, trained EFL raters and MY Access . From the sample, 15 randomly selected essays were also used for now north 13, an error analysis comparing My Editor with human annotations to Mary j blige for someone to love me zippy, examine My Editor ’s accuracy.

The main findings were that MY Access scoring was only correlated moderately with human ratings. Furthermore, because MY Access scoring is Homework now north limited to the recognition of content words, not how these words are organized at the discourse level, it did not detect slightly off-topic essays and plagiarism. Finally, My Editor ’s error feedback, with 73% precision and 30% recall, did not meet the expectations of an accurate tool. In conclusion, the home edition of Writing good key attributes, MY Access was not found to be useful as an now north independent instructional tool. These findings give us pause regarding the effectiveness of MY Access . Computer technology is increasingly becoming part of language learning and writing, despite initial rejections and lingering skepticism over the last few decades (Dikli, 2006 Dikli, S. ( 2006 ). An overview of Research effectiveness, automated scoring of essays . Now North 13! The Journal of Technology, Learning, and a critique Assessment , 5(1). Retrieved from 13 http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jtla/article/view/1640/1489 [Google Scholar] ; Xi, 2010 Xi, X. ( 2010 ). On Homework! Automated scoring and feedback systems: Where are we and where are we heading? Language Testing , 27, 291 – 300 . doi: 10.1177/0265532210364643 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ). Homework 13! It was first used in writing classes with spelling and grammar checkers, which eased worries about “minutiae (such as how to Mary looking me zippy, spell minutiae) while composing, or even when revising and polishing” (Calfee, 2000 Calfee, R. Homework Now North! ( 2000 , September ). Good Key Attributes! To grade or not to grade . In M. A. Hearst (Ed.), The debate on automated essay grading ( pp. 35–37 ). IEEE Intelligent Systems, 15 , 22–37. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Educational Activities Department. [Google Scholar] , p. Homework Now North 13! 35).

Recently, it has taken on j blige me zippy, a bigger role in writing assessment in 13 the form of automated evaluation of essays. This has attracted much attention from the assessment industry, writing instructors, and other stakeholders in an ongoing debate about the paper on a kid value of automated essay scoring, now known as automated essay evaluation (AEE). AEE applications include scoring engines with instructional programs in Criterion, MY Access , and WriteToLearn . These programs, with their combination of automated scoring, automated feedback, and 13 writing instruction tools, have gained ground at Where can i write my paper driving licence different educational levels in the United States. Since the pioneering work on the Project Essay Grade by Ellis Page in 1965, many automated essay evaluation initiatives have emerged. These included ETS’ e-rater , Pearson’s Intelligent Essay Assessor (IEA), Bayesian Essay Test Scoring System (BETSY), and Vantage Learning’s IntelliMetric . A review of AEE developmental and research histories shows a tilted playing field toward the Homework now north assessment industry that has dominated the debate. As Warschauer and Ware ( 2006 Warschauer, M. , Ware, P. ( 2006 ). Automated writing evaluation: Defining the classroom research agenda . Language Teaching Research , 10, 157 – 180 . How To Write A Good Essay Level English! doi: 10.1191/1362168806lr190oa [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ) noted, the majority of research validating different AEE systems is vendor funded and carried out to “demonstrate that it [AES software] ‘works’ either in the sense that its ratings correlate with those of human ratings or that particular features or aspects function as desired” (p. 166). 13! However, voices from the instructional side were first heard in Ericsson and good college Haswell’s book (2006) Machine Scoring of Student Essays: Truth and Consequences in which many writing instructors reported AEE failures in Homework now north scoring essays satisfactorily. This study emerged from a similar concern: that AEE systems are not able to do a satisfactory job as writing instructors would expect. How To Write A Critique On A Play! It examined this concern with a study of MY Access , which uses Vantage Learning’s proprietary IntelliMetric scoring system.

We selected MY Access for analysis because it is a popular program in now north the United States. Researchers have adopted different terminology to categorize AEE systems, depending on how they were developed. Brent and Townsend categorized ( 2006 Brent, E. , Townsend, M. ( 2006 ). Automated essay grading in the sociology classroom: Finding common ground . In P. F. Ericsson , R. H. Haswell (Eds.), Machine scoring of student essays: Truth and consequences ( pp. 177–198 ). On A Kid! Logan, UT : Utah State University Press . [Google Scholar] ) AEE systems as statistics-based and rule or knowledge-based approaches, whereas Ben-Simon and Bennett ( 2007 Ben-Simon, B. , Bennett, R. Homework Now North 13! E. ( 2007 ). Toward more substantively meaningful automated essay scoring. The Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 6 (1). Retrieved from http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jtla/article/view/1631/1475 [Google Scholar] ) categorized them based on can i write my paper driving licence, methods, namely, brute-empirical and hybrid methods.

Statistics-based programs create scoring models based on a large set of pre-scored essays of 300 or more. This input is processed by the scoring system, such as IntelliMetric or e-rater , which extracts the predictive features from texts that lead to the assigned ratings for new essays. Homework Now North! The primary focus in How to write a good literature level english statistics-based programs remains on linguistic considerations, such as mechanics, syntax, and writing conventions. The extracted features (usually more than 50) are then boiled down to 8–12 most dominant ones that are analyzed by Homework, using linear multiple regression equations to decide their best weightings in predicting the Where can i licence ratings for new essays. Homework Now North! The set of finalized predictive features varies from one scoring model to another. Until now, these models are prompt-based as the system is trained using different sets of graded essay responses to specific prompts.

By this definition, ETS’ e-rater and Vantage Learning’s IntelliMetric are statistics-based because they extract features and their optimal weightings using statistical calculations instead of building on theory and indicators of good writing. College Paper Key Attributes! Therefore, IntelliMetric belongs to Homework now north 13, the brute-empirical method . Rule-based or knowledge-based systems are trained on a large domain-representative text, such as textbooks or articles. Writing Good College Paper Key Attributes! The input for these systems is an expert knowledge base that results in a grading rubric detailing the criteria to score constructed essay responses. IEA, a scoring machine for discipline-specific courses (now known as Knowledge Analysis Technologies), has at Homework 13 its core Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), a machine-learning method that characterizes a word used in a sentence, passage, or essay based on semantic associations (Landauer, Foltz, Laham, 1998 Landauer, T. K. , Foltz, P. W. , Laham, D. Research Paper! ( 1998 ). The intelligent essay assessor: Applications to educational technology. Interactive Multimedia Educational Journal of Computer-Enhanced Learning, 1 (2). Retrieved from http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/1999/2/04/ [Google Scholar] ). LSA claims to be the only evaluation system in which meaning is dominant.

Simply put, “it promises to now north 13, help teachers and learners by evaluating essays based on what their authors appear to know about a topic” (McGee, 2006 McGee, T. ( 2006 ). Taking a spin on the intelligent essay assessor . In P. F. Ericsson , R. H. Haswell (Eds.), Machine scoring of student essays: Truth and Research paper consequences ( pp. Homework 13! 79–92 ). Logan, UT : Utah State University Press . [Google Scholar] , p. 83). Finally, IEA and the later versions of Research paper on homework, e-rater , with their smaller set of Homework, theoretically grounded features linked to write my paper licence, good writing characteristics, are hybrid method- based systems. Hybrid methods start with a set of features that are judged by writing experts to be indicative of Homework now north 13, good writing skills. Essay Using Pictures! These features serve as the blueprint on which the scoring rubric of automated scoring systems is generated. Either a set of pre-scored essays or an expert knowledge base is used to extract the 13 optimal weightings for different features in Where my paper driving the final scoring rubric. Homework Now North! The combination between theoretically based features and statistical calculations to generate a scoring model leads to what is called “hybrid approaches.”

Objections to computer-automated essay evaluation. Despite all the advances, objections to my paper licence, computer-automated essay evaluation have been formidable. There are two main objections: humanist and now north 13 defensive objections. First, there is the well-known objection from the Conference on College Composition and Communication ( 2004 Conference on College Composition and good college paper key attributes Communication. ( 2004 ). CCCC position statement on teaching, learning, and Homework assessing writing in digital environments . Retrieved from http://www.ncte.org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/cccc/resources/positions/digitalenvironments [Google Scholar] ): “Because all writing is social, all writing should have human readers, regardless of the purpose of writing” (p. J Blige Me Zippy! 36; cited in Carr, 2014 Carr, N. ( 2014 ). Computer-automated scoring of writing responses . In A. J. Kunnan (Ed.), The companion to Homework 13, language assessment ( pp. 1063–1078 ). Malden, MA : Wiley . [Google Scholar] ). Generally, various studies on AEE systems have responded to humanist objections, mainly challenging the validity of fairly strong relationships between human ratings and AEE ratings in several corporate-conducted studies. But the correlations and agreement studies have not always shown high indices.

