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From 1971: Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? A banner for Women’s Lib could be Artemisia Gentileschi’s Judith Beheading Holofernes , one of this Roman painter’s favorite subject. This version dates ca. 1614–20, shortly after the scandal of her alleged promiscuous relations with her teacher. A version of this story originally appeared in the January 1971 issue of ARTnews. W hile the recent upsurge of Writing custom feminist activity in this country has indeed been a liberating one, its force has been chiefly emotional—personal, psychological and subjective—centered, like the other radical movements to which it is related, on the present and its immediate needs, rather than on historical analysis of the basic intellectual issues which the feminist attack on the status quo automatically raises. 1 Like any revolution, however, the feminist one ultimately must come to grips with the intellectual and ideological basis of the various intellectual or scholarly disciplines—history, philosophy, sociology, psychology, etc.—in the same way that it questions the ideologies of present social institutions.

If, as John Stuart Mill suggested, we tend to accept whatever is Health services views as natural, this is just as true in the realm of conclusions academic investigation as it is in our social arrangements. In the former, too, “natural” assumptions must be questioned and the mythic basis of much so-called “fact” brought to help my us history homework, light. And it is here that the very position of woman as an acknowledged outsider, the maverick “she” instead of the presumably neutral “one”—in reality the white-male-position-accepted-as-natural, or the hidden “he” as the subject of all scholarly predicates—is a decided advantage, rather than merely a hindrance of a subjective distortion. In the field of art history, the white Western male viewpoint, unconsciously accepted as the viewpoint of the art historian, may—and does—prove to be inadequate not merely on moral and essays ethical grounds, or because it is elitist, but on purely intellectual ones. In revealing the failure of much academic art history, and a great deal of history in general, to take account of the unacknowledged value system, the very presence of an intruding subject in historical investigation, the feminist critique at College application essay, the same time lays bare its conceptual smugness, its meta-historical naivete. At a moment when all disciplines are becoming more self-conscious, more aware of the Writing essays, nature of their presuppositions as exhibited in the very languages and structures of the various fields of scholarship, such uncritical acceptance of “what is” as “natural” may be intellectually fatal. Just as Mill saw male domination as one of a long series of social injustices that had to a good compare and contrast essay, be overcome if a truly just social order were to be created, so we may see the Writing, unstated domination of white male subjectivity as one in a series of intellectual distortions which must be corrected in order to case study viral, achieve a more adequate and accurate view of historical situations. It is the engaged feminist intellect (like John Stuart Mill’s) that can pierce through the essays conclusions, cultural-ideological limitations of the time and its specific “professionalism” to services management analysis views, reveal biases and inadequacies not merely in the dealing with the question of Writing conclusions women, but in the very way of formulating the crucial questions of the discipline as a whole.

Thus, the so-called woman question, far from being a minor, peripheral and laughably provincial sub-issue grafted on to a serious, established discipline, can become a catalyst, an intellectual instrument, probing basic and “natural” assumptions, providing a paradigm for other kinds of How to write a good and contrast internal questioning, and in turn providing links with paradigms established by radical approaches in other fields. Even a simple question like “Why have there been no great women artists?” can, if answered adequately, create a sort of chain reaction, expanding not merely to Writing conclusions, encompass the accepted assumptions of the single field, but outward to embrace history and College assistance nursing the social sciences, or even psychology and literature, and thereby, from the outset, to challenge the assumption that the traditional divisions of intellectual inquiry are still adequate to deal with the custom conclusions, meaningful questions of our time, rather than the merely convenient or self-generated ones. Let us, for example, examine the implications of that perennial question (one can, of course, substitute almost any field of human endeavor, with appropriate changes in phrasing): “Well, if women really are equal to viral, men, why have there never been any great women artists (or composers, or mathematicians, or philosophers, or so few of the Writing essays custom, same)?” “Why have there been no great women artists?” The question tolls reproachfully in Complete results, the background of most discussions of the so-called woman problem. But like so many other so-called questions involved in the feminist “controversy,” it falsifies the nature of the issue at essays custom conclusions, the same time that it insidiously supplies its own answer: “There are no. great women artists because women are incapable of greatness.” The assumptions behind such a question are varied in range and sophistication, running anywhere from “scientifically proven” demonstrations of the inability of Health views human beings with wombs rather than penises to essays conclusions, create anything significant, to relatively open-minded wonderment that women, despite so many years of near-equality—and after all, a lot of Essay on books as a friend men have had their disadvantages too—have still not achieved anything of exceptional significance in the visual arts. The feminist’s first reaction is to swallow the bait, hook, line and sinker, and to attempt to answer the question as it is put: i.e., to dig up examples of worthy or insufficiently appreciated women artists throughout history; to rehabilitate rather modest, if interesting and productive careers; to “re-discover” forgotten flower-painters or David-followers and make out a case for them; to demonstrate that Berthe Morisot was really less dependent upon Manet than one had been led to think—in other words, to engage in the normal activity of the specialist scholar who makes a case for the importance of his very own neglected or minor master. Such attempts, whether undertaken from a feminist point of view, like the ambitious article on women artists which appeared in the 1858 Westminster Review , 2 or more recent scholarly studies on such artists as Angelica Kauffmann and essays Artemisia Gentileschi, 3 are certainly worth the effort, both in results, adding to our knowledge of Writing conclusions women’s achievement and of art history generally.

But they do nothing to question the Complete results, assumptions lying behind the question “Why have there been no great women artists?” On the contrary, by attempting to answer it, they tacitly reinforce its negative implications. The Swiss-born Angelica Kauffman, most of Writing whose prolific career was spent in Italy, combines allegory with portraiture in Angelica Hesitating between Music and Painting , 1791. Another attempt to I need help with, answer the question involves shifting the ground slightly and asserting, as some contemporary feminists do, that there is a different kind of “greatness” for women’s art than for men’s, thereby postulating the existence of a distinctive and recognizable feminine style, different both in Writing, its formal and its expressive qualities and based on the special character of women’s situation and experience. This, on the surface of it, seems reasonable enough: in general, women’s experience and situation in society, and hence as artists, is different from men’s, and certainly the art produced by a group of consciously united and purposefully articulate women intent on bodying forth a group consciousness of feminine experience might indeed be stylistically identifiable as feminist, if not feminine, art. Unfortunately, though this remains within the realm of possibility it has so far not occurred. Application. While the members of the Danube School, the followers of Caravaggio, the Writing, painters gathered around Gauguin at Pont-Aven, the Blue Rider, or the Cubists may be recognized by certain clearly defined stylistic or expressive qualities, no such common qualities of “femininity” would seem to link the styles of women artists generally, any more than such qualities can be said to link women writers, a case brilliantly argued, against the most devastating, and a good and contrast thesis mutually contradictory, masculine critical cliches, by Mary Ellmann in her Thinking about Women . 4 No subtle essence of femininity would seem to link the Writing, work of Artemesia Gentileschi, Mme. Vigee-Lebrun, Angelica Kauffmann, Rosa Bonheur, Berthe Morisot, Suzanne Valadon , Kaethe Kollwitz, Barbara Hepworth, Georgia O’Keeffe, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Helen Frankenthaler, Bridget Riley, Lee Bontecou or Louise Nevelson, any more than that of Sappho, Marie de France, Jane Austen, Emily Bronte, George Sand, George Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Gertrude Stein, Anais Nin, Emily Dickinson, Sylvia Plath and Susan Sontag. In every instance, women artists and writers would seem to be closer to other artists and writers of their own period and outlook than they are to each other. W omen artists are more inward-looking, more delicate and nuanced in their treatment of their medium, it may be asserted. Help With Homework. But which of the women artists cited above is more inward-turning than Redon, more subtle and nuanced in the handling of pigment than Corot? Is Fragonard more or less feminine than Mme.

Vigee-Lebrun? Or is it not more a question of the whole Rococo style of 18th-century France being “feminine,” if judged in terms of a two-valued scale of “masculinity” vs. “femininity”? Certainly though, if daintiness, delicacy and preciousness are to be counted as earmarks of a feminine style, there is nothing fragile about Rosa Bonheur’s Horse Fair , nor dainty and introverted about Helen Frankenthaler’s giant canvases. If women have turned to scenes of Writing essays custom domestiC life, or of children, so did Jan Steen, Chardin and the Impressionists—Renoir and essay assistance Monet as well as Morisot and Writing essays Cassatt. In any case, the mere choice of a certain realm of subject matter, or the How to a good and contrast essay, restriction to certain subjects, is Writing essays custom not to be equated with a style, much less with some sort of quintessentially feminine style. The problem lies not so much with the feminists’ concept of what femininity is, but rather with their misconception—shared with the public at large—of what art is: with the naive idea that art is the direct, personal expression of individual emotional experience, a translation of personal life into visual terms. Art is almost never that, great art never is. The making of art involves a self-consistent language of form, more or less dependent upon, or free from, given temporally-defined conventions, schemata or systems of hepatitis viral notation, which have to be learned or worked out, either through teaching, apprenticeship or a long period of conclusions individual experimentation.

The language of art is, more materially, embodied in paint and line on canvas or paper, in stone or clay or plastic or metal—it is neither a sob-story nor a confidential whisper. The fact of the matter is that there have been no supremely great women artists, as far as we know, although there have been many interesting and very good ones who remain insufficiently investigated or appreciated; nor have there been any great Lithuanian jazz pianists, nor Eskimo tennis players, no matter how much we might wish there had been. That this should be the friend, case is regrettable, but no amount of manipulating the historical or critical evidence will alter the situation; nor will accusations of male-chauvinist distortion of history. The fact, dear sisters, is that there are no women equivalents for Michelangelo or Rembrandt, Delacroix or Cezanne, Picasso or Matisse, or even, in very recent times, for de Kooning or Warhol, any more than there are Black American equivalents for the same. Custom. If there actually were large numbers of “hidden” great women artists, or if there really should be different standards for women’s art as opposed to Complete my assignment, men’s—and one can’t have it both ways—then what are the feminists fighting for? If women have in Writing conclusions, fact achieved the same status as men in the arts, then the essay, status quo is fine as it is.

Judith Leyster’s The Jolly Toper was called a Frans Hal until the discovery of her typical signature, “J,” and Writing custom the date 1629, in upper right center. But in actuality, as we all know, things as they are and assistance as they have been, in the arts as in a hundred other areas, are stultifying, oppressive and discouraging to all those, women among them, who did not have the good fortune to be born white, preferably middle class and, above all, male. Writing Custom. The fault, dear brothers, lies not in our stars, our hormones, our menstrual cycles or our empty internal spaces, but in our institutions and our education—education understood to my assignment results, include everything that happens to Writing essays conclusions, us from the on books, moment we enter this world of meaningful symbols, signs and signals. The miracle is, in fact, that given the Writing conclusions, overwhelming odds against women, or blacks, that so many of both have managed to achieve so much sheer excellence, in those bailiwicks of white masculine prerogative like science, politics or the arts. It is when one really starts thinking about the my assignment results, implications of “Why have there been no great women artists?” that one begins to realize to what extent our consciousness of how things are in Writing essays custom conclusions, the world has been conditioned—and often falsified—by the way the most important questions are posed. We tend to take it for granted that there really is an East Asian Problem, a Poverty Problem, a Black Problem—and a Woman Problem. But first we must ask ourselves who is formulating these “questions,” and then, what purposes such formulations may serve. College Application Assistance. (We may, of course, refresh our memories with the connotations of the Nazi’s “Jewish Problem.”) Indeed, in our time of Writing essays custom instant communication, “problems” are rapidly formulated to rationalize the bad conscience of case viral those with power: thus the problem posed by Americans in Vietnam and Cambodia is referred to by Americans as “the East Asian Problem,” whereas East Asians may view it, more realistically, as “the American Problem”; the so-called Poverty Problem might more directly be viewed as the “Wealth Problem” by denizens of urban ghettos or rural wastelands; the same irony twists the White Problem into its opposite: a Black Problem; and the same inverse logic turns up in the formulation of our own present state of affairs as the “Woman Problem.” Now the “Woman Problem,” like all human problems, so-called (and the very idea of calling anything to do with human beings a “problem” is, of course, a fairly recent one) is not amenable to Writing essays custom conclusions, “solution” at all, since what human problems involve is re-interpretation of the nature of the situation, or a radical alteration of stance or program on the part of the “problems” themselves . Thus women and their situation in Essay on books as a friend, the arts, as in Writing essays conclusions, other realms of case study viral endeavor, are not a “problem” to be viewed through the eyes of the dominant male power elite. Instead, women must conceive of themselves as potentially, if not actually, equal subjects, and must be willing to look the facts of their situation full in the face, without self-pity, or cop-outs; at the same time they must view their situation with that high degree of emotional and intellectual commitment necessary to create a world in essays custom, which equal achievement will be not only made possible but actively encouraged by social institutions. It is certainly not realistic to hope that a majority of College men, in the arts, or in any other field, will soon see the light and find that it is in their own self-interest to Writing custom, grant complete equality to women, as some feminists optimistically assert, or to maintain that men themselves will soon realize that they are diminished by denying themselves access to traditionally “feminine” realms and emotional reactions. After all, there are few areas that are really “denied” to men, if the level of operations demanded be transcendent, responsible or rewarding enough: men who have a need for Complete results “feminine” involvement with babies or children gain status as pediatricians or child psychologists, with a nurse (female) to essays conclusions, do the I need with history, more routine work; those who feel the urge for kitchen creativity may gain fame as master chefs; and, of course, men who yearn to fulfill themselves through what are often termed “feminine” artistic interests can find themselves as painters or sculptors, rather than as volunteer museum aides or part time ceramists, as their female counterparts so often end up doing; as far as scholarship is concerned, how many men would be willing to change their jobs as teachers and researchers for Writing conclusions those of compare and contrast unpaid, part-time research assistants and typists as well as full-time nannies and domestic workers?

Those who have privileges inevitably hold on to them, and hold tight, no matter how marginal the advantage involved, until compelled to bow to superior power of Writing custom one sort or another. Thus the question of women’s equality—in art as in any other realm—devolves not upon the relative benevolence or ill-will of individual men, nor the I need help with, self-confidence or abjectness of individual women, but rather on the very nature of our institutional structures themselves and the view of reality which they impose on the human beings who are part of them. As John Stuart Mill pointed out essays custom conclusions more than a century ago: “Everything which is usual appears natural. The subjection of women to men being a universal custom, any departure from it quite naturally appears unnatural.” 5 Most men, despite lip-service to equality, are reluctant to give up this “natural” order of things in which their advantages are so great; for women, the case is further complicated by the fact that, as Mill astutely pointed out, unlike other oppressed groups or castes, men demand of her not only submission but unqualified affection as well; thus women are often weakened by the internalized demands of the I need help history homework, male-dominated society itself, as well as by a plethora of Writing conclusions material goods and comforts: the I need help with history, middle-class woman has a great deal more to lose than her chains. At Thomas Eakins’ life-class at the Pennsylvania Academy around 1855, a cow, instead of a nude man, served as a model for the women students. COURTESY PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS/CHARLES BREGLER’S THOMAS EAKINS COLLECTION, PURCHASED WITH THE PARTIAL SUPPORT OF THE PEW MEMORIAL TRUST. The question “Why have there been no great women artists?” is simply the custom conclusions, top tenth of an iceberg of misinterpretation and I need with my us history homework misconception; beneath lies a vast dark bulk of shaky idees recues about the nature of art and its situational concomitants, about the nature of human abilities in general and of human excellence in particular, and the role that the Writing essays conclusions, social order plays in all of this. While the “woman problem” as such may be a pseudo-issue, the misconceptions involved in services, the question “Why have there been no great women artists?” points to major areas of Writing custom intellectual obfuscation beyond the specific political and ideological issues involved in the subjection of women. Basic to the question are many naive, distorted, uncritical assumptions about the making of Complete my assignment art in general, as well as the making of Writing essays conclusions great art.

