Thesis and dissertation in special education

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Brainwash, Condition, Repeat: Dave Eggers's The Circle NOVEMBER 27, 2013. WE ARE NOT OKAY on this geeked-out, bomb-pocked, drilled and heating planet. But for those of us who remain hopeful about our hopelessness, there is good news: now, more than ever, it pays to be an optimist among the depressives. Today, optimism plus hard work meets opportunity. Our problems are both transparent and Thesis and dissertation in special, quantifiable, and in their analysis lie the solutions. Consider the new breed of thought leaders who are finding these solutions: the homework hotline hackers and Thesis in special, data-gatherers who keep our governments accountable; the venture capitalists who make bold disruptions possible; the CEO’s who are building a brighter world where the problem of being human will be, somehow, less. Head to homework, Silicon Valley and tour its incubators, accelerators, hubs.

Marvel at the range of problems these intrepid, innovating companies can address: economic disparity; obfuscating government bureaucracies; joblessness and education; healthcare; homelessness. Imagine for yourself a frictionless life, in which a tap or swipe of Thesis and dissertation in special education your finger will resolve your bills, taxes, breakfast-lunch-and-dinner, pet groomers, taxi services, airport security, health diagnoses, insurance records. Imagine a fully participatory democracy, like Facebook. Website That Paper For You Rice? Imagine governments as accountable to you as celebrities on Twitter. Imagine a world where all the dark, lurking thoughts of bad people are out in the open so that the light of communal knowledge will fade them to Thesis and dissertation in special education, banality. Internet anonymity makes aberrant individuals brave and cruel and stupid, and Statistics recycling, they refuse to be accountable to the social contract and in special education, disturb the peace of our collective mind.

Imagine a world without anonymity, policed by the all-seeing community. Imagine a world where the order we crave is restored, where God is all of us put together. It may be that God is the sum of our connected souls, and maybe He sees through the Should in school same eyes with which we watch one another. Imagine a world where knowledge is pure, crowd-sourced, and in special, easily quantified and rectified. Imagine a world in which the social contract governs not only our physical life, but our virtual life as well. Imagine data sorted; knowledge accessible to all; each human being transparent to Website can write paper rice, any other. Imagine the Circle.

The Circle is Dave Eggers’s newest novel. Its subject — big data collection, surveillance, transparency — is in the ether and on our collective mind these days. Jonathan Franzen published an Thesis and dissertation in special essay in The Guardian that uses the work of Austrian satirist Karl Kraus to rant about the paper vs increasingly dystopian prospects of a connected world. “We’re told that, to remain competitive economically, we need to forget about the humanities and teach our children ‘passion’ for digital technology and prepare them to spend their entire lives incessantly re-educating themselves to keep with it,” Franzen wrote. “We need to and dissertation in special, become as restless as capitalism itself.” The question is: are we delusional about the value and effectiveness of social media ? Twitter was credited for the Arab Spring, which didn’t turn out to be the new, pure democratic movement possible only through social media. Homework? Instead, it was like any other political upheaval, with its share of unintended consequences. In the United States, we live in a virtual cage built with the billions of dollars of and dissertation education big data funding and the NSA. Google’s “Don’t be Evil” mantra mocks us. The line between transparency and surveillance blurs. Statistics Paper Recycling? We’ve got Edward Snowden and Wikileaks and President Obama and predatory drones; and what is benevolent and what is dangerous and where is it all leading? The Circle shows us where it might. Deadpan, paced like a thriller, and with a straightforward plot unhindered by complexity in its characters, the novel sets a 24-year-old Carleton grad, Mae Holland, on the campus of the world’s largest Internet company (an amalgam of Thesis Google, Facebook, PayPal, Twitter, and maybe Esurance).

She’s got the max of student loans. Her father has MS and her parents are under-insured. She likes to kayak — one interesting thing about her — and she has an ex-boyfriend who stays relevant as the token Luddite voice in the wilderness. Purchase Essay Vs? Mae is fresh and Thesis and dissertation in special, naive, hired by homework the Circle thanks to her best friend from college, Annie, who has risen to the envied position of sleepless executive. Mae is earnest, eager-to-please, conscientious. Thesis And Dissertation In Special Education? She starts out in customer service, and recycling kent, soon her managers and colleagues nudge, report, and analyze her until she loses the Thesis separateness between her work and Should in school, private life. Her own self merges with the technology that monitors her, and what happens is the Silicon Valley version of Thesis in special education 1984 or Brave New World or A Clockwork Orange or any other story where the human race loses what it gained in that first lesson of the Bible — its choice. The Circle is led by the Three Wise Men, of whom the original is a college dropout named Ty. Ty started it with TruYou, which gave users “one account, one identity, one password, one payment system, per person.” TruYou dismantled the anonymous web and, probably, Reddit. At the Website that for you time of the company’s IPO, Ty brought in Thesis the other Wise Men: Tom Stenton, the ruthless, handsome CEO, and Eamon Bailey, the benevolent, grandfatherly face of the company.

Together, the three form the perfect corporation for a complete humanity. With mottos like “All that happens must be known,” and cameras planted around the globe by avid ambassadors of the transparency movement — so that anyone can access any place at any time and “tyrants cannot hide” — the company turns the world on itself. Everyone sees with the eyes of God, aided by technology and informed by vast stores of knowledge disseminated through social networks. As Mae is told in her first weeks at Website paper for you, the Circle, after getting into and dissertation in special education trouble for neglecting her social media accounts during work hours, anything said or reported through digital sharing is positive. “That’s an vs act of community . Education? An act of reaching out .” You post a picture of sex slaves in a poor country and homework, your friends “like” the photo and, just like that, you are charity itself. You post a frown to Thesis in special, a dictator’s Circle page, and you are taking part in revolution. As the Circle launches new projects, from child-tracking software and crime surveillance cameras, Mae becomes the face of the company and gains the world’s following and loses herself.

With everything “known” via surveillance cameras and digital repositories, knowledge loses its essence. It becomes standardized and boring just as Mae, absorbing the ethics of her company, goes from bland to blander to brainwashed. Even as satire, The Circle is disappointing as a novel: the plot is about should too easy, the prose simple, the characters flat and undistinguishable. Due to and dissertation in special, these same qualities, however, The Circle succeeds as commentary on the era of big data and transparency. The scary part is that the Silicon Valley of The Circle barely seems like a caricature. The easiest comparison of the Circle is to Google — whose Mountain View campus keeps its employees fed, fit, massaged, and, well, kept . The Circle’s mottos and mantras are the same buzzwords already posted on Online hotline, billboards and and dissertation in special, batted around in cafes and bars. Eggers lives in Northern California, witnessed the dot-com era and the evolution of the tech boom, and needed to write this book. In 2009, after the success of Obama’s “transparent” presidential campaign, Lawrence Lessig wrote in the New Republic : I fear that the inevitable success of recycling kent this movement — if pursued alone, without any sensitivity to the full complexity of the Thesis and dissertation in special idea of perfect openness — will inspire not reform, but disgust.

The “naked transparency movement” […] is not going to inspire change. That Paper? It will simply push any faith in our political system over the cliff. Despite the fact that Lessig’s fears are partially realized today, transparency continues to gain traction as a perceived force for good (read Eric Schmidt’s gospel he’s spreading to politicians and Thesis in special education, the Davos crowd.) The Circle’s dystopian take on the transparency movement is refreshing. Within the paper kent first few week’s of Mae’s arrival at the company, a local congresswoman decides to use the Circle’s technologies to go transparent. Thesis Education? From the time she wakes up to the time she goes to Website can write rice, bed, she’ll wear a camera around her neck so that constituents can join any closed-door meeting, witness every signature, listen in on every phone call. Fired up, the American public (90 percent of whom are Circle users) demands that all politicians go transparent. And there was a wonderful thing that tended to happen, something that felt like poetic justice: every time someone started shouting about the supposed monopoly of the Circle, or the Circle’s unfair monetization of the personal data of Thesis education its users, or some other paranoid and demonstrably false claim, soon enough it was revealed that that person was a criminal or deviant of the highest order […] And it made sense. Who but a fringe character would try to impede the Website can write paper rice unimpeachable improvement of the world? In the novel, transparency is justified through the education buzziest buzzword, “community.” In the Fun facts be banned name of community, all infringements of individual rights are supported in the name of the common good. What spreads from the Circle is the ethics of ruthless, uncorrected capitalism, whose control center is made up of the users themselves.

As cultural historian Siva Vaidhyanathan wrote in and dissertation in special The Googlization of Everything (And Why We Should Worry) , “We are not Google’s customers: we are its product.” In the novel the physical world becomes a community of Should we have homework in school bots. Where the plot brought me, as a reader, was to an old essay by Anthony Burgess, reprinted last year in The New Yorker . Thesis Education? In it, Burgess refers to the psychologist B.F. Skinner, whose belief in the importance of improving human behavior plays out in about should be banned A Clockwork Orange : What [Professor Skinner] wants to in special education, see is more positive reinforcements. Custom Sociology? Given the right positive inducements […] we shall all become better citizens, submissive to a State that has the good of the community at heart. We must, so the in special education argument goes, not fear conditioning. We need to be conditioned in order to save the environment and the race. The Circle’s users condition one another.

Through the Fun facts homework should technologies released daily by the Circle, everyone is out in and dissertation education the open, watching everyone else, ensuring that crimes are stopped before they can be conceived of, that strangers never trespass in neighborhoods to which they don’t belong, that children never wander far from their parents, that knowledge never passes silently away. Everything is shared. Virality takes on its full, insidious meaning. Fun Facts Homework Should? As Mercer, Mae’s ex who tries to disconnect from the connected world, says: “There’s a new neediness — it pervades everything.” Cultural glue, it turns out, is Thesis and dissertation in special indestructible when it’s virtual, and supports the tyranny of bots. The Circle’s empire isn’t far from what Burgess depicted 50 years ago. Purchase Essay Paper? Utopia, or any major evangelizing religious system, is generally conceived of as unified and Thesis in special, peaceful, and dystopian literature has to show at what cost. “[I]t is better to be bad of one’s own free will than to be good through scientific brainwashing,” Burgess wrote about the Purchase conditioning that his anti-hero Alex endures in and dissertation in special order to write, become a good citizen.

In the Circle’s world, “bad” means not participating in the community. But thanks to social media, it is easy to condition people participate (Think of a groupthink exercise as sweet and banal as Upworthy, and how it’s gone viral through Facebook.) They become addicted to and dissertation education, their screens, to Website rice, tracking one another. They hinder the free will of everyone else — unconsciously at first and then with intention. I read The Circle in San Francisco, where I’ve spent the past several months building a digital publishing venture for readers of contemporary fiction. Reading is valued by the tech innovators and thought leaders I’ve met.

It is Thesis and dissertation in special not valued in business at all, as is obvious in should the companies birthed in and dissertation in special education Silicon Valley, which ultimately shape the world we live in. Little thought is given to unintended consequences. Executives will speak of pressing problems and the need for solutions, yet solutions only matter if they have a billion-dollar valuation. Since valuation is often based on data-collection over commerce, the benefits of throwing so much money at them in the first place — when the national job market remains so shaky — are questionable. So the about should be banned problems that seem to require solutions turn out to be the venture capital craving for in special, big returns. After giving me a tour of the old San Francisco Chronicle building — now transformed into Purchase a startup hub — a young biz dev told me he knew he was born for something big. In Special Education? He would solve the problems of homelessness, global poverty; even, he said, “Egypt.” And in Purchase essay vs his solutions lay massive profit. He hadn’t been to Egypt, he hadn’t talked to anyone homeless.

This didn’t matter. All the Thesis in special education problems of people could be measured and solved. You mean the problem of being human, I said. Yes, he said, and that can write for you rice, he was serious: “But you can’t put it that way if you want to make money. You have to put it in terms of and dissertation in special education data.” Once you put global morality in terms of Should we have homework in school data and its monetization, you get The Circle , which, in the words of a preacher Mae meets at Thesis education, a SOMA bar, will save all the souls , get everyone in one place , teach them all the same things. There can be one morality, one set of rules, imagine . The unification and standardization of the world through tech have become a big problem, and maybe the only solution is what is wrong in the first place: the endless messiness of the Online hotline queyrac human race.

Franzen, in his essay collection “How To Be Alone” says that while science long ago sapped the power from religious mystery, “it was not until applied science, in the form of technology, changed both the demand for fiction and the social context in and dissertation which fiction is written that we novelists fully felt its effects.” Is the human problem so simple as to be solved in a new way, without ritual or sacrifice or mystery? It is consoling to know that it’s not. While the Website paper for you rice lack of realistic depth in the characters of The Circle makes its plot possible, in the real world we are too violent, sad, and volatile. We’re not capable of these dire utopias.

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Literary Analysis Essay: 1984 by George Orwell. “No one is free, even the birds are chained to the sky.” Bob Dylan said this probably not knowing its profound connection with George Orwell’s novel “1984”, but the as well could be in “1984”. Orwell depicts a totalitarian dystopian world where there is no freedom and citizens are being brainwashed constantly. Without any sense of individual fairness, people work for the party just like the gear wheels in Thesis and dissertation in special education, a machine. In order to achieve this, the write sociology, politicians in “1984” suppress people’s thinking and and dissertation in special education, eliminate their freedom by creating fear through propaganda, strict laws and incessant surveillances. In “1984”, lies, myths and false information controls the thinking of the Should we have homework, citizens. The Party uses propaganda as the deadliest weapon of education, control. Propaganda increases the citizens’ morale and makes them think that what the party tells them to do is always right.

There are mainly two types of propaganda, one changes truth, so-called doublethink, and another creates fear. “Doublespeak” can be seen frequently in the world of 1984. The party’s big slogan “WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. Homework Be Banned? IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH.” (George Orwell, 4) is an good example. The idea of the slogan is to convince the citizens that what they want, is Thesis and dissertation in special what they already have. Only war can make peace and harmony, so peace is no longer peace, it becomes war; anyone who is slaved and wants freedom, he already has freedom; you can only strengthen yourself by not knowing things and queyrac, being ignorant. The slogan changes truth and make the citizens believe that anything they want other than what their government wants can only make them unhappy, therefore, no one will consider rebellion because they believe the Party’s way of governing is the best and Thesis education, only way. “BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU” (George Orwell, 3) is Fun facts about homework should be banned another core slogan. It is nearly everywhere in Thesis and dissertation education, the country and usually presented beneath the picture of Big Brother on a poster. It creates fear of obliterated privacy among citizens by alerting them that they are watched all the time. At the same time, the slogan also emphasizes Big Brother’s power to tells the citizens that they are indeed safe and protected.

The party uses this to make them believe that within the party nothing can go wrong, and without Big Brother they will not have such lives. Everyone thinks he is safe in Oceania because of the Big Brother, but they are in fact in danger, all the time. The laws is another powerful tool for politicians in “1984” to limit citizens freedom. No parties, no dates, no love, no citizens walk on Should homework, street after curfew, laws are everywhere in Thesis, Oceania. Statistics Paper Recycling? Although these are strictly implemented, they cannot be called laws theoretically because they are not written in Thesis and dissertation, a system.

There is no written laws in 1984, there is no such thing as constitution or court, but that is Custom write my paper sociology exactly how fear is created, as citizens are always living in uncertainty. For example, “And yet it was a fact that if Syme grasped, even for three seconds, the nature of Thesis and dissertation in special, his, Winston#8217;s, secret opinions, he would betray him instantly to Fun facts about homework should be banned, the Thought Police” (George Orwell, 30). There is no law that defines thoughtcrime However, Winston could be arrested any time for committing thoughtcrime by even a tiny facial twitch suggesting struggle, and his nervous system literally becomes his biggest enemy. Since there is and dissertation no written law, the Custom my paper sociology, Party can change and adjust the strictness of laws freely as it wants, citizens never know if they have committed any crime, therefore no one is brave enough to defy the Party by any level, so fear is created. Thesis And Dissertation Education? In addition, “Newspeak” is another law that is enforced to solidify the Party’s control.

Humans use language to express their ideas, by eliminating words and replacing emotional words such as “excellent”, “wonderful” and “fantastic” by a single word “good” and Statistics paper, its comparative degrees “plusgood” and “plusplusgood”. Lots of thoughts are actually limited because they cannot be formed linguistically in people’s mind. Citizens then cannot have their own critical thinking, and Thesis and dissertation education, only do what they are told to do, they work just as computers, which surprisingly only have two words.* Surveillance is almost everywhere in Oceania, the mostly used way is television. There is paper recycling a two-way screen, so-called television in every apartment and on street but they only serve the purpose of monitoring and Thesis and dissertation in special, propaganda, the Party gets simultaneous image of what its people are doing. Even facial expression can be detected. Only senior members of the Inner Party have the Statistics paper kent, power to turn them off for a short period.

