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The early days of the water crisis, January-December 2014. In Flint, and to some extent across the state, 2014 saw the beginnings of search interest in for me hour aspects of the water crisis. In particular, Flint residents were primarily searching for news of the for teacher buying scheme water problems, and to a lesser degree, information about the public health impact of the crisis. Michigan residents more generally were also searching at Write an essay, higher rates for news of the crisis and, again to proposal 2000 a smaller degree, for information on specific water contaminants. At the time, personal health and political aspects of the crisis had not popped. National search activity would not rise in any category until 2016. Twitter activity related to the crisis was also minimal throughout 2014. The first time Google search activity rose in relation to the Flint water crisis was in May 2014, in an essay the News and Media category. These searches, with terms such as “Flint water crisis news” and “lead contamination USA Today,” rose for three straight weeks before falling back down.

Search activity would not rise again until July and August – this time not only in Writing a dissertation Flint but also across Michigan, and to a much more substantial degree. This search interest again focused on news about the crisis and preceded a “boil water” advisory issued by the city of Flint after the detection of fecal coliform bacteria in the water. Then, on Sept. 5, 2014, the city issued a second advisory following more positive tests for coliform bacteria. Concurrently (the week of Aug. Write An Essay? 31), searches about public health terms such as “water pollution city” or “Flint water environment” registered a small uptick for the first time. Also that week, searches in Help please biology Michigan in the Contaminants category, including terms such as “water contamination coliform” and “water quality ppm,” started increasing.

These searches continued to inch upward for eight consecutive weeks, finally peaking during the week starting Oct. 19, around the same time General Motors decided to stop using Flint River water at its engine plant because of Write high levels of chloride, which allegedly caused corrosion. Over the eight weeks of search activity growth, searches about contaminants increased by 161%. Even with that increase, however, it is important to note that the overall proportion of for anyone searches in the Contaminants category is far lower than those of other categories such as Public Health and News. Four periods of Write an essay for me hour elevated search activity across categories and regions emerged in 2014. Proportion of all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for Help me on, each category within each geographic area. Contaminants in Michigan. News about the water crisis in Write hour Flint and Michigan.

Larger proportion of searches. Flint switches from Detroit to Flint River for tap water. Boil water advisory issued. Flint city issues another boil water advisory. GM stops using Flint River water. Smaller proportion of searches.

Note: For details on search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan. Who Can? 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Four periods of elevated search activity across categories and regions emerged in Write an essay hour 2014. Proportion of all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for each category within each geographic area. Larger proportion of searches.

News about the water crisis in Flint and Michigan. Flint switches from do a, Detroit to Flint River for for me hour, tap water. Boil water advisory issued. Smaller proportion of searches. Larger proportion of searches. Flint city issues another boil water advisory.

Smaller proportion of for anyone searches. Contaminants in Michigan. Larger proportion of searches. GM stops using Flint River water. Smaller proportion of searches. Note: For details on search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for an essay, News: The Flint Water Crisis”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Four periods of elevated search activity across categories and regions emerged in 2014. Proportion of all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for each category within each geographic area. News about the water crisis in Flint and Michigan. Larger proportion of searches. Flint switches from Detroit to Flint River for papers, tap water. Boil water advisory issued. Smaller proportion of searches.

Larger proportion of for me searches. Flint city issues another boil water advisory. Smaller proportion of searches. Contaminants in Michigan. Larger proportion of searches. GM stops using Flint River water.

Smaller proportion of Writing proposal 2000 searches. Note: For details on Write an essay for me hour, search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of buying a house Google Health API data for Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for Write an essay for me hour, News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Demand among local residents for more news about what was happening not only rose before other categories but also preceded increased regional news coverage and government notices. About a month after the city of Flint switched its tap water supply from Best friend papers, Detroit’s system (Lake Huron) to the Flint River in April 2014, Google searches for news about the Flint water crisis registered a first, moderate uptick in Flint. In the week of May 11, News and Media searches about Flint water issues increased 17% from the week before.

That share again grew in each of the following two weeks, by 26% and 13% respectively. News and Media search interest reached second-highest level in Flint and Michigan in August 2014. Proportion of all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for an essay hour, the News and Media category within each geographic area. Flint issues another advisory. Boil water advisory issued. Flint switches from Detroit to How to dissertation survey Flint River for tap water. GM stops using Flint River water. Note: For details on Write an essay for me hour, search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan.

5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for essay in three hours, News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. News and Media search interest reached second-highest level in Flint and Michigan in August 2014. Proportion of for me hour all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for the News and Help my homework, Media category within each geographic area. Boil water advisory issued. Flint switches from Detroit to Flint River for tap water. Flint issues another advisory. GM stops using Flint River water.

Note: For details on search topic definitions and sampling, see the an essay hour Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. News and Media search interest reached second-highest level in Writing proposal 2000 Flint and Michigan in August 2014. Proportion of an essay for me hour all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for my homework please biology, the News and Media category within each geographic area. Apr 25 Flint switches from Detroit to Flint River for an essay hour, tap water. Aug 16 Boil water advisory issued.

Sep 5 Flint issues another advisory. Oct 13 GM stops using Flint River water. Note: For details on Writing a dissertation proposal 2000, search topic definitions and an essay for me hour, sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. News and Media searches in please biology Flint remained somewhat elevated over Write an essay for me the next seven weeks, but then a larger increase occurred both within Flint and across Michigan.

Searches increased at the state level first. In the week beginning July 13, 2014, search interest in Michigan related to news about the Flint crisis shot up 38% from the week prior. It then continued to grow through the week of Aug. 3, reaching the second-highest peak for News and Media searches in Writing a dissertation proposal 2000 words Michigan over the entire 2 ?-year time range, second only to when Obama declared a national state of emergency in January 2016. Over the Write an essay for me hour four weeks of continuous increases, searches about news on the water crisis in Michigan experienced a threefold increase before returning to pre-peak levels. In the city of Flint, meanwhile, searches for news about the crisis began to rise again a week later than in Michigan (July 20). Within this more heavily impacted geographic area, searches rose 27% over the previous week and continued to increase for the next three weeks (adding 67%, 47% and 15% each consecutive week), reaching their peak the week of Aug.

10. That was the same week fecal coliform bacteria were detected in Flint’s water, leading to the “boil water” advisory issued by the city on Aug. Do Assignment For Anyone? 16. Over the an essay for me hour whole four-week time span, News and Media searches in the Flint area more than tripled from what they were before the rises began. Both of these stretches of heightened News and buying a house scheme, Media searches occurred weeks before the advisory was published. In another sign that the public may have been ahead of the local government and an essay for me, news media, on July 30 – during the period of increased search activity – the city responded to citizen complaints about the color of the water by flushing out the city’s fire hydrants, but they did not test the water’s safety at that time. The first period of heightened search also preceded a rise in Best friend papers news media attention to the crisis. From May 25 through the week ending Aug. Write An Essay For Me? 16, the Best media audit data show no rise in regional news coverage. Across these 12 weeks there were never more than two stories per week in the outlets audited, and an average of one per for me hour, week.

2 During the week following the boil advisory, on the other hand, local and regional news media attention grew, with a total of five stories that week among the outlets studied. It is worth noting that, separate from health-related coverage, there were two weeks – April 13 through April 26 – when one media outlet in particular gave increased attention to the switch itself and how the costs might trickle down to local residents (there were 14 stories identified during these two weeks). But this was not sustained and was not about the water itself or any health issues, as was the case for for teacher buying scheme, the News and Media search category (with terms such as “drinking water crisis news” and “lead poisoning news”). 3. Local and regional news coverage about the Write an essay for me hour Flint water crisis was minimal in 2014. Number of Flint water crisis-related stories identified in the local/regional and Help biology, national news outlets studied. Flint issues another advisory. Boil water advisory issued. Flint switches from Detroit to Flint River for Write for me hour, tap water.

GM stops using Flint River water. Note: Data represent stories identified in local, regional and national news media and were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases. Local and my homework please biology, regional news media include daily, weekly and Write an essay hour, alt-weekly newspapers in the Flint and Detroit regions, as well as the digital outlet MLive.com. A House Scheme? National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming. For a full list of news outlets, see the Methodology.

Source: Pew Research Center audit of local, regional and national news coverage of the Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Local and regional news coverage about the Flint water crisis was minimal in Write for me 2014.

Number of Flint water crisis-related stories identified in the local/regional and national news outlets studied. Flint issues another advisory. Boil water advisory issued. GM stops using Flint River water. Flint switches from Detroit to Flint River for tap water.

Note: Data represent stories identified in local, regional and national news media and in three, were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases. Local and regional news media include daily, weekly and alt-weekly newspapers in the Flint and Detroit regions, as well as the digital outlet MLive.com. An Essay For Me Hour? National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming. For a full list of news outlets, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center audit of Write essay hours you local, regional and national news coverage of the Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Local and regional news coverage about the Write an essay Flint water crisis was minimal in 2014. Number of Flint water crisis-related stories identified in the local/regional and national news outlets studied. Apr 25 Flint switches from Write in three hours, Detroit to Flint River for tap water. Aug 16 Boil water advisory issued. Sep 5 Flint issues another advisory.

Oct 13 GM stops using Flint River water. Note: Data represent stories identified in local, regional and national news media and were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases. An Essay? Local and do a dissertation, regional news media include daily, weekly and alt-weekly newspapers in Write for me the Flint and Detroit regions, as well as the digital outlet MLive.com. National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming. For a full list of news outlets, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center audit of local, regional and national news coverage of the Best friend papers Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for Write for me, News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Later in in three you 2014, however, the first increase in search activity related to public health elements of the crisis coincided with government activity and a small uptick in local and regional media coverage. On Sept.

5, another advisory was issued, following more positive tests for Write an essay, coliform bacteria. During that same week, searches in a dissertation proposal 2000 words Flint under the Public Health category increased 6% from the week before and continued to grow through the next two weeks. Write For Me? Over the three weeks, search interest in papers public health grew 25%. Local and regional news media also turned to the issue at slightly higher rates, producing 11 stories in the first two full weeks of September, up from just two during the two weeks prior. Still, all these periods of heightened search activity in 2014 would not surpass the search levels in Write an essay for me hour 2015 and 2016. Write Essay You? Even though searches in the News and Media category in Flint reached, in August 2014, their second-highest point of the entire time range studied, the an essay average search activity for this category was still lower overall in papers 2014 than in Write an essay hour the other two phases. Proportionally, there were 18% more news searches per week in Flint 2015, on average, and 150% more in 2016. As with the News and Media category, Public Health searches would register much higher levels after 2014. Even though the week of Sept. 14, 2014, marked a notable rise in search activity related to Flint public health information, search interest for Help my homework please biology, this category was relatively small compared with the an essay hour two later phases (27% more Public Health searches in 2015 than in do assignment 2014, on average, and 235% more in first half of 2016 than in 2014).

Local and regional interest broadens, January-December 2015. In 2015, Google searches by users in an essay hour the Flint area moved beyond the unfolding facts of the news story itself to how the events were impacting their own lives. All but one of the categories – Politics and Government – experienced upticks. Do A? Still, all the increases occurred over a two-month time range and were again only in Flint and Michigan. National search interest and Twitter activity remained relatively flat over the course of 2015. In 2015, the Write an essay first notable instance of elevated search activity occurred in September. Google users in Flint searched for news about the crisis at heightened levels the week of Sept. 6, up 9% from the week before. Search interest continued to climb for another three weeks.

During that same first week in September, Flint residents also began connecting the crisis more directly to their own lives, with increased search activity in the Personal Health and Public Health categories. Searches related to personal health sustained heightened activity for a week longer than searches for news, hitting their second-highest point in the entire 2 ?-year time range. Searches in Writing 2000 words the Public Health category also increased at Write an essay for me hour, the state level from the week starting on Sept. 6 through the week of Sept. 27 (a 268% rise over four weeks).

Also during that time period, users across Michigan displayed a second round of elevated interest in learning more about the chemical and biological elements, though as in the first phase, the in three hours you overall proportion of searches for this category remained below all others in Michigan). Four search categories about the Flint water crisis saw increased activity in fall 2015. Proportion of Write an essay all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for each category within each geographic area. Public health and contaminants in me on my homework biology Michigan. Personal health, public health and news in Flint. Larger proportion of searches. Genesee County issues public health emergency. High blood levels detected in Flint children.

Flint issues lead warning. Lead advisory issued. Smaller proportion of searches. Note: For details on search topic definitions and an essay, sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan. Biology? 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for Write an essay, News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Four search categories about the Flint water crisis saw increased activity in fall 2015.

Proportion of in three hours all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for Write hour, each category within each geographic area. Personal health, public health and news in Flint. Genesee County issues public health emergency. Larger proportion of searches. Lead advisory issued. Smaller proportion of searches. Public health and do assignment for anyone, contaminants in Michigan.

High blood levels detected in Write an essay hour Flint children. Friend? Flint issues lead warning. Larger proportion of searches. Smaller proportion of an essay for me searches. Note: For details on search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016.

“Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Four search categories about the Flint water crisis saw increased activity in for teacher buying a house scheme fall 2015. Proportion of Write for me hour all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for each category within each geographic area. Personal health, public health and news in Flint. Larger proportion of searches.

Genesee County issues public health emergency. Lead advisory issued. Smaller proportion of searches. Public health and contaminants in Michigan. High blood levels detected in Flint children. Flint issues lead warning. Larger proportion of searches. Smaller proportion of searches. Note: For details on search topic definitions and survey, sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Write an essay for me, Jan.

5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for Best friend papers, News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. In early fall 2015, as more became known about the severity of the Write an essay hour water contamination, residents in both Flint and across Michigan began searching intently about the personal and public health implications . How To Dissertation? Signs of increased activity in Flint began the week starting Sept. 6 , when searches related to personal health issues such as “Flint water bathing” and “tap water cloudy” grew 9% over the previous week and searches in the Public Health category such as “water pollution agriculture” and “lead test school” grew 2%. These were followed by continuous increases through the week starting on Oct. Write An Essay For Me? 4. Over the five weeks, the share of searches about personal health matters more than doubled and those about public health rose by nearly five times.

Personal and public health searches in Flint increased as evidence of water contamination mounted. Proportion of a dissertation proposal all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for Personal Health or Public Health categories within Flint area. High blood lead levels detected in Flint children; Flint issues lead warning. Genesee County issues public health emergency. to Detroit water. Note: For details on search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan. For Me Hour? 5, 2014-July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER.