Liu and Kunnan ( 2016 Liu, S. , Kunnan, A. J. Mary Looking For Someone To Love Me Zippy! ( 2016 ). Investigating the applications of automated writing evaluation to Chinese undergraduate English majors: A case study of WritetoLearn . CALICO Journal , 33, 71 – 91 . [Google Scholar] ) reported that correlations between human ratings and automated scoring by three AEE systems are high: .79 to Homework now north, .87 for paper on homework effectiveness, e-rater (Burstein et al ., 1998 Burstein, J. , Braden-Harder, L. , Chodorow, M. , Hua, S. 13! , Kaplan, B. , Kukich, K. , … Wolff, S. ( 1998 ). Computer analysis of essay content for automated score prediction (Research Report 98-15). Princeton, NJ : Educational Testing Service . [Google Scholar] ), .93 (average) for Intellimetric (Vantage Learning, 2006 Vantage Learning. ( 2006 ). Where Driving! Research summary: Intellimetric scoring accuracy across genres and grade levels . Retrieved from Homework now north 13 http://www.vantagelearning.com/docs/intellimetric/IM_ResearchSummary_IntelliMetric_Accuracy_Across_Genre_and_Grade_Levels.pdf [Google Scholar] ), and j blige for someone me zippy .76 to .95 for IEA (Foltz, Lochbaum, Rosenstein, 2011 Foltz, P. W. , Lochbaum, K. E. , Rosenstein, M. R. Homework 13! ( 2011 , April). Analysis of student ELA writing performance for a large scale implementation of formative assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the using pictures National Council of Measurement in Education , New Orleans, Louisiana . [Google Scholar] ). 13! She also noted that exact agreement percentages are 45–59% for e-rater and 76% for Intellimetric (Attali Burstein, 2006 Attali, Y. Where Can I! , Burstein, J. ( 2006 ). Automated essay scoring with e-rater® v.2 . Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment , 4(3). Retrieved from http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jtla/article/view/1650/1492 [Google Scholar] ) and 50–81% for now north 13, IEA (Foltz et al ., 2011 Foltz, P. College Paper! W. , Lochbaum, K. E. , Rosenstein, M. R. Homework! ( 2011 , April). Analysis of Where can i my paper driving, student ELA writing performance for a large scale implementation of formative assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Homework National Council of Measurement in Education , New Orleans, Louisiana . [Google Scholar] ) but for adjacent agreements the percentages are very high: 87–97% for e-rater , 99% for Intellimetric , and 91–100% for IEA (from the Writing college key attributes same authors). Furthermore, it is widely known that high reliability or agreement does not equal validity. Now North 13! Landauer, Laham, and Foltz ( 2003 Landauer, T. Effectiveness! K. , Laham, D. , Foltz, P. ( 2003 ). Automated essay assessment . Assessment in Education , 10, 295 – 308 . doi: 10.1080/0969594032000148154 [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) commented on this problem, “The fact that all these disparate methods [human judges and automated essay scoring] produce similar results at least raises the Homework now north suspicion that one could get acceptable reliability results with the use of variables that are not conceptually valid [emphasis added]” (p. 305–306). As Koskey and Shermis ( 2013 Koskey, K. L. K. , Shermis, M. D. ( 2013 ). Using Pictures! Scaling and norming for automated essay scoring . In M. D. Shermis , J. Burstein (Eds.), Handbook of automated essay evaluation: Current applications and now north new directions ( pp.

199–220 ). J Blige For Someone To Love Me Zippy! New York, NY : Routledge . [Google Scholar] ) pointed out, the Homework now north scoring of essays by automated essay evaluation is Paragraph essay using pictures based on mainly quantitatively assessing the observed variables in essays. These variables are often referred to as “proxies” as opposed to “trins,” which are the latent and real underlying variables that we are interested in measuring. They cited a system that claims to count the number of times “but” is now north used in an essay as a proxy for sentence complexity. Moreover, because developers usually publicize scoring rubrics but choose to keep the weightings of these variables confidential, Coniam ( 2009 Coniam, D. ( 2009 ). Experimenting with a computer essay-scoring program based on essay writing, ESL student writing scripts . ReCALL , 21, 259 – 279 . doi: 10.1017/S0958344009000147 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ) commented in Homework now north 13 his study with BETSY that “despite high correlations with a human rater, computer programs still lack transparency in terms of how they achieve the paper play grades they award. This creates a validity problem as we do not know how ratings are achieved” (p. 276). Second, defensive objections are more problematic.

McGee’s ( 2006 McGee, T. ( 2006 ). Taking a spin on now north 13, the intelligent essay assessor . Paragraph Essay Writing Using Pictures! In P. F. Now North 13! Ericsson , R. H. Write Literature Level! Haswell (Eds.), Machine scoring of student essays: Truth and consequences ( pp. 79–92 ). 13! Logan, UT : Utah State University Press . [Google Scholar] ) experiments challenged all the claims about IEA. He found the “meaning” implicated by IEA to totally disregard cohesion and coherence, which are of great importance to the meaning construction of any text. Such findings make sense, because the most well-known approach to assign ratings to essays in AEE systems is the regression approach to predict the quality of an essay. However, the Research effectiveness scoring of Homework now north 13, content always poses a bigger challenge for write paper on a kid, these systems than other observed variables, such as the number of commas, the number of sentences, or the use of verb/noun agreement. Now North! Thus, to evaluate the content of an essay, AEE systems use an additional technique, such as those used by LSA to supplement their prediction weightings of this variable. Essay Writing Pictures! They base their evaluation of content on an analysis of keywords and Homework now north 13 synonyms or sets of keywords and Research paper on homework synonyms in an essay and Homework compare their Euclidean distance to the words on a master list. On the basis of such an approach, the appropriacy of the factual content in How to an esssay is measured in terms of its similarity of lexical choices to a corpus at the expense of coherence and cohesion. The “meaningful factual content” carried by the AEE system is, therefore, independent of any factual accuracy.

As a result, a “bad faith essay” can easily trick the system into assigning a high score for a mechanically written essay. 13! Such findings have resulted in resistance from writing instructors. The recent Handbook of automated essay evaluation (Shermis Burstein, 2013 Shermis, M. D. , Burstein, J. How To Literature! (Eds.). ( 2013 ). Handbook of now north, automated essay evaluation . New York, NY : Routledge . Writing Key Attributes! [Google Scholar] ) showed the recent advances and continuing evolution in recent years and 13 its awareness of the objections presented above. A few of the questions they raised were: “Can systems be gamed? Does the use of can i write, AEE foster limited signaling effects by encouraging attention only to formal aspects of writing, excluding richer aspects of the writing construct?

Does AEE subvert the writing act fundamentally by depriving the student of a true ‘audience’?” (p. 2). In the Homework now north last 45-year period of AEE systems, validation research of automated scoring has provided many findings. Yang, Buckendahl, Juszkiewicz, and Bhola ( 2002 Yang, Y. , Buckendahl, C. W. , Juszkiewicz, P. J. , Bhola, D. Good College! S. ( 2002 ). A review of strategies for validating computer-automated scoring . Applied Measurement in Education , 15, 391 – 412 . doi: 10.1207/S15324818AME1504_04 [Taylor Francis Online], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ) identified three broad approaches. Homework! First, much of the research on automated scoring systems has been devoted to demonstrating correlations or agreements between automated ratings and human ratings. The second group of studies has investigated the relationship between AEE ratings and external indicators, such as teachers’ judgments of student writing skills or other test results (Coniam, 2009 Coniam, D. ( 2009 ). Experimenting with a computer essay-scoring program based on ESL student writing scripts . A Good Essay Level English! ReCALL , 21, 259 – 279 . doi: 10.1017/S0958344009000147 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ; Vantage Learning, 2007 Vantage Learning. ( 2007 ). MY access!® efficacy report . New Hope, PA: Vantage Learning. Retrieved from http://www.vantagelearning.com/school/research/myaccess.html [Google Scholar] ; Weigle, 2002 Weigle, S. C. ( 2002 ). Homework 13! Assessing writing . Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press . [Crossref] [Google Scholar] ). External factors that have been researched include multiple-choice tests, grades in courses dependent on writing, teachers’ ratings of student writing skills, and students’ self-evaluations (Ben-Simon Bennett, 2007 Ben-Simon, B. , Bennett, R. E. ( 2007 ). Mary J Blige To Love Me Zippy! Toward more substantively meaningful automated essay scoring. The Journal of Technology, Learning, and Homework now north Assessment, 6 (1). Retrieved from http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jtla/article/view/1631/1475 [Google Scholar] ). The third approach has explored the scoring process and How to write literature level english mental models used by AEE systems.

For example, one concern about AEE scoring is the weighting of length as a scoring trait because length was found to now north 13, be a highly predictive feature in e-rater (Chodorow Burstein, 2004 Chodorow, M. , Burstein, J. ( 2004 ). Beyond essay length: Evaluating e-rater®’s performance on TOEFL essays (Research Report No. 73). Princeton, NJ : Educational Testing Service . [Google Scholar] ). In Jones’s ( 2006 Jones, E. ( 2006 ). ACCUPLACER’s essay-scoring technology: When reliability does not equal validity . In P. F. Ericsson , R. H. Haswell (Eds.), Machine scoring of student essays: Truth and consequences ( pp. How To Write A Critique Paper On A Kid! 79–92 ). Logan, UT : Utah State University Press . [Google Scholar] ) study scored by WritePlacer Plus , ACCUPLACER’s program using IntelliMetric as its automated scoring system, 85% of the variance in essay ratings was accounted for by length. 1 1 In a recent competition, ETS invited people to write essays that could trick e-rater into assigning lower or higher ratings than deserved. The winner’s technique was simply to write a paragraph and 13 repeat it 37 times. E-rater gave this essay the highest possible score of 6 while two human raters both scored it “1,” creating the maximum discrepancy of five points between automated and human scoring (Powers, Burstein, Chodorow, Fowles, Kukich, 2002 Powers, D. E. , Burstein, J. C. J Blige Looking Me Zippy! , Chodorow, M. , Fowles, M. E. , Kukich, K. ( 2002 ). Stumping e-rater : Challenging the validity of now north, automated essay scoring . Computers in Paragraph essay writing pictures Human Behavior , 18, 103 – 134 . doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(01)00052-8 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ). View all notes.

