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Apostle Paul Essays and Research Papers. The Apostle Paul Introduction This report paper will be on Essay work the life of Paul . Assignment Expert Reviews Assault. We will look at many various . different facts about this influential man of God. We all know the Essay work from home apostle Paul was used of God in Homework helpers language a miraculous way, but this paper will take a behind the scenes look at some areas. I also endeavor to make this paper come alive and reveal things about the apostle Paul that maybe have never been discovered by Essay work from the average reader and possibly forgotten by the veteran Christian. The Author of.

Apostle , Barnabas , Jesus 2341 Words | 7 Pages. Samedayessay.com Review. Jesus himself, shaped the history of Christianity like the apostle Paul .1 Paul’s career in ministry lasted about thirty years. . During his career, he shaped Christianity into what it is today. Before Christ saved Paul , he was an avid persecutor of Christians. Writing. (Acts 8:3) A religious Pharisee, who believed he was doing God’s will of the destruction of those who followed Jesus. After the road to Damascus, Paul became a zealous outspoken apostle for Jesus. He brought the Jews and Gentiles together in. Apostle , Christianity , Council of Samedayessay.com review, Jerusalem 1969 Words | 8 Pages.

Term Paper: Saint Paul the Apostle Saint Paul the Apostle was one of the most influential early . Christian missionaries of his time. He is responsible for writing many books that contributed to a large portion of the New Testament. Saint Paul was one of the most brilliant people to bring Christianity to wide spread lands. He traveled tens of thousands of miles spreading the word of Jesus Christ. These lands traveled upon included Cyprus, Asia Minor, Greece, Crete and Rome. Saint Paul helped define. Essay From Home. Apostle , Christianity , Jesus 2030 Words | 6 Pages. ?1 E. C. Mitchell BIBL 110 B11 LUO Biblical World View Essay September 15, 2014 Apostle Paul and the Good News Introduction Dr. . Elmer Towns and his co-author Ben Gutierrez in their book “In Essence of the New Testament: A Survey” supports the idea and the importance of all Christians grasping the knowledge put forth in the book of Romans.

Biblical educators such as Samuel Coleridge and Homework helpers language Martin Luther holds Paul’s epistle to the Romans in high esteem (Towns Gutierrez, 2012). They refer to as “the. Christian terms , Christianity , God in writing Christianity 1291 Words | 5 Pages. Homework Helpers Books And Composition. The Great Apostle Paul and the Law. The Great Apostle Paul and The Law Who is work from, this Apostle Paul and Essay editing boise why is he so important in Essay from home the way . Essay Boise School District. we refer to the Law? The discovery of who Paul is seems to strike most new believers as surprising and refreshing. Giving them the ability to dig into part of the Bible’s past. Conclusions to these findings make the writing from words of God comprehendible. Thus, the symbols district problem is home, not that there is something wrong with the Law; rather, what Paul criticizes is the wrong attitude toward the Law. Samedayessay.com Review. (Koperski) Paul’s. Bible , Christianity , Council of Jerusalem 2209 Words | 6 Pages. A Hermeneutical Analysis of Philemon. by Paul . Writing. Few have challenged this in comparison to other challenges on epistle authorship.

Recipient: The letter was written, mainly, to . Philemon. Date: 60 A.D. is what is thought to be the most accurate date of when the book was written. For Writing A Novel. Place: Paul most likely wrote the letter from Rome, while he was in prison, although some suggest it might have been elsewhere. Literary Genre: This book of the Bible features characteristics of a letter, thus can be classified as an writing work home epistle. Summary: Paul greets. Apostle Paul , Christianity , Epistle to Philemon 2657 Words | 6 Pages. For Writing A Novel. Biblical Principles of Church Planting. clear that Dr.

Hesselgrave main objective was to demonstrate Apostle Paul’s exemplary church-planting cycle (pg. 47) which is a ten-step . process that began and ended with the commissioning of missionaries (pg. Essay Home. 50) Dr. Hesselgrave wants the reader to understand that in reviews order to be have an influential missionizing and evangelizing, the Essay writing work from home key is to make conscientious decisions along with being prayerful in your plans and boise strategies. (pg. 50) Paul tells us that we are not to move forward with any type of. Apostle Paul , Christianity , Church planting 1317 Words | 5 Pages.

HUM2210 Paul The Apostle Paul , originally, Saul of Tarsus was a Jewish zealot convert. He gave Christianity . the boost it needed so that it may be spread throughout all nations just as Jesus had commanded him to. Paul is the author of the book of Romans in writing work home the Bible. The book of Romans was written by Paul to symbols school district the people and believers of Rome. He had hoped that this letter would not only inform the Roman people of his missionary conquest but that they might also support him and be a “homeland”. Bible , Christian terms , Christianity 636 Words | 2 Pages.

Liberty University the Significance of the Calling of writing, Paul the Apostle Research Paper Bibl323. Liberty University The Significance of the leadershp Calling of Paul the Apostle A research paper submitted to Dr. Craig . Miller In Partial Fulfillment of the Essay writing work from requirements For BIBL323 Liberty University Online Lynchburg, Virginia March 9, 2013 Table of Samedayessay.com, Contents Introduction- 2 A Look into Saul’s Past- 2 Jesus Confronts Saul- 4 Paul’s Life and work from Teachings- 5 the Death of Paul the Apostle - 6 Conclusion- 7 Bibliography- 8 Outline 1. Expert Reviews. A look into Saul’s past. Apostle , Barnabas , Christianity 1764 Words | 6 Pages. ? Paul the from Apostle (Greek: ?????? Paulos; c. 5 – c. 67), original name Saul of Tarsus (Greek: ?????? ??????? Saulos Tarseus), was . an reviews assault apostle (though not one of the Essay home Twelve Apostles ) who taught the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age. In the mid-30s to the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. Paul used his status as both a Jew and aRoman citizen to advantage in his ministry to both Jewish. Review. Acts of the Essay home Apostles , Christianity , Christianity in report the 1st century 4027 Words | 6 Pages. ? Paul Tan is My New GM The final 2 years of my publishing company By Edwin Kheng I have fought the writing work from good fight, I have finished the . Language And Composition. race, I have kept the faith. – 2 Timothy 4:7 Just like the apostle Paul who declared at the end of his ministry that he had did his utmost in everything that the Lord had tasked him to do, I felt that my brother-in-Christ Paul Tan was sent on a mission to be the general manager of my company during the two most difficult years of my life, which corresponded. Apostle , Apostle Paul , Authorship of the Pauline epistles 1066 Words | 4 Pages. 8/2/2012 Many people believe that Paul is in writing work home fact the helpers language and composition founder of Christianity, and not Jesus.

Of the twenty seven documents that . constitute the New Testament, thirteen are letters attributed to Paul . Also, more than half of the Acts of the Apostles describes Paul’s conversion and subsequent activities on writing behalf of the spread of the good news about Jesus (the Gospel). This gives us an indication as to how important Paul was to the religion. And Composition. Paul is one of the most prominent people in history. Acts of the Apostles , Apostle , Conversion of writing home, Paul 1891 Words | 5 Pages. ?Nickesha Larmond Paul and Peter Background information about Paul Paul whose name was Saul was an early . Christian missionary and theologian, known as the Apostle to the Gentiles was born a Jew in Tarsus, Rome. As a minor, he was trained as a rabbi but earned his living as a tentmaker. A zealous Pharisee, he persecuted the first Christians until a vision of Jesus, experienced while on Samedayessay.com review the road to Damascus, converted him to Christianity. Three years later he met St. Peter and Jesus' brother.

Apostle , Baptism , Christianity 1285 Words | 4 Pages. MINISTRY STRATEGY OF PAUL _________________ A Paper Submitted to The Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary _________________ In . Essay Work From. Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Discipleship Ministries DSMN 500 _________________ By 16 September, 2012 Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION. 4 II. TEACHING…………. Apostle , Christianity , Circumcision controversy in early Christianity 1725 Words | 6 Pages. Review. Commemorative Speech Sample: TRIBUTE TO PAUL Introduction Attention-Getting Device He was determined to stop the followers of Jesus, . even if it that meant taking their life, as in the case of from, Stephen. He was going to Damascus next with a clear goal – find the followers of Jesus so they could be punished. But this trip did not go as planned. Without going into the details of what happened on the road to Damascus, he became what he so despised – a follower of Jesus, but not only a follower.

Apostle , Apostle Paul , Christian religious leaders 701 Words | 3 Pages. ?The Twelve Apostles What is an apostle ? The word apostle means “one who is sent out.” In the New Testament, . there are two primary usages of the Homework helpers and composition word apostle . The first is in specifically referring to the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ. The second is in generically referring to other individuals who are sent out to be messengers/ambassadors of Jesus Christ.1 What is the difference between apostle and disciple? Disciples were essentially students of writing from home, Jesus during his existence. An apostle , along with. Apostle , Jesus , Jesus and history 989 Words | 3 Pages. Historical Background of Paul The Apost. Historical Background of Paul The Apostle Letter to Philemon Author – Apostle Paul 1. Family . Heritage Paul was born in Tarsus, the books language capital of Cilicia, a Roman province in about 5 A.D., which is in Essay writing from home present day southeast Turkey. Thus, he was born very close to the time that Christ was born. His circumcised name was Saul but it is believed that he was also given the name “ Paul ” in Samedayessay.com his infancy to be used by him when in the Gentile world. In Greek, “Saul” is “ Paul ” or “Paulos”.

It was usual at the time. Apostle , Apostle Paul , Christianity 2387 Words | 9 Pages. Peter the Apostle Peter (also known as Simon) was one of the original 12 apostles . Home. He became the leader of the . apostles , after Jesus' ascension. Peter was originally from Bethsaida on the northern shore of the sea of Galilee. Peter was married. He was a fisherman with his brother Andrew. Newspaper. His home was in Capernaum. When Jesus called him to be an apostle , he was given the added name Cephas (Aramaic: stone, Greek: Petros, which in English is rendered as Peter). Peter was a native of Bethsaida . Apostle , Christianity , Crucifixion 1010 Words | 3 Pages.

Fire in Essay writing work home Rome in 64 Ad and the Deaths of Peter and Paul Roman Fire in 64 Ad. AD and books language the Deaths of Peter and Paul Roman Fire in Essay writing work 64 AD Table of Contents Fire in Rome in 64 . Homework Helpers Books Language And Composition. AD……………………………………………………………………….…. 1 Death of the writing work Apostle Peter…………………………. …………………………………………. 2 Death of the Apostle Paul .…………..……………………………………………………….…. 4 References…………………………………………………….…………………………….…….7 Fire in Rome in 64 AD and the Deaths 1 Fire in Rome in 64 AD and the Deaths of Peter and Materials a novel Paul Roman Fire in 64 AD . Essay Work Home. Apostle , Bishop , Christianity 2023 Words | 6 Pages. Saint Paul Preparatory School Achieving Excellence. Embracing Diversity. Student Application Student Name . Pay For Report. ________________________________________________________________________ Last First Expected enrollment date ______________________ Semester Middle ____________ Year Current Grade in School ________________ Instructions Your application is a reflection of who you are and should be completed carefully and thoroughly. Your responses to Essay writing work from the questions should be thoughtful.

Apostle Paul , Christianity , Education 1325 Words | 13 Pages. whom did Paul talk when he went to Jerusalem? How do we know? Show the assault similarities and differences between tradition and revelation in Paul’s . gospel. Three years after his conversion, Paul went to Jerusalem to meet with Cephas (Peter). He remained in Essay from Jerusalem for fifteen days. After this time, he also met with James, the Lord’s brother. It was from Peter that Paul learned of the for writing a novel tradition, i.e., the details of Jesus’ teachings during His earthly ministry.

It was important for Paul to inquire. Essay Writing From. Christianity , God in Christianity , Gospel 960 Words | 3 Pages. Liberty University the Significance of the Calling of Paul the Apostle Annotated Bibliography. Harrer, G. Books Language. A. “Saul who also is Called Paul .” Harvard Theological Review 33, no. 1 (Ja 1940): 19–33. G. A. From Home. Harrer talks about the . possibilities of the change in Paul’s name from Saul in this paper. The name change of Saul has always fascinated many. In Acts, Luke mentions twice, Saul (who is also called Paul ). Expert Assault. Before this, he is only called Saul.

After this, he is only called Paul , except when referring to Essay work his past. In his letters he even calls himself Paul . What made him change his name and why. Acts of the Apostles , Apostle , Apostle Paul 452 Words | 2 Pages. Paul of tarsus is recognised as the wtitting/personal plan second founder of Christianity after Jesus. He was born in tarsus somewhere between 0 and 10CE. Although . Essay Work Home. his teachings have influenced every generation of Christianity of Christian thinking and books language every variant of Christianity, in Pauls early years he was a Jew and a Pharisee and was also know as Saul. As a Pharisee, he was well known for he opposition against the individuals who were preaching Jesus Christ and was first mentioned in the bible witnessing the home death. Bible , Christianity , Eucharist 813 Words | 3 Pages. Symbols Boise. Saint Paul is writing from, one of the most influential early Christian missionaries and leaders of the first generation of Christians. He was a Jew from the . tribe of Benjamin and Essay leadershp was born a Roman citizen, in Tarsus of Cilicia, with the Hebrew name Saul.

Among the many other apostles and missionaries involved in the spread of the Christian faith, Paul is often considered to Essay work be one of the two most important people in report homework newspaper the history of Christianity, and one of the greatest religious leaders of writing from, all time. In the New. Bible , Christianity , Gospel 1486 Words | 4 Pages. ?Harris calls Paul “the most influential apostle and missionary of the mid-first-century CE church and author of seven to nine . New Testament letters” (H G-33). It would be quite an accolade to receive such recognition, but what makes it even more remarkable is that Paul , or Saul, (Saul was his Judean name and Paul was his Roman name (footnotes B 1943)) originally persecuted the ekklesia or “church”. Leadershp Plan. Paul went from persecuting the ekklesia or “church” to Essay writing being its “most influential apostle and missionary”. Essay Wtitting/personal. Acts of the Essay work Apostles , Bible , Christian terms 1081 Words | 3 Pages. Early life and letters of paul | Paul on Grace | By Grace we are Saved | | | 8/7/2012 | This research paper . will discuss Paul and his reflections on grace. Materials For Writing. | Abstract/Introduction: The purpose for this paper is to provide historical background on Paul and grace. Writing Work From. I will also provide how it is applied to Samedayessay.com review modern times, how it has changed my life as well as my learning goals from this paper on Paul and grace. Paul embraced God’s grace after his conversion and call and work from informed. Christianity , Epistle to the Romans , Gospel 1736 Words | 5 Pages.

St Pauls Miracles In LifePaul The. ? St. Editing Boise. Paul’s Miracles in Life Paul the Apostle original name Saul of Tarsus (Greek: ?????? ??????? SaulosTarseus), was . an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles ) who taught the home gospel of Christ to the first-century world. Actually he is report, considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age. In the mid-30s to the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. (Griggs p.1) In fact, Paul used his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to advantage in his ministry. Books of the Essay work from home Bible , Epistle , Epistle to the Romans 2902 Words | 17 Pages. Subject is the Pentecostal Mission of the Apostles . Reviews. Christ Is in the center and very large compared to home everything else in the . For Writing. composition. Open handed gesture and double halos. A look of weightlessness. He is from home, surrounded by the twelve apostles . Jesus is telling the apostles to spread his message. Lintel and Archivolts: Pagans and exotic foreigners of the world represented around the apostles to show the Samedayessay.com review people who need to be converted. Greeks.

Apostle , Apse , Cathedral diagram 902 Words | 3 Pages. ? Paul of home, Tarsus Unit: Christianity Topic: Significant person - Paul of Tarsus Task: An investigation of Paul and . his letters Who was Paul ? (Acts 7:56 - 28:31) Who was Paul Lived in Tarsus,Cilicia and as a pharisee Acts 8:3 Paul was active in the persecution of Christians Acts 9:4-25 Paul was on reviews his way to Damascus in aim of persecuting more christians when he had a vision of Jesus which changed his views, and Essay writing work from was baptised soon after. Essay Wtitting/personal Leadershp Plan. He returned to Essay Damascus where he preached Acts 9:26-30 Barnabas. Books of the Bible , Christianity , Epistle 1333 Words | 5 Pages. Michelangelo the Sistine Chapel Frescos. for the frescos. These 12 Apostles that I am commissioned to paint are soboring I must find a way around painting them in such a dull fashion. . Report Homework Newspaper. As we started to paint the fresco's I became very uninspired by the idea of the 12 apostles I was upset andconfused. I knew that this was not the right idea for the ceiling.(Redig De Campos, 170). I talked with Julius today and we discussed the Essay work from project.

I told him that It wasmuch to poor a thing to paint only the Apostles . And when he asked why I. Assignment Expert. Adam and writing from home Eve , Apostle , Fresco 1470 Words | 4 Pages. Essay Wtitting/personal Leadershp. (Matthew as an angel, Mark as a lion, Luke as an writing work from ox, and John as an eagle), and the seven lamps signifying the Pay for report homework seven communities where Saint John addressed . the Apocalypse . Next to the arches on the second register, the artist depicts the Twelve Apostles (with their names written next to them) and scenes from the Old Testament including the Essay writing work home story of Samedayessay.com review, Cain and Essay home Abel. The most important figure is Christ because he is the leadershp plan son of God and work the one who gave up his life so that the sins of humanity could be. Apostle , Four Evangelists , Gothic art 1750 Words | 4 Pages. this image is that not many people will recognise this image and review relate it to my concept. The second artist I researched was Leonardo Da Vinci and his . Writing From Home. artwork The Last Supper. Pay For Report Newspaper. This image portrays the final meal that Jesus shared with his apostles . The 12 apostles and Jesus were seen to be an iconic figure The reason why Da Vinci’s version is most popular is because it was the first to Essay work home depict real people acting like ‘real’ people. Consequently, it could work well with my concept in terms of glorifying.

Apostle , Concept , Drawing 833 Words | 3 Pages. Saint Paul , Epistle to the Romans Christianity is a religion that has overcome a lot of adversity in the last couple decades. Through the Pay for report homework newspaper use . of writing work from, early disciples preaching the word of God and with scripture, the beliefs of Christian faith can be understood. The earliest Christian sources do not come from the gospels, but from Paul’s epistles regarding the Christian communities. Paul , or Saul his Hebrew name, was born an Israelite in Tarsus and became one of the most influential followers.

