How to write an essay on plagiarism biography without

biography in Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Norton Little, was a homemaker occupied with the write without family#8217;s eight children. His father, Earl Little, was an outspoken Baptist minister and avid supporter of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Earl#8217;s civil rights activism prompted death threats from the white supremacist organization Black Legion, forcing the family to relocate twice before Malcolm#8217;s fourth birthday. Regardless of the Little#8217;s efforts to elude the Legion, in Essay pdf, 1929, their Lansing, Michigan home was burned to the ground.

Two years later, Earl#8217;s body was found lying across the town#8217;s trolley tracks. Police ruled both incidents as accidents, but the Littles were certain that members of the Black Legion were responsible. Louise suffered emotional breakdown several years after the death of her husband and was committed to a mental institution, while her children were split up among various foster homes and orphanages. Eventually, Malcolm and his long-time friend, Malcolm #8220;Shorty#8221; Jarvis, moved back to Boston. In 1946, they were arrested and write an essay biography without convicted on burglary charges, and Malcolm was sentenced to 10 years in prison, although he was granted parole after serving seven years.

Recalling his days in school, he used the time to further his education. It was during this period of self-enlightenment that Malcolm#8217;s brother Reginald would visit and discuss his recent conversion to the Muslim religion. Reginald belonged to answers, the religious organization the Nation of Islam (NOI). Intrigued, Malcolm began to study the teachings of NOI leader Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad taught that white society actively worked to keep African-Americans from empowering themselves and achieving political, economic, and social success. Among other goals, the NOI fought for How to write a state of their own, separate from one inhabited by white people. By the Write paragraph time he was paroled in 1952, Malcolm was a devoted follower with the new surname #8220;X#8221; (He considered #8220;Little#8221; a slave name and chose the #8220;X#8221; to How to write an essay on plagiarism biography, signify his lost tribal name.). Intelligent and articulate, Malcolm was appointed as a minister and national spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Elijah Muhammad also charged him with establishing new mosques in cities such as Detroit, Michigan, and Harlem.

Malcolm utilized newspaper columns, as well as radio and television, to communicate the NOI#8217;s message across the United States. His charisma, drive, and How to write a descriptive essay conviction attracted an write without, astounding number of new members. Malcolm was largely credited with increasing membership in write essay introduction me, the NOI from 500 in 1952 to How to write on plagiarism biography without, 30,000 in 1963. The crowds and controversy surrounding Malcolm made him a media magnet. He was featured in a weeklong television special with Mike Wallace in paragraph, 1959, called The Hate That Hate Produced. The program explored the fundamentals of the How to write an essay on plagiarism biography NOI, and tracked Malcolm#8217;s emergence as one of its most important leaders. After the special, Malcolm was faced with the uncomfortable reality that his fame had eclipsed that of his mentor Elijah Muhammad. Internet! In addition to the media, Malcolm#8217;s vivid personality had captured the government#8217;s attention.

As membership in the NOI continued to grow, FBI agents infiltrated the organization (one even acted as Malcolm#8217;s bodyguard) and secretly placed bugs, wiretaps, cameras, and other surveillance equipment to How to write on plagiarism biography without, monitor the group#8217;s activities. Malcolm#8217;s faith was dealt a crushing blow at the height of the civil rights movement in 1963. He learned that his mentor and paragraph leader, Elijah Muhammad, was secretly having relations with as many as six women within the Nation of Islam organization. As if that were not enough, Malcolm found out that some of these relationships had resulted in children. Since joining the NOI, Malcolm had strictly adhered to the teachings of Muhammad, which included remaining celibate until his marriage to Betty Shabazz in How to write an essay, 1958. Malcolm refused Muhammad#8217;s request to help cover up the affairs and subsequent children. He was deeply hurt by Muhammad#8217;s actions, because he had previously considered him a living prophet. Vikings Gods! Malcolm also felt guilty about the masses he had led to join the How to write NOI, which he now felt was a fraudulent organization built on too many lies to ignore.

Shortly after his shocking discovery, Malcolm received criticism for a comment he made regarding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. #8220;[Kennedy] never foresaw that the chickens would come home to How to write quickly, roost so soon,#8221; said Malcolm. After the statement, Elijah Muhammad #8220;silenced#8221; Malcolm for 90 days. How To An Essay Biography! Malcolm, however, suspected he was silenced for another reason. In March 1964, Malcolm terminated his relationship with the NOI. Unable to write a creative paper, look past Muhammad#8217;s deception, Malcolm decided to found his own religious organization, the write an essay biography without Muslim Mosque, Inc. That same year, Malcolm went on Vikings gods a pilgrimage to Mecca, which proved to be life altering for him.

For the biography without first time, Malcolm shared his thoughts and beliefs with different cultures and writing pdf found the response to be overwhelmingly positive. When he returned, Malcolm said he had met #8220;blonde-haired, blued-eyed men I could call my brothers.#8221; He returned to the United States with a new outlook on How to write integration and a new hope for the future. This time when Malcolm spoke, instead of just preaching to African-Americans, he had a message for all races. Essay! After Malcolm resigned his position in an essay on plagiarism without, the Nation of Islam and renounced Elijah Muhammad, relations between the two had become increasingly volatile. FBI informants working undercover in the NOI warned officials that Malcolm had been marked for assassinationone undercover officer had even been ordered to help plant a bomb in Malcolm#8217;s car. Economics! After repeated attempts on his life, Malcolm rarely traveled anywhere without bodyguards.

On February 14, 1965 the home where Malcolm, Betty, and their four daughters lived in East Elmhurst, New York was firebombed. Luckily, the How to an essay biography family escaped physical injury. One week later, however, Malcolm#8217;s enemies were successful in their ruthless attempt. 110 Assignment Answers! At a speaking engagement in the Manhattan#8217;s Audubon Ballroom on February 21, 1965, three gunmen rushed Malcolm onstage. They shot him 15 times at How to an essay without, close range. Write A Descriptive Essay Introduction Me! The 39-year-old was pronounced dead on arrival at New York#8217;s Columbia Presbyterian Hospital. Fifteen hundred people attended Malcolm#8217;s funeral in Harlem on February 27, 1965 at the Faith Temple Church of God in How to write biography, Christ (now Child#8217;s Memorial Temple Church of write a creative quickly God in Christ). After the ceremony, friends took the shovels away from the write biography without waiting gravediggers and buried Malcolm themselves. Later that year, Betty gave birth to their twin daughters. Malcolm#8217;s assassins, Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3X Butler, and Thomas 15X Johnson, were convicted of Write paragraph first-degree murder in March 1966. How To Biography! The three men were all members of the Nation of Islam.

Malcolm X’s legacy has moved through generations as the answers subject of numerous documentaries, books, and movies. How To Write On Plagiarism Biography Without! A tremendous resurgence of interest occurred in 1992 when director Spike Lee released the acclaimed movie, Malcolm X. The film received Oscar nominations for Best Actor (Denzel Washington) and Best Costume Design. Malcolm X is buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.

Generalising about the Arab Spring is How to on plagiarism biography playing with fire. Ahistorical portrayals of the Arab uprisings fail to capture the 110 assignment answers political transformations afoot – and an essay on plagiarism worse, perpetuate a false need for security and stability when institutional reform is the solution. The euphoria and promise of the “Arab uprising” or “Arab Spring” have given way to what many refer to as a “winter” rather than a “spring”. Headlines such as “Military coup in Egypt”, “Civil war in Syria”, “Armed militias in Libya”, and “Sectarianism in Iraq” have come to dominate media outlets and policy discussions. The problem with selecting the most ill-fated of the “uprising” cases and painting them as illustrative of the Arab world as a whole is that they are unrepresentative of the diverse political transformations throughout the region.

Such essentialist narratives present events outside of Essay pdf, their context and history. An Essay On Plagiarism Biography. They distort the image of the “uprisings”, and of the my conclusion Arab world generally as a perpetually violent and chaotic region incapable of strong institutional and an essay on plagiarism democratic reform. This narrative conveniently propagates a policy, advocated by actors both within and outside the region, which prioritises stability and security while diverting attention away from needed political and institutional reforms. The key challenge for democratic transitions is the construction of a system characterised by elections, equality of citizenship and opportunity, the rule of law and inclusiveness. The success of transitions should be measured against these criteria. This essay will focus on Egypt and Tunisia: two countries that have become the symbols of the Arab uprising and reflect wide-scale implications for the region. The comparison of these two countries – particularly the creation of their constitutions and their electoral laws - reveals differences in editing service their transitional political paths and highlights the power and importance of the How to on plagiarism agency of gods games, political elites.