Personal and public health searches in Flint increased as evidence of water contamination mounted. Proportion of essay in three hours you all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for Personal Health or Public Health categories within Flint area. Flint reconnects to Detroit water. Genesee County issues public health emergency. High blood lead levels detected in Flint children; Flint issues lead warning. Note: For details on search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology.

Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Write for me hour, Jan. 5, 2014-July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Personal and public health searches in Flint increased as evidence of dissertation survey water contamination mounted. Proportion of all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for Personal Health or Public Health categories within Flint area. Sep 2425 High blood lead levels detected in Flint children; Flint issues lead warning. Oct 1 Genesee County issues public health emergency. Oct 16 Flint reconnects to Detroit water.

Note: For details on search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for Jan. Write For Me Hour? 5, 2014-July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER.

In addition, searches in Michigan under the Public Health category also experienced an increase from the How to dissertation week of Sept. 6 through the week of Sept. 27 (the proportion of searches more than tripled over these four weeks). These five weeks of increased search activity coincided with a series of public reports and Write an essay hour, government actions that shed more light on the extent of the contamination, the individuals affected and the additional steps local residents needed to take. On Sept. 2, Marc Edwards, a researcher from Virginia Tech, released the results of tests he conducted on Flint water samples in which lead was found. A Dissertation? This was followed by the results of tests conducted by Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha, a pediatrician, who found that the number of children with elevated levels of lead in their bloodstream had doubled since the water source was switched in April 2014.

In response, on Sept. 25, the Write an essay for me hour city of Flint issued a lead warning and on Oct. 1 Genesee County declared a public health emergency. Google searches in Flint for news related to the events also rose during this time period, up 9% the week of Sept. 6 and 76% the next week. They reached their high point the week of Sept. 27, for a total increase of 223% over the four-week time span. Even as events persisted and How to do a dissertation survey, the county issued its emergency advisory, however, searches for news began to fall back, while those related to public or personal health continued to rise for another week. Increased search activity in Flint coincided not only with events but also with heightened local and regional media coverage. In 2015, from the week starting Sept.

6 through the an essay hour week beginning Oct. 4, researchers identified 154 news stories produced by the local and regional outlets audited. That compares with a total of 207 stories that were identified for all of 2015 prior to this point (week of Jan. 4 though week of Writing proposal 2000 words Aug. 30). By contrast, national coverage remained largely flat throughout the year, with a small uptick from the week of Write Sept. 27 through the How to survey week starting Oct.

4; there were 10 stories identified in total over an essay for me hour this two-week time range, up from virtually none since the beginning of 2015. Flint water crisis draws local and regional news media attention as the extent of water contamination comes to a house scheme light. Number of an essay for me Flint water crisis-related stories identified in the local/regional and national news outlets studied. Genesee County issues public health emergency. State of emergency declared in Flint. City of Flint issues warning that water contains high levels of toxic byproducts. Flint issues lead warning. Flint reconnects to Detroit water. Gov. Snyder approves $2M for water system improvements. Note: Data represent stories identified in local, regional and national news media and were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases.

Local and regional news media include daily, weekly and alt-weekly newspapers in the Flint and Detroit regions, as well as the digital outlet MLive.com. National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming. For a full list of news outlets, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center audit of local, regional and national news coverage of the Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016.

“Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Flint water crisis draws local and regional news media attention as the extent of water contamination comes to for teacher buying light. Number of Flint water crisis-related stories identified in the local/regional and an essay hour, national news outlets studied. State of Help for teacher buying a house scheme emergency declared in Flint. Flint reconnects to Detroit water. Genesee County issues public health emergency.

Gov. Write For Me? Snyder approves $2M for water system improvements. Flint issues lead warning. City of Flint issues warning that water contains high levels of toxic byproducts. Note: Data represent stories identified in local, regional and national news media and were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases. Local and Help a house, regional news media include daily, weekly and alt-weekly newspapers in the Flint and Write an essay, Detroit regions, as well as the How to do a survey digital outlet MLive.com. National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming.

For a full list of Write an essay for me news outlets, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center audit of local, regional and national news coverage of the Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for in three, News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Flint water crisis draws local and regional news media attention as the extent of for me water contamination comes to light. Number of do assignment Flint water crisis-related stories identified in the local/regional and national news outlets studied. Jan 2 City of an essay for me Flint issues warning that water contains high levels of toxic byproducts.

Feb 3 Gov. Snyder approves $2M for water system improvements. Sep 25 Flint issues lead warning. Oct 1 Genesee County issues public health emergency. Oct 16 Flint reconnects to Detroit water.

Dec 14 State of emergency declared in Flint. Note: Data represent stories identified in local, regional and national news media and were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases. Local and regional news media include daily, weekly and alt-weekly newspapers in the Flint and Detroit regions, as well as the digital outlet MLive.com. National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming. For a full list of news outlets, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center audit of local, regional and do a, national news coverage of the Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. The news coverage coincided very closely with the sharp boost in public desire to Write learn more about their own personal health and the state of health in Who can for anyone their communities. In contrast with previous months, local and regional coverage in this instance remained elevated for a bit longer than public search interest.

Even though search activity in public and personal health began to fall back down the week of Oct. 11, the local and regional media’s attention to the issue remained somewhat higher through much of November. Write An Essay For Me? Local and regional media outlets produced another 192 stories from the week of Oct. 11 through the week of Nov. 15. A number of How to survey events in 2015 connected to the water crisis did not translate to an essay for me any meaningful rise in buying a house scheme search activity – even though some did receive media attention. On Jan. 2, for instance, the an essay city published an advisory about friend papers too much disinfection byproduct in the water, and an essay for me, a heated City Hall meeting about the crisis was held on words, Jan. 21, followed seven days later by the distribution of bottled water in a giveaway program. Write For Me? In February, Gov.

Snyder approved $2 million in infrastructure improvements, and in March the Environmental Protection Agency stepped in after Flint resident LeeAnne Walters’ son developed skin rashes; subsequent tests of her home’s tap water found high levels of lead. During this time, however, not one of the five search categories studied showed any major signs of increased search activity in any of the geographic areas studied. This was the case even amid elevated local and friend papers, regional news coverage through early February of Write an essay hour that year, which gradually declined as spring began. Water safety concerns register nationally, January-July 2016. If 2015 was when interest among Flint-area residents turned personal, the first half of 2016 was when interest in water safety and the dynamics of the story registered nationally. How To Do A Survey? High-level national activity and intense media coverage related to Flint aligned closely with individuals at the local, state and national levels turning to Google at an increasing rate to learn more about the different elements of the an essay water crisis. Public search interest grew dramatically in January 2016 across all aspects of the crisis, corresponding closely to significant events and How to do a dissertation, heightened media coverage. At the national level, searches about news and personal health issues showed some first small signs of increased activity the Write for me hour last week of December 2015, but it was in January 2016 that search activity really took off. Write? From the week of Jan. 3 through the week of Jan. 24, searches for all five categories increased by up to 19 times what they were before.

Within Flint and across Michigan, the story was similar. In Flint, searches in all but the Contaminants category (data for this category were not available for Write for me, Flint because the level of activity was below the Write in three hours privacy threshold required by Google) started increasing the week of Dec. 27, 2015, and also reached their highest points the week of Jan. 24. For Me Hour? And across the state, the same pattern of Write essay in three you growth was found in all five search categories. The involvement of the federal government in Flint’s water issues and for me, the launch of national-level search activity coincided with accompanying national news coverage.

On Dec. 14, 2015, a state of emergency was declared in Write essay in three you Flint, followed about three weeks later by another state of emergency for Genesee County (containing Flint and the larger Flint DMA) and the state of Write an essay Michigan (Jan. 4-5, 2016). A week later (Jan. 12), the governor activated the Michigan National Guard to help distribute filters and bottled water, and, on Jan. 16, President Obama declared a state of emergency, freeing up to $5 million in aid and assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. That same week (Jan. 10-16), local and regional news stories more than doubled from the week before: A total of 129 pieces were produced in scheme the local and Write hour, regional news media studied, compared with 55 the week prior. News stories found in national media studied here more than tripled during the same week from the week prior. It is important to Write essay in three you note that the total number of hour Flint-related news stories identified in Writing a dissertation proposal national as well as in local and regional news media was much larger in 2016 than in the two years before, even though only half the year was studied in 2016. More than four times as many stories were found in local and regional coverage in Write an essay 2016 as in the previous year (from 668 news stories audited in 2015 to nearly 3,000 stories in 2016).

National media also experienced dramatic increases in 2016. For these first six months of essay 2016, researchers identified a total of Write an essay for me 749 news stories in a dissertation words national media coverage about the Flint water crisis, up from 25 stories the year before. Coverage at both the national and Write an essay, regional levels did ebb and essay you, flow over these six months, often spiking when events occurred and lessening soon after – though it maintained a somewhat higher baseline of coverage than in 2014 or 2015. After years as a local issue, national media turned to the Flint water crisis in 2016. Number of Flint water crisis-related stories identified in Write an essay hour the local/regional and national news outlets studied. President Obama declares state of do assignment emergency and offers $5M in aid. Criminal charges filed. State of emergency declared in Write an essay for me Genesee County and Michigan. Democratic presidential candidates hold a debate in Flint.

Obama addresses Flint. Note: Data represent stories identified in Write in three hours you local, regional and national news media and were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases. Local and regional news media include daily, weekly and alt-weekly newspapers in the Flint and Detroit regions, as well as the digital outlet MLive.com. National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming. For a full list of news outlets, see the Methodology. Pew Research Center audit of local, regional and national news coverage of the Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER. After years as a local issue, national media turned to the Flint water crisis in 2016. Number of Flint water crisis-related stories identified in the local/regional and national news outlets studied. Obama addresses Flint. Criminal charges filed. Democratic presidential candidates hold a debate in Write for me hour Flint. President Obama declares state of emergency and offers $5M in aid.

State of emergency declared in Genesee County and Michigan. Note: Data represent stories identified in Help for teacher buying a house scheme local, regional and national news media and were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases. Local and Write an essay for me, regional news media include daily, weekly and alt-weekly newspapers in Help for teacher buying the Flint and hour, Detroit regions, as well as the Who can do assignment for anyone digital outlet MLive.com. Write Hour? National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming. For a full list of news outlets, see the Methodology. Pew Research Center audit of local, regional and national news coverage of the Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER. After years as a local issue, national media turned to the Flint water crisis in 2016. Number of Flint water crisis-related stories identified in How to dissertation the local/regional and national news outlets studied. Jan 45 State of emergency declared in Genesee County and Michigan. Jan 16 President Obama declares state of emergency and offers $5M in aid. Mar 6 Democratic presidential candidates hold a debate in Flint. Apr 20 Criminal charges filed.

May 4 Obama addresses Flint. Note: Data represent stories identified in local, regional and national news media and were retrieved from LexisNexis and ProQuest News Newspapers databases. Local and regional news media include daily, weekly and alt-weekly newspapers in the Flint and Detroit regions, as well as the Write an essay hour digital outlet MLive.com. National news media include national newspapers and TV network evening programming. For a full list of news outlets, see the Methodology. Pew Research Center audit of Write in three local, regional and national news coverage of the Flint water crisis, Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER. The search data suggest that events in one region could spur people outside of that region to see whether similar events could affect them. At the national level, search terms related to public health, which include searches both directly relevant to Flint (e.g., “Flint water diseases” and “Flint water legionnaires”) as well as water quality issues more generally (e.g., “lead water health effects” and “lead water limit”) started rising in the week of Jan. 3 – up 60% from the week before. These searches continued to rise, reaching their peak the week of Jan.

24. In total, public health-related searches more than quadrupled over these four weeks. Write? National-level searches related to personal health, which include terms such as “lead water filter” and “tap water brown,” followed the same trajectory, but started to rise earlier. On the week of Dec. Proposal Words? 20, Personal Health searches rose a minimal 2% from the week before, also reaching their highest point in an essay for me hour the week of Jan. 24 after continuous weekly increases, for a total of 46% growth over those six weeks. In early 2016, the angle of the story that saw the most dramatic rise in a dissertation proposal 2000 words search activity was political; until then, this search category had seen no increases in any region. During 2014 and 2015, search interest for political terms such as “Flint water bill Congress,” “water pollution legislation” and “Flint water Obama” did not register any heightened search interest in any of the geographic areas studied, but in January 2016, the an essay proportion of searches under the Politics category climbed sharply.

In Flint and across Michigan, politics-related searches started to rise a week earlier than they did across the entire country. In Flint, on the week of Dec. 27, 2015, these searches increased 34% from the week before, then continued to rise for another four consecutive weeks. Overall, interest in political searches in Flint grew by 522% over these six weeks. In Michigan, the pattern was the same. Political searches began to survey increase statewide the same week they did in Flint, also growing for five continuous weeks. These increases occurred about two weeks after Flint declared a state of emergency (Dec. 14) and around the same time that a state of emergency was issued in Genesee County and across the Write state (Jan. 4-5, 2016). Political angle of for teacher buying a house Flint water crisis rose in searches both locally and nationally in an essay for me January 2016 for the first time.

Proportion of How to dissertation survey all Google searches that contain Flint water crisis-related terms for the Politics category within each geographic area. President Obama declares. state of Write hour emergency and. offers $5M in aid. State of emergency. declared in Genesee. County and Michigan. Note: For details on Best, search topic definitions and sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of hour Google Health API data for Help my homework please biology, Jan.

5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Political angle of Flint water crisis rose in searches both locally and nationally in January 2016 for the first time. Proportion of all Google searches that contain Flint water. crisis-related terms for the Politics category within each. Criminal charges filed. candidates hold a debate in Flint. President Obama declares state of. emergency and offers $5M in aid. State of emergency declared in.

Genesee County and an essay for me hour, Michigan. Note: For details on search topic definitions and Best, sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google Health API data for an essay, Jan. Help Me On Biology? 5, 2014-July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Political angle of Flint water. crisis rose in searches both. locally and nationally in. January 2016 for the first time. Proportion of all Google searches that.

contain Flint water crisis-related. terms for the Politics category within. each geographic area. Jan 45 State of emergency declared in Genesee County and Michigan. Jan 16 President Obama declares state of emergency and for me, offers $5M in aid. Mar 6 Democratic presidential candidates hold a debate in Who can Flint. Apr 20 Criminal charges filed.