Prior to. Christian terms , Christianity , God in Christianity 1087 Words | 4 Pages. The Three Main Missionary Journeys of Saint Paul. The Three Main Missionary Journey's of Saint Paul The First Journey of St. Paul : Paul went on three main . missionary journeys. The first missionary journey took place from 45-49 A.D. He traveled with Barnabus and a young boy named John Mark. John Mark did not stay with them for very long.

He returned to his home in Jerusalem and left Paul and Barnabus without a helper. Paul and Essay symbols boise Barnabus were worshiping at the church at Antioch, Syria and the holy Spirit came forth and sent them on their journey. Barnabas , Christianity , Gospel 1632 Words | 5 Pages. ? Paul the Apostle gave us not only some of the Essay writing work home most profound pieces of early Christian theological reflection, but also some of . the boise school district finest, poignant writing in history. Throughout Paul of Tarsus’ life, he has been able to contribute to the development of Christianity through his heritage, his personal encounter with Jesus and his life as a missionary for Jesus. AD 33, before Paul converted to Christ, Christianity grew only amongst disaffected Jews.

A Jew himself, Paul spoke Greek and inherited Roman. Christianity , Early Christianity , Jesus 1567 Words | 4 Pages. Paul of Tarsus Essay - Significant Teachings. Paul of Tarsus Contribution to writing work home the development and expression of Christianity Paul of Essay leadershp plan, Tarsus (originally Saul of Tarsus) is . widely considered to be central to Essay work from home the early development and adoption of Christianity. Many Christians view him as an important interpreter of the teachings of Jesus. Little is Materials, known of the birth and early childhood of Paul , then known as Saul. It is known in the scriptures that he was born in the city of Tarsus (Acts 22:3) located in the Roman province of Cilicia around. Christianity , Eucharist , Jesus 1404 Words | 4 Pages. Apostle Peter It is said that the apostle Peter was a slender person of Essay work from, a middle size inclining to tallness and that his . complexion was pale, almost white.

It is also said that he had a short thick curled beard and thin eyebrows, or, no eyebrows at all. Materials For Writing A Novel. Peter's eyes were black, but, flecked with red due to frequent weeping. Born at Essay writing from home Betsaida, in Galilee, to a fisherman by Essay school the name of Jona, Peter would eventually follow his father into this profession. Well one day he was standing by the shore. Apostle , Christianity , Gospel 805 Words | 2 Pages. With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility. Creator Himself.” Lewis reflects on the values that become no value if the Tao is rejected, which causes man to rely on Essay instinct. Man has a spirit and a . carnal body. If instinct takes over, the Materials carnal body relies on what is best for the body. The apostle Paul refers to writing work home this as, “fulfilling the Assignment assault lust of the writing work flesh” in Galatians 5:16.

Animals have instincts, but we are different from Essay symbols boise animals in writing from that we have emotional intellect, we can re-train ourselves, and we can think about the consequences of our actions. Apostle , Apostle Paul , Epistle to the Galatians 648 Words | 2 Pages. Biography of wtitting/personal plan, Saint Peter After Jesus, Saint Peter is the most known and quoted Apostle in the New Testament. He is mentioned 154 times . with the nickname Petros, stone, rock, which is the Greek translation of the Aramaic name Jesus gave him directly, Kefa. The name Simon is the Greek form adapted to his original Hebrew name, Simeon. The call of Jesus It took place on a day like any other day, while Peter was doing. Apostle , Christianity , James the Just 946 Words | 3 Pages. Paul Bernardo The urge shot through the Essay writing work mans body, uncontrollable, like sharks in a feeding frenzy. Essay Editing Symbols Boise District. He could only quench his feverish . Essay From. desires by carrying out unspeakable devilish acts. The victim didn't matter, no thought was given to any implications of the satanic rituals.

Several times Bernardo resorted to defecating of Essay editing boise school district, human beings in order to satisfy his sick and abnormal urges. Essay Work From Home. Paul Bernardo's lustful and diverted sexual desires sprouted from the influence of pornography. Pornography. Human sexual behavior , Human sexuality , Karla Homolka 791 Words | 3 Pages. ?The Paul Mccartney conspiracy theory In October of 1969, three weeks after The Beatles Abbey Road album was released, wknr-FM `s Russ Gibb . took a call from a man who identified himself as Tom who told the deejay and all the listener’s about carefully hidden clues in The Beatles songs and album art which he claimed that they indicated Paul Mccartney had died on Samedayessay.com review 9th November 1966 in a car accident soon millions of people started to tell people about other evidence they have discovered which proved. Abbey Road , George Harrison , John Lennon 1069 Words | 3 Pages. Work Home. A BIBLICAL VIEW OF THE LIFE OF A LEADER: LESSONS FROM 1 THESSALONIANS 1 - 3 SUMMARY Paul established the Materials for writing a novel Thessalonian church . on his second missionary trip. Silas and Timothy were partners with him during this time. In order to not be a burden on this fledgling church, the missionary team worked as bi-vocational ministers raising their own support.[1] In doing so, they set an example for writing work from the early church. Materials A Novel. Their work demonstrated an important truth – work is godly.

Indeed, God is at. Apostle , Bible , Christian terms 1506 Words | 5 Pages. When the British Came: Paul Revere Through My Eyes By: Shagun Doshi May 22, 1810 After over work from, 37 years of marriage, you can just imagine . the memorable moments I have shared with Paul . From watching our 11 beautiful children grow up to be wonderful people to the activism work Paul used to do back in the day. The main reason for me to Samedayessay.com review write this is writing from home, not only because I am 65 years old and my mind seems to be losing me, but also to tell the untold tale of Mr. Paul Revere, a great husband and a true.

American Revolutionary War , Battles of Lexington and Concord , John Hancock 1442 Words | 4 Pages. Paul of Assignment expert, Tarsus – Essay Paul of Tarsus is one of the most significant persons in early Christian times due to from home his enormous impact . and homework newspaper contribution to the Christian tradition. He went from being a destroyer of Christians to a committed Christian leader. Paul’s contribution to writing home Christianity mainly comes from his missionary journeys that helped spread the Gospel, his letters and writing that make up about one third of the New Testament and the depth and influence of his teachings e.g. justification by. Christian terms , Christianity , Christianity in the 1st century 1295 Words | 4 Pages. roll came to life. The Beatles, band on the run, English rock group, also know as Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo . Starr. The group brought rock and roll to life gave it a meaning. Music was the way to Pay for report homework for people to listen and understand music was a way of communication and Paul McCartney, one of the four who started it. Does he still have what it takes to be a rock star up to today? Paul McCartney a British vocalist, song writer, composer, bass player, poet, and painter.

Abbey Road , George Harrison , John Lennon 1507 Words | 5 Pages. Biography of Essay writing work from home, Paul Robin Krugman Abstract Dr. Paul Robin Krugman is an American economist, bestselling author, and professor. . He was awarded the for writing Nobel Prize in 2008 for Economics. Dr. Krugman is an writing work from home international economics that experience’s in finance, trade theory, and economic geography.

This paper is a short summary of helpers language, his life. Dr. Paul Krugman is an amazing American economist, Best Selling Author, and Professor. He was awarded by the American Economic Association the John Bates Clark Medal. American Economic Association , Comparative advantage , Economic geography 1140 Words | 4 Pages. The dilemma here however, is that the bible as a source of information does not always seem to hold one consistent view.

This is even more so an issue . when looking at the letters written by the apostle Paul . Paul is known in his writings to have somewhat confusing opinions which are not always clear cut. While on some issues Paul is very clear, such as his opinion on the necessity for circumcision, other issues have been the Essay work from home cause of disagreement among churches and scholars and Essay symbols boise school even sources of heated debate. Work From. Authorship of the helpers Pauline epistles , Christianity , Early Christianity 4311 Words | 13 Pages. Stephanie Cairns - SOR The Second Most Important Man Towards Christianity Question: Analyse the contribution that Paul of writing, Tarsus had on the . development and expression of Christianity. Paul of Tarsus or Saint Paul is considered by for writing a novel many Christians today to be the most important disciple of Jesus, and beside this the second important found in the development of Christianity. Saint Paul had a major impact on the spread of Christianity, contributing to the underlying unity of the writing work from religious tradition. Christian terms , Christianity , Council of Jerusalem 1165 Words | 3 Pages. order” (Gale). “Cezanne was a suspicious man” (Harris) and preferred to paint in peace and for writing quiet of the work from home countryside. Although, he was “difficult minded” . ( Paul Cezanne Biography) and destroyed or left unfinished many of his works, Cezanne was the “father of modern art and greatest of the Post-Impressionist painters” (Harris). This amazing artist, Paul Cezanne, was born on January 19, 1839, in Aix-en-Provence, France. His parents were Louis-Anguste Cezanne and Essay wtitting/personal Anne-Elisabeth Honorine Aubert. He also.

Camille Pissarro , Cubism , Impressionism 1215 Words | 4 Pages. Paul Revere was an American Patriot who lived in the 18th and 19th century. He is the subject of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s “A . Midnight Ride” one of the most famous American poems. Essay Writing Work From. He was known as a son of liberty and was a key person in Materials for writing America’s fight for liberty. Revere was a messenger, a silversmith, a dentist, even a writer, but through all of writing from home, his professions, duties and responsibilities Paul Revere remained loyal, brave and committed to his country Paul Revere was. American Revolution , Battles of Lexington and Concord , Boston 1467 Words | 4 Pages. The Apostles and the Early Church. The Apostles and Samedayessay.com review the Early Church J.Trimble GBST 164 In the Gospel of Essay writing work, Matthew the term “ apostles ” is only used when . introducing the report homework list of twelve apostles commissioned to follow Christ. “Now the names of the twelve Apostles are these: the first, Simon who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Essay from, Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Essay plan, Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus; Simon the Canaanite, and. Apostle , Christian terms , Christianity 2946 Words | 8 Pages. Les Paul , known to friends as Lester William Polsfuss was born on June the 9th 1915. Essay Writing Work From Home. He is on the most important figure heads in helpers books and composition the creation . of a solid-bodied electric guitar and overdubbing recording techniques, not to work from mention various effects also.

Paul's interest in music began when he took up the harmonica at Essay boise age eight In 1947, Paul released a song through Capitol Records that had originally begun as an experiment in Essay work his garage, titled Lover (When You're Near Me) which featured Paul playing. Bass guitar , Electric guitar , Guitar 973 Words | 3 Pages. Essay Leadershp Plan. Paul Gauguin Danielle Arnold L. Scott Roberts Art Appreciation 11 November 2011 . Paul Gauguin Like so many artists one studies, the life of Paul Gauguin was filled with internal struggles on daily matters and beliefs. Gauguin was not dealt an easy life from the very beginning. Born to French journalist and half Peruvian mother, Gauguin came to Essay writing work from know the cruelty of life at a very young age. Expert Reviews. In 1851, he and Essay his family moved to Peru due to the climate. Camille Pissarro , Expressionism , Fauvism 1761 Words | 6 Pages.

Paul Robeson was a famous African American athlete, singer, actor and advocate for Essay editing symbols boise district the civil rights of people around the world. He rose to . prominence in Essay writing work from home a time when segregation was legal in America and black people were being lynched by white mobs, especially in the South. Born on April 9, 1898 in Princeton, New Jersey, Paul Robeson was the youngest of five children. His father was a runaway slave who went on to graduate from Pay for report Lincoln University, and his mother came from a family of Quakers. African American , African American history , American Civil War 955 Words | 3 Pages.

Paul Poiret who at the height of his career in pre-World War I France was the undisputed King of Fashion. His sweeping vision led to a new . silhouette that liberated women from the writing corset and introduced the shocking colors and exotic references of the Ballets Russes to the haute couture. The historic significance and influence of Poiret's work is breathtaking, and felt in fashion to the present day, said Harold Koda, Curator in report Charge of the Metropolitan Museum's Costume Institute. Poiret pioneered. Chanel , Clothing , Coco Chanel 1026 Words | 3 Pages. Essay Work. Paul the Apostle (Ancient Greek: ?????? Paulos, c.5 – c. 67), original name Saul of Tarsus (Ancient Greek: ?????? Saulos),[4] was . an apostle who took the gospel of Christ to the first-century world.[5] He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age. [6][7] In the mid-30s to Pay for newspaper the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. Paul used his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to advantage in his ministry to both Jewish and Roman audiences.[5] . Apostle , Christian terms , Christianity 525 Words | 2 Pages. “Few prime ministers have provoked such strong public reactions as Paul Keating”.

David Day. Keating’s left-wing political beliefs stemmed . from his pro-Labor, Catholic, working-class family background. Having left school at 15 after completing his Leaving Certificate, Keating went to work, studied electrical engineering at night, and Essay writing work from joined his father in expert supporting the Labor party. Through his political interests, Keating met former controversial state Labor party leader, Jack Lang who took. Australian Labor Party , Bill Hayden , Bob Hawke 854 Words | 3 Pages. Essay Work. The Apostle Simon ( Peter ) Good Morning! This is the day that the Lord has made.Good Afternoon! Let us rejoice in Samedayessay.com the Lord. [pic] Read This . Website In Your Language It has been said that the apostle Peter was a slender person.

He was of a middle size, inclining to writing tallness, and that his complexion was pale (almost white.) It has, also, been said that he had a short, thick, curled beard, thin eyebrows (or no eyebrows at all.) Another description of the Samedayessay.com apostle Peter is Essay writing from home, that his eyes were black. Review. Apostle , Christianity , Gospel 679 Words | 2 Pages. example was the apostle Paul in the Bible. Today, people see Paul as the work greatest of all the . apostles . However, during that time even with all his contributions to the kingdom of God, Paul actually saw himself as unworthy of report homework newspaper, Christ. In 1 Corinthians 15:9, Paul described himself as the least of Essay writing work home, all the apostles . Samedayessay.com. Paul was a true humble servant and that is hard to emulate. Essay Writing From. Going forward, I must learn to submit fully to authority by letting go of my pride. I have to emulate Paul by keeping a humble. Apostle , Christianity , God 1357 Words | 4 Pages. Captain Paul Watson Paul Watson was born the 2nd of December/ 1950, now at days he is 62 years old. Captain Paul . is a Canadian animal rights and environmental activist, who founded (1977) and is president of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, a direct action group devoted to marine conservation. Essay Symbols Boise District. Now at days Paul has only 1 child, his daughter's name is Lilliolani Paula Lum who was born in 1980, her mother is Watson's first wife, Starlet Lum. Years later he married Lisa DiStefano, his second.

Animal rights , Direct action , Don't Make a Wave Committee 1372 Words | 4 Pages.

Jan 27, 2018 Essay writing work from home, write my paper -

Gut-Level Legislation, or, Redistribution. Publication date Spring 2006. “New American fiction” is, to my mind, immediately and unhappily equivalent to Essay home new American short fiction. And yet I think the American short story is a dead form, unnaturally perpetuated, as Lukacs once wrote of the chivalric romance, “by purely formal means, after the transcendental conditions for its existence have already been condemned by Materials a novel the historico-philosophical dialectic.” Having exhausted the conditions for its existence, the short story continues to be propagated in America by Essay work from home a purely formal apparatus: by the big magazines, which, if they print fiction at all, sandwich one short story per issue between features and Pay for report, reviews; and by workshop-based creative writing programs and Essay work from, their attendant literary journals. Today’s short stories all seem to bear an expert reviews assault, invisible check mark, the ghastly imprimatur of the fiction factory; the very sentences are animated by some kind of vegetable consciousness: “I worked for Kristin,” they seem to say, or “Jeff thought I was fucking hilarious.” Meanwhile, the ghosts of deleted paragraphs rattle their chains from the margins. In the name of science, I recently read from cover to cover the work from home, Best American Short Stories anthologies of 2004 and 2005. Report Homework! Many of these stories seemed to have been pared down to a nearly unreadable core of brisk verbs and vivid nouns.

An indiscriminate premium has been placed on writing from home, the particular, the Essay editing symbols school district, tactile, the “crisp,” and the “tart”—as if literary worth should be calibrated by Essay from home resemblance to an apple (or, in helpers books language the lingo of Essay work from hyperspecificity, a McIntosh). Writers appear to be trying to identify as many concrete entities as possible, in the fewest possible words. The result is celebrated as “lean,” “tight,” “well-honed” prose. One of the by-products of hyperspecificity is a preponderance of proper names. For maximum specificity and minimum word count, names can’t be beat. Julia, Juliet, Viola, Violet, Rusty, Lefty, Carl, Carla, Carleton, Mamie, Sharee, Sharon, Rose of Sharon (a Native American). In acknowledgment of the times, the Materials for writing, 2004 and 2005 volumes each contain exactly one Middle East story, each featuring a character called Hassan. I found these names annoying, universally so. I was no less annoyed by John Briggs or John Hillman than by Essay work from Sybil Mildred Clemm Legrand Pascal, who invites the reader to wtitting/personal call her Miss Sibby. I was no more delighted by the cat called King Spanky than by the cat called Cat.

The authors had clearly weighed plausibility against precision; whichever way they inclined, there was the Essay work, same aura of cheapness. Alarmed by my own negativity, I began to wonder whether I might be doing the Best Americans some injustice. For a point of comparison, I reread a few stories by Chekhov, who is still the ostensible role model for Materials American “short-fiction practitioners.” (Search for “the American Chekhov” on Google, and you will get hits for Carver, Cheever, Tobias Wolff, Peter Taylor, Andre Dubus, and Lorrie Moore, as well as several playwrights.) By comparison with the Best Americans, I found, Chekhov is quite sparing with names. In “Lady with Lapdog,” Gurov’s wife gets a few lines of dialogue, but no name. Anna’s husband, Gurov’s crony at from, the club, the lapdog—all remain mercifully nameless. Granted, Chekhov was writing from a different point in the historico-philosophical dialectic: a character could be called “Gurov’s wife,” “the bureaucrat,” or “the lackey,” and leadershp plan, nobody would take it as a political statement. Essay Writing From Home! The Best Americans are more democratic. Every last clerk, child, and goat has a name. Nowhere is the best American barrage of names so relentless as in the first sentences, which are specific to reviews the point of Essay from arbitrariness; one expects to discover that they are all acrostics, or don’t contain a single letter e. They all begin in medias res.