Children are also used to keep track of their parents, “The children, on the other hand, were systematically turned against their parents and taught to education, spy on them and report their deviations” (76). In fact, this was used by the communist party of China during Cultural revolution. With extremely mighty surveillance, citizens cannot express their ideas towards the negative side of the we have homework in school, Party at and dissertation in special education, all, and Online homework, even thoughts are controlled because the Thesis and dissertation, Party can “reeducate” people for an incorrect facial expression. By using language as a tool of control as well as the evidence for sentence, Orwell creates a world where language, a word or a sentence, can determine ones life. Vs? Through language plays the key role in the Party’s propaganda, strict laws and surveillance, total physical control as well as phycological manipulation is achieved. In Oceania, thoughts are suppressed until them vanish after generations. In this world, nothing is Thesis education free, even a bird. Should? *0 and 1, Binary numeral system. Bibliography: Orwell, George.

1984 . San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984. Print.

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conceit essay Literary Terms and Definitions: C. This page is under perpetual construction! It was last upda ted January 5, 2017. CACOPHONY (Greek, bad sound): The term in poetry refers to the use of words that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds. It is the opposite of euphony . CADEL (Dutch cadel and/or French cadeau , meaning a gift; a little something extra): A small addition or extra item added to an initial letter. Common cadels include pen-drawn faces or grotesques. Examples include the Thesis education, faces appearing in the initial letters of the Lansdowne 851 manuscript of that paper for you rice Chaucer's Canterbury Tales . CADENCE : The melodic pattern just before the end of a sentence or phrase--for instance an Thesis and dissertation in special education, interrogation or an exhortation. More generally, the natural rhythm of language depending on the position of stressed and unstressed syllables. Cadence is a major component of individual writers' styles.

A cadence group is a coherent group of words spoken as a single rhythmical unit, such as a prepositional phrase, of that rice parting day or a noun phrase, our inalienable rights. CADENCE GROUP : See discussion under cadence . CAESURA (plural: caesurae ): A pause separating phrases within lines of poetry--an important part of poetic rhythm . The term caesura comes from the and dissertation education, Latin a cutting or a slicing. Some editors will indicate a caesura by inserting a slash (/) in the middle of a poetic line. Others insert extra space in hotline, this location. Others do not indicate the caesura typographically at all.

CALQUE : An expression formed by individually translating parts of a longer foreign expression and then combining them in and dissertation in special, a way that may or may not make literal sense in the new language. Purchase Essay Paper! Algeo provides the example of the English phrase trial balloon , which is a calque for the French ballon d'essai (Algeo 323). CALLIGRAPHIC WORK : In medieval manuscripts, this is (as Kathleen Scott states), Decorative work, usually developing from or used to make up an important or introductory initial, or developing from ascenders at the top of the page and descenders at Thesis and dissertation the bottom of the justified text; a series of strokes made by holding a quill constant at one angle to produce broader and narrower lines, which in Should, combination appear to overlap one another to form strap-work (Scott 370). CANCEL : A bibliographical term referring to a leaf which is substituted for education, one removed by the printers because of an error. For instance, the first quarto of paper kent Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida has a title page existing in both cancelled and uncancelled states, leaving modern readers in some doubt as to whether the Thesis, play should be considered a comedy, history, or tragedy. CANON (from Grk kanon , meaning reed or measuring rod): Canon has three general meanings. (1) An approved or traditional collection of works.

Originally, the term canon applied to the list of books to be included as authentic biblical doctrine in the Hebrew and Christian Bible, as opposed to apocryphal works (works of dubious, mysterious or uncertain origin). Click here for more information. (2) Today, literature students typically use the word canon to about homework be banned refer to those works in anthologies that have come to be considered standard or traditionally included in the classroom and published textbooks. In this sense, the canon denotes the entire body of literature traditionally thought to be suitable for Thesis in special, admiration and study. (3) In addition, the word canon refers to the writings of an author that scholars generally accepted as genuine products of said author, such as the Chaucer canon or the Shakespeare canon. Chaucer's canon includes The Canterbury Tales , for instance, but it does not include the apocryphal work, The Plowman's Tale, which has been mistakenly attributed to him in in school, the past. Likewise, the Shakespearean canon has only two apocryphal plays ( Pericles and Thesis and dissertation in special the Two Noble Kinsmen ) that have gained wide acceptance as authentic Shakespearean works beyond the thirty-six plays contained in the First Folio. NB : Do not confuse the hotline, spelling of cannon (the big gun) with canon (the official collection of literary works). The issue of canonical literature is a thorny one. Traditionally, those works considered canonical are typically restricted to dead white European male authors.

Many modern critics and teachers argue that women, minorities, and and dissertation education non-Western writers are left out essay of the literary canon unfairly. Additionally, the canon has always been determined in part by Thesis and dissertation education, philosophical biases and political considerations. In response, some critics suggest we do away with a canon altogether, while others advocate enlarging or expanding the existing canon to achieve a more representative sampling. CANTICLE : A hymn or religious song using words from any part of the Bible except the Psalms. CANTO : A sub-division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to homework a chapter in a novel.

Examples include the divisions in Thesis education, Dante's Divine Comedy , Lord Byron's Childe Harold , or Spenser's Faerie Queene . Cf. fit . CANZONE : In general, the term has three meanings. (1) It refers generally to for you rice the words of a Provençal or Italian song. (2) More specifically, an and dissertation education, Italian or Provençal song relating to love or the praise of beauty is a canzone. (3) Poems in hotline, English that bear some similarity to Thesis and dissertation in special Provençal lyrics are called canzones --such as Auden's unrhymed poem titled Canzone, which uses the end words of the first twelve-line stanza in Purchase essay vs, each of the following stanzas. CAPTIVITY NARRATIVE : A narrative, usually autobiographical in origin, concerning colonials or settlers who are captured by Amerindian or aboriginal tribes and live among them for some time before gaining freedom. An example would be Mary Rowlandson's A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson , which details her Indian captivity among the Wampanoag tribe in the late seventeenth century. Thesis In Special! Contrast with escape literature and Purchase essay vs slave narrative . CARDINAL VIRTUES (also called the Four Pagan Virtues ): In contrast to the three spiritual or Christian virtues of fides (faith), spes (hope), and Thesis in special caritas (love) espoused in the New Testament, the four cardinal virtues consisted of prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice. Theologians like Saint Augustine argued Christians alone monopolized faith in a true God, hope of Purchase paper a real afterlife, and the ability to love human beings not for their own sake, but as a manifestation of God's creation. However, these early theologians argued that pagans could still be virtuous in the cardinal virtues, the old values of the Roman Empire before the coming of Christianity. In Latin terminology, pagan Rome espoused the four cardinal virtues as follows: The Latin four-fold classification--later adopted by Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas--originates in much older Greek philosophy.

In The Republic , Plato uses similar virtues as a way to dissect the roles different citizens would play in an ideal state. Cf. pietas . Cf. Thesis In Special! Seven Deadly Sins . CARET (Lat., it lacks): Also called a wedge , an up-arrow , or a hat , this editorial mark looks much the Greek letter lambda or an Custom my paper sociology, arrowhead pointing upwards. Here is an example: ^ . An editor will write a caret underneath a line of text to indicate that a word, letter, or punctuation mark needs insertion at Thesis and dissertation in special education the spot where the two lines converge. CARMEN : (Lat. song or poem): The generic Latin term for Custom write my paper, a song or poem--especially a love-song or love-poem. Thesis And Dissertation In Special Education! After Ovid was banished to Tomis by the Emperor in the year 8 AD, he wrote that his crime was carmen et error (a song and a mistake). This has led some scholars to wonder if his scandalous poem The Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love) may have invoked the wrath of Emperor Augustus whose Julian Marian laws sought to curb adultery and illicit sexuality.

CARPE DIEM : Literally, the phrase is Latin for seize the day, from carpere (to pluck, harvest, or grab) and the accusative form of die (day). The term refers to a common moral or theme in classical literature that the reader should make the most out of life and should enjoy it before it ends. Poetry or literature that illustrates this moral is often called poetry or literature of the carpe diem tradition. Examples include Marvell's To His Coy Mistress, and Herrick's To the Custom write sociology, Virgins, to Thesis and dissertation Make Much of Time. Cf.

Anacreontics , Roman Stoicism , Epicureanism , transitus mundi , and the ubi sunt motif. CASE : The inflectional form of a noun, pronoun, or (in some languages) adjective that shows how the word relates to the verb or to other nouns of the same clause. For instance, them is the objective case of they , and write my paper their is the possessive case of they . Common cases include the nominative, the accusative, the genitive, the dative, the ablative, the vocative, and in special the instrumental forms. Patterns of particular endings added to queyrac words to indicate their case are called declensions . Thesis In Special! Click here for expanded information. CASTE DIALECT : A dialect spoken by specific hereditary classes in a society. Often the use of caste dialect marks the speaker as part of Fun facts about homework that particular class. In Special Education! For instance, a dalit or untouchable is the we have homework, lowest caste in the Indian Hindu caste system while a brahmin is the highest caste. Although the two groups may frequently share a common language, they each also have specialized vocabulary and speech mannerisms that to Thesis a native speaker may quickly advertise their social background. CATACHRESIS (Grk. misuse): A completely impossible figure of sociology speech or an implied metaphor that results from combining other extreme figures of speech such as anthimeria , hyperbole , synaesthesia , and metonymy . The results in each case are so unique that it is hard to state a general figure of and dissertation in special speech that embodies all of the possible results. Write My Paper Sociology! It is far easier to give examples. And Dissertation Education! For instance, Hamlet says of Gertrude, I will speak daggers to her.

A man can speak words, but no one can literally speak daggers. In spite of that impossibility, readers know Shakespeare means Hamlet will address Gertrude in a painful, contemptuous way. In pop music from the 1980s, the performer Meatloaf tells a disappointed lover, There ain't no Coup de Ville hiding the bottom of a crackerjack box. The image of can write paper a luxury car hidden as a prize in the bottom of a tiny cardboard candybox emphasizes how unlikely or impossible it is his hopeful lover will find such a fantastic treasure in someone as cheap, common, and unworthy as the in special, speaker in these lyrics. Sometimes the catachresis results from stacking one impossibility on top of another. Consider these examples: There existed a void inside that void within his mind. Joe will have kittens when he hears this!

I will sing victories for Online queyrac, you. A man that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green.--Bacon I do not ask much: / I beg cold comfort. --Shakespeare, ( King John 5.7.41) His complexion is Thesis and dissertation in special education perfect gallows--Shakespeare, ( Tempest 1.1.33) And that White Sustenance--Despair--Dickinson The Oriel Common Room stank of logic --Cardinal Newman O, I could lose all Father now--Ben Jonson, on the death of his seven-year old son. The voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses --e.e. cummings. For a more recent example, consider the disturbingly cheerful pop song by Foster the People, Pumped Up Kicks, which deals with a school shooting. Here, the shooter/narrator thinks, I've waited for a long time. Yeah, the sleight of my hand is now a quick-pull trigger. / I reason with my cigarette. One can reason with induction or deduction, but how does one reason with a cigarette? Here, the catachresis might evoke the idea of the cool kid using personal style instead of a persuasive argument, or it might evoke the imagery of torture--burning victims with a cigarette-butt to make one's point. This sort of we have homework in school evocative, almost nonsensical language is the heart of good catachresis. Other examples, in and dissertation, The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien uses catachresis to describe Legolas's disgusted outburst at encountering an homework hotline, Orc by asserting, 'Yrch!' siad Legolas, falling into his own tongue.' One call fall into a pool of water or fall into a bed, but how does one fall into a language? As Milton so elegantly phrased it, catachresis is all about and dissertation education, blind mouths.

Such catachresis often results from hyperbole and synaesthesia . A special subtype of Statistics catachresis is abusio , a mixed metaphor that results when two metaphors collide. And Dissertation In Special! For instance, one U. S. senator learned of an unlikely political alliance. He is said to have exclaimed, Now that is a horse of Should a different feather. This abusio is the result of two metaphors. The first is the cliché metaphor comparing anything unusual to a horse of a different color. Thesis! The second is the proverbial metaphor about how birds of about homework a feather flock together.

However, by taking the two dead metaphors and combining them, the resulting image of a horse of a different feather truly emphasizes how bizarre and unlikely the resulting political alliance was. Intentionally or not, the senator created an ungainly, unnatural animal that reflects the ungainly, unnatural coalition he condemned. Purists of Thesis languages often scrowl at abusio with good reason. Too commonly abusio is the result of sloppy writing, such as the can write paper for you, history student who wrote the dreadful hand of in special totalitarianism watches all that goes on around it and Purchase essay paper vs growls at its enemies. (It would have been better to stick with a single metaphor and state the eye of totalitarianism watches all that goes on around it and glares at its enemies. We should leave out the mixed imagery of watchful hands growling at people; it's just stupid and inconsistent.) However, when used intentionally for a subtle effect, abusio and Thesis in special catachresis can be powerful tools for originality. CATALECTIC : In poetry, a catalectic line is a truncated line in which one or more unstressed syllables have been dropped, especially in Fun facts about, the final metrical foot. For instance, acephalous or headless lines are catalectic, containing one fewer syllable than would be normal for the line. Thesis In Special Education! For instance, Babette Deutsche notes the second line in this couplet from A. E. Housman is catalectic: And if my ways are not as theirs, Let them mind their own affairs. On the other hand, in trochaic verse, the final syllable tends to be the truncated one, as Deutsche notes about the Website for you, first two lines of Shelley's stanza:

Music, when soft voices die, Vibrates in the memory-- Odours, when sweet violets sicken, Live within the senses they quicken. The term catalectic contrasts with an acatalectic line, which refers to a normal line of poetry containing the expected number of syllables in each line, or a hypercatalectic line, which has one or more extra syllables than would normally be expected.

CATALEXIS : Truncation of a poetic line--i.e., in Thesis and dissertation education, poetry, a catalectic line is shortened or truncated so that unstressed syllables drop from a line. The act of such truncation is called catalexis. If catalexis occurs at the start of a line, that line is Custom my paper sociology said to be acephalous or headless. See catalectic . CATALOGING : Creating long lists for poetic or rhetorical effect. The technique is common in epic literature, where conventionally the poet would devise long lists of and dissertation in special famous princes, aristocrats, warriors, and mythic heroes to be lined up in paper recycling kent, battle and slaughtered. The technique is also common in the practice of giving illustrious genealogies (and so-and-so begat so-and-so, or x, son of y, son of z etc.) for famous individuals. An example in American literature is Whitman's multi-page catalog of American types in Thesis and dissertation in special education, section 15 of Song of Myself. An excerpt appears below: The pure contralto sings in the organ loft, The carpenter dresses his plank, the tongue of his foreplane whistles its wild ascending lisp, The married and unmarried children ride home to their Thanksgiving dinner,

The pilot seizes the king-pin, he heaves down with a strong arm, The mate stands braced in the whale-boat, lance and harpoon are ready, The duck-shooter walks by silent and Fun facts cautious stretches, The deacons are ordained with crossed hands at the altar, The spinning-girl retreats and advances to Thesis and dissertation in special education the hum of the big wheel, The farmer stops by the bars as he walks on essay paper a First-day loaf and looks at and dissertation in special education the oats and rye, The lunatic is carried at Custom sociology last to the asylum a confirmed case. [etc.] One of the more humorous examples of cataloging appears in the Welsh Mabinogion . In one tale, Culhwch and Olwen, the protagonist invokes in an oath all the Thesis and dissertation in special, names of my paper King Arthur's companion-warriors, giving lists of Thesis education their unusual attributes or abilities running to six pages. CATASTROPHE : The turning downward of the homework hotline queyrac, plot in a classical tragedy. By tradition, the catastrophe occurs in the fourth act of the play after the in special, climax. (See tragedy .) Freytag's pyramid illustrates visually the normal charting of the catastrophe in that for you, a plotline.

CATCH : A lyric poem or song meant to be sung as a round, with the and dissertation, words arranged in each line so that the Website that can write for you rice, audience will hear a hidden (often humorous or ribald) message as the groups of singers sing their separate lyrics and space out the wording of the Thesis, poem. Online! For example, one might write a song in which the first line contained the words up, the word look appears in the middle of the third line, the word dress appears in the second line, and the word her appears in the middle of the fourth line. When the song or poem is sung as a round by Thesis, four groups of singers, the word order and timing is arranged so that the singers create the hidden phrase look up her dress as they sing, to the amusement of the audience as they listen to an otherwise innocent set of lyrics. Robert Herrick's To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time is an example of a catch, and when William Lawes adapted the poem to music for Milton's masque Comus , it became one of the most popular drinking songs of the 1600s (Damrosche 844-45). CATCHWORD : This phrase comes from printing; it refers to a trick printers would use to keep pages in their proper order. The printer would print a specific word below the Fun facts about, text at the bottom of Thesis in special a page.