The variation between the two cases serves as a useful indicator of the extent of success or failure in an essay on plagiarism the political struggles towards democratic transition. Since the ousting of Vikings, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in 2011, Tunisia has, on the whole, made significant strides towards democratisation. Despite strong disagreements and politically motivated roadblocks, Tunisia’s political elites have demonstrated a strong commitment to national unity, the institutional formation of a robust democracy, characterised by an inclusive constitution, a progressive electoral law, and an institutional setting that has prioritised dialogue and write an essay compromise over exclusion and Essay internet pdf partisanship. Write Without. This process was aided by a favourable context. In the Vikings wake of the uprisings, Tunisia’s brutal security apparatus collapsed and its small yet professionalised military, which historically had no interest in politics, remained silent in the wings. How To Write Biography. In civilian politics, Islamists and secular factions were evenly matched; Ennahda won a plurality in Tunisia’s first free democratic elections and my conclusion had reached out to include secular opposition parties in the government. In addition, the sequence of democratic transition in Tunisia is worth mentioning as a favourable factor. Write An Essay On Plagiarism Biography Without. Rather than beginning with electing a parliament charged with the write a descriptive essay me selection of a constitutional committee, as seen in Egypt, Tunisia began with an interim government and developed a consensual constitution, which preceded parliamentary elections. In contrast, since the 2011 overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, Egypt has undergone a more turbulent political transition process.

A parliament was elected, and dissolved; a democratically elected president faced a wave of popular opposition and was ultimately overthrown by a military-led coalition. July 3, 2013 marked a new phase in Egypt’s political trajectory. The political process has been heavily tainted by a rivalry between a security state and its opponents. The development of institutions and documents of the state and their interpretation have been shaped by circumstance, i.e. by the military-Muslim Brotherhood rivalry. Political elites in Egypt, in an effort to ensure the exclusion and an essay without limitations of the rights of oppositional forces and quickly especially the Muslim Brotherhood (by outlawing and declaring it a terrorist organisation) have significantly backtracked from their promised neutrality and inclusiveness. New constitutions, different means. In theory, Tunisia’s new constitution is by many democratic measures a guarantor of equal opportunity and equal distribution of power. The constitution contains inclusive content that guards against the exclusion often observed in other Arab constitutions, and prevents the return of dictatorship.

In a speech to the National Constituent Assembly last January, President Marzouki said: “With the birth of this text, we confirm our victory over dictatorship.” The document’s careful wording has secured agreement from both sides of the political spectrum by presenting a model of reconciliation, while simultaneously addressing the perplexing question of Islam’s role in biography without public life. The Constitution declares: “Tunisia is a free, independent and Essay pdf sovereign state, Islam is her religion, Arabic her language and republic her regime” and “Tunisia is a state of civil character, based on citizenship, the will of the on plagiarism people and the primacy of law. In exchange for explicit mention of Islam as the religion of the state, Ennahda compromised on the inclusion of Islamic law. Secular parties, aided by answers a strong civil society, secured guarantees that Tunisia would remain a civil state with separation of state and religion (something that Rachid Ghannouchi, Ennahda’s leader, had also advocated) and write on plagiarism placed preeminence on the freedoms of its people. It is also important to my conclusion paragraph, note that future governments cannot amend the two clauses. Tunisia established a semi-presidential system of government: both the president and the parliament have the ability to form and dissolve a government; however, neither the parliament nor the president can fully dominate the an essay on plagiarism biography other. Moreover, Article 49 incorporates what is probably the region’s most detailed limitations clause, designed to prevent parliaments from arbitrarily, unfairly or inequitably curbing citizens’ rights. The Tunisian constitution is also the first to How to paper quickly, introduce gender-sensitive language in relation to key issues.

For instance, Article 40 stipulates that the right to work is How to write without now “a right for every citizen, male and female”. This theme of gender equality runs throughout and encompasses the right to a fair wage, to decent working conditions, and to stand for service help election. Article 73 provides that every male and female has the write an essay on plagiarism biography without right to run for president of How to me, Tunisia, a feature absent in all other Arab constitutions. While Tunisia’s constitution has been hailed as the region’s most progressive constitution, it falls short in some areas. The constitution requires that the state treat men and women equally in the application of the How to write on plagiarism biography without law, however this does not mean that men and women have the same rights in all circumstances (such as, for Essay example, inheritance and child custody). However, despite its imperfections, many Tunisians believe the constitution to be a welcome departure from How to biography without, what was once there. They also reason that the constitution represents the theoretical formulation of the Essay internet state. What really matters is how it is practiced and implemented. Thus far, the behaviour of the political elite has been mostly positive, which has eased social discontent. How To An Essay. Tunisians have condemned abuses of How to write a creative paper quickly, power and have outlined the path they wish Tunisia would take. While there are some inherent contradictions in write an essay biography the constitution, the reality is that it is unlikely that the parties could have negotiated a better outcome given the circumstances and the existing ideological differences.

Like many skilled constitutional legislators, the Tunisian political elite seems to have honed their ability to Economics 110 assignment, use constructive ambiguity to How to write an essay on plagiarism biography, generate balanced and inclusive outcomes. Egypt’s 2014 constitution - the drafting process (headed by a government-appointed Committee of 50), the referendum that passed it with a near unanimous 98.1 percent (with a relatively substantial 38.6 percent voter turnout), and the content of the Essay document itself - has fallen under criticism for the deeply politicised context in which it emerged, and within which it is How to on plagiarism without currently implemented. In contrast to Tunisia, Egypt’s constitution does little to increase accountability among the country’s political institutions, particularly the military, police and judiciary, or to guarantee citizen rights and the rule of law. Despite the representation of a vast cross-section of society in the Committee of 50, with the conspicuous absence of Muslim Brotherhood affiliates, and Essay internet public debates during the How to write an essay drafting period, the rushed, two-month process took place amidst heavy restrictions on the media and in the aftermath of the closure of many Islamist-affiliated organisations, and a security crackdown that involved the arrests of several activists who had publicly opposed the write essay introduction charter. The vote on the constitution was thus carried out under suppression of the opposition. However, some viewed these measures as a necessary part of the on plagiarism without security hype against the recently ousted MB. Furthermore, some advocated acceptance of the charter as a symbolic means of closing a chapter of increasingly unpopular Brotherhood rule and legitimising the interim government. Under such conditions, the vast affirmation for the document was unsurprising. In terms of content, while the constitution does make important improvements upon past documents in guaranteeing rights and freedoms (women, children and How to write introduction me the disabled are more clearly protected by the constitution), ambiguous clauses leave sufficient space for the circumvention of such rights. For example, the document allows for the military trial of civilians under numerous, vague circumstances. The wide room for How to an essay biography without interpretation has already been exploited; applied not only to Brotherhood members, but also to many prominent revolutionary activists, journalists and others who are currently imprisoned under the pretext of allowances made by the new constitution.

The document further augments the power of the president, military, police and judiciary—institutions that would be difficult for How to a descriptive essay me opponents, particularly Brotherhood members, to infiltrate. The rivalries that marred the an essay biography without constitution’s writing process have led to continued concentration of power, lack of Vikings gods games, accountability and oversight. Egypt’s military had been involved in the transition process since the toppling of Hosni Mubarak; its second round of intervention, in the name of establishing security and placing Egypt on write an essay on plagiarism biography without a proper path to democratic transition, has continued to make it a key player in the political process. Beyond the accusations that the interim government was a facade for military rule, and that former Defense Minister Abdel Fattah al-Sisi’s presidency bolsters that rule despite his resignation from the military upon his candidacy, the answers constitution and laws that have since been enacted work to effectively protect the military from civilian oversight or accountability. Therefore, overall, the rivalry between a security state and its opponents has resulted in the production of a highly politicised document that further concentrates power and How to write an essay on plagiarism leaves ample room for politically motivated infringement upon citizen rights. Political elites and my conclusion their electoral laws. Tunisia’s new electoral law is another example of the role of on plagiarism without, political elites in the democratic transition.

The introductory articles commit to free and fair elections, and maintain democratic principles that outlaw electoral exclusion, promote transparency, secrecy of writing, ballot, and impartiality amongst those responsible for the administration of election. The law is conceptually clear and outlines the institutional framework of the electoral process. Equal access of the national media is guaranteed; funding from foreign sources is prohibited; and electoral assistance is given to candidates. Another important provision includes Article 6, which excludes members of the armed forces from participation, a critical step for democratisation. The National Constituent Assembly (NCA) has significantly aided the democratisation process in Tunisia. By voting via secret ballot and by a two-thirds majority to appoint the Instance Superieure Independante pour les Elections (ISIE) (election commission), the NCA has lent credibility and legitimacy to the democratisation process and the election body. In order to test the professionalism of the NCA, assembly members of the NCA voted individually for write on plagiarism biography each commission. Gods. The process used to How to write an essay on plagiarism without, draft the electoral law and implement its mandate suggests that consensus building and inclusiveness top the agenda of Tunisia’s political elite. As in How to a creative quickly the Tunisian case, the role of the political elite is salient in the formation of Egypt’s elections law, albeit with different results. How To Write An Essay On Plagiarism Biography Without. Egypt’s parliamentary elections law, issued by interim president Adly Mansour days before the end of his term in June 2014, was drafted in a politically fraught context aimed at write introduction me, preventing any potential rise of opposition, particularly MB affiliates, from gaining legislative authority.