Xi ( 2010 Xi, X. ( 2010 ). Automated scoring and feedback systems: Where are we and where are we heading? Language Testing , 27, 291 – 300 . 13! doi: 10.1177/0265532210364643 [Crossref], [Web of Paragraph essay using, Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ) developed a list of 13, validity questions related to automated scoring, in the same way questions are asked in a validity argument (as proposed by Chapelle, Enright, Jamieson, 2008 Chapelle, C. On Homework! , Enright, M. , Jamieson, J. (Eds.). ( 2008 ). Building a validity argument for TOEFL . New York : Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group . [Google Scholar] ). These questions included underrepresentation or misrepresentation of constructs and Homework writing tasks, validity and consistency of scoring, and for someone whether test takers’ knowledge of the scoring algorithms would impact their writing. AEE systems and non-native student writers of English. Particularly relevant to this study is the performance of automated scoring systems on non-native (ESL and Homework now north EFL) student essay responses. Write Play! However, this dimension of AEE systems has received little attention (Coniam, 2009 Coniam, D. Now North 13! ( 2009 ). Experimenting with a computer essay-scoring program based on ESL student writing scripts . ReCALL , 21, 259 – 279 . doi: 10.1017/S0958344009000147 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ). Looking For Someone To Love Me Zippy! Instead of building systems to now north, directly target non-native English speaker responses, models for native speaker essays have been used for comparisons with non-native counterparts. As Warschauer and for someone me zippy Ware ( 2006 Warschauer, M. , Ware, P. ( 2006 ). Automated writing evaluation: Defining the classroom research agenda . Language Teaching Research , 10, 157 – 180 . doi: 10.1191/1362168806lr190oa [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ) noted, none of the AEE systems were originally built for the EFL/ESL population, but their development gradually has accommodated the now north 13 needs of this population. This is demonstrated in the various feedback options, including first language feedback now available for j blige, speakers of Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean in 13 MY Access . Yet questions still remain whether these accommodations, well intentioned as they are, really help EFL/ESL students improve their writing skills. Weigle ( 2013 Weigle, S. ( 2013 ). English as a second language writing and automated essay evaluation . In M. D. J Blige Looking For Someone! Shermis , J. Burstein (Eds.), Handbook of Homework, automated essay evaluation ( pp. 36–54 ). New York, NY : Routledge . [Google Scholar] ) also pointed out the need for “the applicability of automated essay scoring (AES) systems to non-native speakers (NNSs)” (p. 36). Liu and Kunnan ( 2016 Liu, S. How To Paper Play Kid! , Kunnan, A. Homework 13! J. ( 2016 ). Write Paper! Investigating the applications of automated writing evaluation to Chinese undergraduate English majors: A case study of WritetoLearn . CALICO Journal , 33, 71 – 91 . Now North 13! [Google Scholar] ) found that WriteToLearn with Chinese undergraduate study participants was consistent but highly severe compared to the four trained human raters in scoring essays but, more importantly, it failed to score seven essays.

EFL teachers and Paragraph essay writing pictures independent researchers’ studies. A number of EFL researchers have recently reported results of their student writers’ reaction to MY Access and its instructional applications, including My Editor, MY Access ’ text analyzer and proofreading tool, and My Tutor , the writing instructional tool generating feedback. In Chen and Cheng’s ( 2006 Chen, C. E. , Cheng, W. ( 2006 , May ). Now North 13! The use of literature level, computer-based writing program: Facilitation or frustration? Paper presented at Homework the 23rd International Conference on How to on a play, English Teaching and Learning , Republic of China . [Google Scholar] ) investigation of 68 students who reflected on Homework now north 13, their use of MY Access in their writing classes, students expressed concerns about two aspects: the essay unfairness of MY Access ’ grading and Homework its inability to judge the content of essays. In addition, after the initial excitement, students started to a critique paper, feel the repetition and generality of the diagnostic feedback that they felt was not personalized enough to be useful for essay revision. Fang’s ( 2010 Fang, Y. ( 2010 ). Perceptions of the computer-assisted writing program among EFL college learners . Homework Now North! Educational Technology Society , 13, 246 – 256 . [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ) study focused on student perceptions about using different tools on How to write paper on a play kid, MY Access among 45 junior college students. Homework! The students found MY Access a useful writing tool, especially its grammatical proofreading tool, My Editor , but they were not totally happy with its essay scoring system. Students also thought MY Access helped them more with locating and revising form than content. Such results were reinforced by Dikli’s ( 2010 Dikli, S. ( 2010 ). The nature of automated essay feedback . CALICO Journal , 28, 99 – 134 . doi: 10.11139/cj.28.1.99-134 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] ) investigation into the nature of Mary for someone to love, My Editor and My Tutor ’s feedback to ESL student essays. This study found significant differences between MY Access and written teacher feedback as well as students’ more positive response to the latter. The cutting edge work of AEE systems may yet be in providing diagnostic feedback to writers.

Some error detection programs have been making improvements over the last few decades to improve their specificity together with precision. Leacock and 13 Chodorow ( 2003 Leacock, C. , Chodorow, M. ( 2003 ). Automated grammatical error detection . In M. D. Shermis , J. Burstein (Eds.), Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective ( pp. Paper On Homework! 195–208 ). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . [Google Scholar] ) argued that the value of error diagnosis depends on how specific and informative it is. Now North 13! They take the for someone to love position that generic responses, such as “something is Homework now north wrong here,” are inferior to specific comments, such as “this is a subject-verb agreement error.” With the latter kind of feedback, students are provided more cues to improve their writing. Assessment of Lexical Knowledge is reported to achieve a precision level of 80% in pointing out errors.

This still means that 20% errors flagged are actually well-formed constructions (Leacock Chodorow, 2003 Leacock, C. , Chodorow, M. ( 2003 ). Automated grammatical error detection . In M. D. Shermis , J. Burstein (Eds.), Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective ( pp. 195–208 ). Write A Critique Kid! Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . [Google Scholar] ). Their study also showed that the four most predictive error types for student essays are agreement, ill-formed modals, ill-formed infinitive clauses, and ill-formed participles. MY Access has an error feedback tool called My Editor . It detects spelling, grammar, and Homework now north punctuations errors. It also diagnoses vocabulary choice and Research effectiveness sentential-level errors. As students click on My Editor when they work on Homework 13, their drafts or revise an already submitted essay, a computer screen shows the students their essays with errors.

Automated feedback can thus be used as an initial response to j blige for someone me zippy, student writing. The possible quick generation of feedback to student essays also is better than the notoriously time-consuming nature of writing instructors giving feedback, especially in large classes. Of course, the expectation is that diagnostic feedback will help student writers, although the now north 13 written error feedback literature poses some concerns. Research in the area of written corrective feedback (WCF) has not been conclusive in what extent student writers benefit from WCF or even whether they benefit at all (see Ferris, 1999 Ferris, D. ( 1999 ). How To Write A Good Literature Essay! The case for grammar correction in L2 writing classes: A response to Truscott (1996) . Journal of Second Language Writing , 8, 1 – 11 . doi: 10.1016/S1060-3743(99)80110-6 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] , 2004 Ferris, D. 13! ( 2004 ). The “grammar correction” debate in L2 writing: Where are we, and where do we go from using pictures here? (and what do we do in the meantime…?) . Journal of Second Language Writing , 13, 49 – 62 . doi: 10.1016/j.jslw.2004.04.005 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] , 2006 Ferris, D. ( 2006 ). Now North! Does error feedback help student writers? New evidence on the short- and long-term effects of written error correction . In K. Hyland , F. Hyland (Eds.), Feedback in essay pictures second language writing: Contexts and issues ( pp. 81–104 ). Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press . [Crossref] [Google Scholar] ; Shintani, Ellis, Suzuki, 2014 Shintani, N. , Ellis, R. 13! , Suzuki, W. ( 2014 ). Effects of on a play, written feedback and revision on learners’ accuracy in using two English grammatical structures . Language Learning , 64, 103 – 131 . Homework! doi: 10.1111/lang.2014.64.issue-1 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ). The picture is further complicated because most automated error feedback is in English, with a very limited range of first language options. This is in line with Dikli’s ( 2010 Dikli, S. ( 2010 ). The nature of automated essay feedback . CALICO Journal , 28, 99 – 134 . doi: 10.11139/cj.28.1.99-134 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] ) findings in paper effectiveness her study, which suggested that systems need to improve their feedback to Homework now north, non-native essays by giving shorter and less redundant feedback using simpler language and adding feedback for write literature essay level, off-topic or repetitive essays. Xi ( 2010 Xi, X. 13! ( 2010 ). Automated scoring and feedback systems: Where are we and where are we heading? Language Testing , 27, 291 – 300 . doi: 10.1177/0265532210364643 [Crossref], [Web of Research paper on homework, Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ) developed a list of validity questions related to automated feedback: whether automated feedback system accurately identifies writers’ errors, whether it can do this consistently, and whether the feedback is meaningful, and whether the feedback results in improved writing. Liu and Kunnan ( 2016 Liu, S. , Kunnan, A. J. ( 2016 ). Investigating the applications of automated writing evaluation to now north, Chinese undergraduate English majors: A case study of WritetoLearn . CALICO Journal , 33, 71 – 91 . Paragraph Pictures! [Google Scholar] ) found in their examination of WriteToLearn’s feedback, overall precision and recall of errors were only 49% and 18.7% respectively.

These figures did not meet the minimum threshold of 90% precision (set by Burstein, Chodorow, Leacock, 2003 Burstein, J. , Chodorow, M. , Leacock, C. ( 2003 ). Criterion online essay evaluation: An application for automated evaluation of student essays . Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Homework, Artificial Intelligence , Acapulco, Mexico . [Google Scholar] ) for Where can i, it to be considered a reliable error detecting tool. Furthermore, it had difficulty in identifying errors in 13 the use of articles, prepositions, word choice, and expression. On the basis of the issues raised in on homework effectiveness automated scoring and diagnostic feedback, we decided to examine the following research questions. What do the agreement and strength of the now north 13 relationship between human ratings and How to write a good level english MY Access ’ scores reveal about MY Access ’ rating? How does MY Access address content as a scoring trait? How does it treat off-topic essays? How accurate is now north My Editor ’s feedback when compared to that of writing instructors?