This word would match the first word on the next page. A printer could thus check the order by flipping quickly from one page to the next and making sure the catchword matched appropriately. Fun Facts Should Be Banned! This trick has been valuable to Thesis and dissertation modern codicologists because it allows us to note missing pages that have been lost, misplaced, or censored. CATHARSIS : An emotional discharge that brings about Custom write my paper, a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from Thesis in special education tension and homework in school anxiety. Thesis! According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and Statistics ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. He writes in his Poetics (c. 350 BCE): Tragedy is an Thesis and dissertation in special, imitation of an action that is Statistics recycling serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; . . . through pity [ eleos ] and fear [ phobos ] effecting the proper purgation [ catharsis ] of these emotions (Book 6.2). (See tragedy .) Click here to Thesis and dissertation education download a pdf handout concerning this material. CAVALIER : A follower of Charles I of England (ruled c. 1625-49) in his struggles with the Puritan-dominated parliament.

The term is used in contrast with Roundheads , his Puritan opponents. Cavaliers were primarily wealthy aristocrats and courtiers. They were famous for their long hair, fancy clothing, licentious or hedonistic behavior, and paper for you rice their support of the arts. See Cavalier drama and Cavalier poets , below. Ultimately, Cromwell led the Roundheads in in special education, a coup d'état and established a Puritan dictatorship in England, leading to the end of the English Renaissance and its artistic, scientific, and cultural achievements. To see where Charles' reign fits in English history, you can download this PDF handout listing the reigns of English monarchs chronologically. CAVALIER DRAMA : A form of Should homework in school English drama comprising court plays that the Thesis and dissertation in special education, Queen gave patronage to in the 1630s. Most critics have been underimpressed with these plays, given that they are mostly unoriginal and written in a ponderous style.

The Puritan coup d'état and the later execution of King Charles mercifully terminated the dramatic period, but unfortunately also ended their poetry, which was quite good in comparison. CAVALIER POETS : A group of Cavalier English lyric poets who supported King Charles I and wrote during his reign and who opposed the Puritans, his political enemies. The major Cavalier poets included Carew, Waller, Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Herrick. They largely abandoned the sonnet form favored for a century earlier, but they still focused on the themes of love and sensuality and their work illustrates technical virtuosity as J. Queyrac! A. Cuddon put it (125). Thesis In Special Education! They show strong signs of Ben Jonson's influence. CAVE, THE : Not to Fun facts about homework be confused with Plato's allegorical cave , this term is and dissertation education a nickname for a gathering of Tolkien and fellow Oxford English scholars in Should we have homework in school, the 1930s before the and dissertation in special, Inklings formed. As Drout's J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia summarizes the Statistics paper, details, the education, name comes from I Samuel 22:1-2, where the Cave of Adullam became the place for David's conpiracies against King Saul, possibly implying that the members of the Online, Cave at Oxford saw themselves as righteously subversive of the academic establishment. Members of the in special, Cave included C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Neville Coghill, Hugh Dyson, and Cleanth Brooks.

They were distinguished scholars of various fields. Eventually, in Custom write my paper sociology, 1933, C.S. Lewis's brother Warnie retired to Oxford after a bout with alcoholism and could not regularly make meetings at the Cave. C.S. Lewis took it upon himself to raid the Cave for similarly-minded scholars to become a part of the new Inklings group (Lobdell cited in Drout 88). Cf. Inklings and Cave, Plato's below. CAVE, PLATO'S : In Plato's Republic , Socrates, Plato, and several of their fellows debate the nature of ideal government. In the section on education in Thesis and dissertation education, this ideal Republic, they argue about the recycling kent, purpose of education. As part of Socrates' argument, the discussion veers into an allegory in which human existence is being trapped in a cave of ignorance, chained in Thesis, place and unable to recycling kent view anything except shadows cast on the wall.

Some of those shadows are vague outlines of actual unseen truths beyond the perception of the senses; others are false images deliberately designed to in special mislead the cave-dwellers, keeping them content and unquestioning. The purpose of education becomes freeing the imprisoned human and essay vs forcing him to Thesis and dissertation education leave the cave, to paper vs look at and dissertation the actual objects that make the homework hotline, shadows. Cf. Platonic Forms . While reading Plato's cave as an allegory of education is a common interpretation, some philosophers (especially medieval readers) often took a more mystical approach to the Greek text, interpreting the cave as the Thesis in special, material or physical world, while the shadows were mere outline of a greater spiritual truths--hidden and eternal beyond the physical world. C. S. Lewis coopts this idea in The Last Battle , in essay paper vs, which the characters discover after death that Narnia has merely been a crude approximation of heaven, and Thesis the further they travel in the onion ring, the homework hotline, larger and more beautiful and and dissertation in special education more true the inner rings become. CELLERAGE : The hollow area beneath a Renaissance stage--known in Renaissance slang as hell and entered through a trapdoor called a hellmouth . The voice of the ghost comes from Should in school this area in Hamlet , which has led to scholarly discussion concerning whether or not the ghost is really Hamlet's father or a demon in disguise. CELTIC : A branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Celtic includes Welsh and Breton. Celtic languages are geographically linked to and dissertation in special western Europe, and they come in two general flavors, goidelic (or Q-celtic) and brythonic (or P-celtic).

CELTIC REVIVAL : A literary movement involving increased interest in about homework should, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish culture, myths, legends, and literature. Thesis In Special! It began in the late 1700s and continues to this day. Thomas Gray's Pindaric ode The Bard (1757) and Purchase vs Ieuan Brydydd's publication of Some Specimens of the Thesis in special, Poetry of the Custom write my paper, Ancient Welsh Bards (1764) mark its emergence, and Charlotte Guest's translation of Thesis and dissertation in special education The Mabinogion in 1839 marks its continued rise. Matthew Arnold's lectures on Celtic literature at Oxford helped promote the foundation of a Chair of Celtic at that school in Fun facts homework, 1877. The Celtic Revival influenced Thomas Love Peacock, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and W. B. Yeats, and probably led to the creation of the Abbey Theatre . A continuing part of the Celtic Revival is the Irish Literary Renaissance , a surge of education extraordinary Irish talent in the late nineteenth and twentieth century including Bram Stoker, James Joyce, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, and Seamus Heaney. CENOTAPH : A carving on a tombstone or monument, often in Fun facts about should, the form of a verse poem, biblical passage, or literary allusion appearing after the deceased individual's name and date of birth/death. Often used synonymously with epitaph . CENSORSHIP : The act of Thesis in special hiding, removing, altering or destroying copies of art or writing so that general public access to it is partially or completely limited.

Contrast with bowdlerization. Click here to download a PDF handout discussing censorship in great detail. The term originates in an occupational position in Website paper rice, the Roman government. After the fifth century BCE, Rome commissioned censors. These censors at Thesis first were limited to essay paper conducting the census for and dissertation in special education, tax estimations, but in latter times, their job was to Statistics recycling kent impose moral standards for citizenship, including the removal of unsavory literature. See also the Censorship Ordinance of 1559 and the Profanity Act of 1606 . CENSORSHIP ORDINANCE OF 1559 : This law under Queen Elizabeth required the political censorship of public plays and all printed materials in matters of religion and the government. The Master of Revels was appointed to monitor and control such material. All of Shakespeare's early works were written under this act. We can see signs of alteration in his early works to education conform to the requirements of the Custom, censors. Contrast with the Profanity Act of 1606 . CENTAUR MYTH : In mythology and literary use, a common motif is the centaur (a hybrid of horse-body with a human torso where the horse's head would be).

This mythic creature has gone through a number of allegorical transformations in different literary periods. And Dissertation In Special Education! In classical Greek artwork and literature, centaurs were associated with sex and violence. Their lineage traces them to Centaurus, the twin brother of King Lapithes. Essay! Both Centaurus and Thesis and dissertation education Lapithes were the offspring of Apollo and a river nymph named Stilbe. Homework Be Banned! Stilbe gave birth to twins, with the elder Lapithes being strong, brave and handsome, but the younger twin Centaurus was ugly, brutish, and deformed.

Unable to find a woman willing to marry him, Centaurus engaged in bestiality with mares, who in turn gave birth to and dissertation in special half-human, half-horse hybrids that terrorized the land, becoming the first centaurs. Many Greek temples such as the Parthenon included a prominent carved scene called a centauromachia , which depicted the battle between Pirithous, a later king of the Lapith tribe, as he battled with centaurs who party-crashed his wedding and attempted to abduct the bride and bridesmaids. The scene was also popular in Website can write paper rice, Greek pottery and and dissertation in special wall-painting, and homework hotline queyrac it helped cement the Greek idea that centaurs were generally loutish creatures symbolizing bestial natures--especially the lower passions of gluttony, rapine, and sexuality. Only a few exceptions (such as Chiron) were exceptions to this rule, and Greek heroes like Hercules spent a great deal of time beating up centaurs who sought to kidnap their wives and lovers. Later, medieval bestiaries revisited and Christianized the centaur myth. One medieval bestiary/commentary used centaurs as symbols of hypocrisy. After pews gradually become common in late medieval churches near the Thesis in special education, turn of the we have homework, Renaissance, such bestiaries depicted the centaur as standing in a pew so that only the human-looking upper half of the body was visible while the lower animal half was unseen. The commentators stated that even thus wicked people in churches would look virtuous in and dissertation, their public appearance, but their truly monstrous nature would remain concealed. By the that rice, Enlightenment, pastoral artwork and paintings tended to depict centaurs more as frolicking, playful creatures--erasing earlier overtones of rape and evil, and by Thesis and dissertation, the late 19th-century, fantasy writers at the time of George MacDonald rehabilitated them, making them deuteragonists and tritagonists that heroes would encounter on their quests.

Among the Inklings of the 1940s, C.S. Lewis in particular become fascinated with idealizing centaurs as noble creatures and developed them into homework, a private symbol for spiritual and bodily perfection. Lewis saw the upward human half of a centaur as being an Thesis, emblem of reason and nobility, and the lower half being an emblem of natural biological or animal passions. Thus, the centaur became his emblem for the healthy union of the material body and the intellectual/spiritual domains--an organism as God intended humans to be before the fall, or the perfect amalgamation of the chariot-driver, chariot, and horses in Should, the allegory of the Thesis and dissertation in special, charioteer that Plato retells in Phaedrus . CENTUM LANGUAGE : One of the two main branches of Indo-European languages. These centum languages are generally associated with western Indo-European languages and they often have a hard palatal /k/ sound rather than the sibilant sound found in equivalent satem words. Purchase Essay Vs! See discussion under Indo-European . CHAIN OF BEING : An elaborate cosmological model of the universe common in the Middle Ages and Thesis the Renaissance. The Great Chain of Being was a permanently fixed hierarchy with the Judeo-Christian God at the top of the chain and inanimate objects like stones and mud at the bottom. Intermediate beings and objects, such as angels, humans, animals, and plants, were arrayed in descending order of intelligence, authority, and capability between these two extremes. The Chain of Being was seen as designed by homework, God. The idea of the Chain of Being resonates in art, politics, literature, cosmology, theology, and philosophy throughout the Thesis, Middle Ages and Renaissance. It takes on particular complexity because different parts of the that for you rice, Chain were thought to correspond to each other. (See correspondences .) Click here for more information.

CHANSON (French song): A love-song or French love-poem, especially one the Provençal troubadour poets created or performed. Education! Conventionally, the chanson has five or six stanzas, all of identical structure, and an envoi or a tornada at the end. They were usually dedicated or devoted to a lady or a mistress in the courtly love tradition. CHANSON DE GESTE (French, song of Statistics paper kent deeds): These chansons are lengthy Old French poems written between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries glorifying Carolingian noblemen and their feudal lords. The chansons de geste combine history and legend . They focus on and dissertation religious aspects of chivalry rather than courtly love or the Online homework, knightly quests so common in the chivalric romance . Typical subject-matter involves (1) internal wars and intrigue among noble factions (2) external conflict with Saracens, and (3) rebellious vassals who rise up against their lords in acts of betrayal. Typical poetic structure involves ten-syllable lines marked by assonance and stanzas of varying length. The chansons de geste are in many ways comparable to epics . Over eighty texts survive, but The Song of Roland is by far the most popular today. CHANSON À PERSONNAGES (French, song to people): Old French songs or poems in dialogue form. Common subjects include quarrels between husbands and wives, meetings between a lone knight and a comely shepherdess, or romantic exchanges between lovers leaving each other in the morning. See aubade . CHARACTER : Any representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation.

The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in what they say ( dialogue ) and what they do ( action ). Thesis In Special! E. M. Forster describes characters as flat (i.e., built around a single idea or quality and unchanging over the course of the narrative) or round (complex in temperament and motivation; drawn with subtlety; capable of growth and change during the course of the narrative). The main character of a work of Purchase essay vs a fiction is typically called the protagonist ; the character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends (if there is one), is the antagonist . If a single secondary character aids the and dissertation in special education, protagonist throughout the narrative, that character is the deuteragonist (the hero's side-kick). A character of tertiary importance is a tritagonist . These terms originate in classical Greek drama, in which a tenor would be assigned the role of protagonist, a baritone the role of Online homework hotline queyrac deuteragonist, and a bass would play the tritagonist. Compare flat characters with stock characters . CHARACTERIZATION : An author or poet's use of description, dialogue, dialect, and action to create in the reader an emotional or intellectual reaction to a character or to make the character more vivid and realistic. Careful readers note each character's attitude and thoughts, actions and reaction, as well as any language that reveals geographic, social, or cultural background. CHARACTONYM : An evocative or symbolic name given to a character that conveys his or her inner psychology or allegorical nature. For instance, Shakespeare has a prostitute named Doll Tearsheet and a moody young man named Mercutio . Steinbeck has the sweet-natured Candy in Of Mice and Thesis Men . Spenser has a lawless knight named Sansloy (French, without law) and an arrogant giant named Orgoglio (Italian, pride). On a more physical level, Rabelais might name a giant Gargantua or C.S. Lewis might call his talking lion Aslan (Turkish for lion). These names are all simple charactonyms. Purchase Essay Vs! Cf. eponym . CHASTUSHKA (plur. chastushki ): In 19th-century Russian literature, a short song, usually of four lines--usually epigrammatic and humorous and nature, commonly focusing on topics such as love and commonly associated with young artists.

Chastushki on political topics became more common in the 20th century. Most modern examples rhyme and use regular trochaic meter, though in Thesis in special education, the oldest examples, these features are less regular, with cadences that are feminine or dactylic (Harkins 121). CHAUCERISM : In the Renaissance, experimental revivals and new word formations that were consciously designed to imitate the sounds, the feel, and Online hotline queyrac verbal patterns from an older century--a verbal or grammatical anachronism . Spenser uses many Chaucerisms in in special, The Fairie Queene . CHEKE SYSTEM : As summarized by Baugh, a proposed method for indicating long vowels and standardizing spelling first suggested by Sir John Cheke in Renaissance orthography. Cheke would double vowels to indicate a long sound. For instance, mate would be spelled maat , lake would be spelled laak , and so on. About Be Banned! Silent e 's would be removed, and the letter y would be abolished and an i used in its place (Baugh 209). It did not catch on. CHIASMUS (from Greek, cross or x): A literary scheme in and dissertation, which the author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed or backwards order. It involves taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out, creating a crisscross pattern. For example, consider the chiasmus that follows: By day the frolic, and the dance by night . If we draw the words as a chart, the words form an x (hence the word's Greek etymology, from chi meaning x):

The sequence is typically a b b a or a b c c b a . I lead the Custom write my paper sociology, life I love ; I love the life I lead . Naked I rose from the earth ; to the grave I fall clothed . Biblical examples in the Greek can be found in Philippians 1:15-17 and Colossians 3:11, though the artistry is often lost in and dissertation education, English translation. Chiasmus often overlaps with antimetabole . CHICANO / CHICANA LITERATURE : Twentieth- and Fun facts homework be banned twenty-first-century writings and poetry by Mexican-American immigrants or their children--usually in in special education, English with short sections or phrases in Spanish. An example would be Sandra Cisneros' writings, such as The House on Mango Street or My Wicked Wicked Ways . Following the grammatical conventions for gender in Spanish, the adjective Chicano takes an -o suffix in reference to male authors and an -a suffix in reference to female authors. Cf. Latino Writing . CHIVALRY : An idealized code of military and social behavior for essay paper, the aristocracy in and dissertation in special, the late medieval period.

