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Nursing at homework much, the NIH Clinical Center. Chief Nurse Officer (Acting) NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department. BSN, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD. MA, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI. PhD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.

Gwenyth Wallen, PhD, RN is currently the Deputy Chief Nurse Officer for Research and Practice Development and the Chief of Nursing Research and Translational Science at the National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center. Her clinical research specializations include health behavior and health disparities research with special emphasis on Essay pro immigration news articles, methodology and measurement in Less pros and cons end-of-life care, integrative health and vulnerable populations. Prior to beginning her career as a clinical nurse scientist and nursing administrator she held advance practice roles as the Clinical Specialist for Neonatology and Clinical Manager of the Level III NICU at the Washington Hospital Center, in alabama Washington, DC. Pros And Cons. Dr. Help. Wallen also served as a post-doctoral research associate in the Department of Family Studies at the University of Maryland coordinating evaluation research for much, three state and local Responsible Fatherhood programs. Dr. Wallen is a member of the Eunice Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Institutional Review Board. She serves as an Adjunct Associate Professor for help dr brown, Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, School of Public Health and an Adjunct Clinical Instructor, University of Michigan, School of Nursing.

Dr. Less. Wallen has a BS in Nursing from the University of Maryland, a MA in Management and Supervision from Central Michigan University, and a PhD in Assignments effect Health Education from the Less homework pros much, University of Maryland. In 2008 she completed the 2-year University of Essay pro immigration news Arizona Fellowship in much Integrative Medicine as part of her developing portfolio of integrative health research. Selected Honors and Awards: National Institutes of notes Health Graduate Partnership Program Mentorship Award (2015) National Institute of Heart Lung and Blood, Director's Award for Diversity (2014) National Institutes of and cons much Health, Clinical Center Director's Science Award (2013) U.S. Public Health Service Hasselmeyer Award for Politics writer jr, Nursing Research Initiatives (2012) National Institutes of Health Director's Award for Less much, Administration, NIAMS National Multicultural Outreach Initiative (2012) National Institutes of Health Director's Award for Mentoring (2012) National Institutes of Health Clinical Center Director's Science Award (2012) National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center Director's Award for Teaching/Training (2011) United States Public Health Service (USPHS), Chief Nurse Officer Award (2007) National Institutes of pro immigration news articles Health, Clinical Center, Director's Science Award (2005) National Institutes of pros much Health, Clinical Center, Director's Award for Education (2002)

Wallen, G.R. (March 27, 2014). Mixed Methods and Qualitative Research Designs: A Different World View. Annual Meeting of the Mexican Emerging Infectious Disease Clinical Research Network (La Red), Mexico City, Mexico. Wallen, G.R. (November 8-12, 2013). Workshop: Fundamentals of Clinical Research for the Clinical Research Nurse. 4th Military Medical University International Nursing Conference, Xian, China. Wallen, G.R. (June 2013). Keynote: Current Status and Development of Translating Research into Nursing Practice: An Interdisciplinary Approach for Building Exemplary Translational Science in Nursing.

4th Military Medical University International Nursing Conference, Xian, China. Ulrich, C.M., Wallen, G.R., Cui, N., Chittams, J., Sweet, M., Plemmons, D. Notes. (2015). Establishing Good Collaborative Research Practices in homework pros much the Responsible Conduct of Research in Nursing Science. Nursing Outlook, 63(2): 171-180. Wallen, G.R., Brooks, A.T., Whiting, B., Clark, R., Krumlauf, M.C., Yang, L., Schwandt, M.L., George, D.T., Ramchandani, V.A. (2014). The Prevalence of Sleep Disturbance in Essay articles Alcoholics Admitted for Treatment: A Target for Chronic Disease Management. Family Community Health, 37(4):288-97. Wallen, G.R. (2014). Innovations that INSPIRE (Innovation for Nursing-Sensitive Practice in homework pros and cons much a Research Environment).

Nursing Management, 45(9): 23-25. Wallen, G.R., Minniti, C.P., Krumlauf, M., Eckes, E., Allen, D., Oguhebe, A., Seamon, C., Darbari, D.S., Hildesheim, M., Yang, L., Schulden, J.D., Kato, G.J., Taylor VI. J.G. Assignment Help. (2014). Sleep Disturbance, Depression and Pain in Less homework pros and cons Adults with Sickle Cell Disease. BMC Psychiatry. Jul 21;14(1):207. [Epub ahead of print]. Brooks, A.T., Andrade, R. E., Middleton, K.R., and mass Wallen, G.R. Homework. (2014). Social Support: A Key Variable for Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Management in Hispanic Patients with Rheumatic Diseases. Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders, 7:21-26. Brooks, A.T., Silverman, L., Wallen, G.R. Mass Effect Books. (2013). Shared Decision Making: A Fundamental Tenet in a Conceptual Framework of Integrative Healthcare Delivery, Integrative Medicine Insights, 8:29-36.

Ames, N.J., Peng, C., Powers, J.H., Leidy, N.K., Miller-Davis, C., Rosenberg, A., VanRaden, M., Wallen, G.R. (2013). And Cons Much. Beyond Intuition: Patient Fever Symptom Experience. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Epub ahead of print DOI: pii: S0885-3924(13)00229-7. Wallen, G.R., Middleton, K.R., Miller-Davis, C., Tataw-Ayuketah, G., Todaro, A., Rivera-Goba, M., Mittleman, B. (2012). Patients' and Community Leaders' Perceptions Regarding Conducting Health Behavior Researcher in a Diverse, Urban Clinic Specializing in Rheumatic Diseases. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 6 (4): 405-415.

Service Chief for Oncology and Critical Care. NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department. BSN, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. MSN, Marymount, Arlington, VA. DNP, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD.

Deborah Kolakowski is the effect, Nursing Service Chief for Oncology and homework pros much Critical Care at the NIH, Clinical Center. She provides oversight of the daily operations, planning and of an abstract advising the and cons, inpatient and School help ambulatory programs of care within the specialty practice of oncology and critical care. She works closely with the pros, multidisciplinary teams directing the agendas for the programs regarding clinical research nursing. Dr. Kolakowski earned her Doctor of Assignments mass effect books Nursing Practice (DNP) from the Less homework pros and cons, University of Maryland in Baltimore, MD, a Master of Science in Nursing from Politics jr Marymount University and a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the University of South Carolina. Homework. Her previous work experiences include Program Director for Advanced Practice and Outcomes Management and Assignments mass Nurse Manager for the Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit at the NIH Clinical Center. While at the George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C., she served in the capacity as the Interim Chief Nurse Executive, Administrator for Patient Care Services, and Director of Critical Care Services. Less Homework. Dr.

Kolakowski's research interest and articles focus for her capstone course work identified nursing research activities that contributed to nursing workload in a clinical research setting utilizing a patent classification system to quantify acuity measures. Selected Honors and Awards: National Institute of Health, Clinical Center Patient Safety Champion Award – Critical Care (2007) National Institute of Health, Clinical Center, Nursing and Patient Care Services Team Award –ICU, (2007) National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center Director's Award for Less homework, Strategic Initiatives (2004) Selected Presentations and Publications: Kolakowski, D. Essay. The road ahead: Defining clinical research intensity workload measures. QuadraMed; Acuity Plus User Group Meeting, Washington DC; August 2010. Kolakowski, D. The road ahead: Defining clinical research intensity workload measures. International Association of pros and cons Clinical Research Nursing Pre-conference Roundtable. Bethesda, MD; November 2010. Zimmerman, J., D. Wagner, W. Mass Books. Knaus, J. Pros. Williams, D. Kolakowski, E. Draper, The Use of Politics Risk Predictions to Identify Candidates for Intermediate Care Units: Applications for homework pros much, Intensive Care Utilization and Cost, Chest, 108:2, 1995.

Ann Marie Matlock, DNP, RN, NE-BC. Service Chief for Medical Surgical Specialties. CAPT, United States Public Health Service. NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department. BSN, Salisbury State University, Salisbury, MD.

MSN, Nursing Administration, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD. DNP, George Washington University, Washington D.C. CAPT Ann Marie Matlock earned a BSN in Nursing from Salisbury State University in 1991, a MSN from the University of Maryland in 2003 and notes help dr brown a DNP from the George Washington University in Less homework and cons 2013. In addition she earned a Certificate in the Business of Nursing from Johns Hopkins University in 2001. She is Essay articles, board certified through the American Nurses Credentialing Center as a Nurse Executive. She began her career as an ICU fellow at the Washington Hospital Center where she worked in a variety of critical care settings before coming to the Clinical Center in 2000. At the homework pros and cons much, Clinical Center she began her career as a Senior Clinical Research Nurse in Chemistry online the Medical Intensive Care Unit. In 2006 she became the homework pros, Nurse Manager for the Medical Telemetry unit and assumed responsibility for opening the Special Clinical Studies Unit in Essay news articles 2009.

In 2007, she joined the United States Public Health Service and is currently serving at the rank of Less homework and cons much Captain. In 2013, she was selected as the Service Chief for the Medical Surgical Specialties service. Parts Of An Goal. She has published several articles and provided presentations on a variety of topics. Her DNP capstone project focused on Family Caregiver Training. Selected Honors and Awards: NIH Clinical Center Directors Award for Nursing Leadership –Ebola Response (2014) US Public Health Service, Unit Commendation (2013, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2007) George Washington University Alumni Association Prize for the School of Nursing (2013) NIH Clinical Center, Director's Award for Administration (2012) NIH Clinical Center, Director's Award for much, Patient Safety Champion (2011) US Public Health Service, Special Assignment Award Achievement Medal (2011) US Public Health Service, Chief Nurse Officer Award (2010) NIH Clinical Center, Director's Award for Administration (2009) US Public Health Service, Commendation Medal (2008) National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Director's Award for Patient Care (2007) One of 100 Extra Ordinary Nurses in Washington Metropolitan Area (2004) Matlock, A. Hubbard, M. (April 2015).

Fighting Ebola: Domestically and Abroad. Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing and Public Health. Global Health Awareness Week, Baltimore, MD. Matlock, A. Hubbard, M. Books. (March 2015). Nursing management of Less homework pros and cons much patients with Ebola – The NIH Experience. The Black Nurses Association Scholarship and Awards Banquet, Greenbelt, MD. Matlock, A.M., May, N. (May 2014) Update from AAACN Task Force on Ambulatory Nursing Sensitive Indicators. American Association of Ambulatory Care Nurses Conference, New Orleans, LA. Matlock, A.M, Seder. Politics Essay Jr. R. (May 2014). Understanding protective immunity by an attenuated malaria vaccine: A Collaborative Effort in Science and Clinical Care to Achieve Successful Protocol Implementation.

NIH, Clinical Center Grand Rounds, Bethesda, MD. Matlock, A.M. (May 2013) Family Caregiver Training – A Review of Literature Poster session - 22nd Annual Nursing Recognition Day, Bethesda, MD. Barrett, K., Hubbard, M., Matlock, et al. (May 2013). Nursing Care of Less pros and cons Ebola Zaire Occupational Exposure. Poster session - 22nd Annual Nursing Recognition Day (NRD), Bethesda, MD. Matlock. School Notes Help Dr Brown. A. M. (May, 2012).

Career Management Work Life Balance. 21st NRD, Bethesda, MD. Matlock, A.M. (December, 2011). Should Clinicians Give Gifts to their Patients? Ethics Grand Rounds, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD. Matlock, A.M., Hastings, C., Wehrlen, L., Bevans, M., Cusack, G., Miller-Davis, C., Tondreau, L., Walsh, D., Wallen, G. (October, 2011). Less Much. Building the Foundation for Assignments mass effect books, Clinical Research Nursing. Poster session. Nursing Management Congress, Las Vegas, NV. Barrett, K., Hubbard, M., Matlock, A.M., Peterson, A., Buttolph, A., Balligan, L., Gill, R., Boker, N., Igbinosun, C., Inwang, G., Jeffries, K., Wang, A. (May 2011).

Implementation of special respiratory isolation in the hospital setting. Poster session. 20th NRD Bethesda, MD. Matlock, A.M., (February 2010). An ethics consult for a patient declining interdisciplinary team recommendations. Less And Cons. NIH Clinical Center Ethics Grand Rounds, Bethesda, MD. Matlock, A.M., Gutierrez, D.C., Wallen, G.R., Hastings, C. (2015) Providing Nursing Care on the National Stage: The NIH Ebola Experience. Nursing Outlook, 63(1) 21-4.

Martinez, K., Start, R., Mastal, P., Matlock, A.M., Battaglia, R. (2015). Ambulatory Care: Nursing Sensitive Indicators. Nursing Economics, 33(1) 59-66. Matlock, A.M., Gutierrez, D.C., Wallen, G.R. (2015). Ebola Virus Disease: Managing a Nursing Practice Challenge with Evidence. Nursing Management, 46(2) 20-2. Bevans M, Hastings C, Wehrlen L, Cusack G, Matlock AM, Miller-Davis C, Tondreau L, Walsh D, Wallen GR. (2011).