For Slavists, the precedent for “in medias res” is set by Pushkin’s fragment “The guests were arriving at the dacha.” According to Essay leadershp plan Tolstoy’s wife, this sentence inspired the opening of Anna Karenina . Would Pushkin have managed to inspire anybody at all had he written: “The night before Countess Maria Ivanovna left for Baden Baden, a drunken coachman crashed the Mirskys’ troika into the Pronskys’ dacha”? He would not. Pushkin knew that it is work home neither necessary nor desirable for the first sentence of a literary work to answer the “five w’s and review, one h.” Many of the work from home, Best Americans assume this perverse burden. Homework And Composition! The result is Essay not just in medias res, but in-your-face in medias res, a maze of names, subordinate clauses, and minor collisions: “The morning after her granddaughter’s frantic phone call, Lorraine skipped her usual coffee session at the Limestone Diner and drove out to the accident scene instead”; “Graves had been sick for three days when, on Assignment expert assault, the long, straight highway between Mazar and Kunduz, a dark blue truck coming toward them shed its rear wheel in a spray of orange-yellow sparks.” I had to stare at these sentences (from Trudy Lewis’s “Limestone Diner” and Tom Bissell’s “Death Defier”) for several minutes each. A first line like “Lorraine skipped her usual coffee session at the Limestone Diner” is supposed to writing home create the illusion that the reader already knows Lorraine, knows about her usual coffee, and, thus, cares why Lorraine has violated her routine. Symbols School! It’s like a confidence man who rushes up and claps you on the shoulder, trying to make you think you already know him. Today’s writers are hustling their readers, as if reading were some arduous weight-loss regime, or a form of community service; the public goes along, joking about how they really should read more. Oprah uses identical rhetoric to advocate reading and fitness; Martha Nussbaum touts literature as an exercise regime for compassion.

Reading has become a Protestant good work: if you “buy into” Lorraine’s fate, it proves that you are a good person, capable of self-sacrifice and empathy. Another popular technique for waylaying the work, reader is the Essay editing school district, use of Essay writing from specificity as a shortcut to nostalgia—as if all a writer has to do is mention Little League or someone called Bucky McGee, and Homework books language, our shared American past will do the rest of the work. Each of the Best American anthologies, for example, has a Little League story. I believe, with the Formalists, that literature has no inherently unsuitable subject—but, if it did, this subject would surely be Little League. Both Best Americans include some variation on the Western historical romance, e.g., “Hart and work from home, Boot”: “The man’s head and torso emerged from a hole in the ground, just a few feet from the rock where Pearl Hart sat smoking her last cigarette.” There is a terrible threat in this sentence: is the reader really expected to think: “Good old Pearl Hart”? The best of the Best Americans are still the old masters—Joyce Carol Oates, Alice Munro, John Updike—writers who comply with the purpose of the short-story form: namely, telling a short story. This sounds trivial, but isn’t.

The short-story form can only accommodate a very specific content: basically, absence. Expert Assault! Missing persons, missed opportunities, very brief encounters, occuring in writing home the margins of “Life Itself”: when the content is minimalist, then it makes sense to follow the short-fiction dictates: condense, delete, omit. Novels, like short stories, are often about absences; but they are based on Essay, information overload. A short story says, “I looked for x, and didn’t find it,” or, “I was not looking anymore, and Essay work from, then I found x.” A novel says, “I looked for x, and found a, b, c, g, q, r, and w.” The novel consists of Assignment reviews assault all the irrelevant garbage, the writing work from, effort to redeem that garbage, to integrate it into Life Itself, to redraw the boundaries of Life Itself. The novel is a fundamentally ironic form; hence its power of Essay wtitting/personal leadershp plan self-regeneration. Essay Work! The short story is a fundamentally unironic form, and for this reason I think it is doomed.

When the available literary forms no longer match the report newspaper, available real-life content, the novel can reabsorb the mismatch and use it as material. Essay From! The canonical example is Don Quixote , a work which, according to his prologue, Cervantes conceived in Samedayessay.com review a prison cell in Seville. Cervantes wanted to write a chivalric romance, but the gap between this form and work from home, his experience was too great. Then he broke through the formal “prison”: he made the gap the subject of a book. Many of the Best American stories are set in prisons and psychiatric hospitals. They are trying to break out, but I don’t think they will. One of the most interesting contributions, Kelly Link’s “Stone Animals,” is about a family who moves into Homework helpers books a new house that, very gradually, turns out to be “haunted.” First a toothbrush becomes haunted, then the coffee machine, the downstairs bathroom. The haunted rooms can no longer be used; the house becomes equivalent to Cervantes’s cell: all the narrative possibilities have been sealed off. The family has less and less space in which to writing live.

The last sentence is creepy and Essay editing boise district, vaguely polemical: “In a little while, the dinner party will be over and the war will begin.” Indeed, let the Essay writing work from, war begin. Today’s literary situation is such that virtually all writers must, at least initially, write short stories. Several of the editing boise district, Best American stories, “Stone Animals” among them, are really novelistic plots crammed into twenty pages. The short story is work home trying to Materials a novel expand into a catchall genre. In fact, the work from, novel is, at present, the only catchall genre we have; and it is Materials for writing shrinking. Novels have gotten so short lately, with the exception of those that have gotten very long. Essay Work From! Most of the boise, long novels fit under James Wood’s designation of Essay writing work home “hysterical realism”—which, while ostensibly opposed to Puritan minimalism, actually shares its basic assumption: writing as a form of Pay for self-indulgence and vanity. The difference is that, instead of eschewing what they consider to be wicked, the hysterical realists are forever confessing it.

The recursions of David Foster Wallace and Dave Eggers—“I confess that I, reprehensibly, want to Essay home be loved; this very confession is another reprehensible ploy to make you love me”—are a dreary Catholic riposte to a dreary Protestant attack. Samedayessay.com! It would be equally productive for every writer to start every book with an apology for Essay writing home cutting down trees which could have been put to Essay leadershp better use building houses for the homeless; followed by a second apology for the paper consumed by the first apology. Here is the Essay work, crux of the boise school, problem, the single greatest obstacle to American literature today: guilt. Home! Guilt leads to the idea that all writing is self-indulgence. Writers, feeling guilty for not doing real work, that mysterious activity—where is Materials for writing it? On Wall Street, at Sloane-Kettering, in work home Sudan?—turn in shame to Materials for writing a novel the notion of writing as “craft.” (If art is aristocratic, decadent, egotistical, self-indulgent, then craft is useful, humble, ascetic, anorexic—a form of Essay work whittling.) “Craft” solicits from them constipated “vignettes”—as if to say: “Well, yes, it’s bad, but at least there isn’t too much of it.” As if writing well consisted of overcoming human weakness and books language, bad habits. Work Home! As if writers became writers by omitting needless words.

American novelists are ashamed to find their own lives interesting; all the Assignment assault, rooms in the house have become haunted, the available subjects have been blocked off. What remains to be written about? (A) nostalgic and historical subjects; (B) external, researched subjects, also sometimes historical; (C) their own self-loathing; and/or (D) terrible human suffering. For years, Lorrie Moore has only Essay written about cancer. Samedayessay.com Review! In A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius , Dave Eggers implies that anyone who does not find his story compelling is unsympathetic to work from home cancer victims; he describes in gory detail how he plans to eviscerate such people, how he plans to be eviscerated by them in turn. For writers who aren’t into cancer, there is the Holocaust, and of course the items can be recombined: cancer and the Holocaust, cancer and American nostalgia, the Holocaust and American nostalgia. For the Assignment expert reviews, last combination, you can’t do better than Michael Chabon’s The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier Clay , with its memorable opening sentence:

In later years, holding forth to an interviewer or to an audience of aging fans at a comic book convention, Sam Clay liked to declare, apropos of his and work home, Joe Kavalier’s greatest creation, that back when he was a boy, sealed and symbols school district, hog-tied inside the airtight vessel known as Brooklyn New York, he had been haunted by dreams of writing from Harry Houdini. All the elements are there: the nicknames, the clauses, the five w’s, the expert assault, physical imprisonment, the nostalgia. (As if a fictional character could have a “greatest creation” by the first sentence—as if he were already entitled to be “holding forth” to “fans.”) Throughout the novel, Chabon does actually generate a fair amount of nostalgia—but then he goes and dumps the work, entire burden of character development on the Holocaust. Joe Kavalier is a master magician, an escape artist, a writer of fabulous comic books, a charismatic and fundamentally mysterious person—until, that is, Chabon explains to us that the Homework helpers, reason Kavalier became an escape artist was to escape from Hitler. Essay Writing Work! The reason he could produce a blockbuster cartoon superhero was that he had a psychological need to create a hero who could knock Hitler’s lights out on report newspaper, a weekly basis. W. From Home! G. Sebald’s Austerlitz has a nearly identical premise, minus the American nostalgia. It, too, features an authorial stand-in, a la Sam Clay, who finds in some other person a source of reviews narrative. Austerlitz is, like Kavalier, a human enigma who disappears for years on end, leaving trails of clues; in the end, the “solution” is nothing other than the Final Solution. Work From! Austerlitz’s and Kavalier’s parents both perished, peculiarly enough, in the same Czech ghetto, Terezin. Materials For Writing A Novel! Austerlitz and Kavalier are both obsessed with moths; they both have Holocaust-induced problems with women. (Austerlitz’s one love affair, with a woman called Marie, fizzles out writing during a trip to Marienbad, where he is oppressed by an inexplicable terror; later we understand that it’s because he is language and composition actually Jewish, and his parents were killed in the Holocaust, and once they went on writing, vacation to Marienbad.) It’s not that the big pathologies can’t be written about, or can’t be written about well; Oates’s “The Cousins” ( Best American 2005), for example, is about both the Holocaust and cancer, and is still a good story. It consists of the letters between two cousins, aging women: one survived the Holocaust and became a famous writer, the other grew up in America and helpers books language, became a retiree in writing work from Florida.

They were supposed to meet as children, but never did. The twist is symbols boise district that both cousins are interesting and mysterious; both have suffered; and they are bound by some hereditary, unarticulated, Zolaesque link. Among the novelists who write about the Second World War, I confess that my favorite is Haruki Murakami. Murakami’s The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle opens with a small, personal mystery—the disappearance of the narrator’s cat—which turns out to be related to how the narrator never really understood his wife, who also disappears. The two disappearances are subsequently linked to Essay writing work from home the occupation of symbols school Manchuria, the torture killing of a Japanese soldier, and various other personal and global events. The narrator is moved by all the big historical themes that pass through the work, novel, but he suffers more immediately from the loss of his cat—as in Brueghel’s picture of the farmer ploughing his field while Icarus drowns. Expert! We never learn exactly what the Manchurian occupation has to do with the missing cat. The big historical mysteries are related to, but do not seamlessly explain, the small everyday mysteries.

By contrast, I feel sure that if Sebald or Chabon had written Wind-Up Bird , the narrator would have discovered that his own father had been killed in writing work from home the Manchurian campaign, and that’s why his wife left him and his cat ran away. Murakami isn’t the world’s greatest novelist; you could say that his novels are all “botched” on Samedayessay.com, some basic level. The turns in the plot are often achieved unsatisfyingly, by dreams, or by a character deciding to sit in Essay the bottom of Homework helpers language a well; the narrators receive an inordinate amount of oral sex from bizarrely dressed middle-aged women. But botchedness also gives Murakami’s novels a quixotic dynamism. Murakami’s latest work, Kafka on the Shore , contains a prescient discussion on writing work from, the subject of minor novels—in fact, on a minor novel called The Miner . Assignment Expert! The Miner is about a young man who has an unhappy love affair, runs away from home, ends up working in a mine alongside “the dregs of society,” and then returns to his ordinary life. “Nothing in the novel shows he learned anything from these experiences, that his life changed, that he thought deeply now about the meaning of life or started questioning society,” Murakami’s narrator explains: it is completely unclear why the author decided to Essay work from write The Miner —which makes it particularly valuable to the narrator, by virtue of its very openness. Literature needs novels like The Miner , where you go into the mine and nothing happens; novels unlike Germinal , where you go into the mine and come out a socialist. Perhaps modern American literature has kept the worst parts of Zola.

We lost the Assignment expert reviews assault, genetic mysticism and the graphomania—all of us, perhaps, except Joyce Carol Oates—and we kept the guilty social conscience. Dear American writers, break out of the jail! Sell the haunted house, convert it to tourist villas. Puncture “the airtight vessel known as Brooklyn New York.” Write long novels, pointless novels. Writing Work From! Do not be ashamed to grieve about personal things. Dear young writers, write with dignity, not in guilt.

How you write is how you will be read. My Life and Materials for writing a novel, Times in American Journalism. Like Oedipus, we flout the warning, and we’ll act surprised, even outraged, when we find out what we’ve done. Every now and then he looked up to ask what Evo was saying, since at his seventy-two years of age, Hugo Blanco is nearly deaf. The problem with autonomy and end-of-life decisions is largely a problem of information. It is not possible to be a German. If it were, hardly anyone would like to be one. If anyone would stop doing his job should his income drop to $100,000 a year, he should not be doing that job. Issue 4 Gut-Level Legislation, or, Redistribution Mark Greif. Issue 4 My Life and Times in writing work American Journalism Philip Connors. All useful poetry criticism since the ’60s has come either from academics or from people committed to little magazines.

Literature is school district only an art. From Home! If it improves you, it does so the way health, riches, and elegant clothes do. There are plenty of clones, yes, but like Dolly the sheep, they age quickly and soon die. In the age of BookScan, only an unpublished writer is allowed to keep his dignity. It is in an aroused consciousness that the and composition, solace and excitement of literature are to be found. As vague a categorical designation as “literary fiction” is, it bestowed on work home, non-genre novels the gift of a brand.

In paying homage to sincerity, “post-ironic” fiction more often confirms its exile from the truth. Our generation seems far too aware that reading is safe and fun, that literature is spectacle. Issue 4 Why Repeat These Sad Things? Meline Toumani. Issue 4 The Mystery Guest Gregoire Bouillier.

Issue 4 Afternoon of the Pay for newspaper, Sex Children Mark Greif. Issue 4 Two Stories John Haskell. Issue 4 Melodramatic Installations Ilya Kliger. Issue 4 Three Stories Rebecca Schiff. Issue 4 The Joy of Edge Tools Misha Hoekstra. You, dear reader, are also supposed to home be a clone among clones. And really, who’d be the wiser? Never trust a man who insists that he is sincere. How does Vollmann intend to be helpful, to for writing a novel save a life, to benefit someone? Go to Uzbekistan now . . . Writing Home! or you will never get departmental funding ever again?

Issue 2 Babel in California Elif Batuman. Issue 9 Summer in Samarkand, Part II Elif Batuman. A specter is expert reviews haunting the academy—the specter of close reading. n+1 is a print and digital magazine of work from literature, culture, and Pay for newspaper, politics published three times a year. We also post new online-only work several times each week and publish books expanding on the interests of the magazine.

Jan 27, 2018 Essay writing work from home, buy essay papers online -

Suggested 1984 George Orwell Essay Topics. For students who are assigned to write a literature analysis essay, it’s an academic paper that should describe, evaluate, and analyze a particular book to provide readers with enough evidence to Essay writing home support your main idea. You can explain how it compares to Essay leadershp other similar works or topics to make people keep reading your paper. If you need to write a George Orwell 1984 essay, this story takes place in Essay writing from home a technologically-advanced world where fear is used to control and manipulate people. This is Homework helpers books language and composition how the author wanted to educate the audience about the negative consequences of specific political philosophies and defects in Essay writing their human nature. He successfully manipulates utopian traditions to Samedayessay.com create his dystopia, a fictional world where the life if very bad from terror and oppression. If you have any problems when completing this academic assignment, contact our credible custom paper writers who offer a full range of services, such as lab report format deals, at quite affordable rates. Pay attention to Winston’s character and how he related to writing the attitude toward the Essay leadershp Party.

Do you agree that this fatalistic streak is a reason for the ultimate downfall? Does the technology affect the ability of the Party to control all citizens? How? What ways and methods does it use? Focus on the idea of Room 101. It’s the place where people have to meet with their worst fears. Home? Remember that Winston doesn’t know what he’s going to find there for most of editing symbols school his time spent at the Ministry of Love.

What role does expectation plays in making this place more frightening? Do you agree that the Essay writing work cage of rats breaks his spirit? Does it play just a symbolic role? Provide your readers with enough coursework examples to support your answer. What is the role played by Big Brother in this famous novel? What effect does this character have on Winston? Is his obsession with Big Brother different or similar to the one of O’Brien? O’Brien confirms Big Brother’s existence, but he refuses either to deny or confirm the Brotherhood’s existence. Why?

It’s advisable to discuss the dynamics of the society that exists in Oceania too. Do you agree that the author wrote this novel as a warning? What did he want to Pay for report homework warn people about? You should evaluate the influence of different political climate in the world if you choose this interesting thesis theme. Do you think that Julia differs from Winston? In what ways? Focus on her motivation, behavior, and basic goals. This book is full of doublethink and irony, so be sure to include in your academic paper as many examples as you can.

Why do you think the author uses them both? Essay on 1984 by George Orwell Questions. What do you think about the characters of Winston and Essay writing home Julia? Make a detailed comparison. How do they rebel against the Party? Are their attempts effective? What about Winston’s path toward destruction? Where did you first see a fatalistic outlook? Do you agree that his defeat is school district inevitable?

What is the role of technology in Essay Oceania? In what areas is it highly advanced and stalled? Why? How do you evaluate the role of Big Brother in review Winston’s life and in Oceania? Is there any contradiction in Essay writing work this world and the governance of the expert Party?

What about different Ministries and their roles? Why is this contradiction accepted so widely by Essay writing work home, citizens? Be sure to Assignment reviews assault answer these questions when it comes to your writing college application essays. What is the role played by Essay writing home, O’Brien in Winston’s life? Is he a respected and revered character? What is the symbolic significance of the prole woman who sings in the yard? What does she represent for report homework newspaper the main character and Essay writing from home Julia? Do you believe that this novel is the author’s definition of dystopia?

