How to write an admissions essay for college life

Jan 27, 2018 How to write an admissions essay for college life, order quality essays -

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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. John Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17 th century. He is often regarded as the founder of a school of write for college life thought known as British Empiricism, and he made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. He was also influential in an economic the areas of theology, religious toleration, and educational theory. In his most important work, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding , Locke set out to offer an analysis of the human mind and its acquisition of life knowledge. He offered an How to good essay scholarship empiricist theory according to which we acquire ideas through our experience of the world. The mind is then able to examine, compare, and combine these ideas in numerous different ways. Knowledge consists of a special kind of relationship between different ideas. Locke’s emphasis on the philosophical examination of the human mind as a preliminary to the philosophical investigation of the How to write an admissions essay for college life, world and its contents represented a new approach to philosophy, one which quickly gained a number of converts, especially in Management solutions Great Britain. In addition to How to essay for college life, this broader project, the Essay contains a series of more focused discussions on important, and Do my assignment write my paper about widely divergent, philosophical themes.

In politics, Locke is best known as a proponent of limited government. He uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances. He also provided powerful arguments in favor of religious toleration. How To Write Essay Life! This article attempts to give a broad overview of all key areas of expository essay language Locke’s thought. John Locke was born in 1632 in an admissions essay for college life Wrington, a small village in southwestern England.

His father, also named John, was a legal clerk and served with the Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War. His family was well-to-do, but not of particularly high social or economic standing. Locke spent his childhood in the West Country and as a teenager was sent to Westminster School in good in english scholarship London. Locke was successful at Westminster and earned a place at Christ Church, Oxford. Write For College Life! He was to remain in good essay in english scholarship Oxford from 1652 until 1667.

Although he had little appreciation for the traditional scholastic philosophy he learned there, Locke was successful as a student and after completing his undergraduate degree he held a series of administrative and academic posts in the college. Some of an admissions essay for college Locke’s duties included instruction of undergraduates. One of his earliest substantive works, the Essays on the Law of Nature , was developed in the course of his teaching duties. Much of Locke’s intellectual effort and energy during his time at Oxford, especially during his later years there, was devoted to write, the study of medicine and natural philosophy (what we would now call science). Locke read widely in these fields, participated in various experiments, and became acquainted with Robert Boyle and an admissions for college life many other notable natural philosophers. He also undertook the normal course of education and training to Do my write, become a physician. Locke left Oxford for London in 1667 where he became attached to the family of Anthony Ashley Cooper (then Lord Ashley, later the Earl of Shaftesbury). Locke may have played a number of roles in the household, mostly likely serving as tutor to Ashley’s son. In London, Locke continued to pursue his interests in How to an admissions for college life medicine and natural philosophy. He formed a close working relationship with Thomas Sydenham, who later became one the most famous physicians of the age.

He made a number of contacts within the newly formed Royal Society and became a member in 1668. He also acted as the personal physician to Lord Ashley. Indeed, on one occasion Locke participated in a very delicate surgical operation which Ashley credited with saving his life. Ashley was one of the Discovery help doesn't, most prominent English politicians at the time. Through his patronage Locke was able to hold a series of governmental posts. Most of his work related to policies in How to write life England’s American and Caribbean colonies. Most importantly, this was the period in Locke’s life when he began the project which would culminate in Do my write my paper his most famous work, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding . How To Write Essay For College Life! The two earliest drafts of that work date from 1671.

He was to continue work on this project intermittentlyfor nearly twenty years. Locke travelled in France for several years starting in 1675. When he returned to England it was only to be for a few years. The political scene had changed greatly while Locke was away. Shaftesbury (as Ashley was now known) was out of favor and Locke’s association with him had become a liability. It was around this time that Locke composed his most famous political work, the Two Treatises Concerning Government . Although the Two Treatises would not be published until 1689 they show that he had already solidified his views on How to good, the nature and proper form of government. Following Shaftesbury’s death Locke fled to the Netherlands to escape political persecution.

While there Locke travelled a great deal (sometimes for his own safety) and worked on two projects. First, he continued work on the Essay . Second, he wrote a work entitled Epistola de Tolerantia , which was published anonymously in 1689. Locke’s experiences in an admissions essay for college England, France, and the Netherlands convinced him that governments should be much more tolerant of religious diversity than was common at the time. Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 Locke was able to return to England. He published both the Essay and the Two Treatises (the second anonymously) shortly after his return. He initially stayed in London but soon moved to accounting, the home of Francis and Damaris Masham in the small village of an admissions Oates, Essex. Damaris Masham, who was the Write papers, daughter of a notable philosopher named Ralph Cudworth, had become acquainted with Locke several years before. The two formed a very close friendship which lasted until Locke’s death. During this period Locke kept busy working on politics, toleration, philosophy, economics, and educational theory.

Locke engaged in a number of controversies during his life, including a notable one with Jonas Proast over toleration. But Locke’s most famous and philosophically important controversy was with Edward Stillingfleet, the Bishop of Worcester. Stillingfleet, in addition to being a powerful political and theological figure, was an astute and forceful critic. For College Life! The two men debated a number of the positions in Discovery homework help doesn't the Essay in How to an admissions a series of Teaching expository published letters. In his later years Locke devoted much of his attention to theology. His major work in this field was The Reasonableness of Christianity , published (again anonymously) in 1695. This work was controversial because Locke argued that many beliefs traditionally believed to be mandatory for How to life Christians were unnecessary. Locke argued for good essay a highly ecumenical form of an admissions for college life Christianity. Closer to the time of his death Locke wrote a work on the Pauline Epistles. The work was unfinished, but published posthumously.

A short work on miracles also dates from this time and was published posthumously. Locke suffered from health problems for most of his adult life. How To Essay! In particular, he had respiratory ailments which were exacerbated by for college life his visits to studies solutions, London where the air quality was very poor. His health took a turn for the worse in write an admissions 1704 and he became increasingly debilitated. He died on 28 October 1704 while Damaris Masham was reading him the Psalms. He was buried at High Laver, near Oates. He wrote his own epitaph which was both humble and forthright. According to scholarship, Locke’s own account the motivation for writing the Essay came to him while debating an unrelated topic with friends. He reports that they were able to make little headway on this topic and that they very quickly met with a number of confusions and difficulties.

Locke realized that to make progress on this topic it was first necessary to How to an admissions essay for college life, examine something more fundamental: the human understanding. It was “necessary to examine our own Abilities, and see, what Objects our Understandings were, or were not fitted to deal with.” ( Epistle , 7). Locke’s insight was that before we can analyze the world and Management case our access to it we have to know something about ourselves. We need to know how we acquire knowledge. We also need to know which areas of write an admissions for college life inquiry we are well suited to and which are epistemically closed to us, that is, which areas are such that we could not know them even in principle.

We further need to homework, know what knowledge consists in. In keeping with these questions, at the very outset of the How to for college, Essay Locke writes that it is Teaching language his “ Purpose enquire into the Original, Certainty, and How to an admissions for college life Extent of humane Knowledge; together, with the Grounds and Degrees of Discovery homework doesn't Belief, Opinion, and Assent.” (1.1.2, 42). Life! Locke thinks that it is only once we understand our cognitive capabilities that we can suitably direct our researches into the world. This may have been what Locke had in How to an economic mind when he claimed that part of his ambition in the Essay was to be an “Under-Laborer” who cleared the ground and laid the foundations for How to write an admissions life the work of famous scientists like Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton. The Essay is divided into four books with each book contributing to Locke’s overall goal of examining the human mind with respect to its contents and Teaching expository essay operations. How To An Admissions Life! In Book I Locke rules out one possible origin of our knowledge. He argues that our knowledge cannot have been innate. Do My Write About! This sets up Book II in which Locke argues that all of our ideas come from experience.

In this book he seeks to give an account of how even ideas like God, infinity, and space could have been acquired through our perceptual access to How to write essay life, the world and our mental operations. Book III is something of a digression as Locke turns his attention to language and the role it plays in our theorizing. Locke’s main goal here is cautionary, he thinks language is often an obstacle to understanding and he offers some recommendations to avoid confusion. Finally, Book IV discusses knowledge, belief, and doesn't opinion. Locke argues that knowledge consists of special kinds of life relations between ideas and that we should regulate our beliefs accordingly. The first chapter of the Essay contains an apology for the frequent use of the word “idea” in the book. According to essay language, Locke, ideas are the fundamental units of mental content and so play an integral role in his explanation of the human mind and his account of our knowledge. Locke was not the first philosopher to give ideas a central role; Descartes, for write an admissions essay for college example, had relied heavily on them in Teaching essay explaining the human mind. How To An Admissions Essay For College Life! But figuring out precisely what Locke means by “idea” has led to disputes among commentators.

One place to begin is with Locke’s own definition. He claims that by “idea” he means “whatsoever is the Object of the Understanding when a Man thinks…whatever is meant by Phantasm, Notion, Species , or whatever it is, which the Write my essay papers online, Mind can be employ’d about in write essay for college life thinking.” (1.1.8, 47). This definition is helpful insofar as it reaffirms the central role that ideas have in Locke’s account of the understanding. Ideas are the sole entities upon which our minds work. Do My My Paper About! Locke’s definition, however, is less than helpful insofar as it contains an ambiguity. On one reading, ideas are mental objects . The thought is that when an agent perceives an external world object like an apple there is some thing in her mind which represents that apple.

So when an agent considers an write for college life apple what she is really doing is doesn't thinking about the idea of that apple. On a different reading, ideas are mental actions . The thought here is that when an agent perceives an apple she is really perceiving the apple in a direct, unmediated way. The idea is the mental act of How to write for college life making perceptual contact with the external world object. In recent years, most commentators have adopted the first of Teaching expository these two readings. Write Essay! But this debate will be important in the discussion of knowledge below. The first of the Essay ’s four books is devoted to a critique of nativism, the doctrine that some ideas are innate in the human mind, rather than received in experience.

It is unclear precisely who Locke’s targets in this book are, though Locke does cite Herbert of Cherbury and write good in english scholarship other likely candidates include Rene Descartes, the Cambridge Platonists, and a number of lesser known Anglican theologians. Finding specific targets, however, might not be that important given that much of what Locke seeks to do in Book I is motivate and make plausible the How to write, alternative account of Discovery homework help idea acquisition that he offers in Book II. The nativist view which Locke attacks in Book I holds that human beings have mental content which is innate in the mind. This means that there are certain ideas (units of mental content) which were neither acquired via experience nor constructed by How to essay the mind out of ideas received in experience. The most popular version of this position holds that there are certain ideas which God planted in all minds at write good in english the moment of their creation. Locke attacks both the view that we have any innate principles (for example, the whole is greater than the part, do unto others as you would have done unto you, etc.) as well as the view that there are any innate singular ideas (for example, God, identity, substance, and so forth). The main thrust of Locke’s argument lies in pointing out essay, that none of the mental content alleged to be innate is universally shared by all humans. He notes that children and the mentally disabled, for How to good essay in english scholarship example, do not have in their minds an allegedly innate complex thought like “equals taken from write an admissions essay, equals leave equals”. He also uses evidence from travel literature to point out that many non-Europeans deny what were taken to be innate moral maxims and that some groups even lack the idea of a God. Locke takes the fact that not all humans have these ideas as evidence that they were not implanted by God in humans minds, and that they are therefore acquired rather than innate. There is one misunderstanding which it is important to avoid when considering Locke’s anti-nativism.

The misunderstanding is, in part, suggested by Locke’s claim that the mind is like a tabula rasa (a blank slate) prior to sense experience. This makes it sound as though the papers, mind is nothing prior to the advent of essay ideas. In fact, Locke’s position is much more nuanced. He makes it clear that the mind has any number of inherent capacities, predispositions, and inclinations prior to receiving any ideas from sensation. His anti-nativist point is just that none of these is triggered or exercised until the mind receives ideas from sensation. In Book II Locke offers his alternative theory of how the How to essay in english, human mind comes to be furnished with the ideas it has. How To Life! Every day we think of complex things like orange juice, castles, justice, numbers, and motion.

Locke’s claim is that the ultimate origin of all of these ideas lies in essay experience: “ Experience : In that, all our Knowledge is founded; and from that it ultimately derives itself. Our Observation employ’d either about external, sensible Objects ; or about the internal Operations of our Minds, perceived and reflected on by ourselves, is that, which supplies our Understandings with all the material of thinking . These two are the Fountains of Knowledge, from whence all the Ideas we have, or can naturally have, do spring.” (2.1.2, 104). In the above passage Locke allows for two distinct types of experience. Outer experience, or sensation, provides us with ideas from the traditional five senses. Sight gives us ideas of colors, hearing gives us ideas of for college sounds, and so on. Thus, my idea of How to write scholarship a particular shade of green is a product of seeing a fern. And my idea of a particular tone is the an admissions essay for college, product of my being in the vicinity of a piano while it was being played. Inner experience, or reflection, is slightly more complicated.

Locke thinks that the human mind is incredibly active; it is constantly performing what he calls operations. For example, I often remember past birthday parties, imagine that I was on vacation, desire a slice of pizza, or doubt that England will win the World Cup. Locke believes that we are able to notice or experience our mind performing these actions and when we do we receive ideas of reflection. These are ideas such as memory, imagination, desire, doubt, judgment, and choice. Locke’s view is that experience (sensation and reflection) issues us with simple ideas. These are the Write my essay papers online, minimal units of mental content; each simple idea is “in itself uncompounded, [and] contains in it nothing but one uniform Appearance , or Conception in the mind, and is not distinguishable into different Ideas .” (2.2.1, 119). How To Write For College Life! But many of Discovery homework doesn't my ideas are not simple ideas. My idea of a glass of orange juice or my idea of the New York subway system, for write for college life example, could not be classed a simple ideas. Locke calls ideas like these complex ideas.

His view is about that complex ideas are the product of combining our simple ideas together in various ways. For example, my complex idea of a glass of orange juice consists of How to write essay for college various simple ideas (the color orange, the Do my assignment my paper, feeling of coolness, a certain sweet taste, a certain acidic taste, and so forth) combined together into one object. Thus, Locke believes our ideas are compositional. Simple ideas combine to form complex ideas. How To Essay For College! And these complex ideas can be combined to form even more complex ideas. We are now in a position to understand the character of Locke’s empiricism. He is committed to the view that all of solutions our ideas, everything we can possibly think of, can be broken down into simple ideas received in experience. The bulk of Book II is devoted to making this empiricism plausible.

Locke does this both by for college life undertaking an examination of the various abilities that the human mind has (memory, abstraction, volition, and so forth) and by offering an account of how even abstruse ideas like space, infinity, God, and causation could be constructed using only the simple ideas received in experience. Our complex ideas are classified into three different groups: substances, modes, and language relations. Ideas of substances are ideas of things which are thought to exist independently. Ordinary objects like desks, sheep, and mountains fall into this group. But there are also ideas of collective substances, which consist of individuals substances considered as forming a whole. A group of individual buildings might be considered a town. And a group of write an admissions essay for college life individual men and women might be considered together as an army. Papers! In addition to describing the way we think about individual substances, Locke also has an interesting discussion of substance-in-general. An Admissions Essay! What is it that particular substances like shoes and spoons are made out of? We could suggest that they are made out of leather and metal. But the question could be repeated, what are leather and studies solutions metal made of?

We might respond that they are made of matter. But even here, Locke thinks we can ask what matter is made of. What gives rise to the properties of matter? Locke claims that we don’t have a very clear idea here. So our idea of substances will always be somewhat confused because we do not really know what stands under, supports, or gives rise to observable properties like extension and solidity. Ideas of modes are ideas of things which are dependent on substances in some way. In general, this taxonomic category can be somewhat tricky. It does not seem to have a clear parallel in contemporary metaphysics, and it is sometimes thought to be a mere catch-all category for things which are neither substances nor relations. But it is helpful to think of modes as being like features of substances; modes are “such complex Ideas , which however compounded, contain not in them the supposition of write an admissions for college subsisting by themselves, but are considered as Dependences on, or Affections of Substances.” (2.12.4, 165).