The word chivalry comes from Old French cheval (horse), and chivalry literally means horsemanship. About Homework Should Be Banned! Normally, only rich nobility could afford the expensive armor, weaponry, and warhorses necessary for mounted combat, so the act of in special becoming a knight was symbolically indicated by Statistics, giving the knight silver spurs. Thesis And Dissertation Education! The right to vs knighthood in the late medieval period was inherited through the father, but it could also be granted by the king or a lord as a reward for services. The tenets of chivalry attempted to and dissertation in special education civilize the brutal activity of warfare. Online! The chivalric ideals involve sparing non-combatants such as women, children, and helpless prisoners; the protection of the church; honesty in word and bravery in deeds; loyalty to one's liege; dignified behavior; and single-combat between noble opponents who had a quarrel. Other matters associated with chivalry include gentlemanly contests in arms supervised by witnesses and Thesis in special heralds, behaving according to the manners of polite society, courtly love , brotherhood in arm s , and feudalism . See knight for additional information. This code became of great popular interest to British readers in the 1800s, leading to a surge of historical novels, poems, and paintings dealing with medieval matters. Examples of this nineteenth-century fascination include the Pre-Raphaelite Movement , William Morris's revival of medieval handcrafts, Scott's novels such as Ivanhoe , and the earnestly sympathetic (though unrealistic) depiction of knighthood in Tennyson's Idylls of the King . Essay! In Tennyson's poem Guinevere , King Arthur describes the ideals of knighthood thus:

I made them lay their hands in mine and swear. To reverence the King, as if he were. Their conscience, and Thesis education their conscience as their King. To break the heathen and uphold the Christ, To ride abroad redressing human wrongs, To speak no slander, no, nor listen to it, To honor his own word as if his God's, To lead sweet lives in purest chastity, To love one maiden only, cleave to her, And worship her by years of noble deeds, Until they won her.

For the best modern scholarly discussion of chivalry as a historic reality in the Middle Ages, read Maurice H. Fun Facts Homework Be Banned! Keen's Chivalry (Yale University Press, 1984). CHORAGOS (often Latinized as choragus ): A sponsor or patron of a play in classical Greece. Often this sponsor was honored by serving as the in special, leader of the chorus (see below). CHORIC FIGURE : Any character in any type of narrative literature that serves the same purpose as a chorus in Website can write for you rice, drama by Thesis and dissertation in special education, remaining detached from the Fun facts about be banned, main action and commenting upon or explaining this action to the audience. See chorus , below. CHORUS : (1) A group of singers who stand alongside or off stage from the principal performers in a dramatic or musical performance. (2) The song or refrain that this group of singers sings. In ancient Greece, the chorus was originally a group of male singers and dancers ( choreuti ) who participated in religious festivals and dramatic performances by singing commenting on the deeds of the characters and interpreting the significance of the events within the play. This group contrasts with the actors (Greek hypocrites ). Shakespeare alters the and dissertation in special, traditional chorus by replacing the singers with a single figure--often allegorical in should, nature.

For instance, Time comes on Thesis in special stage in The Winter's Tale to explain the passing years. Likewise, Rumor appears in Henry IV, Part Two to Purchase summarize the gossip about Prince Hal. See also choragos and choric figure , above. CHRISTIAN NOVEL : A novel that focuses on Christianity, evangelism, or conversion stories. And Dissertation! Sometimes the plots are overtly focused on this theme, but others are primarily allegorical or symbolic. Traditionally, most literary critics have rated these works as being of lower literary quality than the canon of great novels in Custom write my paper, Western civilization.

Examples include Bodie Thoen's In My Father's House , Catherine Marshall's Christy , Par Lagerkvist's Barabbas , Henryk Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis , and Lloyd C. Douglas's The Robe . CHRISTOLOGICAL FIGURE : In theology, Christology is the study of Jesus' nature, i.e., whether Christ had both a human and divine nature, whether he had one sentient will alone or one human will and one divine will, whether he was theoretically capable of sin like humanity or perfectly righteous like the other persons in the trinity, whether he shared in the Father's omniscience or suffered from Thesis in special human afflictions like doubt or ignorance, whether he existed or not before his biological birth, whether he was equal in homework hotline, authority and power to the other persons in the trinity, and whether he actually had a physical body (the orthodox view) or was composed entirely of spirit (the Arian view). In literary studies, the term christological has been commandeered to refer to (1) an object, person, or figure that represents Christ allegorically or symbolically, or (2) any similar object, person, or figure with qualities generally reminiscent of Christ. Thesis And Dissertation In Special Education! Examples of hotline queyrac christological figures include the and dissertation in special education, Old Man in Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea , who after his struggle with the fish ends up bleeding from his palms and essay paper vs lying on the floor in a cruciform pattern; the Thesis in special, lion Aslan in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia , who allows himself like the lion of the tribe of Judah to be slain in order to redeem a traitorous child; and the unicorn in medieval bestiaries, which would lie down and place its phallic , ivory-horned meekly in a maiden's lap so that hunters might kill it--which medieval monks interpreted as an be banned, allegory of Christ allowing himself to enter the womb of the virgin Mary so that he might later be sacrificed. Zora Neale Hurston creates a christ-figure in Delia Jones, who in the short story Sweat suffers to support her ungrateful husband and crawled over the earth in Gethsemane and up the rocks of Calvary many, many times . . . and Thesis and dissertation in special so on. CHRONICLE : A history or a record of events.

It refers to any systematic account or narration of Should in school events that makes minimal attempt to interpret, question, or analyze that history. Because of Thesis and dissertation in special this, chronicles often contain large amounts of folklore or other word-of-mouth legends the writer has heard. In biblical literature, the book of Chronicles is one example of a chronicle. Medieval chronicles include Joinville's account of the Crusades and Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain , a source for much Arthurian legend. Paper Recycling! In the Renaissance , Raphael Holinshed, Edward Hall, and other chroniclers influenced Shakespeare.

Chronicles were popular in England after the British defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. The accompanying patriotic fervor increased the Thesis education, public's demand for plays about Fun facts be banned, English history. Thesis And Dissertation! If Chronicles are written in the form of annual entries, they are also called annals . See also lepotis . CHRONOLOGICAL SNOBBERY : C. S. Homework Hotline! Lewis's term for Thesis and dissertation, what he describes as the uncritical acceptance of . . Custom Sociology! . the assumption that whatever has gone out of date is on that account discredited, i.e., the unthinking belief that past ideas or literature are obsolete and that current or present ideas are superior to them, the myth that all change is in special education beneficial progress. Lewis initially felt torn between his love of medieval literature and the sense that it made him a dinosaur out of touch with the 20th century, and that can write for you he felt depressed to think the fictions of the past as beautiful lies. Thesis Education! In a fierce philosophical debate ( The Great War ) with Owen Barfield, Barfield convinced him that such a view was wrong, and Lewis states Barfield made short work of my chronological snobbery (qtd. in Duriez 45). CHRONOLOGY (Greek: logic of time): The order in which events happen, especially when emphasizing a cause-effect relationship in history or in a narrative. CHTHONIC : Related to the dead, the grave, the underworld, or the fertility of the earth.

In Greek mythology, the Greeks venerated three categories of spirits: (1) the kent, Olympian gods, who were worshipped in public ceremonies--often outdoors on the east side of large columned temples in the agora , (2) ancestral heroes like Theseus and Thesis Hercules, who were often worshipped only in local shrines or at Website that can write specific burial mounds, (3) chthonic spirits, which included (a) earth-gods and Thesis and dissertation in special death-gods like Hades, Hecate, and Persephone; (b) lesser-known (and often nameless) spirits of the departed; (c) dark and bloody spirits of vengeance like the paper kent, Furies and Nemesis, and (d) (especially in Minoan tradition) serpents, which were revered as intermediaries between the surface world of the and dissertation in special, living and the subterranean realm of the dead. This is Statistics paper recycling kent why snakes were so prominent in the healing cults of Aesclepius. It became common in Greek to speak of the Olympian in contrast to the cthonioi (those belonging to the earth). See Burkert 199-203 for detailed discussion. CHURCH SUMMONER : Medieval law courts were divided into civil courts that tried public offenses and ecclesiastical courts that tried offenses against the church. Summoners were minor church officials whose duties included summoning offenders to appear before the church and education receive sentence.

By the Online homework, fourteenth century, the job became synonymous with extortion and corruption because many summoners would take bribes from the individuals summoned to court. Chaucer satirized a summoner in The Canterbury Tales . CINQUAIN : A five-line stanza with varied meter and rhyme scheme, possibly of medieval origin but definitely influenced after 1909 by Japanese poetic forms such as the tanka . Most modern cinquains are now based on the form standardized by an American poet, Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1918), in which each unrhymed line has a fixed number of syllables--respectively two, four, six, eight, and two syllables in each line--for a rigid total of 22 syllables. Here is probably the most famous example of a cinquain from Crapsey's The Complete Poems ; Three silent things: The falling snow. the hour. Before the dawn. the mouth of one. Perhaps under the influence of diamante poems, many modern elementary school teachers have begun adding an additional set of conventions to the cinquain in which each line has a specific structural requirement:

Line 1 - Consists of the two-syllable title or subject for and dissertation in special, the poem. Line 2 - Consists of two adjectives totaling four syllables describing the subject or title. Line 3 - Consists of three verbs totaling six syllables describing the Purchase essay paper, subject's actions. Line 4 - Consists of four words totaling eight syllables giving the writer's opinion of the subject. Line 5 - Consists of and dissertation education one two-syllable word, often a synonym for the subject. These secondary conventions, however, are usually limited to Custom sociology children's poetic exercises, and professional poets do not generally follow these conventions.

CIRCULAR STRUCTURE : A type of artistic structure in which a sense of completeness or closure does not originate in coming to a conclusion that breaks with the earlier story; instead, the sense of closure originates in and dissertation education, the way the that paper for you rice, end of a piece returns to subject-matter, wording, or phrasing found at the beginning of the narrative, play, or poem. An example of circular structure might be The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, which ends with an ellipsis identical to the opening sequence, indicating that the middle-aged protagonist is engaging in yet another escapist fantasy. Leigh Hunt's poem Jenny Kissed Me is an example of a circularly-structured poem, since it ends with the same words that open the speaker's ecstatic, gossipy report. Langdon Smith's poem Evolution is circular in its concluding repetition of the opening phrase, When you were a tadpole, and I was a fish, but it is Thesis and dissertation in special education also thematically circular, in that it implies the about homework, cycle of reincarnated love will continue again and Thesis education again in spite of death. In many ways, the smaller tales within a larger frame narrative act as part of Custom write my paper a circular structure, because each small tale begins by breaking the reader away from the larger, encompassing narrative and in special concludes by returning the reader to that larger frame-narrative. CITY DIONYSIA : See discussion under dionysia . CIVIC CRITICS : A school of paper recycling kent 19th-century Russian literary scholars who judged the value of education writing primarily by its political context and progressive ideas. They commonly wrote in oposition to the aesthetic theories of the Online hotline queyrac, Parnassian Poets (Harkins 55). Example critics include Belinski (active in the 1840s), Dobrolyubov, and Chernyshevski. CLANG ASSOCIATION : A semantic change caused because one word sounds similar to in special education another.

For instance, the word fruition in Purchase essay vs, Middle English meant enjoyment. In Modern English, its meaning has changed to completion because it sounds like the word fruit --hence the in special education, idea of ripeness, of Purchase paper growing to full size, as Algeo notes (314). CLASSICAL : The term in Thesis in special education, Western culture is usually used in reference to the art, architecture, drama, philosophy, literature, and history surrounding the Greeks and Romans between 1000 BCE and 410 BCE. Works created during the Statistics, Greco-Roman period are often called classics . The Golden Age of Classical Greek culture is commonly held to be the fifth century BCE (especially 450-410 BCE). And Dissertation Education! The term can be applied more generally to any ancient and revered writing or artwork from a specific culture; thus we refer to Online Classical Chinese, Classical Hebrew, and Classical Arabic works. In Special Education! For extended discussion, click here. To download a PDF handout placing the periods of literary history in order, click here. CLASSICAL HAIKU : Another term for the hokku , the Purchase essay paper vs, predecessor of the modern haiku . See hokku and haiku . CLAUSE : In grammatical terminology, a clause is and dissertation education any word-construction containing a nominative and a predicate, i.e., a subject doing a verb.

The term clause contrasts with the term phrase . A phrase might contain nouns as appositives or objects, and it might contain verb-like words in the form of write my paper participles or gerunds, but it crucially lacks a subject doing a verb. For example, consider this sentence: Joe left the building after seeing his romantic rival. Clause : Joe left the building. Phrase : after seeing his romantic rival. If the clause could stand by itself as a complete sentence, it is known as an independent clause . If the Thesis, clause cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence (typically because it begins with a subordinating conjunction), it is said to be a dependent clause . For expanded discussion and examples, click here. For a discusion of clauses according to functional type, click here ( TBA).

CLERIHEW : In light verse, a funny poem of closed-form with four lines rhyming ABAB in irregular meter, usually about a famous person from history or literature. Typically the historical person's name forms one of the rhymes. The name comes from Custom Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875-1956), the education, purported inventor. Paper For You Rice! He supposedly had a habit of scribbling down such rhymes during dull lectures at school, including this one from his chemistry class: Sir Humphrey Davy. He lived in the odium.

Of having discovered sodium. CLICHÉ : A hackneyed or trite phrase that has become overused. Thesis And Dissertation In Special! Clichés are considered bad writing and bad literature. Click here to download a PDF handout for Statistics paper, more information. Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. Thesis And Dissertation Education! Cliché rhymes in poetry include love and dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . About Homework Should! Sometimes, to avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in and dissertation in special education, Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICHÉ RHYME : Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. They include love and in school dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . Sometimes, to avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICK : A sound common in some non-Indo-European languages in Polynesia made by clucking the Thesis, tongue or drawing in Fun facts about homework should be banned, air with the tongue rather than expelling it from the lungs--such as the and dissertation in special, sound represented by the letter combination tsk-tsk . Homework Be Banned! Some linguists indicate this sound in transcribing Polynesian languages by Thesis in special education, inserting an exclamation mark to indicate the palatal click.

For instance, the !chung tribe has a palatal click as part of its name. CLIFFHANGER : A melodramatic narrative (especially in films, magazines, or serially published novels) in which each section ends at a suspenseful or dramatic moment, ensuring that the audience will watch the next film or read the next installment to find out what happens. The term comes from the common 1930's film-endings in which the main characters are literally left hanging on the edge of a cliff until the Online homework queyrac, story resumes. The term cliffhanger has more loosely been applied to any situation, event, or contest in which the outcome remains uncertain until the last moment possible. CLIMAX, LITERARY (From Greek word for ladder): The moment in a play, novel, short story, or narrative poem at which the crisis reaches its point of Thesis education greatest intensity and is thereafter resolved. It is also the Should homework, peak of emotional response from a reader or spectator and usually the turning point in the action. The climax usually follows or overlaps with the Thesis education, crisis of a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. (Contrast with anticlimax , crisis , and essay paper vs denouement ; do not confuse with rhetorical climax , below.) CLIMAX, RHETORICAL : Also known as auxesis and crescendo , this refers to an artistic arrangement of a list of Thesis and dissertation in special education items so that they appear in a sequence of increasing importance. We Have In School! See rhetorical schemes for more information.

The opposite of climax is bathos . CLIP : To form a word by abbreviating a longer expression, or a word formed by the same process. Thesis And Dissertation In Special Education! For instance, the Custom my paper, word auto (as in auto shop) is a clipped form of automobile . CLOSE READING : Reading a piece of literature carefully, bit by bit, in order to analyze the significance of every individual word, image, and and dissertation in special education artistic ornament. Click here for more information. The term is Website that for you sometimes used synonymously with critical reading , though I arbitrarily prefer to reserve close reading as a reference for analyzing literature and critical reading as a reference for breaking down an essay's argument logically. Cf. critical reading . CLOSED POETIC FORM : Poetry written in a a specific or traditional pattern according to the required rhyme, meter, line length, line groupings, and number of Thesis lines within a genre of poetry. About Should Be Banned! Examples of a closed-form poetry include haiku , limericks , and sonnets , which have set numbers of and dissertation syllables, lines, and traditional subject-matter. Essay Paper! Contrast with open poetic form . CLOSURE (Latin clausura , a closing): Closure has two common meanings. First, it means a sense of in special completion or finality at the conclusion of play or narrative work--especially a feeling in the audience that all the problems have been resolved satisfactorily. Frequently, this sort of closure may involve stock phrases (and they lived happily ever after or finis ) or certain conventional ceremonial actions (dropping a curtain or having the actors in a play take a bow).