Defining Clinical Research Nursing Practice: Results of a Role Delineation Study, Clinical and Translational Science 4(6) 421-7. Lantos J, Matlock AM, Wendler D.(2011). Clinician Integrity and Limits to Patient Autonomy, JAMA 305(5) 495-9. Castro K, Bevans M, Miller-Davis C, Cusack G, Loscalzo F, Matlock AM, Mayberry H, Tondreau L, Walsh D, Hastings C. (2011). Validating the Clinical Research Nursing Domain of Practice, Oncology Nursing Forum, 38(2) 130-4. Service Chief for of an abstract goal, Neurosciences, Behavioral Health and pros Pediatrics.

NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department. BSN, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA. MSN, University of Parts abstract goal North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC. DNP, Waynesburg University, Waynesburg, PA. Barbara Jordan is currently the Nursing Service Chief for Neurosciences, Behavioral Health and Pediatrics at the NIH, Clinical Center. Dr. Jordan provides oversight of the operations, planning and advising of the homework and cons much, programs of care within her specialty areas. Politics Writer Jr. She works closely with the multidisciplinary teams within her service and directs the agenda for the neuroscience, behavioral health and pediatric programs regarding clinical research nursing. Dr. Jordan earned her Doctor of Less homework Nursing Practice (DNP) from Waynesburg University in Waynesburg, PA, a Master of Science in School notes Nursing with a focus in health care systems administration from The University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, NC, and a Bachelor of Less much Science in Nursing from Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, PA.

She previously served as the Vice President of Assignments Patient Care Services / Chief Nursing Officer for homework much, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Northwest in Seneca PA. She is also on faculty at Waynesburg University teaching in the DNP program. Dr. Jordan has additional prior experience as the Clinical Director of Infection Control and Regulatory Compliance at UPMC St. Margaret and as Clinical Operations Director of the ICU/CCU at School help dr brown, Durham Regional Hospital in pros and cons much Durham, NC.

She has many years of Politics essay jr critical care leadership experience in various hospital settings. Dr. Jordan's research interests are in relationship-based care and nursing leadership. Jordan, B., Stephens, K., Hoolahan, S., Sacco, D. Homework Pros And Cons. (March 2014). The impact of relationship-based care on Assignments mass books, patient and staff satisfaction and patient falls. Poster Presentation, American Organization of Nurse Executives Conference, Orlando, FL. Rimpa, T., Jordan, B., Bialo, S. (February 2013). Less Homework Pros And Cons. A successful patient fall reduction program in an inpatient behavioral health unit. Goal. Podium Presentation, ANA Nursing Quality Conference, Atlanta, GA. Sorensen, J. Jordan, B. Out by 2 PM: Predicting hospital discharges to enhance patient flow. (September 2012).

Poster Presentation, Pennsylvania Organization of Nurse Leaders, Annual Conference, Penn State Toptrees Resort, PA. Jordan, B. DiNucci, S. (September 2009). Keys to a successful catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention program: Improving patient outcomes by reducing infection rates. Audio-conference presented for AHC Media. Jordan, B. (September 2009). The gentle side of root cause analysis.

Poster Presentation, SWPONL Annual Conference, Nemacolin Resort, PA. Jordan, B. DiNucci, S. And Cons. (September 2008). Reduction of Assignments effect healthcare acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infections through technological innovations. Much. Joint Commission Resources 2008 Annual Infection Prevention and Control Conference, Channeling IC Practices into Sustainable Solutions, Chicago, IL. Jordan, B. Lester, B. (April 2008). Medication reconciliation in the outpatient setting: Strategy for implementation. Poster Presentation, American Organization of Nurse Executives, Seattle, WA. Jordan, B. (October 2007). Prevention of notes dr brown central line associated blood stream infections.

Greater Pittsburgh 19th Annual Nursing Research Conference, PA. O'Brien, J., Jordan, B., Pontzer, R., DiNucci, S. (August 2007). Successful implementation of homework and cons infection control quality initiatives using ingenuity and technological innovations. Poster Presentation, The Quality Colloquium, Harvard University. Anton, B., Schafer, J. J., Micenko, A., Wolf, D. Essay News. M., DiNucci, S., Donovan, P. and Jordan, B. (2009). Clinical decision support: How CDC tools impact patient care outcomes. Journal of Healthcare Information Management, 23(1), 39-45. Special Assistant to the Chief Nurse Officer.

NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department. BSN, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. MS, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD. Diane Walsh is the homework and cons much, Special Assistant to the Chief Nurse Officer for the NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department. As the Special Assistant to the Chief Nurse Officer she serves as the principal advisor to Politics jr, the Chief Nurse providing authoritative advice to her and other senior-level officials in homework much regards to nursing program issues. Ms.

Walsh earned her BSN from the I need writing statement having, University of Less and cons much Florida in 1982 and her MS in Chemistry assignment online Nursing with a Certificate in General Administration from the homework and cons much, University of School dr brown Maryland in 1993. Pros. Ms. Walsh was a recipient of a National Health Service Corps Scholarship and began her professional career as a Commissioned Officer in the U.S. Public Health Service in the Indian Health Service at Politics jr, the Ada Indian Hospital in Less and cons Ada, Oklahoma. As a Staff Nurse at statement having trouble, the Ada Indian Hospital from 1982-1987, she worked in various areas of the hospital including the Medical Surgical Unit, OB-GYN, Special Care Unit and Emergency Room. Homework. In 1987 Ms. Walsh transferred to the National Institutes of pro immigration news Health, Clinical Center Nursing Department Cardiac Surgery Step-down unit as a staff nurse. Less And Cons Much. Since this time she has functioned in various roles in the Clinical Center including Nurse Manager, Nurse Consultant and now the Special Assistant to the Chief Nurse Officer. Ms. Walsh retired as Captain from the U.S.

Public Health Service in 2012 after 30 years of help having trouble service. Ms. Walsh was active in homework pros and cons Public Health Service Corps activities including Chair of the Parts of an, Nursing Professional Advisory Committee (NPAC), Chair of various subcommittees of the pros much, NPAC and was a member of the Corps Transformation workgroup and the Secretaries Transformation Action Team Incident Command Workgroup that addressed the White House Report on Katrina Lessons Learned. Selected Honors and Awards: NIH Office of the Parts of an abstract goal, Director Honor Award, Clinical Research Support (CRS) Transition (2012) Chief Nurse Officer Award (PHS) – NIH Category Lead for Billet Collection System (2012) NIH Clinical Center Director's Award: Emergency Preparedness (2008) NIH Clinical Center Director's Award: Clinical Center Nutrition Cost Reduction Team (2007) Secretary's Award for Distinguished Service/NIH Hurricane Katrina Relief Team (HHS) (2006) NIH Director's Recognition Award: Hurricane Katrina Response (2005) U.S. Public Health Service, Outstanding Service Medal (2001) Chief Nurse Officer Award (PHS): Chair accomplishments (2001) NIH Clinical Center Directors Award: Nursing Recruitment Retention Team (1999) Nursing Executive Recognition Award, NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department (1999) Chief Nurse Officer Award, N-PAC (PHS): Recruitment Activities (1993) Citation for Clinical Excellence, NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department (1990) Citation for Outstanding Leadership, NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department (1989) Citation for Clinical Excellence, NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department (1988) Bevans, M., Hastings, C., Wehrlen, L., Cusack, G., Matlock, A.M., Miller-Davis, C., Tondreau, L., Walsh, D., Wallen, G.R. (2011). Defining Clinical Research Nursing Practice: Results of a Role Delineation Study. And Cons Much. Clinical and Translational Science, 4(6):421-427. Castro K, Bevans M, Miller Davis C, Cusack G, Loscalzo F, Matlock A, Mayberry H, Tondreau L, Walsh D, Hastings C. (2011). Validating the pro immigration news, clinical research nursing domain of practice.

Oncology Nursing Forum, 38 (2): E72-E80. Sr. Nurse Consultant for Less pros and cons, Extramural Collaborations. NIH Clinical Center Nursing Department. BSN, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. MSN, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. EdD, Instructional Technology, Towson University, Towson, MD. Cheryl Fisher, EdD, RN, is the Senior Nurse Consultant for Extramural Collaborations within the Nursing Department at the National Institutes of mass Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Less Much. Primary areas of research are in Chemistry assignment online alabama course development, program evaluation and in administrative areas of clinical research nursing. She also serves as a consultant to Less homework pros and cons, the Clinical Center's UO1 Extramural Collaborations grant review team reviewing submissions for the resource impact on the Clinical Center.

Prior to her current position, Dr. Fisher worked as the Program Director for Professional Development working to Chemistry assignment help online alabama, enhance educational opportunities through the use of Less homework much technology. She received her doctorate in School Instructional Technology from Towson University and has a post graduate certificate in nursing informatics from the homework and cons much, University of Maryland and a post graduate certificate in nursing education from George Mason University. Assignments Books. She is responsible for outreach to the extramural NIH sites to provide education and resources for nurses and homework pros much is working with the International Association of Clinical Research Nurses (IACRN) and the Chief Nurse at the Clinical Center to develop a research agenda for the field of clinical research nursing. She is an adjunct professor for the University of Assignments mass effect Maryland and teaches graduate courses in nursing informatics. Less Pros Much. She has co-authored three books on Developing Online Learning Environments in Nursing Education which is used in graduate nursing courses around the country. Selected Honors and Awards: Clinical Center Director's Award – Course Development (2011) Clinical Center Director's Award – Teaching/Training (2009) 2006 – Clinical Center Director's Award – Working group to enhance collaboration in design of the clinical documentation system (2006) Performance Award - Outstanding work efforts in coordinating daily work between Nursing and Parts abstract goal the Department of Less homework pros much Clinical Research Informatics (2006)

Fisher, C. Bailey, J., Hastings, C. (April, 2015). Clinical research nursing: A metrics workshop to begin identifying the value added. Association for Clinical and Translational Science Conference. Washington, DC. Fisher, C., Piringer P., Bell C., Simmons J., Aaleem-Smith H., Hayunga E., Ognibene F.P., and Gallin, J.I. I Need Trouble. (June, 2014).

Partnering with Extramural Investigators to Foster Clinical Research Collaborations. Pros And Cons. Connect Discover Advance. Translational Science 2014. Washington D.C. Cartledge, T., Lori Purdie, L., Fisher, C., Hastings, C. (November, 2014). Assignment Online. Clinical Research Nursing: Creating a Brand for Successful Recruiting into a Specialty Practice.

Feeling the Pulse of Clinical Research Nursing. Impact and Value Through Caring, Communication and Compliance. Less. International Association of Clinical Research Nurses. Boston, Massachusetts. Hastings, C., Fisher, C., Bailey, J. (November, 2014). Mass. Developing Outcome Measures to Document Contributions of the Clinical Research Nurse. Feeling the Pulse of Clinical Research Nursing.

Impact and Value Through Caring, Communication and Compliance. International Association of Clinical Research Nurses. Less Pros. Boston, Massachusetts. Seckman, C., Fisher, C. Demner-Fushman, D. (April 2013). Technology to support evidence-based-practice. Poster presentation at Moving Evidence to Action in School Nursing Education Institute for Educators in homework pros Nursing and Health Professions. University of Assignments effect books Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD. Fisher, C., Wallen, G. (November 2012). Less Homework And Cons Much. National Perspectives: Clinical Research Coordinators: Roles and Competencies.

Invited panel speaker at the Second Annual Joint Institute Symposium. Determinants of Chronic Disease: Common Problems in Different Cultures. University of of an goal Michigan Health System Peking University Health Science Center. Ann Arbor, MI. Fisher, C., Seckman, C., Demner-Fushman, D. (July 2011) EBP InfoBot: A System to homework and cons much, Support Evidence Based Practice. Invited Speaker: Summer Institute in Nursing Informatics, Baltimore, MD.

Wallen, G.R., Fisher, C., Hastings, C. (April 9-10, 2011). I Need Help Writing Having. Workshop: Translating Research into Nursing Practice. You An Hospital. Beijing, China. O'Neil, C. Fisher, C., Rietschel, M. (2013). Developing Online Learning Environments in Nursing Education. 3rd Edition. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Seckman, C., Fisher, C., Demner-Fushman, D. (2013).

Evaluation of a decision support tool for evidence-based practice. Outstanding Poster Research. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing: September 2013 - Volume 31 - Issue 9 doi: 10.1097/01.NCN.0000435223.29760.89. Hastings, C., Fisher, C., McCabe., M. (2012) Clinical research nursing: A critical resource in homework pros the national enterprise. Nursing Outlook. May: 60(3): 149-159. Fisher, C., Sadera, B. (2011) Comparing student learning and satisfaction between learning environment in continuing medical education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 8(5): 29-42. Mitchell, S.A., Fisher, C., Hastings, C., Silverman, L., Wallen, G.R. (2010). I Need Help Trouble. A Thematic Analysis of Theoretical Models for Translational Science in Nursing: Mapping the Field.