These assumptions, conscious or unconscious, link together such unlikely superstars as Michelangelo and College application essay nursing van Gogh, Raphael and Jackson Pollock under the rubric of custom “Great”—an honorific attested to by the How to write a good compare essay thesis, number of scholarly monographs devoted to the artist in question—and the Great Artist is, of course, conceived of as one who has “Genius”; Genius, in turn, is Writing custom conclusions thought of as an atemporal and mysterious power somehow embedded in the person of the Great Artist. 6 Such ideas are related to unquestioned, often unconscious, meta-historical premises that make Hippolyte Taine’s race-milieu-moment formulation of the dimensions of historical thought seem a model of sophistication. But these assumptions are intrinsic to a great deal of art-historical writing. It is no accident that the services analysis views, crucial question of the conditions generally productive of great art has so rarely been investigated, or that attempts to investigate such general problems have, until fairly recently, been dismissed as unscholarly, too broad, or the province of conclusions some other discipline, like sociology. Application Essay Nursing. To encourage a dispassionate, impersonal, sociological and institutionally-oriented approach would reveal the entire romantic, elitist, individual-glorifying and monograph-producing substructure upon which the profession of art history is based, and which has only recently been called in to question by a group of Writing custom younger dissidents. Underlying the question about woman as artist, then, we find the myth of the Great Artist—subject of a hundred monographs, unique, godlike—bearing within his person since birth a mysterious essence, rather like the golden nugget in Mrs. Grass’s chicken soup, called Genius or Talent, which, like murder, must always out, no matter how unlikely or unpromising the circumstances. The magical aura surrounding the representational arts and their creators has, of course, given birth to myths since the Health services, earliest times.

Interestingly enough, the same magical abilities attributed by Pliny to the Greek sculptor Lysippos in antiquity—the mysterious inner call in early youth, the Writing, lack of Essay on books friend any teacher but Nature herself—is repeated as late as the 19th century by Writing essays Max Buchon in his biography of Courbet. Analysis Views. The supernatural powers of the artist as imitator, his control of strong, possibly dangerous powers, have functioned historically to set him off from others as a godlike creator, one who creates Being out of nothing. The fairy tale of the Boy Wonder, discovered by conclusions an older artist or discerning patron, usually in the guise of a lowly shepherd boy, has been a stock-in-trade of artistic mythology ever since Vasari immortalized the young Giotto, discovered by I need with history homework the great Cimabue while the lad was guarding his flocks, drawing sheep on a stone; Cimabue, overcome with admiration by the realism of the drawing, immediately invited the humble youth to be his pupil. 7 Through some mysterious coincidence, later artists including Beccafumi, Andrea Sansovino, Andrea del Castagno, Mantegna, Zurbaran and Goya were all discovered in similar pastoral circumstances. Even when the young Great Artist was not fortunate enough to come equipped with a flock of sheep, his talent always seems to have manifested itself very early, and independent of essays any external encouragement: Filippo Lippi and Poussin, Courbet and Health services management analysis views Monet are all reported to Writing, have drawn caricatures in the margins of their schoolbooks instead of studying the required subjects—we never, of course, hear about the youths who neglected their studies and scribbled in essay, the margins of their notebooks without ever becoming anything more elevated than department-store clerks or shoe salesmen. The great Michelangelo himself, according to his biographer and pupil, Vasari, did more drawing than studying as a child. So pronounced was his talent, reports Vasari, that when his master, Ghirlandaio, absented himself momentarily from his work in Santa Maria Novella, and the young art student took the opportunity to Writing essays custom conclusions, draw “the scaffolding, trestles, pots of paint, brushes and the apprentices at their tasks” in this brief absence, he did it so skillfully that upon his return the master exclaimed: “This boy knows more than I do.” Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun’s immense following at the French court was largely due to the patronage of I need with homework Marie-Antoinette, whom she has been credited with making sympathetic to posterity through her portraits of the queen. Marie-Antoinette de Lorraine-Habsbourg, Queen of France, and her children , 1781.

As is so often the case, such stories, which probably have some truth in them, tend both to reflect and perpetuate the attitudes they subsume. Writing Essays. Despite any basis in fact of these myths about the early manifestations of Genius, the tenor of the homework, tales is custom conclusions misleading. It is I need help with no doubt true, for essays custom example, that the young Picasso passed all the examinations for entrance to the Barcelona, and later to College assistance nursing, the Madrid, Academy of essays conclusions Art at the age of 15 in but a single day, a feat of such difficulty that most candidates required a month of preparation. But one would like to Essay as a friend, find out more about similar precocious qualifiers for art academies who then went on Writing essays custom to achieve nothing but mediocrity or failure—in whom, of course, art historians are uninterested—or to College application nursing, study in greater detail the role played by Picasso’s art-professor father in the pictorial precocity of his son. What if Picasso had been born a girl? Would Senor Ruiz have paid as much attention or stimulated as much ambition for achievement in a little Pablita? What is stressed in all these stories is the apparently miraculous, non-determined and a-social nature of artistic achievement; this semi-religious conception of the essays custom conclusions, artist’s role is results elevated to hagiography in the 19th-century, when both art historians, critics and, not least, some of the artists themselves tended to elevate the making of art into a substitute religion, the last bulwark of Higher Values in Writing essays conclusions, a materialistic world. The artist, in Essay as a, the 19th-century Saints’ Legend, struggles against Writing essays the most determined parental and social opposition, suffering the slings and arrows of social opprobrium like any Christian martyr, and ultimately succeeds against all odds—generally, alas, after his death—because from deep within himself radiates that mysterious, holy effulgence: Genius. College Assistance. Here we have the mad van Gogh, spinning out sunflowers despite epileptic seizures and near-starvation; Cezanne, braving paternal rejection and public scorn in order to Writing essays, revolutionize painting; Gauguin throwing away respectability and help my us history financial security with a single existential gesture to pursue his Calling in the tropics, or Toulouse-Lautrec, dwarfed, crippled and alchoholic [ sic ], sacrificing his aristocratic birthright in favor of the squalid surroundings that provided him with inspiration, etc. Now no serious contemporary art historian takes such obvious fairy tales at their face value.

Yet it is this sort of mythology about artistic achievement and its concomitants which forms the unconscious or unquestioned assumptions of scholars, no matter how many crumbs are thrown to social influences, ideas of the times, economic crises and so on. Behind the most sophisticated investigations of great artists—more specifically, the art-historical monograph, which accepts the notion of the Great Artist as primary, and the social and institutional structures within which he lived and Writing essays worked as mere secondary “influences” or “background”—lurks the golden-nugget theory of genius and the free-enterprise conception of individual achievement. On this basis, women’s lack of major achievement in art may be formulated as a syllogism: If women had the golden nugget of artistic genius then it would reveal itself. But it has never revealed itself. Q.E.D. Women do not have the golden nugget of artistic genius. If Giotto, the College assistance nursing, obscure shepherd boy, and van Gogh with his fits could make it, why not women? Berthe Morisot was a close friend of Manet and later married his brother.

Eugene Manet on the Isle of Wight , 1875. Yet as soon as one leaves behind the world of fairy-tale and conclusions self-fulfilling prophecy and, instead, casts a dispassionate eye on the actual situations in which important art production has existed, in Essay on books, the total range of its social and Writing custom institutional structures throughout history, one finds that the very questions which are fruitful or relevant for the historian to ask shape up rather differently. One would like to ask, for instance, from what social classes artists were most likely to come at different periods of art history, from what castes and College essay sub-group. What proportion of painters and Writing conclusions sculptors, or more specifically, of major painters and sculptors, came from families in my assignment, which their fathers or other close relatives were painters and sculptors or engaged in related professions? As Nikolaus Pevsner points out in his discussion of the French Academy in the 17th and 18th centuries, the transmission of the artistic profession from father to son was considered a matter of course (as it was with the Writing essays conclusions, Coypels, the Coustous, the Van Loos, etc); indeed, sons of academicians were exempted from the customary fees for lessons.

8 Despite the noteworthy and dramatically satisfying cases of the great father-rejecting revoltes of the 19th century, one might be forced to admit that a large proportion of artists, great and Complete my assignment not-so-great, in the days when it was normal for sons to Writing, follow in Evolve study hepatitis viral, their fathers’ footsteps, had artist fathers. In the essays, rank of major artists, the names of Holbein and Durer, Raphael and Bernini, immediately spring to mind; even in our own times, one can cite the names of help my us Picasso, Calder, Giacometti and Wyeth as members of artist-families. As far as the relationship of artistic occupation and essays custom social class is concerned, an interesting paradigm for the question “Why have there been no great women artists?” might well be provided by Evolve hepatitis viral trying to answer the question: “Why have there been no great artists from the Writing essays, aristocracy?” One can scarcely think, before the anti-traditional 19th century at least, of any artist who sprang from the ranks of Essay on books as a any more elevated class than the upper bourgeoisie; even in the 19th century, Degas came from the lower nobility—more like the haute bourgeoisie, in fact—and only conclusions Toulouse-Lautrec, metamorphosed into with history the ranks of the marginal by accidental deformity, could be said to have come from the loftier reaches of the upper classes. While the aristocracy has always provided the lion’s share of the patronage and the audience for art—as, indeed, the aristocracy of wealth does even in our more democratic days—it has contributed little beyond amateurish efforts to the creation of art itself, despite the fact that aristocrats (like many women) have had more than their share of Writing essays custom educational advantages, plenty of leisure and, indeed, like women, were often encouraged to case hepatitis, dabble in the arts and even develop into respectable amateurs, like Napoleon III’s cousin, the Princess Mathilde, who exhibited at the official Salons, or Queen Victoria, who, with Prince Albert, studied art with no less a figure than Landseer himself. Could, it be that the little golden nugget—Genius—is missing from the aristocratic make-up in the same way that it is from the feminine psyche? Or rather, is it not, that the kinds of Writing conclusions demands and expectations placed before both aristocrats and women—the amount of time necessarily devoted to social functions, the very kinds of activities demanded—simply made total devotion to management, professional art production out Writing custom conclusions of the question, indeed unthinkable, both for upper-class males and for women generally, rather than its being a question of genius and my assignment results talent? When the right questions are asked about the conditions for producing art, of Writing essays custom which the production of great art is a sub-topic, there will no doubt have to be some discussion of the situational concomitants of intelligence and my assignment results talent generally, not merely of artistic genius. Piaget and others have stressed in their genetic epistemology that in the development of reason and in the unfolding of imagination in young children, intelligence—or, by Writing essays conclusions implication, what we choose to call genius—is a dynamic activity rather than a static essence, and an activity of a subject in a situation . As further investigations in the field of child development imply, these abilities, or this intelligence, are built up minutely, step by step, from infancy onward, and the patterns of adaptation-accommodation may be established so early within the subject-in-an-environment that they may indeed appear to be innate to the unsophisticated observer. Such investigations imply that, even aside from meta-historical reasons, scholars will have to application essay assistance nursing, abandon the notion, consciously articulated or not, of individual genius as innate, and essays conclusions as primary to the creation of art. 9.

The question “Why have there been no great women artists?” has led us to the conclusion, so far, that art is Evolve case study not a free, autonomous activity of a super-endowed individual, “influenced” by previous artists, and, more vaguely and superficially, by “social forces,” but rather, that the Writing essays custom conclusions, total situation of art making, both in Complete results, terms of the development of the art maker and in the nature and quality of the work of conclusions art itself, occur in a social situation, are integral elements of this social structure, and my us are mediated and determined by specific and Writing essays definable social institutions, be they art academies, systems of patronage, mythologies of the divine creator, artist as he-man or social outcast. The Question of the Nude. We can now approach our question from a more reasonable standpoint, since it seems probable that the answer to application essay, why there have been no great women artists lies not in the nature of individual genius or the lack of it, but in Writing custom, the nature of given social institutions and what they forbid or encourage in various classes or groups of my assignment results individuals. Let us first examine such a simple, but critical, issue as availability of the nude model to essays, aspiring women artists, in the period extending from the Renaissance until near the end of the 19th century, a period in which careful and prolonged study of the nude model was essential to the training of Complete every young artist, to the production of any work with pretentions to grandeur, and to the very essence of History Painting, generally accepted as the highest category of art: indeed, it was argued by essays defenders of How to a good compare essay thesis traditional painting in the 19th century that there could be no great painting with clothed figures, since costume inevitably destroyed both the temporal universality and the classical idealization required by great art. Needless to say, central to custom, the training programs of the academies since their inception late in application nursing, the 16th and early in the 17th centuries, was life drawing from the Writing essays conclusions, nude, generally male, model. In addition, groups of artists and their pupils often met privately for write compare thesis life drawing sessions from the nude model in their studios. In general, it might be added, while individual artists and private academies employed the female model extensively, the female nude was forbidden in almost all public art schools as late as 1850 and after—a state of custom conclusions affairs which Pevsner rightly designates as “hardly believable.” 10 Far more believable, unfortunately, was the How to write a good compare and contrast thesis, complete unavailability to the aspiring woman artist of any nude models at all, male or female.

As late as 1893, “lady” students were not admitted to life drawing at Writing essays conclusions, the Royal Academy in London, and study even when they were, after that date, the model had to custom conclusions, be “partially draped.” 11. A brief survey of representations of life-drawing sessions reveals: an all male clientele drawing from the on books friend, female nude in Rembrandt’s studio; men working from male nudes in 18th-century representations of essays academic instruction in views, The Hague and Vienna; men working from the seated male nude in Bailly’s charming painting of the Writing essays custom conclusions, interior of Houdon’s studio at the beginning of the 19th century; Mathieu Cochereau’s scrupulously veristic Interior of analysis views David’s Studio , exhibited in the Salon of 1814, reveals a group of young men diligently drawing or painting from a male nude model, whose discarded shoes may be seen before the custom, models’ stand. The very plethora of surviving “Academies”—detailed, painstaking studies from the nude studio model—in the College application essay, youthful oeuvre of artists down through the time of Writing essays conclusions Seurat and well into the 20th century, attests to the central importance of this branch of study in essay assistance nursing, the pedagogy and development of the talented beginner. The formal academic program itself normally proceeded, as a matter of course, from copying from custom drawings and engravings, to drawing from casts of famous works of sculpture, to my assignment results, drawing from the living model. To be deprived of this ultimate stage of training meant, in effect, to be deprived of the possibility of creating major art works, unless one were a very ingenious lady indeed, or simply, as most of the essays conclusions, women aspiring to be painters ultimately did, to restrict oneself to the “minor” fields of portraiture, genre, landscape or still-life. Case Study. It is rather as though a medical student were denied the opportunity to dissect or even examine the naked human body. In Zoffany’s painting of the life-class at the Royal Academy, 1772, all the members are present except for Angelica Kauffmann, who for reasons of propriety has a stand-in—her portrait on the wall.

There exist, to my knowledge, no representations of artists drawing from the nude model which include women in essays custom conclusions, any role but that of the nude model itself, an interesting commentary on rules of propriety: i.e., it is all right for a (“low,” of course) woman to reveal herself naked-as-an-object for a group of men, but forbidden to a woman to participate in case study hepatitis, the active study and recording of naked-man-as-an-object, or even of a fellow woman. An amusing example of this taboo on confronting a dressed lady with a naked man is embodied in a group portrait of the members of the Royal Academy in London in 1772, represented by Zoffany as gathered in the life room before two nude male models: all the distinguished members are present with but one noteworthy exception—the single female member, the renowned Angelica Kauffmann, who, for propriety’s sake, is Writing essays custom conclusions merely present in effigy, in the form of a portrait hanging on the wall. A slightly earlier drawing of Ladies in the Studio by help with my us homework the Polish artist Daniel Chodowiecki, shows the ladies portraying a modestly dressed member of their sex. In a lithograph dating from the Writing, relatively liberated epoch following the French Revolution, the lithographer Marlet has represented some women sketchers in services analysis, a group of essays conclusions students working from the male model, but the model himself has been chastely provided with what appears to results, be a pair of bathing trunks, a garment hardly conducive to a sense of classical elevation: no doubt such license was considered daring in its day, and the young ladies in conclusions, question suspected of doubtful morals, but even this liberated state of Complete my assignment affairs seems to have lasted only a short while. In an English stereoscopic color view of the interior of a studio of about 1865, the standing, bearded male model is so heavily draped that not an essays conclusions, iota of his anatomy escapes from the discreet toga, save for College essay a single bare shoulder and essays custom conclusions arm: even so, he obviously had the grace to I need my us, avert his eyes in the presence of the crinoline-clad young sketchers. The women in the Women’s Modeling Class at the Pennsylvania Academy were evidently not allowed even this modest privilege. A photograph by Writing essays custom conclusions Thomas Eakins of about 1885 reveals these students modeling from a cow (bull? ox? the nether regions are obscure in the photograph), a naked cow to be sure, perhaps a daring liberty when one considers that even piano legs might be concealed beneath pantalettes during this era (the idea of Health management introducing a bovine model into the artist’s studio stems from Courbet, who brought a bull into his short-lived studio academy in the 1860s). Only at the very end of the Writing essays custom conclusions, 19th century, in the relatively liberated and open atmosphere of Repin’s studio and circle in Russia, do we find representations of women art students working uninhibitedly from the nude—the female model, to be sure—in the company of men. Services Analysis. Even in this case, it must be noted that certain photographs represent a private sketch group meeting in one of the women artists’ homes; in the other, the model is draped; and the large group portrait, a co-operative effort by two men and two women students of Writing essays Repin’s, is an services management views, imaginary gathering together of all of the Russian realist’s pupils, past and present, rather than a realistic studio view.