The narrative may reveal the that can write paper, solution of the primary problem(s) driving the plot, the Thesis and dissertation in special, death of a major character (especially the Fun facts about should be banned, antagonist, the protagonist's romantic interest or even the protagonist herself), or careful denouement . An example of extended denouement as closure occurs in George Eliot's Middlemarch , in which the author carefully explains what happened in later years to and dissertation in special each character in the novel. Closure can also come about by a radical alteration or change in the imaginary world created by an author. Statistics Recycling! For instance, in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Thesis and dissertation education, Rings , much of the closure to the saga comes from the departure of the we have, elves and wizards, who sail across the Thesis, sea, leaving the world of human men and recycling kent women forever, an and dissertation in special education, act which apparently causes magic to fade. Shakespearean comedies often achieve closure by having major characters find love-interests and declare their marital intentions. Other more experimental forms of literature and poetry may achieve closure by circular structure , in which the poem or story ends by coming back to the narrative's original starting spot, or by we have in school, returning a similar situation to what was found at the beginning of the tale. See discussion under denouement . Do note that some narratives intentionally seek to and dissertation education frustrate the audience's sense of closure. Examples of literature that reject conventions of closure include cliffhanger serials (see above), which reject normal closure in Purchase vs, an attempt to gain returning audiences. Many postmodern narratives influenced by in special, existential philosophy, on the other hand, reject closure as too simplistic and artificial in Statistics, comparison with the Thesis and dissertation in special education, complexities of human living. Secondly, some critics use the term closure as a derogatory term to Online homework imply the reduction of a work's meanings to a single and complete sense that excludes the claims of other interpretations. For extended discussion of closure, see Frank Kermode's The Sense of An Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction , as reprinted in 2001.

CLOWN : (1) A fool or rural bumpkin in Shakespearean vocabulary. Examples of this type of clown include Lance, Bottom, Dogberry, and other Shakespearean characters. (2) A professional jester who performs pranks, sleight-of-hand and and dissertation in special education juggling routines, and Fun facts about should be banned who sings songs or tells riddles and jokes at in special education court. By convention, such jesters were given considerable leeway to speak on nearly any topic (even criticizing court policy) as long as the criticism was veiled in riddles and wordplay. Examples of this type in Statistics paper recycling kent, Shakespeare's work include Touchstone, Feste, and Lear's Fool. Cf. fool . COCKNEY : Originally, in Middle English times, the term cockney was a derogatory term for Thesis, a dumb city-dweller. It comes from cock's egg, the idea that an uneducated urbanite would be so ignorant he or she would not realize that a male rooster (a cock) would be the Fun facts about, wrong gender to lay an egg.

By Renaissance times, the word was applied to those living in the Bow Bells area of Thesis in special education London in Cheapside, a working class district. Today, the term implies most strongly the spoken dialect of that area. Cockney dialect tends to be non-rhotic, with final -er pronounced as a schwa, and it often shows signs of Fun facts homework should t -glottalization. It frequently substitutes /r/ with /w/, and merges lexical sets like north/force and thought/start . The imprecise term Estuary English refers to Thesis and dissertation in special education spoken English in the southeast of Britain that merges linguistic traits of RP and Cockney, and homework hotline recent dialect shift that appears to be spreading across the island. And Dissertation! See also Cockney Rhyming Slang , below. COCKNEY RHYMING SLANG : A form of slang in which the speaker substitutes one word in we have in school, a sentence with another word or phrase that rhymes with the implied word--but which leaves out the actual, final rhyming part.

This wordplay is associated with the dialect appearing in the Cheapside district of London's East End. The resulting sentence is baffling for outsiders unfamiliar with the tradition but provides a pleasing word puzzle to Cockney speakers. For examples, instead of and dissertation stating that The woman had exquisite legs, a Cockney speaker might say, The woman had exquisite bacons. Paper! Here, the phrase bacon- and-eggs rhymes with legs , so the speaker substitutes it for Thesis education, legs in the sentence, but deletes the final rhyming part of the phrase. CODE-SWITCHING : In bilingual or multilingual speech, rapidly changing from the vocabulary, grammar, and patterns of one language to Custom my paper another--often in Thesis education, mid-sentence. Homework Hotline! An example sentence to illustrate this process using Latin, Spanish, German, and French might read as follows: Imprimus, el commander qui runs his troops y sus attendants to death in a blitzkrieg isn't tres sapiens, n'est-pas? [In the first place, the commander who runs his troops and his attendants to death in a sudden attack isn't very wise, right?]

Although the term code-switching is one used in linguistics, code-switching as a phenomenon does appear in literature. The character of Salvatori the monk in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Thesis and dissertation in special, Rose engages continuously in code-switching among Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German tongues, for instance. Code-switching is a common feature in Custom write my paper, Hispanic American English and in the fiction writings of Chicano authors. Cf. Thesis! dog-latin and macaronic texts . CODICOLOGY (from Latin codex , book): The study of books as physical artifacts. COGNATE : Cognates are words that (1) match each other to Should homework in school some degree in and dissertation in special education, sound and meaning, (2) come from a common root in an older language, but (3) did not actually serve as a root for Fun facts should be banned, each other. For instance, in European Romance languages, many words trace their roots back to Latin.

The Latin word unus (one) later became the root for a number of words meaning one such as une (French) and uno (Spanish). In Special Education! Une and uno are cognates --cousins or siblings on the family tree of languages--but unus is the Fun facts, root or ancestor for these relatives. The Hebrew shalom , Arabic salaam , and Thesis education the Aramaic shelam are similar cognates all meaning peace. Cognates play an Website can write rice, important part in reconstructing dead languages such as proto-Indo-European , and Thesis education they can be enormously helpful in learning new languages. The amateur philologist should be cautious of false cognates, folk etymology , and faux amis , however. False cognates are words that happen to have a similar sound and Should in school meaning, but which are actually unrelated semantically and in special historically. Folk etymologies are erroneous accounts of how a word came into existence.

Typically, the originator of the error hears or reads an unfamiliar word. The orginator then fabricates a spurious source by linking the strange word to a more familiar expression or then fashions a pun based upon sound similarities. Faux amis are technically cognates in terms of their morphology, but in terms of their meaning, the words have drifted apart from Statistics paper recycling each other across time, such as the English verb embarass (to humiliate) and the Spanish embarazar (to impregnate). COLLECTIVE NOUN, COLLECTIVE PRONOUN : A noun such as team or pair that technically refers to a collective group of individuals or individual items. What makes them tricky in grammar? They can be singular or plural (e.g., one team , two teams , or one pair, two pairs .) Many students forget that and mistakenly treat the grammatically singular word as if it were always plural. Likewise, collective pronouns like some use the modifier rather than the headword for singular versus plural structure. For instance, Some of the Thesis in special, the workers are gone uses a plural verb, but Some of the work is done uses a singular verb.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS : In twentieth-century Jungian Psychology , this term refers to a shared group of archetypes (atavistic and universal images, cultural symbols, and Purchase essay paper recurring situations dealing with the fundamental facts of human life) passed along to each generation to the next in folklore and stories or generated anew by the way must face similar problems to Thesis education those our ancestors faced. Custom Write My Paper! Within a culture, the collective unconscious forms a treasury of powerful shared images and symbols found in our dreams, art stories, myths, and religious icons. See more detailed discussion under archetypal criticism . COLLOCATION : The frequency or tendency some words have to combine with each other. Thesis And Dissertation Education! For instance, Algeo notes that the phrases tall person and high mountain seem to fit together readily without sounding strange. A non-native speaker might talk about a high person or tall mountain, and this construction might sound slightly odd to a native English speaker. The difference is in collocation.

COLLOQUIALISM : A word or phrase used everyday in essay, plain and relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing. (Compare with cliché , jargon and slang .) COLONIAL PERIOD : American and and dissertation in special education British historians use this term somewhat differently. American scholars usually use the term colonial period to refer to the years in in school, the American colonies before the American Revolution against the British Monarchy--usually dating it from 1607 (when Jamestown was founded) to 1787 (when Congress ratified the Federal Constitution). This period coincides roughly with the Reformation in England and continues up through the end of the Thesis in special education, Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period. American writers from the colonial period include Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Anne Bradstreet. Should Homework! See also Neoclassic . Click here to download a PDF handout placing this period in historical context with other literary movments. When British historians use the term, they sometimes tend to apply the word colonial in more general reference to the British expansions into Thesis and dissertation, the Americas, the Indies, India, Africa, and the Middle-East over the course of several centuries, even up to write sociology the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. See colonialism , below. COLONIALISM : The term refers broadly and generally to the habit of powerful civilizations to and dissertation colonize less powerful ones. Homework! On the obvious level, this process can take the form of a literal geographic occupation, outright enslavement, religious conversion at gun-point, or forced assimilation of Thesis and dissertation in special native peoples.

On a more subtle level, this process can take the form of bureucratic policy that incidentally or indirectly leads to the extinction of a minority's language or culture, economic exploitation of cheap labor, and globalistic erasure of cultural differences. The term is often applied in academic discussion of literature from the colonial period. We can see the in school, concerns of colonialism and imperial ambition in in special, the works of George Orwell's Shooting an Elephant, in Rudyard Kipling's fictional tales about India, and in Josef Conrad's novella, Heart of Darkness . See Colonial Period , above. COMEDY (from Greek: komos , songs of Purchase paper vs merrimakers): In the original meaning of the word, comedy referred to a genre of drama during the Dionysia festivals of ancient Athens. The first comedies were loud and boisterous drunken affairs, as the word's etymology suggests. Thesis! Later, in medieval and Online homework Renaissance use, the word comedy came to mean any play or narrative poem in which the main characters manage to avert an Thesis and dissertation in special education, impending disaster and have a happy ending.

The comedy did not necessarily have to Purchase essay be funny, and indeed, many comedies are serious in tone. It is only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that comedy's exclusive connotations of humor arose. See also Low Comedy, High Comedy, Comedy of the Thesis and dissertation education, Absurd , Comedy of Humors , and Comedy of Manners . COMEDY OF THE ABSURD : A modern form of comedy dramatizing the meaninglessness, uncertainty, and pointless absurdity of human existence. A famous example is Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot . Cf. existentialism . COMEDY OF HUMORS : A Renaissance drama in which numerous characters appear as the paper recycling kent, embodiment of stereotypical types of people, each character having the physiological and behavioral traits associated with a specific humor in the human body. The majority of the cast consists of such stock characters. (See humors, bodily for more information.) Some of Shakespeare's characters, including Pistol, Bardulph, and others, show signs of having been adapted from the stereotypical humor characters. In literature, a humor character was a type of and dissertation in special flat character in whom a single passion predominated; this interpretation was especially popular in Elizabethan and other Renaissance literature. See also stock character . COMEDY OF INNOCENCE : We have two definitions here. (1) In anthropological terms, a comedy of innocence is a ritualized symbolic behavior (or set of such behaviors) designed to alleviate individual or communal guilt about an execution or sacrifice or to hide the blame for such an we have, action. In ancient Greece, the ax or dagger used in Thesis education, a sacrifice might be put on Statistics kent trial (instead of the priest wielding it). Thesis In Special Education! The sacrificial animal might be required to Purchase essay volunteer by shaking its head or by walking up to the altar to eat the grain sitting on it. Thesis And Dissertation Education! The sacrificial victim might be condemned to execution after being released where it could set foot in paper kent, a forbidden holy grove or taboo sacred mountain (cf.

Exodus 19:12-13 and Judges 11:30-40). In America, we see remnants of the comedy of Thesis innocence in customs such as the 19th-century's hangman's black mask (to erase the executioner's identity) or the we have in school, custom of granting the condemned prisoner's last request or final meal (to alleviate any sense of cruelty on the jailer's part). (2) A specific myth told by in special, later generations to erase or hide ancient evidence of what looks like the practice of human sacrifice in Online queyrac, earlier times. For instance, a number of local Greek myths describe characters like Leucothea, Palaemon, and Glaucus; they fall or are thrown into and dissertation, the sea where they are magically transformed into sea-gods. Homework! Given the relative insignificance of these gods in in special, the Greek pantheon , it is likely this sort of tale either (a) developed out of local hero cults or (b) the tale alludes to an ancient or prehistoric belief that drowned sacrificial victims would live on Should as animistic spirits. Another common version of the and dissertation in special education, comedy of innocence is the motif of a human sacrificial victim (usually a child) who is miraculously saved ( deus ex machina ) and an animal substituted in his or her place. Statistics Paper! For example, in education, some Greek myths, Iphigenia is replaced by a white hind before her father can sacrifice her to gain good winds for the Trojan voyage.

Phrixus gets whisked to safety by a Golden Ram, which is then sacrificed in the young boy's place. In the Hebrew Bible, Yahweh stops Abraham from killing Isaac, and he directs Abraham's attention to a ram with its horns caught in a thicket (Genesis 22:9-13). Scholars of mythology often see the dozens of such tales appearing cross-culturally and interpret them as having their origins in the comedy of innocence. COMEDY OF MANNERS : A comic drama consisting of five or three acts in which the attitudes and customs of a society are critiqued and Fun facts about be banned satirized according to high standards of intellect and morality. The dialogue is usually clever and sophisticated, but often risqué . Characters are valued according to their linguistic and intellectual prowess.

It is in special the opposite of the slapstick humor found in a farce or in queyrac, a fabliau . COMIC OPERA : An outgrowth of the eighteenth-century ballad operas, in which new or original music is composed specially for the lyrics. (This contrasts with the and dissertation in special, ballad opera , in which the lyrics were set to pre-existing popular music.) COMIC RELIEF : A humorous scene , incident, character , or bit of Fun facts homework should be banned dialogue occurring after some serious, tragic, or frightening moment. Thesis In Special Education! Comic relief is deliberately designed to relieve emotional intensity and simultaneously heighten and highlight the we have, seriousness or tragedy of the action. Thesis And Dissertation Education! Macbeth contains Shakespeare's most famous example of Website can write paper comic relief in the form of a drunken porter. And Dissertation In Special! Another is just after the climactic scene in Dante's Inferno , in which Dante encounters Satan himself frozen in ice.

The demon initially terrified Dante, but the narrator's fear falls way to the reader's laughter in a comic reversal in which Dante and hotline queyrac Virgil climb down Satan's body and move through the center of the and dissertation in special, earth's gravity, at which point Dante is confused by the way gravity reverses, looks upward, and finds himself directly staring at Satan's nether regions, writing, . . . I beheld him upward hold his legs. // And if I then become disguieted, / Let stolid people think who do not see / What the we have homework, point is beyond which I had passed (34.90-93). COMING-OF-AGE STORY : A novel in which an adolescent protagonist comes to adulthood by a process of experience and and dissertation disillusionment. Should In School! This character loses his or her innocence, discovers that previous preconceptions are false, or has the and dissertation education, security of childhood torn away, but usually matures and strengthens by this process. Examples include Wieland's Agathon , Herman Raucher's Summer of '42 , Ray Bradbury's Dandelion Wine , Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , and rice Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey . The most famous examples are in German. In German, a tale in the genre is in special called a Bildungsroman or a Erziehungsroman . Examples include Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers and Thomas Mann's Königliche Hoheit . COMITATUS : (Latin: companionship or band): The term describes the tribal structure of the Statistics paper, Anglo-Saxons and and dissertation other Germanic tribes in which groups of men would swear fealty to a hlaford (lord) in exchange for food, mead, and heriot , the loan of homework fine armor and weaponry.

The men who swore such an oath were called thegns (roughly akin to modern Scottish thane), and education they vowed to fight for their lord in battle. It was considered a shameful disaster to kent outlive one's own lord. The comitatus was the functional military and Thesis in special government unit of early Anglo-Saxon society. The term was first coined by the classical historian Tacitus when he described the Germanic tribes north of Rome. COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE : A genre of Italian farce from the sixteenth-century characterized by stock characters , stock situations, and homework queyrac spontaneous dialogue. Typically, the plot is an intrigue plot and Thesis and dissertation it involves a soubrette who aids two young lovers in Website can write paper for you, foiling the rigid constraints of their parents.

In many such plays, a character named Sganarelle is a primary figure in the work. Thesis And Dissertation In Special Education! Often there is a zani , or foolish-servant, who provides physical comedy in contrast to the anguish of the Purchase essay vs, young lovers. In the end, the couple achieves a happy marriage. Commedia dell'arte may have influenced Shakespeare's comedies, such as The Merry Wives of in special Windsor , and Moliere's plays, such as L'amour Medecin , commonly translated into hotline, English as Love is the Doctor . COMMON MEASURE : Also called common meter , common measure consists of closed poetic quatrains rhyming ABAB or ABCB , in which the Thesis in special, lines of iambic tetrameter (eight syllables) alternate with lines of recycling kent iambic trimeter (six syllables). This pattern is most often associated with ballads (see above), and it is Thesis and dissertation occasionally referred to as ballad measure.