The law allows election authorities to ban any supporter of a religiously based, religiously discriminatory or violent organisation from candidacy - stipulations that are dangerously open to unjust interpretation. The law further weakens small political parties by putting in place a winner-take-all rather than party list system for the majority (75 percent) of parliamentary seats. This system advantages more powerful local candidates, often with political ties, who are unlikely to represent the opposition. The election law also allows the Supreme Constitutional Court, the vast majority of whose justices were appointed by Hosni Mubarak, to dissolve parliament. In addition, given the vague mapping of electoral districts, election results could easily be open to challenge. While parliamentary elections have yet to take place under these 2014 stipulations, it seems highly unlikely under current elections law that a diverse or dynamic body, inclusive of opposition, can be elected. The cases of political transition in Tunisia and Egypt demonstrate the need for How to write biography without more complex and nuanced analysis of political transformation in the Arab world. They underscore the writing pdf importance of analysing individual countries within their contexts rather than utilising a few ahistorical, extreme scenarios that paint the Arab world as an enclave of authoritarianism and chaos. How To Write Biography. In Egypt, a lack of compromise among the How to a creative political elite has led to an exclusive system in which the write an essay biography winners are exercising unchecked authority over the very foundations of their country’s political and economic institutions. In contrast, the Tunisian case, while not entirely unflawed, thus far illustrates how inclusive transitional processes can lead to the development of Write my conclusion, balanced and accountable institutions.

Key features account for difference between the Tunisian and Egyptian cases, both tied to the will of political elite. In Tunisia, a relatively well-educated population and a strong civil society maintained pressure on How to write an essay without the political elite. Strong, independent unions in Tunisia, including the General Union of Tunisian Workers, lobbied the government consistently. Along with other actors, including the trade union federation, the law association, and human rights groups, it also served as an important mediator among political actors. In Egypt, unions are neither as powerful nor as independent. In contrast, Egypt, with its much larger, diverse, failed economy and less educated population, more restricted civil society and politicised military and court system enabled political actors to treat the post-revolutionary period as a winner-takes-all rivalry rather than a process of negotiation and compromise. Once in power - and in contrast to Ennahda’s more inclusive political process - the Morsi government installed many Islamists (MB and Salafis) in key power positions, often to the exclusion or minimal representation of the April 6 movement, ‘secularists’ and Copts.

In addition, the 2012 constitution was tilted in favor of the MB’s political power. For example, the constitution favoured the power of parliament, where MB representation could be expected to consistently dominate, rather than the president or other bodies. In a similar vein, the military, after the 2013 coup, has sought to completely eradicate the Brotherhood and leftist opposition, and concomitantly shaped foundational documents and institutions to its favour. In contrast, once in Economics 110 assignment answers power, Tunisia’s Ennahda party, taking a lesson from Algeria’s decades-long civil war, avoided polarising stances. It demonstrated its emphasis on national unity and inclusion by promising ahead of elections that, if victorious, it would appoint a non-Ennahda citizen as president and reach out to opposition parties in creating a coalition government. It backed away from pushing for the integration of How to on plagiarism without, Islamic law in How to a descriptive essay the constitution, and, after two years in power and engaging with opposition in dialogue, opted to step down in favour of technocratic leadership to preserve national unity. The military remained in the barracks, that is, stayed out of direct involvement in politics, enabling political actors to negotiate a new system. Last year proved a turning point for Ennahda’s political fortunes. In parliamentary elections held on How to on plagiarism without 26 October, Nidaa Tounes won 85 seats in the 217-member assembly, ahead of 69 secured by Ennahda. Nidaa Tounes, a self-styled liberal secular democratic coalition party, like its leader, Beji Caid Essebsi, was composed in large part by Tunisia’s traditional, political elite who portrayed themselves as a liberal democratic alternative to Ennahda.

Ennahda’s loss of Vikings gods, political power was finalised with the victory of Nidaa Tounes’ Essebsi in the presidential elections on 21 December. Ironically, Ghannouchi’s overriding his party's wishes and not allowing a law to be passed in How to on plagiarism biography May 2014 forbidding former members of Ben Ali's government and How to write the RCD from running enabled Nidaa Tounes’ parliamentary victory and Essebsi’s candidacy and presidential victory. How To Write On Plagiarism Without. It has also led to a split within Ennadha between the leadership and youth who wanted the party to back President Marzouki as a presidential candidate. Nidaa Tounes was challenged to demonstrate that it is capable of political inclusion and not exclusion in its dealings with Ennahda and other non-violent Islamists. Would it, however different in its political ideology, pursue a path of political inclusiveness and compromise to foster national unity and paper quickly build a democratic future as Ghannoushi and Ennahda had done? That was not to be. Despite Essebsi’s post-election promise to form a broad-based coalition (as Ennahda had done previously) to effectively address crippling economic problems, he broke his promise. In late January 2015, Prime Minister Habib Essid announced a new minority government with 24 ministers that excluded Ennahda and other Islamists and leftist parties, despite the fact that it was a minority government with less than half the votes necessary to survive a no-confidence vote. The secularist-Islamist divide must give way to a system of government that brings together multiple voices and actors and considers the desires of the public. This new system must emphasise the effectiveness of the democratic process and the wellbeing of the How to write an essay biography without country over ideological differences and games repression of dissent.

Rather than recognition of the legitimacy of political opposition only write an essay so long as it is a loyal opposition, it must support an opposition whose ultimate loyalty is to national unity and How to write essay introduction the equality and prosperity of How to write an essay on plagiarism biography, all. While relative stability has allowed Tunisia and Egypt the my conclusion paragraph opportunity of transition, the failure of the How to write an essay on plagiarism political process in Vikings Syria and Iraq has left these countries in turmoil and biography without deeply divided. This power vacuum has enabled separatist movements, particularly the self-named Islamic State or IS, to garner supporters, take advantage of the increased accessibility to large-scale weaponry, and seize, hold and govern large swathes of territory in Syria and Iraq. Processes within the region cannot be considered in isolation; the lack of political inclusiveness in some Arab countries, like Egypt, leave the potential for How to a descriptive disaffected and alienated opponents, Islamist or others, seeking alternative means to express their political interests. The vast majority of the Islamic State’s fighters come from Arab countries. One case in point is the significant number of former members of biography, Saddam Hussein’s Baath party, dismissed blindly during the US invasion and writing internet occupation of Iraq, who are reported to have joined the Islamic State.

For groups like the Islamic State, religion has become an attractive tool to legitimate narratives of marginalisation, anguish and discontent, and to recruit and an essay on plagiarism biography without mobilise followers on a global scale in the name of Islam. The continued lack of change, limited possibility for editing service help significant political representation and reform, and How to write without government repression of mainstream Islamists will only Economics answers perpetuate the search for alternative means of expression and power-sharing, moderate and extremist. Furthermore, even if the US-led coalition is successful in neutralising the Islamic State, the potential for the formation of alternative groups championing a similar or revised narrative is robust so long as underlying grievances are unaddressed. One recurring failure of US and European policy has been inattention to How to, such grievances, explicitly political exclusion. The Arab uprisings served to further expose inconsistencies in American and European political rhetoric regarding claimed support for self-determination, rule of writing internet, law and human rights. In turn, this has weakened their ability to leverage pressure on Arab governments. From the start of Egypt’s revolution, the US has taken shifting stances that made clear its lack of commitment to How to write without, ideology and ultimate loyalty to the actor or group that appears most powerful. An initial hesitancy to abandon its longtime ally, Hosni Mubarak, transformed into How to write a creative paper, enthusiastic support for the revolutionaries. Its decades-long vehement stance against the Brotherhood turned into support for its elected government, and while there was an initial disapproval of military coup, time has revealed the emptiness of US threats. US and European failure to criticise the role of Gulf allies, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, for on plagiarism biography their political and financial support of the military coup that overthrew President Morsi, further undermines their credibility.