I have gone into the question of the availability of the nude model, a single aspect of the automatic, institutionally-maintained discrimination against women, in such detail simply to demonstrate both the essays conclusions, universality of the discrimination against women and its consequences, as well as the institutional rather than individual nature of but one facet of the necessary preparation for achieving mere proficiency, much less greatness, in the realm of art during a long stretch of time. One could equally well examine other dimensions of the situation, such as the apprenticeship system, the academic educational pattern which, in France especially, was almost the only key to success and Essay as a which had a regular progression and set competitions, crowned by the Prix de Rome which enabled the young winner to conclusions, work in the French Academy in that city—unthinkable for women, of course—and for which women were unable to Evolve study viral, compete until the end of the 19th century, by which time, in fact, the whole academic system had lost its importance anyway. It seems clear, to take France in the 19th century as an custom conclusions, example, a country which probably had a larger proportion of women artists than any other—that is to say, in terms of their percentage in Health services management analysis views, the total number of artists exhibiting in. the Salon—that “women were not accepted as professional painters.” 12 In the middle of the century, there were only a third as many women as men artists, but even this mildly encouraging statistic is deceptive when we discover that out of this relatively meager number, none had attended that major stepping stone to essays conclusions, artistic success, the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, only 7 percent had received any official commission or had held any official office—and these might include the most menial sort of work—only 7 percent had ever received any Salon medal, and none had ever received the Legion of Honor. Evolve Case Study Hepatitis. 13 Deprived of encouragements, educational facilities and rewards, it is essays custom almost incredible that a certain percentage of women did persevere and Essay as a seek a profession in the arts. It also becomes apparent why women were able to Writing conclusions, compete on far more equal terms with men—and even become innovators—in literature. Application Nursing. While art-making traditionally has demanded the learning of specific techniques and skills, in a certain sequence, in an institutional setting outside the home, as well as becoming familiar with a specific vocabulary of iconography and motifs, the same is by no means true for the poet or novelist. Anyone, even a women, has to learn the language, can learn to read and write, and can commit personal experiences to paper in the privacy of Writing essays conclusions one’s room. Naturally this oversimplifies the Evolve, real difficulties and complexities involved in creating good or great literature, whether by man or woman, but it still gives a clue as to the possibility of the existence of Emily Bronte or an Emily Dickinson, and the lack of their counterparts, at least until quite recently, in the visual arts. Of course we have not gone into the “fringe” requirements for custom conclusions major artists, which would have been, for the most part, both psychically and socially closed to women, even if hypothetically they could have achieved the requisite grandeur in the performance of their craft: in the Renaissance and after, the great artist, aside from participating in the affairs of an academy, might well be intimate.

with members of humanist circles with whom he could exchange ideas, establish suitable relationships with patrons, travel widely and freely, perhaps politic and intrigue; nor have we mentioned the Evolve case, sheer organizational acumen and ability involved in running a major studio-factory, like that of Rubens. Writing Essays Conclusions. An enormous amount of self-confidence and worldly knowledgeability, as well as a natural sense of well-earned dominance and power, was needed by How to write a good compare and contrast essay the great chef d’ecole , both in the running of the production end of painting, and in the control and instruction of the numerous students and assistants. In contrast to essays, the single-mindedness and commitment demanded of a chef d’ecole , we might set the image of the “lady painter” established by on books as a 19th-century etiquette books and reinforced by custom the literature of the times. It is precisely the essay, insistence upon a modest, proficient, self-demeaning level of amateurism as a “suitable accomplishment” for the well-brought up young woman, who naturally would want to direct her major attention to the welfare of others—family and husband—that militated, and Writing essays conclusions still militates, against write and contrast essay any real accomplishment on the part of women. It is this emphasis which transforms serious commitment to frivolous self-indulgence, busy work or occupational therapy, and today, more than ever, in suburban bastions of the feminine mystique, tends to distort the essays, whole notion of what art is and what kind of social role it plays. In Mrs. Ellis’ widely read The Family Monitor and I need with Domestic Guide , published before the middle of the essays conclusions, 19th century, a book of advice popular both in the United States and in England, women were warned against the snare of Complete my assignment results trying too hard to excel in custom, any one thing: It must not be supposed that the writer is Essay as a friend one who would advocate, as essential to woman, any very extraordinary degree of intellectual attainment, especially if confined to one particular branch of study. “I should like to excel in something” is custom conclusions a frequent and, to some extent, laudable expression; but in what does it originate, and to what does it tend? To be able to do a great many things tolerably well, is of infinitely more value to a woman, than to be able to excel in case study hepatitis viral, any one. Essays Custom Conclusions. By the Essay as a friend, former, she may render herself generally useful: by the latter, she may dazzle for an hour. By being apt, and tolerably well skilled in everything, she may fall into any situation in life with dignity and ease—by devoting her time to excellence in one, she may remain incapable of every other.

So far as cleverness, learning, and knowledge are conducive to woman’s moral excellence, they are therefore desirable, and no further. All that would occupy her mind to Writing essays, the exclusion of How to compare and contrast essay thesis better things, all that would involve her in the mazes of flattery and admiration, all that would tend to draw away her thoughts from others and fix them on herself, ought to be avoided as an evil to custom, her, however brilliant or attractive it may be in as a friend, itself. 14. Lest we are tempted to laugh, we may refresh ourselves with more recent samples of exactly the same message cited in Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique , or in the pages of recent issues of popular women’s magazines. This advice has a familiar ring, of course: propped up by a bit of Freudianism and some tag-lines from the social sciences about the well-rounded personality, preparation for woman’s chief career, marriage, and the unfemininity of deep involvement with work rather than sex, it is Writing still the mainstay of the Feminine Mystique. Such an Essay on books friend, outlook helps guard man from unwanted competition in his “serious” professional activities and assures him of “well-rounded” assistance on the home front, so that he may have sex and family in addition to the fulfillment of his own specialized talent and excellence at the same time.

As far as painting specifically is concerned, Mrs. Ellis finds that it has one immediate advantage for the young lady over its rival branch of artistic activity, music—it is quiet and disturbs no one (this negative virtue, of course, would not be true of sculpture, but accomplishment with the Writing custom conclusions, hammer and chisel simply never occurs as a suitable accomplishment for the weaker sex); in addition, says Mrs. Ellis, “it [drawing] is an employment which beguiles the mind of many cares…Drawing is, of compare all other occupations, the one most calculated to keep the mind from custom conclusions brooding upon self, and to maintain. that general cheerfulness which is a part of social and domestic duty…It can also,” she adds, “be laid down and resumed, as circumstance or inclination may direct, and that without any serious loss.” 15 Again, lest we feel that we have made a great deal of progress in this area in the past 100 years, I might bring up the remark of a bright young doctor who, when the conversation turned to his wife and I need help with my us homework her friends “dabbling” in the arts, snorted: “Well, at least it keeps them out of trouble!” Now as in the 19th century, amateurism and lack of real commitment as well as snobbery and custom emphasis on chic on the part of women in application essay, their artistic “hobbies,” feeds the Writing essays, contempt of the successful, professionally committed man who is engaged in “real” work and College application can, with a certain justice, point to his wife’s lack of seriousness in her artistic activities. For such men, the “real” work of Writing essays women is only that which directly or indirectly serves the family; any other commitment falls under the rubric of diversion, selfishness, egomania or, at the unspoken extreme, castration. The circle is a vicious one, in which philistinism and frivolity mutually re-enforce each other. In literature, as in life, even if the Evolve case study hepatitis, woman’s commitment to art was a serious one, she was expected to drop her career and give up this commitment at Writing essays, the behest of love and marriage: this lesson is, today as in write a good compare and contrast thesis, the 19th century, still inculcated in young girls, directly or indirectly, from the moment they are born. Even the determined and successful heroine of Mrs. Essays. Craik’s mid-19th-century novel about feminine artistic success, Olive , a young woman who lives alone, strives for fame and independence and case viral actually supports herself through her art—such unfeminine behavior is at least partly excused by Writing essays the fact that she is a cripple and automatically considers that marriage is denied to her—even Olive ultimately succumbs to the blandishments of love and marriage. Case Study Viral. To paraphrase the Writing essays custom conclusions, words of Patricia Thomson in The Victorian Heroine , Mrs.

Craik, having shot her bolt in the course of her novel, is content, finally, to let her heroine, whose ultimate greatness the my assignment, reader has never been able to doubt, sink gently into matrimony. “Of Olive, Mrs. Essays. Craik comments imperturbably that her husband’s influence is to deprive the Scottish Academy of ‘no one knew how many grand pictures.’ ” 16 Then as now, despite men’s greater “tolerance,” the choice for study hepatitis women seems always to be marriage or a career, i.e., solitude as the price of essays custom conclusions success or sex and help my us history companionship at the price of professional renunciation. That achievement in the arts, as in any field of endeavor, demands struggle and sacrifice, no one would deny; that this has certainly been true after the middle of the Writing essays custom, 19th century, when the traditional institutions of artistic support and patronage no longer fulfilled their customary obligations, is undeniable: one has only to think of my assignment Delacroix, Courbet, Degas, van Gogh and Writing essays conclusions Toulouse-Lautrec as examples of my assignment great artists who gave up the distractions and obligations of family life, at custom conclusions, least in my assignment, part, so that they could pursue their artistic careers more singlemindedly. Yet none of them was automatically denied the pleasures of sex or companionship on account of this choice. Nor did they ever conceive that they had sacrificed their manhood or their sexual role on account of their singleness and singlemindedness in order to achieve professional fulfillment. But if the artist in question happens to Writing essays conclusions, be a woman, 1,000 years of guilt, self-doubt and objecthood have been added to the undeniable difficulties of being an artist in the modern world. The unconscious aura of titillation that arises from a visual representation of an Complete my assignment results, aspiring woman artist in the mid-19th century, Emily Mary Osborne’s heartfelt painting, Nameless and Friendless , 1857, a canvas representing a poor but lovely and respectable young girl at a London art dealer, nervously awaiting the verdict of the custom conclusions, pompous proprietor about the worth of her canvases while two ogling “art lovers” look on, is really not too different in its underlying assumptions from an overtly salacious work like Bompard’s Debut of the Model . The theme in on books as a friend, both is essays innocence, delicious feminine innocence, exposed to the world. It is the charming vulnerability of the young woman artist, like that of the nursing, hesitating model, which is really the subject of Miss Osborne’s painting, not the value of the young woman’s work or her pride in it: the issue here is, as usual, sexual rather than serious. Custom. Always a model but never an study hepatitis, artist might well have served as the motto of the seriously aspiring young woman in custom, the arts of the 19th century.

The monumental figures of The Church and The Synagogue from the homework, South Portal of the Cathedral of Strasbourg, ca. 1225, are attributed to Sabina von Steinbach, daughter of the master-sculptor of the cathedral, who died before the completion of the work. But what of the small band of heroic women, who, throughout the ages, despite obstacles, have achieved pre-eminence, if not the pinnacles of grandeur of a Michelangelo, a Rembrandt or a Picasso? Are there any qualities that may be said to have characterized them as a group and conclusions as individuals? While we cannot go into my assignment such an investigation in depth in this article, we can point to a few striking characteristics of women artists generally: they all, almost without exception, were either the daughters of artist fathers, or, generally later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, had a close personal connection with a stronger or more dominant male artistic personality.

Neither of these characteristics is, of course, unusual for men artists, either, as we have indicated above in the case of Writing conclusions artist fathers and sons: it is simply true almost without exception for their feminine counterparts, at least until quite recently. From the legendary sculptor, Sabina von Steinbach, in the 13th century, who, according to local tradition, was responsible for South Portal groups on the Cathedral of Strasbourg, down to application assistance, Rosa Bonheur, the most renowned animal painter of the 19th century, and Writing essays conclusions including such eminent women artists as Marietta Robusti, daughter of Tintoretto, Lavinia Fontana, Artemisia Gentileschi, Elizabeth Cheron, Mme. How To Compare Thesis. Vigee-Lebrun and Angelica Kauffmann—all, without exception, were the conclusions, daughters of artists; in the 19th century, Berthe Morisot was closely associated with Manet, later marrying his brother, and Mary Cassatt based a good deal of application assistance nursing her work on the style of her close friend Degas. Precisely the same breaking of traditional bonds and discarding of time-honored practices that permitted men artists to strike out in essays custom, directions quite different from How to compare and contrast essay thesis those of their fathers in the second half of the 19th century enabled women, with additional difficulties, to be sure, to strike out on their own as well. Many of custom conclusions our more recent women artists, like Suzanne Valadon, Paula Modersohn-Becker, Kaethe Kollwitz or Louise Nevelson, have come from non-artistic backgrounds, although many contemporary and near-contemporary women artists have married fellow artists. It would be interesting to investigate the role of benign, if not outright encouraging, fathers in the formation of women professionals: both Kaethe Kollwitz and Barbara Hepworth, for example, recall. the influence of unusually sympathetic and supportive fathers on their artistic pursuits. Application Essay Assistance Nursing. In the absence of any thoroughgoing investigation, one can only gather impressionistic data about the presence or absence of rebellion against essays parental authority in my assignment results, women artists, and whether there may be more or less rebellion on the part of women artists than is true in the case of men or vice versa.

One thing however is Writing essays clear: for a woman to opt for a career at all, much less for a career in art, has required a certain amount of unconventionality, both in the past and at present; whether or not the Essay on books as a friend, woman artist rebels against or finds strength in the attitude of her family, she must in any case have a good strong streak of essays conclusions rebellion in her to make her way in the world of art at all, rather than submitting to the socially approved role of wife and on books mother, the only role to which every social institution consigns her automatically. It is only by adopting, however covertly, the “masculine” attributes of singlemindedness, concentration, tenaciousness and absorption in ideas and craftsmanship for their own sake, that women have succeeded, and custom continue to Essay on books, succeed, in Writing custom conclusions, the world of art. It is instructive to examine in greater detail one of the most successful and accomplished women painters of all time, Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899), whose work, despite the ravages wrought upon its estimation by changes of taste and Complete a certain admitted lack of Writing essays custom conclusions variety, still stands as an impressive achievement to anyone interested in the art of the 19th century and in the history of taste generally. Rosa Bonheur is a woman artist in whom, partly because of the magnitude of her reputation, all the various conflicts, all the internal and external contradictions and struggles typical of her sex and profession, stand out in sharp relief. Like Constant Troyon, Bonheur aimed at an epical, “heroic” interpretation of animals which became extremely popular. The Horse Fair , ca. 1852–55. The success of Rosa Bonheur firmly establishes the role of as a friend institutions, and institutional change, as a necessary, if not a sufficient cause of achievement in art.

We might say that Bonheur picked a fortunate time to become an artist if she was, at the same time, to have the Writing, disadvantage of being a woman: she came into my assignment results her own in the middle of the 19th century, a time in which the struggle between traditional History Painting as opposed to the less pretentious and more free-wheeling genre painting, landscape and still-life was won by the latter group hands down. A major change in the social and Writing custom conclusions institutional support for art itself was well under way: with the rise of the bourgeoisie and Health management views the fall of the cultivated aristocracy, smaller paintings, generally of every-day subjects, rather than grandiose mythological or religious scenes were much in demand. To cite the Whites: “Three hundred provincial museums there might be, government commissions for custom public works there might be, but the only possible paid destinations for Essay as a t he rising flood of canvases were the essays, homes of the bourgeoisie. History painting had not and never would rest comfortably in the middle-class parlor. ‘Lesser’ forms of image art—genre, landscape, still-life—did.” 17 In mid-century France, as in 17th-century Holland, there was a tendency for artists to Essay on books, attempt to achieve some sort of security in a shaky market situation by specializing, by making a career out of a specific subject: animal painting was a very popular field, as the Whites point out, and Rosa Bonheur was no doubt its most accomplished and essays successful practitioner, followed in popularity only by the Barbizon painter Troyon (who at one time was so pressed for his paintings of cows that he hired another artist to brush in the backgrounds). Rosa Bonheur’s rise to fame accompanied that of the Barbizon landscapists, supported by those canny dealers, the Durand-Ruels, who later moved on to the Impressionists. The. Durand-Ruels were among the first dealers to case viral, tap the expanding market in movable decoration for the middle classes, to Writing conclusions, use the Whites’ terminology. Rosa Bonheur’s naturalism and ability to capture the individuality—even the “soul”—of each of Health services views her animal subjects coincided with bourgeois taste at the time.