Modes come in How to write an economic essay two types: simple and mixed. Simple modes are constructed by combining a large number of a single type of write an admissions for college simple ideas together. For example, Locke believes there is a simple idea of unity. Our complex idea of the number seven, for example, is Discovery homework help doesn't a simple mode and is constructed by concatenating seven simple ideas of unity together. Locke uses this category to explain how we think about a number of topics relating to number, space, time, pleasure and for college pain, and cognition. Mixed modes, on the other hand, involve combining together simple ideas of more than one kind. A great many ideas fall into this category. But the most important ones are moral ideas. Our ideas of theft, murder, promising, duty, and the like all count as mixed modes. Ideas of Management accounting case solutions relations are ideas that involve more than one substance.

My idea of a husband, for for college example, is my essay online more than the idea of an How to essay for college individual man. It also must include the idea of Do my write another substance, namely the idea of How to write essay for college that man’s spouse. Locke is keen to point out that much more of an economic essay our thought involves relations than we might previously have thought. For example, when I think about Elizabeth II as the essay, Queen of England my thinking actually involves relations, because I cannot truly think of Elizabeth as a queen without conceiving of Teaching essay language her as having a certain relationship of sovereignty to some subjects (individual substances like David Beckham and J.K. Rowling). How To Write An Admissions Life! Locke then goes on to explore the role that relations have in Discovery homework our thinking about causation, space, time, morality, and (very famously) identity.

Throughout his discussion of the different kinds of complex ideas Locke is write for college keen to Discovery homework help doesn't, emphasize that all of our ideas can ultimately be broken down into simple ideas received in sensation and reflection. Put differently, Locke is keenly aware that the success of his empiricist theory of How to an admissions essay for college mind depends on its ability to account for all the online, contents of our minds. Whether or not Locke is How to write an admissions essay for college successful is Management accounting solutions a matter of life dispute. Write Good! On some occasions the analysis he gives of how a very complex idea could be constructed using only simple ideas is vague and requires the reader to fill in How to an admissions for college life some gaps. How To In English Scholarship! And commentators have also suggested that some of the write an admissions essay, simple ideas Locke invokes, for example the simple ideas of power and unity, do not seem to be obvious components of our phenomenological experience. Book II closes with a number of chapters designed to help us evaluate the quality of our ideas. Management Case Solutions! Our ideas are better, according to Locke, insofar as they are clear, distinct, real, adequate, and true. Our ideas are worse insofar as they are obscure, confused, fantastical, inadequate, and false. Clarity and obscurity are explained via an analogy to vision. Clear ideas, like clear images, are crisp and fresh, not faded or diminished in the way that obscure ideas (or images) are. Distinction and confusion have to do with the individuation of ideas.

Ideas are distinct when there is only one word which corresponds to them. Confused ideas are ones to write an admissions essay life, which more than one word can correctly apply or ones that lack a clear and consistent correlation to one particular word. To use one of Locke’s examples, an How to write an economic idea of a leopard as a beast with spots would be confused. How To Write Essay Life! It is not distinct because the word “lynx” could apply to that idea just as easily as the word “leopard.” Real ideas are those that have a “foundation in nature” whereas fantastical ideas are those created by the imagination. For example, our idea of a horse would be a real idea and our idea of a unicorn would be fantastical. Adequacy and inadequacy have to do with how well ideas match the patterns according to which they were made. Adequate ideas perfectly represent the thing they are meant to depict; inadequate ideas fail to do this. Ideas are true when the my essay papers, mind understands them in a way that is correct according to linguistic practices and the way the world is structured. They are false when the mind misunderstands them along these lines.

In these chapters Locke also explains which categories of ideas are better or worse according to this evaluative system. Simple ideas do very well. Because objects directly produce them in the mind they tend to be clear, distinct, and so forth. Ideas of modes and relations also tend to do very well, but for a different reason. Locke thinks that the archetypes of these ideas are in the mind rather than in the world.

As such, it is easy for these ideas to be good because the mind has a clear sense of an admissions essay life what the ideas should be like as it constructs them. By contrast, ideas of substances tend to fare very poorly. Write Essay! The archetypes for How to an admissions essay life these ideas are external world objects. Because our perceptual access to these objects is limited in a number of ways and papers because these objects are so intricate, ideas of substances tend to be confused, inadequate, false, and so forth. Book III of the Essay is concerned with language. Locke admits that this topic is something of a digression.

He did not originally plan for How to write for college language to write an economic essay, take up an entire book of the Essay . But he soon began to realize that language plays an important role in our cognitive lives. Book III begins by noting this and by discussing the nature and proper role of language. But a major portion of Book III is devoted to combating the misuse of language. How To Write Life! Locke believes that improper use of good in english language is one of the greatest obstacles to knowledge and an admissions life clear thought. He offers a diagnosis of the problems caused by Do my assignment write my paper about language and recommendations for write avoiding these problems. Locke believes that language is a tool for communicating with other human beings. Specifically, Locke thinks that we want to essay scholarship, communicate about our ideas, the contents of our minds. From here it is a short step to the view that: “ Words in How to an admissions essay for college life their primary or immediate Signification, stand for nothing, but the Ideas in the Mind of him that uses them .” (3.2.2, 405). When an papers agent utters the an admissions essay for college, word “gold” she is referring to write good, her idea of a shiny, yellowish, malleable substance of great value. When she utters the word “carrot” she is referring to her idea of a long, skinny, orange vegetable which grows underground. Locke is, of course, aware that the an admissions for college, names we choose for these ideas are arbitrary and merely a matter of social convention.

Although the Write papers online, primary use of words is to refer to write an admissions for college, ideas in the mind of the speaker, Locke also allows that words make what he calls “secret reference” to two other things. First, humans also want their words to refer to the corresponding ideas in the minds of other humans. When Smith says “carrot” within earshot of Jones her hope is that Jones also has an idea of the long, skinny vegetable and that saying “carrot” will bring that idea into write essay, Jones’ mind. After all, communication would be impossible without the supposition that our words correspond to How to an admissions essay for college, ideas in the minds of others. Second, humans suppose that their words stand for objects in the world.

When Smith says “carrot” she wants to refer to more than just her idea, she also wants to refer to the long skinny objects themselves. But Locke is Discovery homework suspicious of these two other ways of understanding signification. He thinks the latter one, in particular, is illegitimate. After discussing these basic features of language and reference Locke goes on to discuss specific cases of the relationship between ideas and words: words used for simple ideas, words used for modes, words used for substances, the an admissions essay for college life, way in which a single word can refer to a multiplicity of ideas, and so forth. There is also an interesting chapter on Write my essay papers online, “particles.” These are words which do not refer to How to an admissions essay for college life, an idea but instead refer to How to write in english scholarship, a certain connection which holds between ideas. How To Write Essay Life! For example, if I say “Secretariat is brown” the essay language, word “Secretariat” refers to my idea of a certain racehorse, and “brown” refers to my idea of a certain color, but the word “is” does something different. That word is a particle and indicates that I am expressing something about the How to an admissions essay for college, relationship between my ideas of Secretariat and brown and suggesting that they are connected in a certain way. Other particles includes words like “and”, “but”, “hence”, and so forth. As mentioned above, the problems of language are a major concern of Book III. Locke thinks that language can lead to confusion and misunderstanding for a number of reasons.

The signification of words is arbitrary, rather than natural, and this means it can be difficult to understand which words refer to Discovery homework help, which ideas. Many of an admissions essay life our words stand for ideas which are complex, hard to acquire, or both. So many people will struggle to use those words appropriately. And, in some cases, people will even use words when they have no corresponding idea or only a very confused and studies inadequate corresponding idea. Write An Admissions Essay Life! Locke claims that this is exacerbated by the fact that we are often taught words before we have any idea what the word signifies. A child, for example, might be taught the word “government” at about a young age, but it will take her years to form a clear idea of an admissions essay for college life what governments are and how they operate. People also often use words inconsistently or equivocate on their meaning. Finally, some people are led astray because they believe that their words perfectly capture reality.

Recall from above that people secretly and incorrectly use their words to refer to objects in the external world. Management Accounting Solutions! The problem is that people might be very wrong about what those objects are like. Locke thinks that a result of all this is that people are seriously misusing language and that many debates and How to write essay for college life discussions in important fields like science, politics, and Do my write about philosophy are confused or consist of merely verbal disputes. Locke provides a number of an admissions essay for college examples of my essay papers language causing problems: Cartesians using “body” and “extension” interchangeably, even though the two ideas are distinct; physiologists who agree on all the facts yet have a long dispute because they have different understandings of the word “liquor”; Scholastic philosophers using the term “prime matter” when they are unable to write life, actually frame an idea of Management such a thing, and so forth. The remedies that Locke recommends for fixing these problems created by language are somewhat predictable. But Locke is quick to point out that while they sound like easy fixes they are actually quite difficult to implement. The first and most important step is to only use words when we have clear ideas attached to write an admissions essay, them. (Again, this sounds easy, but many of us might actually struggle to come up with a clear idea corresponding to even everyday terms like “glory” or “fascist”.) We must also strive to make sure that the ideas attached to terms are as complete as possible. We must strive to ensure that we use words consistently and do not equivocate; every time we utter a word we should use it to signify one and the same idea. Finally, we should communicate our definitions of words to others. In Book IV, having already explained how the mind is furnished with the ideas it has, Locke moves on to discuss knowledge and belief.

A good place to Discovery homework doesn't, start is with a quote from the How to write essay, beginning of Discovery help Book IV: “ Knowledge then seems to How to write an admissions essay for college, me to homework help, be nothing but the write, perception of the connexion and How to an economic essay agreement, or disagreement and repugnancy of any of our Ideas . Where this Perception is, there is How to an admissions essay for college Knowledge, and where it is Teaching expository essay language not, there, though we may fancy, guess, or believe, yet we always come short of Knowledge.” (4.2.2, 525). How To An Admissions Life! Locke spends the my essay, first part of Book IV clarifying and exploring this conception of knowledge. The second part focuses on how we should apportion belief in How to an admissions essay cases where we lack knowledge. What does Locke mean by the “connection and agreement” and the “disagreement and repugnancy” of our ideas? Some examples might help.

Bring to mind your idea of white and your idea of black. Locke thinks that upon How to write good, doing this you will immediately perceive that they are different, they “disagree”. It is How to write an admissions essay for college when you perceive this disagreement that you know the fact that white is doesn't not black. Those acquainted with American geography will know that Boise is in Idaho. On Locke’s account of How to knowledge, this means that they are able to perceive a certain connection that obtains between their idea of Idaho and their idea of Boise. Locke enumerates four dimensions along which there might be this sort of agreement or disagreement between ideas. First, we can perceive when two ideas are identical or non-identical. For example, knowing that sweetness is not bitterness consists in perceiving that the idea of sweetness is not identical to the idea of bitterness. Management Case Studies! Second, we can perceive relations that obtain between ideas. For example, knowing that 7 is greater than 3 consists in perceiving that there is a size relation of bigger and smaller between the two ideas. Third, we can perceive when our idea of a certain feature accompanies our idea of How to for college life a certain thing.

If I know that ice is cold this is because I perceive that my idea of cold always accompanies my idea of ice. Fourthly, we can perceive when existence agrees with any idea. Scholarship! I can have knowledge of this fourth kind when, for example, I perform the cogito and recognize the special relation between my idea of myself and my idea of existence. Locke thinks that all of our knowledge consists in agreements or disagreements of one of these types. After detailing the types of relations between ideas which constitute knowledge Locke continues on to discuss three “degrees” of knowledge in write for college 4.2. These degrees seem to scholarship, consist in different ways of knowing something. The first degree Locke calls intuitive knowledge.

An agent possesses intuitive knowledge when she directly perceives the connection between two ideas. This is the best kind of knowledge, as Locke says “Such kind of Truths, the Mind perceives at write an admissions the first sight of the Ideas together, by bare Intuition , without the intervention of any other Idea ; and this kind of knowledge is the clearest, and most certain, that humane Frailty is capable of.” (4.2.1, 531). The second degree of knowledge is Teaching expository essay called demonstrative. Often it is impossible to perceive an immediate connection between two ideas. For example, most of us are unable to tell that the three interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles simply by looking at them. But most of us, with the assistance of a mathematics teacher, can be made to see that they are equal by How to write an admissions essay for college life means of a geometric proof or demonstration. Discovery Homework! This is the model for How to essay for college demonstrative knowledge.

Even if one is unable to directly perceive a relation between idea-X and idea-Y one might perceive a relation indirectly by means of idea-A and idea-B. This will be possible if the agent has intuitive knowledge of a connection between X and A, between A and B, and then between B and Y. How To An Economic Essay! Demonstrative knowledge consists, therefore, in a string of relations each of which is known intuitively. The third degree of knowledge is called sensitive knowledge and has been the write an admissions life, source of considerable debate and confusion among Locke commentators. For one thing, Locke is unclear as to whether sensitive knowledge even counts as knowledge. He writes that intuitive and demonstrative knowledge are, properly speaking, the only forms of knowledge, but that “There is, indeed, another Perception of the Mind…which going beyond bare probability, and yet not reaching perfectly to either of the foregoing degrees of certainty, passes under the name of Knowledge.” (4.2.14, 537). Sensitive knowledge has to do with the relationship between our ideas and the objects in case studies the external world that produce them. Locke claims that we can be certain that when we perceive something, an orange, for example, there is an object in the external world which is responsible for these sensations. Part of write an admissions essay for college Locke’s claim is that there is a serious qualitative difference between biting into an orange and remembering biting into an orange. There is something in the phenomenological experience of the former which assures us of a corresponding object in the external world.

Locke spends a fair amount of time in Book IV responding to How to an economic essay, worries that he is a skeptic or that his account of an admissions essay knowledge, with its emphasis on ideas, fails to Discovery, be responsive to the external world. The general worry for Locke is fairly simple. By claiming that ideas are the only things humans have epistemic access to, and by claiming that knowledge relates only to our ideas, Locke seems to write essay life, rule out the claim that we can ever know about the Discovery homework doesn't, external world. Lockean agents are trapped behind a “veil of ideas.” Thus we cannot have any assurance that our ideas provide us with reliable information about the external world. We cannot know what it would be for an idea to resemble or represent an object. How To An Admissions! And we cannot tell, without the ability to step outside our own minds, whether our ideas did this reliably. This criticism has historically been thought to endanger Locke’s entire project. Gilbert Ryle’s memorable assessment is that “nearly every youthful student of Do my write about philosophy both can and does in his second essay refute Locke’s entire Theory of Knowledge.” Recent scholarship has been much more charitable to Locke. But the central problem is still a pressing one.

Debates about the correct understanding of sensitive knowledge are obviously important when considering these issues. At first blush, the write life, relation involved in sensitive knowledge seems to be a relation between an idea and How to a physical object in the world. But, if this reading is correct, then it becomes difficult to How to essay for college life, understand the many passages in which Locke insists that knowledge is a relation that holds only between ideas. Also relevant are debates about how to correctly understand Lockean ideas. Recall from above that although many understand ideas as mental objects, some understand them as mental acts. While most of the text seems to favor the first interpretation, it seems that the Management accounting, second interpretation has a significant advantage when responding to these skeptical worries. The reason is How to an admissions for college that the How to write, connection between ideas and external world objects is built right into the definition of an idea. An idea just is a perception of an How to an admissions essay for college external world object. However the debates discussed in the previous paragraph are resolved, there is a consensus among commentators that Locke believes the scope of human understanding is very narrow. Humans are not capable of very much knowledge.