In addition, insufficient condemnation of the al-Sisi government’s repressive actions, through the use of military courts and mass death sentences, reveals continued inconsistency on part of US and European policy. Quickly. Government reports indicate that 22,000 have been detained in post-Morsi Egypt, while human rights organisations put this figure at 40,000. Such behaviour indicates US and European prioritisation of Arab relations over write an essay biography, commitment to human rights. Al-Sisi has capitalised upon US and EU policy inconsistencies, in addition to his popular support, backing of government bureaucracy and regional alliances to take a bolder stance towards the US. In recent months, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry has even mocked US statements on Egypt by mimicking almost word-for-word an American reaction to Egyptian protests. Recently, the Vikings games ministry produced its own assertions on the Ferguson protests (a series of Missouri protests that emerged in response to an essay biography without, a racially-charged police shooting of a young black man), suggesting that Egypt was “closely following” developments in Ferguson, and urging “restraint and essay respect for How to write an essay biography the right of Economics answers, assembly and How to write biography without peaceful expression of opinion”.

The statement was a comical mockery of the upper hand that the US assumes in its official addresses to Egypt. Moving forward, the US faces an overarching challenge. Essay. Despite its rhetorical commitment to a democratic ideology, the US has consistently sided with those in on plagiarism power. In many cases, it strikes a balance between using “democracy” as a diplomatic tool against Arab powers, while painting an image of regional violence and chaos as justification for Essay editing help its support for those very same powers. The notions of “democracy” and “authoritarianism” have been portrayed as entirely dichotomous, labels that give the an essay biography democratic US a moral high ground over Arab authoritarianism. The US justifies its intervention by Essay service insisting on the Arab need to emulate Western-style democracy as the How to write an essay on plagiarism only path for 110 assignment answers progress, all the while supporting the status quo. The historical context and its expansion of US hegemony in the region are all ignored as it attempts to construct and frame new realities. The real power of the How to write an essay biography US and Europe lay in their ability to not simply construct a new narrative that emphasises self-determination, government accountability, rule of law and human rights upon which political actions and policies are based, but to also act on that narrative. Failure to do so and, instead, accept the restoration of Vikings, authoritarianism in How to an essay on plagiarism without Egypt, approve aid packages and even describe Egypt as on the path to Essay internet pdf, democracy legitimates the widespread belief in write an essay the Arab world that the US and EU have a double standard when it comes to the promotion and support for democratisation.

Equally important, it retreats to the old narrative and conventional wisdom that the Arab world and broader Middle East is a perpetually violent and service chaotic region incapable of strong institutional and democratic reformation, and thus regional stability and Western national interest is on plagiarism dependent on security rather than democratic states. This reductionist and essentialist narrative ignores the realities of diverse political contexts and the role of authoritarian governments and their policies with substantial financial and military support from long-time US and EU allies. Failure to significantly shift from a monolithic and essentialist perception of the Arab world and policies that focus on chaos and violence rather that their root causes prioritises stability and security, and diverts from the critical need for institutional reform. And what of Islamic movements? The retreat to the conventional wisdom of equating stability and national interest with securitisation has also included a retreat to the anti-Muslim Brotherhood and longtime anti-Islamist mantra of Arab autocrats. Al-Sisi’s condemnation of Egypt’s MB as a terrorist organisation with international linkages, and Saudi Arabia's (and the United Arab Emirates's) attempt to rally not only Arab nations but also to preach and pressure the How to write a creative paper US and EU to follow suit has both domestic and international implications. For Arab monarchies and regimes, it provides an excuse to further limit, repress and even ban all Islamist movements. This monolithic approach ignores and denies the How to on plagiarism biography distinction between militant extremist and terrorist organisations and mainstream Islamist political parties and movements who have an a creative, established track record of choosing ballots not bullets as a vehicle for political and social change. Many in recent years have participated in municipal and national elections and as a result served as mayors, parliamentarians, cabinet members, prime ministers, and president. How To An Essay On Plagiarism. They have also accepted defeat at the ballot box or government repression and How to a descriptive essay introduction not resorted to write on plagiarism without, violence.

Transparent, self-serving anti-MB and anti-Islamist policies not only Vikings gods endanger the biography lives of mainstream Islamists but also discredit the claims of editing, Western democracies and their belief in and support for the right of self-determination, good governance, rule of How to an essay on plagiarism biography without, law and human rights. Editing Help. Equally important, they affirm and reinforce the rhetoric and ranting of on plagiarism biography, terrorist organisations like al-Qaeda and IS that both condemn democracy as anti-Islamic and How to a creative paper quickly charge that the write an essay on plagiarism US and Europe are hypocrites who have practiced a double standard when it comes to democracy promotion in the Middle East, a belief that Gallup poll reports and those of other organisations have shown is How to introduction widespread. Short-term securitisation in the name of write an essay on plagiarism without, political stability ignores or represses the spirit of the Arab uprisings and their desire for an end to dictatorship and its replacement with representative and gods games accountable governance and human rights. It reinforces anti-Westernism as well as the mantra of militant extremists that neither Arab regimes nor their Western allies will “allow” democratisation and can fuel greater radicalisation and recruitment by How to on plagiarism without terrorist organisations. However, long term, the genie has been let out of the bottle. The democratic aspirations and games conviction of many, in particular younger generations in the Arab and broader Muslim world, will not be silenced or eradicated in the years to come. - John L Esposito is a Professor of Religion and International Affairs and of Islamic Studies at Georgetown University and founding director of the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding in Georgetown’s Walsh School of Foreign Service.

Esposito has served as consultant to the US Department of State and other agencies, European and Asian governments and corporations, universities, and the media worldwide. Faisal Kattan has worked for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Institute of write on plagiarism biography without, Economic Affairs, and Sawari Ventures and is currently a research analyst at the Brookings Institution. He is pursuing an MA in Write Arab Studies at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Middle East Eye. Photo: Supporters of biography, Tunisia's outgoing president Moncef Marzouki wave flags outside his campaign headquarters on 23 December 2014 in Tunis, a day after Beji Caid Essebsi won the presidential election. Tunisian PM-designate forms cabinet without any Ennahda ministers #TunisiaVotes. Egyptian president admits rights abuses by police #EgyptTurmoil. How the West's campaign against IS lets the region off the hook #IslamicState. © Middle East Eye 2014 - all rights reserved.

Only England and Wales jurisdiction apply in write essay me all legal matters.

The worst part about BP’s oil-spill cover-up: It worked. “It’s as safe as Dawn dishwashing liquid.” That’s what Jamie Griffin says the BP man told her about the smelly, rainbow-streaked gunk coating the floor of the write an essay on plagiarism, “floating hotel” where Griffin was feeding hundreds of cleanup workers during the BP oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. Apparently, the workers were tracking the a descriptive me, gunk inside on their boots. Griffin, as chief cook and maid, was trying to an essay without clean it. But even boiling water didn’t work. “The BP representative said, ‘Jamie, just mop it like you’d mop any other dirty floor,’” Griffin recalls in her Louisiana drawl. It was the opening weeks of what everyone, echoing President Barack Obama, was calling “the worst environmental disaster in American history.” At 9:45 p.m. local time on April 20, 2010, a fiery explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig had killed 11 workers and injured 17.

One mile underwater, the quickly, Macondo well had blown apart, unleashing a gusher of an essay on plagiarism without, oil into the gulf. At risk were fishing areas that supplied one-third of the seafood consumed in service help, the U.S., beaches from an essay on plagiarism, Texas to Florida that drew billions of dollars’ worth of tourism to local economies, and Obama’s chances of reelection. Write. Republicans were blaming him for mishandling the disaster, his poll numbers were falling, even his 11-year-old daughter was demanding, “Daddy, did you plug the an essay biography without, hole yet?” Griffin did as she was told: “I tried Pine-Sol, bleach, I even tried Dawn on those floors.” As she scrubbed, the mix of cleanser and gunk occasionally splashed onto her arms and face. Within days, the 32-year-old single mother was coughing up blood and suffering constant headaches.

She lost her voice. “My throat felt like I’d swallowed razor blades,” she says. Then things got much worse. Like hundreds, possibly thousands, of workers on the cleanup, Griffin soon fell ill with a cluster of excruciating, bizarre, grotesque ailments. By July, unstoppable muscle spasms were twisting her hands into Essay service help, immovable claws. In August, she began losing her short-term memory. How To Biography. After cooking professionally for 10 years, she couldn’t remember the games, recipe for vegetable soup; one morning, she got in the car to go to work, only to discover she hadn’t put on pants. How To Write On Plagiarism Biography Without. The right side, but only the Essay internet pdf, right side, of her body “started acting crazy.

It felt like the nerves were coming out of my skin. It was so painful. My right leg swelled — my ankle would get as wide as my calf — and my skin got incredibly itchy.” “These are the same symptoms experienced by soldiers who returned from the write without, Persian Gulf War with Gulf War syndrome,” says Michael Robichaux, a Louisiana physician and Write my conclusion paragraph, former state senator, who treated Griffin and 113 other patients with similar complaints. As a general practitioner, Robichaux says he had “never seen this grouping of symptoms together: skin problems, neurological impairments, plus pulmonary problems.” Only months later, after Kaye H. Kilburn, a former professor of medicine at the University of Southern California and one of the write biography without, nation’s leading environmental health experts, came to Louisiana and tested 14 of Robichaux’s patients did the Vikings games, two physicians make the connection with Gulf War syndrome, the How to write an essay on plagiarism without, malady that afflicted an estimated 250,000 veterans of that war with a mysterious combination of fatigue, skin inflammation, and cognitive problems. Meanwhile, the gods, well kept hemorrhaging oil.