The same combination, of qualities, with a much stronger dose of sentimentality and pathetic fallacy to be sure, likewise assured the success of her animalier contemporary, Landseer, in England. Daughter of an impoverished drawing master, Rosa Bonheur quite naturally showed her interest in art early; at the same time, she exhibited an independence of spirit and liberty of manner which immediately earned her the label of tomboy. According to her own later accounts, her “masculine protest” established itself early; to what extent any show of custom persistence, stubbornness and vigor would be counted as “masculine” in the first half of the 19th century is conjectural. Rosa Bonheur’s attitude towards her father is somewhat ambiguous: while realizing that he had been influential in directing her towards her life’s work, there is no doubt that she resented his thoughtless treatment of her beloved mother, and in her reminiscences, she half affectionately makes fun of his bizarre form of social idealism. Raimond Bonheur had been an active member of the short-lived Saint-Simonian community, established in the third decade of the 19th century by “Le Pere” Enfantin at write a good compare essay thesis, Menilmontant. Writing Essays Custom Conclusions. Although in her later years Rosa Bonheur might have made fun of some of the more far-fetched eccentricities of the members of the community, and case hepatitis disapproved of the additional strain which her father’s apostolate placed on her overburdened mother, it is obvious that the Saint-Simonian ideal of Writing equality for women—they disapproved of marriage, their trousered feminine costume was a token of emancipation, and their spiritual leader, Le Pere Enfantin, made extraordinary efforts to find a Woman Messiah to Evolve study, share his reign—made a strong impression on her as a child, and may well have influenced her future course of behavior.

“Why shouldn’t I be proud to be a woman?” she exclaimed to an interviewer. “My father, that enthusiastic apostle of humanity, many times reiterated to essays custom, me that woman’s mission was to elevate the human race, that she was the Messiah of future centuries. It is to his doctrines that I owe the great, noble ambition I have conceived for the sex which I proudly affirm to be mine, and whose independence I will support to Evolve, my dying day…” 18 When she was hardly more than a child, he instilled in her the ambition to surpass Mme. Vigee-Lebrun certainly the custom conclusions, most eminent model she could be expected to follow, and he gave her early efforts every possible encouragement. At the same time, the on books as a, spectacle of her uncomplaining mother’s slow decline from sheer overwork and Writing essays custom poverty might have been an even more realistic influence on her decision to control her own destiny and I need my us history homework never to become the slave of essays custom conclusions a husband and children. What is history particularly interesting from the Writing custom conclusions, modern feminist viewpoint is Rosa Bonheur’s ability to combine the most vigorous and unapologetic masculine protest with unabashedly self-contradictory assertions of Evolve “basic” femininity. In those refreshingly straightforward pre-Freudian days, Rosa Bonheur could explain to her biographer that she had never wanted to marry for custom fear of losing her independence—too many young girls let themselves be led to the altar like lambs to I need my us homework, the sacrifice, she maintained. Yet at the same time that she rejected marriage for herself and implied an inevitable loss of selfhood for essays custom any woman who engaged in it, she, unlike the Saint-Simonians, considered marriage “a sacrament indispensable to the organization of society.” While remaining cool to study hepatitis, offers of marriage, she joined in a seemingly cloudless, lifelong and apparently Platonic union with a fellow woman artist, Nathalie Micas, who evidently provided her with the companionship and emotional warmth which she needed. Writing Essays Custom. Obviously the presence of application essay assistance this sympathetic friend did not seem to demand the same sacrifice of genuine commitment to her profession which marriage would have entailed: in any case, the advantages of such an arrangement for women who wished to avoid the distraction of children in the days before reliable contraception are obvious.

Yet at the same time that she frankly rejected the conventional feminine role of her times, Rosa Bonheur still was drawn into what Betty Friedan has called the “frilly blouse syndrome,” that innocuous version of the essays, feminine protest which even today compels successful women psychiatrists or professors to adopt some ultra-feminine item of clothing or insist on proving their prowess as pie-bakers. 19 Despite the fact that she had early cropped her hair and adopted men’s clothes as her habitual attire, following the example of George Sand, whose rural Romanticism exerted a powerful influence over her imagination, to her biographer she insisted, and analysis no doubt sincerely believed, that she did so only because of the specific demands of her profession. Indignantly denying rumors to the effect that she had run about the streets of Paris dressed as a boy in her youth, she proudly provided her biographer with a daguerreotype of herself at 16 years, dressed in perfectly conventional feminine fashion, except for her shorn head, which she excused as a practical measure taken after the death of Writing essays custom conclusions her mother; “who would have taken care of my curls?” she demanded. 20. As far as the question of masculine dress was concerned, she was quick to reject her interlocutor’s suggestion that her trousers were a symbol of Health management views emancipation. “I strongly blame women who renounce their customary attire in Writing custom conclusions, the desire to help with homework, make themselves pass for men,” she affirmed. “If I had found that trousers suited my sex, I would have completely gotten rid of my skirts, but this is not the. case, nor have I ever advised my sisters of the palette to wear men’s clothes in the ordinary course of life.

If, then, you see me dressed as I am, it is not at Writing essays custom, all with the services, aim of making myself interesting, as all too many women have tried, but simply in order to facilitate my work. Remember that at a certain period I spent whole days in the slaughterhouses. Writing Essays Conclusions. Indeed, you have to love your art in order to live in pools of blood…I was also fascinated with horses, and where better can one study these animals than at Health views, the fairs…? I had no alternative but to realize that the Writing essays custom conclusions, garments of help with my us history my own sex were a total nuisance. Custom. That is why I decided to ask the Prefect of Police for the authorization to wear masculine clothing. 21 But the costume I am wearing is my working outfit, nothing else.

The remarks of fools have never bothered me. How To A Good And Contrast Thesis. Nathalie [her companion] makes fun of them as I do. Conclusions. It doesn’t bother her at College, all to essays custom, see me dressed as a man, but if you are even the slightest bit put off, I am completely prepared to put on I need my us a skirt, especially since all I have to do is to open a closet to find a whole assortment of feminine outfits.” 22. Yet at the same time Rosa Bonheur is forced to admit: “My trousers have been my great protectors…Many times I have congratulated myself for having dared to break with traditions which would have forced me to abstain from certain kinds of work, due to the obligation to drag my skirts everywhere…” Yet the famous artist again feels obliged to qualify her honest admission with an Writing essays conclusions, ill-assumed “femininity”: “Despite my metamorphoses of costume, there is not a daughter of College application assistance nursing Eve who appreciates the niceties more than I do; my brusque and Writing essays conclusions even slightly unsociable nature has never prevented my heart from remaining completely feminine.” 23. It is somewhat pathetic that this highly successful artist, unsparing of herself in the painstaking study of animal anatomy, diligently pursuing her bovine or equine subjects in the most unpleasant surroundings, industriously producing popular canvases throughout the course of a lengthy career, firm, assured and I need history incontrovertably masculine in essays custom conclusions, her style, winner of a first medal in the Paris Salon, Officer of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the services analysis views, Order of Isabella the Catholic and the Order of Leopold of Belgium, friend of Queen Victoria—that this world-renowned artist should feel compelled late in Writing essays, life to justify and qualify her perfectly reasonable assumption of masculine ways, for any reason whatsoever, and to feel compelled to with my us history, attack her less modest trouser-wearing sisters at the same time, in order to satisfy the demands of her own conscience.

For her conscience, despite her supportive father, her unconventional behavior and the accolade of worldly success, still condemned her for not being a “feminine” woman. The difficulties imposed by such demands on the woman artist continue to essays, add to her already difficult enterprise even today. Compare, for example, the noted contemporary, Louise Nevelson, with her combination of College essay nursing utter, “unfeminine” dedication to Writing essays conclusions, her work and her conspicuously “feminine” false eyelashes; her admission that she got married at 17 despite her certainty that she couldn’t live without creating because “the world said you should get married.” 24 Even in the case of these two outstanding artists—and whether we like The Horsefair or not, we still must admire Rosa Bonheur’s achievement—the voice of the feminine mystique with its potpourri of ambivalent narcissism and I need with history homework guilt, internalized, subtly dilutes and subverts that total inner confidence, that absolute certitude and self-determination, moral and esthetic, demanded by the highest and most innovative work in conclusions, art. We have tried to deal with one of the perennial questions used to challenge women’s demand for true, rather than token, equality, by examining the I need with my us history, whole erroneous intellectual substructure upon essays custom, which. the question “Why have there been no great women artists?” is based; by questioning the validity of the formulation of so-called “problems” in general and the “problem” of women specifically; and College application essay assistance nursing then, by probing some of the Writing essays conclusions, limitations of the Health analysis, discipline of Writing art history itself.

Hopefully, by stressing the study hepatitis viral, institutional —i.e. the public—rather than the conclusions, individual , or private, pre-conditions for achievement or the Evolve case, lack of it in the arts, we have provided a paradigm for essays custom conclusions the investigation of other areas in the field. By examining in some detail a single instance of deprivation or disadvantage—the unavailability of nude models to women art students—we have suggested that it was indeed institutionally made impossible for women to achieve artistic excellence, or success, on the same footing as men, no matter what the potency of their so-called talent, or genius. The existence of a tiny band of help with my us homework successful, if not great, women artists throughout history does nothing to gainsay this fact, any more than does the existence of a few superstars or token achievers among the members of any minority groups. And while great achievement is Writing essays rare and I need help with homework difficult at best, it is still rarer and more difficult if, while you work, you must at custom conclusions, the same time wrestle with inner demons of How to write a good compare thesis self-doubt and guilt and outer monsters of ridicule or patronizing encouragement, neither of which have any specific connection with the quality of the art work as such. What is important is that women face up to the reality of their history and of their present situation, without making excuses or puffing mediocrity. Disadvantage may indeed be an excuse; it is not, however, an intellectual position. Rather, using as a vantage point their situation as underdogs in the realm of essays custom grandeur, and Health services analysis outsiders in that of ideology, women can reveal institutional and intellectual weaknesses in general, and, at Writing essays conclusions, the same time that they destroy false consciousness, take part in Complete results, the creation of institutions in which clear thought—and true greatness—are challenges open to anyone, man or woman, courageous enough to Writing essays conclusions, take the necessary risk, the leap into the unknown. 1. Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics , New York, 1970, and Mary Ellman’s Thinking About Women , New York, 1968 provide notable exceptions. 2. “Women Artists.” Review of Die Frauen in die Kunstgeschichte by Ernst Guhl in The Westminster Review (American Edition), LXX, July, 1958, 91–104. I am grateful to Elaine Showalter for having brought this review to my attention. 3. See, for example, Peter S. How To Compare. Walch’s excellent studies of Writing custom Angelica Kauffmann or his unpublished doctoral dissertation, Angelica Kauffmann , Princeton, 1968, on Essay the subject; for Artemisia Gentileschi, see R. Ward Bissell, “Artemisia Gentileschi—A New Documented Chronology,” Art Bulletin , L (June), 1968, 153–168.

4. New York, 1968. 5. John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women (1869) in Three Essays by John Stuart Miff, World’s Classics Series, London, 1966, p. 441. 6. For the relatively recent genesis of the emphasis on the artist as the Writing essays conclusions, nexus of esthetic experience, see M. Case Study Viral. H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition , New York, 1953, and Maurice Z. Shrader, Icarus: The Image of the Artist in French. Romanticism , Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1961. 7. Writing Custom Conclusions. A comparison with the Health analysis views, parallel myth for women, the Cinderella Story, is revealing: Cinderella gains higher status on the basis of a passive, “sex-object” attribute—small feet—whereas the Boy Wonder always proves himself through active accomplishment. For a thorough study of Writing essays custom myths about Complete results artists, see Ernst Kris and Otto Kurz, Die Legende vom Kunstler: Ein Geschichtlicher Versuch , Vienna, 1934. 8. Writing Essays Custom Conclusions. Nikolaus Pevsner, Academies of Art, Past and Present , Cambridge, 1940, p. 96f. 9. Contemporary directions—earthworks, conceptual art, art as information, etc.—certainly point away from emphasis on the individual genius and his salable products; in art history, Harrison C. and Cynthia A. White’s Canvases and Careers: Institutional Change in the French Painting World , New York, 1965, opens up a fruitful new direction of investigation, as did Nikolaus Pevsner’s pioneering Academies of How to a good thesis Art . Ernst Gombrich and Pierre Francastel, in Writing essays custom conclusions, their very different ways, always have tended to view art and the artist as part of a total situation rather than in lofty isolation. 10.

Female models were introduced in the life-class in Berlin in 1875, in Stockholm in 1839, in Naples in 1870, at the Royal College of Art in London, after 1875. As A Friend. Pevsner, op. cit. , p. 231. Female models at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts wore masks to hide their identity. as late as about 1866—as attested to essays conclusions, in a charcoal drawing by Thomas Eakins—if not later. 12. H. C. and C. How To Write Thesis. A. White, op. cit. , p. 51. 14. Mrs. Ellis, The Daughters of Writing conclusions England: Their Position in Society, Character, and Responsibilities (1844) in The Family Monitor , New York, 1844, p. 35.

16. Patricia Thomson, The Victorian Heroine: A Changing Ideal , London, 1956, p. Help With My Us History Homework. 77. 17. H. C. an d C . A. White, op. cit. , p. 91 . 18. Anna Klumpke, Rosa Bonheur: Sa Vie, son oeuvre, Paris, 1908, p. 311.

19. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique , New York, 1963, p. Writing Custom Conclusions. 158. 20. A. Klumpke, op. cit. I Need Help. , p. 166. 21. Paris, like many cities even today, had laws against impersonation on its books. 22. A. Klumpke, op. cit. , pp. 308–309. 24. Cited in Elizabeth Fisher, “The Woman as Artist, Louise Nevelson,” Aphra , I (Spring), 1970, p. 32.

Author: Linda Nochlin is professor of art history at Vassar. Her book on Realism (Penguin) will come out essays this winter. This article is Complete my assignment results based on a section of the anthology Woman in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness , to Writing essays custom, be published by Basic Books in April. A version of this story originally appeared in the January 1971 issue of ARTnews on page 22 under the title “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” Linda Nochlin on Feminism Then and and contrast essay thesis Now. Retrospective: Eight Artists Reply. Copyright 2017, Art Media ARTNEWS, llc. 110 Greene Street, 2nd Fl., New York, N.Y. Conclusions. 10012. All rights reserved.

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ancient times essay Those who study antiquity would do well to consider life in earlier times compared to life in the West in the 21st century. Essays Custom? The technological differences are staggering but other differences, including population and world view, are equally daunting. Health Services Management Views? In a time without cell phones, computers, telephones, automobiles, refrigerators, and all of the beeps, buzzes and noises of modern life, silence was common. In a time when the world’s population was less than 50 million, solitude was common. In a time when populations lived or died according to the size of their local annual harvest, austerity was the norm. Custom Conclusions? This paper will mention only a few. By design, man has always received information from the world outside of himself through his senses. However, in How to write a good and contrast ancient times the senses of man were limited in what they could experience by the local environment. Today such limitations are far less. It is important to note that while the ancients had a smaller variety of stimuli to observe, they may have observed more deeply than we do today.

In antiquity, man was governed by the realities of nature in a way that few people living today can even imagine. Sundials, water clocks and other devices were used to tell time in the ancient world, but mechanical clocks were not invented until the early Renaissance. The rhythms of the seasons dictated schedules. The greatest force available to man in the ancient world was the pulling force of an ox or horse and the pushing force of the essays custom, wind or water. Thus man’s ability to lift and move was limited (although as the builders of the pyramids demonstrated, impressive). Application Assistance Nursing? Man can walk about three to four miles per hour over moderate terrain, and custom conclusions, camel and donkey caravans averaged about the same speed.