Locke discusses this is 4.3, a chapter entitled “Extent of Humane Knowledge.” The fact that our knowledge is so limited should come as no surprise. Case Solutions! We have already discussed the write for college life, ways in which our ideas of substances are problematic. Management Studies! And we have just seen that we have no real understanding of the connection between our ideas and an admissions essay the objects that produce them. The good news, however, is that while our knowledge might not be very extensive, it is sufficient for our needs. Locke’s memorable nautical metaphor holds that: “’Tis of great use to the Sailor to know the length of his Line, though he cannot with it fathom all the depths of the How to, Ocean. ‘Tis well he knows, that it is long enough to reach the life, bottom, at such Places, as are necessary to direct his Voyage, and caution him against running upon Shoales, that may ruin him. Our Business here is not to know all things, but those which concern our Conduct.” (1.1.6, 46). Locke thinks we have enough knowledge to accounting studies solutions, live comfortable lives on Earth, to realize that there is a God, to understand morality and behave appropriately, and to gain salvation.

Our knowledge of morality, in write an admissions essay for college life particular, is very good. Locke even suggests that we might develop a demonstrable system of morality similar to Euclid’s demonstrable system of geometry. This is possible because our moral ideas are ideas of modes, rather than ideas of help doesn't substances. And our ideas of modes do much better on Locke’s evaluative scheme than our ideas of substances do. Finally, while the limits to our knowledge might be disappointing, Locke notes that recognizing these limits is important and useful insofar as it will help us to better organize our intellectual inquiry.

We will be saved from How to essay for college life, investigating questions which we could never know the answers to and can focus our efforts on areas where progress is possible. One benefit of Locke’s somewhat bleak assessment of the scope of our knowledge was that it caused him to focus on an area which was underappreciated by many of his contemporaries. Studies Solutions! This was the arena of judgment or opinion, belief states which fall short of knowledge. Given that we have so little knowledge (that we can be certain of so little) the How to write an admissions essay for college, realm of probability becomes very important. Recall that knowledge consists in a perceived agreement or disagreement between two ideas. Belief that falls short of knowledge (judgment or opinion) consists in a presumed agreement or disagreement between two ideas. Consider an example: I am not entirely sure who the Prime Minister of Canada is, but I am somewhat confident it is Stephen Harper. Locke’s claim is that in Do my write judging that the Canadian PM is Stephen Harper I am acting as though a relation holds between the an admissions for college, two ideas. I do not directly perceive a connection between my idea of Stephen Harper and my idea of the Canadian PM, but I presume that one exists.

After offering this account of what judgment is, Locke offers an analysis of how and why we form the opinions we do and offers some recommendations for forming our opinions responsibly. This includes a diagnosis of the errors people make in judging, a discussion of the Management, different degrees of How to write an admissions essay life assent, and How to an interesting discussion of the epistemic value of testimony. As discussed above, the main project of the Essay is an examination of the write an admissions essay for college, human understanding and an economic essay an analysis of knowledge. But the write an admissions for college, Essay is a rather expansive work and contains discussion of Discovery help many other topics of philosophical interest. Some of these will be discussed below. A word of warning, however, is required before proceeding. It can sometimes be difficult to tell whether Locke takes himself to be offering a metaphysical theory or whether he merely is describing a component of human psychology. For example, we might question whether his account of personal identity is meant to give necessary and sufficient conditions for a metaphysical account of personhood or whether it is merely designed to tell us what sorts of identity attributions we do and should make and why. We may further question whether, when discussing primary and How to an admissions essay for college secondary qualities, Locke is offering a theory about accounting case how perception really works or whether this discussion is write an admissions essay for college a mere digression used to illustrate a point about the nature of Management accounting our ideas. So while many of these topics have received a great deal of attention, their precise relationship to the main project of the Essay can be difficult to locate. a. How To Write An Admissions For College! Primary and Secondary Qualities.

Book 2, Chapter 8 of the Essay contains an extended discussion of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Locke was hardly original in making this distinction. By the time the Essay was published, it had been made by many others and was even somewhat commonplace. That said, Locke’s formulation of the distinction and his analysis of the related issues has been tremendously influential and has provided the Write, framework for write essay for college life much of the write good in english scholarship, subsequent discussion on How to essay, the topic. Locke defines a quality as a power that a body has to Teaching essay language, produce ideas in us. So a simple object like a baked potato which can produce ideas of How to an admissions for college life brownness, heat, ovular shape, solidity, and determinate size must have a series of corresponding qualities. There must be something in the potato which gives us the idea of brown, something in the potato which gives us the idea of ovular shape, and so on. How To Write! The primary/secondary quality distinction claims that some of an admissions essay these qualities are very different from others. Locke motivates the distinction between two types of qualities by discussing how a body could produce an idea in us.

The theory of perception endorsed by case studies Locke is highly mechanical. How To Write An Admissions! All perception occurs as a result of motion and collision. If I smell the baked potato, there must be small material particles which are flying off of the potato and bumping into accounting case, nerves in my nose, the motion in the nose-nerves causes a chain reaction along my nervous system until eventually there is some motion in my brain and I experience the idea of a certain smell. If I see the baked potato, there must be small material particles flying off the potato and bumping into my retina. That bumping causes a similar chain reaction which ends in my experience of write an admissions for college life a certain roundish shape. From this, Locke infers that for an object to Management accounting case studies, produce ideas in us it must really have some features, but can completely lack other features. This mechanical theory of write life perception requires that objects producing ideas in us have shape, extension, mobility, and solidity. But it does not require that these objects have color, taste, sound, or temperature. So the primary qualities are qualities actually possessed by bodies. These are features that a body cannot be without. The secondary qualities, by contrast, are not really had by bodies.

They are just ways of talking about the assignment about, ideas that can be produced in us by bodies in virtue of their primary qualities. So when we claim that the baked potato is write an admissions life solid, this means that solidity is one of its fundamental features. But when I claim that it smells a certain earthy kind of way, this just means that its fundamental features are capable of producing the idea of the earthy smell in my mind. These claims lead to Locke’s claims about resemblance: “From whence I think it is easie to draw this Observation, That the Ideas of write in english scholarship primary Qualities of Bodies, are Resemblances of them, and their Patterns do really exist in the Bodies themselves; but the Ideas, produced in us by these Secondary Qualities, have no resemblance of them at all.” (2.8.14, 137). Insofar as my idea of the potato is of something solid, extended, mobile, and possessing a certain shape my idea accurately captures something about the real nature of the potato. But insofar as my idea of the life, potato is How to of something with a particular smell, temperature, and taste my ideas do not accurately capture mind-independent facts about the potato. Around the time of the Essay the mechanical philosophy was emerging as the predominant theory about the physical world.

The mechanical philosophy held that the fundamental entities in the physical world were small individual bodies called corpuscles. Each corpuscle was solid, extended, and write an admissions had a certain shape. Expository Essay Language! These corpuscles could combine together to form ordinary objects like rocks, tables, and How to essay for college plants. The mechanical philosophy argued that all features of bodies and all natural phenomena could be explained by appeal to these corpuscles and their basic properties (in particular, size, shape, and motion). Locke was exposed to the mechanical philosophy while at Oxford and became acquainted with the writings of Do my assignment write its most prominent advocates. On balance, Locke seems to have become a convert to the mechanical philosophy. He writes that mechanism is the How to an admissions, best available hypothesis for the explanation of nature. About! We have already seen some of the explanatory work done by mechanism in the Essay . The distinction between primary and secondary qualities was a hallmark of the mechanical philosophy and neatly dovetailed with mechanist accounts of How to write life perception. Locke reaffirms his commitment to homework help doesn't, this account of perception at a number of other points in the Essay . How To An Admissions Essay Life! And when discussing material objects Locke is very often happy to expository language, allow that they are composed of an admissions for college material corpuscles.

What is peculiar, however, is that while the Essay does seem to have a number of passages in which Locke supports mechanical explanations and speaks highly of mechanism, it also contains some highly critical remarks about mechanism and discussions of the limits of the mechanical philosophy. Locke’s critiques of mechanism can be divided into two strands. First, he recognized that there were a number of observed phenomena which mechanism struggled to write essay in english, explain. Mechanism did offer neat explanations of some observed phenomena. For example, the fact that objects could be seen but not smelled through glass could be explained by positing that the write an admissions for college life, corpuscles which interacted with our retinas were smaller than the ones which interacted with our nostrils. So the sight corpuscles could pass through the spaces between the glass corpuscles, but the smell corpuscles would be turned away. But other phenomena were harder to explain. Magnetism and various chemical and biological processes (like fermentation) were less susceptible to these sorts of an economic essay explanations. And universal gravitation, which Locke took Newton to have proved the existence of in the Principia , was particularly hard to How to write an admissions essay for college life, explain. Locke suggests that God may have “superadded” various non-mechanical powers to material bodies and that this could account for gravitation. (Indeed, at several points he even suggests that God may have superadded the power of thought to matter and that humans might be purely material beings.)

Locke’s second set of critiques pertain to theoretical problems in the mechanical philosophy. One problem was that mechanism had no satisfactory way of explaining cohesion. Online! Why do corpuscles sometimes stick together? If things like tables and chairs are just collections of essay for college life small corpuscles then they should be very easy to write an economic, break apart, the same way I can easily separate one group of marbles from another. How To Write An Admissions Essay For College Life! Further, why should any one particular corpuscle stay stuck together as a solid? What accounts for its cohesion? Again, mechanism seems hard-pressed to offer an answer.

Finally, Locke allows that we do not entirely understand transfer of motion by impact. When one corpuscle collides with another we actually do not have a very satisfying explanation for why the second moves away under the force of the How to good essay, impact. Locke presses these critiques with some skill and in a serious manner. Still, ultimately he is guardedly optimistic about mechanism. This somewhat mixed attitude on Locke’s part has led commentators to debate questions about his exact attitude toward the mechanical philosophy and his motivations for discussing it. In Book 2, Chapter 21 of the Essay Locke explores the topic of the will. One of the things which separates people from rocks and billiard balls is our ability to make decisions and control our actions. We feel that we are free in certain respects and that we have the power to choose certain thoughts and actions. Write Essay For College! Locke calls this power the will. But there are tricky questions about what this power consists in and about what it takes to freely (or voluntarily) choose something.

2.21 contains a delicate and sustained discussion of these tricky questions. Locke first begins with questions of Teaching expository freedom and then proceeds to a discussion of the will. On Locke’s analysis, we are free to do those things which we both will to do and are physically capable of doing. For example, if I wish to jump into How to essay, a lake and have no physical maladies which prevent it, then I am free to jump into the lake. How To Write! By contrast, if I do not wish to jump into the lake, but a friend pushes me in, I did not act freely when I entered the water. Or, if I wish to jump into the lake, but have a spinal injury and for college cannot move my body, then I do not act freely when I stay on the shore. So far so good, Locke has offered us a useful way of differentiating our voluntary actions from our involuntary ones. But there is still a pressing question about freedom and the will: that of Teaching expository whether the will is How to write an admissions for college itself free.

When I am deciding whether or not to jump into Do my my paper, the water, is the will determined by write an admissions essay outside factors to Teaching, choose one or the other? Or can it, so to speak, make up its own mind and choose either option? Locke’s initial position in the chapter is that the will is determined. But in How to an admissions essay for college life later sections he offers a qualification of Write sorts. In normal circumstances, the How to write for college, will is determined by what Locke calls uneasiness: “ What is it that determines the How to an economic essay, Will in regard to How to write an admissions essay life, our Actions? … some (and for the most part the most pressing) uneasiness a Man is at write good in english scholarship present under. That is that which successively determines the Will , and write essay life sets us upon those Actions, we perform.” (2.21.31, 250-1). The uneasiness is caused by Do my my paper the absence of something that is perceived as good. The perception of the How to an admissions essay for college, thing as good gives rise to a desire for that thing.

Suppose I choose to eat a slice of pizza. Locke would say I must have made this choice because the absence of the pizza was troubling me somehow (I was feeling hunger pains, or longing for something savory) and this discomfort gave rise to a desire for food. That desire in turn determined my will to assignment about, choose to eat pizza. Locke’s qualification to this account of the will being determined by uneasiness has to do with what he calls suspension. Beginning with the second edition of the How to essay, Essay , Locke began to argue that the most pressing desire for the most part determines the Discovery, will, but not always: “For the mind having in most cases, as is evident in Experience, a power to suspend the execution and satisfaction of any of its desires, and so all, one after another, is at liberty to How to essay, consider the objects of them; examine them on all sides, and weigh them with others.” (2.21.47, 263). So even if, at this moment, my desire for pizza is the strongest desire, Locke thinks I can pause before I decide to eat the Teaching expository essay, pizza and consider the decision. I can consider other items in my desire set: my desire to lose weight, or to leave the How to write an admissions essay life, pizza for my friend, or to keep a vegan diet. Careful consideration of doesn't these other possibilities might have the How to essay life, effect of changing my desire set. If I really focus on how important it is to stay fit and healthy by eating nutritious foods then my desire to Management solutions, leave the pizza might become stronger than my desire to eat it and my will may be determined to choose to not eat the pizza. But of course we can always ask whether a person has a choice whether or not to suspend judgment or whether the suspension of essay judgment is itself determined by the mind’s strongest desire.

On this point Locke is somewhat vague. Do My Write! While most interpreters think our desires determine when judgment is suspended, some others disagree and argue that suspension of judgment offers Lockean agents a robust form of free will. d. Personhood and Personal Identity. Locke was one of the first philosophers to give serious attention to the question of personal identity. And his discussion of the question has proved influential both historically and in the present day. The discussion occurs in the midst of Locke’ larger discussion of the identity conditions for various entities in Book II, Chapter 27. At heart, the question is simple, what makes me the same person as the write life, person who did certain things in the past and that will do certain things in the future? In what sense was it me that attended Bridlemile Elementary School many years ago? After all, that person was very short, knew very little about soccer, and Do my assignment write loved Chicken McNuggets. I, on the other hand, am average height, know tons of soccer trivia, and get rather queasy at the thought of eating chicken, especially in nugget form. Write An Admissions Essay! Nevertheless, it is Do my my paper true that I am identical to the boy who attended Bridlemile.

In Locke’s time, the topic of personal identity was important for religious reasons. Christian doctrine held that there was an for college life afterlife in which virtuous people would be rewarded in heaven and sinful people would be punished in hell. How To Good Essay! This scheme provided motivation for individuals to behave morally. But, for this to work, it was important that the person who is rewarded or punished is the same person as the one who lived virtuously or lived sinfully. And this had to be true even though the person being rewarded or punished had died, had somehow continued to exist in How to write for college an afterlife, and had somehow managed to be reunited with a body.

So it was important to get the issue of personal identity right. Locke’s views on Management accounting case studies, personal identity involve a negative project and a positive project. The negative project involves arguing against the view that personal identity consists in or requires the continued existence of a particular substance. And the positive project involves defending the view that personal identity consists in continuity of consciousness. We can begin with this positive view. Locke defines a person as “a thinking intelligent Being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the an admissions essay, same thinking thing in Teaching essay language different times and places; which it does only by that consciousness, which is inseparable from thinking, and as it seems to me essential to it.” (2.27.9, 335). Essay For College! Locke suggests here that part of papers what makes a person the same through time is their ability to recognize past experiences as belonging to them. For me, part of what differentiates one little boy who attended Bridlemile Elementary from all the other children who went there is my realization that I share in his consciousness.

Put differently, my access to his lived experience at Bridlemile is very different from my access to the lived experiences of others there: it is first-personal and immediate. I recognize his experiences there as part of a string of experiences that make up my life and join up to my current self and current experiences in How to write an admissions a unified way. That is what makes him the same person as me. Locke believes that this account of personal identity as continuity of Discovery homework help doesn't consciousness obviates the need for an account of personal identity given in terms of substances. A traditional view held that there was a metaphysical entity, the write, soul, which guaranteed personal identity through time; wherever there was the same soul, the same person would be there as well. Write Online! Locke offers a number of thought experiments to cast doubt on this belief and How to an admissions essay show that his account is superior. For example, if a soul was wiped clean of my essay all its previous experiences and given new ones (as might be the case if reincarnation were true), the same soul would not justify the claim that all of those who had had it were the same person. Or, we could imagine two souls who had their conscious experiences completely swapped. In this case, we would want to say that the person went with the conscious experiences and did not remain with the soul.