Nursing Outlook, 58(6), 287-300. Nursing Department Executive Team. NOTE: PDF documents require the Less and cons, free Adobe Reader. This page last updated on 06/15/2017. NIH …Turning Discovery Into Health ® You are now leaving the NIH Clinical Center website. This external link is provided for your convenience to offer additional information. The NIH Clinical Center is not responsible for the availability, content or accuracy of this external site.

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The Insanity Defense - Are they getting by with Murder Essay. Insanity defense is probably one of the most controversial of Less pros all criminal defense strategies, and at the same time is one of the least used. In many cases when it has been used it has tended to cause public debate. Essay Writer Jr? The insanity defense confirms that the homework pros and cons, criminal defendant is not guilty because of his insanity. The theory of defense tells that people who are insane cannot have the intent necessary to commit a criminal action because they either do not know that action is wrong or cannot control their behavior even when they know the act is wrong.

However, this theory is rather controversial as it is complicated to define insanity itself, and the situations in which it can be used to Politics writer, excuse criminal responsibility are complex to define (Insanity Defense 2010). An insanity defense is a strategy that is used in court to excuse criminal defendant from being punished for making a crime. Less Homework Pros Much? It means that even after it is verified that a defendant has made a crime, he may avoid criminal liability using a legal insanity defense. Parts Abstract? An insanity defense constitutes different in all jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions the defendant s not obligatory to be sorry for homework committing the Parts abstract goal, crime in order to become free of liability. Almost all jurisdictions oblige the defendant to have been sick with mental disease at the time of the criminal action happen, as opposed to at the time of Less homework and cons testing. The insanity defense is allowed to be used in most states around the US and in many other countries also.

In the I need writing trouble, US such states as Montana, Idaho, Kansas, and pros Utah do not accept the insanity defense. In those states where insanity defense is permitted, the standard of proof necessary for a valid insanity defense is different. Notes Dr Brown? In federal courts, the defendant should prove insanity by very clear and convincing evidence. At the homework pros much, same time, in help writing, some state courts, the defendant should his prove insanity by a prevalence of the pros, evidence, while other state courts require that the plaintiff disprove insanity beyond a reasonable doubt (Madison 2010). The idea behind using the essay, insanity defense is essentially that a person deserves the punishment for a crime he committed if he is Less much able to School notes help dr brown, understand the dissimilarity between right and wrong.

As it is supposed that a mentally sick person is unable to make right decisions, many people are sure that such criminal defendants should not be legally responsible for their crimes. Usually, a person proclaimed not guilty because of his insanity is Less homework pros asked to go through psychiatric evaluation and treatment. Sometimes, in cases of temporary insanity, such psychiatric evaluation and treatment may not be required. Often the criminals, acquitted for reasons of insanity are sent in mental institutions for treatment (Madison 2010). The insanity plea is considered to of an, be a very affirmative defense. Using an affirmative defense means that the defendant recognizes and acknowledges the crime that was committed, but does not believe he should be held completely guilty in it. In such a case a person who pleads insanity doesn’t agree that he should hold responsible because he is legally insane, or was mentally sick at Less, the time the crime happened. This plea has caused much controversy during the centuries. There are people who are sure that a murderer or any other unsafe criminal avoid punishment by pretending to Parts abstract, have some mental disease.

Some people are repelled by the initiative of punishing a person who is not able to understand or control his actions fully. The key issue of this discussion has been the attempt to agree on Less, a legal explanation of insanity. A lot of abstract various standards have been offered and used in different courts through out the whole world. Inside the USA, the legal explanation of mental disease has evolved into several various forms during the last couple decades. In chronological order, these are the regulations of thumb that have been implemented to settle insanity pleas in Less homework pros and cons, the USA.

Over the centuries it was believed that the civilized society should not punish a person who mentally was not able to control his behavior. Essay Articles? In 1724 in England, the court resolved that the man was not responsible for his actions if “he not more than… a wild beast knew what he was doing”. Less? However, modern standards of legal liability were based on a decision by M’Naghten in 1843. The first attempt to legally define insanity was made in England. That issue became famous as the M’Naghten rule, after the case of paranoid schizophrenic man who was proclaimes not guilty after killing a politician in 1843. School? Daniel M’Naghten was a Scottish woodcutter who killed the secretary to the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, in a failed attempt to kill the Less and cons, prime minister himself. M’Naghten truly was sure that the prime minister was the architect of the countless personal and financial misfortunes that happened with him. During his trial, nine witnesses proved that he was insane, and the jury acquitted Daniel, finding him “not guilty by reason of insanity” (Borum 1999). Queen Victoria does not agree with this result, and asked the House of Lords to review the verdict together with a panel of judges.

Those judges reversed the mass, decision of jury, and the formulation that appeared from homework pros much, their review proclaimed that a defendant could not be considered legally responsible for mass criminal actions he committed while having mental disorder that either a) prevented him from understanding what he was doing, or b) prevented him from understanding that his actions, behavior wrong and homework pros and cons immoral. It became the base of the law governing legal responsibility in Assignments mass books, cases of insanity in England. The M’Naghten rule was implemented with almost no changes by US courts for more than a century, until the middle of the 20th century. In the Less homework and cons, year or1998, 25 states and the District of dr brown Columbia continued to homework much, use versions of the M’Naghten rule to check for legal insanity (From Daniel M’Naughten to John Hinckley 2010). There were people in the US and England who understood that such a law was too lenient, and that an Assignments mass, individual was not to be excused of criminal actions as long as he was capable of controlling his actions. In 1887 the Alabama Supreme Court developed the and cons much, “irresistible impulse test.” According to the law, people who tried to plead insanity had to show, prove that they were unable to control their actions when their crimes were committed. There were several states that adopted the law, that was criticized both for being extremely strict and very soft by different parties.

Nevertheless the Durham Rule was first devised in New Hampshire in I need writing statement trouble, 1954, it was not commonly used in the USA until the 1950’s. That law stated that anyone whose criminal actions happened because of Less homework pros much his mental disease was not responsible for those crimes. It is interesting that rather than being set free, some people found mentally sick were imprisoned in mental hospitals, usually for Essay pro immigration articles an indefinite period. Nowadays New Hampshire is the only state that still uses the Durham rule (Devine 2010). In the 70-s a number of state and federal courts adopted a broader legal definition of homework and cons insanity, proposed by mass books the American Law Institute and meaning: “Man is Less homework pros and cons much not responsible for criminal action if at the moment of essay such behavior as a result of mental sickness or defect he did not have essential opportunities to estimate the illegality of his action or to subject his behavior to Less homework pros much, the law” (White 1985).

The word essential means that not every failure is sufficient to essay writer, avoid criminal liability, but that a complete failure is also not required. Using the word “estimate” instead of “know” means that the intellectual understanding of right and wrong is not enough, a person must understand to some extent the moral and Less homework and cons much legal consequences of his action before he can be held criminally liable. Since late 1970-s the US began feeling dissatisfaction with the used criteria of insanity. Essay News? In that regard, that time several U.S. states have either abolished the defense based on the insanity (Montana), or significantly restricted its criteria (Utah), or started using a new type of verdict to supplement the homework pros, traditional alternative – a conviction or acquittal: “guilty but mentally ill” (Michigan). But the greatest impact on the current state of American law and Parts abstract goal jurisprudence relating to Less homework pros and cons much, the insanity defenses, had a case of John Hinckley who assassinated attempt on President Ronald Reagan and I need writing statement wounded him and three other men on Less homework pros, March 30, 1981 (Robin 1997). An attempt, which saw a large number of witnesses and millions of people on their television screens, happened at the time when Ronald Reagan was walking from the Hilton Hotel in Washington to essay jr, his car. Less? John Hinckley had tried to protect himself using the insanity defense and Parts goal the case was examined using the criterion of the Model Penal Code, adopted at Less and cons much, that time in I need writing having, the federal courts of the District of Columbia. Less Pros Much? Prosecution and defense differed in their assessments of the news articles, nature and Less homework pros and cons much severity of mental disorder of John and his ability to coordinate his behavior with the requirements of the law. Defense’s arguments were more compelling for the jury and they made a verdict “not guilty by reason of insanity” (Gerard 1999). Jury’s verdict and, accordingly, the justification of School John Hinckley were roundly criticized and led to pros, increased legislative activity throughout the country.

Many Americans were outraged by that verdict and felt that the protection under the guise of insanity became a legal loophole that allowed too many guilty people go free. In response, Congress passed the Insanity Defense Reform Act in 1984, which contained several provisions that impeded the release of the goal, defendant from pros much, legal responsibility. For example, the Act replaces the School notes, wording of the American Law Institute, “there was no essential opportunity… to estimate…” to the phrase “not able to estimate”; it stipulates that a mental disease or defect should be “serious” (this excludes non-psychotic disorders such as antisocial personality) and it carries the burden of Less homework and cons much proof from the prosecution to defense (now not the prosecution must prove that the man was undoubtedly sane at the time of the offense, but the defense must prove that he was insane, and present “clear and convincing evidence”) (Steury 1991). This law applies to all cases considered in School notes, the federal courts, and approximately half of the state courts. The result of its introduction, is too early to be evaluated. Another attempt to clarify the legal insanity defense is the verdict “guilty but mentally ill”.

Originally proposed in homework and cons, Michigan, it was accepted in 11 states (in some of these states it replaces the verdict of being not guilty based on insanity; in other is an additional option). In general, the law permits to recognize the person guilty but mentally ill, if the I need statement trouble, defendant was found to have a significant mental or mood disorder, he suffered from it at the moment of crime and it significantly violated his sanity, behavior, ability to understand reality or ability to cope with the ordinary demands of life. The action of the verdict “guilty but mentally ill”, however, achieves the same effect that the verdict of pros much legal insanity. The verdict of “guilty but mentally ill” allows judges to condemn a person whom they consider dangerous, and at Essay articles, the same time seeks to guarantee the provision of psychotherapeutic treatment to him. Homework And Cons? Such a person may receive treatment in prison, or first to undergo treatment at a psychiatric clinic, then go back to jail when he is deemed fit to serve the sentence. Of An? The problem remains the same: whether the treatment in pros, any of these places can be sufficient for the rehabilitation of Essay this person. It is worth recalling that after the case of John Hinckley, the American Bar Association and the American Psychiatric Association recommended to pros much, narrow criteria of the defenses based on insanity due to the exclusion of its volitional trait, and the American Medical Association suggested to opt ??out of this mode of defense in criminal cases. In following the verdict three years, the U.S. Congress and more than half the Parts goal, states have substantially changed the laws concerning the defense on the basis of insanity. The main justification for these changes was the need of finding a proper balance between individual rights and safety of the society. As a result, the Less homework, formulation of the Model Penal Code has lost its significance as the most widely used: at the end of of an goal 1990 it was preserved in 21 states.

In some states, the only criterion was the homework and cons much, inability to understand or be aware of the School help, nature or the blameworthiness of his behavior, which excluded the independent role of homework pros and cons much volitional trait of insanity to justify the subject. Thus, by the end of 1990, the M’Naghten rules in traditional or modified formulations were used in 25 states and the District of Columbia. Writing Statement Having Trouble? New Hampshire has saved its criterion, and two states (Idaho and Utah) joined the State of Montana, canceling the defense on the basis of insanity. In addition to protection on the basis of insanity 12 states, 8 of them after the Less and cons much, case of Hinckley, added a verdict of writing a personal having “guilty but mentally ill” (Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, etc.). In accordance with this verdict the defendant is deemed to be criminally responsible despite his mental disorders. In other words, a mental disorder is recognized, but not regarded as serious enough to Less homework and cons, be able to mean his insanity in a legal sense.

As a result of this verdict, the Assignments mass effect books, convicted person is sent to prison, where he must undergo psychiatric treatment (Spiegel 2000). Fears of the Less homework pros, public that the defense on the basis of insanity may become a convenient loophole in the criminal law are almost unreasonable. This defense is rarely used, and real cases of an acquittal by Assignments mass effect books reason of insanity are even rarer. Judges are not inclined to Less pros and cons much, believe that people do not have the moral responsibility for help online alabama their actions, and lawyers, knowing that the Less and cons much, reason of insanity, rather, will be rejected, use it only as a last means. Less than 1% of defendants charged in serious crimes, were found not guilty based on their insanity. Newer the help dr brown, less there are enough cases when murders used insanity defense and avoided capital punishment, being sent to the hospital for treatment. This paper provides reports about several such cases when murderers were successful with this defense. One of the most vivid examples of Less and cons insanity defense use is given in the case of Andrea Yates, a former resident of Houston, Texas, known for Chemistry help online the murder of homework pros much her little children on essay writer jr, June 20, 2001, drowning them in the bathroom of her house.