May 4 Obama addresses Flint. Note: For details on an essay for me, search topic definitions and. sampling, see the Methodology. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Google. Health API data for Jan. Do Assignment? 5, 2014-July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER. As key political actors and the federal government became publicly involved in the Flint water crisis, political searches at the national level also came to Write for me the fore, posting a 363% growth the week of Jan. 3 from the week before. The proportion of searches continued to Help please biology grow by 139%, 52% and 10% in the following three weeks. In total, political searches at the national level grew to 19 times from what they were prior to Jan. An Essay? 3. Even though all categories of Google searches about the papers Flint crisis reached their apex in January 2016, search interest continued at elevated levels through the an essay for me end of the study, with smaller increases at key moments. Even after the January peak, the average activity across all categories and me on please biology, geographic areas remained higher than the averages in 2015. Averages from Jan.

31-July 2, 2016, ranged between 17% and 323% higher than averages for all of 2015, depending on the search category. At the same time, there were also smaller spikes in search activity, often tied to major events in the story, especially in the Politics search category. For instance, in the week starting March 6, 2016 – the Write an essay hour week of the Democratic presidential primary debate in friend Flint, which addressed the water crisis – national searches for political terms rose 19% from the week before. Similarly, political searches in Michigan registered a 31% uptick that week over the week prior, and in Flint, the week-by-week increase was 20%. Write Hour? A similar bump upward occurred around the for anyone week the Write an essay first criminal charges were filed (April 20), suggesting continued interest in the political outlook of the water crisis. Conversation on Twitter about the Flint water crisis also exploded in January 2016. Social media have been another avenue through which people seek or share news, with 59% of Twitter users getting news on that particular site. Tweets about the Flint water crisis increased dramatically in for teacher buying January 2016; from the week of Jan.

10 through the week of Jan. 24, there were about 877,000 related tweets, up from about 58,000 the three weeks prior. Write For Me Hour? By comparison, there were a total of about 7,000 tweets posted about the Flint water crisis in do a survey 2014, compared with about Write an essay hour 92,000 in 2015 and about 2.1 million in the first half of 2016. Looking at the rate Twitter users were tweeting about the Who can Flint water crisis, the weekly average number of tweets in the first half of 2016 skyrocketed compared with the weekly averages of 2014 and hour, 2015: The weekly average number of tweets in 2014 was 139; it was 1,787 in 2015; and in the first half of 2016 it was 81,338. My Homework? Moreover, the Twitter conversation remained elevated for a couple of Write weeks following the events in Best friend papers January before dropping off. As with search activity, interest on Twitter was renewed the week of the Write for me hour Democratic debate in Flint (nearly 127,000 tweets) and the week of April 17, 2016 (about 92,000 tweets), when criminal charges were filed against a Flint city official and two state workers tasked with monitoring water quality. Still, this resurgence of Writing 2000 Twitter activity during these two events was much smaller than the number of tweets in an essay January 2016. Twitter conversation about the Flint water crisis took off in 2016. Total number of Twitter posts about the Flint water crisis per week across the U.S. President Obama declares state of emergency and offers $5M in aid. hold a debate in Flint.

State of emergency declared in friend papers Genesee County and Michigan. Obama addresses Flint. Note: Data include all publicly available tweets from this period that contain the terms “Flint” and “water.” Source: Pew Research Center analysis using Crimson Hexagon technology for Jan. Hour? 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Twitter conversation about the Flint water crisis took off in please 2016. Total number of Twitter posts about the Flint water crisis per week across the U.S. President Obama declares state of emergency and Write hour, offers $5M in aid. State of emergency declared in Genesee County and Michigan.

Obama addresses Flint. Note: Data include all publicly available tweets from this period that contain the terms “Flint” and “water.” Source: Pew Research Center analysis using Crimson Hexagon technology for 2000, Jan. Write? 5, 2014July 2, 2016. “Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER.

Twitter conversation about the proposal words Flint water crisis took off in Write an essay for me 2016. Total number of Twitter posts about the How to do a dissertation survey Flint water crisis per week across the U.S. Jan 45 State of emergency declared in Genesee County and Michigan. Jan 16 President Obama declares state of emergency and offers $5M in aid. Mar 6 Democratic presidential candidates hold a debate in Flint. May 4 Obama addresses Flint. Note: Data include all publicly available tweets from this period that contain the terms “Flint” and an essay for me, “water.” Source: Pew Research Center analysis using Crimson Hexagon technology for Jan. 5, 2014July 2, 2016.

“Searching for News: The Flint Water Crisis” PEW RESEARCH CENTER. This first foray by the Center into the Google Health API was as much an exploration of how analyses of search data can shed light on the public’s response to news and events as it was a study of the Flint water crisis. The detailed methodology is an effort to openly share what we learned through this process, and an accompanying blog post sums up some of the key methodological takeaways. This report was made possible by my homework, The Pew Charitable Trusts.

Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder. This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of Write for me hour a number of individuals and experts at Pew Research Center. Google’s data experts provided valuable input during the course of the project, from assistance in understanding the structure of the data to Help biology consultation on methodological decisions. See for example Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, “The cost of racial animus on a black candidate: Evidence using Google search data,” Journal of Public Economics 118, 26-40. #8617; During the month of July there were five stories identified in local and regional news coverage, mainly about the rising water prices due to Write an essay for me the switch from Detroit’s water system to Flint River and Help my homework, one story about a protest organized by a local city councilman in response to the rising. There was also no point during these five weeks in which coverage rose above the baseline level even as search interest was rising through the week starting Aug. 3 in Michigan and Aug. 10 in Flint. #8617; Similarly, the week of Write an essay hour May 25 that News and Media searches peaked, there was one New York Times story about the business repercussions that a water supply switch would have on the city of Detroit. This could have had some impact on searches though the lack of local coverage and Writing proposal words, the fact that the piece did not focus at all on for me hour, water quality, and the fact that searches had already begun to rise before the for anyone publication of the story suggests that this story could not have triggered the Write for me hour rise in searches. Write Essay You? #8617; About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the an essay issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions.

It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts.

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Electricity Generation and for me Load Shedding. Impact of Load Shedding and use of UPS and Generators on Living Standards of Lahore Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Energy is now days in Pakistan become the debate for traders, businessmen, house wives, students, ministers and all the victims from a dissertation proposal 2000 lack of energy. Lahore city experienced 12 hours extreme load shedding in this peak hot weather. The routine life of the residents is badly disturbed by the long load-shedding in Write an essay the country. In recent years, the continuous and rapid growth in population in urban areas and growth of industrialization in Pakistan has affected the demand of electricity very badly in country. We will write a custom essay sample. on Electricity Generation and Load Shedding or any similar. topic specifically for you. The demand of the electricity in country is much greater than the supply and production of electricity in country. This situation causes electricity crisis in Pakistan. Writing Proposal! The duration of load shedding reached14 to 18 hours a day.

Shortage of electricity has reached 5500 MW, 12 to Write an essay for me hour 14 hours in urban areas and 18 hours in rural areas as a result of landing time. Are the most affected industries is difficult to meet deadlines and deliver goods in time because of the energy problem. Many industries have been in the country closed, which caused the increase in unemployment and do assignment for anyone human suffering. The main reason overdue the load shedding is due to an essay hour a clash between the Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) and the Pakistan State Oil (PSO) over late payment of dues that causes sudden decrease in thermal power generation. The PSO has refused oil supply to power generation companies due to non-payment of their bills. Writing Proposal 2000 Words! 40% of for me power houses are closed due to non-supply of oil.

The thermal power houses electricity generation capacity is around 8,500MW, which has been decreased to around 4,050MW. Likewise, the dissertation survey, “capacity was 3500 MW to 1223 MW is reduced, and the 221-capacity rental power generation” will be reduced to only 20MW. However, the amount of fuel is delivered, 4,000-5,000 MW of electricity can be added to the national grid. Electricity is the major font of Write an essay power for Write in three hours you, any country greatest of the economic activities. Lahore is facing terrible load shedding ascompared to other cities. It disturbed the lives of every resident of Lahore no matter in which field they are. Overview of Load Shedding.

Page 2 Electricity Generation and Write an essay Load Shedding Essay. Load shedding also referred as rolling blackout is designed to deliberately turn off the electricity for non-overlapping time to different parts of the distribution. Loadshedding is ultimately used to essay in three hours measure the Write an essay for me hour, program’s electric power system is to avoid complete interruption. They are type of reaction to a demand, in papers this situation; the electricity demand exceeds the supply of power of the network. Load shedding may be in a given network being able to be localized or widespread and affects all countries and continents. Load shedding usually results from two reasons: Production capacity or inadequate transmission infrastructure to provide sufficient power to the lack of Write for me space. Hours You! Load shedding is common or even normal in many developing countries, electricity underfunded or poorly managed infrastructure capacity daily occurrence. An Essay For Me! Load shedding is rare in developed countries because the demand accurately predicted, suitable infrastructure investment is planned and well-managed network, the following events will be taken into account in the planning of failure is unacceptable and can cause significant political damage to responsible government.

Well-managed high-capacity systems to the current plan and announced in advance to public so they can work around, but in essay most cases occur without warning, usually the transmission frequency falls below the “safe” limit. When more companies to Write an essay for me supply the Writing a dissertation proposal words, demand for an essay for me hour, electricity production or transport, or installed capacity has more than you can deliver, companies, electricity available to his clients to resort to controlling. This act is called load shedding. Load shedding can also be known as Demand Side Management or Load Management. Load shedding frequently takes place when the total electric power in many places charge a lot of users who will be able to use the energy available in the local exchange or a national network of stations that can be reached is at. Best Friend Papers! This situation is Write an essay hour common in in three hours you many developing countries.

As soon as more than a certain percentage of the total power required – typically 98 percent – the maximum available power can be generated, the Write hour, distribution of Writing a dissertation 2000 parts of the network would not be excluded. Such interruptions are known as “Load shedding. ” If you do not have to create landing equipment overload switches automatically shut down the entire plant alternators (generators), to protect the very serious damage. Such damage would be very expensive and take a long time to resolve. So, in fact, the plants 24/7 to an essay hour keep running in these conditions, there is load shedding regular distribution network in certain parts of the “power users” usually applied at different times during the week. For example, parts of the network, providing home and Who can small business office can be obtained in Write an essay two or three hours of power a day time or other, every day, while important places – such as hospitals, large factories, and, in general, as an institution may acquire power almost 24/7. Load shedding is friend usually occurred in large industrial, commercial and municipal use activities, there is no constant electricity use (usually by automated instrumentation), and some pre-electric charge or electrical device to stop the use of the threshold is closer to the top. There are two reasons, both economically motivated. Energy companies’ license their small clients requested a piece of equipment in your home or business, and one or both telephone and radio equipment will turn off the Write, electric company will install a device based on the signals. Devices are electric heaters.

Energy companies provide discounts to customers. Then, the power company is seeing demand for capacity is coming from, and sends a signal to disconnect all these devices. This is called an electric shock. Overview of Ups. UPS stands for uninterruptible power supply and, at the same time is an electrical equipment and backup power source flow shield sensitive equipment, or loss of, or damage problems. (Uninterruptible Power Supply) A device that provides battery backup when power fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage level. Small UPS systems provide power for a few minutes, enough to power the computer in an organized manner, and larger systems have enough battery for several hours. Datacenters critical, UPS systems are used only for a house scheme, a few minutes until the electric generator. UPS systems can be set, the file server disruption of orderly shutdown alarm has occurred, and on the battery. Firstly, the an essay hour, low demand for this type of Best friend uninterruptible power supply only comes from a group that is engineering. Around 1950, the first uninterrupted service “no-break provision” was designed as a pay and Write stock. Often, the two motors, direct current and alternating current method.

No-break power to the battery charger to power the system back immediately, and a rectifier to convert AC to DC were distributed. DC current DC motor can power the AC power generated by for teacher scheme the generator. In the case of an essay loss of power, the battery will be used in Best DC motors. Germanium rectifiers in the 1960s the emergence of smaller and more efficient, but there is no-break power soon began to fall from the static uninterruptible power supply thyristors allow a better understanding of the concept behind. An Essay Hour! It combines a rectifier and charger, and the battery and the inverter can be split between the power inputs, eliminating the need for moving chess pieces as a whole will be easier. This single change to the UPS equipment smaller, quieter, more efficient, reliable and easy to maintain equipment. However, these initial advantages, though the system rotates the rotary and static systems will continue to Best papers grow together in the best case, for Write an essay, example, in high load circumstances. Over the years, the system will continue for more simplified and made ?? more reliable. Sealed lead-acid batteries combination resulted in UPS equipment is to be a computer room, and a dissertation proposal 2000 not before, remote machinery room. Although the offset of the first computers to an essay use UPS equipment and communication technology re-engineering will become a part of.

Case of an automated production line of the factory production control when the machine requires high power quality. UPS, not only the power of the production line to ensure it is not broken, but there is no interference between the machines is not. To a lesser extent, UPS equipment is so small; it can access a computer system, and no more than unit. There are many products, UPS, desktop form-factor of the order placed unobtrusively on your computer, or leave them. Increasing the quality of the sales force “offline” uninterruptible power supply was more popular in 1980 and 1990, although only Writing words provide very basic surge protection. Offline systems draws power directly from the power source of raw materials and only uses UPS system during power outages and the “on-line” system of Write an essay for me hour continuous power, the power failure / shortage or is Best not. Write An Essay For Me! Offline UPS, of course, is easy to manufacture, and, therefore, smaller and me on my homework biology cheaper, but they are not suitable for areas with poor power quality, UPS is more to replace the battery, the battery will be returned as quickly. Off-line UPS is only for Write for me hour, customers who are really only a battery back-up is recommended. Types of UPS:

Different approaches and designs are used in UPS systems, each with different characteristics set. The common design approaches are: * Standby * Line Interactive * Standby on-line hybrid * Standby-Ferro * Double Conversion On-Line * Delta Conversion On-Line * The Standby UPS Standby UPS is the type most commonly used in PC reservation. Transfer to filter the AC input selection is set as the primary energy source and battery / inverter primary source fails to be a source of renewal. Dissertation Survey! In this case, the key to move the battery to charge transfer / inverter backup power source to work. Investors only when the power fails, hence the name “standby”. * The Line Interactive UPS Line Interactive UPS, is for small business and departmental Web servers is to design the an essay for me, most commonly used. In this design, the power converter (inverter), the battery is always connected to the UPS output. At the time of the reverse of the inverter, the input is a normal plug in Help for teacher buying scheme the battery. * Standby On-Line Hybrid Standby On-Line Hybrid topology is a lot more use UPS 10kVA labeled “line. ” A DC-DC converter from the battery, AC power failure is detected on the system, just as the standby UPS. Charger is small, as a standby UPS.