Data were collected from a total of Research, 114 EFL and ESL student writers. The participants contributed 147 essays from three prompts, 105 essays based on two prompts from the list of 90 preloaded prompts on MY Access! Home Edition and 42 essays based on one end-of-term essay prompt that was not a pre-loaded prompt. The sample included 97 Vietnamese EFL students and 17 ESL students in the United States. The Vietnamese EFL students were either second- or third-year English majors at a university in central Vietnam pursuing a 4-year BA program. The 17 ESL students were level four and Homework five (intermediate to advanced) students in an Intensive English Program (IEP) at a State University in California. The large majority of Research effectiveness, these ESL students were Asian, with Chinese as the biggest group.

Three prompts were used in all. Two prompts from MY Access were selected from a list of 90 pre-loaded prompts based on their genres: one informative and now north 13 one argumentative. Prompt 1 was titled What have you learned? Prompt 2 was titled Internet classrooms vs. Traditional classrooms . The third writing prompt was not on the list of 90 pre-loaded topics on MY Access . It was an college key attributes end-of-term exam prompt administered at the university in Vietnam. Prompt 3 was titled Milestones . Prompts 1 and 2 as they appeared on MY Access are presented in Appendix A and Prompt 3 is presented in Appendix B. Experimental prompts used by the researcher. A total of Homework, 42 end-of-term exam essays were submitted to three different MY Access prompts, two of which were pre-loaded topics on MY Access (one persuasive “Challenges of Parenthood” and paper effectiveness one informative “Power sources in the Year 2050”) serving as “false” prompts for these essays, and Homework the other was the teacher-created prompt (the real topic). The researcher used the teacher-created topic function on MY Access to add the college key attributes following end-of-term exam prompt: “What are the important milestones in a person’s life in your culture?

Give the Homework reasons why they are important.” These essays submitted to can i, this newly created prompt in the system produced a set of 42 scores. Afterward, these essays were submitted to the two false prompts, called the now north 13 first and second experimental prompts. These experimental prompts and the teacher-created topic are presented in Appendix B. The two essay prompts from MY Access were administered as either homework practice or in-class essays, depending on the genres each class was working on in their curriculum and their class schedules. More specifically, the a good homework essays were keyed in by the student writers and sent to the teachers in the Word file, which were then forwarded to the researcher. The in-class essays were handwritten and Homework 13 submitted to the teachers. Afterward, these essays were typed up and double-checked for fidelity to the original handwritten versions. The third group of Research paper on homework effectiveness, essays written to the teacher-created prompt included student essays written in a 90-minute exam for the previous semester. The variation in essay writing conditions among the participants does not interfere with the Homework results of the study because MY Access is How to a good literature designed to facilitate self-conducted writing practice, and now north 13 timing or the resources students get access to while writing are all acceptable, as long as the final essays are typed in and submitted online to for someone to love, the system. The scoring of the Homework now north 105 essays written to the two prompts from How to a good essay MY Access was based on a holistic rubric posted on MY Access website (see Appendix C). Homework 13! The rubric used was a 1–6 scoring scale with five major traits of writing: Focus and Meaning, Content and Development, Organization, Language Use and j blige looking Style, Mechanics and Conventions.

Corresponding to each score point was a brief description of each trait. For example, to achieve a “6,” an essay establishes and maintains “an insightful controlling or central idea and demonstrates a thorough understanding of the purpose and audience [in terms of Focus and Meaning]” or “contains little or no errors in paragraphing, grammar and usage, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics [in terms of Mechanics and Conventions].” On the other hand, “1” indicated an essay that inadequately communicated the writer’s message and failed to support ideas with details and/or examples (in Content and 13 Development). After the essays were put together, coded, and j blige looking for someone printed out, they were sent to now north, two human raters for scoring. The raters were both non-native EFL instructors with MA degrees in TESOL with about 5 years of teaching experience at the tertiary level in Vietnam. Prior to the actual scoring, the Paragraph pictures raters worked together to clarify the guidelines of the holistic scoring rubric posted on Homework now north 13, MY Access . They also went through some essays that had been rated by paper, MY Access to get an overview of how Intellimetric rated these essays based on the set of criteria in Homework now north 13 the rubric.

After that, the raters piloted their ratings on a small set of four essays and analyzed the differences in their ratings to resolve any problems regarding their interpretation of the rubric. The scoring rubrics were examined to see if there were high agreements between human ratings and paper MY Access ratings. Double ratings from Homework 13 two trained EFL teachers were obtained and averaged for the set of essays written to the two prompts on MY Access . An inter-rater agreement analysis (exact, adjacent, and discrepant) and correlation analyses were conducted. In addition, the write a good essay level effects of prompts and raters on ratings and the effect of essay length on 13, ratings were examined by using ANOVA. Forty-two essays written for driving, the end-of-term exam were collected. Because these essays were written to Homework 13, a topic other than the 90 ones pre-loaded on MY Access , they provided a tool to reveal the way IntelliMetric deals with content in assigning ratings. Pearson correlations were calculated between the ratings these essays received when they were submitted to the real topic (using the teacher-created function on MY Access ) and the ratings MY Access generated as these same essays were submitted to How to write level, the two experimental (or false) topics on the system. In addition, with the help of the corpus-based vocabulary tool Compleat Lexical Tutor (Lextutor at http://www.lextutor.ca/), which uses the one-million-word Brown corpus, quantitative statistics were generated for word frequencies and keywords used in the texts created from the essays. This analysis provided clues regarding how MY Access dealt with off-topic essays by examining data from the content analysis of the 42 end-of-term essays. Two theoretical concepts termed precision and recall were examined for this question.

Specifically, precision is the number of cases in which My Editor and the human annotator agree are errors divided by Homework now north, the total number of can i my paper driving, cases that My Editor flags as errors (Burstein et al ., 2003 Burstein, J. , Chodorow, M. , Leacock, C. ( 2003 ). Homework! Criterion online essay evaluation: An application for Research effectiveness, automated evaluation of student essays . Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence , Acapulco, Mexico . [Google Scholar] ). Recall is the number of cases correctly identified by My Editor (the hits) divided by the total human annotator-flagged cases. That is, the number of now north, My Editor ’s hits divided by the total of hits and misses (i.e., cases identified by paper play kid, the human annotator but overlooked by My Editor ). In this analysis, 15 essays were randomly selected from the sample. The first EFL teacher annotated errors using the same system of error tags adopted by My Editor . Error tagging was based on now north 13, four major trait feedback categories: grammar, usage, mechanics, and style. Only the first three traits were focused on. The trait of essay writing, style was intentionally left out of this analysis because it constitutes an ambiguous aspect of writing (Burstein et al ., 2003 Burstein, J. Homework 13! , Chodorow, M. , Leacock, C. ( 2003 ). Criterion online essay evaluation: An application for automated evaluation of student essays . Proceedings of the a critique paper on a play kid 15th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence , Acapulco, Mexico . Now North 13! [Google Scholar] ). For the purpose of good, this basically quantitative analysis, judgments about good or bad writing style may be too subjective to be suitable. Errors identified were tallied for the calculation of Homework 13, precision and recall . Before the actual coding of How to write a critique paper on a kid, errors took place, the human annotator underwent a self-training process to familiarize herself with MY Access ’ error tagging system.

She submitted 10 essays from the now north 13 collected data (other than the 15 essays in the subsample) to MY Access to have a thorough look at the feedback generated by My Editor . Through this, a list of error tags were noted down, including 16 categories: spelling, capitalisation, article, preposition, run-on sentence, fragment, consistency, contraction, punctuation, subject-verb agreement, word form, mass and Where my paper licence count nouns, wrong word choice, confused word, comparative, and now north superlative. For Someone To Love! The actual error annotation was done with constant reference to reliable sources of grammar and English language use, some of which include Raymond Murphy’s ( 1994 Murphy, R. ( 1994 ). English grammar in use: A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students ( 2nd ed .). Homework! Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press . [Google Scholar] ) English Grammar in Use , Michael Swan’s ( 2005 Swan, M. ( 2005 ). Practical English usage ( 3rd ed .). Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press [Google Scholar] ) Practical English Usage , and John Eastwood’s ( 1999 Eastwood, J. How To A Good Literature Level English! ( 1999 ). Oxford practice grammar ( 2nd ed .). Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press . [Google Scholar] ) Oxford Practice Grammar . Research question 1: MY Access ’s rubrics for scoring essays. Descriptive statistics of Homework now north, human ratings and MY Access ratings. Descriptive statistics for the three sets of ratings by human Ratings 1 and 2 and MY Access are shown in Table 1. The results show very similar mean ratings from the Writing good college paper key attributes two human raters, while MY Access appears to be more generous. Automated Essay Evaluation for English Language Learners:A Case Study of MY Access. Table 1. Now North 13! Descriptives ( N = 105). In general, ratings from the two human raters, their averaged ratings, and MY Access ratings met the necessary assumptions regarding normal distribution, linearity, and Mary for someone to love me zippy range on the 1–6 scale.

Therefore, correlations, ANOVA, and simple linear regression could be calculated. Table 2 reports the exact and adjacent agreement percentages (Attali Burstein, 2006 Attali, Y. , Burstein, J. ( 2006 ). Automated essay scoring with e-rater® v.2 . Now North 13! Journal of write a critique on a play kid, Technology, Learning, and Assessment , 4(3). Retrieved from http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jtla/article/view/1650/1492 [Google Scholar] ; Chodorow Burstein, 2004 Chodorow, M. , Burstein, J. Homework 13! ( 2004 ). J Blige Me Zippy! Beyond essay length: Evaluating e-rater®’s performance on TOEFL essays (Research Report No. 73). Princeton, NJ : Educational Testing Service . [Google Scholar] ) between the two human ratings and now north between the averaged human ratings with MY Access ratings. Generally, there was better agreement between the two human ratings than their agreement with MY Access . An exact plus adjacent agreement statistic of Paragraph using, 71.4% and a disparate statistic of 28.6 % between human and MY Access scoring are not very convincing results.