For many years she has been gravely affected by postpartum depression and psychosis. Her case was the homework, first serious attempt to systematize the motivation of the mentally sick people in the criminal law, to reveal the legal test of sanity under close public scrutiny in the US (Jordan 2003). An assumption that the mother-killer just became crazy arose from the very beginning of the investigation. After the detention Yates said to the prison psychiatrist that she considered herself to be a bad mother that had “the Devil inside”; and since children were “properly developing” – the killing was the only way to send them to paradise. However, the investigation has decided not to share the ideas of the Parts abstract goal, criminal. Yates was denied in medical examination: Prosecutors argued that she “was able to determine what is right and wrong”. Less Pros? In the first trial, the mass books, prosecutor Kaylynn Villford said that Yates “wait, when her husband left for work”, and Less homework and cons acted “calmly and deliberately” when she called the police. The prosecutor was sure that Andrea Yates had been planning the murder of her children for two years (Kennett 2002). In 2002, the Chemistry online, Texas court found Andrea Yates guilty in a felony and sentenced to life imprisonment. However the sentence had to be canceled. It became known that the expert acting for the prosecution gave false testimony.

Forensic psychiatrist Park Deets argued that Yates in the killing of children had acted as the heroine of one of the episodes of criminal TV show “Law Order”. As it turned out, there was not a single similar episode. So last year the Court of Appeal sent the case back for reconsideration. This time, defense lawyers managed to Less homework pros and cons, prove that Yates killed kids in a state of “severe postpartum psychosis”. According to experts, the defendant had “a long history of mental illness”. Previously, she repeatedly tried to commit suicide. “Mrs. Yates is one of the five most severe patients I have ever seen” – told the psychiatrist Eileen Starbranch (Skeem 2004). Prosecutor Joe Owmby said he was “extremely disappointed” the current court decision. Essay Pro Immigration News? According to him, the police and some experts, psychiatrists still believe that Yates is Less much well aware of Essay news what she does. “She knew that she was committing a sin, knew that it was contrary to all laws, she knew that the pros much, community would condemn her actions!” – said Owmby (Skeem 2004). At the same time, the prosecutor stated that the court was unlikely review the case for the third time: over the past five years, the public began to mass books, sympathize with Yates, none doubts her mental illness. The former husband of pros much Andrea – Rusty Yates – said he was pleased that the judge took into account the insanity of his wife and did not send her to jail.

Unfortunate father sat out Politics, almost the entire process again. Less Pros Much? He was outraged how prosecutors showed the judges photos of children, trying to prove that the prison was the Essay pro immigration articles, only true solution. Andrea Yates looked shocked while she was being read an acquittal; attorney George Parnham helped her to wipe the tears pouring down her cheeks. The rest of the life Andrea will spend in a psychiatric hospital. Occasionally she still has to visit the judge in order he could make sure that the punishment was lifted right. So, she was examined by forensic medical commission at a public hospital of North Texas, the campus Vernon, a mental health facility with a high degree of security, which is located in Vernon, Texas, where she received medical help and had a roommate Dena Schlosser – another female child-killer. Less Homework And Cons Much? In January 2007, Yates was transported to a psychiatric hospital with a low degree of security in Kirwill, Texas (Knoll 2008).

In continuation of the topic, there is a need to tell about Dena Schlosser – a woman from help dr brown, Texas who in 2004 killed her eleven-month-old daughter, amputating the child’s arms with a knife and Less homework much probably thinking that she was making a gift for God. Her daughter later died in the hospital. During the School, investigation, the psychiatrist David Self informed a court that Dena Schlosser had taken a TV news story about a little boy being tormented by Less homework pros a lion as a sign of the apocalypse beginning. Schlosser told that she heard God commanding her to trouble, remove her child’s arm and then her own (Benders 2006). Homework Pros Much? That attack was later called a “religious frenzy” (MSNBC News 2004).

Dena Schlosser was found not guilty by reason of mental illness and was sent to Essay articles, the North Texas State Hospital. She shared a room with Andrea Yates, another murderer of children who was not found guilty thanks to successful use of insanity defense. In 2008, it was known that Schlosser would be released into outpatient care for some period of time. The order makes her to see a psychiatrist once a week, take medicine, and not have any contact with kids. The 2005 documentary The God Who Wasn’t There mentions Schlosser, in a list of people who have conducted or incited others to homework pros, conduct criminal actions because of their Christian beliefs (Torry 2010). The case of Chemistry assignment online Beverly Allitt who killed 4 children is a vivid example how it is possible to Less homework and cons much, use insanity defense successfully.

The murderer of statement trouble children Beverly Ellitt got a nickname the “Angel of Death.” She was a professional nurse and homework pros killed children by Essay injecting them potassium chloride or insulin into the blood to induce cardiac arrest. She killed 4 children and tried to call 9. All 13 attempted murders have taken place in a very short period of time, during just two weeks! Some of her victims were not older than two months old, and the eldest was 5 years old. The psychiatrists who studied the case of Ellitt concluded that the nurse suffered from a strange mental disorder known as “Munchausen syndrome”. She killed and hurt others to attract attention from others.

Even as a child she liked to Less homework, pretend to mass effect, be seriously ill. Ellitt is still in the hospital for the criminally insane. She was given 13 life imprisonments and the families of killed children have promised to crack her down, if she ever release (Aharoni 2008). The case of Susan Leigh Vaughan Smith is also one of the examples how a murderer could avoid sentence to life using insanity defense. Susan Smith was sentenced to life imprisonment for murdering her two sons, Michael and Alex.

She tried to Less pros and cons, behave like a mentally ill person, arguing that the murder happened because of her religious beliefs, but the facts indicated otherwise. Just before the essay writer jr, tragedy, the beloved man of Susan, Tom broke with her. Then Smith brought their children to Less homework much, the river, removed the hand brake and pushed it into the water. She stood and watched the car with two babies inside sinking, and then called the police and help trouble stated that the black man committed the crime. Less Pros Much? She made statements on television, wishing to return her children.

And after 9 days, her car with children was found drowned at Lake John D. Long Lake. All residents who previously sympathized her and tried to help felt cheated that time. The woman not only killed their children, but also tried to blame the black man, sparking interracial struggle. Susan told that when she was a child her raped stepfather her. Her stepfather committed suicide when she was 6 years old. She committed suicide attempt at age of 13 and after graduation in 1989 she committed 2nd attempt.

Growing up, Susan was dreaming about ideal love, at the same time feeling the need for regular sex. Already behind the bars, Susan managed to have sex with two prison guards, one of whom infected her with syphilis. Her attempt to use insanity defense failed and she will spend the rest of her life in jail (Butler 2006). Discussing the insanity defense, it is worth recalling the case, which was widely discussed in the newspapers during the 2007. It was written that a resident of Hutchinson, accused in putting his two small children to the clothes dryer was sent to a psychiatric hospital. The court found the School notes help, man not guilty by reason of insanity. November 28, 2006, the 27-year-old Aaron Pritchard put a 3 year-old boy and 2 year-old girl into a hot clothes dryer. Pritchard himself didn’t see anything wrong in his actions. The prosecution insisted that the man had put his children into the dryer in order to punish them. As a result of the accident the boy received second degree burns, the girl was not hit. Pritchard insisted that he wanted to ride children in the dryer, and he even placed a pillow in order kids had a more comfortable ride.

At the beginning of the trial, the court wanted to homework and cons, release Pritchard on bail because the court found that the investigation did not have enough evidence that the man intentionally wanted to cause harm to children. However, recently a man was found mentally incompetent and sent to the hospital. Parts Of An? The hearing will continue after Pritchard will be mentally healthy (Kinscherff 2010). In January of this year, all newspapers reported that the Arizona shooter might avoid deserved punishment because of insanity. The case is that on Jan.

8, 2011 Jared Lee Loughner appeared at a meeting with U.S. Less Homework Pros Much? Congressman of Arizona Gabrielle Giffords, where he shot six people, including a girl born on the day of the attacks on Sept. 11, 2001 and federal Judge John Roll. In addition, Jared Loughner wounded thirteen people, including Gabrielle Giffords. After committing the crime Loughner tried to escape but he was stopped.

As part of the criminal case “U.S. Of An Abstract Goal? vs. Jared Lee Loughner”, Jared was blamed in five counts: two concerned the Less much, murder of federal civil servants, while the other three – the attempts of murder of government officials, including Giffords. The public defender of Loughner was Judy Clarke, who earlier defended Theodore Kaczynski and Zakaria Moussaoui. On the 19th of January 2011 instead of the original charges against Loughner made by Tucson prosecutors, there appeared the first accusation made ??by the “grand jury” – a special jury. At that moment Loughner was charged only in an attempt to kill Giffords and her assistants. The final list of accusations was formulated in March 2011: Loughner was accused of killing six people and wounding of 13 people while shooting. Parts Of An Abstract Goal? Experts were sure that Loughner deserved the death penalty.

Nevertheless there were fears that the lawyer of Loughner would try to use insanity defense and thereby help to avoid the Less homework pros and cons much, capital punishment. Loughner himself refused to plead guilty. This case is not closed and the possibility of using insanity defense still exists (Lacey 2011). Summarizing everything was written above, it is possible to say that the rule for claiming a criminal defendant is not guilty because of his insanity has been varying during the help, years from strict procedure to a more lenient version, and back to a more strict set again. Even though definitions of legal insanity are different in Less homework pros, different states, in general an individual is School notes considered insane and can be not responsible for his crimes if, at the time of the crime, because of a serious mental disease or defect, he was not able to realize the homework much, nature or the I need having, wrongfulness of his actions. As unruly intent is an Less homework much, important part of almost all offenses, an individual who is insane is not able to form such intent. Writing A Personal Trouble? His mental illness or defect does not alone form a legal insanity defense. The defendant feels difficulty in proving the defense of insanity by obvious and and cons much persuasive evidence (Montaldo 2010).

The modern history of the insanity defense comes from the case of Daniel M’Naghten happened in 1843, who made an attempt to murder the prime minister of Britain and was not found guilty for the reason that he was insane at that time. It influenced the implementation of a clear and exact definition of legal insanity which is recognized as the M’Naghten Rule. Even though insanity defense is used rather rare, comparing to other defense technologies, there are still a lot of examples how it helped to avoid capital punishments. Successful use of insanity defense often causes debates and disagreements in the society as it is and will be a controversial defense strategy.

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5 Tips for Creating a Photo Essay with a Purpose. As a photographer, you are a storyteller. Homework And Cons. The nouns are your subject matter; the verbs are the color and contrast that keep the School help dr brown story moving. A cast of characters all working together to get your point across. Instead of and cons much proper grammar, you ensure proper exposure. Instead of spelling errors, you watch for Essay news articles, tack-sharp focus. For those times when the story is especially important and homework, meaningful, or for when one image doesn’t say it all, there is the photographic essay. Parts Of An. With blogging and social media, photo essays are more popular than ever: humorous or emotionally relevant, sparking debate or encouraging compassion, each with a story to tell. I’ve mentioned before that taking on a photo project is one of pros my favorite ways to reignite my love for photography, but beyond that, it’s a great way to get your message across and have your work seen by a larger group.

A photo essay is intriguing; it’s something to of an abstract talk about homework pros, after people hear that you’re a photographer and want to know about the glitz and glamour of it all. It’s the perfect thing to tell them after you’re done going on and on about all of the red carpets, the help celebrities, the fame, and the fortune. It also can be extremely satisfying and Less homework and cons, kick-start your creative wonderment. School Notes Help Dr Brown. By definition, a photographic essay is a set or series of photographs intended to Less and cons much tell a story or evoke emotions. It can be only images, images with captions, or images with full text. In short, it can be almost anything you want it to be. Which is Essay articles where I struggle mostwhen the options are limitless. In this freelance world we live in, I love a little guidance, a little direction.

Ideally, someone to tell me exactly what they want and Less much, promise to be thrilled with whatever I produce, for notes, my fragile artist ego can’t take any less. While I continue my quest for that, I offer you these 5 tips for creating your own, completely without bounds, photographic essay: Each time I’ve had a very specific concept in mind before I started shooting, it’s never been the end result. An example: for a hot minute, I offered a “day in the life” session to my clients. I was photographing so many of the Less homework pros and cons much same clients year after year that I wanted to be able to offer them a different spin on the portrait sessions I was doing for them. I asked a long-time client if her family could be my guinea pigs for this and told them that we could do whatever they wanted. We went out for ice cream, had a mini dance party in their living room, and I photographed a tooth that had been lost that very morning. Then, very last, I photographed the two young daughters with notes they had written, which to be honest, I’m not even sure how they had come about. I rushed home after the pro immigration news articles session and edited those last note pictures first just because they were so different from what I usually shoot, and posted them on my personal Facebook page the Less homework pros and cons much heading Notes Girls Write . Within minutes a dear friend, and Assignments mass effect books, fellow photographer, commented that this was big.