Combined DC capacitors in UPS for AC power failure during the time of any transfer. This design is sometimes equipped with bypass switch failure or overload in a separate transfer. * The Standby-Ferro UPS Standby-Ferro UPS 15kVA 3-district was once the dominant form of Write an essay for me UPS. This design specific transformer saturation, the three windings (power connections) will depend. The main way to access the do assignment, power, the transfer switch, through a transformation, and by means of an essay output. In the event of essay power failure, the transfer switch is opened, the inverter output to the load.

The Double Conversion On-Line UPS This is the most common type of UPS above 10kVA. On-Line double conversion UPS block diagram, the standby mode is the same, except that the Write hour, power of the inverter main road. Dissertation Survey! * The Delta Conversion On-Line UPS This UPS design, including a double conversion on-line design and 5kVA available from Write for me hour a range of 1 MW to resolve deficiencies, is a new technology. Like Double Conversion On-Line design, the Delta Conversion On-Line UPS inverter voltage is always in proposal 2000 words charge. However, the additional Delta Converter also supports output power of the inverter. AC failure, or behavior disorders of identical design of the exhibition under the terms of a double conversion On-Line.

Although UPS sources are generally cheap, small and convenient, they are not suitable for all applications. Their common disadvantage is a relatively short runtime. Write An Essay For Me! That’s why most data sheets state it at half load. For small consumer-grade units half load run time is typically 13-20 minutes. Note that this characteristic is not linear. At full load you may get only 1/3 of do assignment for anyone half-load life. Prices of UCP: Over 40 local UPS brands. There are more than 40 markets, locally produced and an essay for me unregistered UPS brands.

Fuji, Microtech, Digi Tech, Easy Tech, Soft Tech, Star Tech, PowerOn Line, Galaxy, United, would install Power, PANA Tech, Pak Power, Mega Tech, Power Tech, Auto Tech, Fantom, Sun, Super Power Among they are, Offline, Unitex, Uni Power, Power Plus, Auto care, Peace, Toyo, Pro Line, Royal, Toshiba, Nokia, Auto Volt, Auto Power and Laser. Stack of new brands and trademarks are only available on the market. Best-selling brands of UPS are Micro Tech, Auto Care, Power Plus and Laser. UPSs are manufactured in over a dozen areas in the city, including Hall road, Hafeez center, Regal Chowk, Shahalaami, Abid Market and local markets. It takes 5-10 hours to recharge batteries.

195 Amp wet batteries to fully recharge the standard time is 10 hours. Friend! The duration of the charge amplifier 145 and 140 Amp wet batteries, six hours 120 Amp wet battery charge lasts for for me hour, four hours. The 80W of Help me on please power consumed by Write an essay for me the fan to be the same as that for 24 hours, and at least part of the increase in the electricity bill of 250 PRs. More batteries charged, more is the electricity bills. There are many batteries available in market to attach with ups.

They are AGS, Exide, Osaka, Phoenix, Atlas, and Volta. * UPS with built-in dry batteries range from Rs 7,000 to Rs 117,000. For Anyone! * UPS 500 VA that can run 1 PC costs Rs 7,000. An Essay Hour! * UPS 1,000 VA that can run 3 PCs costs Rs 12,500. * UPS 1,500 VA UPS that can run 4 PCs costs Rs 25,800. * UPS 2,200 VA that can run 5 to 6 PCs costs Rs 35,900. * UPS 3,300 VA that can run 8 to for teacher 9 PCs costs Rs 45,500. * UPS 4,000 VA that can run 12 to 13 PCs costs Rs 80,400. * UPS 5,000 VA that can run 15 to 16 PCs costs Rs 96,000. * UPS 6,000 VA that can run 18 to Write hour 20 PCs costs Rs 117,000. The back-up duration for these UPSs is between 10 and 15 minutes. My Homework Please! * UPSs without built-in batteries and built-in voltage stabilizers and which need wet batteries range from an essay for me hour Rs 7,500 to Rs 17,200. The wet batteries price range from Rs 5,500 and Rs 9,500. Help Me On My Homework Biology! * UPS with 50 0VA with 120 Ampere battery price Rs 7,500 + Rs 8,500 = Rs 16,000. * UPS with 1,500 VA with 195 Amp battery price Rs 17,200 + 13,200 = Rs 30,400. An Essay For Me Hour! * UPSs with built-in voltage stabilizers which need wet batteries price from Rs 14,000 to Rs 115,400. * 500 Watts UPS will manage 2 Fans and 4 energy savers. RS 8,000 * 700 Watts UPS will manage 3 Fans and me on please 6 energy savers. RS 9,500 Anything greater than 700 Watts will use 2 or more Batteries depending on necessities. * 1000 Watts UPS will manage 5 Fans and 8 energy savers. RS 14000 * 1500 Watts UPS will manage 7 Fans and 10 energy savers. RS 18000 * 2000 Watts UPS will manage 10 Fans and 16 energy savers. RS 24000 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ups: * The electricity supply drives uninterrupted, it do not require much power.

Its backup will depend on the battery, as many amperes a battery that much backup will provide. An Essay For Me Hour! The disadvantages it takes many and long charging time, and in case of long power outages, so it stops working. Excessive load reduces the duration of the backup entry. Reflected in Help biology the 60% to 90%. An Essay! Overview of Electric Generator This device can supply electricity to your home during power outages are casually referred to as a home generator.

Switching to an electric generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy to Help for teacher buying electrical energy. Mechanical energy can be used from different sources. Mechanical steam engine, the power turbine, internal combustion engine or turbine to for me drive the generator can generate power. Other sources of power, perhaps the wheel or hand crank. Electric generator to convert mechanical energy into Write electrical energy to Write work. Best Friend Papers! In general, currently used generators use gasoline, diesel, water, natural gas, wind, and a wide range of other fuels. Write An Essay For Me! Compliance with the basic law of physics, it is not really creative to generate energy, simply transfer mechanical energy from Help for teacher a house one type of electric.

The first generator began building in 1830, physicist and chemist Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic generator as the principle behind it. This is the principle of Faraday’s law. When the magnetic field perpendicular to the electric conductor, conductor end will create a potential difference. This is the first electromagnetic generator, called the Faraday disk to Write an essay for me hour detect. This type of generator uses a copper disk. Proposal 2000 Words! The disc rotates between horseshoe magnet site. Faraday disk produced a small amount of current and direct current (DC) voltage. However, this oscillator suffered some drawbacks. Design is not effective, because of the different magnetic regions.

Regions that are not affected by the magnetic field generator produce a desperate counter current flow normal flow. The flow of power from the relay output lines of this battle will be reduced. Causes, as well as complete loss of heating copper disc. Later this disadvantage of the use of magnets arranged around the perimeter of a systematic reduction in disc. Thus, the effect of Write an essay hour maintaining a stable current flow direction has not been a problem. Not until 1866, Werner Siemens to please biology enhance the creative process is not a way to more sustainable use of magnets. Dynamo was the first turbine power generating industry. This generator uses the principle of electromagnetic activity, DC mechanical switch. Dynamo by the collector. Hipolito Pixi was built in 1832 in the first dynamo ever.

This generator consists of stationary machines. This machine rotating magnetic field coil. A small machines, or more permanent magnet position to Write for me hour a constant magnetic field generator can provide. Larger machines, the you, field magnet coils. Write An Essay For Me! Generator uses electromagnetic induction processing power. This machine urge electrical load to Writing words the external circuit.

It does not, however, generate electricity or number. These aspects are now in their wire windings. Generator to pump water to the flow of an essay water is papers similar to, but not to make your own water. Home owners buy a portable generator in case of power failure. These devices are often powered by human power, and batteries to store electricity. Electromagnetic generators were discovered before, people use the electrostatic generator. This type of generator is Write an essay for me very high voltage and low-current production. Who Can For Anyone! In other words, effective, less power to generate electricity produces large-scale corporations have ever used. Generator, today, when broken down into basic components, all the engine alternator, fuel system, and cooling / exhaust system.

You can find different types of generators. It sounds like the car, is not it? The main drivers of an electric generator, alternator and electric motor to drive the car, charge the battery into mechanical energy is converted to work as a power-lights, radio, air-conditioning, seat warmers, and almost everything else. Alternator is the main component of any generator. Write An Essay For Me Hour! A generator, simply, the engine is mechanical energy.

Do not take anything from the Help for teacher a house scheme, engine, still doing its job very well. For Me Hour! The main generator is Writing 2000 words a component of the magnetic field setting, using different methods will work. Magnetic field, a voltage difference, and this, in turn, produce alternating current, or AC produced. Write An Essay For Me Hour! Generator is Who can for anyone used in a wide range of situations. Factory used to provide extra juice for an essay, your plants, and many homes and businesses use them to make a backup in emergency situations.

Hydroelectric dams and mills are a type of generator, nature, water and wind into electric energy without using fossil fuels for turning forces. Different types of generators have been around for hundreds of years. Electro-static and exhaust-gas generators were invented at the beginning of 1600-1700, and the foundations of the electrical experiments. Generator will be, without a doubt, part of the industry for many years to come will be a great. Writing Proposal 2000! Someone to figure out how to take advantage of the lightning. Basically generators are of two types, a standby generator provides backup power in the home and official place, and is installed outside the home or office building. And the second is for me hour portable generator is used in places where electricity is not available. These generators are sufficient to run domestic devices like refrigerators, televisions and furnace.

Types of a dissertation proposal 2000 Generators: Residential Standby Generators: These types generators are typically run by gas or diesel and Write an essay for me is used to supply power to homes to power critical items such as fans, lights and papers refrigerators in case of a load shedding in their area. * Commercial Standby Generators: These types generators are identical to residential generators, but are used on a much bigger scale. Write Hour! Residential generators run at do assignment 6,000 watts whereas commercial generators run at 30,000 watts. Hour! Commercial generators are used to power standby systems in commercial institutions. For Teacher Buying A House Scheme! * Portable Generators: These generators are usually the smallest types of generators (up to 30,000 watts) and are perfect for outdoor uses such as to power an entertaining vehicle. * Solar Generators: These generators are also known as solar panels and Write hour are most commonly found on houses roofs. Light on solar panels turn into energy to operate high watt equipment i. e. heaters, air conditioners When you need to decide what to produce, how much square footage the me on please, power you need to take into account how much power you need, and how you want to transport the generator on location. Prices of Generators: Mostly generators are used to overcome the power disaster in Pakistan. Different generators for sale are available in market of Pakistan in a large amounts and it is much easy to get. * Gas Generators in Pakistan: Gas generators are generally used at home as they are cheap in for me hour price as compared to others and easy to operate. A Dissertation 2000! The prices of gas generators in Pakistan are: * 3 KVA Gas generator in Karachi for Rs. 28, 900 * 5 KVA Honda Gas Generator, Karachi, Rs. 115, 000 * 2 KVA Gas Generator with Cylinder, Karachi, at Rs.

22, 000 * 2 KVA Gas Generator in Lahore for Rs. 2,000 * 37. 5 KVA Gas generator in Rawalpindi for Rs. 430,000 * Petrol Generator in Pakistan: Petrol generators are used in shops and in for me industrial areas. Papers! They usually operate longer than Gas generators. The prices for Petrol generators in Pakistan are: * 3 KVA Petrol gas generator in Karachi, Rs. 25, 000 * 5 KVA Denyo Petrol generator in Write an essay Karachi, Rs. 75, 000 * Petrol Power Generator 5. A Dissertation Words! 5 KVA with 45A Exide Battery in Write an essay hour Lahore,Rs. 30, 000 * 3. 0 KVA Inhell petrol Generator in Islamabad, Rs. 25,000 * Petrol Generator Astra 5. 5 KVA in Islamabad, for Rs. 2, 500 * 3. 5 KVA Astra petrol gas generator in Islamabad, Rs.

26, 500 * Diesel Generators in How to do a Pakistan: Diesel Generators are the expensive forms of generators and are not ideal due to increase in fuel prices. Usually they are used in factories and big commercial and industrial areas, facilitating large machinery to Write for me hour operate. * Wartsila, 1000 KVA, Heavy Fuel Diesel, Rs 60, 00,000/- * Mitsubishi, 650 KVA, Diesel, Rs 22,50,000/- * Cummins, 350 KVA, Diesel, Rs 15,50,000/- * Denyo, 75 KVA, Diesel, Rs 8, 50, 000/- Advantages and Disadvantages of Generator: It can run many electronic devices and it can supply electricity for the long duration of load shedding. * The disadvantages are air and noise pollution, usage of fuel and Write essay in three you cost it too much. Reasons of Load shedding in Pakistan Modern times, electricity has become very necessary for life to survive in Write an essay hour this world. No sector becomes alive. Now, the electricity plays a very vital role in economic growth, and the progress of any country. Anything that has to do directly attached with electricity. In all market places, hospitals, offices, cinema, college, universities, factories, mills and industry depends on. an agriculture without irrigation, industrial Wheel stand still. The house was dark. Detrimental to energy shortages that affect industrial and agricultural production.

Insignificant limit. Energy is now Pakistan, the debate. House wives, traders, businessmen, students, ministers all the victims from lack of energy. Lahore city experienced 12 hours extreme load shedding in this peak hot weather. Let discus the main causes of load shedding First of essay hours all, water level of lakes and an essay for me dams Mangala, Tarbela Warsak, Rasule, Malakund, etc. Dissertation Survey! , as much too small, many are suffering as a result of energy generation. Then the Write an essay hour, construction of large dams, which, for example, the design of Kala Bagh Dam has fallen victim to political conflicts, if narrow, demand and supply of electricity, will reduce Gap, but, at proposal words the same time, as we respond to the needs of our industry. Thermal power is produced by Oil, gas, coal and electricity produced by this is the major part of the electricity. It is very expensive, energy, and the public is not exposed to the worst. Therefore, the government has to finance any deficit. 18 RS is a unit production costs, but it supplied at per unit Rs 12. So govt due to insufficiency of capital fails to Write build up a new plant.

These are very expensive to build and govt is incapable to construct it on high scale. Developed countries are part of the basic shapes used in the production of nuclear resources, but Pakistan is not using these resources, our need. Moreover, pressure and power of the world to satisfy us, among other things, the use of the in three, Don. Second, it requires a lot of attention. Perhaps, the Write for me, following measures will be taken in Pakistan. Setting up of new factories and mechanization of agriculture demand of power is increasing, but the supply of electricity is falling short of demand at an increasing rate every year. Every year thousands of villages are electrified and new colonies in urban areas are supplied with electricity. This also a causes an increase in the demand for Writing a dissertation 2000 words, electricity. Standard of living has become high. People use luxuries goods like AC, fridge water cooler, and fans.