The world watched with bated breath as BP failed in one attempt after another to stop the leak. An agonizing 87 days passed before the well was finally plugged on July 15. By then, 210 million gallons of Louisiana sweet crude had escaped into the Gulf of Mexico, according to government estimates, making the BP disaster the largest accidental oil leak in world history. Yet three years later, the BP disaster has been largely forgotten, both overseas and in the U.S. Popular anger has cooled. How To On Plagiarism Without. The media have moved on. Today, only the business press offers serious coverage of what the Financial Times calls “the trial of the century” — the trial now underway in New Orleans, where BP faces tens of billions of dollars in potential penalties for the disaster. As for How to a descriptive essay Obama, the same president who early in the BP crisis blasted the “scandalously close relationship” between oil companies and government regulators two years later ran for reelection boasting about how much new oil and gas development his administration had approved. Such collective amnesia may seem surprising, but there may be a good explanation for it: BP mounted a cover-up that concealed the full extent of its crimes from public view. This cover-up prevented the media and therefore the public from knowing — and above all, seeing — just how much oil was gushing into the gulf.

The disaster appeared much less extensive and destructive than it actually was. BP declined to How to an essay comment for Essay help this article. That BP lied about the amount of oil it discharged into the gulf is already established. Lying to Congress about that was one of 14 felonies to which BP pleaded guilty last year in a legal settlement with the How to write an essay on plagiarism biography without, Justice Department that included a $4.5 billion fine, the largest fine ever levied against a corporation in 110 assignment answers, the U.S. What has not been revealed until now is without how BP hid that massive amount of oil from TV cameras and the price that this “disappearing act” imposed on cleanup workers, coastal residents, and Essay pdf, the ecosystem of the How to biography, gulf.

That story can now be told because an anonymous whistleblower has provided evidence that BP was warned in advance about the Vikings, safety risks of biography, attempting to cover up its leaking oil. Nevertheless, BP proceeded. Furthermore, BP appears to have withheld these safety warnings, as well as protective measures, both from the thousands of workers hired for the cleanup and from the millions of Gulf Coast residents who stood to be affected. The financial implications are enormous. The trial now under way in New Orleans is wrestling with whether BP was guilty of “negligence” or “gross negligence” for the Deepwater Horizon disaster. How To Quickly. If found guilty of “negligence,” BP would be fined, under the Clean Water Act, $1,100 for each barrel of oil that leaked. But if found guilty of “gross negligence”–which a cover-up would seem to imply — BP would be fined $4,300 per on plagiarism barrel, almost four times as much, for a total of $17.5 billion. That large a fine, combined with an additional $34 billion that the 110 assignment, states of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and on plagiarism, Florida are seeking, could have a powerful effect on BP’s economic health. Yet the gods, most astonishing thing about BP’s cover-up? It was carried out in plain sight, right in an essay on plagiarism without, front of the world’s uncomprehending news media (including, I regret to say, this reporter).

The chief instrument of 110 assignment answers, BP’s cover-up was the same substance that apparently sickened Jamie Griffin and write an essay on plagiarism biography without, countless other cleanup workers and local residents. Its brand name is Corexit, but most news reports at the time referred to it simply as a “dispersant.” Its function was to attach itself to leaked oil, break it into editing, droplets, and disperse them into the vast reaches of the gulf, thereby keeping the oil from reaching Gulf Coast shorelines. And the Corexit did largely achieve this goal. But the 1.84 million gallons of How to without, Corexit that BP applied during the cleanup also served a public-relations purpose: They made the oil spill all but disappear, at least from Economics 110 assignment, TV screens. By late July 2010, the Associated Press and How to write on plagiarism biography, The New York Times were questioning whether the spill had been such a big deal after all. How To Write Essay Introduction Me. Time went so far as to an essay on plagiarism biography without assert that right-wing talk-radio host Rush Limbaugh “has a point” when he accused journalists and environmentalists of exaggerating the crisis.

But BP had a problem: It had lied about how safe Corexit is, and proof of its dishonesty would eventually fall into the hands of the Government Accountability Project, the premiere whistleblower-protection group in the U.S. The proof? A technical manual BP had received from NALCO, the firm that supplied the 110 assignment answers, Corexit that BP used in on plagiarism, the gulf. An electronic copy of help, that manual is included in an essay, a new report GAP has issued, “Deadly Dispersants in the Gulf.” On the basis of interviews with dozens of cleanup workers, scientists, and Gulf Coast residents, GAP concludes that the health impacts endured by Griffin were visited upon Economics answers many other locals as well. What’s more, the combination of Corexit and crude oil also caused terrible damage to gulf wildlife and ecosystems, including an unprecedented number of How to without, seafood mutations; declines of a creative paper, up to 80 percent in How to, seafood catch; and massive die-offs of the microscopic life-forms at the base of the internet pdf, marine food chain. GAP warns that BP and the U.S. government nevertheless appear poised to repeat the exercise after the next major oil spill: “As a result of an essay biography, Corexit’s perceived success, Corexit … has become the dispersant of choice in How to write a descriptive, the U.S. to ‘clean up’ oil spills.” BP’s cover-up was not planned in How to write, advance but devised in the heat of the paper quickly, moment as the oil giant scrambled to limit the How to write biography, PR and other damages of the disaster. Indeed, one of the chief scandals of the disaster is Vikings gods games just how unprepared both BP and federal and state authorities were for an oil leak of How to an essay biography without, this magnitude. A Creative Paper Quickly. U.S. law required that a response plan be in place before drilling began, but the plan was embarrassingly flawed. “We weren’t managing for actual risk; we were checking a box,” says Mark Davis, director of the Institute on Water Resources Law and Policy at How to on plagiarism biography without, Tulane University. “That’s how we ended up with a response plan that included provisions for dealing with the impacts to walruses: because [BP] copied word for word the response plans that had been developed after the Essay writing internet pdf, Exxon-Valdez oil spill [in Alaska, in 1989] instead of a plan tailored to the conditions in the gulf.”

As days turned into weeks and biography without, it became obvious that no one knew how to plug the gushing well, BP began insisting that Corexit be used to disperse the leaking oil. This triggered alarms from scientists and Economics 110 assignment, from a leading environmental NGO in Louisiana, the Louisiana Environmental Action Network (LEAN). The group’s scientific adviser, Wilma Subra, a chemist whose work on environmental pollution had won her a “genius grant” from the MacArthur Foundation, told state and How to write an essay on plagiarism biography, federal authorities that she was especially concerned about how dangerous the mixture of crude and Corexit was: “The short-term health symptoms include acute respiratory problems, skin rashes, cardiovascular impacts, gastrointestinal impacts, and short-term loss of memory,” she told GAP investigators. “Long-term impacts include cancer, decreased lung function, liver damage, and write essay me, kidney damage.” (Nineteen months after the Deepwater Horizon explosion, a scientific study published in How to write, the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Pollution found that crude oil becomes 52 times more toxic when combined with Corexit.) BP even rebuffed a direct request from the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Lisa Jackson, who wrote BP a letter on May 19, asking the company to deploy a less toxic dispersant in the cleanup. Jackson could only Write, ask BP to do this; she could not legally require it.

Why? Because use of How to write on plagiarism, Corexit had been authorized years before under the federal Oil Pollution Act. In a recent interview, Jackson explains that she and other officials “had to determine, with less-than-perfect scientific testing and data, whether use of dispersants would, despite potential side effects, improve the overall situation in the gulf and coastal ecosystems. Service Help. The tradeoff, as I have said many times, was potential damage in write on plagiarism biography, the deep water versus the write essay, potential for larger amounts of undispersed oil in an essay on plagiarism, the ecologically rich coastal shallows and write a descriptive, estuaries.” She adds that the presidential commission that later studied the BP oil disaster did not fault the decision to use dispersants. Knowing that EPA lacked the an essay on plagiarism without, authority to stop it, BP wrote back to Jackson on May 20, declaring that Corexit was safe. What’s more, BP wrote, there was a ready supply of Corexit, which was not the case with alternative dispersants. (A NALCO plant was located just 30 miles west of editing service help, New Orleans.) But Corexit was decidedly not safe without taking proper precautions, as the manual BP got from on plagiarism without, NALCO spelled out in black and Vikings gods games, white. How To On Plagiarism Biography. The “Vessel Captains Hazard Communication” resource manual, which GAP shared with me, looks innocuous enough. A three-ring binder with a black plastic cover, the manual contained 61 sheets, each wrapped in plastic, that detailed the scientific properties of the two types of Corexit that BP was buying, as well as their health hazards and recommended measures against those hazards.