Bigger than just the two pictures. She and I would spend the next year working on homework and cons much, a photo essay that became a blog, that in Parts of an goal turn became a book entitled Notes Girls Write . We photographed hundreds of women of homework much all ages with their notes, each one later expressing having their portrait taken with their own words was an extremely powerful moment for Chemistry assignment help online, them. Beyond my beautiful children, the fact that I can make a bed with hospital corners like no one’s business, and the award I won in homework and cons the 4th grade for “Most Patient”, Notes Girls Write is one of my proudest accomplishments. It evolved on its own, starting from a few similar photographs that struck a cord in viewers and becoming a large and powerful project, one of the biggest markers in my career so far. TIP: Don’t be so set in your idea that your project can’t outgrow your original concept. Your images will guide you to your end result, which may end up being different than you originally envisioned it. 2) If you think there’s something there, there’s likely something there. For the last year I have been a “foster mom” with a dog rescue group. Volunteers transport dogs that would otherwise be put down from goal, overpopulated shelters, or seized from terrible situations, to my area, where dog adoption rates are much higher. These dogs live in foster homes while they receive medical care and basic training so that they can be adopted out to much loving homes. It’s incredibly rewarding.

Especially when I had hardwood floors. I knew from the I need writing a personal first time I met the Less and cons transport van I wanted to document what it looked like: a van full of writer dogs that just narrowly escaped death arriving to Less much temporary homes where they will experience a level of love and care which they’ve likely never known. I tear-up every time I see it. I am also put to work every time I am there, so taking photos while holding onto a 100 pound German Shepard is tough. It’s going to Assignments mass effect take me several trips to have enough images to do anything with, but that’s fine. I have no idea what I will be doing with these photos. I know they will find a home somewhere: maybe with the rescue group to raise awareness, or to help bring in volunteers, or maybe they will do nothing more than document my own story with volunteering, or perhaps something more. I’m not sure yet, but the point is Less homework that I have the mass effect images, ready for their time, whenever that is.

TIP: If you think there is something to it, there likely is. Even if it’s just a personal passion project. Take photos until you find the direction or purpose and save them until your essay takes shape. You may not end up using all, or any of the images, but in Less pros and cons continuing to take photographs, your project will be defined. I’m the “World’s Worst Over-Shooter”. Chemistry Help Online Alabama. Need one image?

Let me take a hundred so we know we have it. Luckily for homework, my bad habit, the photographic essay needs over shooting. Whether you know what your plan is, or have no idea want your end result will look like, the more coverage you have, the better. I Need Writing Having. This is one of the few times I push my luck and ask my subjects to work for me until they never want to see me again (I only photograph people though, so if you are photographing mountains or something, you have the added advantage of not pushing people until they cry or yell). Don’t be shy. Shoot everything you know you don’t need, just in case you need it. Should your end product need supporting images or take a different direction than you originally thought, you’ll be ready. Take advantage of digital (if that’s how you shoot) and fill a memory card. You may end up trashing everything, or you may not. I had no idea that my Notes Girls Write project would span for as long as it did, but because I didn’t turn down anyone who was interested in the very beginning I ended up with some shots that told complete stories and homework, expanded on the original concept.

TIP: Think big. If you are shooting an essay where mountains are your subject matter, see the mountain in pro immigration articles pieces and photograph the Less pros surrounding trees, rocks, and whatever else. This will save you having to return to the beginning of the Essay pro immigration articles project for supporting shots, or having to pros and cons reshoot if your essay takes a different turn than you planned. 4) Ask for help with image selection. I struggle with this oneI let my personal feelings get involved. Throughout our Notes Girls Write project I was constantly picking images based on my personal feelingsthe subjects that I had connected with more, and the girls that I knew were most interested in the project. This is where it is so helpful to have someone else help.

Someone who has no personal feelings towards the Chemistry assignment images and Less homework and cons, will help you pick based only on the strength of the image and not your own feelings. Pro Immigration News Articles. Even if people were not involved as subjects, you tend to have personal feelings toward images that the Less homework pros much general public may not see the power behind. I recently photographed several dozen sexual assault survivors as part of Essay pro immigration news a photographic essay for a victim advocacy’s annual gallery show. This event is meant to pros put faces on the survivors and raise awareness, and has been a large local event for years. Books. I was thrilled to pros be selected to be the exclusive photographer, though this was one of the Essay pro immigration news articles hardest projects I’ve ever taken on. The photo sessions themselves, whether five minutes or 30, were extremely emotional for the survivors and in the time I spent with them, I often learned a lot about their journey and experience. This made it difficult for me to pick which final images would be used for the show, based only on the power of the Less pros and cons image and not my personal feelings.

In the Politics essay writer jr end several select friends helped me narrow each survivor’s images down, and the subjects themselves selected which would be the final image used, as ultimately this is their story. TIP: All creative work is personal, and looking at photographs we take ourselves is Less homework pros incredibly hard to do with clear eyes. Help Writing Having Trouble. We see the mistakes, the personal feelings, the shot that could have been better. It’s impossible to always set these aside so when working on Less homework, a project that is incredibly important to you, or large in scale. Have others help you decide what images to use for Politics essay writer, your final pieces. Less Homework Pros Much. Bring in people who are interested in Essay pro immigration photography and people that aren’t. People that know about pros, your subject matter and people that don’t understand it at writer jr all. But above all, bring in people who will be honest and pros and cons much, not tip-toe around your feelings. Lastly, also bring a thick skin. 5) Tell your story, in fact shout it from the Essay rooftops if you can. Maybe your original idea for your photographic essay was to post it on and cons much, your blog.

Awesome, nothing wrong with that, but are you sure it can’t be more? Shop it around, who can it help? Does this benefit a group, an organization, or a person? Could it inspire people? If you feel passionately about the School dr brown photos, chances are that someone else will too. Less Homework Pros And Cons. Your photographic eye doesn’t stop when your shooting is done.

If you felt compelled to take the time to create a photographic essay, there are likely “readers” for your story. TIP: This isn’t the time to Parts abstract goal be humble. Taking on a photo essay is a large endeavour. While there’s nothing wrong with having it be something you only did for your own personal growth, showing it around can be helpful both in experience and longterm benefit. Post it on social media, find appropriate places your essay could be displayed, and think about Less and cons much, how it helped you. Chemistry Alabama. Every single photo essay I have done has led to an outstanding connection, or more work, and there is Less and cons much nothing wrong with getting those things along with the personal gain of accomplishing something you’re proud of. The ideas are truly for a photographic essay are limitless. Truly.

Want a few more ideas for projects, try these? Have you ever done a photographic essay? What is your experience? Share with in the comments if you have, or have considered it. If you haven’t, what are you waiting for? Read more from Chemistry help online alabama, our Tips Tutorials category. Lynsey Mattingly photographs families, kids, couples, and other groups of people who, for whatever reason, kind of like each other. Her portrait work has been featured in People Magazine, Us Weekly, BBC Magazine, and on national TV including CNN, Oprah, and Ellen, but most importantly, in the personal galleries of clients across the country. Less Homework Pros Much. Her photography can be viewed at www.lynseymattingly.com or on Facebook. Excellent post Lynsey.

I suffer from the same challenges as you in Politics tip #4. I get caught up in Less homework pros much my personal meaning behind some of my pictures. Apparently, others feel the Parts abstract goal same way. Less Homework Pros And Cons. http://www.picture-power.com/my-most-powerful-picture.html. I have an idea for abstract, a photo essay I wanted to pursue, this article helped grow it further. Thank you.

Wonderful article. I liked the picture for Less pros, #3. News Articles. This is the main reason why I think a blog is a much more interesting format than a photo sharing site such as flickr or 500px to show your work; for me, the Less images are just part of the story, but the words and texts can help define them, giving them context and body. For me, an image rarely works alone and Politics essay writer jr, usually comes in a set with a particular rhythm and flow; what precedes and what follows is a very important element of each capture, as well. Much. One example from my blog, a short walk that I took recently along a humble neighborhood in Bangkok: I think the issue in Tip #4 is common to trouble all creative endeavors: We all get too close to the material. In a previous life, I was a writer and editor, but when it came time for me to edit my own stuff, I had somebody else look at pros and cons much it. We have too much of ourselves tied up in the work to Essay pro immigration articles be objective sometimes. Wonderful article, thank you #128578; some of the examples are awesome and thought-filling. Thank-you for telling me about this!! It pretty much rocks.

I am so glad that I came across this article this morning. I am no pro photographer but just someone who loves capturing images to Less homework pros and cons much share. I have been asked to volunteer my time to capture a group of students in essay Beijing, who would be traveling to Xian, the home of the terracotta warriors, to help out in a orphanage just 2 weeks from now. I have never done this before. They are not expecting much. Just pictures for the event.

However, I wanted to tell a story. Pros. A story of these volunteers as well as the notes dr brown orphans and I have been struggling over and cons, the past week of Politics essay writer jr whether is that what I should do. After reading this article, I know that I am on Less and cons, the right path and hopefully help not to take pictures of people, but take pictures of the story behind the people. Thank you again very much. This is Politics essay jr my first opportunity to use my hobby for a good cause, and I am very excited about it. Thank you again for this great article. Really good points and Less homework and cons much, very motivational to get me on a riveting photo essay again.

I did attempt one such photographic essay which I titled #8220;The World of Weeds.#8221; Would appreciate a few visits with any helpful comments or critiques. It#8217;s over at one of my blogs and can be found here: http://thegoldenumber.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-world-of-weeds.html. you have some beautiful images there, but I would keep the focus similar. the shift in focus from 1, 2, 3 and 5 is radical. Effect Books. 5 the green plant on the corner and pros and cons, then 7 seems another sudden change. The drain-pipe is beautiful because the eye follows the path of the pipe and so tightly focused. It seems to be erratic because you have the news articles wonderful still life of dried plants against Less homework pros and cons, nearly solid backdrops like walls and then sudden change to Parts abstract goal green plants that don#8217;t seem to have the same focus.. but the dried plants and wall work, the homework pros and cons drain beautiful and news, interesting. The green plants against walls work well with dried plants because they have similar conceptual style. Overall, is Less interesting group and should be developed some more. I recently completed my first photo essay as an Chemistry assignment help eBook.

It took me a long time to pros figure out Politics writer jr, how to work with iBooks Author, but it was a great platform to construct such a vehicle to display digital photographs in a meaningful way. Unfortunately, it only publishes to iBooks, which translates, effectively, to Less homework pros having the eBook only on iPads. Photo essays in black and white. School Help. This post inspired me to start my website of photo essays. My current ongoing series is about a band I went on tour with and homework much, the different things I learned and encountered: http://www.quietandconstant.com/on-tour-with-lemuria-part-1/ I recently made a photo essay which was published in a mainstream web portal so I#8217;m quite happy about that. I agree that sometimes, photographs have to be put in context by using words to string them together. Essay News Articles. Also believe that any subject can be turned into a photo essay. Less Homework Pros Much. The Photo Essay is Essay articles a piece where its the homework and cons much photographer#8217;s voice through and Politics essay jr, through. Landscape Photography Tips.

Photo Composition Tips. Less Pros And Cons Much. Beginner Photography Tips. Essay Writer. 2006 - 2017 Digital Photography School, All Rights Reserved / Disclaimer. Thanks for subscribing! DPS NEWSLETTER Guaranteed for 2 full months Pay by PayPal or Credit Card Instant Digital Download. DPS NEWSLETTER All our best articles for the week Fun photographic challenges Special offers and discounts. DPS NEWSLETTER All our best articles for the week Fun photographic challenges Special offers and discounts Your email is safe with us. We won't share it with anyone. Ebook Guaranteed for Less pros much, 2 full months Pay by PayPal or Credit Card Instant Digital Download. Ebook Guaranteed for 2 full months Pay by PayPal or Credit Card Instant Digital Download. Ebook Guaranteed for 2 full months Pay by School dr brown, PayPal or Credit Card Instant Digital Download.

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essay war world About World War I. T he First World War was truly #145;the Great War#146;. Its origins were complex. Its scale was vast. Its conduct was intense. Its impact on Less homework pros military operations was revolutionary. Its human and material costs were enormous. And its results were profound. The war was a global conflict.

Thirty-two nations were eventually involved. Twenty-eight of these constituted the Allied and Associated Powers, whose principal belligerents were the help writing having trouble, British Empire, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, and the United States of America. They were opposed by the Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. The war began in the Balkan cockpit of competing nationalisms and ancient ethnic rivalries. Hopes that it could be contained there proved vain. Expansion of the war was swift. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914; Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany declared war on France on 3 August and invaded Belgium.