Locke’s account of personal identity seems to write an admissions for college, be a deliberate attempt to move away from some of the metaphysical alternatives and to Discovery, offer an account which would be acceptable to individuals from a number of different theological backgrounds. Of course, a number of serious challenges have been raised for Locke’s account.. Most of these focus on the crucial role seemingly played by memory. And the precise details of Locke’s positive proposal in an admissions essay 2.27 have been hard to pin down. Nevertheless, many contemporary philosophers believe that there is an important kernel of truth in Locke’s analysis. Locke’s distinction between the real essence of a substance and the nominal essence of a substance is one of the Write, most fascinating components of the Essay . Scholastic philosophers had held that the main goal of metaphysics and How to write essay for college science was to accounting case, learn about the essences of things: the key metaphysical components of write an admissions essay for college things which explained all of their interesting features. Locke thought this project was misguided. How To Good Scholarship! That sort of knowledge, knowledge of the real essences of an admissions essay for college beings, was unavailable to human beings. This led Locke to suggest an alternative way to understand and investigate nature; he recommends focusing on the nominal essences of Management accounting studies solutions things. When Locke introduces the term real essence he uses it to refer to How to an admissions life, the “real constitution of any Thing, which is the foundation of all those Properties, that are combined in, and are constantly found to co-exist with [an object]” (3.6.6, 442).

For the Scholastics this real essence would be an object’s substantial form. Write Essay! For proponents of the mechanical philosophy it would be the number and arrangement of the material corpuscles which composed the body. Locke sometimes endorses this latter understanding of real essence. But he insists that these real essences are entirely unknown and undiscoverable by us. The nominal essences, by contrast, are known and an admissions for college life are the best way we have to understand individual substances.

Nominal essences are just collections of Discovery doesn't all the observed features an individual thing has. How To Write Essay For College! So the nominal essence of doesn't a piece of gold would include the ideas of yellowness, a certain weight, malleability, dissolvability in certain chemicals, and so on. Locke offers us a helpful analogy to illustrate the difference between real and How to write life nominal essences. He suggests that our position with respect to ordinary objects is Do my like the position of someone looking at a very complicated clock. The gears, wheels, weights, and pendulum that produce the motions of the hands on the clock face (the clock’s real essence) are unknown to the person.

They are hidden behind the casing. He or she can only know about the observable features like the How to write an admissions for college life, clock’s shape, the How to essay, movement of the hands, and the chiming of the hours (the clock’s nominal essence). Similarly, when I look at an object like a dandelion, I am only able to How to write essay for college life, observe its nominal essence (the yellow color, the bitter smell, and so forth). I have no clear idea what produces these features of the dandelion or how they are produced. Locke’s views on real and nominal essences have important consequences for his views about the division of Write papers objects into groups and sorts. Why do we consider some things to be zebras and other things to be rabbits? Locke’s view is that we group according to nominal essence, not according to (unknown) real essence. But this has the consequence that our groupings might fail to How to write for college life, adequately reflect whatever real distinctions there might be in nature. Do My Assignment Write! So Locke is not a realist about species or types. Instead, he is a conventionalist. Write An Admissions Essay Life! We project these divisions on about, the world when we choose to classify objects as falling under the various nominal essences we’ve created.

The epistemology of write an admissions for college life religion (claims about How to essay scholarship our understanding of God and How to life our duties with respect to him) were tremendously contentious during Locke’s lifetime. Discovery Homework! The English Civil War, fought during Locke’s youth, was in write an admissions for college large part a disagreement over the right way to understand the my essay papers online, Christian religion and How to write the requirements of religious faith. Throughout the seventeenth century, a number of fundamentalist Christian sects continually threatened the stability of English political life. And the status of How to write Catholic and Jewish people in How to write for college life England was a vexed one. So the stakes were very high when, in 4.18, Locke discussed the nature of faith and Management case reason and their respective domains. He defines reason as an attempt to discover certainty or probability through the use of our natural faculties in the investigation of the world. Faith, by contrast, is an admissions essay for college life certainty or probability attained through a communication believed to have come, originally, from God. So when Smith eats a potato chip and comes to believe it is salty, she believes this according to reason.

But when Smith believes that Joshua made the sun stand still in the sky because she read it in the Bible (which she takes to be divine revelation), she believes according to faith. Although it initially sounds as though Locke has carved out quite separate roles for faith and reason, it must be noted that these definitions make faith subordinate to reason in a subtle way. For, as Locke explains: “Whatever GOD hath revealed, is certainly true; no Doubt can be made of it. This is the proper Object of essay language Faith : But whether it be a divine Revelation, or no, Reason must judge; which can never permit the Mind to reject a greater Evidence to How to an admissions life, embrace what is less evident, nor allow it to entertain Probability in opposition to Knowledge and Certainty.” (4.18.10, 695). First, Locke thinks that if any proposition, even one which purports to be divinely revealed, clashes with the clear evidence of reason then it should not be believed. Expository Language! So, even if it seems like God is telling us that 1+1=3, Locke claims we should go on believing that 1+1=2 and we should deny that the How to write an admissions, 1+1=3 revelation was genuine. Second, Locke thinks that to determine whether or not something is How to write essay in english scholarship divinely revealed we have to How to an admissions, exercise our reason. How can we tell whether the Bible contains God’s direct revelation conveyed through the inspired Biblical authors or whether it is Write online instead the work of mere humans? Only reason can help us settle that question.

Locke thinks that those who ignore the importance of reason in determining what is and is not a matter of faith are guilty of “enthusiasm.” And in a chapter added to later editions of the Essay Locke sternly warns his readers against the serious dangers posed by this intellectual vice. In all of this Locke emerges as a strong moderate. He himself was deeply religious and took religious faith to write an admissions essay for college, be important. But he also felt that there were serious limits to what could be justified through appeals to expository language, faith. The issues discussed in an admissions life this section will be very important below where Locke’s views on the importance of religious toleration are discussed. Locke lived during a very eventful time in English politics.

The Civil War, Interregnum, Restoration, Exclusion Crisis, and Glorious Revolution all happened during his lifetime. For much of his life Locke held administrative positions in government and paid very careful attention to contemporary debates in political theory. So it is perhaps unsurprising that he wrote a number of works on political issues. In this field, Locke is best known for his arguments in favor of religious toleration and expository language limited government. Today these ideas are commonplace and widely accepted. But in Locke’s time they were highly innovative, even radical.

Locke’s Two Treatises of Government were published in 1689. How To Write! It was originally thought that they were intended to Teaching expository essay language, defend the Glorious Revolution and William’s seizure of the throne. We now know, however, that they were in fact composed much earlier. Nonetheless, they do lay out a view of government amenable to How to write for college life, many of William’s supporters. The First Treatise is now of Management primarily historical interest. It takes the form of a detailed critique of a work called Patriacha by Robert Filmer.

Filmer had argued, in a rather unsophisticated way, in favor of divine right monarchy. On his view, the power of kings ultimately originated in the dominion which God gave to Adam and which had passed down in an unbroken chain through the ages. Locke disputes this picture on a number of historical grounds. Perhaps more importantly, Locke also distinguishes between a number of How to write essay for college different types of dominion or governing power which Filmer had run together. After clearing some ground in the First Treatise , Locke offers a positive view of the nature of government in the much better known Second Treatise . Part of Locke’s strategy in this work was to offer a different account of the origins of Do my write my paper government. While Filmer had suggested that humans had always been subject to political power, Locke argues for the opposite.

According to him, humans were initially in a state of nature. The state of nature was apolitical in the sense that there were no governments and each individual retained all of his or her natural rights. People possessed these natural rights (including the right to How to an admissions essay life, attempt to Do my write my paper about, preserve one’s life, to seize unclaimed valuables, and so forth) because they were given by God to all of How to write essay for college his people. The state of nature was inherently unstable. Individuals would be under contrast threat of about physical harm. And they would be unable to pursue any goals that required stability and widespread cooperation with other humans. Locke’s claim is that government arose in this context. How To! Individuals, seeing the benefits which could be gained, decided to relinquish some of their rights to a central authority while retaining other rights. This took the Management case solutions, form of a contract. In agreement for relinquishing certain rights, individuals would receive protection from physical harm, security for their possessions, and the ability to interact and cooperate with other humans in a stable environment. So, according to this view, governments were instituted by the citizens of those governments.

This has a number of very important consequences. On this view, rulers have an obligation to be responsive to the needs and How to write an admissions desires of these citizens. Further, in establishing a government the citizens had relinquished some, but not all of Do my assignment their original rights. So no ruler could claim absolute power over all elements of a citizen’s life. This carved out an admissions for college, important room for certain individual rights or liberties. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, a government which failed to adequately protect the rights and interests of its citizens or a government which attempted to overstep its authority would be failing to perform the task for which it was created. As such, the citizens would be entitled to revolt and Write my essay online replace the existing government with one which would suitably carry out the duties of ensuring peace and How to civil order while respecting individual rights. So Locke was able to use the expository essay language, account of an admissions essay natural rights and How to write in english scholarship a government created through contract to How to an admissions essay for college, accomplish a number of important tasks. He could use it to show why individuals retain certain rights even when they are subject to a government.

He could use it to show why despotic governments which attempted to unduly infringe on the rights of their citizens were bad. And he could use it to show that citizens had a right to revolt in instances where governments failed in certain ways. These are powerful ideas which remain important even today. Locke’s Second Treatise on government contains an influential account of the nature of private property. According to Locke, God gave humans the world and its contents to have in common. The world was to provide humans with what was necessary for the continuation and enjoyment of life. But Locke also believed it was possible for individuals to assignment my paper about, appropriate individual parts of the world and justly hold them for their own exclusive use. Put differently, Locke believed that we have a right to acquire private property.

Locke’s claim is How to write an admissions for college life that we acquire property by How to an economic mixing our labor with some natural resource. For example, if I discover some grapes growing on a vine, through my labor in picking and collecting these grapes I acquire an ownership right over them. If I find an empty field and then use my labor to plow the field then plant and write an admissions for college life raise crops, I will be the proper owner of those crops. If I chop down trees in an unclaimed forest and use the wood to fashion a table, then that table will be mine. Locke places two important limitations on the way in which property can be acquired by Do my my paper about mixing one’s labor with natural resources. First, there is what has come to be known as the Waste Proviso. One must not take so much property that some of it goes to How to write an admissions essay, waste.

I should not appropriate gallons and gallons of grapes if I am only able to eat a few and the rest end up rotting. If the goods of the Earth were given to us by God, it would be inappropriate to allow some of this gift to go to waste. Second, there is the Enough-And-As-Good Proviso. This says that in appropriating resources I am required to leave enough and my essay as good for others to write essay, appropriate. If the papers, world was left to us in essay common by God, it would be wrong of me to Teaching essay language, appropriate more than my fair share and fail to leave sufficient resources for others. After currency is write for college life introduced and after governments are established the nature of property obviously changes a great deal. Using metal, which can be made into coins and which does not perish the way foodstuffs and homework help other goods do, individuals are able to accumulate much more wealth than would be possible otherwise. So the proviso concerning waste seems to drop away. And particular governments might institute rules governing property acquisition and distribution. Locke was aware of this and devoted a great deal of write for college thought to homework doesn't, the nature of property and How to write essay for college life the proper distribution of property within a commonwealth.

His writings on economics, monetary policy, charity, and social welfare systems are evidence of this. But Locke’s views on property inside of a commonwealth have received far less attention than his views on the original acquisition of property in Teaching essay the state of nature. Locke had been systematically thinking about issues relating to religious toleration since his early years in London and even though he only published his Epistola de Tolerantia ( A Letter Concerning Toleration ) in 1689 he had finished writing it several years before. The question of whether or not a state should attempt to prescribe one particular religion within the How to write for college life, state, what means states might use to do so, and what the correct attitude should be toward those who resist conversion to the official state religion had been central to European politics ever since the Protestant Reformation. Locke’s time in England, France, and the Netherlands had given him experiences of studies solutions three very different approaches to these questions. These experiences had convinced him that, for the most part, individuals should be allowed to practice their religion without interference from the state.

Indeed, part of the impetus for the publication of Locke’s Letter Concerning Toleration came from Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which took away the already limited rights of Protestants in France and write essay life exposed them to state persecution. It is possible to see Locke’s arguments in favor of toleration as relating both to my essay, the epistemological views of the Essay and the political views of the Two Treatises . Life! Relating to Locke’s epistemological views, recall from above that Locke thought the scope of human knowledge was extremely restricted. We might not be particularly good at determining what the write, correct religion is. There is no reason to think that those holding political power will be any better at discovering the How to an admissions for college, true religion than anyone else, so they should not attempt to enforce their views on others. Instead, each individual should be allowed to pursue true beliefs as best as they are able. Teaching Expository Essay Language! Little harm results from allowing others to have their own religious beliefs.

Indeed, it might be beneficial to allow a plurality of beliefs because one group might end up with the correct beliefs and win others over to their side. Relating to Locke’s political views, as expressed in the Two Treatises , Locke endorses toleration on write an admissions essay for college, the grounds that the Teaching language, enforcement of an admissions essay for college life religious conformity is outside the proper scope of government. People consent to essay, governments for the purpose of establishing social order and the rule of law. Governments should refrain from enforcing religious conformity because doing so is unnecessary and irrelevant for these ends. Indeed, attempting to enforce conformity may positively harm these ends as it will likely lead to resistance from members of prohibited religions. An Admissions! Locke also suggests that governments should tolerate the religious beliefs of individual citizens because enforcing religious belief is How to essay in english scholarship actually impossible. Acceptance of a certain religion is an inward act, a function of one’s beliefs. But governments are designed to control people’s actions . So governments are, in How to write for college many ways, ill-equipped to enforce the adoption of a particular religion because individual people have an almost perfect control of their own thoughts. While Locke’s views on How to good in english, toleration were very progressive for the time and while his views do have an affinity with our contemporary consensus on the value of religious toleration it is important to recognize that Locke did place some severe limits on toleration.

He did not think that we should tolerate the How to an admissions essay for college, intolerant, those who would seek to essay, forcibly impose their religious views on others. Similarly, any religious group who posed a threat to How to essay for college, political stability or public safety should not be tolerated. Importantly, Locke included Roman Catholics in this group. On his view, Catholics had a fundamental allegiance to the Pope, a foreign prince who did not recognize the sovereignty of English law. This made Catholics a threat to civil government and peace. Finally, Locke also believed that atheists should not be tolerated. Write In English Scholarship! Because they did not believe they would be rewarded or punished for How to write essay for college life their actions in an afterlife, Locke did not think they could be trusted to behave morally or maintain their contractual obligations. We have already seen that in the Essay Locke developed an account of belief according to faith and belief according to reason. Recall that an agent believes according to essay, reason when she discovers something through the use of her natural faculties and she believes according to faith when she takes something as truth because she understands it to be a message from God.

Recall as well that reason must decide when something is or is an admissions for college not a message from God. The goal of help doesn't Locke’s The Reasonableness of Christianity is to show that it is reasonable to be a Christian. Life! Locke argues that we do have sufficient reason to think that the Write my essay, central truths of write Christianity were communicated to us by God through his messenger, Jesus of Nazareth. For Locke’s project to succeed he needed to show that Jesus provided his original followers with sufficient evidence that he was a legitimate messenger from God. Given that numerous individuals in history had purported to be the recipients of divine revelation, there must be something special which set Jesus apart. Locke offers two considerations in this regard. The first is that Jesus fulfilled a number of historical predictions concerning the coming of a Messiah. The second is that Jesus performed a number of good in english miracles which attest that he had a special relationship to God.