Is it his warning to all modern people? What are the editing symbols boise school interactions between Winston, Syme, and the old man? How do his interactions guide him toward an ultimate arrest? What is the Essay home level of expert reviews power of the Party over citizens? You should discuss the tools it uses to maintain its control and their effectiveness. How can you outline the social hierarchy in this world?

Does it support the writing work from Party? How? Interesting Prompts for George Orwell 1984 Essays. It’s very important to the Party to keep all people of Homework helpers language and composition Oceania in a continuous state of fear and paranoia. How does it achieve this goal? Why is it so important to the system of control? The author based the totalitarian government in Essay from home this book on the examples taken from real dictators. Essay Symbols? You need to discuss the examples that influenced him and provide readers from direct quotes from the text. The future societies described in Essay work from this novel are totalitarian in their nature. Compare Equilibrium and review 1984 and define the most effective government when it comes to controlling the populace.

Be sure to writing work home cite the examples necessary to support your literature analysis and opinion, but if you don’t know how to do that well, the good news is that our credible and trained academic writers will help you because they offer all services, including religious studies. Why do John Preston and Winston Smith both find themselves trying to fight this totalitarian and overbearing government? Why is Preston more successful than Smith in his fight? Share your own reasons and examine the text thoroughly. Pick the most effective method used by editing district, Big Brother to writing work keep the population in control.

Why is newspaper it the most powerful and useful? You need to support your opinion with valuable examples, such as real world techniques used to control the writing work from home population nowadays. This is what will help you come up with an original and convincing essay. For students who are assigned to write a literature analysis essay, it’s an academic paper that should describe, evaluate, and analyze a particular book to provide readers with enough evidence to support your main idea. You can explain how it compares to other similar works or topics to make people keep reading your paper. If you need to write a George Orwell 1984 essay, this story takes place in a technologically-advanced world where fear is used to expert reviews control and manipulate people. This is how the author wanted to writing work from home educate the audience about the negative consequences of specific political philosophies and plan defects in their human nature. He successfully manipulates utopian traditions to create his dystopia, a fictional world where the life if very bad from terror and oppression.

If you have any problems when completing this academic assignment, contact our credible custom paper writers who offer a full range of from services, such as lab report format deals, at quite affordable rates. Pay attention to Winston’s character and how he related to the attitude toward the Party. Essay Editing Symbols Boise School? Do you agree that this fatalistic streak is a reason for the ultimate downfall? Does the technology affect the ability of the work from Party to control all citizens? How? What ways and Assignment methods does it use?

Focus on the idea of Room 101. It’s the place where people have to meet with their worst fears. Remember that Winston doesn’t know what he’s going to find there for most of work home his time spent at the Ministry of Love. Review? What role does expectation plays in making this place more frightening? Do you agree that the cage of rats breaks his spirit? Does it play just a symbolic role?

Provide your readers with enough coursework examples to support your answer. Writing From? What is the role played by Essay editing, Big Brother in this famous novel? What effect does this character have on Winston? Is his obsession with Big Brother different or similar to the one of Essay home O’Brien? O’Brien confirms Big Brother’s existence, but he refuses either to deny or confirm the Brotherhood’s existence. Why? It’s advisable to discuss the dynamics of the society that exists in Oceania too. Do you agree that the symbols district author wrote this novel as a warning? What did he want to warn people about? You should evaluate the writing from home influence of Samedayessay.com different political climate in the world if you choose this interesting thesis theme. Do you think that Julia differs from Winston?

In what ways? Focus on her motivation, behavior, and basic goals. This book is full of doublethink and irony, so be sure to include in your academic paper as many examples as you can. Why do you think the author uses them both? Essay on 1984 by writing from home, George Orwell Questions. What do you think about the characters of Winston and Materials Julia?

Make a detailed comparison. How do they rebel against the Party? Are their attempts effective? What about Winston’s path toward destruction? Where did you first see a fatalistic outlook?

Do you agree that his defeat is inevitable? What is the role of Essay work technology in Oceania? In what areas is it highly advanced and stalled? Why? How do you evaluate the role of Homework helpers books Big Brother in Winston’s life and in Oceania? Is there any contradiction in this world and the governance of the Essay home Party? What about different Ministries and their roles? Why is this contradiction accepted so widely by citizens? Be sure to answer these questions when it comes to your writing college application essays.

What is the wtitting/personal leadershp role played by home, O’Brien in Winston’s life? Is he a respected and revered character? What is the symbolic significance of the prole woman who sings in the yard? What does she represent for the main character and Julia? Do you believe that this novel is the author’s definition of dystopia? Is it his warning to all modern people? What are the interactions between Winston, Syme, and the old man? How do his interactions guide him toward an ultimate arrest? What is the level of expert power of the Essay work from home Party over citizens? You should discuss the tools it uses to maintain its control and their effectiveness. Expert? How can you outline the social hierarchy in this world?

Does it support the Party? How? Interesting Prompts for Essay writing work from George Orwell 1984 Essays. It’s very important to the Party to keep all people of Oceania in a continuous state of fear and paranoia. How does it achieve this goal? Why is it so important to the system of Materials for writing control? The author based the totalitarian government in this book on the examples taken from real dictators. You need to discuss the examples that influenced him and provide readers from direct quotes from the writing work home text. The future societies described in this novel are totalitarian in their nature. Compare Equilibrium and Assignment expert assault 1984 and define the most effective government when it comes to controlling the populace. Be sure to cite the examples necessary to support your literature analysis and opinion, but if you don’t know how to do that well, the good news is that our credible and trained academic writers will help you because they offer all services, including religious studies.

Why do John Preston and Winston Smith both find themselves trying to fight this totalitarian and overbearing government? Why is Essay writing work from Preston more successful than Smith in his fight? Share your own reasons and editing boise school district examine the text thoroughly. Pick the most effective method used by Big Brother to keep the population in writing from control. Why is it the most powerful and useful?

You need to support your opinion with valuable examples, such as real world techniques used to control the Essay boise population nowadays. Essay Home? This is what will help you come up with an Homework, original and convincing essay. For students who are assigned to write a literature analysis essay, it’s an academic paper that should describe, evaluate, and analyze a particular book to provide readers with enough evidence to support your main idea. You can explain how it compares to other similar works or topics to Essay writing from make people keep reading your paper. If you need to write a George Orwell 1984 essay, this story takes place in a technologically-advanced world where fear is used to control and for writing manipulate people. Essay Work Home? This is how the author wanted to Materials for writing educate the audience about the negative consequences of specific political philosophies and defects in writing their human nature. He successfully manipulates utopian traditions to create his dystopia, a fictional world where the life if very bad from terror and oppression. If you have any problems when completing this academic assignment, contact our credible custom paper writers who offer a full range of services, such as lab report format deals, at quite affordable rates. Pay attention to Winston’s character and how he related to the attitude toward the Party.

Do you agree that this fatalistic streak is a reason for the ultimate downfall? Does the technology affect the Materials for writing a novel ability of the Party to control all citizens? How? What ways and methods does it use? Focus on the idea of Room 101. It’s the Essay place where people have to meet with their worst fears. Remember that Winston doesn’t know what he’s going to find there for most of his time spent at the Ministry of Samedayessay.com review Love. What role does expectation plays in making this place more frightening?

Do you agree that the cage of rats breaks his spirit? Does it play just a symbolic role? Provide your readers with enough coursework examples to Essay writing from support your answer. What is the role played by Big Brother in this famous novel? What effect does this character have on Winston? Is his obsession with Big Brother different or similar to the one of O’Brien? O’Brien confirms Big Brother’s existence, but he refuses either to deny or confirm the Brotherhood’s existence.

Why? It’s advisable to discuss the dynamics of the society that exists in Oceania too. Do you agree that the author wrote this novel as a warning? What did he want to warn people about? You should evaluate the Materials influence of different political climate in the world if you choose this interesting thesis theme. Do you think that Julia differs from Winston? In what ways? Focus on her motivation, behavior, and basic goals.

This book is full of doublethink and irony, so be sure to include in work from home your academic paper as many examples as you can. Why do you think the author uses them both?

Jan 27, 2018 Essay writing work from home, pay for essay writing service -

A* IGCSE Art Coursework: Trinkets, Treasures and Memories. February 8, 2017 by Amiria Gale. Essay Writing Work From Home? This A* IGCSE Art Coursework project was completed by Nikau Hindin, while studying at ACG Parnell College, Auckland, New Zealand. Awarded 98%, this Painting and Related Media project (CIE 0400) explores the theme of ‘Trinkets, Treasures and Memories’. This class-wide theme was split into a number of assignments, which students were able to interpret and review respond to individually. The following sketchbook pages (14 x A3 sheets) show Nikau’s entire Coursework project, along with her final painting (in 2007 a sketchbook of preparatory work was required for IGCSE Art and Design, rather than the from maximum 4 x A2 sheets / 8 sides that is required today). This outstanding International GCSE Art sketchbook page includes a beautiful combination of single studies (a pen and acrylic drawing of a woven flax / harakeke flower; a shell drawn using chunky oil sticks; a traditional wooden carved Maori comb painted using watercolours) with more complex compositions of personally relevant trinkets and treasures. Homework Helpers Language And Composition? The two images on writing work from home, the left again show objects inside boxes a great compositional strategy to encourage the depiction of space and depth. The bottom image is helpers books language a black and Essay writing work from home white photograph taken by Nikau, which has been partially cut away, with the missing pieces redrawn. Assignment Expert Reviews? It is Essay writing worth noting that Nikau has been particularly sensitive with her colour choices, using only muted, earthy colours that complement her theme well.

This IGCSE Art example combines a range of textured papers and mediums, such as acrylic modelling compound, allowing Nikau to produce an exciting work depicting a collection of #8216;paper based#8217; memories (maps, awards, letters, postcards, tickets to events etc). Essay Editing Boise? Focusing on the representation of creases, shadows and surface textures, this exercise encourages students to practise drawing forms that are overlapping / folding / tucking under#8230; As with all of the International GCSE Art sketchbook pages in this Coursework project, images are drawn from first-hand observation and work home from photographs of Materials still life arrangements composed and taken by the students. This sketchbook page shows a collection of personally relevant clothing items (symbolising important memories) in a range of different black and white mediums such as graphite, charcoal, ink pen, Indian ink and water colour. Essay Writing Work? Artist Analysis: Nikau excels in written subjects as well as Art and Design and this International GCSE Art sketchbook page contains a superb analysis of the Essay wtitting/personal artwork of Jim Dine. Along with photocopies of Jim Dine#8217;s work (printed directly onto the sketchbook page) Nikau completes outstanding imitations of his technique, using Indian ink, charcoal and acrylic paint. Having gained a thorough understanding of the way Jim Dine contrasts tight, controlled drawing methods with gestural, expressive mark-making and smudgy backgrounds, these techniques are now confidently applied by Nikau to Essay home a selection of the subject matter drawn on her previous pages: a beautiful experimental International GCSE sketchbook page. Although Nikau#8217;s IGCSE Art Coursework project is focused upon Painting and Related Media, this page integrates photography and digital manipulation with photographs of her subject matter merged with abstract grounds and her Jim Dine inspired drawings. This exercise involves a steep learning curve for students as they come to expert reviews grips with digital art making, however, once basis principles are grasped, students are able to quickly produce dramatic compositions, arriving at exciting and original outcomes. International GCSE Artist Study: Here Nikau analyses the artwork of Essay writing home New Zealand painting Jason Hicks. Alongside written analysis of his compositions, techniques and approach to subject matter, Nikau imitates parts of his paintings and draws diagrams of complete works to gain a better understanding of his use of composition.

This page in Homework books language and composition Nikau#8217;s IGCSE Art portfolio begins the development of ideas towards her final piece. Working over Essay writing home grounds with sketches of Pay for report possible compositions (inspired by Jason Hicks and Jim Dine) Nikau integrates scanned images of her earlier drawings and paintings in concepts for a final work. With constant evaluation of her compositions, Nikau continues develop and resolve her ideas as she moves towards her final piece. Work? As is leadershp demonstrated in writing work from many of the IGCSE Art and Design Coursework examples featured on this website, development of ideas is essential within a good student art portfolio. For Writing A Novel? Here Nikau cleverly rearranges her subject matter so that the folds of cloth take on the appearance of a steep backdrop of Essay writing work from home hills, with memories symbolising her past etched and buried in the fabric landscape.

Another beautiful IGCSE Art and Design sketchbook page: showing the final stage of review development, images begin to be painted with a high level of realism, with continued analysis and work refinement of composition. Books Language? The final piece in Nikau#8217;s IGCSE Art portfolio is a large, stunning mixed media acrylic painting. With a highly original composition, a glowing subtle earthy colour scheme and highly controlled, skilful application of writing work from home paint, this work is an excellent conclusion to her project, showing a highly personal response to the her theme. Nikau is an exceptionally talented, driven and motivated young artist, whose work is Materials for writing featured extensively on this website. Work From? If you enjoyed seeing this project, you may wish to view her A* IGCSE Art exam, 100% AS Coursework project, AS Art Exam or her A2 Coursework project!

This article was written by Amiria Gale. Amiria has been a teacher of Art Design and Samedayessay.com a Curriculum Co-ordinator for seven years, responsible for the course design and Essay work assessment of Art and Essay school district Design work in two high-achieving Auckland schools. Amiria has a Bachelor of work from Architectural Studies, Bachelor of Architecture (First Class Honours) and a Graduate Diploma of Teaching. For Writing? She is a CIE Accredited Art Design Coursework Assessor. Follow Student Art Guide on writing work home, Pinterest.

Join over 15,000 people who receive our free newsletter. You will be notified first when free resources are available: new art project ideas, teaching handouts, printable lesson plans, tips and advice from experienced teachers. What are you waiting for?

Jan 27, 2018 Essay writing work from home, expert essay writers -

essay on seafaring [Published in Seafaring in the Contemporary Pacific Islands , edited by Richard Feinberg. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995.] Rotuma is Essay home, one of the more isolated islands in western Polynesia. It is editing boise district, located at 12? 30'S, 177?E, some 465 km northwest of Cikobia, the northernmost island in the Fiji group (Woodhall 1987). It is a similar distance south of Tuvalu and west of Futuna, its closest neighbor to writing work the east.

The nearest islands to Pay for the west are in Vanuatu, eight hundred kilometers distant. Legends suggest that Rotuma had intermittent contacts with Samoa, Tonga, Futuna and Fiji (Churchward 1939) prior to European intrusion. Other evidence indicates that Rotumans sailed to Tikopia (Bennett 1831, Firth 1961), Anuta (R. Feinberg, personal communication), Kosrae (J. Tobin, personal communication) and possibly even to Raiatea in the Society Islands (Anonymous 1938). Nevertheless, the degree to which Rotumans were accomplished seafarers when first contacted by Europeans at the end of the eighteenth century is problematic.

Based on data collected by early European visitors, it does not seem that seafaring in precontact Rotuma was as significant as in many other Polynesian societies (e.g., Nukumanu, see Feinberg this volume; for Sikiana see Donner this volume). Following European intrusion, however, Rotumans developed a seafaring tradition as crew members aboard European ships. Rotuman men eagerly signed aboard visiting vessels, soon acquiring a reputation for reliability and writing work from home, competence that made them favorites of European ship captains. As a result, a significant portion of Rotuman men gained extensive experience at sea. This had, and Assignment expert reviews assault, continues to have, a distinct effect on the culture and Essay from home, economy of the island. Sailors have been a major source of Samedayessay.com, information about the outside world, thereby introducing and legitimating cultural changes, and have contributed considerably to Essay work a standard of living that is for writing, extraordinarily high for writing work home an isolated Pacific island. Since we are dealing with a heritage transformed from an earlier, precontact formation to one that has been shaped by European seafaring traditions, it is necessary to Assignment expert approach our subject historically. I begin by presenting background information on Rotuma and its environs, then I describe seafaring technology and traditions shortly after contact.

Finally, I provide an account of Rotuman engagement on European vessels and its effects on Rotuman culture. The island of Rotuma is of volcanic origin, comprising a total land mass of forty-three square kilometers and rising to a height of approximately two hundred meters. [1] It is Essay writing home, surrounded by language a fringing coral reef that attains a maximum width of 1.5 kilometers on work from the extreme east end of the island and narrows to Samedayessay.com only a few meters off the west end. A number of offshore islands and islets, formed by volcanic cones, are distributed around the Essay, main island. Homework! The largest of these, the island of Uea, off the northwest end of the mainland, consists of seventy-three hectares; it was inhabited until the 1930s. Two other islands off the west end of the mainland, Hatana and Hafliua, are much smaller but are important sources of edible birds and birds' eggs. These islands lay several kilometers away and require journeys across open sea. Essay Work From Home! Several islets, ranging in size from twenty-three hectares to Essay editing boise district only a few square meters, are situated within the fringing reef. The larger ones are used as coconut plantations and grazing preserves for domestic animals.

They can be reached by walking across the reef at Essay writing work, low tide, or by canoe, punt, and launch when the tide is high. Rotuma's dominant inshore submarine feature is an extensive sand and coral bank extending eight kilometers to the west and northwest of the books language and composition, island, with the detached Whale Bank Reef off its western end ( see Figure 6.1 ). Essay Writing Work Home! Whale Bank Reef is approximately 5 by 1.6 kilometers, with an average depth of seventeen to eighteen fathoms. A current, setting west-southwest at speeds of less than one knot, occurs most of the Essay editing symbols boise district, year (Fisheries Division n.d.:3). Rainfall on the island averages 3,550 millimeters per writing work from, year with no rainless months, although dry periods of up to three months occasionally occur (Woodhall 1987:1). The soil is very fertile, giving Rotuma a reputation for growing coconuts and Essay editing boise, other produce of exceptional size and quality. From April to December the prevailing winds blow consistently from the southeast. From December through April, winds are variable, sometimes blowing hard from the northwest. Hurricanes, which strike the island occasionally, usually occur during the latter period.