France was invaded on 4 August. Homework Pros Much? German violation of Assignments mass effect, Belgian neutrality provided the British with a convenient excuse to enter the war on the side of France and Less homework pros much, Russia the same evening. Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on 6 August. Help A Personal Statement Having Trouble? France and Great Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary six days later. The underlying causes of these events have been intensively researched and debated. Modern scholars are less inclined to Less homework pros and cons allocate blame for the outbreak of war than was the case in the past. Effect? They have sought instead to understand the fears and ambitions of the governing lites of Europe who took the fateful decisions for war, particularly that of imperial Germany. Fears were more important than ambitions. Less Homework Pros And Cons Much? Of the I need help writing a personal statement having trouble, powers involved in the outbreak of war, only Serbia had a clear expansionist agenda. Pros? The French hoped to recover the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine lost to Germany as a result of Assignments books, their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of and cons, 1870-1, but this was regarded as an help online, attempt at restitution rather than acquisition. Otherwise, defensive considerations were paramount.

The states who embarked on the road to war in 1914 wished to preserve what they had. This included not only their territorial integrity but also their diplomatic alliances and their prestige. These defensive concerns made Europe's statesmen take counsel of their fears and submit to the tyranny of events. The Austrians feared for the survival of Less homework pros and cons much, their multi-racial Empire if they did not confront the threat of Serb nationalism and Panslavism. The Germans feared the consequences to themselves of allowing Austria, their closest and only reliable ally, to be weakened and humiliated. The Russians feared the threat to their prestige and authority as protector of the Slavs if they allowed Austria to defeat and humiliate Serbia. The French feared the superior population numbers, economic resources, and military strength of their German neighbours. France's principal defence against Politics essay jr the threat of German power was its alliance with Russia. This it was imperative to defend. The British feared occupation of the Low Countries by a hostile power, especially a hostile power with a large modern navy. But most of homework and cons, all they feared for the long-term security of their Empire if they did not support France and Russia, their principal imperial rivals, whose goodwill they had been assiduously cultivating for a decade.

All governments feared their peoples. Some statesmen welcomed the Chemistry assignment help online, war in Less homework pros much, the belief that it would act as a social discipline purging society of dissident elements and Parts of an abstract, encouraging a return to patriotic values. Others feared that it would be a social solvent, dissolving and transforming everything it touched. The process of expansion did not end in homework and cons much, August 1914. Other major belligerents took their time and waited upon events. Italy, diplomatically aligned with Germany and Austria since the Triple Alliance of 1882, declared its neutrality on 3 August.

In the following months it was ardently courted by Essay pro immigration articles France and Britain. On 23 May 1915 the Italian government succumbed to Allied temptations and declared war on Austria-Hungary in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement in the Trentino. Bulgaria invaded Serbia on 7 October 1915 and sealed that pugnacious country's fate. Serbia was overrun. The road to Constantinople was opened to the Central Powers.

Romania prevaricated about which side to join, but finally chose the Allies in pros much, August 1916, encouraged by Politics writer jr the success of the Russian 'Brusilov Offensive'. It was a fatal miscalculation. The German response was swift and decisive. Romania was rapidly overwhelmed by two invading German armies and its rich supplies of wheat and oil did much to keep Germany in the war for another two years. Romania joined Russia as the other Allied power to suffer defeat in the war. It was British belligerency, however, which was fundamental in turning a European conflict into a world war. Britain was the pros and cons much, world's greatest imperial power. The British had world-wide interests and world-wide dilemmas. They also had world-wide friends.

Germany found itself at assignment help war not only with Great Britain but also with the dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa and with the greatest British imperial possession, India. Concern for the defence of India helped bring the British into conflict with the Ottoman Empire in November 1914 and resulted in a major war in the Middle East. Most important of all, perhaps, Britain's close political, economic, and cultural ties with the United States of America, if they did not ensure that nation's eventual entry into the war, certainly made it possible. The American declaration of homework and cons much, war on mass effect books Germany on 6 April 1917 was a landmark not only in the history of the United States but also in that of Europe and the world, bringing to an end half a millennium of European domination and ushering in 'the American century'. The geographical scale of the conflict meant that it was not one war but many. Less And Cons Much? On the Western Front in France and Belgium the French and Chemistry alabama, their British allies, reinforced from 1917 onwards by the Americans, were locked in Less and cons, a savage battle of attrition against the German army. Here the war became characterized by increasingly elaborate and sophisticated trench systems and field fortifications.

Dense belts of barbed wire, concrete pillboxes, intersecting arcs of machine-gun fire, and accumulating masses of quick-firing field and heavy artillery rendered man#156;uvre virtually impossible. Abstract? Casualties were enormous. The first phase of the war in much, the west lasted until November 1914. This witnessed Germany's attempt to defeat France through an enveloping movement round the left flank of the assignment online alabama, French armies. The plan met with initial success.

The advance of the German armies through Belgium and northern France was dramatic. Homework Pros Much? The French, responding with an Politics writer, offensive in Lorraine, suffered an almost catastrophic national defeat. France was saved by the iron nerve of its commander-in-chief, General J. J. C. Joffre, who had not only the intelligence but also the strength of character to extricate himself from the ruin of his plans and order the historic counter-attack against the German right wing, the 'miracle of the Marne'. The German armies were forced to retreat and to entrench. Their last attempt at a breakthrough was stopped by French and British forces near the small Flemish market town of Ypres in November. By Christmas 1914 trench lines stretched from the Belgian coast to the Swiss frontier. Although the events of 1914 did not result in a German victory, they left the Germans in a very strong position. The German army held the strategic initiative. It was free to Less homework pros retreat to positions of tactical advantage and to reinforce them with all the skill and abstract goal, ingenuity of German military engineering. Enormous losses had been inflicted on France. Two-fifths of France's military casualties were incurred in 1914.

These included a tenth of the Less much, officer corps. German troops occupied a large area of northern France, including a significant proportion of French industrial capacity and mineral wealth. These realities dominated the second phase of the war in the west. This lasted from November 1914 until March 1918. It was characterized by dr brown the unsuccessful attempts of the French and their British allies to evict the German armies from French and Belgian territory. Pros And Cons Much? During this period the Germans stood mainly on the defensive, but they showed during the Second Battle of Ypres (22 April-25 May 1915), and more especially during the Battle of abstract goal, Verdun (21 February-18 December 1916), a dangerous capacity to disrupt their enemies' plans. The French made three major assaults on the German line: in the spring of Less homework, 1915 in I need help writing a personal statement having, Artois; in the autumn of pros and cons much, 1915 in Champagne; and in the spring of 1917 on the Aisne (the 'Nivelle Offensive'). These attacks were characterized by the intensity of the fighting and the absence of achievement.

Little ground was gained. No positions of strategic significance were captured. Casualties were severe. The failure of the Nivelle Offensive led to a serious breakdown of morale in the French army. Pro Immigration Articles? For much of the rest of 1917 it was incapable of major offensive action. The British fared little better. Less Homework Pros? Although their armies avoided mutiny they came no closer to breaching the Politics, German line. Less Homework And Cons Much? During the help, battles of the pros much, Somme (1 July19 November 1916) and the Third Battle of help online alabama, Ypres (31 July-12 November 1917) they inflicted great losses on the German army at great cost to themselves, but the German line held and no end to the war appeared in sight. The final phase of the war in the west lasted from Less much 21 March until 11 November 1918. This saw Germany once more attempt to achieve victory with a knock-out blow and effect, once more fail.

The German attacks used sophisticated new artillery and infantry tactics. They enjoyed spectacular success. The British 5th Army on the Somme suffered a major defeat. But the British line held in front of Amiens and later to the north in front of Ypres. No real strategic damage was done. By midsummer the German attacks had petered out.

The German offensive broke the trench deadlock and returned movement and man#156;uvre to Less homework much the strategic agenda. Assignments Mass? It also compelled closer Allied military co-operation under a French generalissimo, General Ferdinand Foch. The Allied counter-offensive began in Less pros, July. Writing A Personal Statement Having Trouble? At the Battle of Less homework pros much, Amiens, on 8 August, the British struck the German army a severe blow. For the rest of the war in the west the Germans were in retreat. On the Eastern Front in Galicia and Russian Poland the Germans and their Austrian allies fought the help dr brown, gallant but disorganized armies of Russia. Here the distances involved were very great.

Artillery densities were correspondingly less. Man#156;uvre was always possible and Less homework, cavalry could operate effectively. This did nothing to lessen casualties, which were greater even than those on the Western Front. The war in the east was shaped by German strength, Austrian weakness, and Russian determination. German military superiority was apparent from the start of the war. The Russians suffered two crushing defeats in 1914, at Tannenberg (26-31 August) and the Masurian Lakes (5-15 September). These victories ensured the security of Germany's eastern frontiers for the rest of the war.

They also established the military legend of Field-Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff, who emerged as principal directors of the German war effort in the autumn of 1916. By September 1915 the Russians had been driven out of Poland, Lithuania, and Courland. Austro-German armies occupied Warsaw and the Russian frontier fortresses of Ivangorod, Kovno, Novo-Georgievsk, and Brest-Litovsk. These defeats proved costly to Russia. They also proved costly to Austria. Austria had a disastrous war. Italian entry into the war compelled the Austrians to fight an three fronts: against Serbia in mass books, the Balkans; against Russia in Galicia; against Italy in the Trentino. Less Homework Pros Much? This proved too much for Austrian strength. Their war effort was characterized by dependency on Germany.

Germans complained that they were shackled to the 'Austrian corpse'. The war exacerbated the Austro-Hungarian Empire's many ethnic and national tensions. By 1918 Austria was weary of the war and desperate for Parts of an goal peace. This had a major influence on the German decision to seek a victory in the west in Less homework pros, the spring of 1918. Perceptions of the Russian war effort have been overshadowed by School the October Revolution of 1917 and by Bolshevik 'revolutionary defeatism' which acquiesced in the punitive Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (14 March 1918) and took Russia out of the war. This has obscured the Less and cons much, astonishing Russian determination to keep faith with the Franco-British alliance. Without the Russian contribution in Chemistry assignment online alabama, the east it is far from certain that Germany could have been defeated in the west. The unhesitating Russian willingness to aid their western allies is nowhere more apparent than in the 'Brusilov Offensive' (June-September 1916), which resulted in Less homework pros, the capture of the Bukovina and large parts of Galicia, as well as 350,000 Austrian prisoners, but at a cost to Russia which ultimately proved mortal. In southern Europe the Essay news, Italian army fought eleven indecisive battles in an attempt to dislodge the Austrians from their mountain strongholds beyond the Isonzo river.

In October 1917 Austrian reinforcement by seven German divisions resulted in a major Italian defeat at Caporetto. Homework And Cons? The Italians were pushed back beyond the Piave. This defeat produced changes in assignment help online alabama, the Italian high command. During 1918 Italy discovered a new unity of purpose and a greater degree of organization. On 24 October 1918 Italian and British forces recrossed the Piave and split the Austrian armies in two at homework much Vittorio Veneto. Austrian retreat turned into rout and then into surrender.

In the Balkans the Serbs fought the Austrians and Bulgarians, suffering massive casualties, including the highest proportion of servicemen killed of any belligerent power. In October 1915 a Franco-British army was sent to Macedonia to operate against the Bulgarians. It struggled to pro immigration have any influence on the war. The Germans mocked it and pros, declared Salonika to be the biggest internment camp in Europe, but the French and British eventually broke out of the malarial plains into the mountainous valleys of the Vardar and Struma rivers before inflicting defeat on Bulgaria in the autumn of 1918. In the Middle East British armies fought the Turks in a major conflict with far-reaching consequences. School Dr Brown? Here the war was characterized by Less homework pros much the doggedness of Turkish resistance and by Chemistry assignment help alabama the constant struggle against climate, terrain, and disease.

The British attempted to knock Turkey out of the war with an attack on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915, but were compelled to withdraw at the end of the year, having failed to break out from their narrow beach-heads in the face of stubborn Turkish resistance, coordinated by a German general, Liman von Sanders. Homework And Cons? The British also suffered another humiliating reverse in Mesopotamia when a small army commanded by Major-General C. V. F. Townshend advanced to notes help Ctesiphon but outran its supplies and was compelled to surrender at Kut-al-Amara in April 1916. Only after the appointment of Sir Stanley Maude to the command of Less pros, British forces in Mesopotamia did Britain's superior military and economic strength begin to assert itself. Maude's forces captured Baghdad in March 1917, the first clear-cut British victory of the war. The following June General Sir Edmund Allenby was appointed to command British forces in Egypt. Notes? He captured Jerusalem by Christmas and in September 1918 annihilated Turkish forces in Palestine. Turkey surrendered on 31 October 1918. The war also found its way to tropical Africa. Germany's colonies in West and pros much, south-west Africa succumbed to British and South African forces by the spring of 1915. In East Africa, however, a German army of locally raised black African soldiers commanded by Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck conducted a brilliant guerrilla campaign, leading over 100,000 British and South African troops a merry dance through the bush and surrendering only after the defeat of Germany in Europe became known.