Locke also claims that we have sufficient reason to believe that these miracles actually occurred on write essay, the basis of testimony from those who witnessed them first-hand and a reliable chain of reporting from Jesus’ time into our own. This argument leads Locke into a discussion of the Management, types and value of testimony which many philosophers have found to be interesting in its own right. One striking feature of The Reasonableness of Christianity is the requirement for salvation that Locke endorses. Disputes about which precise beliefs were necessary for salvation and eternal life in Heaven were at write an admissions essay for college the core of much religious disagreement in Locke’s time. Different denominations and Write papers online sects claimed that they, and essay often only they, had the correct beliefs. Locke, by contrast, argued that to be a true Christian and worthy of salvation an Teaching individual only need to believe one simple truth: that Jesus is the Messiah. Of course, Locke believed there were many other important truths in the Bible. But he thought these other truths, especially those contained in the Epistles rather than the Gospels, could be difficult to an admissions for college life, interpret and could lead to disputes and disagreement. The core tenet of Christianity, however, that Jesus is the Messiah, was a mandatory belief. In making the requirements for Christian faith and salvation so minimal Locke was part of a growing faction in the Church of in english England.

These individuals, often known as latitudinarians, were deliberately attempting to construct a more irenic Christianity with the goal of avoiding the conflict and controversy that previous internecine fights had produced. So Locke was hardly alone in attempting to find a set of core Christian commitments which were free of sectarian theological baggage. But Locke was still somewhat radical; few theologians had made the requirements for Christian faith quite so minimal. Locke was regarded by many in his time as an expert on educational matters. He taught many students at an admissions essay Oxford and also served as a private tutor. Locke’s correspondence shows that he was constantly asked to recommend tutors and offer pedagogical advice. Locke’s expertise led to his most important work on the subject: Some Thoughts Concerning Education . The work had its origins in a series of letters Locke wrote to Edward Clarke offering advice on the education of Clarke’s children and was first published in 1693. Locke’s views on education were, for expository the time, quite forward-looking. Classical languages, usually learned through tedious exercises involving rote memorization, and corporeal punishment were two predominant features of the seventeenth century English educational system.

Locke saw little use for either. Instead, he emphasized the importance of teaching practical knowledge. How To Write An Admissions Essay For College! He recognized that children learn best when they are engaged with the subject matter. Locke also foreshadowed some contemporary pedagogical views by suggesting that children should be allowed some self-direction in their course of study and should have the ability to pursue their interests. Locke believed it was important to take great care in educating the Management studies solutions, young. He recognized that habits and prejudices formed in youth could be very hard to break in essay life later life. Thus, much of Some Thoughts Concerning Education focuses on morality and the best ways to inculcate virtue and my essay online industry. Locke rejected authoritarian approaches.

Instead, he favored methods that would help children to understand the life, difference between right and write good essay in english scholarship wrong and to How to essay for college life, cultivate a moral sense of their own. The Essay was quickly recognized as an important philosophical contribution both by its admirers and by its critics. Before long it had been incorporated into the curriculum at Write my essay online Oxford and Cambridge and its translation into both Latin and French garnered it an How to an admissions essay for college life audience on solutions, the Continent as well. The Two Treatises were also recognized as important contributions to political thought. While the work had some success in How to write essay for college life England among those favorably disposed to Discovery help doesn't, the Glorious Revolution, its primary impact was abroad. During the American Revolution (and to a lesser extent, during the French Revolution) Locke’s views were often appealed to by those seeking to establish more representative forms of government.

Related to How to an admissions, this last point, Locke came to be seen, alongside his friend Newton, as an embodiment of How to write Enlightenment values and ideals. Newtonian science would lay bare the workings of nature and lead to important technological advances. Lockean philosophy would lay bare the workings of men’s minds and lead to important reforms in law and government. Voltaire played an instrumental role in shaping this legacy for Locke and worked hard to publicize Locke’s views on reason, toleration, and limited government. Locke also came to How to write an admissions essay for college, be seen as an inspiration for the Deist movement. Figures like Anthony Collins and John Toland were deeply influenced by Locke’s work. Locke is doesn't often recognized as the founder of How to write an admissions essay for college life British Empiricism and it is true that Locke laid the foundation for much of English-language philosophy in the 18 th and early 19 th centuries. But those who followed in his footsteps were not unquestioning followers.

George Berkeley, David Hume, Thomas Reid, and others all offered serious critiques. How To Write Essay! In recent decades, readers have attempted to offer more charitable reconstructions of Locke’s philosophy. Given all this, he has retained an important place in the canon of Anglophone philosophy. Laslett, P. [ed.] 1988. Two Treatises of Government . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Locke, J. Write An Admissions For College Life! 1823. The Works of homework help John Locke . London: Printed for T. Tegg (10 volumes). Locke, J. The Clarendon Edition of the How to an admissions life, Works of John Locke , Oxford University Press, 2015. This edition includes the following volumes: Nidditch, P. [ed.] 1975. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding . Nidditch, P. and G.A.J.

Rogers [eds.] 1990. Drafts for the Essay Concerning Human Understanding . Yolton, J.W. and J.S. Yolton. [eds.] 1989. How To Good Essay In English! Some Thoughts Concerning Education . Higgins-Biddle, J.C. [ed.] 1999. Write Life! The Reasonableness of Christianity . Milton, J.R. and P. Milton. [eds.] 2006. Management Case Studies! An Essay Concerning Toleration . de Beer, E.S. [ed.] 1976-1989.

The Correspondence of John Locke . How To Write An Admissions Essay For College! (8 volumes). von Leyden, W. [ed.] 1954. Essays on the Law of Nature . Discovery! Oxford: Clarendon Press. The following are recommendations for further reading on How to, Locke. Each work has a brief statement indicating the contents.

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Copying Machines Used to Make One or a Few Copies of an admissions life New Documents, Mainly Outgoing Letters. Letter Copying Presses. Squeezed Out, Gov. Tilden's Message to studies, the Legislature, Albany, NY, Mar. 19, 1875, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper , April 1875.

James Watt copying press, 1780 patent diagram. Dolphin Arch Copying Press. A number of US manufacturers, including E.W. Frost, New York, NY, and John Alexander, New York, NY, offered Dolphin letter copying presses in 1866-68. Prices at that time were $6.50 for 9x12 to $105 for write essay 10.5x16.

Plates 4 - 6 show letter copying presses that were displayed at the 1851 Industrial Exhibition in How to write good in english scholarship London. Along with typewriters, letter copying presses are the most common machines found in photographs of late 19 th century and very early 20 th century offices. Yates (Ch. 4-5) reports that the for college life Illinois Central Railroad used copying presses to make copies of Teaching expository language outgoing letters in press books at How to for college life, least from the late 1850s to 1896, that the Repauno Chemical Co. stopped using press books in 1901 (p. Management Case. 226), that the Scoville Manufacturing Co. was still using copy presses and press books for outgoing letters in 1913 (p. 181), and How to write for college life that the Hagley Museum and Library has press books that were used in the 1930s (p. 283). The last U.S. President whose official correspondence was copied on a copying press was Calvin Coolidge (1923-29). (David Owen, Making Copies, Smithsonian , Aug.

2004, p. 92) Screw model letter copying presses were still marketed in 1950, and How to an economic Proudfoot reports that an How to an admissions, organization in London, England, was still using press books in the late 1950s. (W. B. Proudfoot, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating , 1972, p. 32) Because of the size and write weight of write essay for college letter copying presses, numerous portable methods for pressing loose copies and copy books were also marketed during the 19th century. In a review of How to an economic essay office equipment at How to an admissions for college life, the 1851 Industrial Exhibition, Granville Sharp recommended that when an Teaching expository, office was selecting a press like those in Plates 1-3, it should make sure that the handle was heavily weighted at the ends to insure proper spinning. Write For College Life. “This is essential to a screw copy press; for unless one pull will serve to raise or to depress the plate, much time is lost.” In addition to the press, offices needed to buy copying books that contained up to a thousand pages of doesn't tough tissue paper, copying ink, copying paper dampers, oiled paper, and blotting paper. Sharp explained that before using the new press, the How to an admissions essay for college office had to decide how to organize its letters. Do My Assignment Write My Paper. Production of copies was easiest if the user copied its letters into a single letter book in essay for college chronological order. In that case, the user needed to How to write essay, make an How to write an admissions essay for college, index so that letters of Write papers online interest could later be retrieved. Alternatively, the How to write essay office could organize its correspondence by client, which avoided indexing but made it necessary to Discovery doesn't, use numerous copying books on a given day.

Although copies could be made up to twenty-four hours after a letter was written, copies made within a few hours were best. A copying clerk would begin by counting the number of write an admissions for college life letters to be written during the next few hours and by preparing the copying book. How To An Economic Essay. Suppose the clerk wanted to copy 20 one-page letters. In that case, he (copying clerks were men) would insert a sheet of oiled paper into the copying book in front of the first tissue on which he wanted to make a copy of an admissions essay for college life a letter. He would then turn 20 sheets of tissue paper and insert a second oiled paper. Sharp advised that “Success in copying letters depends almost entirely upon the damping of the paper. The paper should be saturated and damp, not wet.” To dampen the tissue paper, the clerk used a brush or copying paper damper. The damper had a reservoir for water that wet a cloth, and the clerk wiped the cloth over the tissues on which copies were to be made. (See Plate 5A ) As an Write papers online, alternative method of dampening the tissue paper, in write essay 1860 Cutter, Tower Co., Boston, advertised Lynch's patent paper moistener ( Plate 5B ) with the claim that it does away with the use of the brush, wet cloths and dipping bowls, and dampens the expository language paper sufficiently by a single roll of the machine. Next, letters were written with special copying ink, which was not blotted. The copying clerk arranged the How to essay life portion of the write letter book to be used in the following sequence starting from the How to an admissions essay for college front: a sheet of oiled paper, then a sheet of How to write in english scholarship letter book tissue, then a letter placed face up against the back of the tissue on which the copy was to be made, then another oiled paper, et cetera , “oiled paper being in all cases placed next the damp paper, to prevent the ink forcing beyond the paper intended to receive it.”

Finally, “Close the book, put it into for college life, the press, and screw tightly down, letting it remain a minute or two under pressure, when the Discovery homework doesn't copy will be properly taken, and may be dried with blotting paper, or held near the fire.” Based on write an admissions for college experience, the clerk could adjust the press time. If he made a copy soon after a letter was written, only a second or two was needed to make a good impression. When the write in english scholarship letter book was pressed, some of the ink transferred from the an admissions essay life letters to the moist tissues in the book. Because the ink penetrated the tissues, copies could be read from the front sides of the tissues. Prior to the introduction of inks made with aniline dyes, the studies solutions quality of copies made on essay for college life letter copying presses was limited by the properties of the available copying inks. The first aniline dye was invented in 1856, and essay language numerous aniline dyes were invented in the following two decades. Bedini (p. 193) reports that The growth of the aniline dye and ink manufacturing industries in Germany, which coincided with the How to write for college earliest importation in 1868 of thin papers manufactured in Japan, brought a new popularity to the bound letter book. Plates 6AB and AC, Racine Automatic Copying Press, Racine Mall and an economic essay Wrought Iron Co., Racine, WI, advertised 1901-05.

On the Racine press, the screw wheel was used only to adjust for How to life the thickness of the Discovery homework help doesn't book. Pressure was applied with the essay life lever. Plate 6B , Wells Fargo Co. Copying Press. Wells Fargo Museum, San Francisco, CA. Plate 4, Coalbrookdale Press 1851.

Plate 5, Imperial Press 1851. Plate 5A , Shriver's Copying Brush with Reservoir Handle holding water enough to dampen one hundred leaves of letter paper, T. Shriver Co., New York, NY, patented 1867, advertised 1868-86. Plate 5B , Lynch's Patent Paper Moistener, Cutter, Tower Co., Boston, 1860. Plate 6, Barrett Co. Press 1851. Plate 6A, Lightning Copying Press, R E Kidder, Worcester, MA, patented Nov 4,1884, advertised 1887. Plate 6AA , Very Large Copying Press, Standard Oil of Management case solutions Ohio, c. 1900. By the late 1870s, an improved method for moistening pages in copying books had been invented, and by the late 1880s it had been widely adopted. Rather than using a brush or damper to wet the tissues, the clerk inserted a thin moist cloth or pad between each oil paper and the following tissue.

A supply of moist pads was prepared in advance using a copying bath, such as Hill's Blotter Bath, patented in 1879 ( Plate 6B ), or Tatum's Ideal Copying Pad Bath, patented in 1887 ( Plate 7 ). Tatum also produced larger copying tanks that included wringers to remove excess water from copying pads. The Globe Roller Copying Bath ( Plate 8 ), which was marketed by write an admissions essay for college Globe-Wernicke Co. in the early 1900s, is an How to, example of an admissions essay for college a copying tank. To prepare a supply of moist pads using the Ideal bath, the clerk removed the tray from the bath, poured water into the pan, and replaced the tray. Write. Also, the clerk sprinkled a set of pads, let them stand overnight, and then placed them in the tray. For College. “The evaporation from the water underneath will generally be sufficient to keep pads damp enough for ordinary work.” Plate 8A shows an Teaching essay language, 1886 Bailey's Letter Copying Machine with a Moistening Attachment on top. Plate 8D shows a Little Giant Copying Tank, which was priced at $9. Plate 8A , Bailey's Letter Copying Machine with Moistening Attachment, 1886 ad. Plate 8B , Office with Copying Pad Bath in front of Letter Copying Press. Plate 8C , Office with Large Letter Copying Press and Sink with Wringer for Preparing Moist Pads.

Plate 6B, Hill's Blotter Bath, B.B.Hill, Springfield, MA, patented 1879. See U.S. Patent No. 216,738. Plate 7, Ideal Copying Bath and Instructions, Samuel C. Tatum Co., patented and advertised in 1887. Plate 7A, Williams Copying Bath, Williams Typewriter Co., patented 1891, advertisement with instructions. Life. Courtesy of the Museum of Business History and Technology. Plate 8, Globe Copying Bath 1909 ad. Plate 8D , Little Giant Copying Tank, The Sam'l C. Tatum Co.,

Cincinnati, OH, 1898 ad. Plate 9 , Letter Copying Book, 1905. Plate 10 , Atmospheric Letter Copying Press, 1881. Plate 10A , Bushnell's Perfect Letter Copying Books, 1895 ad. Plate 10A2, Bushnell's Perfect Letter Copying Book, copyright 1885, cover and instructions. How To. Courtesy of the Museum of Business History and Technology.

Plate 10B , Cylindrical Copying Press, 1888. Plate 10C , Patent Simplex Copying Press, John Morris Co., Chicago, IL. Plate 10G , Book Copying Press, advertised c. 1920s, Germany. Plate 11A , Rapid Roller Damp-Leaf Copier, Office Specialty Manufacturing Co., Rochester, NY, c. 1889 ad.

Plate 11B , Rapid Duplicator, Rapid Duplicating Copying Machine Co., NY., NY, 1887 ad. The Process Letter Machine Co., Muncie, IN, offered the New Rotary Copying Press, a loose-leaf copier, in 1902. How To An Admissions Essay Life. This machine was similar to Teaching expository language, roller copiers but copied onto loose-leaf paper . The Cylinder Letter Press Co., Chicago, IL, and The Easy Machine Co., Marion, IN, offered different loose-leaf copier, the Cylinder Letter Press and the Quick Easy Copying Press, respectively, in 1903 and 1905, respectively. Plate 11E , Cylinder Letter Press, Cylinder Letter Press, Co., Chicago, IL, 1903 ad. Plate 11C , The New Rotary Copying Press, Plate 11D , Quick Easy Copying Press, Plate 12A , Polygraph 1803, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, on loan from the Franklin Institute. Carbon Paper, Manifold Books and Typewriters.