The island's resident population is approximately twenty-seven hundred individuals, but over six thousand Rotumans now live in Fiji, which has political jurisdiction over Rotuma, and perhaps an additional one thousand to two thousand Rotumans live in Australia, New Zealand, North America and Europe. Rotuman Seamanship at Contact and in the Early Nineteenth Century. Rotuma was discovered in 1791 by Captain Edward Edwards in HMS Pandora while he was searching for the Bounty mutineers. Essay Writing From Home! Edwards remarked on the great number of plan, paddling canoes coming out to meet his vessel. He wrote that although Rotumans knew of Tonga (the Friendly Islands), their canoes were not so delicately formed nor so well finished as at the Friendly Islands, but more resemble those of the Essay writing work home, Duke of York's, the Duke of Clarence's and the Navigators' Islands (Thompson 1915:65). The next recorded visit, in 1797, was by Commander Wilson in report the missionary ship Duff . Wilson reported that several canoes, containing from three to seven persons each, greeted his vessel. Essay! He commented, Their single canoes (for we saw no double ones) were nearly the same in all respects as at the Friendly Islands, being of the same shape, sewed together on the inside, and decorated in the same manner seemed not so neat and well finished (Wilson 1799:292). In the next two decades, a great many whaling ships stopped at Rotuma for provisions. Sailors found the for writing, island and its gentle people attractive, and more than a few deserted there.

Nevertheless, René Lesson, writing about his visit during 1824, commented that lack of contact with other islands and visiting European ships had left the island intact. Writing From! He remarked that Rotumans welcomed Europeans who settled on the island with extraordinary eagerness (Lesson 1838-9:415). Lesson opined that the islanders must be skilled fishermen because of the huge nets they used, which he estimated at Homework helpers books language and composition, more than forty feet long. He made the following remarks about Rotuman canoes: The canoes (vaka) used by these islanders have a roughly carved outrigger. They are enclosed and pointed fore and aft, and driven by oval paddles which are also carved without much taste. We saw only one small double canoe (aoe) which came in the evening. The mast was notched and Essay writing from home, set up on a piece of wood which linked the two canoes. It held up a sail of Homework helpers language, very coarse matting.

The canoes were covered by a platform which prevented sea water from getting into the hull and which supported a shelter consisting of an awning of flexible branches. On the writing from, whole, it was a poorly designed vessel, and long-distance navigation was probably undertaken in Pay for report newspaper larger canoes (Lesson 1838-9:431, translated from the French by Ella Wiswell). The first European to write about Rotuman navigational knowledge was Peter Dillon, in 1827. He reported that Rotumans knew of several islands in their neighborhood, including the islands of Essay, Vythuboo [Vaitupu] and Newy [Nui], in what is now Tuvalu. He stated that Vaitupu abounded with white shells much in assault demand on Rotuma and that Rotumans made frequent voyages there for the purpose of obtaining them. Dillon speculated that it was on such voyages that Rotuman sailors got lost at sea and Essay writing from, drifted to such places as the Feejees, Tucopia, and Essay school district, the Navigators' Islands (Dillon 1829:103). He mentioned that natives from both Vaitupu and Nui were present on Rotuma, expecting to sail for home in writing work from a few weeks.

He was unable to obtain information concerning wind, weather, and tides from his informantsNtwo renegade sailorsNbut assumed that westerly winds prevailed at certain times of the year, enabling Rotumans to sail to Tonga and the Navigators' Isles. He based his assumption on the fact that he met a Rotuman in Tonga whom he returned home (Dillon 1829:103-104). Robert Jarman arrived on Rotuma in 1832 aboard the whaler Japan . His account suggests that although Rotumans built large double canoes they were not especially capable seamen: In many huts we observed canoes of immense size and length, or more properly double canoes, about eight feet apart, and secured together by upright and cross pieces strongly bound with lashings made of the cocoa-nut husk. I should suppose these canoes capable of carrying from one hundred and fifty to two hundred men; and are from sixty to ninety feet in length. I was led to enquire for expert reviews what purpose the Essay from home, natives had constructed them, apparently so unwieldy and useless, as they must have cost them with the tools they possess, such infinite time and assault, labor. They are formed of a single tree of writing, immense size, hollowed out, and partly decked over reviews assault, from the stem aft. Curiosity or a spirit of enterprise seems to have prompted them. Soon after the island was discovered, the natives were puzzled to ascertain how a ship could come there. Consultations were held by the chiefs, and it occurred to them, that there must be something in the horizon, through which the writing home, ship entered; therefore it was resolved to editing symbols boise fit out many canoes, and send them in search, as the Essay writing work from home, only method of discovering it.

Many were accordingly sent to sea upon this strange expedition, and so soon as they lost sight of Pay for report, their native land, were driven by the wind to the neighbouring islands; many undoubtedly perished, some reached the writing work, Fejee Islands, and others were driven as far to the westward as Santa Cruz, where their descendants are still living with the Essay wtitting/personal plan, inhabitants. Since Mr. Emery [an English deserter who took up residence ca. 1827] has resided among them, many have put to sea, and Essay writing work from, no trace of them have [sic] ever been discovered (Jarman 1838:183-184) George Cheever, who kept a log of the whaling ship Emerald, which visited Rotuma in 1835, also reported that Rotuman canoes were rough concerns, displaying little in the way of ornamentation.

He mentioned one large double canoe, about assault 100 feet long, which was presumably the largest on the island (Cheever 1834-1835). A more elaborate early description of Rotuman canoes is provided by Edward Lucatt, who was there in 1841. Essay Writing From! He wrote: The native canoes are of peculiar construction. They have no trees high enough of the proper wood to Essay form the main body of the canoe, like the work from, New Zealanders; they are therefore built out of several pieces, which are sewed together with a sort of review, twine, of their own manufacture, made from the husks of the cocoa-nut. They are deep and narrow, somewhat angularly formed; the thwarts for the pullers to sit upon writing work from are made fast to the gunwales, and, to prevent the canoe from Homework helpers, capsizing, they have an outrigger attached. They are unsightly-looking things, wanting altogether the work home, lightness and grace of a New Zealand canoe; their paddles, too, are clumsy and helpers books language and composition, heavy, and lack the symmetry and grace of the New Zealanders. There are several large double canoes on the Island, connected together by a strong platform; and in writing work from former times, when the population of the country exceeded the Essay, means of support, or it was feared that it would do so, oracles were consulted, and at from home, their instigation a party would start off in one of these canoes in search of fresh land: sometimes failing in their object, they would find their way back again in a most miserable plight; but the reviews, result of the generality of writing, such expeditions was never known.

Of late years, there have been no adventures of the kind, and these ship-canoes from their long disuse are fast falling to review decay; there are seventeen or eighteen of them upon the Island, carefully built over to protect them from the weather. Essay From Home! These ship-canoes are no two of the same length; the review, longer one will be from eighty to ninety feet, while the smaller, answering the purpose of an outrigger, would not exceed fifty or sixty feet: each canoe has from four to five feet beam, but they have no floor; and, looked at separately, without their stem and stern pieces, they would be taken for troughs. They are kept about six feet asunder by cross beams lashed and otherwise made fast to the gunwales of both canoes; the beams are planked over, which furnishes a deck of from fourteen to sixteen feet in Essay writing home breadth. Both canoes are entirely covered in, and there are small hatchways with sliding covers. Essay Editing Boise District! When a party has determined upon an exploring expedition, they build a house upon the main deck and stow their provisions, c. in the holds of the canoes. Their sails are made of a species of rush marled together: in form they resemble the Essay home, New Zealanders, being when set like an inverted triangle (Lucatt 1851:177-178). C.F.

Wood, visiting Rotuma on a yachting cruise some 30 years later, confirmed the disuse into which double canoes had fallen. He reported seeing large double canoes, similar to those he had seen in editing symbols boise school district Fiji and Tonga, lying in work sheds on the beach. He was told that no one then alive, nor their fathers before them, had ever seen those canoes in the water. No one knew how to manage them at sea, nor did anyone have knowledge of school, sail making (Wood 1875:15). An old chief told Wood that in the past such canoes would sail off, loaded with men, never to be heard of again. Wood commented that he knew of canoes from Rotuma landing on the northern coast of Vanua Levu, where half-breed descendants could be found. He claimed that Rotumans regularly sailed to Tonga to obtain Cypraea ovula, a white shell used to decorate chiefs' canoes and houses. They did not buy these from the Essay, natives of Tonga, Wood wrote, but they themselves fished for them on outlying reefs (Wood 1875:25-26). [2]

Writing some years later, William Allen reported that canoe building once took up a great deal of the men's time. [3] He suggested that double canoes took many years to Homework helpers books and composition build, as many as eight or ten (Allen 1895). During his visit in 1896, however, J. Stanley Gardiner found inquiries into oceangoing voyaging to be futile. Gardiner wrote that the double canoe was already forgotten and that canoe sailing was a lost art, though the Essay work home, Rotuman language possessed all the terms necessary for it. He also mentioned finding a steer oar belonging to a canoe he estimated to Materials have been sixty feet in Essay writing work from home length (Gardiner 1898:459). Essay Wtitting/personal Leadershp! Gardiner further reported that the names of writing from home, stars are as a rule fanciful now, but Marafu [the paramount chief] pointed me out some named according to the different islands (Gardiner 1898:407). [4] Rotuman Canoes in Detail. The most extensive information recorded about Rotuman canoes is contained in Gardiner's account and a novel, the field notes of Bishop Museum ethnologist Gordon MacGregor, who visited Rotuma in 1932. Writing From Home! Gardiner reported that at the time of his visit two kinds of canoes were being made: a big one used for fish-driving, called tafaga [ taf'aga ], and a small one used inside the reef, called tavane [ täväne ]. [5] Taf'aga varied from twenty-five to thirty-five feet in length, took from eight to twelve paddlers, and could carry up to twenty people. Editing Boise! Regarding canoe construction, Gardiner wrote: A suitable tree is Essay from, selected, cut down, and roughly shaped.

It is then properly allowed to lie for a few months, after which it is dragged down to the hanua noho (village) which is going to build it. It is then hollowed out to expert reviews the desired shape, the ends being left solid and the walls up to 2 inches thick. In the centre the work, sides would not be strong enough to bear the strain, and so are removed, fresh planks being fitted into their place. These are fixed by sinnet, holes for review the lashings being bored through the Essay work from home, planks; wedges are then driven in between from the inside to make the whole watertight. The sinnet makes the holes watertight, but pieces of Assignment reviews, sponge from the reef are driven in to ensure it. There is a distinct bow and stern, the former sharp and pointed up, the latter blunter and curved downwards. The first three feet of the deck at each end is covered. The breadth along the whole centre is about the same: 1 1/2-2 feet.

The side towards the outrigger, or sama, is slightly straighter [figure 6.2 C] than the other. The outrigger is about 5 feet or rather less away; it is not quite half as long as the whole canoe. It lies usually on the right, or starboard side, and consists of a post of light wood slightly pointed at one end. This is supported by two hard wood beams, driven into it, lashed across the Essay writing work, canoe itself; the bend at right angles, which is necessary, is cut out, but can be, and was, frequently induced in the growth of the editing symbols boise district, timber. Another beam runs just above the bend between these; to it rods of hard wood are lashed, previously driven into the post underneath [figure 6.2B].

A platform is generally made to take the paddles and work from, carry the nets between the canoe and the outrigger; the paddle blade is of an symbols district oval form, 2 feet long by about 6 inches broad. Essay Writing Work Home! The bailer is of the editing symbols boise district, regular type, of one piece of wood with handle in the centre, and shaped to fit the canoe. The launch of one of home, these used to be the occasion of a feast. Kava was placed for the gods, after one of whom it was named and expert reviews, then supposed to work from be under his special protection. The tavane is only about 12 feet long and Materials for writing, 8-10 inches deep; at the top it is usually about 6 inches broad, but bellied out considerably underneath. The outrigger is about 8 feet long and supported merely by two crooked sticks, lashed across the top of the canoe. The oie, or drum, is Essay from home, always stationary, and report homework newspaper, usually of very large size; it has generally a special roof. Its general shape [figures 6.2E and 6.2F] is the ordinary, but it is much more bellied and cut out deeper at the ends than is customary in Fiji (Gardiner 1898:457-459). FIGURE 6.2. Rotuman canoe features: A--side view of the tafaga , showing planks let in at the side, also bow and stern; B--section of the tafaga through one of the supporting beams of the sama , or outrigger; C--side view of the sama to work from show method of Homework helpers language and composition, fixing; D--top view of the tavane (the thin lines at the sides show the bulge of the canoe); E--longitudinal section through the oie , or drum; F--transverse section of the oie . (After Gardiner 1898:458) In a section of his notes labeled canoes, MacGregor recorded the names of canoe types and parts. His Rotuman consultants told him that they called large double canoes ahai [ 'ahai ]. Some of them thought the name came from the English word ahoy, used by English sailors, a derivation favored by C.M.

Churchward, who wrote the Essay writing, definitive dictionary of the Rotuman language (Churchward 1940:348). Homework Helpers! MacGregor was skeptical, however, since he could not elicit an alternative term. The traditional term, he wrote, would not have died out so quickly. Gardiner also reported that the term 'ahai was used for large double canoes, although he spelled it ahoie ; like MacGregor, he doubted that it derived from English (Gardiner 1898:459). Note that Lesson, who visited Rotuma in 1824, provided the name aoe for a small double canoe he encountered (see his quotation above). This suggests that it was an indigenous term rather than a borrowing from English.

MacGregor wrote in his notebook that no one on the island remembers seeing a double canoe. Nevertheless, one of work, his Rotuman consultants told him that 'ahai were made from five or six planks to a side, according to the size of the wtitting/personal, tree, and that they were about five to five and one-half feet tall. He also told MacGregor that 'ahai were fitted with a deck and deck house, and with a mast guyed by a rope of the vine fanga fea [ fagfea ]. [6] Churchward lists the Essay writing from, Rotuman word samtutuki for the smaller double canoe (Churchward 1940:305), which MacGregor described as constructed of two hulls ( vaka ) joined by three crosspieces ( kiata ). The hulls were about eight feet high according to MacGregor's consultants, and were completely covered over to keep out reviews assault water. The covering had a trapdoor to permit access to provisions.

Hulls were built of five pieces, including a keelpiece, side planks, and narrower top planks. The planks had flanges and were sewn together. Stitches tying the Essay writing work home, planks together were held fast by driving small wooden wedges under the knots. Hulls were longer than one plank length, and the ends, which were cut diagonally rather than square, were also sewn together. Poles were set up in the hulls and the deck ( pupui ) was held up on them about a fathom above the a novel, canoes' top planks. Writing! A lean-to hut was built on the deck, with the ends of the roof resting on the deck. The mast ( pou ) was set on Assignment expert the deck, forward of the house and guyed to the canoes. In some instances the mast was constructed so that it could be shifted, and in some instances it was permanently fixed.

Sails ( läe ) were made of about twenty ordinary floor mats sewn together. They had two wings, or points, in the fashion of Fijian canoes. The steering oar ( hose ) was worked on the starboard hull. MacGregor's consultants told him that samtutuki carried about one hundred men, but it must be cautioned that they were reporting about the construction of Essay, a canoe type that had long since disappeared. Like Gardiner, MacGregor also recorded that large, single-hulled outrigger canoes were called tafaaga [ taf'aga ] and smaller ones tavane [ täväne ]. Churchward lists both of these as types of outriggers, but includes an additional term, karia , for large outrigger canoes (Churchward 1940:238,319,327). MacGregor reported that täväne were made with the fore outrigger boom shorter than the aft one as an aid to steering. This gave the Essay symbols boise, canoes an appearance of toeing in when viewed from above. The stern is the wider part of the canoe because of the narrowness of the writing work from, whole canoe for a man of any size to sit in and because it handles more easily, Macgregor wrote. He also noted, contrary to Samedayessay.com Gardiner's observations thirty-six years before him, that most canoes had their outrigger on the port side. This is confirmed by John Bennett, an American married to a Rotuman woman and Essay writing work from home, an accomplished sailor. He lived on Essay editing boise district Rotuma for seven years while employed as a teacher at the high school.

According to Bennett, outriggers today are commonly mounted on the port side, as most people are right-handed and find paddling on starboard more comfortable and unobstructed if the outrigger is mounted on the left. Turning with the paddle is also easier (J. Bennett, personal communication). An account of the steps involved in building taf'aga was provided MacGregor by writing work a craftsman from the village of Salvaka: The Rotumans build two sorts of large outrigger canoes, the tafaka oro [possibly taf'aga 'i'oro 'shark fishing canoe'] and the tafaka fonfonu [ taf'aga fonfono 'canoe with built up sides']. [7] The first is Essay leadershp plan, a three piece canoe with a deep hull, the second a five piece canoe with a shallow keel piece and built up sides, two planks to Essay work home a side. When the wtitting/personal, whole body of the canoe is considered these canoes are actually five and seven piece canoes, but the writing work from home, last two pieces are deck pieces and not in the walls of the canoes. The difference in structure is determined by the material the homework, carpenters have to work with. Essay Work! If a tree selected is not thick enough to give the proper depth to the hull, a five piece canoe is built. The machau [ majau ], or head carpenter, selects the tree from which the Essay symbols, proposed canoe is to Essay be built.

Then a koua or feast is language, held, called foiang fua [ faiag fua 'felling of a tree for the keelpiece'], at which is announced the intention of building a canoe, and whether it will be fuaora or not, that is the way of constructing a tafakora . When the work is started the machau may make the stern first or hollow out the entire log. When the tree is hollowed out to Essay writing work from form the fua or bottom piece of the hull, a second koua is held, called Saragfua [ sarag fua 'completing the Essay wtitting/personal, keelpiece']. The fua is then finished off and the beveled edge is made for joining the piece to be laid on top. In the five piece canoe this keel? [sic] is the vaka fonfonu [ vak fonfono 'canoe with built up sides'], and the beveled edge is made to join the fonu. Essay Writing Work From! ?? [sic] In this case, the fua or keel piece is made much broader and boise school district, shallower. There are some canoes built with two rows of fono , which makes a seven piece canoe. It has been stated that three piece canoes are in reality of five pieces. It can be seen here where the extra pieces come in. When the fua is made the stern and bow are cut to shape, including the upright piece of the prow, called the moa . Often this is impossible due to the size of the tree. Then deck pieces of purou are made to fit on top of the stern and bow of the level fua . These are necessary to carry out the height of the canoe established by building on the fono or wall pieces. In the standard three piece canoe, these should join at each end with the high bow and stern of the fua . The fono , probably originally one strip, is now made of three to each side. [8] The center fono which is laid on the completed fua first, is called the raurara . From Home! When these two center pieces are laid a koua is held which is known as the fuakiag [ fuakiag ] fono.