These goods works with the help of electricity which become the an essay for me hour, cause of increase of Who can do assignment for anyone consumption. every work is done by light. For Me! millions of electronic goods come in market and sale out. People are these goods blindly without any cautions. in one house there will be found many ac and fans. Markets, Offices, Collages, Universities remains open till late at night. t is Help main cause of short fall. No benefit is taken from sun light in a day. Most of Write for me hour electricity is used illegally without paying any charges by poor people as well as owners of industries and factories.

Income is decreased than expenses so that it cannot be generate abandon. Cause of Energy Crisis in Pakistan * Old Aged Equipment: An important reason endorsed to this energy deficiency is the old aged producing equipment which could not generate the electricity as per the design necessity. Continuous updating and maintenance of How to do a dissertation survey equipment is the responsibility of the maintenance of a high level. We sincerely believe that, you should seriously consider, upgrade and maintenance of existing equipment must be in for me hour good working condition. * Wastage of Energy: Serious thought is given to the best level of energy use. It is necessary to develop a new culture of energy saving. Several times the level of illiteracy on for teacher scheme, government, blamed for the failure of savings.

This is not true. Maximum power of the elite class of knowledge and all the resources consumed by communication. An Essay Hour! But they do not have the survey, luxury to ignore the problem. The government should seriously embark on energy-saving program. High Cost of Fuel: Crude oil price increase from $ 40 140 $ / barrel. This means that the Write for me hour, unit price seems excessive thermal energy. Who Can Do Assignment! WAPDA when buying electricity on Write for me hour, higher price are not ready to sold at for teacher a house scheme a loss. Write! So, do not move to a common complain of load shedding. * Theft of Electricity: A simple solution is to increase the for anyone, power price.

Again, the theft of electricity consumers, adding misery to the ordinary citizen to pay the bills by honestly. Energy-loss problem has been discussed for Write hour, more than a decade, and despite all efforts, no solution has been found. * Monopoly in the Business: WAPDA is the generation and dispatch unit in Pakistan. Although NEPRA is a government authority to settle the tariff matters but it remains the subject of WAPDA has come to power, it has little effect. This is recommended that private sector should be allowed to set up power plant and Best settle the electricity to customers. Once the rates are fixed on reasonable basis and the service and uninterrupted power supply will be covered then customers will be benefited. * Exploring Coal: Pakistan is blessed with a bulky number of Write coal resources and Best papers there is no serious work required to explore the coal, to generate electricity. Coal has been accused of less quality. However, tailor-made ?? solutions are available for any type of coal burned. The government wants the private sector to for me hour play its role. In our opinion the government should take initiative and set up the essay in three you, power plants on the site of coal mines. * Renewable Energy: Government efforts to Write an essay produce renewable energy sources.

PPIB has issued a letter of Help intent, many private sector guarantors. If severe, the total deficit in the water and the wind-energy sector can be met. It is recommended that users of small loans to the electricity use of Write for me hour a family of small hydro and a dissertation words solar-cell installation. To provide a mechanism for the recovery of the loan, the monthly bills will be each month. * Role of Government: Government is searching for the private sector to invest in the energy sector and Write for me hour they elected him as a mediator and arbitrator for Writing proposal 2000, investment. We suggest the creation of traditional and new technologies has to be a great investment in the units of government. Once the massive public sector plans, the private sector will be soon. * Energy Planning: Despite the high cost of emergency assistance, is only thermal power plants, and the 24-month period of time can be commissioned. Pakistan to an essay hour develop comprehensive and realistic planning capacity of a catalytic element in economic growth, and poverty and prosperity in Pakistan to help. * Distribution System: WAPDA distribution system is inadequate briefing highlights the buying, main reason for the loss of balance, and a broken system.

It is true, the distribution system causes a lot of unwanted and hour broken off, but, now, we truly believe that the shortage of energy is the main cause of Help for teacher our problem, complain WAPDA distribution network in twenty years, but failed to bring any improvement. Groups Affected By Load Shedding: * Social-priority customers: Such as health care institutions, security providing forces, national communications services and energetic manufacturing plants * Non-priority Customers: Such as ordinary local homes, shops and homes may have to be exposed to power failures during a time of load-shedding that factory has sufferers from an essay for me hour shutting down its machinery and wasting its workers. * According to estimates, Lahore has 10,000 factories, out of which 30-40 percent factories shut down as a result of load shedding. These companies use electricity and Sui gas in large quantities. In these factories, plastic molding, rubber products, leather garments, cotton, iron goods, and many other things manufactured. * According to Best papers sources of the Ministry of Labor, there were about 800,000 workers to their work. 400,000 800,000 workers while they receive less pay. Due to the failure of the owners to end the extra power facilities, and increases our difficulties. * Banquet halls will no longer be capable to host all-night wedding and other parties. * Brightly-lit billboards and Neon signs are to be banned. Load Shedding gives Birth to new Cottage Industry in Country: The endless load shedding was given birth to Write an essay a new small industry which is Help for teacher engaged in the production of products to deal with load shedding. Load shedding, however, the big negative impact on the major industrial sector but it has helped small businesses grow small producers to produce products to shield against load shedding such as emergency lights, candles, generators, UPS, and like many of the other has become beautiful. Ignored, and an essay hour although the company does not die, artificial sources of energy is the 2000 words, power of the current “age of darkness”.

This crisis began long before and gave birth to electrical machinery price-hike. For Me Hour! Since then the price has come down and the manufacturers do not earn abnormal profits in energy. Industry has arrived, and it was the creation of jobs (something like a family business), and the workshop or factory and labor has been extended too many homes enjoy. According to an estimate, there are 10,000 factories in Lahore, among which approximately 30-40 percent factories have been closed because of load shedding. These factories were utilizing electricity and Sui gas in a huge amount. In these factories, plastic molding, rubber articles, leather garments, cotton, iron-made goods, and many other things were being produced. According to the labor department sources, approximately 800,000 laborers have been dispelled from their jobs.

While, 400,000 to 800,000 laborers were receiving less wage. Many manufacturers make Ultra Power Supply (UPS) 1000w 500 and Rs 6,000-12,000 from selling at different prices. Who Can Do Assignment For Anyone! At least two tube lights, two fans, a television, a computer and Write an essay can be run, as they say, but the price they harge, not 48 or more, the cost of the battery, ie, among the available in the market at Rs 2400, 4500 to Rs. In addition, the age of the batteries is about one year, and the battery is damaged, repair or replacement costs must be supported by its users. Generator current price increases recorded in 2007, Rs 2000 and Rs 5000 different brands, depending on size and How to do a quality. Generators have been used in China more generally on the other side, such as imports, a very high value. Write For Me! The ability to market it under their own power generators with different types, some diesel and some petrol and friend gas operations. It is advisable to have caught members of the replica market; we have to mention its high price, even though they were not a major concern for quality.

Most of the shopkeepers sell artificial lighting devices, they say, because they are forced ordinary people to bring these products to market. However, the hour, risk of these products, it is not a quality, it is a serious risk of explosion. Help My Homework Please! In summer, coolers and fans demand will increase, especially in schools, universities, homes, offices, etc. For Me Hour! , and in the case of How to dissertation continuous load shedding, artificial demand for Write an essay hour, energy resources is likely to rise. Negative impact of load shedding: Impact of Help my homework please biology Load Shedding on Students: Load shedding effects everyone but students are suffering from Write an essay for me hour load shedding and their study activities is badly punished because of in three hours unscheduled and long load shedding. Because in the exams day do not enough for students to study, but should be prepared for their exams in the morning and at Write hour night, but they cannot, therefore, Load shedding is disturbing very badly Students Study. It’s affecting students especially whose exams are in Who can do assignment for anyone progress because of unscheduled Load shedding. Proper planning against load shedding has not been done in an essay hour examination halls and students are meeting with this hide and seek of electricity.

Load shedding causing worst impact on students. Schedule of Writing a dissertation proposal their study is interrupted. Due to frustration of an essay for me hour load shedding they cannot study properly. These days, summer is on its peak, but without electricity is irritating. Dissertation Survey! When students do not have adequate sleep, they cannot learn well, and this will affect their learning. This is because students are able to study at night. Students who suffer most as a hard training especially during the study.

The worst situation is those at the thousands of the government schools and private academies, which lack the power generators facilities as it is Write an essay only organized by some very posh private schools. Impact of Load shedding on proposal words, Health: Remember the good old days; many people would enjoy a good night’s sleep. Interestingly, people from other countries, the future, and a better life, we find it easier to go back to the soft smile is better remembered today. In fact, pessimism and cynicism in a way that is an essay hour both natural responses. We often hear the saying “I’ll sleep in his diary. ” All I hear is how to keep that night, or how many times it has happened to turn on and turn off the electricity. People now look forward to Writing 2000 the beginning of the night against their body and a new energy to rest and work the next day. Nights are not welcome. Good sleep is essential for the production day. Irritability, aggression, amnesia, insomnia and drowsiness rough night from the poor, who spend as much. To work together with the indifference and anxiety.

Their capacity to Write an essay work and Who can for anyone earn a lot of suffering. Load shedding is considered too heavy for the underprivileged. Detailed and in-depth psychological analysis is an essay hour required, how serious psychological disorders are very painful load shedding, to determine the result of long hours. Mentally unhealthy workforce contributes nothing to Who can for anyone the development of the country. Impact of Load shedding on Write an essay hour, Industrial Units: Approximately 1,579 industrial units in the country as a result of an extensive, power failure, and biology other problems in the last five years, closed, sources told Daily Times.

Among these plants, in Punjab, 115, 700 Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 688, 29 Balochistan and Processing Zone Authority (EPZA) was combined with 47 different industrial stopped. Sources said these Industries have closed or are not optimal capacity shortage of energy (electricity and an essay for me gas, frequent interruptions), capital and technology, and poor performance due to Writing a dissertation the high cost of production. Other causes of conflict and the owners of the property-specific financial limitations. Write For Me! Wide range of measures taken by the Government of the country’s industrial sector, a number of recoveries. In KP and Fata, State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has approved the removal of all small and medium enterprises (SMEs) revive government loans to help improve the energy supply, and electricity and gas to increase production to meet growing energy demand. Nuclear energy production is essay you being improved by development of indigenization of the nuclear power technology. The government is boosting caged power generation through substitute and renewable foundations of energy like wind power, coal, projects, bio gas projects, solar energy small hydro and coal gasification in short-range. To raise credit conveniences, the SBP has providing many schemes for easing access to investment to SMEs by supplying guarantee and Write for me building their size to manage their funds. Do A Survey! To ease change of hands and have easy winding up processes as a massive amount of Write hour dynamic capacity lies inactive the Securities and Exchange Commission of Help my homework please biology Pakistan (SECP) was asked to make changes to ‘insolvency laws’. The SECP and Funding Division are working on the Corporate Restoration Act to make the processes instant and also cover the chance of providing ‘technical support’ to recover sick industry.

Overview to modern technology: The Ministry of Industry has set up Common Facility Centers through Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) and trial projects for Write an essay, drill including tools, mould and Writing a dissertation proposal 2000 words dye centers and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) centers and computer-aided designing. Business development centers to grow and polish innovative skills. To challenge inadequacies: The National Productivity Organization is piloting energy audits of hour steel and Best papers textile sector and helping in an essay major reserves through minor modifications. Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies also conveys out energy audits for a very nominal fee. Impact of Load Shedding on Economy: Electricity shortage in the country is creating destruction for industries in Writing 2000 Pakistan. Long hours of an essay for me hour load shedding throughout the country limiting the industries to work efficiently and smoothly and to manufacture the goods for fulfilling local needs as well as foreign orders creates problems such as industry dropping its orders and customers and at last it results in closing of industry. Pakistan is in the hold of a serious energy crisis that is disturbing all sectors of the economy and the various sectors of the society. As the circumstances stands to-day, there are barely any instant solutions to resolve the Best papers, issue. Load shedding may affect the economy of the country.

Has a global impact on people’s lives. Industrialization is slow down by load shedding. Commercial operation will affect the majority of the student research because curfew in effect. An Essay Hour! Shortage of furnace oil and crude oil prices continued to rise. The use of oil to generate electricity in the oven is the my homework please, only constant. Load shedding is increasing mainly because of the supply and demand gap during peak hours of using. The circumstances can be managed to a level by hour the cooperation of the customers to do assignment crush the load curve. The consumption which can be moved from the peak hours to other time slots can comfort the situation.

And initiating increase in inflation because tariff is Write for me hour also increasing of commodity per unit 30% to 60% Objectives: The objective of the research is to collect socio-economic data from the targeted population. The main objectives of this research are to: * Study the overview of load shedding, UPS and generator. Please Biology! * Examine the reasons of load shedding in Pakistan. For Me! * Study the impact of load shedding on different fields of life. Study the theory of demand, supply, price, indifference curve. How To Do A Dissertation Survey! * Examine the Write an essay for me, demand, supply and Help for teacher scheme tariffs of electricity in Pakistan. For Me! * Whether there is any load shedding in your area? And the frequency of the load shedding * Disturbance faced by Public due to load shedding. * Examine the steps taken by people against load shedding. * Examine substitutes for Who can do assignment, load shedding affecting consumer. * Did they satisfy on government’s role regarding the load shedding problem? * Examine the steps must be taken to overcome energy crisis. Write For Me Hour! * Study the impact of load shedding on a dissertation proposal 2000, living standards. Chapter 2 Theory Supply: Different quantities of a product which manufacturers offer for hour, sale in the market at dissimilar level of prices. OR A essential economic concept that defines the Best friend papers, total quantity of a specific good or service that is available to buyers. Supply can narrate to the quantity available at a specific value or the Write an essay, quantity available across a variety of prices if showed on a graph. This tells closely to the demand for a good or service at a specific value; all other being equal, the supply provided by manufacturers will increase if the price increases because all companies look to make the most of profits. Determinants affecting supply.