On and Politics essay, under the oceans of the world, Great Britain and Germany contested naval supremacy. Less Much? Surface battles took place in the Pacific, the south Atlantic, and the North Sea. The British generally had the better of these despite suffering some disappointments, notably at Coronel (1 November 1914) and Jutland (31 May-1 June 1916), the only major fleet engagement, during which Admiral Sir John Jellicoe failed to deliver the expected Nelsonic victory of total annihilation. Submarine warfare took place in the North Sea, the Black Sea, the Atlantic, the Essay pro immigration news, Mediterranean, and the Baltic. German resort to unrestricted submarine warfare (February 1917) brought Britain to the verge of ruin. German violation of international law and sinking of American ships also helped bring the United States into the war on the Allied side. The British naval blockade of Germany, massively reinforced by and cons much the Americans from April 1917, played an important role in German defeat. The geographical scale of the conflict made it very difficult for political and military leaders to control events. I Need Statement Trouble? The obligations of coalition inhibited strategic independence. Short-term military needs often forced the great powers to allow lesser states a degree of licence they would not have enjoyed in peacetime.

Governments' deliberate arousal of popular passions made suggestions of compromise seem treasonable. Less And Cons Much? The ever-rising cost of the military means inflated the political ends. Writing Statement? Hopes of a peaceful new world order began to replace old diplomatic abstractions such as 'the balance of power'. Rationality went out of season. War aims were obscured.

Strategies were distorted. Great Britain entered the war on proclaimed principles of international law and in defence of the rights of small nations. By 1918 the British government was pursuing a Middle Eastern policy of naked imperialism (in collaboration with the French), while simultaneously encouraging the aspirations of Arab nationalism and promising support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. It was truly a war of illusions. Europe's political and military leaders have been subjected to much retrospective criticism for their belief that the Less, #145;war would be over by Christmas'. This belief was not based on complacency. Even those who predicted with chilling accuracy the murderous nature of Parts of an, First World War battlefields, such as the Polish banker Jan Bloch, expected the war to be short. This was because they also expected it to be brutal and costly, in both blood and treasure.

No state could be expected to homework and cons sustain such a war for very long without disastrous consequences. The war which gave the lie to these assumptions was the American Civil War. Parts Of An? This had been studied by European military observers at close quarters. Pros? Most, however, dismissed it. This was particularly true of the Prussians. Their own military experience in the wars against Austria (1866) and France (1870-1) seemed more relevant and compelling. These wars were both short. They were also instrumental. In 1914 the Germans sought to replicate the success of their Prussian predecessors. They aimed to fight a 'cabinet war' on the Bismarckian model. To do so they developed a plan of I need writing a personal statement, breath-taking recklessness which depended on the ability of the German army to defeat France in the thirty-nine days allowed for a war in the west.

Strategic conduct of the First World War was dominated by German attempts to achieve victory through knock-out blows. Erich von Falkenhayn, German commander-in-chief from September 1914 until August 1916, was almost alone in his belief that Germany could obtain an outcome to the war satisfactory to its interests and those of its allies without winning smashing victories of total annihilation. His bloody attempt to win the war by attrition at Verdun in 1916 did little to recommend the strategy to his fellow countrymen. Pros And Cons? The preference for knock-out blows remained. It was inherited from German history and Assignments effect books, was central to Germany's pre-war planning.

Pre-war German strategy was haunted by the fear of Less and cons, a war on two fronts, against France in the west and Russia in the east. The possibility of a diplomatic solution to this dilemma was barely considered by the military-dominated German government. A military solution was sought instead. The German high command decided that the essay writer, best form of defence was attack. They would avoid a war on Less and cons two fronts by knocking out one of help dr brown, their enemies before the other could take the field. The enemy with the Less homework pros much, slowest military mobilization was Russia. The French army would be in the field first. France was therefore chosen to receive the School notes help, first blow. Once France was defeated the German armies would turn east and defeat Russia.

The Schlieffen Plan rested on two assumptions: that it would take the Russians six weeks to put an army into the field; and that six weeks was long enough to pros defeat France. Essay Writer Jr? By 1914 the first assumption was untrue: Russia put an Less homework pros and cons much, army into the field in fifteen days. The second assumption left no margin for error, no allowance for the inevitable friction of war, and was always improbable. The failure of the Schlieffen Plan gave the First World War its essential shape. This was maintained by the enduring power of the German army, which was, in John Terraine's phrase, 'the motor of the of an abstract goal, war'. The German army was a potent instrument.

It had played a historic role in the emergence of the German state. It enjoyed enormous prestige. It was able to recruit men of talent and dedication as officers and NCOs. As a result it was well trained and well led. It had the political power to command the resources of Germany's powerful industrial economy. Germany's position at the heart of Less pros and cons much, Europe meant that it could operate on interior lines of communication in a European war. The efficient German railway network permitted the movement of German troops quickly from front to front.

The superior speed of the locomotive over the ship frustrated Allied attempts to use their command of the sea to operate effectively against Chemistry assignment online alabama the periphery of the Central Powers. Less Homework And Cons? The power of the German army was the fundamental strategic reality of the war. 'We cannot hope to win this war until we have defeated the German army,' wrote the commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig. This was a judgement whose consequences some Allied political leaders were reluctant to embrace. The German army suffered from two important strategic difficulties. The first of these was the Parts of an abstract goal, inability of the German political system to Less and cons forge appropriate instruments of strategic control. The second was Great Britain. German government rested on the tortured personality of the Kaiser. It was riven by intrigue and indecision.

The kind of centralized decision-making structures which eventually evolved in Politics writer jr, Britain and Less much, France (though not in Russia) failed to evolve in Germany. A Personal Statement? When the Kaiser proved incapable of coordinating German strategy, he was replaced not by a system but by other individuals, seemingly more effective. Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg radiated calm and inspired confidence. This gave him the appearance of a great man but without the substance. Pros And Cons Much? General Erich Ludendorff was a military technocrat of outstanding talent, but he was highly strung and without political judgement. In 1918 his offensive strategy brought Germany to Politics ruin. The failure to develop effective mechanisms of strategic control applied equally to the Austro-German alliance.

The Austrians depended on German military and economic strength, but the Germans found it difficult to turn this into 'leverage'. Austria was willing to take German help but not German advice. Only after the crushing reverses inflicted by Brusilov's offensive did the Austrians submit to German strategic direction. By then it was almost certainly too late. Germany's pre-war strategic planning was based entirely on winning a short war. British belligerency made this unlikely.

The British were a naval rather than a military power. They could not be defeated by the German army, at least not quickly. The British could, if necessary, hold out even after their Continental allies had been defeated. They might even have chosen to pros much do this. They had in the past and pro immigration articles, they would again in the not-too-distant future. The German navy was too weak to defeat the British, but large enough to make them resentful and suspicious of German policy; it ought never to have been built. British entry into the war dramatically shifted the economic balance in favour of the Allies. Britain was one of the Less homework pros and cons, world's great industrial powers.

Seventy-five per cent of the world's shipping was British built and much of it British owned. London was the abstract, world's greatest money and homework and cons, commodities market. School Notes Dr Brown? British access to world supplies of food and credit and to imperial resources of manpower made them a formidable enemy, despite the 'contemptible little army' which was all they could put into the field on the outbreak of war. From about mid-1916 onwards British economic, industrial, and manpower resources began to Less pros much be fully mobilized. Germany was forced for Assignments mass effect books the first time to confront the reality of Less homework and cons, material inferiority. Germany had increasingly to fight a war of scarcity, the Allies increasingly a war of abundance. French strategy was dominated by the German occupation of much of northern France and most of Belgium. At its closest point the Chemistry assignment help, German line was less than 40 miles from Paris. Less Homework And Cons? A cautious, defensive strategy was politically unacceptable and psychologically impossible, at least during the first three years of the war. During 1914 and 1915 France sacrificed enormous numbers of men in the attempt to evict the online alabama, Germans. This was followed by the torment of homework, Verdun, where the Germans deliberately attempted to 'bleed France white'.

French fears of military inferiority were confirmed. Help A Personal Having Trouble? If France was to Less homework pros prevail its allies would have to contribute in kind. Assignments Mass Books? For the British this was a radical departure from the historic norm and one which has appalled them ever since. British strategy became increasingly subordinated to the needs of the Less homework pros and cons, Franco-British alliance. The British fought the war as they had to, not as they wanted to. The British way in warfare envisaged a largely naval war. A naval blockade would weaken Germany economically. If the German navy chose not to break the stranglehold Germany would lose the war. If it did choose to fight it would be annihilated. Politics Essay Jr? British maritime superiority would be confirmed. Neutral opinion would be cowed.

Fresh allies would be encouraged into the fight. Less? The blockade would be waged with greater ruthlessness. Assignments Effect? Military operations would be confined to Less the dispatch of a small professional expeditionary force to help the effect books, French. Less Homework And Cons Much? Remaining military forces would be employed on School notes help the periphery of the Central Powers remote from the German army, where it was believed they would exercise a strategic influence out of all proportion to their size. The British never really fought the war they envisaged. The branch of the British army which sent most observers to the American Civil War was the Corps of Royal Engineers.

And it was a Royal Engineers' officer, Lord Kitchener, who was one of the few European political and military leaders to recognize that the war would be long and require the complete mobilization of national resources. Kitchener was appointed Secretary of State for War on 5 August 1914. Less Homework Pros? He doubted whether the French and the Russians were strong enough to defeat Germany without massive British military reinforcement. He immediately sought to raise a mass citizen army. There was an overwhelming popular response to abstract his call to arms. Less Homework Much? Kitchener envisaged this new British army taking the field in 1917 after the French and Russian armies had rendered the German army ripe for defeat. They would be 'the last million men'.

They would win the goal, war and decide the Less pros and cons, peace. For the British a satisfactory peace would be one which guaranteed the long-term security of the British Empire. This security was threatened as much by Britain's allies, France and Russia, as it was by Germany. Pro Immigration Articles? It was imperative not only homework and cons much that the Allies win the School dr brown, war but also that Britain emerge from Less homework and cons it as the Parts abstract, dominant power. Kitchener's expectations were disappointed. By 1916 it was the French army which was ripe for defeat, not the German.

But the obligations of the French alliance were inescapable. The British could not afford to acquiesce in a French defeat. French animosity and resentment would replace the valuable mutual understanding which had been achieved in the decade before the homework pros and cons much, war. The French had a great capacity for making imperial mischief. And so did the Russians. If they were abandoned they would have every reason for doing so. There seemed no choice. The ill-trained and ill-equipped British armies would have to take the field before they were ready and be forced to take a full part in Essay pro immigration news, the attrition of German military power. The casualties which this strategy of 'offensive attrition' involved were unprecedented in British history. They were also unacceptable to Less homework pros much some British political leaders. Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from December 1916), in Assignments mass books, particular, were opposed to the British army 'chewing barbed wire' on the Western Front.

They looked to use it elsewhere, against Germany's allies in the eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East, and much, the Balkans. Jr? Their attempts to do this were inhibited by the need to keep France in the war. This could only be done in France and by fighting the German army. They were also inhibited by the war's operational and tactical realities. These imposed themselves on homework and cons Gallipoli and in Salonika and in Italy just as they did on the Western Front. Attempts to implement an Allied grand strategy enjoyed some success. Allied political and Parts of an, military leaders met regularly. At Chantilly in December 1915 and December 1916 they determined to stretch the homework pros and cons, German army to Essay pro immigration its limits by simultaneous offensive action on the western, eastern, and Italian fronts. A Supreme Allied War Council was established at Versailles on 27 November 1917, and was given the power to control Allied reserves.

Franco-British co-operation was especially close. This was largely a matter of practical necessity which relied on the mutual respect and Less pros, understanding between French and Essay, British commanders-in-chief on the Western Front. The system worked well until the German Spring Offensive of 1918 threatened to divide the Less homework pros, Allies. I Need Writing A Personal Statement Having? Only then was it replaced by a more formal structure. But not even this attained the levels of joint planning and control which became a feature of Anglo-American co-operation in the Second World War. Allied grand strategy was conceptually sound. The problems which it encountered were not principally ones of planning or of co-ordination but of performance. Achieving operational effectiveness on the battlefield was what was difficult. This has given the war, especially the war in the west, its enduring image of boneheaded commanders wantonly sacrificing the pros, lives of their men in Chemistry alabama, fruitless pursuit of impossibly grandiose strategic designs.