Many of Emily Dickinson's poems are in loose common measure using slant rhyme , for instance: Much Madness is divinest Sense-- To a discerning Eye-- Much Sense--the starkest Madness-- 'Tis the Online queyrac, Majority. A fun and simple test to recognize common measure in poetry is to take a stanza and and dissertation try singing it aloud to a well-known tune written in common meter, such as Gilligan's Isle, Amazing Grace, or House of the Rising Sun. If the syllabification fits these familiar ditties, you are looking at a case of common measure. COMMONIZATION : The linguistic term for an eponym--a common word that is derived from the that paper rice, proper name of a person or place. For instance, the sandwich gained its name from its inventor, the fourth Earl of Sandwich. The word lynch comes from education Captain William Lynch, who led bands of paper vs vigilantes to and dissertation hang hoboes and bums residing near Pittsylvania County.

The verb shanghai , meaning to kidnap or press into forced labor, comes from the should be banned, practices of conscription common in the oriental city of Thesis in special Shanghai. The word stentorian comes from the loud-mouthed Stentor in Greek legend, and herculean comes from the muscle-bound Hercules, and so on. COMPERT (plural: comperta ): Specifically, birth-tales in Old Irish literature that detail the Online homework, conception and birth of a hero. Examples include the Compert Con Culainn ( Birth of and dissertation in special Cú Chulainn ). Usually supernatural or extraordinary events involve themselves in the conception, such as the Druid Cathbad's seduction of Nessa after prophesying what the hour would be lucky for (begetting a king upon a queen!) or the visitation of sociology a god like Lug to a woman who then becomes pregnant after the in special, divine visitation. Website For You! The birth-tale in general is not limited to Old Irish Literature, but is found worldwide (Duffy 102-03). Examples outside of Irish literature include the Thesis and dissertation education, birth of Jesus, or the Buddha, or Leda and Hercules in Greek myth, Pryderi's conception in the First Branch of in school The Mabinogion , or King Arthur's conception in Arthurian legends. COMPLETENESS : The second aspect of Aristotle's requirements for a tragedy.

By completeness, Aristotle emphasizes the logic, wholeness, and Thesis closure necessary to satisfy the audience. COMPOSITE MONSTER (in architecture, often called a chimera after the Greek monster): The term is one mythologists use to describe the fantastical creatures in Assyrian, Babylonian, Greek, and medieval European legends in which the beast is composed of the body-parts of Purchase various animals. For instance, in Thesis and dissertation in special, Greek mythology, the chimera has the body of a lion, tale of Purchase essay paper vs a serpent, wings of a bat, and a goat-head, a lion-head, and a serpent's head. Likewise, the sphinx has a lion's body and a woman's head and breasts; the centaur has a horse's body and human torso and a human head where the horse-head should be; the minotaur has a bull's head and a man's body; and the harpy has an avian body and a woman's head, breasts, and and dissertation education arms. Earlier examples in Custom write my paper sociology, Mesopotamian mythology include the in special, ekimmu (a bloodsucking albino ghost with a bull's head) and the lamassu (a winged horse with a human head). In the Should in school, medieval period, composite monsters include the formecolion, with an ant's body and a lion's head; the mermaid, with a human top and a fish bottom; and the cockatrice, which mingles parts of a rooster and a serpent. Contrast with additive monster , above. Composite monsters were common in the legends of classical and ancient cultures, but diminished in and dissertation education, favor after the Renaissance. Fun Facts Should Be Banned! Many theories propose to and dissertation education explain the common tendency to create composite monsters. Theories include mistranslation in traveler's tales, in which an animal is describing as having a head like such-and-such a creature, but the simile is lost in translation; the encounter of fossil remnants of extinct animals, or bones found jumbled together and misassembled; and the heraldic practice of dimidiation , in which a nobleman's son might take two animals found on Purchase essay paper vs his father's and mother's coats of arms combine them into a composite creature to illustrate his genealogy.

An example in 20th century films includes The Fly . And Dissertation In Special Education! In this 1950s horror classic, a fly and Should a human trade bodies and heads. Cf. therianthropic and theriomorphic . COMPOSITOR : A typesetter in a Renaissance print shop. To speed the and dissertation in special education, printing process, most of Shakespeare's plays appear to have been set by multiple compositors. As Greenblatt notes, Compositors frequently followed their own standards in spelling and punctuation. They inevitably introduced some errors into the text, often by selecting the wrong piece from the type case or by setting the Statistics paper, correct letter upside-down (1141). COMPOUNDING : A term from linguistics used to describe the creation of a new word ( neologism ) that comes about by taking two existing words and sticking them together to education create a brand new concept (Horobin 192). All languages do this to some extent. For instance, the word hydrogen comes from two Greek words meaning water and stuff. However, Germanic languages and Germanic poetry (including derivatives like English) are particularly prone to Purchase essay paper creating new words this way. Thousands of English words result from two older words being compounded together, such as bathtub (bath + tub), eyesore (eye + sore); window (from two Old Norse words meaning wind and Thesis and dissertation in special eye), and so on.

However, poets regular invent neologisms by compounding to create artificial words of their own. Even Chaucer engaged in this trick, coining the word newfangled from the English new and the Middle French fanglere , meaning to Purchase vs make or to fashion. See neologism , blending , and and dissertation education kenning . COMPURGATION : In addition to trial by ordeal , compurgation was the medieval law practice among Christianized Anglo-Saxon tribes to determine innocence. A man accused of Statistics paper a crime would publicly swear to his innocence. The judge then gave the education, defendant thirty days to to collect a number of oath-helpers who would also swear to his innocence (or at least his good character).

If he was unable to Fun facts about should be banned find the required number, he was either found guilty or he could appeal to trial by ordeal. Thesis And Dissertation In Special Education! If the defendant had been caught in the act, or was considered untrustworthy, the procedure could be reversed, and the plaintiff would bring forth oath-helpers to Statistics prove his charge through similar compurgation. CONCEIT (also called a metaphysical conceit) : An elaborate or unusual comparison--especially one using unlikely metaphors, simile, hyperbole, and contradiction. Before the and dissertation, beginning of the seventeenth century, the term conceit was a synonym for thought and roughly equivalent to idea or concept. Homework Queyrac! It gradually came to denote a fanciful idea or a particularly clever remark. In literary terms, the word denotes a fairly elaborate figure of speech, especially an extended comparison involving unlikely metaphors , similes , imagery , hyperbole , and oxymora . One of the in special education, most famous conceits is John Donne's A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, a poem in which Donne compares two souls in love to the points on a geometer's compass. Essay Vs! Shakespeare also uses conceits regularly in his poetry. In Richard II , Shakespeare compares two kings competing for Thesis in special education, power to Statistics paper recycling kent two buckets in a well, for instance. A conceit is Thesis usually classified as a subtype of metaphor . That Paper For You Rice! Contrast with epic simile and dyfalu . CONCRETE DICTION / CONCRETE IMAGERY : Language that describes qualities that can be perceived with the five senses as opposed to using abstract or generalized language.

For instance, calling a fruit pleasant or good is abstract , while calling a fruit cool or sweet is concrete . The preference for abstract or concrete imagery varies from century to Thesis in special century. Philip Sidney praised concrete imagery in paper, poetry in his 1595 treatise, Apologie for Poetrie . Thesis And Dissertation In Special! A century later, Neoclassical thought tended to value the generality of abstract thought. In the early 1800s, the Purchase paper, Romantic poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelley once again preferred concreteness. In the 20th century, the distinction between concrete and abstract has been a subject of some debate. Ezra Pound and Thesis in special education T. E. Hulme attempted to create a theory of concrete poetry. T. S. Eliot added to this school of thought with his theory of the Fun facts about homework, objective correlative. Contrast with abstract diction / abstract imagery . CONCRETE POETRY : Poetry that draws much of its power from the way the text appears situated on the page. The actual shape of the lines of Thesis in special education text may create a swan's neck, an altar, a geometric pattern, or a set of wings, which in some direct way connects to essay vs the meaning of the words. Also called shaped poetry and visual poetry, concrete poetry should not be confused with concrete diction or concrete imagery (see above). And Dissertation In Special Education! The object here is to present each poem as a different shape.

It may appear on the page, on glass, stone, wood, or other materials. The technique seems simple, but can allow great subtlety. Write! Famous concrete poets include Apollinaire, Max Bill, Eugen Gomringer and the Brazilian Noigandres Group, which exhibited a collection of concrete art at Sào Paulo in 1956. Thesis! In Germany, this school of poetry is called konkretisten by critics. It includes Ernst Jandl, Achleitner, Heissenbüttel, Mon, and Purchase essay paper vs Rühm.

Since World War II, further experimentation in concrete poetry has taken place by British poets, including Simon Cutts, Stuart Mills, and Ian Hamilton Finlay. See also diamante . CONFLATION : In its more restricted literary sense, a conflation is a version of a play or narrative that later editors create by combining the text from more than one substantive edition. For example, Greenblatt notes that most versions of King Lear published since the 1700s are conflations of the and dissertation education, Quarto and First Folio editions of the Online homework queyrac, original Renaissance texts. CONFLICT : The opposition between two characters (such as a protagonist and Thesis education an antagonist), between two large groups of Should we have people, or between the protagonist and a larger problem such as forces of Thesis and dissertation in special education nature, ideas, public mores, and so on. Conflict may also be completely internal, such as the protagonist struggling with his psychological tendencies (drug addiction, self-destructive behavior, and Fun facts about be banned so on); William Faulkner famously claimed that the most important literature deals with the and dissertation in special, subject of the human heart in paper for you, conflict with itself. Conflict is the Thesis in special, engine that drives a plot.

Examples of narratives driven mainly by conflicts between the recycling, protagonist and nature include Jack London's To Build a Fire (in which the Californian struggles to save himself from freezing to death in Alaska) and Stephen Crane's The Open Boat (in which shipwrecked men in a lifeboat struggle to stay alive and get to shore). Examples of narratives driven by conflicts between a protagonist and an antagonist include Mallory's Le Morte D'arthur , in which King Arthur faces off against in special, his evil son Mordred, each representing civilization and barbarism respectively. Examples of narratives driven by internal struggles include Daniel Scott Keyes' Flowers for my paper sociology, Algernon, in which the hero struggles with the loss of his own intelligence to congenital mental retardation, and Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart, in which the protagonist ends up struggling with his own guilt after committing a murder. In complex works of literature, multiple conflicts may occur at once. In Special! For instance, in sociology, Shakespeare's Othello , one level of conflict is the unseen struggle between Othello and Thesis education the machinations of Iago, who seeks to destroy him. Another level of conflict is Othello's struggle with his own jealous insecurities and his suspicions that Desdemona is cheating on him.

CONFUCIAN CLASSICS : Five ancient Chinese writings commonly attributed to Confucius, though it is likely they are actually compilations of traditional material predating him. The five classics include the I Ching ( The Book of Statistics paper kent Changes ), the Shu Ching ( The Book of History ), the Shih Ching , ( The Book of in special education Odes ), the Record of Rites ( Li Chi ), and the Spring and Autumn Annals . To see where this material fits in my paper sociology, an outline of Chinese history, click here. CONJUGATION : The inflection of a verb to show its person, number, mood, or tense. Thesis And Dissertation! Here is a sample conjugation of the present tense indicative forms of to sing in English and Website that for you rice cantar in Thesis, Spanish: CONNOTATION : The extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the minimal, strict definition found in a dictionary.

For instance, the terms civil war , revolution and rebellion have the same denotation; they all refer to an attempt at social or political change. Purchase Essay Paper Vs! However, civil war carries historical connotations for Americans beyond that of revolution or rebellion . Likewise, revolution is often applied more generally to scientific or theoretical changes, and it does not necessarily connote violence. Rebellion , for many English speakers connotes an improper uprising against a legitimate authority (thus we speak about and dissertation in special, rebellious teenagers rather than revolutionary teenagers). In the same way, the homework be banned, words house and in special home both refer to a domicile, but home connotes certain singular emotional qualities and personal possession in a way that house doesn't. Write My Paper! I might own four houses I rent to others, but I might call none of these my home , for example. Much of poetry involves the poet using connotative diction that suggests meanings beyond what the words simply say. Contrast with denotation . CONSONANCE : A special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels--i.e., the final consonants of the stressed syllables match each other but the vowels differ. As M. In Special! H. About Be Banned! Abrams illustrates in The Norton Anthology of English Literature , examples include linger , longer , and languor or rider , reader , raider , and ruder . Do not confuse consonance with a consonant (see below). See also assonance and sound symbolism . CONSONANT : A speech sound that is not a vowel. To download a PDF file listing consonants and their symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, click here. CONSUETUDINAL BE : Uninflected use of the in special education, verb be to indicate habitual or frequent action.

This grammatical structure is Website can write for you characteristic of Black Vernacular . An example would be as follows: What you be doing on Thursdays? I be working every afternoon. Users of standard edited English typically frown on this grammatical formation. CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE : Literature written at Thesis the present moment. Although the writers in every century would consider themselves contemporary or modern, when speakers use this term, they almost always mean either modernist or postmodernist literature. COTERIE WRITING : Writing intended originally for the amusement or edification of a small circle of friends or family rather than for publication or public perusal. Often, however, such writings later become adopted or modified for publication. Sometimes, the author does this; in other cases, later editors do this posthumously. Famous examples include Mary Shelley originally created Frankenstein as part of sociology a ghost-story contest amongst her friends and literary comrades. Aphra Behn originally wrote many of her poems as part of coterie writing, though most of her plays, her philosophical treatises, and Oronooko appear to have penned with a deliberate eye toward publication or financial gain.

CONTEXTUAL SYMBOL : A unique or original symbol an Thesis in special, author creates within the context of an write my paper, individual work or an author's collected works. Examples include the Snopes family in Faulkner's collected works, who together function as a symbol of the South's moral decay, or the town of Castle Rock, Maine, which in Stephen King's works functions as a microcosmic symbol of human society. Thesis And Dissertation In Special Education! Contrast with cultural symbol , below. CONTRACTION : The squeezing together of sounds or words--especially when one word blurs into another--during fast or informal speech. Website That! Contractions such as I'm (I am), he's (he is), and they're (they are) are common in verbal communication, but they are often considered too loose for more formal writing. CONTRAPASSIO (counter-suffering): A thematic principle involving situational irony in which a punishment's nature corresponds exactly to the nature of a crime. Much of Dante's Inferno revolves around elaborate contrapassio . CONTROL TEXT : A specific text upon which a modern edition is based. In Special! For instance, there are at least three dominant manuscript traditions of Langland's Piers Plowman poem: the A-text, the B-text, and Statistics the C-text (and possibly a Z-text, as recent scholarship has tentatively suggested).

These versions contain different dialogue, different wording, and different spelling; they do not all contain the same passages and do not include identical storylines. A modern editor must either choose one to use as the basis of and dissertation in special education a modern edition, or she must create a conflation . Should Be Banned! Several Shakespeare plays vary wildly between the quarto and folio versions--including Hamlet and King Lear . In other cases, such as Le Morte D'Arthur , a modern editor must choose between using a manuscript source for his control text (such as the Winchester Manuscript) or a printed source (such as Caxton's printed Renaissance edition). CONVENTION : A common feature that has become traditional or expected within a specific genre (category) of literature or film. In Harlequin romances, it is conventional to Thesis and dissertation education focus on a male and female character who struggle through misunderstandings and difficulties until they fall in love. In western films of the early twentieth-century, for instance, it has been conventional for we have homework in school, protagonists to wear white hats and and dissertation antagonists to paper vs wear black hats. The wandering knight-errant who travels from place to Thesis and dissertation in special place, seeking adventure while suffering from the effects of hunger and the elements, is a convention in medieval romances. It is a convention for an English sonnet to have fourteen lines with a specific rhyme scheme, abab , cdcd , efef , gg , and so on. The use of a chorus and the unities are dramatic conventions of Greek tragedy, while, the aside , and the soliloquy are conventions in Elizabethan tragedy.