Some of the common factors that affecting supply are: * Good’s Own Price: If there is any change in the price of a good it affects the Help please, supply of that product. * Input Cost: If the price of inputs like land, labor, raw materials and power increases the Write for me, seller will not supply the goods at existing price. * Government Policies: As the change in government policies and regulations such as wage rate, taxes, gas and electricity rates, it affects the supply of a commodity. Help Me On My Homework Biology! * Expectations: If the supplier expects that there will be an increase in the demand of a good, the firm increases the production so it affects the supply. * Number of Suppliers: If more suppliers enter the industry the market, it will decrease the Write an essay hour, prices and affect supply. Best Friend! * Conditions of Production: If there is an essay for me hour any change in conditions of my homework production like weather, law and order situation or any technological change it affects the for me hour, supply of buying a house a commodity. Law of an essay for me supply: If other things do not change, then the amount supplied of a product declines with every decline in for teacher buying its price and rises with every rise in its price. Assumptions: The assumptions of law of supply are * There must be no change in cost of raw materials. * There must be no change in rate of taxes. * The transportation cost must remain constant. The wage rate must remain constant. * There must be no change in method of productions. * There weather being constant. Write An Essay Hour! * The law and do assignment for anyone order situation should not be change. Demand: The mathematical function showing the amount demanded in terms of for me hour its various factors, including income and value; thus its show the algebraic representation of the demand curve. OR Different quantities of product which a buyer is willing to buying at Best several level of Write hour price.

Qd = f (P) In ordinary language, the want of a product is measured as demand but in economics only that want of a dissertation proposal words a product is an essay for me hour measured as demand which is supported by buying power. Thus we can say that, Demand = Desire of do a a Commodity + Purchasing Power of Consumer Determinants affecting Demand Some of the common factors those affecting demands are: * Change in Price: If the Write an essay for me, change of price of a commodity changes it changes the demand of a commodity. * Change in Income: The change of income of the essay in three hours you, buyer also affects the demand of a product. * Change in Fashion: The demand changes as there is a change in fashion occurs. An Essay! * Change in Taste: The demand changes as the buying, taste of a consumer changes with time to time. Write Hour! * Change in Population: The demand of a commodity change with the changes in the size of population. * Change in Weather: The demand of a commodity affects with the change in words weather. Law of Demand: It shows the Write an essay, adverse relationship between amount demanded and price. If other things do not change then the quantity demanded of a commodity decreases with every increase in Writing proposal its price and it increases with every decrease in its price. Demand curve: These are the following reasons of negative slope of demand curve * Price effect: It occurs when the new consumers enter in market. Write For Me Hour! * Income effect: It occurs when people start buying more units. Substitution effect: It occurs when people decrease buying of essay hours alternatives and buying this commodity more. An Essay Hour! Assumptions: The assumptions of law of demand are * There is no change in the taste of the consumer. * The income being constant. * There is no change in the customs. * There must not be any alternates to the commodities. * There must no change in values of the other products. * There must not be likely change in the prices of the goods being used. A Dissertation 2000 Words! * The behavior of the buyer must be constant. Limitations: The limitations of law of an essay for me demand are * It is not apply on the usage of live saving drugs. It is not apply on the use of high-status products. * It is not apply on very high priced goods. * It is not apply in case of critical shortage of proposal words product or in unbalanced situation of law and an essay hour order.

Price: The quantity of money that has to be paid to obtain a given commodity. Insofar as the amount people are prepared to pay for a product represents its value, price is also a measure of value. The current value at which an good or service can be bought or sold. Economic theory opposes that the market price touches at a point where the forces of supply and demand encounter. Shocks to any the supply side and/or demand side can cause the market price for a good or service to buying scheme be re-evaluated. Example: In the comprehensive sense, an item’s market price lies at the point of an essay crossing between the existing supply of the good or service and market demand for it. Any change in the supply or demand affects an product’s market price.

If demand remains constant, a decrease in supply results in an increase in its market price and vice versa. Similarly, if supply remains constant, a increase in the demand for an product results in How to a increase in Write its market price and vice versa. Who Can For Anyone! Price Theory: An economic theory that opposes that the price for any particular good or service is the relationship between the forces of supply and demand. An Essay For Me Hour! The theory of How to price says that the point at Write hour which the profit gained from those who demand the entity meets the seller’s marginal costs is the most ideal market price for the good or service. Elasticity: A measure of a variable’s feeling to a conversion in another variable. In economics, elasticity discusses the degree to which individuals (customers or producers) change their demand/volume supplied in reply to price or income fluctuations. OR “Elasticity is a measure of me on my homework sensitivity. The responsiveness of Write hour performance measured by variable Z to a conversion in Who can for anyone environment variable Y is the conversion in Z observed in reaction to a change in Y. Specially, this estimate is common: Elasticity of Demand: The rate at which amount demanded of a product changes due to change in its value, is Write an essay called Elasticity of Demand.

Types of Elasticity of Demand * Price Elasticity of Demand (Edp): The degree of Write sensitivity of for me amount demanded of a product due to change in its worth is called Price Elasticity of Demand. Measurement: There are two ways to measure Price Elasticity of Demand Percentage Method: Edp = % change in quantity demanded % change in price * Formula Method: Edp = ? q/? p * p/q * Income Elasticity of do assignment for anyone Demand (Edy): The unit of change in demand of a commodity due to change in hour income of a buyer is called Income Elasticity of Demand. Measurement: There are two ways to measure Income Elasticity of Help please biology Demand. * Percentage Method: Edy = % change in Demand % change in income * Formula Method: Edy = ? q/? y * y/q * Cross Elasticity of Demand: The unit of change in an essay for me hour demand of a commodity (a) due to change in the value of a commodity (b) is called Cross Elasticity of Demand. Measurement: There are two methods to measure Cross Elasticity of Demand. * Percentage method: Edc = % change in demand of (a) % change in price (b) * Formula method: Edc = ? qa/? pb * pb/qa Elasticity of Supply: The rate of responsiveness of amount supplied of a commodity due to a change in its value is called Elasticity of Supply. Measurement: The methods of measurement of elasticity of supply are * Measurement of elasticity of supply between two distinct points: Following is the method of measurement of How to do a dissertation elasticity of Write an essay for me hour supply between two distinct points. * Formula method: Es = q2 – q1 ? 2 – q1 ? p2 + p1 ? p2 – p1 * Measurement of elasticity of supply between two closer points: The two methods of measurement of elasticity of supply between two closer points are * Formula method: Es = ? q/? p * p/q * Percentage method: Es = % change in How to survey quantity supplied % change in price * Measurement of Write an essay for me hour elasticity of supply by buying a house geometrical method: The two methods of measurement of elasticity of supply by geometrical method * Straight Line: If supply curve is a straight line then elasticity of supply at a single point is for me hour measured with the help of this method. * Curve:

If supply line is proposal words curve similar than elasticity of an essay for me hour supply at a single point is measured by taking tangent on Help for teacher scheme, that single point. Write An Essay! Indifference Curve According to Hics-Allen indifference curve refers all those combinations of commodities that give equal fulfillment to the buyer so he will be indifferent between them and it will not problem to him which one he acquires. How To Dissertation Survey! OR A curve used in economics to show all possible relative quantities of commodities or services equally wanted by or of hour equal use to Who can do assignment a customer OR A diagram showing equal levels of convenience (satisfaction) for a buyer faced with various combinations of Write an essay commodities. OR A curve used in economics which shows how buyers would react to different combinations of goods. On the graph, a quantity of one commodity appears on the x axis and a quantity of another commodity appears on the y axis. Buyers would be equally fulfilled at friend papers any point along a given arc, as each point brings the Write for me hour, same level of utility to Writing proposal 2000 words that buyer. The slope of the arc is stated to as the marginal rate of substitution.

History of Indifference Curve: Indifference curve theory was developed in first part of 20th century by by Irish-born British economist Francis Ysidro Edgeworth. Indifference theory can be got from ordinal theory, assumes that people can enjoy the priority of any consumption bundle. Properties of an essay hour Indifference Curve: The main characteristics or properties of Indifference curve are: * Indifference Curves are Negatively Sloped: The indifference curves must slope down from left to right. This means that an indifference curve is negatively sloped. It slopes downward because as the buyer increases the consumption of X Product, he has to give up certain units of Y product in order to keep the same level of fulfillment. Higher Indifference Curve Represents Higher Level: A higher indifference curve that lies above and to the right of another indifference curve shows a higher level of do assignment fulfillment and combination on a lower indifference curve yields a lower fulfillment. * Indifference Curve are Convex to the Origin: It is an important characteristic of indifference curves. They are convex to the origin. This is comparable to an essay for me saying that as the user substitutes product X for product Y, the marginal rate of substitution reduces of X for Y along an indifference curve. * Indifference Curve Cannot Intersect Each Other:

According to the definition of indifference curve and the assumptions, the indifference curves cannot intersect each other. It is because at the point of tangency, the higher curve will give as much as of the two products as is given by the lower indifference curve. This is irrational and impossible. * Indifference Curves do not Touch the Best friend, Horizontal or Vertical Axis: One of simple assumptions of indifference curves is that the buyer purchases combinations of different products. He is not supposed to buying only one product. In that case indifference curve will touch one axis. This disturbs the plain assumption of indifference curves. Substitution Effect: An effect produced by a increase in value that encourages a buyer (whose income has remained constant) to buy more of a comparatively lower-priced commodity and less of an essay hour a higher-priced commodity. Substitution effect is always negative for the supplier: buyers always shift from spending on higher-priced commodities to lower-priced ones as they try to sustain their living standard in face of Write essay in three hours increasing prices. Substitution effect is not limited only to customer goods, but shows in other areas as well such as demand for labor and capital.

In economics, the influence of a change in the value of a commodity, which inspires buyers to substitute one commodity for another. If a commodity’s price decreases, buyers will tend to buy it in liking to other commodities; if its price increases, buyers will buy other commodities instead. The idea that as values increase (or incomes decline) buyers will replace more costly items with less costly substitutes. On the other hand, as the wealth of persons rises, the opposite tends to be true, as lower-priced or low-grade commodities are avoided for more costly, higher-quality goods and services – this is known as the income effect. The substitution effect is the effect perceived with fluctuations in relative value of commodities. This effect fundamentally upsets the movement along the curve. Write An Essay Hour! Supply Chain of Power Sector | | Power Sector – Supply Chain| | | | Generation| Transmission| Distribution| Consumption| | Furnace Oil| Independent Power| | FESCO| | Thermal| | | | | | | Gas| Plants, Generations| | GEPCO| Domestic| | Coal| Companies, and| | HESCO| | | | KESC| | | | | | | National| IESCO| Industrial| | | | | | | Hydel| Water| Dams| Transmission and| LESCO| | | Solar| Independent Power| Distribution Company| MEPCO| Commercial| Renewable| Wind| | | PESCO| | | Plants| | | | | Hyde IPPs| | | QESCO| | | | | | | Others| | | | | TESCO| | | | | KESC| KESC| | Table 1 Generation Capacity (MWH)| 2012| | Installed| % of total| Thermal| GENCOs| 4,885| 20. 7%| | KESC| 2,050| 8. 7%| | IPPs| 8,587| 36.

3%| | RPPs| 453| 1. 9%| | Others (CPPs/SPPs)| 324| 1. How To Do A Dissertation Survey! 4%| Hydel| WAPDA| 6,444| 27. 3%| | IPPs| 111| 0. 5%| Nuclear| Two Nuclear Plants| 787| 3. 3%| Import| Mainly from Iran| -| 0. 0%| | Total| 23,641| 100%| Table 2 Electricity Generation Capacity of Pakistan Electricity Consumption in Pakistan Figure 1 Figure 2 Current and Expected Energy Mix of electricity in Pakistan: Figure 3 Figure 4 : According to data released by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (Nepra) in its 2012 State of the Industry report, private sector firms have already begun work on dozens of projects that would substantially increase the country’s electricity generation capacity. After five years of unbearably long daily power outages, Pakistan’s private sector has had enough: over the next five years, they plan on investing over $14. 3 billion in increasing the nation’s power production capacity by nearly 46%, and Write they are doing so by investing in the cheapest possible sources of electricity. 2,400MW will be Pakistan’s power generation capacity by 2018, if the next government will to do absolutely nothing to prevent or slow down the for teacher, progress currently being made on Write an essay for me, projects that are already approved and for anyone progressing. Write For Me Hour! : (The Express Tribune, 2013) Expected Demand and Supply Gap, Power Generation Projects Power Generation Projects in Pipeline| | Number| Capacity| Expected Cost| Per MW| Public Sector| | | US $| US $| Hydel| 12| 2,358| 96,282| 40. 8| Private Sector| | | | | Oil Based| 8| 997| 1,151| 1. 2| Pipeline Quality Gas| 1| 140| 140| 1. 0| Dedicated Gas fields| 3| 621| 780| 1. | Hydel| 16| 5,271| 10,096| 1. 9| Coal| 7| 1,725| 2,356| 1. 4| Naphta| 2| 404| 404| 1. 0| Total| 37| 9,158| 111,209| 12. 1| Table 3 Deficit in Best papers Demand and Supply (MWH)| Fiscal Year 13| Fiscal Year 14| Fiscal Year 15| Planned Generation Capability| 21,746| 24,212| 25,081| Projected Demand Growth Rate| 8%| 7%| 7%| Projected Demand Growth Rate| 25,284| 27,092| 29,032| Total| (3,538)| (2,880)| (3,951)| Table 4 | | | Short term| | Medium term| | | | Long term| | | Years| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| 2013| 2014| 2015| 2016| 2017| 2018| 2019| 2020| A| Existing| | | | | | | | | | | | | Generation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hydel| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| | Gen. Cos| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| | IPPs| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| | Rental| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| | SPPs| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| | Total A| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| B| Committed| | | | | | | | | | | | | Under| | | | | | | | | | | | | | process| 2466| 5501| 7806| 7806| 7556| 7256| 7256| 7256| 7256| 7256| 7256| 7256| | generation| | | | | | | | | | | | | C| Total A+B| 18386| 21421| 23726| 23726| 23476| 23176| 23176| 23176| 23176| 23176| 23176| 23176| D| 0. 8? C| 14709| 17137| 18981| 18981| 18781| 18541| 18541| 18541| 18541| 18541| 18541| 18541| E| Demand| 22500| 24474| 26520| 28683| 30944| 33394| 36217| 40648| 43864| 46689| 50152| 54319| | summer| | | | | | | | | | | | | | peak| | | | | | | | | | | | | F| deficit of| | | | | | | | | | | | | generation| 7791| 7237| 7539| 10702| 12273| 14853| 17676| 22107| 25323| 28148| 31611| 35738| Forecast Supply and demand position from 2009-2020 in MW Table 5 Tariffs: Table 6 2011| Units Purchased| Units Sold| District Losses| Amount Lost| Billed| Realized| Recovery Ratio| PESCO| 13396| 8,712| -35%| (37,133)| 69,065| 541,146| 78.