The battlefields of the First World War were the product of a century of economic, social, and political change. Europe in 1914 was more populous, more wealthy, and more coherently organized than ever before. Homework Pros And Cons? The rise of writer, nationalism gave states unprecedented legitimacy and authority. This allowed them to demand greater sacrifices from homework pros their civilian populations. Improvements in agriculture reduced the numbers needed to work on Politics jr the land and provided a surplus of males of military age. They also allowed larger and larger armies to be fed and kept in the field for years at a time. Changes in Less homework much, administrative practice brought about by the electric telegraph, the telephone, the typewriter, and the growth of railways allowed these armies to be assembled and deployed quickly. Industrial technology provided new weapons of unprecedented destructiveness.

Quick-firing rifled cannon, breech-loading magazine rifles, and machine-guns transformed the range, rapidity, accuracy, and deadliness of military firepower. They also ensured that in any future war, scientists, engineers, and mechanics would be as important as soldiers. These changes did much to make the First World War the Parts abstract goal, first 'modern war'. But it did not begin as one. The fact of a firepower revolution was understood in most European armies. The consequences of it were not. The experience of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) appeared to homework and cons much offer a human solution to the problems of the technological battlefield. Victory would go to the side with the best-trained, most disciplined army, commanded by generals of iron resolution, prepared to Essay pro immigration news articles maintain the offensive in Less homework and cons, the face of Parts of an abstract, huge losses. As a result the opening battles of the war were closer in conception and execution to those of the Napoleonic era than to the battles of 1916 onwards. It is difficult to say exactly when 'modern' war began, but it was apparent by the end of 1915 that pre-war assumptions were false. Well-trained, highly disciplined French, German, and Russian soldiers of homework pros and cons, high morale were repeatedly flung into writer jr battle by commanders of iron resolve.

The results were barren of strategic achievement. Homework? The human costs were immense. The 'human solution' was not enough. The search for a technological solution was inhibited not only by the tenacity of pre-war concepts but also by the limitations of the technology itself. The principal instrument of education was artillery. And the mode of notes help dr brown, instruction was experience.

Shell-fire was merciless to troops in the open. The response was to get out of the open and into Less homework pros the ground. Soldiers did not dig trenches out of perversity in I need writing trouble, order to be cold, wet, rat-infested, and lice-ridden. They dug them in order to homework pros survive. Effect? The major tactical problem of the war became how to break these trench lines once they were established and reinforced. For much of the war artillery lacked the ability to find enemy targets, to hit them accurately, and to destroy them effectively. Contemporary technology failed to provide a man-portable wireless. Communication for most of the Less pros, war was dependent on telephone or telegraph wires. These were always broken by shell-fire and difficult to protect.

Artillery and effect books, infantry commanders were rarely in voice communication and both usually lacked 'real time' intelligence of battlefield events; First World War infantry commanders could not easily call down artillery fire when confronted by an enemy obstruction. And Cons Much? As a result the coordination of infantry and artillery was very difficult and often impossible. Infantry commanders were forced to fall back on their own firepower and this was often inadequate. The infantry usually found itself with too much to do, and paid a high price for its weakness. Artillery was not only Parts of an a major part of the problem, however.

It was also a major part of the solution. During 1918 Allied artillery on the western front emerged as a formidable weapon. Target acquisition was transformed by aerial photographic reconnaissance and the sophisticated techniques of flash-spotting and sound-ranging. These allowed mathematically predicted fire, or map-shooting. The pre-registration of guns on enemy targets by actual firing was no longer necessary. The possibility of surprise returned to the battlefield.

Accuracy was greatly improved by maintaining operating histories for individual guns. Battery commanders were supplied with detailed weather forecasts every four hours. Each gun could now be individually calibrated according to homework much its own peculiarities and dr brown, according to wind speed and direction, temperature, and Less pros much, humidity. All types and calibres of guns, including heavy siege howitzers whose steep angle of fire was especially effective in trench warfare, became available in essay writer, virtually unlimited numbers. Munitions were also improved.

Poison gas shells became available for Less homework pros and cons much the first time in large numbers. High explosive replaced shrapnel, a devastating anti-personnel weapon but largely ineffective against notes the earthworks, barbed wire entanglements, and concrete machine-gun emplacements which the infantry had to assault. Instantaneous percussion fuses concentrated the explosive effect of shells more effectively against barbed wire and reduced the cratering of the battlefield which had often rendered the forward movement of supplies and reinforcements difficult if not impossible. Artillery-infantry co-operation was radically improved by aerial fire control. The tactical uses to which this destructive instrument were put also changed. In 1915, 1916, and for much of 1917 artillery was used principally to kill enemy soldiers.

It always did so, sometimes in pros and cons much, large numbers. But it always spared some, even in front-line trenches. These were often enough, as during the I need help writing a personal statement having trouble, first day of the homework pros, Battle of the Somme (1 July 1916), to inflict disastrous casualties on attacking infantry and bring an entire offensive to a halt. From the autumn of 1917 and during 1918, however, artillery was principally used to suppress enemy defences. Command posts, telephone exchanges, crossroads, supply dumps, forming-up areas, and gun batteries were targeted. Effective use was made of poison gas, both lethal and lachrymatory, and smoke.

The aim was to disrupt the enemy's command and control system and keep his soldiers' heads down until attacking infantry could close with them and bring their own firepower to bear. The attacking infantry were also transformed. In 1914 the British soldier went to Parts of an goal war dressed like a gamekeeper in a soft cap, armed only with rifle and bayonet. In 1918 he went into battle dressed like an Less homework pros much, industrial worker in a steel helmet, protected by a respirator against poison gas, armed with automatic weapons and mortars, supported by tanks and School, ground-attack aircraft, and much, preceded by a creeping artillery barrage of crushing intensity. Firepower replaced manpower as the instrument of Essay pro immigration articles, victory. This represented a revolution in pros, the conduct of I need a personal trouble, war. The ever-increasing material superiority of the western Allies confronted the German army with major problems. Its response was organizational.

As early as 1915 even the weakly armed British proved that they could always break into the German front-line trenches. The solution was to deepen the trench system and limit the number of infantry in the front line, where they were inviting targets for enemy artillery. The burden of defence rested on machine-gunners carefully sited half a mile or so behind the Less homework, front line. From the autumn of 1916 the Germans took these changes to Politics essay writer jr their logical conclusion by instituting a system of 'elastic defence in depth'. The German front line was sited where possible on a reverse slope to make enemy artillery observation difficult. A formal front-line trench system was abandoned. The German first line consisted of machine-gunners located in shell-holes, difficult to detect from the air. Less Homework Pros And Cons? Their job was to I need help writing a personal statement having disrupt an Less homework pros, enemy infantry assault.

This would then be drawn deep into the German position, beyond the supporting fire of its own guns, where it would be counter-attacked and destroyed by the bulk of the German infantry and artillery. This system allowed the Germans to Chemistry assignment help online survive against an Allied manpower superiority of more than 3:2 on the Western Front throughout 1917 and to Less and cons inflict significant losses on their enemies. The German system required intelligent and well-trained as well as brave soldiers to make it work. An increasing emphasis was placed on individual initiative, surprise, and Chemistry help online alabama, speed. In 1918 specially trained #145;stormtroops', supported by a hurricane bombardment designed to disrupt their enemies' lines of communication and their command and control systems, were ordered to bypass points of resistance and advance deep into the enemy's rear. The success they enjoyed was dramatic, and much greater than anything achieved by the French and British, but it was not enough. Attacking German infantry could not maintain the momentum and inflict upon enemy commanders the kind of Less homework much, moral paralysis achieved by German armoured forces in 1940.

The Allied line held and exhausted German infantry were eventually forced back by the accumulating weight and increasing sophistication of Allied material technology. The material solution to the problems of the First World War battlefield, favoured by the western Allies, was not in the gift of soldiers alone. It depended on the ability of the armes' host societies to produce improved military technology in ever-greater amounts. This, in turn, depended on the effectiveness of their political institutions and the quality of their civilian morale. It was a contest at which the liberal democracies of Chemistry help online, France and Great Britain (and eventually the Less and cons, United States of America) proved more adept than the authoritarian regimes of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and help having, Russia. The 'modern war' fought from 1916 onwards resolved itself simply into a demand for more: more men, more weapons, more ammunition, more money, more skills, more morale, more food. Less Pros Much? Some of the essay, demands were contradictory.

More men meant more men for the armies and more men for the factories. Balancing the competing demands was never easy. 'Manpower' (a word first coined in 1915) became central to the war effort of all states. The Allies were in a much stronger position than Germany. They had access not only to their home populations but also to those of their empires. 630,000 Canadians, 412,000 Australians, 136,000 South Africans, and 130,000 New Zealanders served in and cons, the British army during the war.

Very large numbers of Indian troops (800,000 in Mesopotamia alone) and a small number of Africans (perhaps 50,000) also served. (The British also employed several hundred thousand Chinese labourers to work on their lines of communication.) The French recruited some 600,000 combat troops from North and West Africa and writer, a further 200,000 labourers. And of course there were the Americans. American troops arrived in homework, France at the rate of 150,000 a month in 1918. Truly the new world had come in to redress the balance of the old. The British and Essay pro immigration news articles, French were particularly successful in mobilizing their economies. In Britain this had much to do with the work of David Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions (May 1915-July 1916).

The grip of the skilled trade unions on industrial processes was relaxed. Ancient lines of Less much, demarcation were blurred. Women replaced men in the factories. Research and development were given a proper place in Chemistry online, industrial strategy. Prodigies of production were achieved.

On 10 March 1915, at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, the British Expeditionary Force struggled to accumulate enough shells for half an hour's bombardment. Homework Pros Much? In the autumn of 1918 its 18-pounder field guns were firing a minimum of 100,000 rounds a day. The French performance was, in pro immigration news articles, many ways, even more impressive, given that so much of homework pros and cons much, their industrial capacity was in German hands. Not only did the French economy supply the French army with increasing amounts of old and new weaponry, but it also supplied most of the American Expeditionary Force's artillery and aeroplanes. The French aircraft industry was, arguably, the best in Europe and Chemistry help online, provided some of the leading aircraft of the war, including the homework pros much, Nieuport and the SPAD VII. Morale was also a key factor. All sides tried to School notes help explain and justify the war and used increasingly refined techniques of propaganda to maintain commitment to the cause. Less Pros And Cons? Giving the dr brown, impression of adversity shared equally among the classes became a key theme. One of the major threats to this was the equality of Less homework pros much, access to food supplies. In Germany this proved increasingly difficult to maintain.

Morale deteriorated and industrial efficiency suffered as a result. British agriculture did not perform particularly well during the writer, war, but British maritime superiority and financial power allowed them to command the agricultural resources of North and South America and Australasia. Food was one of the Allies#146; principal war-winning weapons. The degree of active resistance to the war was low in and cons, most countries. But war-weariness set in everywhere by 1917. There were many strikes and much industrial unrest. In Russia this was severe enough to Essay pro immigration news produce a revolution and then a Bolshevik coup d#146;tat which took Russia out of the war in 1918. The social consequences of this mass mobilization were less spectacular than is sometimes claimed. There were advances for the organized working class, especially its trade unions, especially in Britain, and arguably for women, but the working class of Europe paid a high price on the battlefield for social advances at home. And in the defeated states there was very little social advance anyway. The First World War redrew the map of Europe and the Middle East.

Four great empires, the Romanov, the Hohenzollern, the Habsburg, and the Ottoman, were defeated and Less pros, collapsed. They were replaced by a number of weak and sometimes avaricious successor states. Russia underwent a bloody civil war before the establishment of a Communist Soviet Union which put it beyond the pale of Essay pro immigration news articles, European diplomacy for Less homework and cons much a generation. Germany became a republic branded at its birth with the stigma of defeat, increasingly weakened by the burden of Allied reparations and by inflation. France recovered the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, but continued to be haunted by fear and loathing of Germany. Italy was disappointed by the territorial rewards of its military sacrifice. This provided fertile soil for Mussolini's Fascists, who had overthrown parliamentary democracy by 1924. The British maintained the integrity and independence of Belgium. They also acquired huge increases in imperial territory and imperial obligation. But they did not achieve the security for the Empire which they sought.

The white dominions were unimpressed by the quality of British military leadership. The First World War saw them mature as independent nations seeking increasingly to notes go their own way. The stirrings of revolt in India were apparent as soon as the war ended. In 1922 the British were forced, under American pressure, to abandon the Anglo-Japanese alliance, so useful to them in protecting their Far Eastern empire. They were also forced to Less homework pros and cons much accept naval parity with the Americans and help a personal, a bare superiority over the Japanese. 'This is not a peace,' Marshal Foch declared in 1919, 'but an armistice for twenty-five years.' The cost of all this in human terms was 8.5 million dead and 21 million wounded out of some 65 million men mobilized.

The losses among particular groups, especially young, educated middle-class males, were often severe, but the demographic shape of Europe was not fundamentally changed. The real impact was moral. The losses struck a blow at European self-confidence and pros and cons, pretension to online superior civilization. It was a blow, perhaps, whose consequences have not even now fully unfolded. From The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War . Ed. Charles Townshend.

Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press.