Automated Essay Evaluation for Homework, English Language Learners:A Case Study of MY Access. Table 2. Human inter-rater and rater- MY Access agreement ( N = 105). Correlations between human ratings and MY Access’s scoring. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the two human ratings and between the human ratings and MY Access ratings. Table 3 shows a fairly strong correlation between Human Rater 1 and Rater 2 ( r = .783, p .05), but the correlations between Human Rater 1 and MY Access ( r = .672, p .05) and Human Rater 2 and MY Access ( r = .629, p .05) were both moderate. Write Paper Play! Furthermore, correlation between Averaged human Rater 1 and Rater 2 ratings and MY Access ’ ratings was also moderate ( r = .688, p .05).

Automated Essay Evaluation for English Language Learners:A Case Study of Homework now north, MY Access. Table 3. Correlations between two human ratings and Writing MY Access ratings. Difference between human ratings’ average and MY Access ratings. A paired-samples t- test was computed to compare the Homework 13 means of How to write on a play kid, human ratings’ average and MY Access ratings. The mean of the averaged human ratings’ was 3.76 (SD = 1.18), and now north 13 the mean of Writing good college paper, MY Access ratings was 4.09 (SD = 1.19).

The t -test showed that there is a statistically significant mean difference between the 13 human ratings and good college key attributes MY Access : ( t (104) = ?3.538, p .05). The effects of prompts and raters on ratings. A 2 ? 3 mixed-design ANOVA was calculated to examine the effects of the prompts (Prompt 1 and Prompt 2) and ratings (Rater 1, Rater 2, and MY Access ) on ratings. The dependent variables (Rater 1, Rater 2, and MY Access ratings) in Homework now north 13 the ANOVA test met the assumptions of Where write my paper driving licence, being normally distributed and measured on an interval scale. The main effect for rater ( F (2,103) = 7.516, p .01) and 13 the main effect for prompt ( F (1,103) = 18.912, p .01) were statistically significant but the prompt x rater interaction ( F (2,206) = 1.259, p .01) was not significant. Essay length as a predictive feature. A simple linear regression was calculated predicting essay ratings assigned by both human raters and MY Access based on essay length (i.e., the number of How to a good essay level english, words in each essay). A significant regression was found ( F (1,103) = 118.002, p .05) with an Homework now north R 2 of .534.

The predicted score of an essay (assigned by the human raters) is Where my paper licence equal to 1.302 + .008 (length) points when length is measured in number of words. Now North 13! Essay ratings increased .008 point for j blige looking me zippy, each extra word. A simple linear regression was then calculated predicting MY Access ratings based on essay length. A significant regression was found ( F (1,103) = 116.719, p .05), with an R 2 of .531. The predicted score of an essay (assigned by MY Access ) is now north equal to Research, 1.610 + .008 (length) points when length is Homework now north measured in number of words. Essay ratings increased .008 point for each extra word. As can be seen in the results above, about 53% of the variance in both the averaged human ratings and Mary for someone to love MY Access ratings could be accounted for by essay length. Therefore, length was found to now north 13, be an equally strong predictor of the ratings assigned by both MY Access and the human raters. Research question 2: Content in MY Access ’s scoring models. Descriptive statistics of the three sets of ratings submitted to three MY Access prompts.

As shown in Table 4, the mean score of the 42 essays was highest when they were submitted to the teacher-created prompt. This set of score is termed the real score, followed by the mean score as the same essays were submitted to the first experimental prompt, then to Writing good paper, the second experimental prompt. Informed by prior research on other automated scoring programs and a strong feeling that essays written to Homework now north 13, teacher-created topics on MY Access cannot be “comprehended” by the system, the researcher played a trick to confirm her doubts. Forty-two essays were submitted to three different prompts in MY Access and the results are presented here. Experimental topic 1: Challenges of parenthood.

When the essays answering the teacher-created topic on “Important milestones in your culture” were submitted to the first experimental prompt “The challenges of (teenage) parenthood,” only 11 essays (26%) were flagged as off-topic while 27 received the feedback “great job”; the remaining four were given “1 s” due to j blige to love, “major syntax problems” (“great job” and 13 “major syntax probems” are generic diagnostic feedback phrases used by on homework, MY Access to Homework now north, describe essays earning high overall score and those having poor grammar use, respectively). How To Write Play Kid! When the two prompts were compared, the real topic and the first experimental one, there was possible overlapping content in student essay responses. An examination of the 42 essays showed that 24 essays mentioned “becoming a parent” or at least “becoming a parent after getting married” as one of the most important milestones in 13 their culture. Furthermore, most of the essays frequently referred to words like grandparents, parents, adulthood/adult, married , and teenage/teenager . Below is the list of word frequency derived from the submission of all the essays (making a 15580-word text) to the corpus-based Compleat Lexical Tutor ( Lextutor ) that counts words in texts and How to level english lists their keywords based on the obtained word frequencies. Now North! It then compares these keywords, which are the words in the texts that are far more frequent, proportionally, than they are in a general reference corpus. Lextutor uses the Brown corpus, whose one million words comprise 500 texts of 2000 words on good college, a broad range of Homework, topics.

Figure 2 lists the 30 most frequent words for this 15580-word text, with those most likely to appear frequently in essays written to the first experimental prompt in Paragraph using pictures bold. To interpret the number preceding each word listed in Figure 1 and Homework 2, it is instructive to consider the explanation cited from Lextutor : The number accompanying each word represents the number of my paper driving licence, times more frequent the word is in your text than it is in the Brown corpus. For example, the first item in the output 1364.00 milestone is calculated on the basis that milestone has 4 natural occurrences in the Brown’s 1 million words, but 85 occurrences in your 15580-word text. These 85 occurrences are proportionally a lot more than the 4 occurrences in now north 13 the Brown. Taken as a proportion of 1,000,000 words, these 85 occurrences represent 85/15580 ? 1,000,000 = 5456 virtual occurrences.

These 5456 occurrences are 1364.00 times more numerous than the 4 occurrences in Brown. [www.lextutor.ca/keywords/freak.pl] Automated Essay Evaluation for English Language Learners:A Case Study of MY Access. Figure 1. Most frequently used words in write a critique the combined text of 42 essays. Figure 1. Most frequently used words in the combined text of Homework, 42 essays. Automated Essay Evaluation for Paragraph essay writing using pictures, English Language Learners:A Case Study of MY Access. Figure 2. Most frequently used words in the combined text of 11 off-topic essays. Figure 2. Most frequently used words in Homework now north 13 the combined text of 11 off-topic essays. Judging from the corpus comparison and the possible overlapping content areas between these two prompts, MY Access ’s failure to recognize the off-topicness of essay writing pictures, 31 of the 42 essays seems predictable. The 11 essays flagged as off-topic were then put together in a subtext of 3,969 words and submitted to Lextutor for the frequency list. Again, the 30 most frequent words in this subtext are shown in Homework now north Figure 2. What can be seen from the comparison of the two lists is that words more relevant to write a critique, the expected content area of becoming parents during the teenage years have disappeared, including babies, grandparents, spouse, parents, eighteen , and happiness . Table 5 presents a few of the mismatches between human ratings and now north 13 MY Access ratings for off-topic essays. The ratings assigned by can i write my paper driving, MY Access are much higher for all off-topic essays.

Automated Essay Evaluation for English Language Learners:A Case Study of now north, MY Access. Table 4. Descriptives of ratings for same submissions to three MY Access prompts ( N = 42). Automated Essay Evaluation for English Language Learners:A Case Study of MY Access. Table 5. Mismatched ratings of looking, off-topic essays. Experimental topic 2: Power sources in the year 2050. When the same set of essays was submitted to the second experimental prompt about “Power sources in the Year 2050,” a totally irrelevant focus compared to the real topic, 40 essays were flagged as “off-topic”; only two received 1 s due to 13, “major syntax problems.” In contrast, none of the submissions to the teacher-created (real) topic “Important milestones in your culture” was flagged as “off-topic,” with 36 receiving “great job,” and six given 1 s due to “major syntax problems.”

My Editor ’s error feedback: Accuracy. Table 6 presents precision and can i write licence recall measures of the Homework 13 human annotator and My Editor ’s error feedback. Automated Essay Evaluation for English Language Learners:A Case Study of Research on homework, MY Access. Table 6. Human annotator and My Editor ’s error feedback results. In this subsample of 15 essays, students made far more mistakes with articles (124 errors) than with any other error type. Punctuations and run-on sentences were next on the list.

Subject-verb agreement was the fourth problematic area that needed attention. Homework Now North! The number of the errors found in each of the other types ranged from 0 to Writing good college paper, 36. Of the total number of errors in each error type identified by the human annotator, My Editor demonstrated quite an Homework 13 uneven performance. My Editor was most precise in its identification of open or closed spelling errors, although in this subsample, it corrected only two cases ( part time to part-time and everyday to every day ), both of a critique play kid, which matched the human annotator. However, the system also missed a lot of open/closed spelling cases that needed corrections with the recall of only 28.6%, which means it missed 71.4% of the total human-flagged cases. My Editor also did well with article errors, with the now north precision of paper on homework, 96.9%. However, similar to open/closed spelling errors, the system missed 75% errors of this type the human annotator identified.

Capitalization and run-on sentences were the two error types that showed a similar pattern in My Editor ’s performance: a precision of around 80% accompanied by the missing level of about 50% of 13, all the cases flagged by the human annotator. Spelling and using consistency, which combined the Homework two subtypes of verb group consistency and noun phrase consistency errors, exhibited the smallest number of cases overlooked by can i write my paper driving, My Editor with recall values of 76.9 and 70.2, respectively. Of all the cases tagged by My Editor in these two types, around 80% were precise diagnoses. In addition, My Editor failed to read the essays at the sentence and discourse level. It was least precise with its diagnosis of confused words errors with precision of only 28.6% and recall of 11.1%. This means that of Homework now north 13, all errors in this category flagged by My Editor , only 28.6% were really errors; the rest were false positives.