Then the end fono , two to each side which connect the raurara with the stern and bow, are laid on. Wtitting/personal Leadershp Plan! These are the fonchichaki [ fon jijaki 'sideboards slipped into place']. When these are joined the sokoag fono koua , or joining the Essay writing work, other fono on, is made. Next come the roa , if the canoe is to be a five piece one. These are the expert reviews, top planks or strips that are set over Essay writing work from, the fono to complete the walls. Then the Pay for report homework, bow and stern pieces are put on (these are called porou [ purou ] in one place and puka in another, puka being name given by Essay writing work from Ismeli [another informant] as well.) The canoe is now fitted together and all the flanges are sewn down. The machau inspects all edges to see if there is a perfect fit. To insure that all the planks fit smoothly, the sides that are laid against each other are smeared with paint made of ura [ 'ura Indian mulberry] or pandanus mixed with lime.

The pandanus root is first pressed with water. Homework! This paint is writing from home, smeared on the edge of the fua and then the review, fono is laid on. Any unevenness will show up by writing work its lacking marking with paint. Then the entire canoe is unleashed and the pieces taken off. Each piece is trimmed and smoothed to Materials a novel make it thinner and lighter. The inside portion is cut out more carefully. All holes for lashing are inspected, but they must not be touched again after corrections are made from the preliminary lashing of the canoe. When the fua was made, they carefully left at each third of a fathom in the hull of the canoe, a pair of raised knobs or rests which are called susu . They are not in the exact center of the bottom of the work from home, canoe but about six inches apart.

These form the rests for the rib supports or tokai of the canoe. They are set obliquely upright on these and are lashed under the uppermost edge of the puka or roa . The seats, manu , are set above pair [sic] of tokai . There should be three seats to each fathom of the canoe. The seats are cross boards lashed over the gunwale or roa . Usually a curved seat is carved out and also a small back three or four inches in height. The back of the seat is called the kiat rot . The stern piece of puka has the seat of the helmsman, the seat - marae or maraeheta . This puka is the for writing, last piece that is set in the hull of the canoe when she is writing from home, put together. It has two arms or fork [sic], as has the Essay editing boise, bow piece, which come out and Essay home, join the end of the roa. These are known as the U Rua ne Puka ['u rua ne puka ], the hands of the puka . Review! The bow and the stern piece are variously fashioned after the ideas of the work, machau , but in general the first piece usually has the Pay for homework, butt of Essay writing, a bowsprit? [sic] or upright piece foremost. This is called the moa . Editing! Both pieces have a series of small truncated knobs from the point to the raised portion or seat.

These are the work from, moa ne puakta , and correspond to the decoration on Samoan bonito canoes and paopao. Very rarely I have seen cowrie shell attached to them. A wooden bailer, tatahet [ tata ], is made for each canoe, in the shape of a grocer's sugar scoop, with the Pay for newspaper, handle inverted or within the bowl. The outrigger, sama , is attached with booms, as in the tavane , and when all is finished the final koua , avahiag tafaga [ a'vahiag taf'aga ] (finishing the canoe) is given for the occasion. The tafaka is from, taken out for fishing, but on this trip, no one must eat any raw fish. The catch is brought together, cooked and eaten in one place. This feast of the fish also removes the tabu against women associating with the review, canoe.

This is primarily laid upon pregnant women who are forbidden to sit on the canoe or stepping over Essay from, it or even approaching it. Other women are less seriously regarded. If in the process of helpers language, making the canoe a worker is cut and writing, blood flows, a koua is symbols boise school, held, hapagsue [ hapagsu ]. Essay! So also if a part is Essay district, broken or cut so thin that the axe comes through, a koua is Essay work from, held to stop the bad luck. The place where the canoe is built is for writing a novel, tabu during the first trip out. No one is allowed to play there, and it would bring the Essay writing work home, worst sort of bad luck, armu [ armou ], if blood were shed on it. Armu is expert assault, bad luck, no fish, shedding of blood, or some bad happening (Macgregor 1932). The canoe associated with this description, inspected by MacGregor, was 33 feet long, 1.5 feet at the widest part, and twenty inches deep.

MacGregor made a list of outrigger parts. Table 6.1 gives both MacGregor's terms and Churchward's corresponding dictionary entries: TABLE 6.1. Rotuman canoe lexicon. rorara, raurara, fono. upper end pieces. inside post supports. projections on ends. puket e taumuri.

* MacGregor notes that the writing, puka is the part that runs from the Essay boise school district, end of the roa on home one side around the stern or bow to the end of the roa on the other side. It should be of review, one piece. He adds that this implies it is not necessarily the Essay writing work home, whole stern piece. (MacGregor 1932) ** lit. Helpers Books And Composition! 'body of the canoe' MacGregor also provided a list of wood types used in the construction of a canoe. The ratau [ ratu'a ] tree was used for the hull of a canoe; the outrigger and Essay work from, paddle [ hose ] were made from penau wood ( Thespesia populnea L., Pacific rosewood tree); the Essay symbols school district, outrigger boom from hau (hibiscus) wood; and the outrigger brace from either hau wood or bamboo. Paddles were 4.5 to 5 feet long, with a blade from Essay work from home, two to two feet four inches; MacGregor described them as flat on one side and rounded on the other (Macgregor 1932). Review! This may suggest more uniformity of construction than was the home, case. Today, according to John Bennett (personal communication), hulls may be built from Materials for writing, hefau (Callophyllum), 'ulu ( Atrocarpus altilis, breadfruit), togoi ( Terminalia catappa L.), 'ura ( Morinda citrifolia L.), ratu'a ( Erythrina variegata L.) or sa'a trees, [9] from Essay home, which most paddles are now made. Bennett suggests that sa'a is used for Essay symbols boise paddles today because it is light, and Essay from home, much easier to shape than paddles made of penau . For Writing A Novel! He speculates that this may reflect a lack of strength and endurance among present-day paddlers as compared with the past. For caulking ( pulu ) MacGregor recorded breadfruit sap had been used, but a substance produced from the ripe seed of the pipi fruit ( Atuna racemose Raf.) was a recent innovation that proved superior. The seed is pressed into a red watery fluid in from home the hand with a rock.

It is worked into the seams where it becomes very hard and holds fast. Leadershp Plan! Macgregor also noted that pandanus root was pressed with water and mixed with lime to make a marking paint for carpenters. His notes contain detailed drawings of Essay writing work from home, lashings (Macgregor 1932). Based on hull shape, outrigger attachment, and proximity, Hornell concluded that Rotuman canoes were an adaptation of a small canoe used on the northern Tuvalu island of Nanumea (Hornell 1936:281), but this conclusion is disputed by Materials for writing a novel McQuarrie, who makes a strong case for their having a closer relationship to the canoes of Tonga and Samoa (McQuarrie 1980). Fishing with Canoes. Gardiner and Essay home, MacGregor also provide the Essay editing boise, most thorough accounts of Essay writing work, Rotuman fishing techniques, including hook and line, fish traps of various types, and nets. Since Rotuma is blessed with extensive fringing reefs, fish are abundantly available without resort to deep-sea fishing for Samedayessay.com review all but a few isolated villages. Essay Work From Home! Whether deep-sea fishing was ever a major factor in Rotumans' exploitation of marine resources is uncertain.

The position of master fisherman ( tautei ) was institutionalized on Rotuma. Each district had a tautei who was in charge of fishing expeditions. The position belonged to specific kin groups ( kainaga ) who were thought to have special abilities ( mana ). Some villages had their own tautei who led expeditions limited to the village. Tautei titles derive from leadershp plan, fishing activities. For example, according to Elisapeti Inia, retired Rotuman schoolteacher and authority on work from Rotuman language and customs, the title Reuas derives from räe ia'uas 'to see a shoal of fish'; Tokoar from tok 'o'oar ta 'the canoe used as a receptacle during fish drives'; Tokroa from tok roa 'long pole' (used to direct communal fishing activities); and Samedayessay.com, Urakmat from ur'ak mat 'to respect + wet', suggesting the importance of following taboos associated with fishing (Elisapeti Inia, personal communication). Gardiner reported that Rotuman fish-hooks were generally crude. He described them as follows: The fe, or shark-hook, was made from a shrub, the Essay work from, tiere, which, when it reached the height of about 3 feet, was twisted into an open knot, with a diameter of about 5 inches; it was then allowed to grow for about two years before being cut. The hook was then shaped, and a piece of editing symbols, hard wood spliced on as a barb projecting inwards.

The bait was tied on Essay writing from over the barb; the fish working at this, as the wood was springy, gradually got its jaw between the barb and the stem of the hook. On being struck the barb caught in the gills, and the fish was hauled up sideways. A similar hook, but smaller, the oiniafa, was used for catching a large species of rock cod, the Homework helpers language, roog. Small round hooks were cut out of Essay writing work from home, pearl shell or turtle bone, 1-2 inches in diameter, and termed ovi [ 'avi ]; a barb was always cut on the outside. Those of pearl shell for certain fish were not baited, nor towed behind the canoe. Proper spinning baits are termed pa [ poa ], and were of two kinds, the one large, of for writing, pearl shell fixed on bone 4 inches, or more, long, and the other small, 1-2 inches, of pearl shell alone. Both had underneath a hook of turtle shell or bone, and at the end a few short white feathers of the tavek [ täväke ], or boatswain bird, sticking out. Tjija [ Jija ], long fish with very narrow jaws [garfish], almost too small for any hook, are caught by a lump of spider's web at the end of a line on a long bamboo, when the tide is coming in. The teeth are numerous and long, and cannot disentangle themselves (Gardiner 1898:425).

MacGregor provided additional information about spider web fishing: The spider web. is caught up from the corner of the house by Essay writing home twisting on Materials the end of a stick. The web is Essay from home, made into a ball and colored with charcoal so that it will show up black. Charcoal of the leifau [ hefau ?] is used, called mahala. This ball is then tied on the end of the fish line. The fishing was done with a long bamboo pole 16'-18' and Pay for report homework, with a line longer than this. The fish were only caught in Essay writing from home a few places in Rotuma, one of them being off the reef, another off the islet Afngaha [Afgaha] off Noatau. The pole was held so that the editing district, ball of black web was suspended just over the water, and allowed to Essay writing work from blow back and forth in the wind. The chiachia or chi'chia [ jija 'garfish'] is helpers, a small long fish with a very long and thin mouth with very fine teeth.

It would jump out of the water to bite at Essay from home, the web and be caught by Materials its teeth in the mesh (MacGregor 1932). Gardiner described several techniques for catching fish on home the reef, mostly involving traps and nets. In three instances he mentioned the use of canoes: while turtle fishing, during fish drives, and Materials, when catching flying fish. For turtle fishing, Rotumans used sennit nets, according to Gardiner. A net was put down in a reef passage just before the tide began to ebb. Canoes were stationed at each end of the Essay writing home, net, and when a turtle was seen to helpers go into it, a man from each canoe dived after it, seized it by Essay the front flippers and language and composition, turned it over so that it was compelled to come to the surface (Gardiner 1898:426). [10] MacGregor confims this description, adding that the writing work, fishermen would frighten the turtles into Essay plan, the nets by drumming on the sides of their canoes. He also describes an alternative method of turtle fishing, involving taking canoes out at night on the high tide and searching for from turtles with torches, then spearing them when they came to the light (Macgregor 1932). Today people dive for turtles using goggles or a diving mask and small spear made from a quarter-inch steel rod propelled by a flexible rubber tube (similar to Pay for report homework newspaper surgical rubber), with a copper wire loop attached on one end and a tire-tube rubber loop, placed over the thumb, at the other.

The spear is drawn like a bow and arrow (Bennett, personal communication). Fish drives involve numerous households and, at times, entire districts or more. A large net is placed at a strategic location in a reef passage just before low tide, and fish are driven into it by lines of people beating the water. Canoes are used on such occasions as receptacles for the fish that are caught rather than as vehicles (see Feinberg, this volume, for similar uses of Essay writing work from, canoes on Nukumanu). Those picking the Materials for writing, fish out of the net crush the skull between their teeth to dispatch them quickly and writing home, prevent them from flipping out Materials for writing a novel of the writing work from home, canoes in which they are stored. Sometimes individuals, most often women, eat fish raw during such an event. Gardiner reported on one drive involving over two hundred people in which they caught 648 large fish of different kinds weighing over 1.5 tons (Gardiner 1898:427).

Communal drives are still a common fishing method, particularly off the village of Losa. Fish are driven out of the reef passage and, blinded by the setting sun, are caught in a net. This method is called furamasa 'to fish late in the afternoon' (Churchward 1940a:208), or more generically, hagoat vao 'net fishing'. Helpers Language And Composition! The term jau 'to beat' (which in this instance refers to beating the Essay writing, water when driving fish to Pay for report where they can be caught) [11] is commonly used for fish drives in Essay work from which nets are not used. No lexical distinction is made between a communal drive involving an entire village or simply a few family members (Bennett, personal communication). In the past, canoes were also used to Essay symbols boise district catch flying fish using a special net [ seu ] about twelve feet long by six feet wide, fixed at the end of home, two bamboo poles.

A number of canoes would paddle along the reef at high tide in two lines, with a man on watch at the head of each. When the helpers and composition, fish were sighted,, usually near the shore, everyone jumped into the water. While some of the men surrounded the Essay writing, fish with a net, others got ready to catch them when they jumped over it (Gardiner 1898:428). From his account it seems that Gardiner was referring to mullet ( 'anasi ) rather than true flying fish ( säsäve ), since the former feed on Samedayessay.com review the reef while the Essay from, latter inhabit the deep sea outside the reef. Mullet often jump out of the water, but do not have the anatomy to glide through the Materials for writing, air. [12] The tautei from Noa'tau district provided MacGregor with detailed information concerning seu expeditions: The Seu is a fishing party of eleven canoes which are accompanied usually by a chief, for whom the fishing is done. [13] The fleet of canoes go out in work two lines of five in file, and the eleventh canoe travels between the two lines opposite the last two in the files.

There is a tautae [ tautei ] standing in the bow of the first canoe in each file. For Writing A Novel! He wears an eyeshade (isau) [ isao ] made of coconut leaves, and a titi or vehnau which is work from home, a grass skirt made of leadershp, hau. When the fish have been sighted, the files separate to a greater distance to surround the Essay writing from, school. On the command rua vao (let the nets go), each man jumps from his canoe with his net, and review, walks through the water to join his net with the man next to him. A complete net is thus formed on each side of the school, and these are joined together, at one end with the net of the center or eleventh canoe and at the other between the two canoes of the tautae.

There are more than two men in a canoe. If there are flying fish in the school, hand nets are brought out by some of the crew to catch them. These nets are vauseu [ vao seu ]. Essay Work From Home! The long nets are vau hapa [vao hapa ]. Each movement is carried out only at the tautae's orders. The seu is carried out inside the reef in shallow water so that the fish, when completely enclosed with the nets, are taken out by Materials for writing hand into work from home, the canoe (Macgregor 1932). MacGregor was told by one consultant that a seu might last two to three days. A number of taboos were associated with seu . Review! For example, on the night before an expedition, the fishermen were supposed to sleep alone; if any one of work from, them had sex, fish would jump over the net he was holding. No one could mention the names of the men who went fishing. The houses of the fishermen were shut during a seu and Essay boise district, no one was allowed to enter them while it was in progress. Making noise was taboo, and it was forbidden to make cooking fires. The tautei had to Essay work home wear the vehnau titi and Materials, the isao during all operations.

If any of these taboos were violated, it would bring bad luck. Essay Work From! It was a bad omen if a man fell out of his canoe; if anyone did so, he had to expert reviews give a feast for the entire party (Macgregor 1932). If the net used in a fishing expedition is new ( hoiag vao ), the Essay writing work from, first fish caught in it is put into a special basket ( la ) and Pay for report homework newspaper, taken to the tautei 's house, accompanied by a chief. The doors of the house, kept closed until then, are opened and an announcement of the catch ( ma hei'akia ) is writing home, chanted (Elisapeti Inia, personal communication). MacGregor mentions two locations in which hook and line fishing were used for catching snapper in deep water by submerged reefs: off the islets of Haua and off the village of Losa. He also reported that sharks were caught with hook and wtitting/personal leadershp plan, line, then clubbed when brought to the side of the canoe. His consultants told him that hooks were made from fish vertebrae, turtle shell, and hardwood. Writing From! The favored hardwood, he was told, was found at the bottom of the sea outside the reef. (According to John Bennett, the substance referred to is black coral, commonly found off the Homework helpers books, island of Uea, which has no fringing reef.) The men dived for it and brought up branches with long hooked twigs, which made excellent hooks. Fishing line was made from the bark of paper mulberry or breadfruit trees, or from sennit cord. The practice of from home, closing up a house when a man goes deep-sea fishing is still common today. People are encouraged not to anticipate a fisherman's catch as this can only bring bad luck.

When one first takes out wtitting/personal leadershp plan a new boat to fish, he is expected to Essay from acknowledge a good catch by providing fish to the chief and minister. Not observing this custom, Rotumans claim, will result in poor catches (Bennett, personal communication). Shipping Out: Rotuman Sailors on European Vessels. It is clear from the reports of nearly all early commentators that Rotuman men were eager to leave Rotuma aboard European vessels and Essay leadershp, took every opportunity to do so (e.g., see Bennett 1831:480). Writers also praised the qualities that made Rotumans desirable sailors. The remarks of Joseph Osborn, aboard the whaling ship Emerald when it stopped at Rotuma in 1835, are typical: They love to home visit foreign countries great numbers of them ship on board the English whaleships.

On board a ship they are as good or better than any of the South Sea natives: diligent, civil quiet, 3 very necessary qualities. They soon learn to talk English there is but few of them but what can talk a few words (Osborn 1834-1835). John Eagleston, Captain of the Emerald , echoed Osborn's sentiments. They make good ship men, he wrote, and for a trading vessel are preferable to Essay editing district any of the writing work home, other natives which I am acquainted with, they being more true faithful more to be depended on (Eagleston 1832). He noted that he had had a number of Rotumans aboard as crewmen in the past, as well as other islanders, but found Rotumans to be the best. Some forty years later Litton Forbes wrote: The men of Rotumah make good sailors, and Materials, after a few years' service in sea-going vessels are worth the same wages as white men. Scarcely a man on the island but has been more or less of a traveller.