Conventions are often referred to as poetic, literary, or dramatic, depending upon we have in school, whether the convention appears in a poem, short story or novel, or a play. CONVENTIONAL : A conventional linguistic trait is an arbitrary one learned from others, not one determined by some natural law or genetic inheritance. Today, most linguists think most vocabulary and grammar are conventional, but some linguists in previous centuries believed ethnicity affected language development and acquisition. CORPUS CHRISTI PLAY : A religious play performed outdoors in the medieval period that enacts an Thesis in special education, event from the Bible, such as the Custom, story of Thesis and dissertation in special education Adam and Eve, Noah's flood, the crucifixion, and so on. Homework! The word is derived from the religious festival of Corpus Christi (Latin: The Body of Christ). And Dissertation Education! See also cycle and mystery play . CORRESPONDENCES : An integral part of the medieval and Website can write for you Renaissance model of the universe known as the Chain of Being. The idea was that different links on the Chain of Being were interconnected and had a sort of sympathetic correspondence to each other. Each type of being or object (men, beasts, celestial objects, fish, plants, and rocks) had a place within a hierarchy designed by God. In Special! Each type of object had a primate , which was by nature the most noble, rare, valuable, and superb example of its type.

For instance, the king was primate among men, the lion among beasts, the paper, sun among celestial objects, the Thesis and dissertation in special, whale among fish, the oak among trees, and should the diamond among rocks. Often, there was a symbolic link between primates of different orders--such as the lion being a symbol of royalty, or the king sleeping in a bed of oak. This symbolic link was a correspondence. And Dissertation Education! However, correspondences were thought to exist in the material world as well as in the world of ideas. Disturbances in nature would correspond to Statistics paper recycling kent disturbances in the political realm (the body politic ), in Thesis education, the human body (the microcosm ), and in the natural world as a whole (the macrocosm ). For instance, if the king were to Should in school become ill, Elizabethans might expect lions and beasts to fall sick, rebellions to break out in the kingdom, individuals to develop headaches or fevers, and Thesis education stars to fall from the sky. All of these events could correspond to each other on the chain of being, and each would coincide with the Online homework hotline, others. For more information about correspondences and the Chain of Being, click here. COSMIC IRONY : Another term for situational irony--especially situational irony connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of Thesis education life. See discussion under irony , below. COTHURNI : The Greek word for the elevator-shoes worn by important actors on stage.

See discussion under buskins . COTTON LIBRARY, THE : One of the most important collections of Old and Middle English texts. Click here for details. COTTON NERO A.X : The Middle English manuscript that includes Pearl , Cleanness , Patience , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , and the Legend of Saint Erkenwald . Click here for details. COTTON VITELLIUS A.XV : The Old English manuscript that includes The Passion of Saint Christopher , The Wonders of the East , and The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle , Beowulf , and the Old English translation of Statistics paper Judith . Click here for details. COUNTING : A technique of and dissertation education determining stylistic qualities of a piece of writing by counting the numbers of we have in school words in paragraphs or sentences, and in special education determining the average number of modifiers, average word lengths, and so on. COUPLET : Two lines--the second line immediately following the first--of the same metrical length that end in a rhyme to form a complete unit. Geoffrey Chaucer and Should we have other writers helped popularize the form in English poetry in the fourteenth century. An especially popular form in later years was the heroic couplet , which was rhymed iambic pentameter. It was popular from the 1600s through the late 1700s. Much Romantic poetry in in special education, the early 1800s used the couplet as well. A couplet that occurs after the volta in an English sonnet is homework called a gemel (see sonnet, volta, gemel ).

COURT OF LOV E : In medieval convention, a court of love is an assemblage of women presided over by a queen or noblewoman. At this mock-court, various young knights or courtiers are summoned to court and put on trial by the ladies for their crimes against love. In Special! These crimes might be neglecting their sweethearts, failing to wear their ladies' tokens at jousts, and so on. Statistics Paper Kent! Chaucer himself may have been summoned to a court of love for and dissertation, his libelous depiction of Online Criseyde in Troilus and Criseyde , and Queen Anne may have required him to write The Legend of Good Women as a penance for his literary crimes. In The Wife of Bath's Tale, we find an and dissertation in special, inversion of the normal play-acting in which King Arthur gives Gwenevere and that for you her ladies the right to try a rapist-knight for his crimes. Here, the women literally have power of life or death over the subject.

Andreas Capellanus discusses the courts of love in his medieval writings, and more recent scholars such as C. Thesis Education! S. Lewis ( The Allegory of Love ) and Amy Kelly ( Eleanor of Purchase Aquitaine ) discuss the convention at length. Cf. Thesis Education! demand d'amour . COURTLY LOVE (Medieval French: fin amour or amour courtois ): Possibly a cultural trope in paper vs, the late twelfth-century, or possibly a literary convention that captured popular imagination, courtly love refers to a code of behavior that gave rise to modern ideas of chivalrous romance. The term itself was popularized by C. S. Lewis' and Gaston Paris' scholarly studies, but its historical existence remains contested in critical circles. The conventions of courtly love are that a knight of in special noble blood would adore and worship a young noble-woman from afar, seeking to protect her honor and Fun facts about homework should be banned win her favor by valorous deeds. He typically falls ill with love-sickness, while the woman chastely or scornfully rejects or refuses his advances in Thesis and dissertation in special education, public but privately encourages him. Paper Recycling Kent! Courtly love was associated with (A) nobility, since no peasants can engage in fine love; (B) secrecy; (C) adultery, since often the one or both participants were married to another noble who was unloved; and (D) paradoxically with chastity, since the passion should never be consummated due to social circumstances, thus it was a higher love unsullied by selfish carnal desires or political concerns of arranged marriages. Thesis Education! In spite of recycling kent this ideal of chastity, the knightly characters in literature usually end up giving in to their passions with tragic results--such as Lancelot and and dissertation Guenevere's fate, or that of Tristan and essay paper vs Iseult. We associate courtly love with French literature primarily, but the concept permeated German and Italian literature as well.

The German equivalent of fin amour is Minne (hence Minnesänger ), and the Italian poets of the dolce stil nuovo cultivated similar subject matter. The convention of courtly love eventually becomes a source of parody. Andreas Capellanus' Rules of Courtly Love provides a satirical guide to the endeavor, and and dissertation education Chretien de Troyes satirizes the conventions in his courtly literature as well. Similar conventions influence Petrarch's poetry and Shakespeare's sonnets. These sonnets often emphasize in Website paper, particular the idea of love from afar and unrequited love, and make use of imagery and wording common to the earlier French tradition. In terms of whether or not practices of courtly love were a historical reality, scholars are loosely divided into schools of Thesis thought, as William Kibler notes. The first group, the so-called realists, argue that such institutions truly did exist in the Middle Ages and the literature of the we have, time reproduces this realistically.

The opposing school, the so-called idealists, argue that (at best) courtly love was a court game taken ironically as a joke, or (at worst) post-Romantic/Victorian readers have superimposed their own ideals and wishes on medieval culture by exaggerating these components. CRADLE TRICK : A sub-category of the bed-trick , this is a folk motif in which the position of a cradle in Thesis and dissertation, a dark room leads one character to climb into bed with the wrong sexual partner. It appears prominently in Chaucer's The Reeve's Tale. In the Aarne-Thompson folk-index, this motif is usually numbered as motif no. About Homework! 1363. CREEPYPASTA : A short story posted online designed to Thesis education shock, frighten, or disconcert the reader.

For more discussion, see ghost story . CREOLE : A native language combining the traits of multiple languages, i.e., an advanced and fully developed pidgin. In the American South, black slaves were often brought in from a variety of African tribes sharing no common language. Purchase Essay Paper Vs! On the and dissertation in special, plantation, they developed first a pidgin (limited and simplified) version of English with heavy Portuguese and African influences. Fun Facts Homework Be Banned! This pidgin allowed slaves some rudimentary communication with each other and with their slave masters. In time, they lost their original African languages and and dissertation in special the mixed speech became the Should, native tongue of their children--a creole. In Special! Contrast with pidgin . CRESCENDO : Another term for rhetorical climax . Statistics Kent! See climax, rhetorical , above. CRISIS (plural: crises ): The turning point of and dissertation education uncertainty and tension resulting from earlier conflict in Online queyrac, a plot. At the moment of crisis in Thesis in special education, a story, it is Fun facts homework should be banned unclear if the protagonist will succeed or fail in his struggle. The crisis usually leads to or overlaps with the climax of a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. See climax, literary , above. CRITICAL READING : Careful analysis of an essay's structure and in special education logic in order to determine the Custom write my paper, validity of an argument.

Often this term is used synonymously with close reading (see above), but I prefer to reserve close reading for the artistic analysis of literature. Thesis! Click here for more information about critical reading. Cf. Vs! close reading . CRITICUS APPARATUS : The scholarly notations in a critical edition (especially a variorum edition) in which the Thesis and dissertation in special education, editor indicates all the known variations of a particular text. The apparatus often appears running along the bottom of each page or sometimes in the back of the book, and often incorporates editorial footnotes and glosses. The apparatus can appear quite cryptic to students unfamiliar with the formulaic abbreviations in scholarly use. For instance, below is an illustrative notation from A. V. C. Schmidt's criticus apparatus for Passus I, line 1, of the Everyman edition of William Langland's Piers Plowman , page 14: Collation WHmCrGYOC2CLMHRF.

RUBRIC Passus primus de visione Wr (pr] Secundus F; de v.] de petri le ploughman BR; om O); om GC2. This notation indicates subsequent lines are collated together in thirteen of the surviving manuscripts, each manuscript being indicated by a special abbreviation. Custom My Paper! Furthermore, the opening line in manuscripts W and r has a Latin title written in and dissertation in special, red ink (rubricated) as indicated, but another manuscript F has labeled it as secundus rather than primus, while the B and R manuscripts label it in a combination of French and Latin, and so on. A good criticus apparatus helps document all this diversity by gathering it together, line-by-line, for Online homework hotline queyrac, convenient comparison at a glance, but the editor presumes the reader knows the dense, standardized abbreviations involved in this notation. For a clearer, hypothetical example, let us imagine Edgar Allan Poe has a poem surviving in three slightly different forms. The most widespread version Poe had published by and dissertation in special, Smith Publishing early in his career. Ten years later, Poe revised the poem for a new publisher, Baker Books, and they printed this revision a few years after Poe's death.

Last of all, a third unpolished version survives in Poe's own handwritten notes. Paper Kent! Scholars discover this last manuscript version squirreled away in the Morgan Library in 2012. Modern editors would compile these three sources and select what they consider the best text. However, they must not ignore the alternative versions by leaving them unnoted and unannotated; that would effectively erase them from history. Accordingly, the editors might add a criticus apparatus . Here, they would note the relevant line number and education indicate alternatives. The first version by can write paper, Smith Books (abbreviated S) has the and dissertation in special, phrase Conqueror Worme appear in line six. The version by Baker Books (abbreviated B) has a slightly different archaic spelling Conqueror Wyrm in the same spot. Finally, Poe's own original handwritten rough draft of the poem survives among his papers in the Morgan Library (abbreviated Ml).

This manuscript uses the abbreviation Conqu. Wm. scrawled in that line. Now, a modern scholar wants to can write paper publish an authoritative version of Poe's poem a century later. This modern editor chooses to emend the line to a standardized spelling of Conqueror Worm. The criticus apparatus at the bottom of the page might consist of a footnote such as this: 6 Conqeror Worm ] S: Conqueror Worme ; B: Conqueror Wyrm , Ml: Conqu.

Wm . The 6 indicates line six as the section with variant readings. The words before the bracket ] show readers that the editor considers the preceding version the best text for a modern reader--or at least the version the editor has chosen for his edition. The material after the bracket lists each variant source and indicates how the differing material appeared in that source as exactly as possible. A criticus apparatus documents the known variations that might plausibly be accurate and reminds modern readers of the multiple possible versions an and dissertation in special, earlier audience might have experienced. This process is Online homework especially pertinent in classical and medieval studies, since in and dissertation in special education, the pre-print era, handwritten texts often exhibited striking and even contradictory variant readings.

For instance, in Purchase paper vs, the case of The Aeneid , about 3,000 texts survive with each manuscript containing significant variations. In the Thesis, case of Fun facts Chaucer, about 82 versions of the Canterbury Tales survive, all with variant readings. In the case of and dissertation Shakespeare, striking differences appear in the F (folio) and Q1, Q2, Q3 (first, second, and third quarto) versions of his plays, and so on. CROSSED RHYME : In long couplets, especially hexameter lines, sufficient room in the line allows a poet to use rhymes in the middle of the homework queyrac, line as well as at the end of each line. Swinburne's Hymn to Proserpine illustrates its use: Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean ; the world has grown grey from Thy breath ; We have drunken of things Lethean , and fed on the fullness of death . Laurel is and dissertation in special education green for a season , and love is sweet for a day ; But love grows bitter with treason , and Online queyrac laurel outlives not May . In the Thesis in special education, excerpt above, the words in kent, red are part of crossed rhyme, and and dissertation in special education the words in Fun facts about be banned, green are regular rhyme.

Crossed rhyme is also called interlaced rhyme . Contrast with internal rhyme and leonine rhyme . CROWN OF SONNETS : According to Shipley (142), an interlinked poem or cycle of seven sonnets in Thesis education, which the last line of each of the Purchase essay paper, first six serves as the last line of the next, and and dissertation in special the last line of the seventh sonnet serves as the first line of the first sonnet. All other rhymes are used once only in the collection of the entire seven sonnets. An English example would be Donne's La Corona, though the structure is much more common in Italian poetry. A more complicated alternative structure is the Website that can write, so-called heroic crown of sonnets (alias the Thesis in special, sonnet redoublé ), which is similar in structure but consists of can write paper for you rice 15 rather than 7 sonnets in total, but which follows the Thesis and dissertation education, same rules for rhyme repetitions (Shipley 530). CTHULHU MYTHOS (also spelled Cthulu and Kutulu , pronounced various ways): Strongly influential in pulp science fiction and early twentieth-century horror stories , the paper, Cthulhu mythos revolves around a pantheon of malign alien beings worshipped as gods by half-breed cultists. These aliens were invented and popularized by pulp fiction horror writer H. In Special Education! P. Lovecraft. The name Cthulhu comes from Lovecraft's 1928 short story, The Call of Cthulhu, which introduces the creature Cthulhu as a gigantic, bat-winged, tentacled, green monstrosity who once ruled planet earth in prehistoric times. Currently in a death-like state of hibernation, it now awaits an opportunity to rise from the underwater city of R'lyeh and plunge the earth once more into Statistics paper, darkness and terror. And Dissertation! August Derleth later coined the term Cthulhu mythos to describe collectively the settings, themes, and homework alien beings first imagined by Thesis and dissertation education, Lovecraft but later adapted by Should in school, pulp fiction authors like Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Robert Bloch, Henry Kuttner, and Brian Lumley. Some common elements, motifs, and characters of the Thesis in special education, mythos include the Fun facts homework should, following:

CULTURAL SYMBOL: A symbol widely or generally accepted as meaning something specific within an Thesis, entire culture or social group, as opposed to Purchase essay paper a contextual symbol created by a single author that has meaning only Thesis education within a single work or group of works. Examples of cultural symbols in Western culture include the cross as a symbol of Christianity, the American flag as a symbol of America's colonial history of thirteen colonies growing into fifty states, the hotline, gold ring as a symbol of marital commitment, the Caduceus as a symbol of medicine, and the color black as a symbol of mourning. Examples of cultural symbols in other cultures include white as a symbol of mourning in Japan, the Yin-Yang sphere as an oriental symbol of oppositional forces in balance, the white crane as a symbol of longevity in Mandarin China, and so forth. Any writer in a specific culture could use one of these symbols and be relatively confident that the reader would understand what each symbol represented. Thus, if a writer depicted a pedophilic priest as trampling a crucifix into Thesis and dissertation in special education, the mud, it is write likely the reader would understand this action represents the way the priest tramples Christian ideals, and so forth. Contrast with contextual symbol and archetype . CYBERPUNK MOVEMENT : (1) A loose school of science fiction authors including William Gibson, Bruce Stirling, Rudy Rucker, and Neal Stephenson who rose in popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. (2) A science fiction subgenre that shares the concerns and education features of those works produced by the cyberpunk school. Features of their novels and short stories in this period include the Online hotline, following motifs: Common themes include the dehumanization, commodification, and mechanization of the individual; the negative effects of commercialization upon society; and implicit philosophical questions regarding consciousness and sensory reality. These cyberpunk authors have been profoundly influential in late twentieth-century science fiction films (such as Strange Days , Robocop , etc.) and and dissertation in special Japanese anime , where cyberpunk elements have become so common as to be almost cliché . The metaverse or the paper kent, Net imagined by these early authors in the 1980s have been seen as prophetic of the later real-world rise of the internet after 1993. Examples of Thesis in special education novels, anthologies, short stories, and other literary works from the paper recycling kent, cyberpunk movement include Neuromancer , Mona Lisa Overdrive , Islands in the Net , and Johnny Mnemonic. (The last of these has been adapted into an awful film that bears little similarity to the original short story.) More recently, Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash has put a more satirical spin on the genre . CYCLE : In general use, a literary cycle is any group of closely related works. We speak of the Scandinavian, Arthurian , and Charlemagne cycles, for instance.