It also missed almost 89% cases of this type compared to the human annotator. Overall, My Editor was 73% precise in flagging errors of the 16 error types designated for on homework effectiveness, this analysis and covered 39.6% of all the errors the human annotator flagged. In other words, it missed 60.4% errors that should be attended to according to the human judgment. Researchers on error feedback tools maintain that they would choose to err on the side of precision over recall (Burstein et al ., 2003 Burstein, J. , Chodorow, M. , Leacock, C. ( 2003 ). Criterion online essay evaluation: An application for automated evaluation of student essays . Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence , Acapulco, Mexico . Homework! [Google Scholar] ; Chodorow, Gamon, Tetreault, 2010 Chodorow, M. How To Write A Good Literature Essay! , Gamon, M. Homework! , Tetreault, J. ( 2010 ). The utility of How to a good level english, article and Homework now north 13 preposition error correction systems for Writing good college paper, English language learners: Feedback and Homework now north assessment . Language Testing , 27, 419 – 436 . Writing Using! doi: 10.1177/0265532210364391 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ), which “means that we [they] would rather miss an Homework now north 13 error than tell the student that a well-formed construction is ill-formed” (Burstein et al ., 2003 Burstein, J. , Chodorow, M. Where My Paper! , Leacock, C. ( 2003 ). Homework 13! Criterion online essay evaluation: An application for automated evaluation of How to essay level english, student essays . Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence , Acapulco, Mexico . Homework! [Google Scholar] , p. 6). In studying Criterion , Burstein et al . ( 2003 Burstein, J. , Chodorow, M. For Someone Me Zippy! , Leacock, C. ( 2003 ). Criterion online essay evaluation: An application for automated evaluation of student essays . Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence , Acapulco, Mexico . [Google Scholar] ) set the minimum threshold of 90% precision for the tool to be useful for students. If My Editor is judged by Homework, these criteria, it falls short. My Editor ’s feedback offers suggestions for possible errors rather than dictating corrections to the writers.

Students can click on any error tagged by My Editor , and a smaller screen pops up to explain the problem. Can I Write Driving! After the brief diagnosis, there are some suggestions that students can choose from. The screen also demonstrates the rule that explains more generally how My Editor identifies and deals with that error type (e.g., spelling, preposition, etc.). General examples and ways to correct the errors in the examples are also provided. Homework! With this diagnosis-suggestions-example-rule approach, students can learn to judge for themselves if they have really made a mistake and can i write driving licence choose among the given correction options. However, certain gaps in MY Editor ’s feedback can be addressed to better accommodate the ESL/EFL learners’ needs. What was noticeable about My Editor ’s feedback about noun phrase consistency was its double flagging of the same errors: It is sure that there are many Mass vs. count errors conflict Noun phrase consistency errors. The word conflict in the above sentence should agree in number with its plural determiner many . Therefore, labeling it as noun phrase consistency (implying inconsistent number agreement) is the best way to draw the student’s attention to his/her mistake.

However, the first label mass vs. count errors on Homework now north, the same word suggesting “if the essay english sentence requires a singular noun, consider [much] or [many a] instead of ‘many’” goes against the second suggestion of consistency. Such conflicting comments can confuse the student who may think that they need to fix two errors. Double flagging also occurred among Subject-Verb Agreement errors. For example, in the next sentence, “Argument Subject-verb agreement errors take Subject-verb agreement errors place,” it is suggested that argument be changed to arguments to agree with the plural verb form take , while in the second place, it is suggested that take (which should be grammatically correct now after the now north change of the subject noun) be changed to takes to agree with the original subject noun argument . Along with articles, the English tense-aspect system is problematic for EFL learners, especially those from Asian first language backgrounds. Paragraph Essay Using Pictures! Yet My Editor does not seem to be programmed to deal with tense and aspect errors, except for its two rare attempts at diagnosing cases related to tense errors, both of which failed.

The first one was a false positive where the system traced back to the preposition at in the phrase at childhood and now north 13 assumed that at refers to the past. It thus suggested the inappropriate use of How to write a critique paper on a play kid, could have become . Here is Homework now north 13 MY Access ’s annotation. At childhood, we are taught carefully by parents, teachers. We are take Verb group consistency errors care of or bring up carefully from How to a critique on a kid many peoples around. That is a good environment so that The child can become Incorrect use of past tense a good person at now north 13 first life.

The second attempt successfully located the error and a critique paper on a offered a usable suggestion, but its flagging term was misleading for the student as this error is not about tense: Besides, students haven’t Verb tense, instead of now north 13, ‘have not’, consider using the more standard [do not have] to How to write a critique paper on a, pay for buying books, textbooks are in the Internet too. Except for these two cases, nowhere else in all the essays could feedback be found about inconsistent or wrong tense usage. In essay ESL2-14, the 13 use of tenses was a major issue, but MY Access overlooked them. The adverbial phrase in the past is clear evidence of past tense.

My Editor did not identify the Mary j blige for someone to love error. In the past, all the students have to take the traditional classroom. Many students sit in the classroom. There is blackboard Missing articles, computer, desks and chairs. All the students take the class in Homework 13 the classroom like that . (From Essay ESL2-14) These gaps in My Editor ’s feedback can be attributed to its inability to handle information across sentences at essay writing pictures the discourse level. As long as words or phrases were grammatically correct, meaning and content were ignored. In the first research question, the exact plus adjacent agreement between human ratings and MY Access were moderate (71.4%) and now north 13 the correlations between human ratings and MY Access were also moderate (r = .688). But the difference between the averaged human rater score and MY Access was found to be statistically significant. These findings do not provide adequate support for Paragraph using, any implicit claims of MY Access that it can score essays like human raters.

In addition, a feature shared by human and automated scoring is 13 that 53% of the variance in both ratings could be accounted for good paper, by the Homework length of the essays. Overall, the agreement and correlational findings in to love me zippy this study were not very different from those found in earlier studies of now north, e-rater and IEA systems. Writing Good College Paper! But Vantage Learning’s ( MY Access’s developer) findings of now north, .93 correlation and 76% exact agreement and Mary for someone 99% for adjacent agreement were not found in this study. Thus, the high agreements and correlation indices found in Homework 13 studies conducted by MY Access developers (Attali Burstein, 2006 Attali, Y. , Burstein, J. ( 2006 ). Automated essay scoring with e-rater® v.2 . How To Write A Good English! Journal of 13, Technology, Learning, and Assessment , 4(3). Retrieved from http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jtla/article/view/1650/1492 [Google Scholar] ; Vantage Learning, 2006 Vantage Learning. ( 2006 ). Mary To Love! Research summary: Intellimetric scoring accuracy across genres and grade levels . Retrieved from http://www.vantagelearning.com/docs/intellimetric/IM_ResearchSummary_IntelliMetric_Accuracy_Across_Genre_and_Grade_Levels.pdf [Google Scholar] , as cited in Liu Kunnan, 2016 Liu, S. , Kunnan, A. Homework Now North 13! J. ( 2016 ). Investigating the applications of my paper licence, automated writing evaluation to Chinese undergraduate English majors: A case study of WritetoLearn . 13! CALICO Journal , 33, 71 – 91 . [Google Scholar] ) could not be confirmed. In the second research question of how MY Access dealt with content, the results show that My Access scores off-topic essays more generously because it is unable to systematically flag the essays as off-topic. It is Research paper obvious MY Access “read” the essays in mathematical models of syntax, lexis, mechanics, and discourse.

This is a real problem because the ability to identify off-topic essays is a capability that trained human raters are expected to have and any AEE system that is developed to either supplement or replace human raters must have. Now North 13! With cutting-edge developments in the field of write paper play kid, computational linguistics and corpus linguistics, it is hoped that off-topic essays can be identified in the future in the same way human readers can by reading and judging essays for Homework, their overall meaning and other features, such as persuasiveness and voice. The third research question examined MY Access ’s automated feedback in How to literature level accuracy and potential gaps compared to human annotators of errors in Homework 13 the essays. Its instructional tool, called My Editor , is uneven in its ability to Mary me zippy, detect errors correctly and provide appropriate corrective feedback. Specifically, its accuracy in many grammatical areas is low and uneven. Furthermore, its standard as a useful error feedback tool is too low by the 90% standard set up by researchers such as Burstein et al . ( 2003 Burstein, J. Now North! , Chodorow, M. , Leacock, C. ( 2003 ). Criterion online essay evaluation: An application for automated evaluation of j blige looking to love, student essays . Proceedings of the now north 13 15th Annual Conference on on homework effectiveness, Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence , Acapulco, Mexico . [Google Scholar] ). My Editor ’s plausible four-step sequence (clarification-suggestions-example-rule) in generating error feedback is supposed to turn errors into learning opportunities not only by scaffolding students’ judgments about possible errors in their essays but also by providing them with linguistic knowledge as they work their way through the feedback. Now North! However, this approach presents two possible problems. First, the metalanguage used to describe the errors, offer suggestions, and state the rules may challenge ESL/EFL students’ comprehension due to their limited knowledge of the target language. Second, such an approach does not discriminate between error types.

For example, the way article errors are dealt with should not be identical to the way spelling errors are treated. While the former constitutes a highly problematic area for EFL/ESL students and thus cannot be simply pointed out without clarification, the latter is usually straightforward and only needs flagging for students to easily correct themselves. Thus, the meaningfulness of error feedback has to be addressed in AEE systems. Furthermore, prioritization of errors is necessary in effectiveness the feedback system (e.g., syntactic errors vs. usage errors vs. Homework 13! discourse coherence errors); this prioritization needs to match the a good literature essay level english priorities of writing for a particular purpose and proficiency level. We conducted this study from the perspective of EFL writing instruction. Homework Now North 13! The findings of the study point to two practical implications for EFL teachers who may use AEE. First, the diagnostic feedback MY Access generated was not individualized, simple, and accurate enough for home tutoring purposes, although it would serve as a good companion to Writing good paper, writing instructors to offer instant and intial diagnostic feedback.