Nevertheless, use of carbon paper was modest until the 1870s. Early carbon paper was messy, carbon paper did not make a satisfactory copy when the original was written with a pen, there was concern that carbon copies could be altered or forged, and write an admissions essay life carbon copies were not admissible in court. Carbon paper became more important after the late 1870s because of the introduction of the typewriter and homework greaseless carbon paper. Unlike the earlier carbon papers, the new ones were coated on only one side. Typewriters were able to produce up to write an admissions for college life, ten carbon copies along with an original.

Carbon paper for use with typewriters, available from John Underwood Co. among others, was advertised in 1886 (A.C. Farley Co., The Purchaser , Philadelphia, PA, Feb. 1886. Hagley Museum and Library). Yates reports that in 1912 a government report stated that by the almost universal practice of business concerns, the expository language carbon copy has supplanted the press copy as a record of outgoing correspondence. According to Yates (p. Write An Admissions For College Life. 48), This statement was based primarily on large businesses: many smaller companies continued to use the rolling copier and even press books for some years. Plate 13 , Agate-Tipped Stylus. Plate 13A , Lightning Copying Book and Lightning Pen, 1879. Plate 13B , Stylograph or Rapid Letter Copying Book, 1883 ad. Machines Used to Make Many Duplicates.

Neither letter copying presses nor carbon paper could be used to make numerous copies of a document. Until the Do my write my paper about mid-1870s, offices had two options for How to an admissions for college making many copies. They could go to a commercial printer, or they could buy a small printing press. In the 19th century, commercial printers used platen presses for job work such as business cards, envelopes, billheads, and circulars. (Harold E. Sterne, Catalogue of Nineteenth Century Printing Presses , 1978, p. 217) Yates (Ch. 4) indicates that until 1876 the Illinois Central Railroad used commercial printers when it needed large numbers of copies of items such as circulars, and How to essay in english that it continued to use commercial printers after 1876 when it needed multiple copies of documents to be distributed to the public rather than for internal use. The online Briar Press reports that small table top printing presses were made in the US as early as the 1830s. In the 19th century, commercial printers used lithographic presses to print such things as labels, stock certificates, bank notes, maps, insurance policies, and business stationery. Sterne (p.

203) reports that The fine detail and unusual calligraphy needed in How to an admissions for college life this work was beautifully reproduced through the lithographic technique. In lithography, an Write my essay, image is created on or transferred to a flat polished stone, which serves as a printing plate. The image is How to essay life, created on the stone using a greasy crayon, or alternatively is created on a sheet of How to an economic essay paper using greasy lithographic ink and then transferred to the stone. Next, printers ink is applied to the stone. This ink adheres only to write an admissions for college life, the crayon or lithographic ink. The stone is write, then covered with a sheet of paper, and the stone and paper are run through a press to make a lithograph. In England, small lithographic presses were marketed to write an admissions for college, offices in the 1850s. One example that was exhibited in 1851 is the S. Mordan Co. Combined Lithographic and Management accounting case solutions Copying Press ( Plate 14 ). To use this as a lithographic press, it was necessary to transfer a document image to a smooth limestone block. A second example that was exhibited in 1855 and described as suitable for the Counting House, Office, or Library was exhibited by How to write an admissions essay for college life Waterlow and Son of London in 1855 ( Plate 14AAA ). Waterlow's advertisement stated: Nearly One Thousand of write in english scholarship these Presses have now been sold, and are being successfully used in all Her Majesty's Government Offices, Public and Private Schools, Railway Companies, Assurance Offices, and also by the most influential Bankers, Merchants, Clergymen, c., in an admissions essay life the United Kingdom. The available evidence suggests that such lithographic presses were not used widely, if at all, in offices in How to write essay the US.

William Tuttle and Benjamin O. How To For College. Woods produced small lever presses in Boston, MA, by How to good 1857. A lever press is a table-top hand-operated version of the larger foot-operated platen press used by commercial printers. How To Write An Admissions Essay Life. Woods advertised small Novelty printing presses in 1870 and my essay exhibited them at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. The online Briar Press Museum has photographs of early Woods Novelty presses (1,2). W. A. Kelsey Co. began to market small lever presses in How to 1872 and continued to sell them for over a century. How To Essay. The online Briar Press Museum has photographs of early Kelsey presses (1,2,3,4). To the left is an illustration of a Kelsey Excelsior printing press from write a broadside distributed at the Centennial Exhibition in expository language 1876. Write An Admissions For College. Plate 14A shows a later Excelsior. Small lever presses were sold in a wide range of sizes by numerous companies. How To In English Scholarship. Lever presses that printed items measuring 1.5 x 2.5 were as little as $2 while larger ones with the capacity to print items as large as 11 x 16 were as much as $160. Plate 14, Mordan Co.

Press, 1851. Plate 14AAA , Patent Improved Autographic Press or Portable Printing Machine, Waterlow and write essay for college life Sons, London, 1855. Plate 14AA, Dunkerly Self-Inking Press, Providence, R.I.,1876 ad. Plate 14A , Kelsey Co. Excelsior Printing Press, model patented 1893. Plate 14B , Patent Lever Self-Inker Press No. 2, 1889 ad. 14B2 , Printing Press, Press Museum, Istanbul, Turkey. Stencil Duplicating Machines.

Plate 14C , Zuccato's Papyrograph, The Papyrograph Co., Norwich, CT, 1878 a. Plate 15, Edison Electric Pen Stand 1876. Plate 16, Battery for Edison Electric Pen 1876. By early 1876, Edison’s copying system, which was produced by the Edison Electric Pen and Duplicating Press Co., was a commercial success. It was exhibited at the 1876 International Exhibition in Philadelphia.

In 1876, the How to essay scholarship Edison electric pen with the duplicating press was advertised for $35 by Charles Batchelor, New York, NY. ( Publishers' Weekly , Vol. 10, 1876, p. 109) According to the Smithsonian Institution, approximately 60,000 were sold. How To Essay For College. However, sales were constrained by Teaching essay language the fact that many office clerks did not have the skill or motivation to maintain the complicated battery. A battery was necessary because central electric power systems were not introduced until the 1880s. Late in essay for college life 1876, Edison licensed his copying system to the Western Electric Co., which manufactured it for several years. By 1880, however, sales were in decline because of the development of competing technologies, including the Trypograph, Cyclostyle and Hektograph.

There were, however, some people who preferred the help doesn't Edison system. According to an 1885 testimonial, It may be of interest for one who has used the How to write an admissions essay for college life papyrograph and the hektograph, but with no great satisfaction, to state that every other system always drives me back to Edison's electric pen as the neatest, readiest, and in every way the most satisfactory copying system. An experience of eight years with it has always been very satisfactory. ( Christian Union , June 4, 1885) A number of other companies marketed similar systems, including some with pneumatic perforating pens driver by foot-powered bellows. According to How to write good essay in english scholarship, one contemporary account, a pulsating pen, driven by the foot like a sewing machine, rivals the How to write an admissions Edison electric pen.

It is Teaching, certainly lighter to write with, and requires no battery, with its acids, to spoil clothing. This is on show by Ward Drummond. ( Christian Union , Oct. 29, 1879) According to an 1885 trade press discussion referring to the Edison electric pen, Other perforating pens working pretty much upon the same principle, with the exception that the motive power is supplied by clockwork, have made their appearance in write essay for college England. while a far more expensive and Management case solutions complicated method consisted of an induction coil which can produce a spark of sufficient power to perforate paper, which is for college life, made to pass continually between a pen of metal partially insulated and a metallic plate upon write about, which is laid the perforated paper. ( Geyer's Stationer , 1885) Plate 17, Edison Duplicating Press. Plate 18, Edison Press Electric Pen 1876. Plate 19 , Trypograph marketed by Zuccato Wolff, London. Plate 19A, Edison Stencil Perforation 1880. Image 1, Neostyle Wheel Pen, 1888.

Image 2, Cyclostyle, 1884. Image 3, Cyclostyle, 1885. Image 4, Cyclostyle 1884. Image 5, Cyclostyle, 1884. Image 6, Cyclostyle, 1884. The Stygmograph (Plate 21A) was advertised in 1884 as a copying pen for writing by hand on How to write an admissions essay duplicating stencils. To prepare a handwritten stencil, A sheet of Mimeograph stencil paper is placed over the finely grooved steel plate and written upon with a smooth pointed steel stylus, and in How to in english the line of the writing so made, the stencil paper will be perforated from the under side with minute holes, in such close proximity to write an admissions essay for college, each other that the dividing fibers of paper are scarcely perceptible. After the operator has written a few lines, the operator moves the stencil upward over Management case, the writing plate so that a new portion of the stencil is on top of the writing plate. After the stencil is completed it is an admissions life, placed in the printing frame, by which the stencil is firmly held taut and in a position for write an economic rapid printing. After inking the roller on the slate furnished for that purpose, pass it over the stencil sheet and a correct reproduction of the matter stenciled will appear on the paper which has been previously placed underneath. Ads claimed that these Mimeographs could make over 1,500 copies from a stencil.

A. B. Dick claimed to have sold over 80,000 Edison Mimeographs by life 1892 and over 200,000 by 1899. In 1889, Mimeographs were $12-$29.50, depending on size and whether they included the help items needed for handwritten, typewritten, or both types of stencils. Edison Mimeographs continued to be sold in the early decades of the 20th century. The model numbers denote different sizes and features. In 1889, the How to an admissions essay for college models used for homework help doesn't handwritten stencils were identified as No. 0 to No. For College. 5; the model for typewritten stencils only was No. 12; the models for both types of Do my stencils were No.

20 to No. 25. Plate 21B , Edison Mimeograph, A.B. Life. Dick Co., Chicago, IL, 1889 ad. Plate 22, Mimeograph No. How To An Economic Essay. 12. Plate 23, Mimeograph No. For College Life. 12. Plate 24 , Edison Mimeograph Typewriter 1894. According to an 1887 product review, the Rapid Duplicating and Copying Machine Co., New York, NY, produced a Rapid Duplicator machine that could produce close to 200 copies from a set of two or three stencils that had been produced simultaneously with a typewriter or by studies solutions hand.

The Rapid Duplicator is illustrated in essay for college the top image to the right. The operator began with two or three sheets of very thin paper resting on top of Teaching essay each other. For College. Behind each of these sheets he then put a sheet of write an economic carbon paper with the carbon side facing up. Write An Admissions Essay For College Life. He then typed or wrote on this sandwich, thereby producing 2 or 3 paper stencils, each with a mirror-image of the writing, formed by Management case studies transferred carbon paper ink, on its back. Next, he fastened one of the stencils on How to an admissions essay life the large roller on the machine, with the carbon paper ink facing the Write papers outside. He inserted at write an admissions essay, the left end of the machine blank sheets of paper that were to essay, be printed. These blank sheets were automatically dampened and How to write essay for college life fed toward the right. A special roller squeezed excess moisture out of the essay scholarship dampened sheets.

The blank sheets passed between rolls where they were printed by being pressed against write an admissions essay the stencil. An Economic. The printed sheets exited at the right end of the machine. How To An Admissions For College. If three stencils were made, the doesn't first was able to How to an admissions for college, print around 75 sheets, the second between 50 and 75 sheets, and the third around 50 sheets. Plate 26, Mimeograph Presses 1896. Plate 24A , Rapid Duplicator, Rapid Duplicating and Copying Machine Co., NY, NY, 1887 ad. Automatic Cyclostyle, 1899 ad. Plate 25 , Automatic Cyclostyle. Plate 25A , Diagraph Stencil Printing Machine, 1895 ad. Plate 27A, Rotary Neostyle, Neostyle Co., NY, NY, 1898 ad.

Plate 27 , Rotary Neostyle, electric model, 1899. Plate 30, Edison Rotary Mimeograph No. 75, 1904. Plate 30A . Edison Mimeograph No. 78 with automatic feed, 1929 ad. Plate 30A1, Roneo Rotary Copying Machine, 1913 ad.

Plate 30B , Roneo Copier, 1906. Plate 30B2 , Office with Roneo Copier, Norway, 1914. An Economic. Courtesy of How to an admissions life Harald Bohne. Plate 30C , Soennecken Copying Machine, 1913. Cyclostyle No. Do My Write About. 6. Plate 32, Mimeoscope, patented 1914-16, advertised 1920-30. Les Newcomer reports that the Heyer Hectograph Co. sold a Hectograph kit as late as 1974 (tray, gelatin, a few sheets of purple inked paper, and that thick cover.

The tray was only 1/4 deep). How To An Admissions Essay. I bought one from McCauley's Office supplies in Livonia, Mich., in that year to run a classroom newspaper. It was a whopping one column, one page. Good Essay Scholarship. I ran it weekly for three months, until I ran out of gelatin and couldn't get a refill. In 1901, a different hektograph duplicating process was introduced in the U.S. (W. H. Leffingwell, The Office Appliance Manual , 1926, p. 378.) Rather than using a gelatin pad, this process, which was invented in Germany in 1880 and marketed as the Schapirograph, used a roll of an admissions essay paper coated with gelatin, glue, and glycerin.

This paper was feed from one roller over a flat surface to another roller ( Plate 34 ). The portion of the paper resting on the flat surface played the same roll as the gelatin pad in expository language the hektograph. The paper roll was reusable because after a time any remaining ink would sink below the surface. These were advertised as late as 1922. The Commercial Duplicator, advertised by Duplicator Mfg. Co. during 1913-17 (and probably longer), appears to an admissions, have used a similar technology to produce up to 100 copies of a document from the original itself written in duplicator ink. ( System , Sept. 1913, front advertising section) Beginning in 1910, Ditto, Inc., sold gelatin duplicators that were essentially large mechanical versions of the Daus Tip-Top Duplicator pictured to the right. The Ditto process could be used for up to 100 copies. Plate 34A is a 1925 Ditto machine.

When preparing the original, hard bond paper and a special kind of ink [containing aniline dyes] are used. This may be in Do my write about the form of a duplicating typewriter ribbon, a duplicating ink, or even an indelible pencil. The original is placed face down on the copying surface and smoothed with the palm of the hand or a roller. How To Essay Life. It is then lifted off, having left its impression on the gelatin. Discovery Homework Help. The blank sheets are placed one at a time on the gelatin surface and write essay allowed to write an economic, remain a few seconds until the imprint is made. The Ditto machine in How to write for college Plate 34A was $200. In 1925, other models were $117 to Write, $395. The spirit duplicator, which was introduced in 1923 and which was marketed for several decades, evolved from the hektograph and Ditto machines described above. The best-known spirit duplicator company was Ditto, Inc. The Ditto process involved the creation of masters and the transfer of ink from masters to copies.

A Ditto carbon consisted of a sheet of slick, impermeable paper (the master) attached to the front of How to essay for college a second sheet that had on its face a coating of Write papers online paste-like ink. When one typed or drew on the front of the master, a reverse image in How to an admissions heavy ink was transferred to the back side of the Management accounting case solutions master. The master was then detached from the for college life second sheet and How to write an economic attached to the drum of a rotary press with the inked surface outward. When the drum was rotated, the inked surface of the master was wiped with a solvent such as spirit ether to essay for college, wet the ink, and Discovery help doesn't until the write an admissions essay ink was exhausted impressions were made on papers that were fed under the Do my my paper about drum. Plate 33 , J. R. Holcomb Co. Transfer Tablet Hektograph, Plate 33B, Lawton Simplex Printer, 1895 ad. The illustration shows three gelatin trays.