The typical day’s journey was 25 to 30 miles although it was possible to go faster if the Essay, roads were good. Roads were made of dirt until the Roman era and trouble from essays custom, highwaymen was common. Camels needed to spend up to I need history, two months in between long journeys to recuperate. Essays Conclusions? Caravan routes followed established trails or roads between water points. Fodder had to be brought along, with roughly 30 loads of write and contrast essay fodder for every 100 loads of merchandise. Each camel would carry loads of up to custom, 300 lbs. A Good Compare And Contrast? Typical cargos were wool, cotton, tea, spices, precious stones, and manufactured goods. A caravan might include 150 camels, roughly eight files of 18 camels per file, for a total of 22.5 tons (45,000 lbs). Water transportation was by rowing or sailing ships. Depending upon the winds and the current, triremes (ancient Greek ships with rows and conclusions, sails) typically traveled six to seven miles per hour and travel up to 60 miles per How to write a good compare essay thesis day.

Most ships would stay close to the shore and anchor at night to avoid running aground unless they were in very familiar seas. By 240 BC, the Greeks were using cargo ships which were each capable of carrying 500 tons (1,000,000 lbs). It is little wonder that sea trade was far cheaper than land trade. Writing Custom? By contrast, modern trucks can travel 400 miles in one day while carrying 24 tons (48,000 lbs one twenty foot equivalent unit TEU). Essay On Books As A? Modern ultra large container vessels (ULCV) can carry up to 15,000 TEUs. Thus one modern ULCV can carry up to 15,000 truckloads of cargo. Health was one of the greatest differences. Writing Essays Conclusions? As late as England in the 18th century, 25 women died for every 1000 babies born. According to estimates using data from the Roman Empire, about 300 of every 1000 newborns died before completing their first year. I Need Help With History Homework? Abortion and infanticide, common practices, artificially elevate that number, but modern non-industrial societies sometimes have infant mortality rates of up to 200/1000. Average life expectancy was 25 years, but people who lived into adulthood probably made it to their 60s or 70s.

By contrast, modern life expectancy at Writing essays custom birth is 75 to 80 years in the Western world and infant mortality is roughly three to five deaths per 1,000 births. Maternal mortality is roughly 10 deaths per 100,000 live births. Libraries have been written on this topic, but students of services analysis history and historical documents such as the Bible should be aware of these important facts. Essays? A clearer understanding of the lives of our ancestors will help us better understand their thoughts, actions, and lives. Health Management Views? It will also help us better identify the lessons of custom history and Evolve case hepatitis, apply them to essays, our world today. 19 Responses to Some Differences in Life between the Ancient and Modern Worlds. I like it gives us knowledge so I will tell everyone please read this site. it is on books very good i like it. Fine ok good. Few points are useful. than for that information. Prosperous, but its better to give more vividly. i i like it muaaah.

It is a fascinating article,thanks. it gives me a very good information so thanku. Tell also about cloths. thanks, it helped me. I really like it. It gives knowledge. i learn alot after all. Essays? This slideshow requires JavaScript. Proverbs 8:18 Riches and my assignment, honor [are] with me; [yea], durable riches and righteousness. Proverbs 13:20 Walk with the wise and become wise, for a companion of Writing custom fools suffers harm. This slideshow requires JavaScript. Prayer focuses the power of God on Complete, the problems of man.

We at the MD Harris Institute pray in Writing essays custom word, in image, and in case study viral song. We pray in the power of the Spirit of Jesus Christ and in accordance with the Holy Bible. We pray informed by science, by medicine, and by essays, history. Contact us on the Comment Page. Complete Results? The more specific you are, the Writing essays conclusions, more effective intercession will be. Be honest, lest your duplicity bring a curse upon you. Prayer is not something to a good compare and contrast, be trifled with. This slideshow requires JavaScript. Something good happened to you?

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The more specific you are, the more effective your blessing will be. In addition to praying for you, provide your mailing address and we will send a letter with a written blessing. Bear in mind that we will bless you as God speaks to us, not necessarily as you may expect or even desire. Team members at How to write the MD Harris Institute do not curse others (Luke 6:28, Romans 12:14). However, we do pray against evil and against conclusions evildoers. This slideshow requires JavaScript. Counsel focuses the wisdom of as a God on the problems of man (James 1:5-7). Let us know about what is essays vexing you and we will respond with good counsel applicable passages from the Bible, articles from the MD Harris Institute, and wisdom from other sources. We will also pray for write compare and contrast essay, divine wisdom for you. Turkey and Central Asia Nature and History.

This slideshow requires JavaScript. This slideshow requires JavaScript. MD Harris Institute Recommended Christian Reading List. Mere Christianity C.S. Lewis. Screwtape Letters C.S. Conclusions? Lewis. Knowing God – J.I. Packer.

The Pilgrim’s Progress – John Bunyan. The Pursuit of Holiness – Jerry Bridges. Purpose Driven Life – Rick Warren. My Utmost for His Highest – Oswald Chambers. MD Harris Institute Recommended Military Reading List. The Art of and contrast essay War – Sun Tzu.

History of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides. On War Carl von Clausewitz. Infanterie greift an (“Infantry Attacks”) – Erwin Rommel. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 – Alfred Thayer Mahan. MD Harris Institute Recommended Political Reading List. Conclusions? The Clash of Civilizations Samuel Huntington. The Federalist Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

Democracy in America Alexis de Tocqueville. The US Declaration of Independence – Thomas Jefferson.

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Eliminating foreign investment restrictions for certain telecommunications companies. Further Developing Canada’s Financial Sector Advantage. The Government is proposing new initiatives that will further ensure that our financial system remains strong and that it benefits all Canadians. Conclusions? Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes: Introducing legislative amendments to views support central clearing of standardized over-the-counter derivative transactions, and to reinforce Canada’s financial stability framework. The Government will introduce enhancements to the governance and oversight framework for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, and is moving forward with a legislative framework for covered bonds. Improving Conditions for essays custom, Business Investment.

In a competitive global economy, Canadian entrepreneurs and businesses need a competitive and viral, efficient tax system, a modern regulatory system, a well-functioning financial system and access to international markets. This solid foundation allows Canadian firms to Writing essays create jobs and growth by my assignment results exploiting opportunities at home and abroad. The Government has a proven record of support for entrepreneurship, investment and growth. Conclusions? Since 2006, the Government has worked to Essay on books as a promote investment and reduce regulatory impediments to business growth. As well, the stimulus phase of Canada’s Economic Action Plan provided unprecedented levels of funding to support the Writing essays renewal of economically vital public infrastructure across the country. It is no surprise that Forbes magazine ranked Canada as the number one country in services management, the world for doing business in 2011, citing our strong economic recovery and essays custom, competitive tax system, among other factors. Economic Action Plan 2012 will continue the Government’s work to improve business conditions in Canada. College Application Essay Nursing? To this end, the Government will: Support responsible resource development. Invest in our natural resources.

Expand trade and open new markets for Writing custom, Canadian businesses. Keep taxes low for job-creating businesses. Improve economic conditions for farmers and fishermen. Strengthen business competitiveness. Homework? Further develop Canada’s financial sector advantage. Major economic projects create jobs and custom conclusions, spur development across Canada. In 2010, natural resource sectors employed over write compare thesis, 760,000 workers in communities throughout the country. In the next 10 years, more than 500 major economic projects representing $500 billion in new investments are planned across Canada.

A significant element of this economic boost is represented by Canada’s unique oil sands industry, which employs over 130,000 people while generating wealth that benefits all Canadians. This contribution is increasing: a recent study by the Canadian Energy Research Institute estimates that in the next 25 years, oil sands growth will support, on average, 480,000 jobs per year in Canada and will add $2.3 trillion to our gross domestic product. Increasing global demand for resources, particularly from emerging economies, will create new economic and job opportunities from which all Canadians will benefit. Canadians will only reap the benefits that come from our natural resources if investments are made by the private sector to bring the resources to market. Writing Essays Conclusions? Yet those who wish to invest in our resources have been facing an increasingly complicated web of rules and bureaucratic reviews that have grown over on books, time, adding costs and delays that can deter investors and undermine the essays custom economic viability of major projects. To maximize the value that Canada draws from our natural resources, we need a regulatory system that reviews projects in a timely and transparent manner, while effectively protecting the environment. The Government recognizes that the existing system needs comprehensive reform.

The Government will bring forward legislation to implement system-wide improvements to my assignment achieve the goal of “one project, one review” in a clearly defined time period. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to streamline the review process for Writing essays custom, major economic projects, support consultation with Aboriginal peoples, and strengthen pipeline and marine safety. Modernizing the a good essay Regulatory System for Project Reviews. The Government will propose legislation to Writing streamline the review process for major economic projects. Since 2006, the Government has been working to College essay assistance streamline the custom conclusions review process for friend, major economic projects so that projects proceed in a timely fashion while protecting the environment. For example, in 2010 the Writing custom conclusions Government amended the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act to allow assessments to start sooner and reduce duplication, and created participant funding programs to ensure meaningful public engagement in on books as a friend, the review process. These steps have made a difference, but more needs to be done. Currently, companies undertaking major economic projects must navigate a complex maze of regulatory requirements and processes. Approval processes can be long and conclusions, unpredictable. Delays and red tape often plague projects with few environmental risks.

Under the current system, thousands of Essay on books friend smaller projects with little or no risk to custom the environment are caught up in the federal environmental review process. The types of small projects that can be needlessly subjected to lengthy reviews include construction of a new pumping house for the expansion of a maple syrup plant, and the replacement of an existing culvert under a causeway. By forcing these thousands of low-risk projects to go through the review process, the current system draws resources away from How to compare thesis projects that have the greatest impact on the environment. This approach is not economically sound or environmentally beneficial. In the custom conclusions federal government alone, accountability for assessments rests with dozens of departments and agencies, each with its own mandate, processes, information needs and College application nursing, timelines. Writing Essays Conclusions? This leads to duplication and a needless waste of write essay thesis time and custom, resources. For example:

Enbridge proposed a new $2-billion pipeline connecting Hardisty, Alberta to Health services management views Gretna, Manitoba. Due to multiple approval processes, federal departments made their decisions on the project two years after the National Energy Board’s approval of the project. Areva Resources Canada has proposed the construction and operation of a uranium mine and mining facilities in northern Saskatchewan, with capital investment of Writing conclusions up to $400 million and up to 200 construction jobs. There was a 19-month delay in starting the environmental assessment. Study Hepatitis Viral? The federal lead department changed midway through the environmental review, which added unnecessary complexity.

The NaiKun Wind Energy Group is proposing to develop a 396-megawatt offshore wind energy project in Hecate Strait off the northeast shores of Haida Gwaii in British Columbia. Writing Essays? The company estimates that the project would have a capital investment of $1.6 billion and would create up to with my us history homework 200 construction jobs. The federal decision to approve the process came 16 months after the Writing provincial decision. The starting point of Essay on books federal environmental assessments can also be unpredictable, which can cause lengthy delays. The Rabaska Partnership, for instance, is essays, proposing to help my us homework construct and operate a liquefied natural gas terminal near Beaumont and Lévis, Quebec, including a marine jetty to receive tankers, on-shore facilities, and a new 50-kilometre pipeline to connect to existing natural gas transmission networks.

It took almost two years before the custom federal panel began its review. Health? Similarly, the federal environmental assessment for the project began 10 months after Canpotex Terminals Limited and Prince Rupert Port Authority submitted a project description proposing to construct a 13-million-tonnes-per-year potash export terminal with a deepwater marine wharf in Prince Rupert, British Columbia. The proponents estimate that the project would have a capital investment of $750 million and would create up to Writing essays custom conclusions 800 jobs during construction. A further complication is overlapping federal and provincial regulatory requirements and services management, processes that require a high degree of coordination. For example, an application for the Joslyn North Mine Project, an oil sands mine located in northern Alberta, was submitted to the Province of Alberta in 2006. A federal environmental assessment did not begin until 2008 and a decision to approve the project was issued by Writing essays custom the responsible federal department in write a good and contrast, December 2011. The Lower Churchill Generation Project includes two hydroelectric power generating facilities on the lower section of the Churchill River in Labrador. A description of the project was submitted to Writing custom the federal and provincial governments in 2006, an environmental assessment began in 2007 and the responsible federal departments approved the project in March 2012.

Under a modernized regulatory review system, defined timelines will apply to environmental assessments, including for panel reviews of projects such as the Lower Churchill Generation Project. Both levels of government have recognized an urgent need to reduce duplication. [Federal, provincial and territorial ministers] reaffirmed their commitment to working toward the shared objective of one-project/one-review for our environmental assessments and associated regulatory processes to position Canada for College, long-term growth and conclusions, job creation while maintaining the highest standard of environmental protection. Annual Energy and Mines Conference Communiqué, July 2011. Currently, over $3 billion in provincially approved projects are stranded in the mire of federal process and delay. This is unacceptable. Time is money.

Duplication is waste. Tax dollars are limited. Evolve Case Study? We cannot afford to hold investment and jobs hostage. Byzantine bureaucratic practices have no place in the 21 s Century. British Columbia Speech from the Throne, February 2010. A positive area of cooperation between the federal government and provinces was the conclusion in 2011 of the Canada-Quebec Accord for the shared management of offshore petroleum resources. Writing Custom? By clarifying the roles and responsibilities of each level of government, this Accord will allow for the development of assistance nursing oil and gas resources in Writing conclusions, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, creating jobs and economic development while protecting fisheries and the environment. A modern regulatory system should support progress on economically viable major economic projects and sustain Canada’s reputation as an attractive place to invest, while contributing to better environmental outcomes.

Increased resource development activities can also offer new opportunities for assistance, Aboriginal businesses and can generate well-paying jobs for Aboriginal peoples near their communities. Writing Conclusions? There are steps the services management analysis Government can take to improve consultations with Aboriginal peoples when it contemplates conduct that might affect potential or established Aboriginal or Treaty rights. The Government will focus on essays custom four major areas to streamline the review process for major economic projects: Making the review process for major projects more predictable and timely. Reducing duplication and regulatory burden. Strengthening environmental protection. Enhancing consultations with Aboriginal peoples. The Government will propose legislation to modernize the federal regulatory system that will establish clear timelines, reduce duplication and regulatory burdens, and focus resources on large projects where the potential environmental impacts are the greatest. These measures will accelerate project development and directly lead to the creation of high-paying, high-quality jobs including for engineers, tradespeople and other skilled workers. The resulting economic activity will stimulate additional job creation across the College nursing country.

Major Projects Management Office Initiative. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $54 million over two years to renew the Major Projects Management Office initiative. The Major Projects Management Office initiative has helped to custom transform the approvals process for major natural resource projects by College shortening the average review times from 4 years to just 22 months, and improving accountability by monitoring the performance of federal regulatory departments. More than 70 major projects are currently benefitting from the system-wide improvements made possible by the initiative (see map). To continue to support effective project approvals through the Major Projects Management Office initiative, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $54 million over two years. Major Projects Management Office Initiative: Current Projects. Major Economic Projects Benefitting From the essays custom conclusions Major Projects Management Office Initiative. Horn River Natural Gas Pipeline (British Columbia)

The Horn River Natural Gas Pipeline project connects natural gas supply from northeastern British Columbia to an existing pipeline infrastructure. The Major Projects Management Office initiative coordinated the federal review of the Health views project and approval was granted in February 2011, 17 months after receiving the description of the project. Groundbirch Natural Gas Pipeline (Alberta and British Columbia) The federal review of the essays Groundbirch Natural Gas Pipeline project was coordinated by the Major Projects Management Office initiative. A description of the pipeline, which would cross from Alberta into British Columbia, was submitted to the Office in case, November 2008 and custom conclusions, the project was approved within 17 months in April 2010. Bakken Oil Pipeline (Manitoba and Saskatchewan) The Bakken Oil Pipeline, which will transport oil from Saskatchewan to my assignment Manitoba, was approved by Writing essays custom the federal government within 17 months in March 2012. The review of the project, which was expected to trigger statutory and regulatory obligations for several departments, was coordinated by services management analysis the Major Projects Management Office after receiving a project description in October 2010. Detour Lake Gold Mine (Ontario) Approval for the Detour Lake Gold Mine project was granted by the Minister of the Environment in December 2011. A description of the open-pit mine project, which would be located in northeastern Ontario, was submitted in Writing essays custom, October 2009.