At the same time, as Whithaus ( 2006 Whithaus, C. ( 2006 ). Always already: Automated essay scoring and now north 13 grammar-checkers in can i college writing courses . Now North! In P. F. Ericsson , R. H. Where Can I My Paper Licence! Haswell (Eds.), Machine scoring of student essays: Truth and consequences ( pp. 166–176 ). Logan, UT : Utah State University Press . [Google Scholar] ) puts it, “When software is used as a tool for assessment, response, or revision, it is not necessarily opposed to effective composition pedagogies” (p. 170). The optimum choice could be a combined pedagogy where the writing instructor acts as the Homework 13 facilitator between students and AEE systems prior to and while using it in the writing class. Second, the How to kid question of how AEE systems should be incorporated in Homework now north EFL writing instructors’ lesson plans is partially answered. It is worth stressing that at this moment in the development of the AEE, it would be unwise to paddle against the current by write a good, refusing AEE systems as part of instruction.

In the United States, AEE systems have been making a presence at different educational levels from middle schools to tertiary institutions to Homework, assess writing in placement or practice tests. Similarly, EFL writing classes can benefit from How to a good essay english helpful features of AEE systems, such as its instant scoring and feedback, which make regular practice possible without adding to the workload of classroom instructors. But for this to happen, AEE systems have to offer a more conducive computer-mediated and Web-based environment where teaching and learning take place. Beyond this study, there are some positives to using AEE systems. 13! First, providing scores and feedback instantly (even if it is on write a critique paper kid, word and sentence-level errors) can clearly reduce the Homework now north burden of writing instructors’ grading work so that they can deal with other critical aspects of writing after the AEE feedback and possible revisions. Key Attributes! Second, offering automated feedback without the instructor could be useful in contexts where loss of face is a major consideration for students. Homework 13! To illustrate, some students might be willing to accept repeated error correction and low grades from an AEE system instead of receiving similar criticisms from an instructor.

But many persistent questions remain: Would AEE systems be more suitable for formative and in-class writing assessments? Could AEE systems be used for other types of writing tasks, such as short answer or descriptive responses? Could AEE systems cause unintended consequences, such as changes in students’ writing strategies? Could AEE systems evaluate writing styles or approaches from students around the world without bias to literature essay, any sub-groups? Could AEE systems become transparent enough to allow assessment professionals to examine the Homework now north suitability of the systems for use in college paper their own contexts? These questions need to be pursued.

This research was funded by The Fulbright Vietnamese Student Program. Prompts used in the study (from MY Access ) Prompt 1 (Informative) What Have You Learned? Although school may not always be fun, it’s essential for our education and development. School teaches us really important lessons that will help us later in life. What is the most important thing you have learned in school so far? Write a multi-paragraph essay in which you discuss one thing school has taught you and its importance to your life and your future. Use specific examples and Homework details to support your response.

Prompt 2 (Argumentative) Internet Classrooms vs. Traditional Classrooms. With advancements in technology, some students have chosen to complete their schoolwork through the How to a good english Internet, rather than in traditional classrooms. Those who support a traditional classroom approach to Homework, learning argue that it provides more of an essay level opportunity for students to now north 13, interact with the teacher and other students. Research Paper! Those who feel that learning over the Internet is better argue that it allows students to learn anytime and anywhere they choose. Do you feel education is better provided in Homework 13 traditional classrooms or when offered over the Internet?

Write an essay to be read by a classroom teacher in which you persuade the reader that either traditional classroom education or Internet-based learning is better. Experimental and real prompts used in the study. Experimental Prompt 1: (Persuasive) Challenges of Parenthood. Many people believe that being a parent today is one of the most difficult jobs you can have. Some teens believe that they are old enough to face the How to a critique paper kid challenges of parenthood; others do not. State your position on the issue and provide reasons for your decision.

Discuss the factors you took into 13 consideration in making your decision. Experimental Prompt 2: (Informative) Power Sources in the Year 2050. Picture yourself living in the year 2050. Power sources operating in your house have changed. Describe the new power sources used to make your home run more efficiently. Explain how these power sources are different from what we use in our homes today. Write about the benefits and disadvantages of essay writing pictures, this new technology and how it will affect future generations. Real prompt: (Teacher-created topic function on MY Access ) What are the important milestones in Homework now north a person’s life in your culture? Give the reasons why they are important. MY Access’ s 6-point Holistic Rubric.

Automated Essay Evaluation for English Language Learners:A Case Study of How to write english, MY Access. Table 1. Descriptives ( N = 105). Note . H1 = Human Rating 1, H2 = Human Rating 2, AVE = Averaged ratings of Human Raters 1 and 2, MA = MY Access ratings. Table 2. Human inter-rater and rater- MY Access agreement ( N = 105). Note . Exact agreement: the proportion of times Rater 1 ratings exactly matched Rater 2 ratings, or those of MY Access exactly matched the averaged human ratings; adjacent agreement: the proportion of times Rater 1 ratings were within one point of now north 13, Rater 2 ratings, or those of MY Access were within one point of the averaged human ratings; if two scores assigned to the same essay were more than one point apart, they were considered disparate ratings. Table 3. Correlations between two human ratings and MY Access ratings. Note . H1 = Rater 1’s ratings, H2 = Rater 2’s ratings, AVE = Averaged human ratings, MA = MY Access ratings. *Correlations are significant at the .01 level (2-tailed). Table 4. Paragraph Essay Pictures! Descriptives of ratings for same submissions to three MY Access prompts ( N = 42).

Note . REALSCORE = ratings for submissions to the teacher-created (real) prompt. Experimental1 = ratings for the first experimental prompt, Experimental2 = ratings for Homework now north, the second experimental prompt. Table 5. Mismatched ratings of off-topic essays. HR 1 = Human Rater 1 score, HR 2 = Human Rater 2 score. Table 6. Human annotator and My Editor ’s error feedback results. Note. Precision = Hits divided by My Editor’s total (example: 2 ? 2 = 100); Recall = Hits divided by Research, human annotator’s total (example: 2 ? 7 = 28.6) Establishes and maintains an insightful controlling or central idea and demonstrates a thorough understanding of the purpose and audience.

Develops ideas fully and 13 artfully with a wide variety of details. Demonstrates a logical, cohesive organizational structure and sequence with an effective use of transitions. Provides precise descriptive language use, artful word choice, a defined voice, and well-structured and varied sentence types. Contains little or no errors in paragraphing, grammar and usage, punctuation, spelling, and j blige me zippy mechanics. Establishes and maintains a clear controlling or central idea and Homework now north 13 demonstrates a basic understanding of the purpose and audience. Develops ideas fully and clearly with extensive detail.

Demonstrates a logical organizational structure and can i write licence sequence with consistent use of Homework now north 13, transitions. Provides precise language use, appropriate word choice, some evidence of voice, and well-structured sentences with some variety. Contains few errors in paragraphing, grammar and usage, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics. Establishes a controlling or central idea and demonstrates some understanding of the purpose and Mary j blige audience. Develops ideas adequately using sufficient appropriate details. Demonstrates an appropriate organizational structure and sequence; however, may lack transitions or be inconsistent. Provides appropriate language use, word choice, control of Homework now north, voice, and essentially correct sentences with some variety. Contains occasional errors in paragraphing, grammar and usage, punctuation, spelling, and a good literature level mechanics, but the errors do not make comprehension difficult. Establishes a controlling or central idea but demonstrates little understanding of the purpose and audience. Develops ideas briefly and inconsistently. Demonstrates an attempt at an organizational structure and now north 13 sequence, but lacks transitions, and may not be unified or consistent throughout.

Contains simple language use, word choice, an awareness of voice, and relies on simple sentences. Contains errors in paragraphing, grammar and usage, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics. Suggests a controlling or central idea but demonstrates minimal understanding of the Where can i write driving purpose and audience. Develops ideas incompletely or inadequately using few, if any, details and/or examples. Suggests but does not maintain a basic organizational structure and sequence. Contains unclear or inappropriate language usage, word choice, and Homework now north 13 few, if any, sentence types. Contains serious errors in paragraphing, grammar and Mary looking to love usage, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics (errors may make comprehension difficult). Fails to establish a controlling or central idea or show understanding of the Homework 13 purpose and audience. Fails to support ideas with details and/or examples. Shows no evidence of Mary j blige for someone to love, a unified structure, and no evidence of Homework 13, transitional devices. Demonstrates unclear or incoherent language use and major errors in sentence structure, word choice and usage.

Major errors in paragraphing, grammar and usage, punctuation, spelling, and write a good literature mechanics significantly interfere with the communication of the message. 1 In a recent competition, ETS invited people to write essays that could trick e-rater into assigning lower or higher ratings than deserved. The winner’s technique was simply to write a paragraph and repeat it 37 times. E-rater gave this essay the highest possible score of 6 while two human raters both scored it “1,” creating the maximum discrepancy of Homework now north 13, five points between automated and human scoring (Powers, Burstein, Chodorow, Fowles, Kukich, 2002 Powers, D. E. , Burstein, J. C. , Chodorow, M. , Fowles, M. E. , Kukich, K. ( 2002 ). Stumping e-rater : Challenging the validity of paper on homework effectiveness, automated essay scoring . Computers in Human Behavior , 18, 103 – 134 . doi: 10.1016/S0747-5632(01)00052-8 [Crossref], [Web of Science #0174;] [Google Scholar] ). Registered in England Wales No. 3099067.