4%| IESCO| 8502| 7674| -10%| (7,231)| 67,015| 62,580| 93. 4%| GEPCO| 7314| 6439| -12%| (7,625)| 56,111| 55,459| 98. 8%| LESCO| 16995| 14741| -13%| (21,178)| 138,501| 135,872| 98. 1%| FESCO| 9685| 8596| -11%| (9,411)| 74,289| 74,111| 99. 8%| MEPCO| 12471| 10189| -18%| (18,956)| 84,637| 82,922| 98. %| HESCO| 8784| 5814| 34%| (27,229)| 53,302| 31,501| 59. For Me Hour! 1%| QESCO| 5084| 4048| -20%| (7,998)| 31,250| 12,810| 41. 0%| KESC| 15433| 10072| -35%| (56,961)| 107,016| 91,559| 85. Writing Proposal! 6%| | 97,664| 76,285| -22%| (188,211)| 681,186| 600,960| 88. 2%| | 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Tariff Determined by NEPRA (Rs/Kwh)| 4. 73| 5. 77| 8. 63| 8. 63| 8. 95| Tariff Notified by an essay for me hour GOP (Rs/Kwh)| 4. 43| 4. 74| 5. 52| 5. 57| 7. 33| Subsidy (Rs/Kwh)| 0. 30| 1. Writing A Dissertation Proposal! 02| 3. 11| 3. 06| 1. 62| Table 7 Literature Review “Does Liberalization cause more electricity blackouts? Evidence from a global study of newspaper reports” (William Yu amp; Michael G. Pollitt, January 2009) “Electricity blackouts are a source of political and regulatory concern.

They bring both economic and social losses to business and society. Beyond the direct causes due to technical and human errors, the recent occurrence of the significant blackouts in Western countries, such as those in an essay hour North America (August 14th, 2003) or Italy (Sept 28th, 2003), are thought to be the result of my homework please liberalization in the electricity sector. It is Write an essay for me commonly believed that the Writing a dissertation, frequency and scale of blackouts will intensify in line with the increased competition, scale of an essay for me operation and cross-regional trade of electricity. Small and How to short blackouts also affect some developing countries with a lesser degree of deregulation. The causes of power outages vary among different countries due to the inherent differences in Write hour infrastructure, environment and technological sophistication. According to analysis of 15 years (1984 – 1998) of NERC data on North American blackouts, large blackouts are much more likely to happen than previously expected, given a probability distribution function of blackout sizes with a power tail (Carreras, Newman et al. 2002). The frequency distribution of the blackout sizes does not decrease exponentially with the Writing proposal words, size of the blackout. The power tail suggests that a complex system is operating close to a critical point, which increases the risk of Write an essay hour blackouts.

It should be noted that the size of a given blackout is irrelevant to the particular event, which causes that blackout (Carreras, Lynch et al. 2004). Quality of service experiences change in the wake of electricity liberalization. Electricity liberalization continues to be one of the longest running and challenging international micro-economic experiments. However, the effect of liberalization on the quality performance remains controversial. Thomas and Hall (2003) reveal that a greater risk of blackouts is faced in the current context of liberalization and Help my homework privatization. Write! They argue that the reduction in maintenance, in papers order to maintain the profitability of generators, will increase the risk of for me hour blackouts. However, further academic research shows that all recent blackouts in Western countries are transmission-related, and that there is no problem with generation adequacy (Bialek 2003). Bialek (2004) contends that there seems to be little formal evidence of How to dissertation survey a connection between electricity reform and blackouts based on Write hour, the US-Canada and Italian blackouts of essay hours summer 2003. Although some operating rules have been violated in these cases, the main underlying reason for the blackouts is the inadequacy of rules to Write for me accommodate the changes, which is a direct consequence of significant increases in cross-border trades and tighter reserve margins. In Europe, in the wake of Who can do assignment liberalization, it has become evident that the market is characterized both by Write an essay for me hour underinvestment in survey cross-border transmission capacity and by a reluctance to carry out costly upgrades of power technologies, which would otherwise improve the Write an essay for me hour, quality of service (EurActiv 2008).

The aim of this paper is to examine the relations between the degrees of liberalization and reported blackouts on Help, a regional comparative basis. We evaluate whether or not there is an increase in Write hour the frequency of small and medium blackout incidents in developed and developing countries – all with different degrees of liberalization – over a specific time period (1998 – 2007). We investigate the causes of unplanned blackouts in 69 countries / locations among European, Latin American and Asian regions reported in the media during these years. These incidents could be individual and isolated events derived from one consistent news database – Factiva. Headlines regarding blackouts are something politicians inevitably wish to avoid. In contrast, newspapers are highly intent on reporting or even over-reporting them. A survey regarding the public perception of electricity blackouts was conducted 18 months after the London blackout in September 2003. The results revealed that the events were no longer foremost in people’s minds. However, the do assignment for anyone, respondents mostly held the utilities, and to a lesser extent, politicians responsible (Brayley, Redfern et al. 005).

Factiva is a database, which contains blackout news articles. For Me! Although the Factiva database is not exhaustive, the blackout news record of the last 10 years might provide a lens that offers insight into whether or not there is an actual increase in blackout incidents with the advent of liberalization, or if this perceived increase in blackouts is simply the Who can, result of proportionally increased media focus on blackouts. Write For Me Hour! We also look at Who can do assignment large blackouts separately because of high socio-economic costs and the availability of hour investigation reports. Using the content analysis technique, this paper identifies the for teacher buying, common threads emerging from a number of large failures which recently happened in the U. S. , Europe, Latin America and Asia. For Me! This paper is the first study of its kind, at do assignment least in the context of electricity deregulation, where the reporting of blackout incidents in regions of Europe, Latin America and Asia over time is used to Write evaluate the causes of power outages. Section 2 provides an Writing 2000 words overview of deregulation in developed and developing regions. Section 3 reviews the small and large blackouts in Latin America, Europe and Asia.

Section 4 describes the data used in the study. Section 5 is the methodology. Section 6 summarizes the results. Section 7 is the conclusion. ” (William Yu amp; Michael G. Pollitt, January 2009) Conclusion: Electricity reform in many countries still transition. Hour! Some countries continue to move forward, despite the obstacles they face. Other countries have postponed their plans due to various internal and external factors. Writing A Dissertation 2000 Words! Necessarily, policy adjustment, operational paradigms and an essay for me institutional reforms are needed, and not to mention good quality regulation. This includes clearly defined objectives, responsibilities and incentives for me on my homework please, supply security, regulatory and administrative processes to Write an essay minimize risk and ensure policy consistency. In order to papers justify and match the different interests of market players at a reasonable regulatory framework is one approach.

To promote the reliability of network monitoring the effectiveness of the organization’s financial goals without compromising the Write an essay for me hour, standard, is another way to avoid power failures. “Pakistan’s Power Crisis: How Did We Get Here? ” (Kamal A. Munir amp; Salman Khalid, September 2012) In Pakistan, 2012 is proving to be the Year of Energy Summits. Typically, it all starts with a large mob emerging onto the streets of Lahore, Faisalabad, or another major city of the do assignment for anyone, country, demanding an end to the rampant load-shedding that has been plunging entire cities into darkness for over 12 hours a day and rural areas for 18–20 hours a day, with the electricity shortfall reaching 7,000 MW in May 2011 (Malik, 2012). This is followed by loud promises by the government to immediately resolve the issue. Promptly, an energy summit is convened in which the same issues are rehashed. It produces no tangible results apart from (occasionally) a curious drop in load-shedding for an essay, a week or two due to the release of some payments to the independent power producers (IPPs). How To Do A! Almost invariably, however, the for me hour, problem is treated as one of governance—issues of corruption in distribution companies (DISCOs), their failure to Help my homework collect bill payments, the Write for me hour, government’s inability to pass on the full costs of energy production, or its failure to meet its obligations to investors who are left with no choice but to stop producing electricity, hog the headlines. Circular debt is seen simply as a tangible manifestation of this governance problem. Little attention is focused on papers, the rather large elephant in the room: The policy choices that have led to this situation. ” (Kamal A. Munir amp; Salman Khalid, September 2012) Conclusion: To the an essay for me hour, right incentives is essential for optimal energy mix. It is perfect situation is to essay move to water and local coal resources, and continue the development of renewable wind and solar energy sources.

In the short term, and imported coal or gas can be seen from the solution. Though, only Write an essay partial responses to the changing energy mix. The procedure under which private or public suppliers of energy is similarly important. Of Pakistan are poor, prices and inflation and taxes in each of the new bailout circular debt, as the government prints money with an unbearable burden fortunately become a problem. The problem, however, does not mean that it is Writing a dissertation impossible. All this requires putting the public interest first, something unusual ways failed to last. “Crisis of Electrical Energy in for me hour Pakistan and Future guideline for Help for teacher buying scheme, Policy makers” (Sifat Shah amp; M.

K. L. Bhatti) “Throughout the world electricity is the most widely used and desirable form of energy. It is a basic requirement for Write an essay for me, economic development and for an adequate standard of living. As a country’s population grows and its economy expands its demand for electrical energy multiplies. If this demand is not met adequately a shortage in dissertation survey supply occurs. This shortage can assume crisis proportions. Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last several years. The problem becomes severe during the summers. Large numbers of users have to be disconnected from the energy supply system to prevent overloading the generating stations (load shedding). On occasions the urban dwellers had to suffer load shedding of 8-10 hours every day. During the Write an essay hour, same time rural consumers suffered it for up to Writing a dissertation 2000 20 hours at Write a stretch.

Almost two years ago the Chairman Water and Power Authority (WAPDA) admitted that his organization could not meet the current demand for electricity. It is surprising such a senior person took so long to discover this problem. The government talked about Pakistan’s supposedly booming economy but failed to understand the need for meeting the energy needs of the Help for teacher buying, boom. General Musharraf (R) (ex-President) after becoming Chief Executive used to talk about building dams especially Kalabagh Dam. Very few power plants have since been set up.

The present energy crisis is totally due to lack of an essay hour forecasting and planning. Writing A Dissertation! Any power system has 3 major parts: 1. Write For Me! Generation system 2. Transmission system 3. Distribution system Generally speaking the major technical causes of the shortfall in the availability of electrical energy in Pakistan are: Insufficient installed generating capacity. * Transmission system unable to hours you transmit the greater load now imposed upon it. * Grid Stations and related equipment unable to carry the load imposed. * Distribution System was built to carry a smaller power and hence unable to cater to Write hour existing demands [Gelling at el 1988]. The major management-related causes of the crisis are: * Management Information System (MIS) not fully utilized. * Failure to Help a house scheme forecast and plan for the future. * Failure to Write hour set up new generating stations in time. * No new Transmission/Distribution networks amp; grid stations setup. For Teacher Buying Scheme! Unexpectedly rapid growth of load. ” (Sifat Shah amp; M. K. L. Bhatti) Conclusion: The politicians and establishment of Pakistan discuss about building dams and setting up nuclear power plants but they do not know the benefits of an essay for me hour substitute energy sources such as solar energy, Wave energy, windmill Tidal energy and dissertation Geothermal energy etc. They are economical and fast method to generate electricity. Pakistan is a very blessed country; solar energy is Write an essay for me available in most parts of the country throughout the year. Likewise wind energy is freely vacant in Writing a dissertation 2000 winter in the interior Baluchistan and coastal areas. These energy sources if tapped can be of Write an essay for me hour great help in reducing the current demand supply gap. The possibility of in three hours using coal and Write an essay hydro-electric run of river plants must also be considered seriously for the long term. How To Dissertation Survey! “An Empirical Analysis of Electricity Demand in Pakistan” (Shabib Haider Syed amp; Noel Alter) “Electricity is considered the backbone for an essay hour, an economy’s prosperity and progress thus it plays a crucial role in Help buying socio-economic development. With the passage of time as rapid development and technological innovation has taken place the utilization of Write an essay for me hour energy resources has also mounted.

Therefore, demand for energy has increased instantaneously with time while resources have been squeezed. Thus, require keen and helpful research to Best friend papers deal with the Write an essay hour, ascending energy demand. Friend! This specific literature investigates “electricity demand,” an important source of energy both worldwide and in Pakistan. In Pakistan, electricity is among the most used energy resources. Electricity is used for various purposes at residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors. An Essay For Me Hour! Moreover, electricity in these sectors has become a necessity. In view of Khan and Qayyum (2008) in Pakistan 60 to Who can do assignment for anyone 70 percent of the hour, population has access to electricity consumption. Best! They are connected to Write an essay for me the nation’s electricity grid; it indicates that as more and more electrification will occur demand will increase, requiring proper planning in the field of electricity demand management. It is also a fact that price distortion in different sectors and more use of electrical appliances boosts the consumption level of electricity.

Currently Pakistan is going through the worst energy and electricity crisis of its history. Electricity shortfall has increased about 5000 Mw, load shedding has increased from 8 to 14 hours daily, industrial growth has declined, and ultimately the whole economy has suffered. Among other causal sources of the electricity crisis, escalating electricity demand is an Help please biology important constituent. Thus in Write an essay hour this research study, electricity demand estimates and determinants are scrutinized for better policy management. The impact of real income, electricity prices, stock of Writing proposal 2000 words electric appliances, and number of customers is studied on electricity consumption. Current electricity crises are also discussed in Write this study; its causes, influences and impacts. The empirical analysis of electricity demand is a dissertation 2000 carried out from 1970 to 2010. The main purpose of this research study is to an essay estimate electricity demand function of Pakistan at aggregate and disaggregate levels. The impact of electricity demand determinants is estimated for short and long run.

Current energy crisis is also discussed in this study. The discussion provides helpful policy outcomes for healthier electricity demand management to the government. ” (Shabib Haider Syed amp; Noel Alter) Conclusion: The results of this study show that the response of electricity demand in each sector is different, so is the demand management policy, as well as demand management and pricing policy for each sector of the industry to formulate an effective response to the base. Who Can Do Assignment For Anyone! In addition, the peak of the price policy of Pakistan, where the peak power consumption of the an essay for me, high prices charged for the time they need to be practiced in order to How to do a maintain power praise. In recent years, steps have been undertaken to obtain quick delivery of electrical appliances a low-cost and, thus, energy consumption has increased considerably. Order to maintain a strong impact on the energy consumption of household appliances, such policies should be studied. Write An Essay! Policy measures, in addition, the government also needs to be improved, and friend energy generation and Write for me infrastructure to the new system. The private sector in the electricity sector to break the essay in three you, existing natural monopolies and increase competition should be encouraged. New cleaner and cheaper electricity alternatives must be considered. For Me! Finally, the powers of the conservation objectives of the strategy are effective and should be applied in all sectors of Help me on production.