The Major Projects Management Office coordinated the review of the a good and contrast essay project, which was expected to trigger statutory and regulatory obligations for Writing custom, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Natural Resources Canada and Transport Canada, and help homework, the review of the project was completed in 14 months. Hebron Offshore Oil Development (Newfoundland and Labrador) ExxonMobil Canada Properties’ Hebron Offshore Oil Development project is a 19,000 to 28,000 cubic metres per day offshore oil production proposal located in the Jeanne d'Arc basin, approximately 340 kilometres offshore of St. John's. The proposal consists of an offshore oil production system and essays conclusions, associated facilities. A project description was submitted in March 2009 and the review was completed in as a, January 2012. Matoush Uranium Exploration (Quebec) The Matoush Uranium Exploration Ramp Access project involves the excavation of an exploration ramp to determine the possibility of a uranium mine within the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement territory located approximately 260 kilometres north of Chibougamau in Quebec. The project consists of a 2,405-metre ramp, at a maximum depth of 300 metres. Temporary structures will be built at the surface to support the underground exploration. The project description was submitted in Writing, September 2008 and write a good, the review was completed February 2012.

Consultation Under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $13.6 million over Writing essays custom, two years to support consultations with Aboriginal peoples. The Government is committed to consulting with Aboriginal peoples in the review of projects to ensure that their rights and interests are respected. Consultations can also facilitate discussions on How to write a good compare how Aboriginal peoples can benefit from the economic development opportunities associated with these projects. To support consultations with Aboriginal peoples related to projects assessed under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $13.6 million over two years to the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Supporting Responsible Energy Development. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $35.7 million over two years to support responsible energy development.

Safe navigation of oil tankers is very important to our Government. Oil tankers have been moving safely and regularly along Canada’s West Coast since the 1930s. Writing Essays Custom? For example, 82 oil tankers arrived at Port Metro Vancouver in 2011. With History Homework? Nearly 200 oil or chemical tankers visited the Ports of Prince Rupert and Kitimat over Writing essays custom conclusions, the past five years. They all did so safely. Oil tankers in Canada must comply with the safety and Complete my assignment results, environmental protection requirements of international conventions and, while in Canadian waters, with Canada’s marine safety regulatory regime. These requirements include double hulling of ships, mandatory pilotage, regular inspections and aerial surveillance. Any tanker built after July 6, 1993, must be double hulled to conclusions operate in Canadian waters. A double hull is study hepatitis, a type of hull where the bottom and sides of conclusions a vessel have two complete layers of my assignment results watertight hull surface. Tankers that are not double hulled are being gradually phased out. And, for large crude oil tankers, the phase-out date for single hulled vesselslike the Writing essays custom Exxon Valdezwas 2010, which means that all large crude tankers operating in our waters today are double hulled.

In compulsory pilotage areas, the Pacific Pilotage Authority requires tanker operators to take a marine pilot with local knowledge onboard before entering a harbour or busy waterway. In special circumstances, more stringent measures may be taken, including: requiring two pilots onboard oil tankers; escort tugs; additional training standards; and navigational procedures, restrictions and routing measures. Transport Canada also targets high-risk vessels entering Canadian ports. The department’s ship inspectors board and inspect foreign vessels, including oil tankers, entering Canadian ports to ensure they comply with all of our rules. In 2011, almost 1,100 inspections were carried out essay nursing, across Canada, 147 of them on oil tankers. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes further measures to support responsible energy development, including: New regulations which will enhance the Writing essays conclusions existing tanker inspection regime by strengthening vessel inspection requirements.

Appropriate legislative and regulatory frameworks related to oil spills, and emergency preparedness and response. A review of handling processes for oil products by an independent international panel of tanker safety experts. Improved navigational products, such as updated charts for shipping routes. Research to improve our scientific knowledge and understanding of How to a good compare essay marine pollution risks, and to manage the impacts on marine resources, habitats and users in the event of a marine pollution incident. These measures will ensure that pipelines in Canada are carefully monitored, environmental consequences are understood and Writing essays conclusions, emergency response is improved. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $35.7 million over two year to further strengthen Canada’s tanker safety regime and support responsible development. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $13.5 million over two years to strengthen pipeline safety.

The National Energy Board is an independent federal agency established to regulate international and interprovincial aspects of the oil, gas and electric utility industries, including international and interprovincial pipelines. To increase the number of I need with my us history inspections of oil gas pipelines from about 100 to 150 inspections per year, and double from 3 to 6 the number of Writing essays conclusions annual comprehensive audits to identify issues before incidents occur, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $13.5 million over two years to the National Energy Board. Funding for these activities will be fully cost-recovered from industry. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $47 million over Health, two years to the Northern Pipeline Agency . The Northern Pipeline Agency was created as a single window regulatory body to oversee the planning and essays custom conclusions, construction of essay assistance a major pipelinethe Alaska Pipelineto transport natural gas from Alaska through Canada to the lower 48 U.S. states. To carry out federal regulatory responsibilities related to the Alaska Pipeline Project, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $47 million over essays conclusions, two years to the Northern Pipeline Agency. This funding will be fully cost-recovered from industry. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $1 million over two years to amend metal mining regulations. Environment Canada is responsible for administering the key pollution prevention provisions under the Fisheries Act, including the associated Metal Mining Effluent Regulations. These regulations prescribe controls on the effluents and waste rock that can be deposited into certain bodies of Health services water. To address an existing regulatory gap and provide greater certainty for the mining industry in Canada, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $1 million over two years to Environment Canada to expand Metal Mining Effluent Regulations to non-metal diamond and coal mines. Investing in Our Natural Resources.

Canada’s rich natural resources contribute to jobs and growth in communities across the country. The energy and essays, mining sectors accounted for nearly 10 per cent of Canada’s gross domestic product (GDP) in Complete, 2010, and employed nearly 580,000 workers. Writing Essays Conclusions? Economic Action Plan 2012 announces new and renewed measures in support of energy and mineral exploration. Supporting Junior Mineral Exploration. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to extend the friend temporary 15-per-cent Mineral Exploration Tax Credit for conclusions, flow-through share investors for an additional year.

The temporary 15-per-cent Mineral Exploration Tax Credit for flow-through share investors helps junior exploration companies raise capital by providing an incentive to individuals who invest in flow-through shares issued to finance mineral exploration. This credit is in addition to the regular deduction provided for How to a good thesis, the exploration expenses “flowed through” from the issuing company. The credit is Writing essays custom conclusions, scheduled to expire on March 31, 2012. However, given ongoing global uncertainty and in support of the exploration efforts of junior exploration companies, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to extend the credit for an additional year, until March 31, 2013. It is estimated that the extension of this measure will result in College application essay assistance, a net reduction of federal revenues of $100 million over the 201213 to 201314 period. Supporting Offshore Oil Gas Exploration. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to essays conclusions amend the Coasting Trade Act to improve access to modern, reliable seismic data for offshore resource development. Offshore oil gas developments create jobs and support economic growth in Canada’s communities. Continued exploration activity is required to bring new projects to communities and sustain these economic benefits over the long term and depends on modern, reliable seismic technology and data. To advance exploration for new developments, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to amend the Coasting Trade Act to improve access to modern, reliable seismic data for offshore resource development. This will ensure private sector companies have the information they require to identify potential resource development opportunities.

Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $12.3 million over two years to analysis views continue to assess diamonds in the North. The natural resource sector in Canada’s North provides significant employment and Writing essays custom, business opportunities for Aboriginal peoples and communities. The Diamond Valuation and Royalty Assessment Program, operated by Aboriginal Affairs and services, Northern Development Canada, ensures that Canadians and Northerners benefit from the royalties associated with diamond production in Writing custom conclusions, the region. To renew the Diamond Valuation and Royalty Assessment Program, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $12.3 million over two years to Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. Expanding Trade and Opening New Markets for Canadian Businesses. Our country’s prosperity is Essay on books as a, linked to Writing conclusions reaching beyond our borders for economic opportunities that serve to grow Canada’s trade and investment. Open trade has long been a powerful engine for Canada’s economy. It is even more so in these globally challenging economic times.

Our Government understands the Essay on books importance of market openness to Writing custom conclusions the global economy and has shown continued leadership on the world stage by Essay on books as a opposing protectionism and trade-restrictive measures. Canada believes open markets create jobs and economic growth for people around the world. Deepening Canada’s trade and investment relationships in Writing essays custom conclusions, large and fast-growing export markets around the world is key to jobs and Health management views, growth. In less than six years, Canada has concluded new free trade agreements with nine countries: Colombia, Jordan, Panama, Peru, the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland), and most recently with Honduras. Writing Custom Conclusions? Canadian businesses and workers now have preferred export access and a real competitive edge in key markets around the world. Since 2007, Canada has concluded or brought into force foreign investment promotion and protection agreements with 10 countries (China, Peru, Latvia, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Romania, Madagascar, Jordan, Bahrain and Kuwait) and College essay assistance nursing, is in essays conclusions, active negotiations with 10 others, including India. Our Government recognizes that restrictions on imports and investment stifle our exporters and undermine competitiveness. Over the views past three years, the Government has removed many of essays Canada’s self-imposed trade costs to help businesses be more competitive. For example, since 2009, the Government has eliminated all tariffs on imported machinery and equipment, and manufacturing inputs to make Canada a tariff-free zone for industrial manufacturers, the first in the G-20. These actions are providing more than $410 million in annual tariff relief to Canadian businesses.

Such made-in-Canada measures have helpedand will continue to helpcreate jobs for Canadians, increase investment and College application assistance, innovation, and improve productivity. Canada’s Trade Plan for Jobs and Growth. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to intensify Canada’s pursuit of new and deeper trading relationships. Our Government understands that Canadians’ standard of Writing essays conclusions living and future prosperity depend on growing trade and essay assistance, investment. To that end, the Government is continuing to actively pursue new trade and investment opportunities, particularly with large, dynamic and fast-growing economies.

Canada-U. S. Writing Essays Conclusions? Border and Regulatory Action Plans. In December 2011, Canada and the United States took the biggest step forward in bilateral cooperation since the I need with my us history homework signing of the Writing essays North American Free Trade Agreement with the launch of the Action Plan on Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness and Essay, the Action Plan on conclusions Regulatory Cooperation. These agreements create a new, modern border for a new century. The Action Plan on Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness provides a practical road map for speeding up legitimate trade and travel across the Complete my assignment Canada-U.S. border, while enhancing security. In a typical year, more than $500 billion worth of two-way trade takes place between Canada and the U. S. The most conservative estimates suggest that inefficiencies at the Canada-U. S. border impose a direct cost on the Canadian economy of 1 per cent of GDP, or $16 billion a year.

Even a modest improvement in border efficiency will result in significant and lasting economic gains. The best place to deal with security issues is at the continental perimeter. Writing Essays Custom Conclusions? Smarter systems can reduce the needless inconvenience posed to manufacturers and travellers by multiple inspections of freight and baggage, i.e. goods should be once screened, twice accepted. Pilot projects at Prince Rupert and Montréal will begin soon. In addition to these pilot projects, the Government will take other measures to implement action plan commitments and other border improvements over the next two years. In order to benefit Canadian workers and businesses, our Government continues to strengthen its ties with China, now Canada’s second largest trading partner. In February 2012, Canada announced that after 18 years of negotiation Canada and China had concluded a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement. This landmark agreement will facilitate investment flows between Canada and China by providing a more stable and secure environment for investors on Complete my assignment both sides of the custom conclusions Pacific.

The potential for How to a good thesis, increased Canadian investment in China is Writing, significant given that China is expected to become the Complete my assignment world’s largest economy by 2020. Our Government will continue to actively engage with China to essays conclusions explore how to best enhance our growing bilateral trade and case study, economic relations. The Government is Writing, working to conclude negotiations toward a trade agreement with the European Union (EU). This agreement will improve access for Canadian businesses to the EU’s $18-trillion economy and 500 million consumers. The potential to Health services Canadian workers and their families from a Canada-EU free trade agreement include: A 20-per-cent boost in bilateral trade. A $12-billion annual boost to Canada’s economy.

Our Government is committed to building on Writing essays our strong ties with India to application essay create new opportunities and strengthen the economies of both countries. In November 2010, the Prime Minister announced the start of trade negotiations. This initiative underscores the dedication of essays both countries to meeting a mutual goal of tripling bilateral trade to $15 billion annually by 2015. A Joint Study Report concluded that a new Canada-India trade agreement could boost Canada’s economy by at least $6 billion, and directly benefit Canadian businesses and workers in sectors ranging from College essay primary agricultural, resource-related and chemical products to transportation, machinery and equipment, and Writing, services. In November 2011, the Prime Minister formally indicated Canada’s interest in joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations. The current TPP members represent an export market of 505 million people and a GDP of almost $17 trillion (2010). Active and Ongoing Engagement in the Asia-Pacific Region. In the past few years, our Government has been aggressively expanding commercial relations with the Asia-Pacific region to create jobs and economic benefits. The opportunities in this dynamic region are impressive.

Asia-Pacific markets have an Health services views economic growth rate that is two to custom three times the global average. Canada is maximizing opportunities for entrepreneurs through innovative trade, investment, air transport, and science and technology agreements. Other initiatives in the region include: Advancing the just-launched free trade agreement negotiations with Japan. Commencing exploratory discussions towards trade negotiations with Thailand. Adopting the Joint Declaration on Trade and Investment with the Association of write a good and contrast essay thesis Southeast Asian Nations to increase Canada’s trade and investment ties in the region. Writing? Signing air transport agreements with six Asia-Pacific countries. Canada recently approved the issuance of a 20-year licence to export liquefied natural gas from Kitimat, British Columbia to the Asia-Pacific region. This initiative will allow Canada to diversify its energy exports to growing markets in the Asia-Pacific region, further strengthening its trading partnerships with Asian economies. In the Americas region, Canada has concluded trade agreements with the United States, Mexico, Honduras, Panama, Costa Rica, Chile, Colombia and Peru. Together, Canadian exports to these countries made up over three-quarters (76.6 per cent) of write a good compare and contrast essay thesis Canada’s worldwide exports in 2010.

In June 2011, the Government announced that Canada is moving ahead with exploratory discussions to enhance its trade relationship with South America’s largest common market, Mercosur, whose members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Mercosur countries represent an export market of nearly 250 million consumers and account for almost three-quarters of all economic activity in South America. Canada wants to deepen its commercial presence in Africa to create opportunities for Canadian businesses and workers arising from custom conclusions Africa’s present and future economic growth. Opportunities in Africa for Canadian companies exist in sectors such as telecommunications, agriculture, energy, transportation, infrastructure, natural resources and education. In October 2011, Canada began negotiations towards a free trade agreement with Morocco, Canada’s first with an College essay African country. Deepening Canada’s Trade and Investment Ties in essays custom conclusions, Priority Markets: A Refreshed Global Commerce Strategy.

Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to refresh the Global Commerce Strategy through extensive consultations with Canada’s business community. In 2007, the Government launched the Global Commerce Strategy to respond to changes in the global economy and position Canada for long-term prosperity. The Global Commerce Strategy identified 13 priority markets around the world where Canadian opportunities and interests had the greatest potential for application essay, growth. This led to five years of Canadian leadership on the world stage in support of open trade, job creation, economic growth and prosperity for Canadians. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to refresh the essays conclusions Global Commerce Strategy through extensive consultations with Canada’s business community, including the very critical small and medium-sized businesses. An updated Global Commerce Strategy will align Canada’s trade and investment objectives with specific high-growth priority markets with an eye to study hepatitis ensuring that Canada is branded to its greatest advantage within each of Writing those markets. In what remains a fragile global economic climate, the new Global Commerce Strategy will be announced in 2013, and guide Canada’s trade plan in College application essay, priority markets going forward. US dollars, 2011)

Mercosur = Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Sources: International Monetary Fund; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Trade Measures to Support the Energy Industry. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to Writing essays custom restore the duty-free status of certain imported fuels used as manufacturing inputs in study hepatitis viral, energy and electricity production. Canada’s energy sector is a vital component of the Canadian economy. Recently, certain imported fuels used as manufacturing inputs in energy and electricity production became subject to a 5-per-cent tariff as a result of a Canada Border Services Agency ruling. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to restore the duty-free status of these inputs.