It is no rare thing to find men who have visited Harve, or New York, or Calcutta, men who can discuss the Essay writing home, relative merits of a sailors' home in Essay wtitting/personal leadershp plan London or Liverpool, and dilate on the advantages of steam over sailing vessels. Thus the average native of Rotumah is more than usually capable and writing from home, intelligent (Forbes 1875:226). Commenting in Samedayessay.com 1867 on the extent of writing from home, emigration, Rev. William Fletcher, the first European Methodist missionary stationed on Rotuma, wrote that upwards of seven hundred young men were known to have left the a novel, island in recent memory (Fletcher 1870). Anxiety over work, the unimpeded emigration of for writing a novel, young men was one of the first issues raised by the chiefs of Rotuma in writing work home their negotiations with British authorities prior to cession. Thus Arthur Gordon reported in 1879 that the chiefs desired regulations to check wholesale emigration. He suggested two regulations, one prohibiting boys under sixteen and married men from leaving, the other requiring unmarried men to have their chief's consent. The regulations were passed unanimously (Outward Letters, dispatch from A. Gordon to homework Colonial Secretary, 4 December, 1879 ). The first census taken on Rotuma, in 1881 shortly after cession, yielded a population count of 2491. In the fifteen- to forty-year age group, the gender balance was 440 males to 638 females.

The Resident Commissioner at the time, Charles Mitchell, attributed the surplus of females to the fact that so many young men had left the from, island (Outward Letters, dispatch from C. Mitchell to Colonial Secretary, 1 October, 1881). Expert Assault! [14] W. L. Allardyce, who was on Rotuma about work home this time, commented on the shift in traveling destinations resulting from the demise of the whaling industry as well as the wtitting/personal, social price homestayers had to pay: Nearly all the men on the island have at one time or another been to sea, and while in the old whaling days Honolulu and Behring Straits formed the goal of their ideas, the sailors of the present day must needs visit New Zealand, Australia, China, and India, while others still more ambitious are not satisfied till they have rounded the Horn and passed the white cliffs of Dover. The few who have never been to sea at all have often to endure a considerable amount of banter at the expense of their inexperience (Allardyce 1885-1886:133). [15] Allardyce also noted that the majority of Rotuman men abroad were engaged in the Torres Straits pearl-diving industry, which was flourishing at the time. Writing in writing from home 1884, William Gordon reported that over review, one hundred Rotuman men were employed in the industry, mostly in Essay writing from home the management of boats. The boatmen earned two to three pounds a month. Divers earned much more, up to forty pounds a month according to editing boise Gordon, but tended to squander it during binges in the city ( Outward Letters, dispatch from Wm. Writing Work From Home! Gordon to Colonial Secretary, 24 November, 1884). The early commissioners feared the Rotuman population was rapidly declining and in danger of extinction. They saw emigration as a significant part of the problem.

Fortunately, however, Rotuma avoided the scourges of venereal disease, [16] a fact remarked upon by Commissioner Gordon with surprise, given the comings and goings of so many young men who had been sailors (Outward Letters, dispatch from Wm. Gordon to Colonial Secretary, 24 November 1884). Attempts to dampen emigration were aided by for writing the British decision to govern Rotuma as part of the colony of Fiji and to close Rotuma as a port of entry. This significantly reduced the number of vessels calling at Rotuma and meant that men had to go to Fiji to sign aboard as seamen. The issue of controlling emigration remained a matter of concern to subsequent Resident Commissioners. Following an inquiry into the matter, A. R. Mackay reported that fewer than thirty adult males on the island [out of writing work from home, some four to five hundred] had not been abroad. He reiterated what others had said before, that it is wtitting/personal plan, a cutting reproach to cast at a man that he has not been away from the island; hence, partly, the anxiety of the writing work home, young men to accomplish their long cherished dream (Outward Letters, dispatch from A.R. Materials! Mackay to Colonial Secretary, 10 January, 1887). The concern for writing from controlling emigration eventually led to the passage of Rotuma Regulation Number 3 in 1939, stating that No native may leave Rotuma without the Samedayessay.com, permission of the District Officer (who replaced the Essay writing work home, Resident Commissioner as administrative officer in charge of Rotuma following a colonial governmental reorganization). It further specified that No male adult responsible for books language and composition the maintenance of his wife, children, or relatives may leave Rotuma without making adequate provision for the maintenance of said wife, children, or relatives to the satisfaction of the District Officer (Rotuma Regulations 1939:457). [17]

Nevertheless, a substantial number of Rotumans emigrated to Fiji, establishing an enclave there. The outbreak of World War II accelerated Rotuman emigration to Fiji, and by 1946 approximately 17 percent of all Rotumans were residing there. Once in Fiji, Rotuman men were free to sign on Essay writing ships without consulting anyone. The chiefs protested and Pay for newspaper, demanded the from, right to Materials a novel choose who could go, but the governor of Fiji ruled that the liberty of the individual must be respected and from, it is not for the Rotuman Chiefs to decide who shall and who shall not sign on ships (Fiji Archives, Document F 24/44). Although precise figures are not available, sailing remains a favored occupation among Rotumans. In a survey of 414 households (85 percent) on Rotuma during 1989, [18] I identified sixty-nine men engaged in sailing at the time. This accounted for editing school 20.7 percentof all men abroad on whom I have occupational data. Writing Work From Home! Five of them were ship captains, two were pilots.

Rotuman crews were entrenched on certain ships, like the cable ships Retriever and Pacific Guardian . All the information at my disposal suggests that Rotumans are desired as crewmen as much today as they were in earlier times. [19] The reasons given are similar: that Rotumans are exceptionally conscientious, learn fast, and are capable of Essay, taking responsibility. [20] I have elsewhere related these qualities, widely recognized by employers of Rotuman personnel, to socialization patterns and the social organization of the from home, Rotuman community (Howard 1966, 1970). Seamanship on Rotuma Today. With a few notable exceptions, Rotumans now residing on the island do not venture beyond the reef and Pay for report, have not developed seafaring skills. Almost all fishing is done on the reef, and writing work from, canoes are used more as receptacles than as vehicles. The only type of canoe that has survived is the small outrigger, formerly called täväne , but currently known only by the generic term for canoe, vaka . They are occasionally used as transportation to the nearer offshore islets. Both men and women fish on the reef, and women are as likely to Materials for writing a novel take canoes for this purpose as men.

It is common to find husbands and wives exploiting the reef together. The most usual techniques employed do not require canoes, however. They involve one or two individuals with minimal gear: goggles, perhaps a spear, and occasionally small gill nets. Night fishing ( sulu ) is also practiced, although the technique has changed during the past decade. Previously, benzine lanterns were used, and one would walk on the reef at low tide or spearfish from Essay work from home, a canoe. Expert! Today it is more common for young men to writing dive at Pay for report homework, night using an underwater flashlight. From! In general, there has been a dramatic decline in the use of canoes in the past few years.

Bennett reports that men with whom he previously fished in the deep sea no longer go out, and young men show little interest (Bennett, personal communication). As the cash flow to Rotuma has increased, largely as a result of remittances (Rensel 1994), the a novel, islanders have exploited marine resources less and less, so that consumption of from home, tinned fish now exceeds that of fresh fish. A few years ago a Fisheries report documented an average annual per capita consumption of 30 tins of mackerel, a total wet weight equivalent of more than 40 tons of fish. The authors comment on the unimportance of fishing in daily life, in a novel stark contrast to the strong fishing traditions of other Polynesian peoples (Fisheries Division n.d.:5). [21] The 1989 household survey (see note 18) included an inventory of work, selected items, including canoes and boats. Seventy-six households (18.4 percent) reported owning a canoe, and Homework and composition, seven households (1.6 percent) reported owning a punt or launch with an work from home outboard motor. All canoes were owned by individual households, and nearly all had been built by a member of the household. [22] One man, with the title Sautiak, owned a small fishing boat with an inboard engine. Sautiak identified five fishing areas that he exploits. Three were off the west end of the wtitting/personal, island, including Whale Bank Reef; one was to the east, another to the southeast of Noa'tau. The furthest destination, Captain Read Reef is some forty-eight kilometers to the south-southeast of Rotuma. [23] It is approximately sixteen kilometers long and rises to within twelve fathoms of the surface.

According to a report from the Fiji Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, this location is likely to be very productive for both pelagic and bottom fish, and can be fished with a reasonable margin of safety during favourable weather in the SE trades, when prevailing winds would favour sail-assisted return of a disabled vessel to Essay writing home Rotuma (Fisheries Division n.d.:18). Sautiak takes twenty liters of fuel with him on each trip, which he says is more than enough. He locates sites with a compass and uses a depth sounder to determine optimal fishing grounds. When fishing close to Essay plan Rotuma, he uses alignments of landmarks on the island and watches for sea birds feeding at the reef breaks. He uses metal hooks of Japanese manufacture on nylon line, and does both deep-water drops and trolling.

He goes out once a week or so when his boat is in good repair. Most of Essay from, his expeditions are extremely fruitful, and he distributes his catch to wtitting/personal friends and family, although he usually sells a portion. Since demand far exceeds the writing from home, supply, selling fresh fish is Samedayessay.com, very easy. He has considered fishing on a commercial basis, but the main problem is storage. He said that unless he had cold storage facilities on board he could not stay out long enough to make it pay. A group from the district of Malhaha formed a cooperative a few years ago in which fishing was to be a major activity. Essay Writing Work From Home! They bought two boats and a large, walk-in freezer to store their catch. But they had difficulty with the freezer and expert assault, some of the fish spoiled, leading a health inspector to condemn their entire frozen stock on several occasions.

As a result, they endured financial losses and their backers, a group of Rotumans in Fiji, withdrew financial support. After a while the freezer broke down completely. One of the boats was repossessed by writing the bank and Essay plan, sold to Essay writing from home a group from Hapmak; the expert assault, other developed a leak and writing, was still in drydock on our last visit to a novel the island. The Hapmak group uses the boat for commercial fishing on a sporadic basis, going out when there is a special need for fish and when sailing conditions are optimal. Another group, from Itu'muta, bought John Bennett's catamaran with the stated intention of Essay writing work from, starting a fishing enterprise, but they go out only occasionally, and the venture has foundered. Despite a consistent demand for Pay for report fish and recognition of commercial possibilities, little has been done to capitalize on the potential. A lack of storage facilities and sufficient financing to keep operations going through lean periods have clearly been factors. Writing From Home! But the fact that many Rotumans in Fiji are engaged in Assignment expert commercial deep-sea fishing suggests an aversion to the rigors of the deep is not at writing, issue. [24] While it is probably true that economic payoffs on Rotuma are insufficient to offset investment costs in time and Pay for report newspaper, money, [25] a more important factor may be a failure in leadership. This is the opinion of Bennett, who is familiar with both the Malhaha and Itu'muta ventures. The leaders in each case were assertive individuals viewed as serving their own self-interests rather than the group at large.

In the Itu'muta case, the young men expressed dissatisfaction with spending all day fishing only to find the writing, catch inequitably distributed among participants (J. Bennett, personal communication). Essay Editing Symbols Boise District! Problems of leadership are endemic on Rotuma, especially when it comes to the management of financial resources. Writing! It may well be, therefore, that the kind of leadership required to Homework helpers sustain a fishing enterprise is absent on Rotuma, and Essay home, that Rotumans engage in seabound ventures so much more readily abroad (and aboard European vessels), because they they find the leadership much more palatable. The importance of sailing as a focus of cultural experience for Materials Rotumans is evident in writing many ways. It is a source of solidarity between men who have sailed together and the subject of reminiscences when men congregate. Sailing experience also provides metaphoric content for a number of sayings and for the content of songs and recitations. In some instances it constitutes the core of personal identity, as in the case of a woman who changed her name to Al 'e sasi 'Died at sea' after her son was lost while serving aboard a ship.

Travel abroad, in general, is metaphorically a sailing experience, and at school district, its core remains a canoe journey. Work Home! Thus, the notion that the traveler arrives with salt on his body is central to the Rotuman ritual of mamasa , welcoming a returnee or first-time visitor to the island. The term mamasa means 'to be dry' or 'to become dry', and is used in Samedayessay.com review reference to a ceremony performed when people return from a sea voyage or, in earlier times, from a dangerous deep-sea fishing expedition (Churchward 1940a:258). Presumably when people arrived by writing home canoe, or by steamer prior to the building of Assignment, a wharf at Oinafa in the 1970s, they landed wet and had to be dried and provided with clothes; hence the reference to drying out. The mamasa is one of several life crisis events that involve the central symbols of Rotuman ceremonial performances: sacrificial pigs, kava, sweet-smelling oil, garlands, and fine white pandanus mats ( apei ). The recipient of a mamasa ceremony ( forau ) is writing work from, seated in the place of honor upon a pile of mats ( päega ) topped with an apei , which symbolizes his or her elevation to a god-like status for the duration of the event. Apei are the prime form of traditional wealth on newspaper Rotuma, and are necessary elements in any formal ceremony. Work Home! Each apei is consecrated by a koua 'sacrificial slaughter and cooking of a pig in an earth oven'; it symbolizes life and blessings from the gods. While seated on the päega the forau is presented with a tefui 'garland', tied around his or her neck by a woman designated to play the welcoming role. The woman then performs the mamia , which in ordinary circumstances means 'to wash a person or fishing net in fresh water after having been in the sea' (Churchward 1940a:259), but in this instance is symbolized by anointing the honoree with sweet-smelling oil, which must be pure Rotuman oil.

This highly symbolic act signifies cleansing the Samedayessay.com, body of salt from the sea (Nilsen 1977:80). Work Home! In earlier times, the woman would take off the Materials for writing, forau 's shirt and put a new one on writing work him or her, then present him or her with a new lavalava (Marseu 1986:5). [26] This act is for writing a novel, followed by a kava ceremony and Essay, formal presentation of food. Essay Symbols! The forau is given the head of the largest pig (reserved for the person of highest status during feasts), which is writing work from, placed in wtitting/personal front of him or her on a ceremonial table ( 'umefe ). He or she is also served kava before anyone else present, including chiefs. If the ceremony is an elaborate one, for a person of Essay work, high status or someone whose achievements abroad brought honor to the community, dances and songs composed for Essay wtitting/personal plan the occasion may be performed, glorifying the person's adventures or accomplishments. The mamasa ceremony has at least two clear functions. One is to reintegrate sojourners back into Rotuman life by communicating their importance to the community and Essay writing work from home, elevating their status, if only for Homework helpers books the duration of the event. Attention is called to their absence and return, to their bravery in leaving the island, and to Essay writing work their accomplishments.

They are made to feel special. The ceremony's other function is to celebrate the triumph of life over death. Like all Rotuman ceremonies, the symbolism of the mamasa emphasizes the regeneration of life forces: the sacrificial pig is books language, a gift to the gods, who are supposed to respond by giving life to the land and its people; kava symbolizes bodily fluids that give life; and fragrant oils and flowers (in the form of a garland) suggest the Essay writing home, sweet smells of life as opposed to the stench of death. A Novel! [27] Journeying beyond the reef for long periods was regarded as dangerous in work from home the past; the mamasa was a way to offer thanks for a safe return. Another possible function, given the ambivalence Rotumans have toward the sea and things foreign, is symbolic purification. By washing away salt water residues with fresh water, they perhaps ritually cleanse sojourners of Homework helpers books language and composition, contamination not only by the sea, but by foreign influences of all kinds.

Rotuman sayings referring to sailing experiences can be lumped into four categories: (1) those calling attention to the special status of travellers; (2) those used metaphorically to call attention to Essay writing from home hardships and fatigue; (3) those referring to chaos; and Samedayessay.com, (4) those calling attention to undesirable behavior. The following examples are illustrative: [28] 1. The special status of travellers. 'Ou la mat la'mou 'Your legs (or feet) are still wet'. Said to newcomers, suggesting that they have not yet fully integrated into community life. It can be used as a put-down to someone who expresses opinions prematurely after coming to the island. 2. Hardship and fatigue. Na ta lu 'Give a rope'. Said of people who work slowly, as if fatigued.

It refers to seafarers who, wearied by work from a long journey, need to be hauled up to the beach with a rope, like a punt. 3. Chaos. 'Itake vak lo 'Like a capsized canoe'. Homework Language And Composition! Said when there is a sudden crisis and everyone starts talking at once, but no one knows what to do, and nothing gets done. It also applies where one can not hear because of the noise. 4. Undesirable Behavior. Essay From Home! Vak ta lelei ka sam ta raksa'a 'the canoe is good but the outrigger is bad'. Metaphorically, the man is homework newspaper, good, but his wife is not. This is generally used in reference to a chief and his wife, since the home, term vaka is homework newspaper, a common metaphor for a chief. Songs are composed in several formats referring to travel abroad, including chants that accompany action dances and compositions in a modern pan-Pacific format accompanied by guitar, ukelele and other instruments. An example of such a song is presented by Mosese Kaurasi (1977:145-146): Rotuman Version Tefui hata vasa 'e tier Ma noa la se maoen 'ae 'e fue Api ma roa 'ae 'e matit fak use Tari te Rotuma noh fak rotue English Translation The garlands of pandanus fruit and writing, gardenia Be careful not to get lost out there You've lingered long in editing symbols school district the cold of the rain Your relatives are awaiting you in Rotuma Recitations.

Ritual presentations of home, kava occupy a central place in nearly all Rotuman ceremonies. Materials! A key part of the ritual is the recitation of a fakpeje , a text generally associated with the legendary coming of kava to Rotuma. Recitations are given by male elders ( mafua ), usually in Essay home a language so esoteric that most people cannot follow their meaning. Rotumans often describe fakpeje as composed of assault, archaic words whose meanings have been lost. Essay Writing Home! I suspect, however, that a lack of intelligibility has always been central to such recitations, perhaps to Essay symbols accentuate the foreign origin of Essay work from home, kava. The prevailing myth concerning kava's origin has it coming from wtitting/personal leadershp, Tonga, which in work from home its generic sense is a place over or under the sea inhabited by potent beings or spirits. That Rotumans associate experiences overseas and aboard ship with the foreignness (and potency) attributed to Essay school district kava can be seen in Essay writing work home a fakpeje recorded by Essay wtitting/personal leadershp Hocart on Rotuma in 1913.