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Methodology: Process used to collect information and data for business decision-making. The methodology contains published research, surveys interviews and other research techniques, and can be both current and Write for me historical information. Research Type: This research was exploratory research because it was done by either secondary data i. e. Who Can For Anyone! reviewing literature and articles or primary data such as filling up questionnaire, conducting interviews with people about the Write hour, topic. Help Buying! Data Collection: The data collected for conducting this research was quantitative. Write An Essay Hour! Because the objective of this research was to Best find out the impact of an essay for me load shedding on living standards of Lahore. So this research demands quantitative data.

Primary Data: The primary data for me on my homework, this research discover the main causes and views of public on load shedding in Lahore were conducting a survey. Write An Essay For Me! For this purpose a questionnaire was made having questions asked about the problem and then filled up by people of different ages, gender and a dissertation occupation resident of different areas from Lahore. Secondary Data: We collected our secondary data from National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), News agencies articles and from internet. But, most of the an essay hour, data were collected from primary sources. Population of Research: The nature of the research demanded that the target population must have the knowledge and interest because the objective of this research is to investigate the impact of load shedding and Writing 2000 words use of UPS and generators on living standards of Lahore. So the target population of Write an essay this research is the residents of urban areas of Lahore. Sample of Study: The questionnaires were filled up by 100 participants including every age and every profession living in Lahore.

Sampling technique was used to select participants randomly because practically it was impossible to collect information from all areas of Lahore. But while using sampling technique it was kept in mind that participants must have knowledge about the topic. Friend! Survey Instrument: Primary data was collected by using questionnaire. The questionnaire designed for conducting survey was consisting of around 23 questions to collect primary data from public. Questionnaire was based on 5 sections: * Information of Demography * Measuring effect of Load shedding * Steps taken against Load shedding * Responsibility determination for load shedding * Steps taken to overcome Electricity crisis Data Processing: For this research, interviews conducted in planned way and interviewee allowed defining his point of view. For every interview conducted notes are made to record it. After interviews recorded in notes form, questionnaire made that circulated among the participants and the data collected through questionnaire was used to analyze the problem. The analysis and conclusion mainly focuses on impact of load shedding and use of UPS and generators on living standard of Lahore. Data Processing Technique: Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to input data and makes charts are graphs of the questions asked form participants. Microsoft Word 2010 was used to an essay for me interpret and Who can do assignment for anyone explain graphs.

Limitations: There are many factors in this research that put up limitations on Write for me hour, result of this research. Some of them are: * The major limitation of this research is that sample size was too small and was not able to cover all the Write essay in three, areas of the city. Some of the participants of the survey had not proper knowledge about the topic. * The majority of participants in this research were students who had no real income level. * Another limitation which put limitation on this research was money that limits researcher to Write go deeply in the issue. * The time for the research was also a limitation as the finding of impact on whole city demands some more time. * The limitation of resources like journals, authentic reports and other similar sources also has impact on Help please biology, the research work. Errors: There are some errors due to which data cannot be measured as exact and accurate. * There can be some errors while making questionnaires. * It cannot be sure that the information provided by participants in the survey was true. For Me Hour! * Data processing technique may show any error while analyzing. Data Analysis and Interpretation Question No. 1. Gender of participant Gender| Frequency| Male| 64| Female| 36| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is do a about total no. of Gender whose participant in questionnaire of this research. The total questionnaires filled by the participant are 100 by both male and Write an essay hour female. In this research questionnaire male participant are more as compared to female participant. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. A Dissertation Proposal 2000! 1. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their gender.

The frequency of the participant is 100 out of for me hour which 64% are male including young and old, and other 36% are female. The reason of male dominance is that mostly questionnaires are filled outside domestic areas where male presence is more as compared to female. Question No. 2. Help A House Scheme! Age group of participant Table No. 2. Age| Frequency| 18-23| 41| 23-28| 23| 28-35| 21| 5 or above| 15| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about different age group whose participant in questionnaire of Write for me hour this research. There are four age categories in this questionnaire. Most of the participant of this research falling in Writing proposal 2000 the category of Write for me hour 18 to 23 ages. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 2. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their age. The frequency of questionnaire is 100 out of which 41% fall in category of 18-23, 23% fall in for anyone 23-28 age category, then 21% fill up by 28-35 age group and 15% participant are 35 or above of age. Youth is the strong and major part of the nation so they are majority in Write an essay for me hour this research.

Question No. Help For Teacher Buying A House! 3. Occupation of the participant Table No. 3. Write An Essay For Me! Occupation| Frequency| Business| 26| Student| 43| Household| 17| Other| 14| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about occupation whose participant in questionnaire of this research. There are four occupation categories in this questionnaire. Most of the participants in Who can for anyone this research are students. Graphical Presentation: Figure No.

3. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their occupation. The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of majority are students 43%, business holder are 26%, 17% are house holder and 14% participants falling in an essay for me hour others category such as jobs, providing services. Reason of students dominance in this research is that mostly questionnaire are filled in do assignment for anyone universities. Question No. 4. Write Hour! Resident of participant Table No. Best Friend Papers! 4. Resident| Frequency| Cantt Areas| 18| Canal Areas| 37| Walled City Areas| 21| Others| 24| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about resident whose participant in questionnaire of this research. There are four resident categories in this questionnaire. Most of the participants in this research belong to canal areas. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 4. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their resident area. The frequency of participants in an essay this research is 100 out of which mostly participants are from canal areas 37%, 18% are belongs to my homework cantt areas, 21% participants are falling in the category of walled city areas and remaining 24% are resident of an essay for me other areas of Lahore.

Reason of canal area majority participants is that canal of Lahore covers quite huge areas than other division. Question No. Help A House! 5. Income Level of the participant Table No. 5. Income Level| Frequency| Below 5000| 34| 5000-15000| 23| 15000-25000| 17| 25000 or above| 26| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about income level whose participant in questionnaire of this research. There are four income level categories in for me this questionnaire. Most of the participants in this research falling in the category of income level below. Graphical Presentation: Figure No.

5. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their income level. The frequency of participants in Best friend this research is Write an essay 100 out of me on please which majority of the participants 34% having below 5000 monthly income, then 26% having 25000 or above, 5000-15000 category holder are 23%, and Write an essay hour 17% are 15000-25000 monthly income participants. Reason of majority below 5000 monthly income participants is that mostly participants in this research are students so they don’t have any source of proposal 2000 words income they rely on pocket money. Question No. 6. Are you suffering from load shedding in your daily life of routine? Table No. 6. Experiencing Load Shedding| Frequency| Yes| 94| No| 6| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the load shedding in an essay for me hour which asked by the participants that whether they suffer load shedding in their daily routine or not. Majority of the participants say ‘Yes’ Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 6. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant whether they suffering from load shedding in friend papers their daily routine of life or not?

The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which 94% which is very large number of participants say ‘Yes’ they are suffering load shedding in their routine life while only Write for me 6% participants say ‘No’. Reason of such a large number of participants in Yes is that today load shedding become a curse in this country no one is for teacher a house saved from it Question No. 7. How many hours you normally experiencing load shedding in 24 hours of a day? Table No. 7. Hours of Load Shedding| Frequency| Below 2 hours| 4| 2-4 hours| 16| 4-8 hours| 33| Above 8 hours| 47| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the duration of load shedding participants of an essay hour this research normally experience in a day.

There are four categories in this questionnaire. Mostly participants are experiencing above 8 hours load shedding in Best a day. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 7. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant about the duration of load shedding they face in 24 hours of a day. The frequency of participants in an essay this research is 100 out of which mostly participants 47% are suffering above 8 hours load shedding, 33% are suffering 4-8 hours load shedding, 2-4 hours category holders are 16% and 4% suffering below 2 hours load shedding in a day. Reason of for teacher buying scheme 47% participants suffering above 8 hours load shedding is hour that in Help buying scheme these whole country especially Lahore facing worst electricity crisis. The current load shedding duration exceeds 12 hours a day. Question No.

8. Is load shedding disturbing your life? Table No. Hour! 8. Disturbance by Load Shedding| Frequency| Yes| 78| No| 22| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the load shedding in which asked by the participants that whether their life is disturbed by for teacher load shedding or not. Majority of the an essay, participants say ‘Yes’ Graphical Presentation: Figure No. Write In Three You! 8. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the for me hour, participant whether load shedding disturbed their life or not? The frequency of for teacher a house scheme participants in this research is 100 out of which 78% which majority of participants say ‘Yes’ load shedding disturbed their life while other 22% participants say ‘No’ load shedding didn’t disturbed their life much. An Essay Hour! Reason of majority of participants in Yes is that load shedding disturbed every one’s life in every field. People become fed up with these long power failures. Question No. Write Essay In Three You! 9. How many hours of load shedding do you think will not disturb your life much in a day?

Table No. 9. Bearable Load shedding| Frequency| Below 2 hours| 78| 2-4 hours| 22| 4-8 hours| 13| Above 8 hours| 2| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the Write an essay for me hour, bearable hours of load shedding participants of essay in three you this research can bear in a day. An Essay! There are four categories in Writing proposal this questionnaire. Mostly participants think below 2 hours load shedding in Write a day don’t disturb their life much. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 9. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant about the bearable hours of load shedding they can tolerate in Best friend papers 24 hours of a day.

The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which 78% which is huge majority of participants can tolerate below 2 hours load shedding, 22% can tolerate 2-4 hours load shedding, 4-8 hours category holders are 13% and only 2% say they can tolerate above 8 hours load shedding in a day. Reason of majority in below 2 hours category is that in Write an essay hour today electricity becomes basic need of a dissertation proposal 2000 words every person’s life. And wapda’s electricity has no substitute. Question No. 10. In which timing Load shedding affects you more? Table No. For Me! 10. Impact with respect of Best Time| Frequency| Day| 37| Night| 41| Both| 22| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about load shedding in which asked by the participants that in which timing they suffer more from load shedding.

Most of the participants affecting by load shedding in night timing. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. For Me! 10. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant in which timing they have more effect of for teacher load shedding? The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which mostly 41% participants have impact of load shedding in night timing, 37% affecting in day timing and remaining 22% are affecting in both night and day timing. Reason of majority participants in an essay favor of night category is that good sleep is essential for the productive day. To spend all night with anxiety their capacity to work down and earn a lot of suffering for them. Question No. 11. In which season Load shedding will have stronger impact on you? Table No.

11. Impact with respect of dissertation Season| Frequency| Summer| 67| Winter| 12| Both| 21| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about load shedding in which asked by the participants that in which season they suffer more from load shedding. Most of the participants affecting by Write for me load shedding in summer season. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. In Three! 11.

Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant in which season they have more effect of load shedding? The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which mostly 67% participants have impact of Write for me hour load shedding in summer season, 12% affecting in winter season and remaining 21% are affecting in Best both summer and an essay winter season. Reason of majority summer season affection is that in How to do a dissertation survey summer it is Write an essay for me hour very hot here in Lahore. Temperature exceeds from 50© C and with this extreme load shedding it feels like a hell to survive. Question No. 12. Which of for anyone your activities are being affected by for me hour load shedding from following list?

Table No. 12. Activities Affected| Frequency| Business/Study| 48| Household| 12| Entertainment| 14| Rest| 17| Other| 9| Interpretation: This question is about the activities of participants affecting from load shedding. There are five categories in this questionnaire. Majority of participants have impact on business/studies activities from load shedding.

Graphical Presentation: Figure No. Proposal 2000 Words! 12. Explanation: It is Write hour a measuring effect question asked from the participant about impact of load shedding on their activities to perform. The frequency of proposal participants in this research is hour 100 out of which 48% of participants business/studies activities affected from load shedding, rest routine affected participants are 17%, 14% feels their entertainment activities affecting, 12% participants household activities affected and 9% participants fall in friend others category. Reason of majority of business/study activities affecting in this research is that most of the participants in hour this research are either students or business holders. Question No. 13. Have you selected for any alternative (generators, UPS, emergency lights) to handle with load shedding?

Table No. 13. Alternative Adopted| Frequency| Yes| 73| No| 27| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the alternate of load shedding in How to do a dissertation which asked by the participants that whether they choose any alternative in hour load shedding or not. Majority of the participants say ‘Yes’. Friend Papers! Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 13. Explanation: It is an action taken in for me hour response of load shedding question asked from the How to, participant whether they have any alternate for load shedding or not? The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which major part of participants 73% have alternate for load shedding and other 27% don’t have alternate for load shedding. Reason of majority participants having alternate for load shedding is that it’s been 6 years the country facing electricity crisis and its growing day by day instead of decreasing. So, people go for alternate of load shedding to Write an essay for me fulfill their needs during load shedding. Question No.

14. What is your alternative for load shedding? Table No. 14. Load Shedding Alternative| Frequency| UPS| 57| Generator| 24| Emergency Lights/Hand Fans| 19| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the 2000 words, alternate of load shedding in which asked by the participants. They are three categories to Write choose from. Most of the participants using UPS as alternative for load shedding. Writing Proposal 2000! Graphical Presentation: Figure No.

14. Explanation: It is an action taken in response of load shedding question asked from the participant which alternate they adopted for Write, load shedding. The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which majority 57% are using UPS, generators users are 24% and some participants 19% use emergency lights/hand fans as load shedding alternate. Reason of majority users of UPS is that UPS is convenient, cheap and give continues back up during load shedding. A Dissertation Words! Question No.

15. Is your alternative for load shedding being able to fulfill your electricity needs in load shedding? Table No. 15. Needs Fulfill| Frequency| Yes| 63| No| 37| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the fulfillment of for me needs during load shedding in which asked by the participants that whether their needs are fulfilled or not.

Majority of the participants say ‘Yes’. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 15. Explanation: It is an action taken in response of load shedding question asked from the participant whether their needs are fulfilled by your alternate or not? The frequency of in three participants in this research is 100 out of which majority 63% participant’s needs in load shedding are fulfilled by hour their alternates. 37% participants say their needs are not fulfilled by their alternates.

Reason of majority participants in favor of Yes is that with this extreme load.