These refer collectively to many poems and stories written by various artists over several centuries. These cycles all deal with Scandinavian heros, King Arthur and his knights, or the legends of King Charlemagne respectively. More specifically, a mystery cycle refers to and dissertation the complete set of mystery plays performed during the vs, Corpus Christi festival in education, medieval religious drama (typically 45 or so plays, each of which depicted a specific event in biblical history from the creation of the world to the last judgment). The major English cycles of mystery plays include the York, Coventry, Wakefield or Towneley, and Chester cycles. See Corpus Christi play , above. Paper Recycling Kent! See also sonnet cycle . CYHYDEDD HIR : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry. The octave stanza consists two quatrains of four lines with five, five, five, and four syllables respectively.

The rhyme scheme is AAAx AAAx , with X's indicating unrhymed lines. See octave and rhyme . CYHYDEDD NAW BAN : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry in which some lines are composed of nine syllables. The rhyming couplets, when they appear, must rhyme with another line of identical length. CYNGHANEDD (pronounced kun HAN neth , lit. Welsh for symphony or harmony): A Welsh term that loosely denotes sound similarities peculiar to Welsh poetry, especially alliteration and internal rhyme . Typically, the consonants in one word or line repeat in the same pattern at the beginning and Thesis education end of the next word or line--but the vowel sounds between the consonants change slightly. In the English tradition of poetry, Gerard Manley Hopkins charmingly refers to such devices as chimes , and he makes much use of them in his works such as Spring and Fall. See also awdl and englyn . For an should, example of cynghanedd in English, click here. CYNING : A king, another term for an Anglo-Saxon hlaford . Not to be confused with kenning , an Anglo-Saxon poetic device. CYRCH A CHWTA : A Welsh verse form consisting of an and dissertation in special education, octave stanza of six rhyming or alliterating seven-syllable lines plus a couplet.

The second line of the paper, couplet rhymes with the first six lines. The first line of the Thesis and dissertation education, couplet cross-rhymes in paper recycling kent, the third, fourth, or fifth syllable of the eighth line. CYRILLIC : Also called, azbuka , the alphabet used to write Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian. In Special Education! The name comes from the 9th-century Greek missionary Saint Cyril, who traveled from Should Byzantium to convert Slavic races of Moravia to Christianity. Folklore credits Cyril at the inventor of in special education this script, though it is more likely he invented the Glaglotic , what Harkins refers to Fun facts about homework be banned as an abtruse alphabet of obscure origin, which soon lost favor (5). Cyrillic, modeled largely on the Greek alphabet, rose to replace Glaglotic, though Cyril retained credit. The alphabet came to Russia later after its Christianization in 988 or 989.

Modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Bulgarian, and Serbian alphabets were later offshoots of Cyrillic. Peter the Great simplified the Thesis in special, alphabet in 1708, so the lettering required less ornate design, and we have in school later modifiers removed four characters as redundant in 1918. Thesis In Special Education! The present alphabet consists of thirty letters, mostly phonetic, though it does not show the stress of syllables (5). CYWYDD (plural, cywyddau) : A fourteenth-century metrical form of Welsh lyric poetry consisting of Statistics kent rhyming couplets with each line having seven syllables. Traditionally, in and dissertation education, each couplet, the lines end with alternately stressed and Website that for you rice unstressed meter. In terms of content, cywyddau traditionally include examples of dyfalu --strings of unusual comparisons similar to metaphysical conceits. The genre is associated with the poet Dafydd ap Gwilym. CYWDD DEUAIR HIRION : In Welsh prosody, the term refers to in special a form of light verse consisting of a single couplet with seventeen syllables.

The first line has a masculine ending and the last line a feminine ending. CYWYDD LLOSGYRNOG : A type of Statistics kent Welsh verse consisting of and dissertation in special education a sestet stanza in about homework be banned, which the syllable count is education eight, eight, seven, eight, eight, and seven respectively. That For You! The first two lines rhyme and cross-rhyme with the middle syllable of the sixth line and in special the third and sixth lines rhyme with each other. Rime coueé or tail-rhyme has a similar scheme.

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Frequently Asked Questions: Applicants. Other Frequently Asked Questions. If you are going to Thesis and dissertation in special education be responsible for in school work that is defined as professional engineering according to the Professional Engineers Act , a P.Eng. licence may be required by Thesis law. Becoming licensed gives you the right to use “P.Eng.” after your name and “engineer” in your job title. Under the Professional Engineers Act , you may only my paper sociology, use “engineer” in your job title if you hold a P.Eng. licence. The P.Eng. licence also demonstrates that you have met a rigorous educational standard, have through a demanding, hands-on internship process, and are obliged to adhere to a strict code of ethics that puts the public interest first. All of these are valued within the engineering working community and society at large, awarding you credibility and recognition. Licensing also puts you within the Thesis education professional membership community of the Fun facts about should other 75,000 licensed professional engineers organized across the province in 36 PEO chapters. The practice of professional engineering is defined in Thesis and dissertation in special education, section 1 of the Professional Engineers Act and comprises three tests. Professional engineering is:

any act of designing, composing, evaluating, advising, reporting, directing or supervising, or the managing of any of these acts wherein the safeguarding of life, health, property, economic interests, the public welfare or the environment is concerned, and that requires the application of recycling engineering principles. If what you do meets all three tests, you are practising professional engineering and must be licensed by the association. The definition applies to all situations where this particular combination of intellectual activity, societal protection and methodology exists regardless of whether the position is in Thesis education, industry, government or consulting. After graduation, can I call myself an engineer? No. Online Homework? Legally speaking, you are an engineering graduate, not an Thesis and dissertation engineer. Only holders of a P.Eng. license are legally permitted to paper kent use the title “P.Eng.” or the term “engineer” in their job title, or to use any other term, title or description that may lead to the belief that they are authorized to practice professional engineering. An engineering education is the first step to Thesis in special education earning your license and eventually having the homework be banned right to call yourself an engineer, but you may only use the term “engineer” in your job title once you have P.Eng. licence. Do you need to be licensed to working in the field of engineering in Ontario? As with medicine and law, you require a licence to do certain engineering work within the province of Ontario. However, not everyone working in engineering requires a licence.

Whether you require a licence depends on the type of engineering work you are doing, and the level of Thesis and dissertation in special education responsibility you have. The ability to practise engineering in Ontario is regulated by the Ontario Professional Engineers Act and its regulations, which outline who requires a licence, how to obtain a licence, and when a licence may be revoked. The Act is homework administered by Thesis education Professional Engineers Ontario (PEO), a self-governing organization that grants licences to qualified individuals, disciplines licence holders who are found guilty of incompetence or misconduct, and we have in school, enforces compliance with the licensing requirements of the Act. And Dissertation Education? You require a licence if: Your work requires you to design, compose, evaluate, advise, report, direct or supervise; and Fun facts about homework should be banned, The work will safeguard life, health, property or the public welfare; and The work requires the application of engineering principles.

You are not required to be licensed if, for example: Your work is strictly related to research, testing, or inspection; or There is no risk to life, health, property or the Thesis and dissertation in special public welfare if your work is in school performed incorrectly; or The work is Thesis and dissertation education strictly scientific in nature. There are also other exceptions to licensure in should be banned, the Act: You do not need to be licensed to do professional engineering if a licensed Ontario professional engineer takes responsibility for your work. You do not need a licence to design tools and dies. Any question regarding the need for a licence in in special, a particular situation should be directed to PEO at enforcement@peo.on.ca. You do not have to wait to acquire your work experience before you apply for your licence. Application directly after graduation and registration in the association's Engineering Intern program (EIT) is the can write for you rice next phase in Thesis and dissertation in special education, your transition from engineering student through to paper kent licensed professional.

The EIT program provides annual reviews and guidance on the quality of experience you are receiving. Thesis? Enrolment can also connect you with the engineering community through publications and Chapter membership. You may be credited with 12 months of experience if you have a postgraduate engineering degree or degrees. Please note that this experience credit cannot replace the requirement for 12 months of engineering experience in Website that, a Canadian jurisdiction under the supervision of a licensed professional engineer. What kind of Thesis and dissertation in special education engineering work experience is required to obtain a P.Eng. licence? PEO evaluates each applicant’s engineering experience against we have homework, five, quality-based criteria: Application of Theory - This is the and dissertation in special most important criteria since it shows that the work you are doing could not be done by a person who had not studied engineering. It indicates that you are having an opportunity to Should homework in school use the engineering principles that you learned at university. Thesis And Dissertation In Special? To be considered for licensing, your experience must include meaningful participation in at least one aspect of the following applications of theory: analysis design and synthesis testing methods implementation methods We expect that you can communicate to us which engineering principle you have used in any of the above areas and why it is applicable under the circumstances.

Practical Experience - Practical experience provides applicants with an appreciation of the fundamental roles of function, time, cost, reliability, reparability, safety and environmental impact in their work. Practical experience should include such aspects as: function of components as part of a larger system; opportunities to experience and understand the limitations of practical engineering and related human systems in achieving desired goals; opportunities to experience the significance of Purchase time in the engineering process; opportunities to acquire knowledge and understanding of codes, standards, regulations and laws that govern applicable engineering activities. Thesis And Dissertation? ‘Opportunities’ mentioned above means that you have been given experience in Purchase vs, these areas, not just observed or read manuals. Having an understanding of the codes and and dissertation, standards means that you know how and why they were developed and can explain this to us when asked. Management of Engineering - Management of engineering projects includes supervising staff, managing projects, being exposed generally to Statistics paper kent an engineering business environment, and managing technology from a societal perspective. Acceptable management components involve: This criteria is one that is used to Thesis education identify progress. Usually, new grads are given very little experience in Website paper for you rice, this area; however, as they acquire more experience, they should be given more and more responsibilities in Thesis and dissertation, each component. Communication Skills - An opportunity to develop communication skills is an important experience requirement. This applies to communication in all areas of the work environment, including communication with supervisors, co-workers, government regulators, clients and the general public.

For an applicant’s experience in this area to be acceptable, the applicant should have regular opportunities to participate in: preparing written work; making oral reports or presentations; making presentations to the general public. Social Implications of Engineering - The social implications of engineering are an Statistics paper recycling kent important aspect of engineering practice. A professional engineering work environment is in special education one that heightens an applicant’s awareness of any social consequences, both positive and negative, of an engineering activity. While not every project or activity will have direct or immediate social consequences, an applicant’s work experience should nevertheless, instill an Should we have awareness of the: value or benefits of engineering works to the public; relationship between engineering activity and the public at large; safeguards in place to protect employees and and dissertation education, the public and to mitigate adverse impacts; and significant role of regulatory agencies in the practice of engineering. Experience in this area should foster an awareness of an engineer’s professional responsibility to guard against conditions dangerous or threatening to life, limb, property, or the environment, and to call such conditions to the attention of those responsible. This is not limited to the immediate work environment but should extend to Fun facts homework the end users of the engineering work. Does my work experience have to include all five quality-based criteria?

PEO does not expect that all of Thesis and dissertation your jobs will provide experience in sociology, all five of the criteria. Your experience is taken as a whole and depends on the work you do. Sometimes, you may do work that satisfies only three categories, other times work that satisfies all five. There is one exception: as mentioned earlier, the most important of the and dissertation criteria is write my paper sociology “Application of Thesis and dissertation in special education Theory”. Be Banned? It clearly separates out the jobs that anyone can do from jobs that require the in special knowledge of write sociology someone who has studied engineering. Therefore, in in special education, all cases, you should be in Purchase essay, a position to demonstrate that this was an integral part of your work. In considering the eligibility of experience for and dissertation in special licensing, PEO must err on the side of Statistics kent caution, in the public interest. Therefore, work experience that is not clearly professional engineering-related might be given only partial credit or entirely excluded from consideration. What about my pre-graduation experience? PEO considers experience gained before graduation when assessing the quality of the required four years of satisfactory engineering experience. PEO may allow for up to 12 months for and dissertation in special education pre-graduation experience toward the Custom 48 months of minimum acceptable engineering experience requirement.

To be eligible, the pre-graduation experience must: be acceptable engineering experience, based on the five quality-based criteria; have been obtained after you have completed at in special, least 50% of your courses; and be seen as a stepping stone to Online homework queyrac your professional development. Each work-term must be documented and your supervisor must sign the documentation, which you will submit with your Application for Licence when you are ready to apply. Thesis And Dissertation In Special Education? PEO recognizes that pre-grad experience is not likely to be at homework queyrac, the same level of intensity and responsibility as post-grad experience, therefore the acceptability feature is somewhat lighter than what is expected after graduation. However, PEO does expect to Thesis and dissertation in special education see that the pre-grad experience is a learning tool and will have aided in progressing the applicant’s understanding of the that can write paper for you rice professional engineering working environment. Can a post-graduate degree such as a Master’s Degree count towards the Thesis in special education practical experience requirement? Completing of a post-graduate degree in sociology, engineering, in Thesis in special, the same or reasonably similar discipline of engineering as your Bachelor’s, normally results in 12 months of credit towards the required 48 months of experience. You will not receive credit for studies in areas outside of engineering (e.g. business administration). A post-graduate student may also get additional experience credit if the student works in conjunction with industry sponsorship, is directly supervised by a P.Eng. at Online hotline, the sponsoring company and the thesis research work has a distinct, and imminent practical application meeting PEO’s criteria. This work is in special not equivalent to industrial experience and is assessed separately. The total experience credit cannot exceed the time spent to complete the post-graduate degree.

Which work terms can I use for pre-graduation experience? Any work term or summer job involving engineering, started after you have completed 50% of your program’s course load, may be eligible for consideration. Does my supervisor have to be a professional engineer (P.Eng.)? Do I require a P.Eng. signature? The supervisor who signs your pre-graduation work experience form does not have to be a professional engineer.

However, if there is a question about the eligibility of Online homework hotline your experience, having a P.Eng. supervisor will aid PEO in in special education, its evaluation. Your work experience has to satisfy PEO’s experience requirements. Therefore, anything you can do to Should we have homework in school demonstrate clearly the appropriateness of your work experience can be valuable. For example, if your supervisor was not a P.Eng., but his/her manager was, you might consider having both your supervisor and his/her manager sign your pre-graduation experience summary. When do I submit my Pre-graduation Experience Record to education PEO? Submit your Pre-graduation Experience Record at the time you apply for your P.Eng. Custom Write My Paper Sociology? licence.

Do not wait until then to fill out the form, however. Fill out the form as soon as you have ended your work placement, so you can get it signed by your employer (and can accurately recall what exactly you worked on). What are some examples of inadequate pre-graduation experience? Sales or marketing jobs where you do not apply theory and/or engineering principles might not meet PEO’s experience requirement. A data entry job or simple programming or database manipulation, where you use a software package designed by someone else might not qualify if your work does not include engineering analysis and design.

Providing technical support for a software company while studying to become a civil engineer would likely not qualify as pre-graduation experience as it is not in your field of study unless you prove through your post-grad experience that you are practising in a field that combines the two streams. May I do engineering work while my application is being considered? Yes. You may do engineering work, provided a licensed professional engineer takes responsibility for your work. Thesis? In Ontario, it is illegal to use the title “professional engineer” or any variation thereof as an occupational or business title if you are not licensed by PEO. What is the Engineering Intern Training (EIT) program? The EIT program provides guidance and assistance to engineering graduates as they acquire the 48 months of acceptable engineering work experience, including annual reviews of experience to ensure that an applicant is “on the right track” for licensing. Benefits of the EIT program include: the opportunity to receive detailed, confidential, annual; work experience reviews; eligibility to homework participate in Thesis education, PEO’s Mentorship Program; access to Engineering Dimensions , the association’s official journal; opportunities to attend EIT seminars at PEO’s office or through sponsoring chapters; the opportunity to join a PEO chapter, attend meetings and network with professional colleagues; email notices of events or items of interest pertaining to your development into a licensed engineer; access to the Licence Holders’ Only section of Should we have homework PEO’s website and the opportunity to participate in online discussions with other PEO members through the and dissertation in special education Discussion Forum; and the opportunity to join the Ontario Society of Professional Engineers and participate in their member-only services, such as insurance and about homework should be banned, investment plans, and online Career Centre.

As well, becoming an EIT demonstrates to employers that an applicant is serious about being licensed as a professional engineer.