In this instance, intelligibility seems to be obscured by the seemingly random juxtaposition of English phrases, with Rotuman words interspersed: A below, way about Essay writing work from home riepouj how many nu le for here ten mile and a quarter two far off all pull up to which you can't go up there its too heavy good kuretemene hard Adele lee o four yard forty gunsale forty mainsail pull off the guff topsail French ship jib stay sail jib fore poren where your head saw pau es you takes up. Collectively, Rotuman attitudes toward the expert, sea are ambivalent. Essay Work From Home! It has been a source of wondrous adventures for some, of seasickness for Materials many, and of grief over losing kinsmen for others. Essay Writing Home! For all Rotumans, boats represent connections to the outside world. For those on the island, boats are bridges to relatives abroad, transporters of vital supplies, and the means by which money is wtitting/personal leadershp, earned through the shipping of copra. Days when boats arrive and leave are major occasions. That the sea beyond the writing home, reef is dangerous comes home repeatedly. Homework Books Language! A number of Rotumans have been lost in recent years during seafaring adventures. Some have gone fishing and never returned.

News of Essay work home, crewmembers aboard vessels that have sunk arrives periodically. During my 1989 visit, a freighter sank in a storm off Nova Scotia; it had five Rotuman crew members aboard who went down with the ship. Shortly before this tragedy, a Rotuman helicopter pilot was killed in a crash on the U.S. mainland, [29] lending even more emphasis to the dangers of sailing, since sea and sky are associated in Rotuman cultural idiom (airplanes are called 'ahai fere 'flying ships'). Such tragedies have fed the mystique with which the sea is endowed by most Rotumans. They conceive of the sea, and what happens in and on it, as dangerous and unpredictable on for writing the one hand, enriching and vitalizing on the other.

Their attitudes have been shaped, in part, by the unpredictability of shipping over the years. Vessels sometimes do not arrive for months at a time, resulting in empty stores and varying degrees of hardship. At other times several ships may arrive within days of each other. Despite numerous efforts on Essay work home the part of Samedayessay.com review, well-placed officials, shipping to Rotuma has remained erratic since the initial arrival of Europen vessels. It has been the source of much black humor on writing from the island. Essay Wtitting/personal Leadershp! For example, when I heard on Fiji Radio that a boat was scheduled to Essay writing from home sail for Rotuma in a week and mentioned it to my Rotuman friend, he laughed and told me always to multiply the time interval by two or three. On several occasions Rotumans have attempted to gain control of shipping by purchasing and operating their own vessel.

As early as 1901 they had a schooner built to ship copra and take passengers between Rotuma and Sydney via Suva. Expert Assault! The fifty-ton vessel cost over Essay from, 2,000 pounds and operated for eighteen months before sinking on a reef at Rotuma (Eason 1951:89-90). Samedayessay.com Review! Most recently, in 1992, a Rotuman group purchased an interisland vessel, the work from home, Wairua , at a cost of Fiji $250,000. It went aground on a reef at Kadavu in August 1993 and was judged unsalvageable. The evidence reviewed in this essay raises questions about Rotuma's maritime tradition at the time of reviews, European contact.

Although there is no doubt that Rotumans occasionally voyaged to islands in their general vicinity, and from, perhaps beyond, their canoes were described by European observers as of Pay for report newspaper, poor quality, and their navigational knowledge was characterized as limited. Taken at face value, these observations suggest Rotuma lacked the highly developed maritime traditions that characterized some of its mid-Pacific neighbors. If so, this may have resulted from risks being greater than potential benefits, given Rotuma's isolation and productivity. Rotuma is an exceptionally fertile island, not often subjected to the devastating droughts and hurricanes that forced periodic migrations in other parts of the Pacific. There may have been little motivation to from develop long-distance sailing skills. A second possibility is that Rotumans may have possessed a sophisticated sailing culture that deteriorated prior to European contact. The only hope of verifying such a prior tradition would be through archaeological investigations yet to be done. A third possibility is that Rotuman seafaring skills were in fact highly developed, but that opportunities to sail aboard European vessels led to an extraordinarily rapid erosion of traditional maritime technology and knowledge. Perhaps, it might be argued, the most skillful sailors took advantage of the opportunities European ships offered, and they distinguished themselves because they already had the personal characteristics that made them good sailors, regardless of the craft involved. That sailing, and canoes in particular, have remained central symbols in Rotuman culture lends weight to such an Materials argument. Regardless of which scenario one favors, it seems clear that the character traits developed on this remote island were consistent with those required for seafaring, especially where responsibility to one's shipmates was central.

The contributions of Essay writing work, sailors to Rotuman society have been substantial. Until outmigration resulted in Essay overseas enclaves, following World War II, they were the work home, main source of acculturative influences. Today travelers characteristically send remittances to their families and, when returning, bring expensive goods such as radios, refrigerators and motorbikes. For these reasons, among others, sailing continues to be a high status occupation for Rotumans. [1] For detailed information concerning the geology of Rotuma, see Woodhall 1987. [back to text] [2] W.E. Russell, who served as resident commissioner on Rotuma in review the 1920s, published an account taken from the notes of F. Gibson, a part-Rotuman man, that reported canoe voyages allegedly made by writing work from Rotumans to Tikopia, Malekula, Santo, Nanumea (Ellice Islands), Tonga, and Fiji (Russell 1942:253). A man by the name of Pani and two other unnamed men from editing, Malhaha and Losa, respectively, were said by Gibson's informants to be the last canoe voyagers to go abroad and return.

I regard this report with considerable skepticism, however, since it was given over one hundred years from the time interisland canoe voyages had ceased. Work Home! [back to text] [3] Allen served as a Methodist missionary on Rotuma for several years during the 1880s. [back to text] [4] Hocart, during his visit to Rotuma in 1913, elicited the names of several constellations, some of which were associated with sailing directions, but it is unclear whether this information represented indigenous knowledge (Hocart 1913:4944-4946) MacGregor's notes also contain a number of entries concerning astronomy, but only one entry refers to the navigational use of stars. He records the name Takirua as two stars between which the course is laid from Wallis to Rotuma (Macgregor 1932). [back to text] [5] The spelling of Materials for writing, Rotuman words was standardized following Churchward's publication of his Rotuman Grammar and Dictionary in 1940. I use Churchward's orthography in my own writing and following other authors' usage I include Churchward's spelling in brackets if it is different. For an explanation of the orthography see Churchward 1940a:13. [back to Essay work from home text] [6] MacGregor also records in his notes from this consultant, a man named Niua: These canoes carried from 60-100 people and Samedayessay.com review, traveled to Essay from Fiji, Futuna and for writing a novel, Sufaia? [sic] in the Ellice. Ngofe was a famous captain of the writing, last Oinafa ahoi [ 'ahai ]. Planks still in Oinafa (Macgregor 1932). Again, given the time lapse from the period in which such voyages might have been made, one must be cautious interpreting this report as factual knowledge. [back to text] [7] Ororo refers to a contrivance made of Samedayessay.com review, large number of half coconut-shells threaded on a wooden hoop, and writing work home, drawn up and down in Assignment the water, thereby making a noise which attracts sharks to the proximity of the baited hooks that are out for them (Churchward 1940:275). It is also used in reference to fishing for writing work sharks with the help of ororo . [back to text] [8] MacGregor's consultant mentioned this to him when asked why there were only two strips on one border of his canoe. Homework! The man said that the writing, wood was not long enough to reach from bow piece to stern piece. [back to Essay plan text] [9] Identification of penau , togoi , 'ura and ratu'a trees are from Whistler (1989). He did not identify sa'a , which Churchward describes as a tree growing to large size, with very large leaves and long straight branches. The bark, at first, is writing work home, greyish-green and very smooth. Bears bunches of small whitish flowers.

Timber, white, much used in house-building and Materials a novel, canoe-making (Churchward 1940a:307). [back to text] [10] Hocart, in Essay work from home a brief article published in 1914, reported that as the result of a curse, turtle nets were no longer being made in at least in one district (Hocart 1914). [back to text] [11] According to Churchward the phrase jao 'atua 'beating ghosts' is sometimes used (1940a:231). [back to text] [12] I am indebted to John Bennett for pointing this out to me. [back to assault text] [13] Another consultant told MacGregor that the last seu involved twenty-one taf'aga canoes. [back to text] [14] Two years earlier, Arthur Gordon inquired into labor recruiting on Rotuma and obtained figures for home five districts (Itu'ti'u, Itu'muta, Juju, Pepjei and Malhaha). They showed 177 men known to be away, approximately one-third of them married (Outward Letters,dispatch from for writing, A. Gordon to Colonial Secretary, 4 December 1879, ). Essay Work From Home! [back to text] A significant portion of the men who were away had been recruited as laborers to work in the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa, and had difficulty returning. In a series of dispatches during 1883, William Gordon, the resident commissioner, requested assistance in having the 50-60 men in the Hawaiian Islands, and an unspecified number from Samoa, repatriated. He commented that the men in Samoa had been paid in goods instead of money and were thus unable to pay for passage home. [15] Gardiner also commented on Materials a novel the disgrace endured by Rotuman men who had not been to foreign lands (Gardiner 1898:407). He speculated (p. 497) that, although it was not uncommon for a hundred or more young men to leave the island in a year, not more than one-third ever returned. [back to text] [16] The population may have been protected as a result of the prevalence of virulent yaws, which has a complementary distribution with syphilis (see Howard 1979). [back to text] [17] The practice of informing chiefs when departing the island is still carried out to some extent, although it has noticeably declined over the past fifteen years. Essay Writing From! Chiefs enforce the regulation to varying degrees. Protocol calls for Essay leadershp an individual to inform his village chief ( fa 'es ho'aga ), who in turn informs the district chief, who then informs the district officer (J.

Bennett, personal communication). This regulation, however, conflicts with the right to Essay freedom of Essay wtitting/personal, movement within Fiji guaranteed by the initial and post-coup constitutions. A recent case, in which the district officer attempted to home confine a woman to the island on the grounds that her children might not be properly cared for, highlighted this contradiction and resulted in a threatened lawsuit. [back to text] [18] The survey was conducted by school teachers hired as research assistants, supervised by myself and Essay leadershp plan, my wife, Jan Rensel, who was pursuing doctoral research on the island at the time. The survey included all of Oinafa, Malhaha, Itu'muta and Itu'ti'u districts, and most of Juju and Noa'tau. Pepjei was omitted as a result of interviewer difficulties. [back to text] [19] In late 1990 a recruitment program was launched in Essay home Fiji for up to sixty Rotumans to become the core crew for review a newly commissioned cable ship having English officers (J. Bennett, personal communication). [back to text] [20] These are the same reasons given by Essay work from supervisors at the Vatukoula gold mines for favoring Rotuman workers (see Howard 1966:266). [back to text] [21] The Fisheries Division report concludes that the Essay wtitting/personal, sea around Rotuma offers considerable opportunity for commerically viable fishing enterprises, but they identify three major problems: (1) the Essay work from home, lack of Samedayessay.com review, suitable vessels to exploit the productive areas; (2) inadequate facilities for fishing vessels, including lack of an all-weather anchorage; absence of maintenance facilities; occasional fuel shortages; and Essay from, the lack of ice, gear, storage, and marketing facilities for fisherman; and Essay symbols school district, (3) the isolation of the Essay writing home, island (Fisheries Division n.d.:18-20). [back to text] [22] Household size averaged 5.8 persons in 1989. For a discussion of household types on Rotuma, and how they have changed over the past three decades, see Howard 1991. [back to text] [23] The reef is named after its discoverer, Captain Read, aboard the hydrographic vessel M.V. Editing Symbols School District! Tangaroa, which carried out a survey for phosphate deposits in writing work the region in 1976. [back to text] [24] According to information provided by Vilsoni Hereniko, obtained from his sister Vamarasi, his brother Mua, and Isireli Motofaga, a boat owner in Lautoka, at least five Rotumans in Fiji own fishing vessels and are engaged in commercial fishing.

Their boats were purchased with the help of bank loans. Two of the boat owners captain their own vessels and sail with a hired crew ranging from Pay for report, two to four, depending on availability. The other owners remain on land while a hired crew goes out to sea. One of the boats is quite large, and the crew sometimes remains at sea for up to a month. The other boats are smaller and usually stay out for about two weeks at a time, depending on weather. The large boat's catch can bring in between F$3,000-5,000 per trip, while the smaller ones usually bring in catches worth between F$2,000-3,000 per trip.

The larger vessel may wait several weeks before expeditions, while the smaller ones go out more frequently, sometimes waiting only Essay work a few days before going out to sea again. [back to text] [25] According to Hereniko's brother, Mua, the absence of reefs beyond the fringing reef around Rotuma limits access to such commercially profitable fish as tuna or walu, which eat smaller fish that feed off reefs. Samedayessay.com! Mua believes this at least partly accounts for the absence of commercial fishing on Rotuma. Fiji, in contrast, has extensive offshore reefs, offering better opportunities for commercial fishing. [back to text] [26] This practice is occasionally followed today but is not now regarded as essential to the ceremony. Work From! [back to text] [27] These symbolic associations are my inferences and were not explicitly provided by informants. Essay Leadershp! They are based primarily on my analyses of symbolism contained in Rotuman myths (Howard 1985, 1986). Essay Work! [back to text] [28] The sayings included here have been obtained from an Essay unpublished collection by Elisapeti Inia. Additional information was obtained from Aubrey Parke's published collection of Rotuman Idioms (Parke 1971). [back to text] [29] The young man was flying mercy missions for a company located in Spokane, Washington. [back to text] 1885-6 Rotooma and the Rotoomans. Proceedings . 1st sets:130-44. 1895 Rotuma. Work From Home! Report of Australasian Association for Advancement of Science, pp. Pay For Report Homework! 556-79. 1938 Isle of Rotuma: curious place in Central Polynesian history.

Pacific Islands Monthly . December 15, 1938. Sydney, Australia. 1831 A recent visit to several of the Polynesian Islands. Writing! United Service Journal 33:198-202, 473-482. Cheever, George N. 1834-1835 Log of the ship Emerald . Pacific Manuscript Bureau, frame 31. Churchward, C. Maxwell. 1939 Tales of a Lonely Island.

Sydney: Australian Medical Publishing Co., Ltd. 1940 Rotuman Grammar and Dictionary. Sydney: Australasian Medical Publishing Co. 1829 Narrative . . . of a Voyage in the South Seas. London: Hurst Chance. Eagleston, John Henry. 1832 Log of the Pay for report, ship Emerald, Vol. 3. Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass. Eason, William J. E. 1951 A Short History of Rotuma. Suva, Fiji: Government Printing Department.

1961 History and Traditions of Tikopia. Wellington: The Polynesian Society. 1947 Rotuman crews on writing from overseas vessels. Materials A Novel! Archive F22/44. Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Essay work from, Fisheries. n.d. The Fishery Resources of Rotuma. Suva, Fiji.

1870 The Wesleyan Missionary Notices. No. 13 Vol. III. Sidney: Australian Wesleyan Methodist Conference. 1875 Two Years in Essay editing symbols boise school district Fiji. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 1898 Natives of Rotuma. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 27:396-435, 457-524. 1913 Field Notes on Rotuma. Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

1914 The disappearance of a useful art in Rotuma. Man 14:162-163. 1936 The Canoes of Polynesia, Fiji and Micronesia. Honolulu: Special Publication of the B.P. Bishop Museum, No. 27. 1970 Learning to Be Rotuman. New York: Columbia Teachers College Press. 1985 History, myth and Polynesian chieftainship: the case of Rotuman Kings. In Transformations of Polynesian Culture, edited by A. Work Home! Hooper and J. Huntsman, pp.39-77, Auckland: Polynesian Society.

1991 Reflections on change in Essay editing boise district Rotuma, 1959-1989. In Rotuma: Hanua Pumue: Precious Land. edited by Anselmo Fatiaki et. al, pp. 227-54. Essay Writing From! Suva, Fiji: Institute for Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. 1838 Journal of a Voyage to editing school district the South Seas, in the Japan, Employed in the Sperm Whale Fishery, under the Command of Capt. John May. London: Longman and Co. and Charles Tilt. 1977 Rotuman chants, sports and pastimes.

In Rotuma: Split Island, edited by Chris Plant,pp. 143-52. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. 1838-9 Voyage Autour du Monde . . . sur . . .'La Coquille'. Work Home! Paris: Pourrat Fréres. 1851 Rovings in the Pacific, 1837-49 . . . by a Merchant Long Resident in Tahiti.

London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman. 1932 Rotuma Field Notes. Bishop Museum Archives. Honolulu, Hawaii. SC McGregor. 1980 Canoes of Rotuma. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 15:51-55. 1986 The Rotuman mamasa ceremony.

In Pacific Rituals: Living or Dying, edited by Gweneth Deverell and Materials for writing a novel, Bruce Deverell, pp. 3-22. Writing Work From Home! Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. 1977 The mamasa ceremony. In Rotuma: Split Island, edited by Chris Plant, pp. 79-87. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. Osborn, Joseph W.

1834-1835 Log of the expert, ship Emerald. Pacific Manuscript Bureau, Reel 223, frame 359. n.d. Rotuma District Office. Suva: Fiji Central Archives. 1971 Rotuman Idioms. Auckland: Te Reo Monographs, Linguistic Society of New Zealand.

1994 For Love or Money: Interhousehold Exchange and the Economy of Rotuma. Writing Work Home! PhD Dissertation, Anthropology Department, University of Hawai'i. 1939 Legislative Council Papers . Assignment Assault! Suva, Fiji: Government Press. 1942 Rotuma. Journal of the Polynesian Society 51:229-255. 1915 Voyage of H.M.S. 'Pandora'.

London: Francis Edwards. 1989 Ethnobotany of Rotuma. Manuscript. 1799 A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean. London: Chapman. 1875 A Yachting Cruise in writing home the South Seas. London: Henry King.

1987 Geology of Rotuma. Suva, Fiji: Mineral Resources Department, Ministry of Lands, Energy Mineral Resources.

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