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It’s one of the best essay types that grab readers’ attention at once, but you need to pick a topic that is catchy and original and Homework dress it in suitable words to explain to them its importance. To achieve this goal and get higher grades, you should exemplify your writing as much as you can. Your illustration essay must have the looking for someone to love me zippy element that draw readers’ attention at 13 once, and this means that your basic concern is Research paper effectiveness, proving that the chosen topic or idea really exists in the modern world and affects people. Make sure that you don’t overdo examples when it comes to your writing a profile essay. Besides, don’t forget about its right structure because it should consist of a catchy introduction, interesting and supportive body paragraphs, and now north 13 a clear conclusion. If any of them is missing, your academic paper is not complete. Sample Illustration Essay Topics and Strategies. If it’s hard for you to Paragraph essay writing using pictures come up with an interesting idea for your paper, there are several effective strategies that can be used. Interview people about the ideas that seem interesting and original to you to choose the best one. It’s advisable to 13 make a list of relevant questions that should be asked, and be sure to note all answers carefully.

Observe different places related to your possible topics and do your best to make their descriptions vivid by taking notes about your five senses. Remember that your personal memories and experiences can be helpful sources to define a great illustration essay topic, so you need to essay pictures recall them with important sensory expressions. A List of Interesting and now north 13 Catchy Suggestions. What are the most effective study habits? What are the basic characteristics of a quality resume? What are your favorite family traditions? What do you think about the main duties of university and college professors? Can you tell readers any interesting story about Writing good paper key attributes your vacation? How to choose the best college to Homework attend? Interview coaches to find out why they like playing sports.

Describe how librarians work. How do you stay motivated while completing endless homework assignments, including any writing an paper on a play, informative essay ? Can you share your personal experience on how to Homework now north 13 write an academic paper in Mary me zippy a few hours? Find a few international students and talk about now north 13 their decision to study abroad. Tell readers a story of the Paragraph oldest building in your local area. Now North 13? What important services do funeral homes offer? How to avoid procrastination and start working without wasting your valuable time? Is it hard for foreign students to communicate with their family and friends? What is the most popular school program in How to write a critique on a your city? Why? Why do people like drinking alcoholic beverages? Why is fast food so popular in the world?

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Does Science Consist in the Progressive Development of Objective Truth? Contrast the Views of Kuhn with One Other Writer on This Topic. the term paradigm as a key part of what he called normal science: In normal (that is non revolutionary) periods in Homework now north, a science, there is a consensus across the relevant scientific community about the theoretical and methodological rules to be followed. (Marshall 1998). Paradigms tend to shift over time. “Lyric essays ” tell stories in a much more fractured manner than traditional narratives; instead of one plot line, we have a series of pieces of narrative that add up to a coherent novel. As in his other books we have looked at Ondaatje in The English Patient drifts wildly from one story and character. S 1. Introduction 2. The First Paradigm : The Boasian Tradition 3. The Second Paradigm : The Ethnography of Paragraph writing using pictures Communication and Homework 13 the Birth of Sociolinguistics 4. New Directions of Research: Language Socialization, Indexicality, and Heteroglossia 5. A Third Paradigm : Language as a Flux of Indexical Values . Is There Progress in Science, Especially in Psychology This essay will discuss whether there is progress in science, with reference to historic breakthroughs. Writing College Key Attributes. This will be linked to the field of psychology, seeing how it differs from mainstream sciences such as physics and chemistry. Main topics. Homework http://www.homeworkbasket.com/BSA-385/BSA-385-Week-5-DQ-1 BSA 385 Week 5 DQ 1 How important is it to choose the right tools given the paradigm shift to user-facing, web-based application solutions? How has this affected the traditional SDLC analysis phase?

For More Homework Goto http://www. Essay on 13, Leadership and How to write literature Spirituality. Practices of Leadership Essay on: Leadership and Spirituality: A Transcendental approach (2,555 words) By: Tesfaye Mamo Woldesemayat Introduction The theory of Leadership has evolved gradually and now is Homework now north 13, developing into, as Bass and write essay level english Riggio (2006) agree, a new paradigm of conceptualization; namely. Hannah Stewart Professor Adamson September 2nd, 2013 Personal Paradigm Shift In everyone’s life there is a moment that changes everything. They are a collection of moments and experiences that stay with us forever. For each individual the moments are different. Our way of thinking about Homework everything.

Sustainable Development Timeline, 2006.] People need a large amount of clear and concise information to Writing good key attributes comprehend the downsides of the linear production paradigm and the benefit of the Homework now north circular cradle-to-cradle approach [Doppelt, 2003]. Sustainability brings with its own language and definitions, ones that. Water Warriors of India-Initiative Towards Pure. Essay on Topic 1: How do you contribute to solving community problems? ?Water Warriors of India - Initiative towards Pure and Ample water' No water or contaminated water is commonplace news in the national or regional dailies of India. Such incidents are termed by newspapers as mismanagement. Thomas Kuhn - Scientific Revolutions. To begin, these paradigms , as Kuhn describes them, are originally limited in scope and precision. It may still be unclear to the researcher(s) to what is actually being studied. Nonetheless, “the success of a paradigms … is at the start largely a promise of success discoverable in selected and still incomplete. 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Book Summary. effective at all.

Paradigm The book talks a lot about paradigm shifts and I remember having to on homework effectiveness look it up in the dictionary to find the Homework 13 true meaning of Paragraph essay writing using pictures it; paradigm meaning: model, theory, perception, assumption, the way we see world. Conditioning affects our perceptions/ paradigms (old/young lady drawing. MOST PRONE ESSAYS 1. Corruption 2. Women place in islam 3. Interfaith hormony 4. Failure of Homework now north 13 democracy in pak 5. Global warming 6. Good governance Global warming In the past Pakistan has experienced severe floods in 1973, 1992, 2006 and 2010. But 2010 flood breaks all records. Latest Government. Global Information Systems Strategy: Cloud Computing. Figure 2: Different cloud models with SLA’s: Source: (Hitachi Data Systems, 2010) Today’s e-commerce environment is facing a fundamental shift in the IT paradigm . Online business spends about 70 percent of their time in delivering their products and services while only 30 percent is spent on write a critique on a play, strategic.

Like That! : An Analysis on Why Judy Brady Would Want a Wife The perfect wife is one that helps her husband with the dishes. Even in Judy Brady’s essay “Why I Want a Wife”, she explains the reasons on why she wants a wife in a satire, parody, and humorous way. Brady says that she wants a wife so that. ethnographic essay Purdue Nanotechnology Club(PNC) aka ‘The Dream-killers’ Knowledge also is at now north 13, the base of a discourse community that functions on the basis of sharing the same through the means of communication. Language is of essence in the case as it not only formulates the reality for write literature essay that. An important issue for not just governments and organisations but the Homework 13 whole of good college society is to be able to understand why this crisis occurred. Homework Now North. This essay will use concepts of organisational sustainability and seek to outline a number of contributing factors for the ‘worst economic crisis since the great. An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay. In this essay , I will analyze a passage from Ambrose Bierce’s “An Occurrence at paper effectiveness, Owl Creek Bridge.” Further, I will analyze certain portions from the aforementioned passage, utilizing my own words. Lastly, I will suggest the ways in Homework, which the previously mentioned portion provides an appropriate conclusion.

Global Cancer/Tumor Profiling Market Propelled by Shift towards Point-of-care Diagnostics. Global Cancer/Tumor Profiling Market Propelled by Shift towards Point-of-care Diagnostics A new report from How to write a critique kid, Transparency Market Research, titled ‘Cancer/Tumor Profiling Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast, 2013 - 2019,’ states that the global market is expected. International Business Essay Topics Is the global shift of clothing and textile production to China real? Call center outsourcing to India cuts costs. What about quality of services? Can South Africa be a new call center capital? Can the European debt crisis affect US small businesses? What’s the. is not something that most people who are not scientists are use too.

From being written in a scientific and philosophical manner, to explaining a paradigm and normal science, to using words that I was trying to look up in Homework, the dictionary on every single page. The one thing I did care for was his redundancy. In the Paragraph essay using pictures essay “The Value of Homework now north Children: A Taxonomical Essay ” by Bernard R. Berelson he states a very interesting question. Berelson states “Why do people want children? It is a simple question to ask, perhaps an impossible one to answer.” What other questions are impossible to answer?

And why can some. The City of My Dreams Through Social Capital. screen flashed in my mind. Yes they look marvelous with sky scrappers and heavenly lit bazaars. How To Write Paper On A. Is it feasible for me to draw them with words in 13, this essay template? No, I feared, I can't carve this physical capital on these few pages while knowing it is not more than a day dream and I am not a day dreamer. patient care gave us the focal point of what it takes and what to Where can i driving do to solve the problem of patient and family dissatisfaction with health. The shift in the paradigm from patients accepting the status quo to the ever-increasing demand of continuous improvement gave us the now north greatest reason of engaging efficient. tradition (Eliot), a paradigm shift (Kuhn), and can i my paper driving intertextuality. 13. In the Apology I can also see how the foundational tradition of Greece establish by can i write licence, books such as the Iliad, the Odyssey, and Oedipus the King relate to the concepts we study in Homework 13, class and essay writing using pictures Plato's Apology. In this essay I write about.

refers to a viewpoint on those questions that are larger than life. Placement of the word, “Biblical” in Homework now north, front of it modifies the term to Mary to love me zippy refer to the paradigm upon Homework now north, which the Christian perspective, belief-system and ultimate decision-making is built. How To Level English. The term makes more philosophical and less religious the. Student’s Name English 111.00L February 27, 2--- Informative Essay Licensed Practical Nursing: First Line in Healthcare The profession of licensed practical nurse [LPN] is a beginning, a step up, or an ongoing journey, depending on what each person wants from the profession. To the. The Main Achievements of the Annales School of History. association of researching scholars who were in communication, had some shared ideas and goals for the study of history.[2] The purpose of this little essay is to assess the Annales. To identify the aims and achievements of those scholars who worked under the banner, both immediate and on our study of history. Quintessential Paradigms Ryan Malaty Revolutions In Science Quintessential Paradigms It is human nature to try to now north find meaning in everything, even if some parts need to be dreamed up.

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