Eliminating this tariff will lower business costs by $30 million annually, improve the competitiveness of the Writing essays custom conclusions energy industry, including electricity generation in Newfoundland and Labrador, and case study hepatitis viral, maintain the Writing essays custom Government’s commitment to make Canada a tariff-free zone for industrial manufacturers. Economic Action Plan 2012 extends the temporary domestic powers provided to results Export Development Canada for an additional year. Since 2009, Export Development Canada (EDC) has provided additional financing support to Canadian exporters who were facing difficulties in meeting their financing needs due to the financial crisis. While credit conditions have continued to improve, credit availability remains limited in some areas, in part due to the impact of developments outside Canada on Writing essays conclusions foreign banks. College Application Essay Assistance? Canadian exporters have expressed a continuing desire for credit in key sectors. Since 2009, EDC has provided over Writing conclusions, $6 billion in a good, additional financing capacity using its temporary domestic powers. On March 8, 2012, the Writing essays conclusions Government extended the temporary domestic powers provided to EDC under Canada’s Economic Action Plan for an additional year (until March 12, 2013) to help meet the financing needs of Canadian exporters. The extension of EDC’s temporary domestic powers until March 2013 will support further assessment and consultation with stakeholders on EDC’s role in the domestic market. EDC will continue to focus its domestic lending activities on filling gaps in a manner that is Essay as a, coordinated with the Business Development Bank of Canada and complements the activity of private sector financial institutions. Streamlining Canada’s Trade Remedy System. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to consolidate Canada’s trade remedy investigation functions into one organization, under the Canadian International Trade Tribunal.

Canada’s continued support for trade liberalization is complemented by a strong and effective trade remedy system, which acts as an important safety valve for Canadian manufacturers harmed by unfairly traded imports. Canada’s trade remedy system is currently jointly administered by the Canada Border Services Agency and the Canadian International Trade Tribunal (CITT). In Budget 2011, the Government committed to Writing essays custom proposing initiatives to ensure Canada operates an efficient trade remedy system. To deliver on this commitment, the Government will introduce legislation to consolidate Canada’s trade remedy investigation functions into one organization, under the CITT. This restructuring will create efficiencies that will help the Government maintain and sustain an effective trade remedy system. This initiative will also cut red tape, making it less cumbersome for case hepatitis viral, Canadian businesses to take action against unfair trade, and will result in cost savings. In Budget 2011, the Government committed to review Canada’s foreign trade zone (FTZ)-like policies and programs to ensure that they are competitive, well marketed and efficiently administered. Consultations concluded in February 2012. The Government is Writing essays, carefully reviewing submissions to identify opportunities to reduce red tape and costs, facilitate access to existing programs, and improve efforts to promote our FTZ-like policies and programs as an integral part of Canada’s tax and tariff advantages.

The Government will respond to the submissions received in a timely manner. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to increase the value of goods that may be imported duty- and tax-free by Canadian residents returning from abroad after a 24-hour and results, 48-hour absence to $200 and $800, respectively. Every year, Canadians take some 30 million overnight trips outside of Canada, often returning with goods purchased abroad. Modernization of the rules applied to these purchases is long overdue. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes the most significant increase in the duty- and tax-free travellers’ exemptions in decades.

The travellers’ exemption allows Canadians to bring back goods up to a specified dollar limit without having to custom pay duties or taxes, including customs duty, Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax, federal excise levies and provincial sales and product taxes. The Government proposes to increase the value of goods that may be imported duty- and tax-free by Canadian residents returning from abroad after a 24-hour and 48-hour absence to Evolve case hepatitis viral $200 and $800, harmonizing them with U.S. Essays? levels. This measure will facilitate cross-border travel by streamlining the processing of returning Canadian travellers who have made purchases while outside Canada. This change will be effective beginning on June 1, 2012. It is estimated that this measure will reduce federal revenues by $13 million in 201213 and by $17 million in 201314. Tax Relief for Foreign-Based Rental Vehicles. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes tax relief for How to write a good compare, Canadian residents temporarily importing foreign-based rental vehicles to facilitate access to Canadian tourism destinations.

To facilitate access to Canadian tourism destinations, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to eliminate or reduce taxes on Writing essays custom foreign-based rental vehicles temporarily imported by Canadian residents, consistent with the Government’s commitment under the Federal Tourism Strategy. These changes will make it easier for Canadians who have been travelling abroad to return to Canada to continue their touring and travelling activities with a foreign-based rental vehicle. For example, a Canadian who takes a cruise from management British Columbia to Alaska and has been outside Canada for at least 48 hours would be able to rent a vehicle in Alaska and then enter the Yukon for touring purposes without having to pay taxes on that vehicle at the border. These changes will be effective starting June 1, 2012. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes improvements to Canada’s system of international taxation. Canada’s system of international taxation plays a key role in providing the right environment for essays custom conclusions, cross-border trade and investment. In 2007, the Government established the Advisory Panel on Canada’s System of International Taxation, chaired by Mr.

Peter Godsoe, with a mandate to provide recommendations to improve the fairness and competitiveness of Canada’s international tax rules. The Panel’s December 2008 report concluded that Canada’s system of international taxation is Evolve hepatitis, a good one that has served Canada well. At the same time, given that the competitiveness landscape is continually shifting, Canada’s international tax rules must constantly adapt to maintain an appropriate balance of competitiveness, simplicity, fairness, efficiency and custom conclusions, protection of the tax base. The Government has acted on case study a number of the Panel’s recommendations and made other incremental improvements to the system of international taxation. These past actions include: Repealing section 18.2 of the Income Tax Act, thereby providing tax support for Canadian multinational firms undertaking foreign investment. Narrowing the definition of taxable Canadian property, thereby improving the ability of Canadian businesses, including innovative high-growth companies that contribute to essays conclusions job creation and economic growth, to attract foreign venture capital. Ensuring that taxpayers have an opportunity to apply for refunds of tax withheld under section 105 of the Income Tax Regulations and section 116 of the Income Tax Act after a reassessment by the Canada Revenue Agency.

Proposing measures to simplify Canada’s tax rules for foreign affiliates. Proposing simplified and more targeted rules for foreign investment entities and non-resident trusts. Essay Friend? Proposing measures to counter schemes, often referred to as “foreign tax credit generators,” that were designed to shelter tax otherwise payable by conclusions artificially increasing foreign tax credits. Economic Action Plan 2012 introduces several additional improvements to respond to the report of the Panel. Details of these measures can be found in Annex 4. Going forward, the Essay on books as a friend Government will continue to Writing evaluate the on books as a friend report of the Panel and consider additional improvements to Writing custom conclusions Canada’s international taxation rules. Tax Treaties and Tax Information Exchange Agreements. The Government is actively negotiating and concluding tax treaties to reduce tax barriers to international trade and investment, strengthen Canada’s bilateral economic relationships, and create enhanced opportunities for Canadian businesses abroad. How To A Good And Contrast Essay? Since 2007: New tax treaties with Gabon, Greece and Turkey have come into conclusions force. Updated tax treaties and protocols with Finland, Italy, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland and the United States have come into force. New tax treaties with Colombia and Namibia have been signed.

New protocols to update tax treaties with Austria, Barbados, France, and Singapore have been signed. Negotiations to update the tax treaty with China have recently been concluded. Negotiations for College application essay nursing, a new tax treaty with Hong Kong have begun. Negotiations to update tax treaties with Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom have begun. Canada now has 89 tax treaties in force, 7 tax treaties and protocols signed but not yet in force, and 11 tax treaties under negotiation. The Government is essays custom, committed to Essay on books combating international tax evasion and to ensuring tax fairness by implementing the essays custom standard developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for the effective exchange of tax information. The Government, in its 2007 budget, extended the exemption for Essay as a friend, dividends received out of custom active business income earned by foreign affiliates resident in my assignment, tax treaty countries to also include active business income earned by foreign affiliates established in a jurisdiction that has agreed to a tax information exchange agreement (TIEA) with Canada. This provided non-tax treaty jurisdictions an incentive to enter into TIEAs with Canada. Since 2007, the Government has brought into force 13 TIEAs, signed 3 other TIEAs, and is actively negotiating TIEAs with 14 other jurisdictions, including negotiations recently launched with Panama. Fostering Sustainable Global Growth.

Persistent economic and financial difficulties in Europe and Writing essays conclusions, other parts of the world are hindering economic recovery. Canada is playing a leadership role in formulating global policy responses through institutions such as the G-20 and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and through its leadership of the Financial Stability Board, which is chaired by Bank of Canada Governor Mark Carney. Canada is also helping address development challenges through focused programs and initiatives that meet the study viral needs of the developing world. In September 2009, as part of its response to the global economic crisis, the G-20 created the Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth. The G-20 Framework is a forum where members identify and assess global economic risks and vulnerabilities, and coordinate policies designed to foster stronger, more sustainable and conclusions, balanced economic growth. Canada and Complete, India have co-chaired the Framework Working Group since its launch at custom conclusions the 2009 Pittsburgh Summit. In its capacity as co-chair, Canada has led the help my us history development of essays custom action plans that deal with pressing global economic concerns, and promote growth and prosperity across the globe. The considerable progress achieved through this process culminated in the Action Plan for Growth and Jobs agreed by Leaders in Cannes, France in November 2011, which set out a broad range of reforms covering the on books as a friend key policy areas across G-20 members. Writing Essays Custom? Looking ahead in 2012, Canada will continue to provide leadership in application assistance, developing an conclusions action plan for Leaders at the upcoming G-20 Summit in Los Cabos, Mexico.

The plan will monitor progress in meeting past commitments and develop new commitments as appropriate to address current global economic risks and vulnerabilities. Strengthening the Legitimacy and Effectiveness of the International Monetary Fund. The IMF is a key global institution in assisting the international community through economic crises. In order to support its continuing role, the Government of Canada is delivering on Evolve case study hepatitis viral its commitment to ratify a historic quota and governance reform agreement reached in 2010, which enhances the IMF’s capacity to provide support to the global economy. These actions should continue to Writing essays conclusions strengthen the legitimacy and effectiveness of the IMF. To support accountability to Canadians, the Government is College essay assistance nursing, enhancing the conclusions timeliness of its reporting on Canadian priorities and activities of the IMF and World Bank by aligning the timing of its annual report to Parliament and the public with the annual report on development assistance tabled annually in the Fall. Increasing the Impact of I need help homework Canadian Development Assistance. Canadians want to help the custom world’s poor, but they want assurances that their tax dollars are making a real difference in the lives of the people they are intended to help. In Budget 2007, the Government committed to an ambitious agenda to Health maximize the effectiveness of Canada’s international assistance efforts. Considerable progress has been made in delivering on our promise to make Canada’s aid more effective, particularly in the areas of accountability for resources and results, transparency, and the use of innovation to maximize the impact of aid.

Last year, Canada was the first to meet its G-8 commitment to double investments in sustainable agricultural development. Writing Essays Conclusions? Currently, we are leading global efforts on How to write compare and contrast essay thesis maternal, newborn and custom, child health, as agreed at Essay on books as a friend the G-8 meeting in Muskoka in 2010. The Canadian International Development Agency now delivers over 80 per cent of its bilateral assistance in a more focused set of countries, which allows Canada to play a more influential role in achieving enduring impacts in these countries. The Government has also taken significant steps to improve the transparency of our spending to Canadians and other countries, for essays, example by joining the services management analysis Open Government Partnership and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. In addition, Canada has supported development innovation, pioneering new approaches to maximize impact and leverage private sector capital to address global development challenges.

Canada’s strategic investments over the past several years are showing promising results including the accelerated introduction of pneumococcal vaccines to protect the lives of the world’s poorest children through the Advanced Market Commitment; progress by Grand Challenges Canada in tackling critical barriers to solving some of the most pressing global health challenges; and enhanced support for applied research that demonstrates sustained and measurable impacts on conclusions food security in Complete my assignment results, developing countries through the Canadian International Food Security Research Fund. Refocusing Canada’s Tariff Regime for Developing Countries. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to review Canada’s preferential tariff regime for developing countries. Since 1974, Canada has granted preferential market access to Writing imports from developing countries as a means to promote their economic growth and export diversification. The global economic landscape has changed considerably since then, including significant shifts in the income levels and trade competitiveness of help with certain developing countries. To respond to these developments and ensure that this form of development assistance is appropriately aligned with our development policy objectives, the Writing essays conclusions Government will undertake a comprehensive review of Canada’s General Preferential Tariff regime. Keeping Taxes Low for Job-Creating Businesses. A Competitive Business Tax System. This Government has implemented broad-based tax reductions that support investment and growth across the Canadian economy. The Government is delivering more than $60 billion of tax relief to job-creating businesses over services, 200809 and the following five fiscal years. Key actions include the following:

To spur business investment and improve productivity, the Government reduced the federal general corporate income tax rate to 15 per cent on January 1, 2012, from 22.12 per cent in 2007. Writing Conclusions? These tax reductions include the elimination of the corporate surtax in 2008 for all corporations. To help small businesses retain more of their earnings for investment, expansion and job creation, the Government cut the small business tax rate to 11 per cent in 2008 and increased the amount of Essay on books income eligible for this lower rate to $500,000 in 2009. To further spur investment in small businesses, the Government increased the Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption on qualified small business shares to custom conclusions $750,000 from $500,000 in write a good and contrast essay, Budget 2007, the first increase in the exemption since 1988. To remove a disincentive for business investment, the Government eliminated the federal capital tax in 2006.

The Government also provided the provinces with a temporary financial incentive to encourage them to eliminate their general capital taxes and to eliminate or replace their capital taxes on financial institutions with a minimum tax. The last of the provincial general capital taxes will be eliminated in 2012. Writing Conclusions? To better support cross-border trade and as a, investment and Canada’s participation in Writing essays conclusions, the global economy, the Government has improved Canada’s system of international taxation. To encourage investment to flow to its most productive uses and reduce the tax burden on capital investment, the Government improved the neutrality of the tax system by better aligning capital cost allowance rates with the useful life of assets. For example, in 2007, the capital cost allowance rate for manufacturing and processing buildings was increased to 10 per cent from 4 per cent, and the rate for computers was increased to 55 per cent from 45 per cent. Lower general corporate income tax rates and other tax changes have increased the expected rate of return on write compare and contrast essay thesis investment and reduced the cost of capital (Chart 3.2.1), giving businesses strong incentives to invest and hire in Writing essays custom conclusions, Canada.

Canada leads the G-7 with the I need with my us history lowest overall tax rate on new business investment. It excludes the resource and financial sectors and tax provisions related to Writing research and development. 2 OECD average excludes Canada. Source: Department of Finance. The competitiveness of Canada’s business tax system is supported by essay assistance third-party analysis. KPMG’s publication Competitive Alternatives 2010 rigorously analyzed the impact of federal, state, provincial and municipal taxes on business operations, concluding that business tax costs in the United States are more than 55 per cent higher than in Canada. According to the 2011 Forbes magazine feature, “The Best Countries for Business,” Canada is the number one jurisdiction for doing business among 134 countries studied. Essays? Economists Jack Mintz and Duanjie Chen published an 83-country report on tax competitiveness. Their most recent report shows that Canada went from being the College least tax competitive G-7 country in 2005 to the most tax competitive country in the G-7 in 2011. As shown in Chart 3.2.2, overall business investment in non-residential construction and machinery and essays conclusions, equipment in 2011 exceeded the pre-downturn peak of 2008, and investment intentions for 2012 are even stronger.

This business investment increases the amount of Essay as a machinery, equipment, information technology and other physical capital in Writing, the economy. How To Write A Good Compare And Contrast? A larger stock of conclusions capital, in turn, increases Canada’s productive capacity, creates jobs and raises living standards. Low taxes are supporting record-high business investment intentions. Source: Statistics Canada, Public and Private Investment Intentions . Helping Canadian businesses compete globally also requires collaboration with provincial and territorial governments. Study Viral? A number of Writing essays conclusions provinces have taken important actions to help my us history enhance Canada’s tax competitiveness and contribute to a strong foundation for custom, future growth. In addition, the Government of Canada has a number of tax agreements with its provincial and territorial partners that result in greater efficiency and simplicity of the case tax system, and work is ongoing to improve and enhance the application and administration of these agreements. Keeping taxes low for Canadian businesses is a cornerstone of this Government’s long-term plan for jobs, growth and prosperity. Enhancing the Neutrality of the Tax System. In 2009, along with other members of the G-20, the Government committed to “rationalize and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.” This builds on the Government’s 2006 commitment to examine opportunities to make the tax system more neutral across sectors, in Writing essays conclusions, order to my assignment help ensure that investment is directed towards its most productive uses. In support of these commitments, the Government announced in Budget 2007 and Budget 2011 the phase-out of all tax preferences for oil sands producers relative to the conventional oil gas sector. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to further Canada’s efforts toward rationalizing fossil fuel subsidies, reducing tax distortions and improving the allocation of custom conclusions investment and capital within the Canadian economy by phasing out tax preferences for resource industries.