BP applied two types of Corexit in the gulf. The first, Corexit 9527, was considerably more toxic. According to the NALCO manual, Corexit 9527 is an “eye and skin irritant. Repeated or excessive exposure … may cause injury to red blood cells (hemolysis), kidney or the liver.” The manual adds: “Excessive exposure may cause central nervous system effects, nausea, vomiting, anesthetic or narcotic effects.” It advises, “Do not get in eyes, on How to essay introduction me skin, on clothing,” and “Wear suitable protective clothing.” When available supplies of Corexit 9527 were exhausted early in the cleanup, BP switched to the second type of dispersant, Corexit 9500. In its recommendations for dealing with Corexit 9500, the NALCO manual advised, “Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing,” “Avoid breathing vapor,” and “Wear suitable protective clothing.”

It’s standard procedure — and required by U.S. Write On Plagiarism Biography Without. law — for companies to distribute this kind of information to any work site where hazardous materials are present so workers can know about the dangers they face and How to a descriptive essay me, how to protect themselves. How To An Essay Without. But interviews with numerous cleanup workers suggest that this legally required precaution was rarely if ever followed during the BP cleanup. Instead, it appears that BP told NALCO to stop including the How to write a creative, manuals with the Corexit that NALCO was delivering to How to biography cleanup work sites. “It’s my understanding that some manuals were sent out writing, with the shipments of Corexit in without, the beginning [of the gods games, cleanup],” the anonymous source tells me. “Then, BP told NALCO to stop sending them. So NALCO was left with a roomful of unused binders.” Roman Blahoski, NALCO’s director of How to write without, global communications, says: “NALCO responded to requests for its pre-approved dispersants from those charged with protecting the gulf and mitigating the environmental, health, and economic impact of this event. NALCO was never involved in decisions relating to the use, volume, and paper, application of write on plagiarism, its dispersant.” Misrepresenting the editing help, safety of Corexit went hand in hand with BP’s previously noted lie about how much oil was leaking from the Macondo well.

As reported by John Rudolf in The Huffington Post, internal BP emails show that BP privately estimated that “the runaway well could be leaking from 62,000 barrels a day to 146,000 barrels a day.” Meanwhile, BP officials were telling the government and the media that only 5,000 barrels a day were leaking. In short, applying Corexit enabled BP to mask the fact that a much larger amount of oil was actually leaking into How to write on plagiarism biography, the gulf. “Like any good magician, the oil industry has learned that if you can’t see something that was there, it must have ‘disappeared,’” Scott Porter, a scientist and Vikings gods games, deep-sea diver who consults for write an essay on plagiarism biography oil companies and oystermen, says in the GAP report. “Oil companies have also learned that, in the public mind, ‘out of editing service help, sight equals out of mind.’ Therefore, they have chosen crude oil dispersants as the primary tool for an essay on plagiarism biography without handling large marine oil spills.” BP also had a more direct financial interest in using Corexit, argues Clint Guidry, president of the Louisiana Shrimp Association, whose members include not only shrimpers but fishermen of all sorts. As it happens, local fishermen constituted a significant portion of Essay internet pdf, BP’s cleanup force (which numbered as many as 47,000 workers at the height of the cleanup). Because the spill caused the write an essay, closure of their fishing grounds, BP and state and federal authorities established the Vessels of Essay editing service, Opportunity (VoO) program, in which BP paid fishermen to an essay on plagiarism without take their boats out and How to introduction, skim, burn, and otherwise get rid of leaked oil. Applying dispersants, Guidry points out, reduced the total volume of oil that could be traced back to BP. “The next phase of this trial [against BP] is going to write an essay on plagiarism biography turn on how much oil was leaked,” Guidry tells me. [If found guilty, BP will be fined a certain amount for each barrel of How to, oil judged to have leaked.] “So hiding the oil with Corexit worked not only to hide the size of the on plagiarism biography without, spill but also to lower the amount of Essay writing, oil that BP may get charged for releasing.” DVIDSHUB A contractor cleans up oily waste on Elmer’s Island, just west of Grand Isle, La., May 21, 2010.

Not only did BP fail to inform workers of the potential hazards of Corexit and to provide them with safety training and protective gear, according to interviews with dozens of cleanup workers, the on plagiarism without, company also allegedly threatened to fire workers who complained about the lack of respirators and protective clothing. “I worked with probably a couple hundred different fishermen on the [cleanup],” Acy Cooper, Guidry’s second in command, tells me in write a descriptive, Venice, the coastal town from which many VoO vessels departed. “Not one of them got any safety information or training concerning the toxic materials they encountered.” Cooper says that BP did provide workers with body suits and gloves designed for handling hazardous materials. “But when I’d talk with [the BP representative] about write on plagiarism, getting my guys respirators and air monitors, I’d never get any response.” Roughly 58 percent of the 1.84 million gallons of Corexit used in the cleanup was sprayed onto the gulf from C-130 airplanes. The spray sometimes ended up hitting cleanup workers in write a creative quickly, the face. “Our boat was sprayed four times,” says Jorey Danos, a 32-year-old father of How to biography, three who suffered racking coughing fits, severe fatigue, and Vikings gods games, memory loss after working on an essay on plagiarism biography the BP cleanup. “I could see the editing help, stuff coming out of the plane — like a shower of mist, a smoky color.

I could see [it] coming at me, but there was nothing I could do.” “The next day,” Danos continues, “when the BP rep came around on How to write biography his speed boat, I asked, ‘Hey, what’s the deal with that stuff that was coming out of those planes yesterday?’ He told me, ‘Don’t worry about it.’ I said, ‘Man, that s–t was burning my face — it ain’t right.’ He said, ‘Don’t worry about Economics answers, it.’ I said, ‘Well, could we get some respirators or something, because that s–t is bad.’ He said, ‘No, that wouldn’t look good to the media. You got two choices: You can either be relieved of your duties or you can deal with it.’” Perhaps the single most hazardous chemical compound found in an essay, Corexit 9527 is 2-Butoxyethanol, a substance that had been linked to Essay editing service help cancers and other health impacts among cleanup workers on the 1989 Exxon-Valdez oil spill in Alaska. According to How to BP’s own data, 20 percent of offshore workers in the gulf had levels of 2-Butoxyethanol two times higher than the level certified as safe by the Occupational Safety and a descriptive me, Health Administration. Cleanup workers were not the only victims; coastal residents also suffered. How To An Essay On Plagiarism. “My 2-year-old grandson and I would play out in the yard,” says Shirley Tillman of the Mississippi coastal town Pass Christian. “You could smell oil and stuff in the air, but on the news they were saying it’s fine, don’t worry.

Well, by October, he was one sick little fellow. All of a sudden, this very active little 2-year-old was constantly sick. He was having headaches, upper respiratory infections, earaches. How To A Descriptive Introduction Me. The night of his birthday party, his parents had to rush him to the emergency room. He went to nine different doctors, but they treated just the symptoms; they’re not toxicologists.” “It’s not the crime, it’s the cover-up.” Ever since the Watergate scandal of the 1970s, that’s been the mantra.

Cover-ups don’t work, goes the an essay biography, argument. Answers. They only dig a deeper hole, because the truth eventually comes out. GAP investigators were hopeful that obtaining the NALCO manual might persuade BP to meet with them, and How to without, it did. On July 10, 2012, BP hosted a private meeting at Write paragraph, its Houston offices. Presiding over the meeting, which is How to write an essay on plagiarism biography described here publicly for the first time, was BP’s public ombudsman, Stanley Sporkin, joining by telephone from Washington. Ironically, Sporkin had made his professional reputation during the Watergate scandal. As a lawyer with the Securities and Vikings games, Exchange Commission, Sporkin investigated illegal corporate payments to the slush fund that President Nixon used to buy the silence of the Watergate burglars. Also attending the meeting were two senior BP attorneys; BP Vice President Luke Keller; other BP officials; Thomas Devine, GAP’s senior attorney on write an essay on plagiarism biography without the BP case; Shanna Devine, GAP’s investigator on the case; Michael Robichaux; Wilma Subra; and Marylee Orr, the executive director of LEAN. The following account is based on my interviews with Thomas Devine, Robichaux, Subra, and Orr. BP declined to a creative paper quickly comment. BP officials had previously confirmed the an essay on plagiarism biography, authenticity of the NALCO manual, says Thomas Devine, but now they refused to discuss it, even though this had been one of the stated purposes for a creative paper quickly the meeting.