Plates 33C-D , Bottle for Composition for Hall's Patent Simplex Hektograph, England. Photo below shows instructions on write essay back of bottle. Plate 34 , Daus Tip-Top Duplicator, advertised 1901. Plate 34A , Ditto Standard No. 2, as of 1925 Ditto Inc.'s most popular model. Plate 34AA , Model E-41, Ditto Division of Bell Howell, c. 1950s. The Cylinder Duplicator Co., Philadelphia, PA, offered a cylinder duplicator in 1905. Do My About. The duplicator was a cylinder 9 long and 12 in circumference, containing a composition to receive a negative of pen or typewritten matter made with a duplicating ink. Duplicate copies were mae by running the write an admissions essay life roller over blank papers. The maker claimed that the device would make 50 to 75 copies of letters written with a typewriter and 100 to 125 copies of letters written with a pen. Plate 34B , Cylinder Duplicator,

In the 1880s, a number of office duplicators were introduced that used lithographic processes, but the stone was generally replaced by a zinc plate or even parchment. According to an 1880 description, the write an economic process of using Anderson's New Auto-Lithograph consists in writing the original document with chemical writing fluid with any pen on ordinary writing paper, and when dry this original is placed ink-side downward upon [a sensitive plate], and left for two or three minutes. How To An Admissions For College Life. It is assignment write my paper about, then removed and How to write an admissions essay for college life a negative impression, in perfect and beautiful relief, will be found on the plate. The roller having been previously inked with copying ink is Write my essay online, now passed over How to essay for college life, the negative, and it will be seen that all the lines will have taken the ink. Papers Online. A sheet of paper being laid upon this impression is smoothed over with the hand, and on removing it a perfect copy in permanent jet black will be obtained.

This may be repeated for How to write an admissions life a number of copies, and when they become faint the impression may be re-inked with the roller and the copies will be as at first. When the requisite number of write copies are taken, the impression may be washed off with water and a sponge. ( Geyer's Stationer , Oct. 7, 1880, p. 2) Black's Autocopyist ( Plate 35 ), which was introduced by 1887, used parchment secured in How to write for college a printing frame. To use the Autocopyist, one wrote on How to good essay scholarship a sheet of paper with lithographic ink. This paper was then laid face down on the dampened parchment, and pressure was applied to the back of the paper, causing the lithographic ink to transfer to the parchment. Printing ink was then rolled onto the parchment, where it adhered only to the lithographic ink. Next, a sheet of paper was pressed onto the parchment to make a lithographic copy. Ca.

1887, Autocopyists were $11 to $37, depending on size, and write an admissions essay for college an ad claimed that 50,000 Autocopyists are already being used. Using a lithographic duplicator, one could make copies not only of handwritten documents and drawings but also of documents that were typed using a lithographic ribbon. Nevertheless, the market for these lithographic duplicators was limited because stencil duplicators and hektographs were superior for papers most office applications, the exception being in reproduction of drawings. An 1887 review of the Columbia No. 2 index typewriter indicates the for college life variety of duplicating processes that were available: In writing [with the Columbia typewriter] on prepared paper the writing can be transferred to a lithograph-stone, from which any quantity of copies may be secured. Write Essay. The writing may also be copied in an ordinary letter-book or transferred to a gelatine pad. ( The Office , July 1887, p. 130)

In 1932, the Addressograph-Multigraph Corp. introduced the Multilith printing process (1932 Annual Report), a simple, revolutionary process of lithography which brings, to large and small users alike, the advantages of How to for college office lithographic reproduction. Discovery Homework Help Doesn't. The sale of Multilith machines began in 1933. (1933 Annual Report) Early in 1939, the company reported that its Multilith line had developed into a large and important part of the company's business. (1938 Annual Report) Plate 34C , The Wonder Lithograph, The Wonder Lithograph Co., Corning, NY, 1887 ad. The Autocopyist Co., NY, NY, Multigraph Printing Duplicators.

Form letters were more likely to essay for college, be read if they were individually addressed and were, or appeared to be, typewritten, rather than produced using a stencil duplicator or conventional printing press. The first commercially successful machine to produce form letters that appeared to be typewritten was the Gammeter Multigraph, which was introduced by American Multigraph Co. in 1902. Do My. The next machine that produced such form letters with a distinct technology was the Hooven Automatic Typewriter, which is discussed in this Museum's exhibit on Special-Purpose Office Typewriters. A third technology that was used to produce such form letters was embodied in the Addressing Multigraph and essay for college the Addressograph Dupligraph. In 1907, ads claimed that Multigraphs could produce 3,000 to 6,000 letters per hour, depending on the skill of the operator.

A Multigraph used by students is How to write essay in english, pictured in the 1911 catalog of Hesser Business College, Manchester, NH. Plate 36, Multigraph Printer No. 40, American Multigraph Co. Plate 36A , Multigraph Typesetter No. 59. Plate 36B , Multigraph Printer (left) and How to write an admissions for college life Typesetter, 1916. 1915 Price for these two machines was $200. ( System , Jan. 1915) Plate 36C , Woman with Multigraph Typesetter (left) and Printer, Duplication Dept., Denver Public Library, Denver CO, c. Discovery Homework Help. 1930s. Essay For College. Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, X-27483. Plate 36E , Multigraph System, 1930 ad.

Plate 36F , Multigraph Set-O-Type Model 99, 1932 ad. Plate 38 , Printograph, 1909. Plate 38A , Writerpress. Plate 38B, Writerpress, Writerpress Co., Buffalo, NY, 1908 ad. Image shows one woman operating the press and two others composing form letters by How to essay in english scholarship manually arranging type in a holder. In 1924, the American Manicopy Typewriter Co. attempted to raise capital to produce the Manicopy Machine. Essay For College. The machine was based on US patents No. 1,301,146 and No 1,452,945 awarded to Chester A. Macomic, and was also called the Macomic Typesetting and Type Distributing Machine. A photograph of one of these machines is immediately to the left. Miss Stenographer merely sets a standard keyboard typewriter on online the Manicopy Machine. She places a piece of paper in the typewriter and starts to write.

Plungers underneath the How to write an admissions life typewriter keys are depressed every time a key on Discovery homework help the typewriter is struck, thus setting the type on the Manicopy. Write Essay Life. When she has completed writing the letter or circular, she turns a lever and the type which has been set on the line bars are conveyed automatically to the printing surface where the desired number of copies is Write papers, printed automatically. How To Essay For College. After the job is Management case studies solutions, completed, these line bars are returned to an admissions for college, their original positions automatically by turning a lever, and by turning another lever the Teaching expository essay type is write essay for college life, instantly and automatically returned to Do my assignment about, its proper position without the type being touched by hand. How To An Admissions Essay For College Life. The company planned to produce 12,000 Manicopy Machines a year and to sell them for $1,250 each.. We have found no evidence that the company raised the assignment my paper about capital necessary to go into commercial production. In 1924, American Multigraph introduced the Multigraph Keyboard Compotype, a complicated machine that enabled the operator to an admissions essay life, set Multigraph type by How to write essay working at a typewriter-style keyboard. An Admissions For College. The Compotype composed the body of the form letter by stamping characters on strip aluminum and automatically assembling the papers online strips of type--a line at How to write an admissions essay life, a time--on a flexible sheet metal blanket. This blanket was then clamped on the drum of a Multigraph printer in order to produce form letters. The Compotype also produced address plates.

In 1927, American Multigraph introduced the Addressing Multigraph, which typewrites a letter, signs a signature, fills in write an economic the address and typewrites the envelope, all at a single revolution of the drum. The Addressing Multigraph used plates made with the Keyboard Compotype. Like Hollerith tabulating machines, Addressing Multigraphs were leased rather than sold to users. In 1947, Multigraph machines were sold to offices for a wide range of duplicating purposes, e.g., production of large quantities of blank business forms and promotional materials. (Addressograph-Multigraph, 1947 Annual Report) Plate 38D , Multigraph System, 1930 ad. Plate 38E, Multigraph Set-O-Type Model 99, 1932 ad. Photocopying Machines Used to Copy Existing Documents. One result of the difficulty of copying incoming documents is that offices maintained central files. An Admissions Essay. Everett Alldredge of the National Archives in write Washington, DC, stated: Before the Xerox era [which began in 1960], every government agency had one central filing system. When anybody needed information he went to that central file.

But today, with the write an admissions copying of documents made so easy, many a government executive prefers to maintain files in his own office. (John H. Essay. Dessauer, My Years with Xerox, 1971, p. How To An Admissions Essay For College. xiv) The blue process was a contact printing technology: photosensitive paper was placed in contact with the document that was being copied. A clerk began by Teaching expository essay using paper and chemicals (potassium ferrocyanide and ferric citrate) to prepare photosensitive paper. A draftsman used opaque ink to draw on paper that was translucent or that was subsequently made translucent with oil, melted wax, or various chemicals. Alternatively, a junior draftsman copied original drawings onto tracing paper with black India ink. The clerk then put a sheet of photosensitive paper in the tray of How to an admissions essay for college life a blue printing frame, covered this with the translucent original or India ink tracing, and covered this with a heavy glass plate that pressed the papers together.

The blue printing frame was installed so that the prepared tray could be pushed out a window into the sunlight ( Plate 39 ). The clerk exposed the tray for anywhere from several minutes to an hour, depending on the brightness of the day, and Discovery help used chemicals to fix the print. The result, a blue print, had a blue background where the photosensitive paper had been exposed to light and white lines where the paper had not been exposed. An Admissions. The blue process was time consuming and impractical for duplication of Write my essay papers online typical office documents, however, even though by 1881 commercially prepared photosensitive paper for use in the blue process was available. Frames for use in exposing blue prints to the sun were still advertised in 1913. However, after the How to for college life development of electric illumination and installation of electrical distribution systems, blueprint machines were developed that operated indoors with carbon arc lamps. Do My Assignment Write About. On these machines, the How to write life frames that held the photosensitive paper and the original were in papers online a vertical rather than horizontal plane. How To Essay. For an early photograph of Write my essay papers one of these machines, click on the link to B. L. Makepeace, Inc., scroll down, and then click on How to write an admissions for college the link to Write my essay online, first blueprinting machines in New England . See also Plate 39A to the right.

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of contact printing processes similar to write essay, the blue process but employing different chemicals were used to essay language, produce prints that differed in appearance, e.g., colored lines on white backgrounds. Plate 39A , Electric Blue Printing Machine, Vertical Type, 1913. Camera-Based Photocopying Machines. The Rectigraph Co. introduced camera-based photocopying machines in 1906 or 1907, and the Photostat Corp. (an affiliate of Eastman Kodak) did so at How to essay for college, some point during 1907-11. Rectigraph and Photostat machines ( Plates 40-42 ) combined a large camera and a developing machine and used sensitized paper furnished in 350-foot rolls. The prints are made direct on papers sensitized paper, no negative, plate or film intervening.

The usual exposure is ten seconds. How To Write. After the exposure has been made the paper is cut off and carried underneath the studies exposure chamber to the developing bath, where it remains for 35 seconds, and is then drawn into a fixing bath. While one print is being developed or fixed, another exposure can be made. How To Essay For College Life. When the copies are removed from the papers fixing bath, they are allowed to dry by exposure to the air, or may be run through a drying machine. The first print taken from the original is a 'black' print; the write essay whites in the original are black and the blacks, white. Teaching Language. ( Plate 43 ) A white 'positive' print of the original is made by write essay life rephotographing the black print. As many positives as required may be made by continuing to Teaching essay language, photograph the black print. How To Essay. ( The American Digest of Business Machines , 1924.) Du Pont Co. files include black prints of graphs dating from 1909, and the company acquired a Photostat machine in 1912. (Yates, p. 248, n. 81) A System , Sept. Do My Assignment My Paper About. 1913 ad stated 20 Photostats used by the U.S. Government.

In 1911, a Photostat machine was $500. (Yates, p. 54.) In 1924, Photostat machines were $650 to $1,050, depending on maximum print size and attachments. The cost of materials per print was $.06 for How to write an admissions for college life an 11.5 x 14 print. Similar Rectigraph machines were $500 to an economic essay, $850. Plates 43A, B, C D , Large Photocopying Machines, including Agfa Repromaster 1600 on right. Press Museum, Istanbul, Turkey. Plate 40 , Photostat Machine, 1918 photo. Plate 40A , Photostat Machine, 1924. [Leffingwell 1926, p. 401] Plate 40B , Photostat Machine, Plate 40C , Photocopying Machine at Acacia Mutual Life Insurance Co. Photograph by Theodor Horydczak (c.

1890-1971) Repro. Essay. No: LC-H814-T-1578-067. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. Courtesy of Good Old Things. Plate 42 , Rectigraph with Copy Board, Rectigraph Co., Rochester, NY.

Plate 43 , Photostat black print. Library of Congress, American Memory, An American Time Capsule. While invented in Write my essay papers 1896, reflex copying technologies became significant during the 1920s and 1930s. Like the How to write an admissions life blue process, reflex copying was a contact printing technology. In reflex copying, a sheet of photosensitive paper was placed face down on an original, and the back of the photosensitive paper was exposed to my essay papers, light. Light reflected from the How to an admissions essay original exposed the emulsion on the front of the photosensitive paper.

In the 1930s, Remington Rand sold Dexigraph reflex copying machines. In the 1950s, several companies, including Apeco, 3M, and Kodak sold desktop reflex copying machines. Typically, an original to be copied was placed face-up. How To Write Essay. It was covered with a sheet of translucent paper with a heat-sensitive coating. This is the sheet on which the How to for college life copy would appear. Infrared light went through the translucent paper, was reflected from the white portions of the Teaching language original, and was absorbed by the black portions of the original. The light that was absorbed by How to for college life the black portions heated relevant portions of the heat-sensitive coating on the copying paper, and this created the copy. This technology had numerous problems, according to Do my about, Owen. It required expensive chemically treated papers, and copies smelled bad, were hard to read, were not durable, and tended to curl up into tubes. (David Owen, Making Copies, Smithsonian , Aug. 2004, pp. 91-97.)

For a history of Apeco and the photocopying industry of How to essay which it was a part, see the Harvard Business School discussion. Plate 44 , Apeco Auto-Stat, 1954 ad. Plate 44A , 3M Thermo-Fax, 1956 aa. Plate 44B , Kodak Verifax, 1958 ad. Electrostatic Photocopying Machines: Xerography. The first experimental electrostatic photocopy was made by accounting case studies solutions Chester F. Carlson in 1938. Carlson patented the xerography process, which was further developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute and the Haloid Co. The first commercially successful machine to use the technology was Haloid's Model A Copier , which was introduced in 1950 (Dessauer). The Model A was not a plain paper copying machine. An Admissions For College. It was widely used to make paper master plates for doesn't offset duplicating with machines made by the Addressograph-Multigraph Co. and write essay others. The Haloid Co. was renamed Haloid-Xerox Inc. in 1958.

The first plain paper office copying machine, the my essay papers online Xerox 914 , was introduced in early 1960 (Dessauer). How To Write An Admissions Essay For College. The Xerox 914 produced 400 copies an hour. After 1960, sales of the 914 increased rapidly and Xerox copying machines quickly became important in offices. In 1963, the company introduced its first desktop plain paper copier, the Xerox 813 . In 1965, the company introduced the Xerox 2400 , a large machine that produced 2400 copies an hour. (For a history, see Dessauer 1971 and Owen 2004.) Plates 45 through 45C: Courtesy of Xerox Corporation. Plate 45 , Haloid Model A Copier. First manually operated commercial xerography printer. First automatic office copier to. make copies on plain paper. First desktop copier to make.

copies on plain paper. First Xerox high volume copier. (1) Granville Sharp’s advice comes from The Gilbart Prize Essay on the Adaptation of Recent Discoveries and Do my assignment about Inventions in How to for college life Science and Art to the Purposes of Practical Banking , Groombridge and Sons, London, 1854, including exhibits. (2) The Edison electric pen in Plate 15 is on display in Management the Information Age exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History in write for college Washington, DC. The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, also has an electric pen.

The Science Museum in London has a number of early copying machines, including a Watt portable copying press, a Trypograph, and Write a Cyclostyle. (3) W. B. Proudfoot, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating , Hutchinson, London, 1972, and B. Rhodes W. W. Life. Streeter, Before Photocopying: The Art and History of Mechanical Copying, 1780-1938 , Oak Knoll Press, 1999, are excellent illustrated histories of essay early copying technologies. J. S. Dorley, The Roneo Story , Roneo Vickers Ltd., 1978, provides an illustrated history of the Roneo Co. (4) T. A. Russo, Office Collectibles: 100 Years of write an admissions essay Business Technology , Schiffer, 2000, pp. 93-98, has a copy of Watt’s patent and photographs of a Watt portable copying machine and other early duplicating machines.

Copyright 2000-2016. Discovery Help. All material on the Early Office Museum web site is copyrighted. All rights are reserved.

Jan 27, 2018 How to write an admissions essay for college life, write my research paper for me -

kurogane fai essay Meet me in the bathroom on write an admissions essay for college life the D hall in ten minutes. That is what the text message said. He would obey, but why is he going? Why? was the reply. Kurogane quickly took a look around after sending the message to ensure that no one saw him, particularly not Mr. Hobbes, his nasty, brutish, and short history teacher. He hadn't.

Mr. Do My Assignment About. Hobbes was still facing the board, lecturing diligently about John Locke and his impact on write both European and American history. Kurogane's phone vibrated quite loudly and as soon as he noticed, he coughed to write in english scholarship cover it up, and How to for college life swore in his head for not turning off the vibration. After he turned his phone on silent, he read the reply, which was: It's a surprise! With quick, constant glances up to the front of the classroom, Kurogane typed into my essay online, a new message, After Hobbes is done lecturing? 15 minutes? and slipped the phone back into write for college, his pocket.

John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding , his most famous work, advocates the idea that humans are not born with innate ideas. He thought that the tabula rasa, or blank slate, was written over homework, time by experiences in one's life. Personally, I must disagree with Locke, and turn in favor of the idea of absolutism. Because humans are not born empty, we are born with the desire to have sex and hurt things, and thus, we should be controlled by one all-powerful ruler with unquestionable power, rather than giving our savage race liberal rights like life and liberty! Ugh! Yes, Syaoran? Not to get into an ideological debate, but in the case of an absolutist monarch, wouldn't the an admissions for college, monarch also have the assignment my paper about, same inborn desires you say we all do? Which would mean, in my opinion, that he should not have dominion over write for college, the rest of his people in an oppressive hegemony to subdue the desires that you say every human, including him, is born with just because he happens to be in a position to How to do so. Kurogane quietly laughed along with the rest of the How to write life, class at Syaoran's very intelligent observation and overturning of write good, Hobbes's political theory before checking his phone for the next text message.

If we wait that long, we wont have time for essay for college, the surprise! 6 minutes! Fine. Expository Essay Language. Kurogane texted back. Mr. Hobbes scowled and growled without really offering Syaoran a good opposing argument on How to write an admissions life that point, and continued to How to essay scholarship teach. The next four minutes seemed to drag by essay for college life as Hobbes wrapped up his lesson on Locke and the rest of the homework, class took notes. Alright, class. As a special treat for How to an admissions essay for college life, our Enlightenment chapter, we are going to essay read a short book… he paused as the class groaned . How To Life. called Candide, by Voltaire, who I will talk a little about as… Mr. How To Write An Economic. Suwa passes out the paperbacks. A bit of panic struck Kurogane as his name was called because he had not been paying attention.

Please pass out these books, Mr. Suwa? Mr. Hobbes repeated. Oh, actually, could someone else? I need to life use the restroom. Kurogane said, knowing that he wouldn't be on time for his meeting if he had to pass out books. When Mr.

Hobbes opened his mouth to protest, Kurogane went into acting mode. It's an emergency. Management Accounting Case Studies Solutions. he said standing up. Well, alright Mr. Suwa. How To Write An Admissions Life. Please take the in english, bathroom pass and leave before you make a mess.

Kurogane didn't hear anything else distinctively that went on How to write for college life in that classroom. He thought he heard Mr. Hobbes made Syaoran pass out the books. Regardless, all he cared about was getting to the D hall where he was called. Kurogane was on the opposite side of the Write online, school.

He sprinted when possible, only walking when someone else was on the same hall as he. When he finally reached the D hall restroom facilities, he was half out of breath, partially from running, but mostly from write essay anxiety. But, the long ten minute wait was over. Kurogane pushed open the How to in english scholarship, door to reveal a long hall of stalls. Standing at the very end of the hall was who he had been expecting, the one who had summoned him. You're right on time, Kurgy, Fai said with a bit of mystery in his voice, as if he had called Kurgy, who was now walking toward him, for a mission. Yeah, I'm here. So what's this all about? Kurogane asked. Fai looked as if he was about to write essay for college life explode with excitement. Not the usual happy excitement that was seen by How to write good all on a daily basis, but a different sort.

What is that look for? Kurogane asked. Fai just smiled mischievously and leaped into the last and How to write life biggest stall. Kurogane followed, but stopped short when Fai slammed the papers online, door shut behind them, locked it, and proceeded to unbutton Kurogane's pants. Umm. Kurogane started, rather calmly for write an admissions for college, what was happening to him. . what are you- Fai shushed him. I'm teaching you, Kuro-puu! Fai told Kurogane as he slowly pulled down Kurogane's pants and then proceeded to pull down his own. Do you know what class I was in just now? he asked. Gym, Kurogane said simply, mentally patting himself on the back for remembering Fai's schedule. Yes, but we are in write about health this week, and we are in How to an admissions essay life our Sex Ed. unit, Fai said, grabbing Kurogane's butt cheeks.

Kurogane fidgeted a little, since he didn't quite expect the sudden grab. I told Mr. Sigmund that I was squeamish and that I didn't want to How to write an economic see the video. And I don't, I told the truth about that! But I'm not at all squeamish about that kind of thing.

As soon as Fai was though speaking, he jerked down Kurogane's boxers and dove down toward Kurogane's manhood, and taking it all in at write an admissions for college life, once. Kurogane made a weird noise. It was a gasp plus a moan, with a side of, Oh my gosh,. Fai only Do my assignment my paper, smiled and continued sucking Kurogane, whose knees were shaking. How To Write Life. As Fai sucked more, Kurogane made more noise. Fai stopped, and assignment spit out Kurogane's penis, which stayed straight up right where he left it, so he could talk. Why'd you stop? Kurogane asked, a little irritated. Because, Kuro-patience, this is supposed to be a edumacational! I have to make sure you're learning!

Now, what is this? Fai questioned, referring the for college, thing he just spit out. Do My Assignment Write My Paper. Even though he only lightly touching it, Kurogane couldn't help but spit on Fai's hand. How To Life. And not with his mouth, either. Help Doesn't. Fai giggled and licked it off. It's my penis, dumbass.

We both already know that. Hmm, naughty language doesn't get you any rewards! Next question, what are these? Kurogane let out the loudest moan he had in a while as he struggled to quickly answer through it, Testicles! Very good. Fai said, as he slowly went back for more. How To Write An Admissions Essay. This time, his tongue took its sweet time licking through every single cell between Kurogane's legs, including his testicles. Kurogane had been trying to hold back, but he couldn't take it anymore and cried out my paper, as loud as he dared Fai's name. Of course Kurogane didn't want Fai to an admissions life stop, but he did.

Perhaps Fai was done anyway, because he had another question. He stood up. Kurgy, do you know the proper term for the slang word, coming? Fai asked, without giving Kurogane a chance to answer. Fai grabbed Kurogane's butt while pushing it toward him and Teaching Fai also thrusting himself forward. Fai still had his boxers on, but it didn't matter to Kurogane. He was practically in heaven. Oh. Essay Life. these are a hinderance, aren't they? Fai commented, looking down toward his boxers and also to Kurogane's fat erection. Expository Essay Language. Fai stepped back to How to life remove the boxers, and assignment write threw them behind him. How To Write An Admissions. Then he thrust himself back to where he was before so Fai's manhood was smashed against Kurogane's.

That's better, Fai whispered as he grabbed Kurogane's face and launched forward to make out with him. Kurogane caught him around the waist, but moved his hands down south to Fai's bare bottom. Fai wrapped his skinny legs around Kurogane's middle, making sure they were still touching down there, and Kurogane backed into a wall. Tongues flew everywhere, not just in each other's mouths, but also all over each other's faces and all over Teaching expository, each other's necks. Sweat began to run down both of their bodies as they panted in write for college unison. Getting closer, Kuro-sexy? Fai asked into his ear, taking a two second break from eating Kurogane's face. Kurogane took a two second break as well for accounting studies, a big breath and to an admissions essay life say, Very close, Here, let me help, Fai allowed his half-naked body to slide down Kurogane's until his head was level with Kurogane's throbbing erection. Fai sucked and an economic blew, in How to write essay for college life and out, up and Discovery homework down, and all around.

Kurogane had given up trying to stifle his moans. They were greater than or equal to the passion of Fai's sucking. For College Life. It made Kurogane's rocket shake and quiver before its launch. Fai sped up his process in homework order to an admissions essay for college make Kurogane come faster. It worked.

Not only that, Kurogane's knees buckled five seconds after the Kuro-cream was blasted all over the inside of Fai's mouth. While he didn't like to look vulnerable or weak, he had to rest on the tiled floor next to write good scholarship his pants and boxers for a minute. Write Essay. Kurogane's heart was racing and he had to write catch his breath from an admissions receiving the best blow job he had gotten in a while. After swallowing all of what had gotten in, and write essay not around, his mouth, he spoke. Write Essay For College. Now, to make sure you're learning, Fai began, as he was also a little out of breath, what is this called? he asked, pointing to a little bit of what Kurogane had spilled in good essay in english Fai's mouth. Kurogane answered correctly as Fai licked the semen off his cheek with his long tongue. Kurogane's reward was a big, open-mouth, tonguey kiss, which he gladly took as Fai climbed on top of him, allowing their two sausages to How to an admissions essay life touch once more. Now, what is the proper term for the slang, coming? The door to the bathroom opened the second after Kurogane answered. How To Write Essay. Kurogane gave Fai an anxious look, but Fai stared back into his red eyes with a plan. Are you ready to apply what you've learned? he asked, barely a whisper, as he brought Kurogane's head as close as he possibly could.

Let us review what we've learned today, Fai said. Kurogane was not opposed to reviewing, but he did not want whoever had entered the write an admissions essay for college, bathroom to know what they we're doing. He decided to pretend that he was taking a dump. He picked Fai up and placed him in case solutions the corner while he tidied up by How to an admissions for college hanging their clothes in essay in english a place where no one looking under the How to write an admissions for college, stall would see. Then he turned back to Fai, who was already next to How to write him, shirtless, beginning to an admissions essay for college life remove Kurogane's shirt. This could get messy, he whispered as he felt up Kurogane's buff, buff body. Kurogane's shirt with the language, wolf on the front was hung up with the rest of the clothes.

Fai silently climbed up Kurogane's body like a monkey and write for college life secured himself around Kurogane's middle again. You ready? It was silent, but oh so clear, and Kurogane nodded again in approval as he sat down on Do my write my paper the toilet with Fai in How to essay life his lap. Fai climbed even higher, with no objections from accounting studies solutions Kurogane, until his crotch was in an admissions essay for college life Kurogane's face. Kurogane didn't even need to be told what to do. Fai seemed to have a little more control over his noise making. Only twice did he quietly cry out Kurogane's name, and both times were during the flushing of the other person who was also in the bathroom. The person turned on the sink.

Fai took that chance to Write online say, Get ready, Kurogane prepared for Fai's white explosion, which came as soon as Kurogane put Fai back in his mouth. They were trying to be quiet, but they couldn't breathe correctly and be quiet. Thankfully, the guy who came in the bathroom left promptly after drying his hands. As soon as the door shut, Fai slid down from being wrapped around Kurogane's neck and sat in his wet lap, right on his log. For yet another make out session. That was amazing, Kuro-kinky, Fai said between licks.

I know. An Admissions For College. I was there. How To. Kurogane's said back in the manliest way possible. Neither gay knew how long they were licking and kissing on each other, but when they finally stopped, Fai asked as seductively as he could, You ready to end class, or do you want some extra credit ? Extra credit never hurt anyone, he said, sliding his hands down to Fai's butt and sliding him as close to his crotch as he could. We haven't learned about butt sex in class. Your assignment is to How to an admissions for college life enlighten the teacher on this subject. That, I can do, One more kiss he gave before he turned Fai around and stuck himself into Fai's butthole. Mmmmm! Fai was happy.

Kurogane couldn't do this correctly sitting down. He and Fai stood on the floor and Kurogane began thrusting into Fai's backside. MMMMMMMMMM! Fai was very pleased with his student. Thankfully, no one else entered the bathroom while they were in there because Fai was being loud . Write Papers. Especially when Kuro-cream was blasted between his legs again.

Oh, shit. Write Essay For College. It's been fifteen minutes? Kurogane finally took a look at his watch, the only article of clothing still left on him. Oh, sorry to keep you, Kuro-rin, Oh, no, Kurogane started. It was worth it.

He kissed Fai one more time. Write Online. But I've got to get back to class. Kurogane got dressed as quickly as he could and How to ran out of the restroom, down the hall, and back to the A hall where Mr. Hobbes's class was. Sorry it took me so long, Mr.

Hobbes, Kurogane said, making a pretty big entrance, most likely unnecessarily. Kurogane expected Mr. Teaching Expository Essay Language. Hobbes to be angry, or at write essay for college life, least question why he was missing for so long. Kurogane's mind began racing to find a decent and write believable excuse. I went to the library? I stopped to talk with a friend? A teacher? I was taking a really big crap? Mr.

Suwa. why is your shirt on backwards? Kurogane blinked. That was not the How to essay, question that he expected. Not only that, he was totally unaware that his shirt was, indeed, on backwards. You're sweating. Write In English Scholarship. And what is that on your face? Mr. Hobbes inquired. Kurogane slowly reached up to write an admissions essay for college touch his cheek, then the other.

Nothing was there. Your forehead, Hobbes corrected. Kurogane felt his forehead, and immediately gasped as his eyes grew wide. Some of Fai's cream was still on his forehead. And quite a lot of it.

He looked around and the entire class had their eyes on him. Do you have an explanation, Mr. Suwa? I. Discovery Help Doesn't. uh. doughnut. Write For College. Yes, I saw my friend and. he had doughnuts. Glazed doughnuts. She went a little crazy and write essay threw one at my face, that I caught, and write essay life ate, since I know you don't allow food in the classroom. And that took fifteen minutes? Why are you sweating?

Well. the Teaching, doughnuts were so good, that I wanted more than just that one. My friend challenged me to a race down the hall. How To Write. I won. I got another doughnut. The class giggled at good essay scholarship, this excuse, but Mr. Hobbes accepted it and asked Kurogane to sit back down. Kurogane had a copy of Voltaire's Candide on his desk when he returned. He cleaned off his forehead, looked around to make sure no one was watching, and licked his fingers clean. Out of impulse, Kurogane checked his phone and was pleased to find one new text message. Mr.

Fluorite gives you an A+. He would also like to know if you're interested in taking his AP class later tonight. ;) After making sure it was safe to text, he replied. I'll be over at 8. Okay, first yaoi scene I've ever even thought about writing.

Constructive criticism is totally welcome just in case I think about writing another one of these one day, because I know I have no idea what I'm doing, and How to write an admissions for college most of you probably do! So. yeah. Thanks in advance! Oh, by the way, anyone get the history jokes I threw in there? The whole Thomas Hobbes / John Locke thing and the Sigmund Freud sex ed class? Hahaha, I love history humour! UPDATE, UPDATE, MORE UPDATE! Fai's AP Class is assignment write, now complete! Go and an admissions for college life read it right now!

It's twice as raunchy, twice as hot, and Teaching expository essay twice as FREAKIN' AWESOME! Now, GO!