Nor would BP address the How to an essay, allegation, made by the whistleblower who had given the manual to GAP, that BP had ordered the manual withheld from cleanup work sites, perhaps to maintain the fiction that Corexit was safe. “They opened the 110 assignment, meeting with this upbeat presentation about How to on plagiarism, how seriously they took their responsibilities for service help the spill and all the wonderful things they were doing to make things right,” says Devine. “When it was my turn to an essay speak, I said that the manual our whistleblower had provided contradicted what they just said. I asked whether they had ordered the Vikings gods, manual withdrawn from work sites. Their attorneys said that was a matter they would not discuss because of the pending litigation on the spill.” [Disclosure: Thomas Devine is a friend of How to write an essay, this reporter.] The visitors’ top priority was to get BP to agree not to editing service help use Corexit in write an essay on plagiarism biography, the future. Keller said that Corexit was still authorized for answers use by the U.S. government and How to write an essay biography, BP would indeed feel free to use it against any future oil spills. A second priority was to get BP to writing pdf provide medical treatment for Jamie Griffin and the many other apparent victims of Corexit-and-crude poisoning. This request too was refused by BP. Robichaux doubts his patients will receive proper compensation from the $7.8 billion settlement BP reached in 2012 with the Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee, 19 court-appointed attorneys who represent the hundreds of individuals and entities that have sued BP for damages related to the gulf disaster. “Nine of the most common symptoms of my patients do not appear on the list of illnesses that settlement says can be compensated, including memory loss, fatigue, and write without, joint and Vikings gods games, muscular pain,” says Robichaux. “So how are the biography without, attorneys going to How to a descriptive essay me file suits on behalf of How to write on plagiarism without, those victims?”

At one level, BP’s cover-up of the gulf oil disaster speaks to the enormous power that giant corporations exercise in modern society, and how unable, or unwilling, governments are to limit that power. To be sure, BP has not entirely escaped censure for its actions; depending on the outcome of the trial now under way in introduction me, New Orleans, the company could end up paying tens of billions of dollars in fines and damages over and above the $4.5 billion imposed by the Justice Department in the settlement last year. But BP’s reputation appears to have survived: Its market value as this article went to press was a tidy $132 billion, and few, if any, BP officials appear likely to face any legal repercussions. How To Write An Essay On Plagiarism Without. “If I would have killed 11 people, I’d be hanging from a noose,” says Jorey Danos. “Not BP. It’s the golden rule: The man with the gold makes the rules.” As unchastened as anyone at BP is Bob Dudley, the American who was catapulted into the CEO job a few weeks into the gulf disaster to replace Tony Hayward, whose propensity for imprudent comments — “I want my life back,” the multimillionaire had pouted while thousands of gulf workers and residents were suffering — had made him a globally derided figure. Dudley told the gods, annual BP shareholders meeting in London last week that Corexit “is effectively … dishwashing soap,” no more toxic than that, as all scientific studies supposedly showed. What’s more, Dudley added, he himself had grown up in Mississippi and knows that the Gulf of Mexico is “an ecosystem that is used to oil.”

Nor has the BP oil disaster triggered the kind of changes in law and public priorities one might have expected. “Not much has actually changed,” says Mark Davis of Tulane. “It reflects just how wedded our country is to keeping the Gulf of Mexico producing oil and bringing it to our shores as cheaply as possible. Going forward, no one should assume that just because something really bad happened we’re going to manage oil and gas production with greater sensitivity and wisdom. That will only How to write an essay without, happen if people get involved and compel both the industry and the government to internet be more diligent.”

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Case Study on write on plagiarism biography Business Models: Wal-Mart vs. Gods. Costco. Can you tell me the key differences between Wal-Mart’s (not just Sam’s Club) and Costco’s business models? Could Wal-Mart raise it’s minimum wage to Costco’s higher level without effecting profits. Why or why not. This case gives you a way to learn about different retail business models. How would you go about answering this question? HINT: What would be the big difference between a Wal-Mart and a Costco store as soon as you entered? If a union leader from Wal-Mart wanted to have its members have the an essay without same wage rates as Costco, how would you advise?

I am not asking for a valuation, but an analysis of the differences between retail models. Is one better than the other? Harvard Business School Magazine December 2006. Executive Summary from Harvard Business School. Wal-Mart’s legendary obsession with cost containment shows up in countless ways, including aggressive control of employee benefits and write a descriptive essay me wages. Managing labor costs isn’t a crazy idea, of course.

But stingy pay and benefits don’t necessarily translate into lower costs in the long run. Consider Costco and Wal-Mart’s Sam’s Club, which compete fiercely on low-price merchandise. Among warehouse retailers, Costco—with 338 stores and 67,600 full-time employees in the United States—is number one, accounting for about 50% of the market. Sam’s Club—with 551 stores and 110,200 employees in the United States—is number two, with about 40% of the market. Though the businesses are direct competitors and quite similar overall, a remarkable disparity shows up in their wage and benefits structures. The average wage at Costco is $17 an hour. An Essay On Plagiarism. Wal-Mart does not break out the Vikings games pay of its Sam’s Club workers, but a full-time worker at Wal-Mart makes $10.11 an hour on average, and a variety of sources suggest that Sam’s Club’s pay scale is similar to Wal-Mart’s. A 2005 New York Times article by an essay biography without, Steven Greenhouse reported that at $17 an hour, Costco’s average pay is 72% higher than Sam’s Club’s ($9.86 an essay, hour). Interviews that a colleague and I conducted with a dozen Sam’s Club employees in San Francisco and Denver put the average hourly wage at about $10.

And a 2004 Business Week article by Stanley Holmes and How to an essay on plagiarism biography Wendy Zellner estimated Sam’s Club’s average hourly wage at Essay editing help, $11.52. On the benefits side, 82% of Costco employees have health-insurance coverage, compared with less than half at Wal-Mart. And Costco workers pay just 8% of their health premiums, whereas Wal-Mart workers pay 33% of theirs. Ninety-one percent of Costco’s employees are covered by retirement plans, with the company contributing an write on plagiarism, annual average of $1,330 per employee, while 64 percent of employees at Sam’s Club are covered, with the my conclusion company contributing an annual average of $747 per employee. Costco’s practices are clearly more expensive, but they have an offsetting cost-containment effect: Turnover is unusually low, at 17% overall and just 6% after one year’s employment. In contrast, turnover at How to on plagiarism biography, Wal-Mart is Vikings gods 44% a year, close to the industry average. An Essay Biography Without. In skilled and semi-skilled jobs, the write a descriptive essay me fully loaded cost of replacing a worker who leaves (excluding lost productivity) is typically 1.5 to write without, 2.5 times the worker’s annual salary.

To be conservative, let’s assume that the total cost of replacing an hourly employee at How to a descriptive essay introduction, Costco or Sam’s Club is How to write on plagiarism only 60% of his or her annual salary. If a Costco employee quits, the cost of replacing him or her is therefore $21,216. If a Sam’s Club employee leaves, the cost is $12,617. At first glance, it may seem that the low-wage approach at Economics 110 assignment, Sam’s Club would result in lower turnover costs. But if its turnover rate is the How to an essay biography same as Wal-Mart’s, Sam’s Club loses more than twice as many people as Costco does: 44% versus 17%. How To Write Introduction Me. By this calculation, the How to without total annual cost to Essay pdf, Costco of employee churn is $244 million, whereas the an essay on plagiarism without total annual cost to Sam’s Club is $612 million. Economics. That’s $5,274 per Sam’s Club employee, versus $3,628 per Costco employee.

In return for How to an essay biography its generous wages and benefits, Costco gets one of the most loyal and Vikings games productive workforces in all of retailing, and, probably not coincidentally, the lowest shrinkage (employee theft) figures in write biography without the industry. Vikings Gods Games. While Sam’s Club and Costco generated $37 billion and $43 billion, respectively, in How to an essay on plagiarism without U.S. sales last year, Costco did it with 38% fewer employees—admittedly, in Essay editing part by selling to higher-income shoppers and offering more high-end goods. As a result, Costco generated $21,805 in U.S. operating profit per hourly employee, compared with $11,615 at Sam’s Club. Costco’s stable, productive workforce more than offsets its higher costs. These figures challenge the common assumption that labor rates equal labor costs. Costco’s approach shows that when it comes to wages and an essay on plagiarism benefits, a cost-leadership strategy need not be a race to the bottom. Have a GREAT WEEKEND and HAPPY LABOR DAY to those in the U.S.

Best response gets a choice of prizes. THE FOURTH REICH. Why the U.S. IS Using Syria as a Pre-Text to War. Always ask, “Qui Bono?” Who benefits from a Mid-East War?

The U.S. needs to attack Syria to stop Russian pipelines from feeding Europe and hastening the fall of the How to write a descriptive me Petrodollar: http://www.tfmetalsreport.com/podcast/5015/holiday-tradition-fresh-jackass. 17 responses to “ Case Study on Business Models: Wal-Mart vs. Costco ” Charlie Munger, 2/6/13: Sol Price (founder of Price Club) used to say, success in write biography without business came from deciding which business you could intelligently do without. He had a list of business he didn’t want. Write Paragraph. Those things he didn’t want — he didn’t want business from people who wrote bad checks. He didn’t want business of people who shoplifted.

He didn’t want business of people who clogged-up his parking lot without buying very much. He carefully invented a system where he kept those people out, and succeeded by deciding what he would be better off without and avoiding it. This is an essay on plagiarism a very good way to quickly, think, and it’s not all that common. It’s, perfectly, obvious, isn’t it? And it has been of enormous help to the people sitting at this head table.

But most people just aren’t trained to on plagiarism biography, do that —if it’s more business, they tend to want it. Thanks Punchcard. Write Paragraph. You know your Munger lessons well. Costco, I need to find recent stats, has the How to an essay on plagiarism biography without highest sales per square foot of any retailer in history. The inventory turns are immense. Price Club, of course, evolved into Costco. Thanks Punchcardblog: Interesting. Both Wal-Mart and editing service help Costco have been and are quite successful as businesses and investments since their beginnings. But what can we learn about their differences?

Both sell cheap, but why the difference in labor costs? As workers at Wal-Mart should be strike to get the same or higher wages than Costco? I can’t offer you the choice of three prizes: If you are comparing Wal-Mart to Costco strictly, Costco has a large base of revenue, it’s membership fees, that don’t have associated costs, which allow them to keep prices low and probably funnel some of that to on plagiarism biography, its employees. I realize on some level that’s captured in SAMs, but if Wal Mart wanted to charge a membership fee, it may be able to funnel that to employees. Ok, to Vikings gods, put on the analyst hat: doesn’t WMT have more revenue than Costco? Yes, Costco charges a membership fee while WMT doesn’t. Why?

Why doesn’t WMT charge such a fee? Could it if it wanted to? Because if it could but didn’t, should we put forth a shareholder lawsuit against management? How are wages set? Why are revenues per How to on plagiarism without, employee and profit per editing service, employee higher at Costco vs. WMT? Is Costco’s management more “moral” than WMT? Have you been to the two stores? Anything strike you as VERY different between the write stores? I was a bit vague.

Coscto intentionally limits the number of products for sale (SKUs). By having a limited number of products, it also has a limited number of customers. The business model is to attract high income people who shop their occasionally and load up on a few essentials. WMT’s business model is to carry a high number of SKUs and attract low income people who shop their regularly for everyday needs. COST’s model is much less labor intensive. As a result, they need less employees and 110 assignment answers can afford higher wages. The quote from Munger gets at write an essay on plagiarism biography without, the fact that Costco does not try to appeal to Write paragraph, everybody. BINGO! You got it.

Now we just need to put some numbers on your thesis. I will post on that later. The distinction between Wal-Mart and How to an essay Costco likes in membership. Costco is pdf able to offer low prices and take in How to write biography without low margins because they charge a membership and incentive customers to purchase more to get “theirs money’s worth”. Irregardless of what the customer does, get a membership and buy lots vs get a membership and buy little, Costco makes money either way. Wal-mart on the other hand doesn’t charge a membership fee and therefore they must suppress their costs because there is Economics no incentive for the customer to on plagiarism, purchase at Wal-Mart other than its marketing of “everyday low price” and “price matching policies”. How To A Descriptive. However to continue to stay as the market leader, they must continually suppress costs to a point where their competitors are unable to suppress their costs to the same extent. How To Write An Essay On Plagiarism Without. Unfortunately, as a side effect of surprising the gods wages of workers, Wal-Mart has an How to write without, asset (“labor”) that don’t perform as well. See, (“labor”) is a unique asset in retailing. Vikings. The cost of labor is a function of how much you are willing to “invest” in it.

Invest too much and it has tremendous diminishing marginal returns. Likewise, if you invest too little, they simply don’t produce. Therefore there is actually a “sweet spot”, if you will, for labor and Costco seems to have perfected the art of How to on plagiarism without, mastering that asset. Wal-mart is taking their capital and investing it in How to paper quickly cost reduction while Costco is taking their capital and able to invest it in ecommerce or expansion. What do you mean by an essay, “suppress” costs.

Does WMT have a lower cost of Essay internet, goods sold than its competitors? Can it get Coke or Pepsi or J#038;J to sell its products at write without, a lower price to WMT than competitors? What is WMT a market leader in? Where on the income stmt does it prove that WMT has lower costs than competitors. Numbers? I am too confused by 110 assignment answers, your last two paragraphs to understand……….. But thanks for the post. I also speculate that labor costs is a function of the age in the workforce. High-turnover generally belongs to people are are young or don’t really care for their job. An Essay. (Walmart) As a result paying more for someone working at paragraph, 80% of write an essay on plagiarism without, their capacity is still 20% wasted. Likewise, Costco is able to display the persona of being steady and therefore people are more willing to operate at a higher level. Assuming Costco employees perform at 85%, then their waste is lower.

However judging by the pay of the two companies, Walmart pay is only $10.11/$17 = 60% A Wal-mart employee is only 60% as productive as a Costco employee…… If you add in health benefits and other extracurricular, you would find the Wal-Mart number drops even more… A high percentage of Costco’s net income comes from membership dues. Writing Internet. The dues are paid at write an essay on plagiarism biography, the beginning of the year and earned into income ratably during the How to write a descriptive me year. Renewal is high. Thus membership unearned income amounts to an interest-free loan, which, while recorded as a liability, is in How to an essay on plagiarism fact a valuable asset. What is more, we feel we being treated fairly. Indeed, we are; if they can buy something for a bargain price they pass the bargain on paragraph to members.

But since we have paid most of their profit up front, the price seems an How to write an essay on plagiarism biography, even better deal, because it isn’t in the markup. 110 Assignment Answers. And the employees are rarely surly; I know a number by name. It is a pleasure to How to an essay on plagiarism, shop at Costco, and we routinely buy more than we expect. It is a truly remarkable business. I’m surprised more businesses haven’t tried to emulate Costco. Costco started out as an exclusive member club for rich professionals and small business owners. They started out slowly, understanding their niche customers and their buying habits. Walmart on Essay internet the other hand bought stuff in bulk and sold it out for lower prices than the How to write an essay biography next guy. Walmart catered to every age and income demographic. Economics 110 Assignment Answers. Costco on the other hand entertained people with fat wallets who would purchase in bulk and even pay membership fees for greater savings on selected products.

Because Costco’s member is How to write an essay biography invested in the company even before he shops there they’re more likely to be loyal. And the How to write essay introduction me greater amount they spend the lower their percentage cost for the membership. For example, a person who spends $5,500 pays 1% for their membership ($55). On the other hand a family that spends $11,000 pays only 0.5% for their membership. How To Write An Essay. The more you buy the lower your effective membership cost. Costco has a treasure hunt atmosphere. You see everyone loading up on stuff in their huge shopping carts. You don’t mind jumping in since the stuff is way cheaper than it is at other places. Walmart competes with off-price merchandisers, dollar stores, pharmacies and everything in between. Costco’s arch-nemesis? – Sam’s Club. Average Walmart SKU – 140,000 vs Costco’s average SKU of 4,000.

Walmart is also very notorious for their treatment of suppliers and employees. Internet. I’ve talked to a lot of write an essay on plagiarism without, Walmart employees and almost all of them had a negative view of the company. Jim Senegal wasn’t wrong when he said that higher wages at Costco was not altruism, it was good business. Write Introduction Me. The positive marketing and sales they’ve received due must have paid for their higher employee costs many times over although it is How to write without hard to quantify. Costco employees are also much more helpful and knowledgeable than their Walmart counterparts. I don’t doubt the role wages play in this. Costco have free money in Vikings games the form of membership income which they can use to build new warehouses and on plagiarism distribution centers. I recall that Costco sells all their inventory more than twice before it needs to pay the vendors.

Who needs working capital? I looked at the non-cogs expenses a while ago and costco approached 10% while WalMart came closer to 30%. Obviously, costco does bulk items unlike walmart, but those kind of slim margins speak highly for the value their customers receive, and it probably makes them at least a little unlikely to be easy to compete against. If this is true, then all the Walmart emplyees would simply go work at Costco. The Plague Doctor – you are assuming that Costco would choose to hire the same caliber of employee that Walmart does. Also, with Costco turnover being so low, the positions may not be available. I aM NOT SURE WHAT YOU ARE ASKING?

Lower turnover for Costco may lower their overall employee costs. Also, the 110 assignment answers type of employee might be slightly different than at Wal-Mart–more competition for the job.