Phasing Out the Atlantic Investment Tax CreditOil Gas and Mining. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to phase out the I need with my us Atlantic Investment Tax Credit for investments in Writing essays conclusions, the oil gas and mining sectors. The Atlantic Investment Tax Credit is a 10-per-cent credit available for Evolve case study, certain investments in new buildings, machinery and essays, equipment used in the Atlantic region and the Gaspé Peninsula. Currently, the credit supports investments in farming, fishing, logging, manufacturing and processing, oil gas, and Evolve viral, mining. The Canadian oil gas and mining sectors have generally been performing well, and investment by essays custom these industries in the Atlantic region is robust and growing. Recognizing this, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to phase out the Health services views Atlantic Investment Tax Credit for investments in Writing essays custom conclusions, the oil gas, and Essay on books as a friend, mining sectors. The change will help improve the neutrality of the tax system for Writing essays custom, the oil gas, and I need with my us homework, mining sectors across Canada and constitutes further action by essays custom conclusions Canada in support of the commitment by G-20 Leaders to rationalize and Health services management, phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies over the medium term.

Phasing Out the Corporate Mineral Exploration and Development Tax Credit. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to phase out the Corporate Mineral Exploration and Development Tax Credit. The mining sector has historically benefited from a number of targeted income tax preferences. As a first step in meeting the objective of Writing conclusions making the essay nursing tax system more neutral across mining and other industries, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to phase out the 10-per-cent Corporate Mineral Exploration and Development Tax Credit. Actions taken by the Government since 2006, including corporate income tax rate reductions and the elimination of the federal capital tax, have increased the competitiveness of Canada’s mining sector. The Corporate Mineral Exploration and Development Tax Credit is no longer necessary. This change is Writing essays, expected to increase federal revenues by approximately $10 million over the 201213 to 201314 period. Improving Economic Conditions for Farmers and Fishermen. Strengthening Agricultural Institutions. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $44 million over two years to transition the friend Canadian Grain Commission to a sustainable funding model.

The agriculture sector was one of the most resilient through the economic downturn. The near- and medium-term outlook for agricultural commodity prices and farm income is strong. In 2009, the essays agriculture and agri-food sector accounted for approximately 2 million jobs and 8 per How to write a good compare essay, cent of total GDP. With nearly $35.5 billion in exports, Canada is the world’s fifth-largest exporter of agriculture and food products. The coming year will see a focus on setting the right conditions for farmers and businesses in the agriculture and agri-food sector to compete and adapt. The Government will work with its provincial and territorial partners, and with industry, to develop a new federal-provincial-territorial agricultural policy framework to replace the current Growing Forward agreement in 2013. The new five-year framework agreement will set out essays, policies and programs to support a modern, innovative and Evolve study viral, market-oriented sector. This will include a refocused suite of Business Risk Management programs.

The Government is delivering on its long-standing promise to give Western Canadian farmers the Writing essays freedom to market their own wheat and barley on application essay the open market. An open market will attract investment, encourage innovation, create value-added jobs and contribute to a stronger economy. Writing Essays? The monopoly on the sale of Western Canadian wheat and barley for export and domestic human consumption will end as of August 1, 2012. The Government is committed to a smooth transition for farmers, which includes a viable, voluntary Canadian Wheat Board as part of an Health management analysis views open and competitive Canadian grain market. Efforts continue to essays conclusions modernize key institutions within the grain sector. To support its transition to write compare and contrast a sustainable funding model, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $44 million over two years to the Canadian Grain Commission as it updates its fee structure. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $10.5 million in 201213 to support key fisheries science activities. Commercial fishery operations employ approximately 80,000 people nationwide and generate approximately $6.8 billion in annual economic activity through fishing, aquaculture and processing. Scientific monitoring activities of key commercial stocks support conservation and sustainability objectives while increasing economic opportunity for essays custom conclusions, fishermen by allowing higher catch levels to be set with greater confidence. To support scientific activities of importance to industry, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes $10.5 million in 201213 for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

The Government will also take steps to allow the use of fishery resources to help generate revenues to pay for scientific activities. Strengthening Business Competitiveness. The Government will introduce targeted improvements to the foreign ownership review process and be introducing legislative amendments to lift foreign investment restrictions in the telecommunications sector for companies that hold less than a 10 per cent share of the total Canadian telecommunications market. Foreign investment provides significant benefits to Canada through knowledge, capital, access to new markets and compare and contrast, the creation of Writing high-value jobs across the results country. The Government is committed to an open investment framework that encourages foreign investment in Canada as well as Canadian business investment abroad, while safeguarding Canada’s interests. The Investment Canada Act requires the review of significant foreign investments in Canada in order to ensure that the investments bring a net benefit to our country. To help strengthen investor confidence, the Government will introduce targeted improvements to the administration of the Act in the interests of greater transparency while preserving investor confidentiality. With respect to the telecommunications sector in particular, the Government consulted with industry and consumer stakeholders on how to increase foreign investment in Writing essays custom conclusions, a way that would maximize economic and social benefits for Canadians. The Government heard that liberalization of foreign investment in the telecommunications sector can encourage greater competition by strengthening the position of new entrants, improving access to capital and enabling closer strategic partnerships.

Liberalization could also increase choice and lower costs for consumers, encourage innovation and improve productivity. The Government will be introducing amendments to write compare thesis the Telecommunications Act to lift the foreign investment restrictions in Writing essays custom conclusions, that Act for telecommunications companies that hold less than a 10 per cent share of the total Canadian telecommunications market. This targeted action will remove a barrier to investment for the companies that need it most, a key consideration as the upcoming wireless auction planned for 2013 is essay nursing, expected to be highly competitive and capital-intensive. The Government is continuing to reduce regulatory burden faced by businesses. Red tape hampers economic growth and erodes trust between government and citizens. The Government is Writing essays custom conclusions, committed to removing bureaucratic obstacles to businesses’ efforts to Complete my assignment results create jobs and growth. In January 2011, the Government created the Red Tape Reduction Commission, fulfilling a Budget 2010 commitment. After a year of extensive Canada-wide consultations, the Commission brought forward recommendations to reduce irritants to business that impede growth, competitiveness and innovation.

The Government responded earlier this year by implementing the “One-for-One” Rule. Under this rule, every time the Government adopts a new regulation, it must eliminate an existing one. When a new or amended regulation increases administrative burden on business, the Government will offsetfrom existing regulationsan equal amount of administrative burden costs on essays conclusions business. The President of the Treasury Board will develop an Action Plan to address the Commission’s Recommendations Report in the coming months to deliver better regulations that reduce frustration and lower costs for Canadian business. Red Tape Reduction Commission Membership. The Red Tape Reduction Commission was composed of Parliamentarians and members of the private sector: The Honourable Tony Clement, President of the Treasury Board, Lead Minister The Honourable Maxime Bernier, Minister of State (Small Business and Tourism), Chair of the Commission William Aho, Central Mechanical Systems, Ltd. Dean Allison, Member of Parliament (Niagara WestGlanbrook) Bernard Bélanger, Premier Tech Lois Brown, Member of I need help with my us history homework Parliament (NewmarketAurora) Stirling MacLean, WearWell Garments, Ltd. Cathy McLeod, Member of Parliament (KamloopsThompsonCariboo) The Honourable Rob Moore, Member of Parliament (Fundy Royal) Gord Peters, Cando Contracting, Ltd. Denis Prud’homme, former owner of Prud’homme Trucking Catherine Swift, Canadian Federation of Independent Business Chris Warkentin, Member of Parliament (Peace River) The Government is also committed to implementing the Canada-United States Action Plan on Regulatory Cooperation, announced on December 7, 2011, by Prime Minister Harper and Writing essays conclusions, President Obama.

The Action Plan contains 29 initiatives to align the regulatory approaches between Canada and I need help my us, the United States in areas of essays custom agriculture and food, transportation, health and personal care products, chemical management, the environment, and other cross-sectoral areas, without compromising health, safety or environmental protection standards. The Action Plan will help reduce barriers to I need with my us trade, lower costs for Writing essays conclusions, consumers and business, and create economic opportunities on nursing both sides of the border. Reducing the Tax Compliance Burden for Businesses. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes measures to reduce the tax compliance burden for small businesses and announces a number of administrative improvements by the Canada Revenue Agency. In PricewaterhouseCoopers’ 2012 international study analyzing the ease of paying taxes, Paying Taxes 2012: The Global Picture , Canada ranks higher than any other G-7 country based on the overall ease of complying with tax obligations. PricewaterhouseCoopers also identified Canada as a potential model for other countries’ tax systems from the essays custom perspective of a company filing and paying taxes. Reducing the Tax Compliance Burden Has Positive Results. The Canada-Ontario Tax Collection Agreement was amended to provide for federal administration of Ontario’s corporate taxes for taxation years that end after 2008. Write A Good Essay? PricewaterhouseCoopers estimated that this change reduces compliance costs by more than $135 million annually for Ontario businesses, by allowing for a single annual tax form, a single tax collector and one set of income tax rules. The frequency of tax remittance and filing requirements for small businesses in conclusions, the areas of income taxes, source deductions and sales taxes was reduced by measures introduced in Budget 2007.

More than 600,000 small businesses are able to case viral benefit from these changes, with the total number of filings and remittances for small businesses reduced by more than one-third. The definition of taxable Canadian property was narrowed in Budget 2010, thereby eliminating the need for tax reporting under section 116 of the Writing essays custom conclusions Income Tax Act for many investments. My Assignment Results? This improves the ability of Canadian businesses, including innovative high-growth companies that contribute to job creation and economic growth, to attract foreign venture capital. Through ongoing review and essays, revision of the tax system and its administration, the Government is continuing to essay thesis reduce the tax compliance burden, including the following actions proposed or announced in Economic Action Plan 2012. A Doubling of the Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax (GST/HST) Streamlined Accounting Thresholds. The GST/HST streamlined accounting methods simplify compliance for Writing essays conclusions, small businesses and public service bodies.

Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to double the thresholds for eligibility to use these methods so that more small businesses and public service bodies have access to essay nursing these simplified approaches. Simplified Administration for Partnerships. In order to reduce the workload for partnerships that want to file waivers, Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes to amend the Income Tax Act to provide the authority for conclusions, a single designated partner to case study hepatitis sign a waiver on behalf of all partners. Improvements to the Rules for Paying Eligible Dividends. Under existing rules, if a corporation wishes to pay dividends, and only a portion of those dividends would be eligible for an enhanced dividend tax credit, that portion must be paid as a separate dividend in order for investors to Writing essays custom conclusions be eligible to claim the enhanced dividend tax credit.

Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes amendments, for dividends paid on essay assistance nursing or after Budget Day, to Writing essays conclusions allow a corporation to case hepatitis viral pay a single dividend and designate a portion of it as an eligible dividend. Administrative Improvements That Enhance the Predictability of the Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SRED) Tax Incentive Program. Economic Action Plan 2012 announces administrative changes to the SRED tax incentive program that will improve its predictability and reduce the tax compliance burden. These initiatives will complement the SRED Policy Review Project currently underway, which will consolidate and clarify the administrative policies that are contained in about 70 documents pertaining to the SRED tax incentive program. Written Responses to Business Enquiries. As of April 16, 2012, businesses will be able to submit questions and receive answers to their specific business enquiries electronically using the Canada Revenue Agency’s (CRA’s) secure My Business Account portal. These written responses will provide businesses with increased confidence in the information provided by the CRA and thus greater certainty in their tax affairs. Expansion of Web Forms for Information Returns. The CRA’s Web Forms electronic filing application for Writing essays, information returns is an online service enabling the creation and secure filing of encrypted returns over the Internet, including the filing of original, additional, amended and cancelled slips. The CRA’s Web Forms service also validates data in real time, prompts the on books friend user to correct errors before filing slips, automatically calculates totals for the summary, and prints slips for recipients.

Web Forms now accepts 11 additional types of Writing essays returns, and the limit on the number of each type of form (e.g. T4) that can be issued using this simple approach has increased from 6 to 50 slips. Enhancements to the CRA’s Secure My Business Account Portal. The CRA’s My Business Account portal is College application essay nursing, a secure and convenient way to access business accounts online and perform certain transactions. For example, GST/HST returns have been able to be amended using My Business Account since April 2011. As of April 16, 2012, business owners will have the option to input an address change online, and balances such as Non-Capital Losses and Refundable Dividend Tax on Hand from the last five tax year-ends will be automatically displayed.

An Improved Business Section on the CRA’s Website. Modifications to the CRA’s website provide a “one-stop shop” for essays custom conclusions, businesses and a clear path to available electronic services with a new task-based web page. By improving the ability of businesses to find and use information and services on Evolve study the CRA’s website, this initiative responds to concerns raised during consultations held by the Red Tape Reduction Commission. Graduated Penalties for Late Filing. The Government recognizes that Canadians and businesses, particularly small businesses, invest time and effort to Writing conclusions voluntarily comply with tax laws. College Application Essay Nursing? Budget 2011 announced a CRA review of the penalty structure for essays, late-filed information returns. After working with the Canadian Federation of Independent Business and other organizations representing small businesses, the CRA has instituted a new administrative policy to ensure that these penalties are charged in Health services, a manner that is essays custom, both fair and reasonable. Where a business is unable to comply in a timely manner with a reporting obligation related to certain information returns, such as T4s, reduced penalties will be applied when the number of late-filed returns is small. Continued CRA Progress on Tax Fairness. Information on complaints and case study viral, disputes is now easier to access on the CRA website through revised web pages that are simpler to use and were put in place in December 2011.

Visibility will be further improved by Writing essays custom adding information on Evolve hepatitis viral recourse mechanisms to notices of assessment and reassessment. The CRA is also updating publications related to tax fairness and developing new content and new types of content, such as webinars on custom conclusions redress mechanisms. Economic Action Plan 2012 reaffirms the How to thesis Government’s commitment to essays custom conclusions continue exploring whether new rules for the taxation of corporate groups could improve the functioning of the corporate tax system. Budget 2010 announced that the Government would explore whether new rules for the taxation of corporate groupssuch as the introduction of a formal system of loss transfers or consolidated reportingcould improve the a good compare and contrast functioning of the corporate tax system. Public consultations held between November 2010 and Writing, April 2011 provided important feedback from results stakeholders that will be helpful going forward. Essays Custom Conclusions? Discussions with stakeholders, including the provinces and territories, are ongoing.

As a new system for the taxation of corporate groups would constitute a fundamental change to the Canadian corporate tax system, the Government will be taking into account the potential effects on taxpayers and the complexity of the tax system, any potential revenue impacts for College assistance nursing, federal, provincial and territorial governments, and the impact that a new system of group taxation could have on Writing essays custom conclusions federal-provincial and federal-territorial tax arrangements. If as a result of this exercise a new system of group taxation should be proposed, stakeholders will be consulted again on the specific design of the new system. Further Developing Canada’s Financial Sector Advantage. Canada’s financial system is widely considered to be one of the soundest, most resilient and best regulated financial systems in How to write essay thesis, the world. For the custom fourth year in a row, the World Economic Forum has recognized our banking system as the soundest in essay, the world. Five Canadian financial institutions were recently named to Bloomberg’s list of the world’s strongest banks, more than any other country. The Government has implemented a number of measures to maintain Canada’s financial sector advantage and reinforce the stability of the Writing sector. Economic Action Plan 2012 proposes new initiatives that will build on case study hepatitis the significant steps taken since 2008 to further ensure that our financial system remains strong and that it benefits all Canadians.

Fostering Stable, Competitive, Fair and essays custom conclusions, Efficient Capital Markets. In light of the Supreme Court’s securities reference, the Government is Evolve case hepatitis viral, consulting with provinces and territories, a number of which have reaffirmed their interest in working on conclusions a cooperative basis towards a common securities regulator. As part of the initiative to establish a Canadian securities regulator, in Complete, May 2010 the Government referred the proposed Canadian Securities Act to the Supreme Court of Canada for an opinion as to whether Parliament has the constitutional authority to enact the custom proposed legislation. On December 22, 2011, the Supreme Court determined that the proposed Act as drafted was not constitutionally valid under the Complete my assignment results general branch of the essays conclusions federal power to regulate trade and commerce. The Government of Canada respects this decision and College application essay nursing, will act in accordance with it. The Supreme Court also found that Parliament has a role with matters of genuine national importance and scope, including management of systemic risk and in ensuring fair and essays custom conclusions, efficient capital markets nationally. The Supreme Court indicated that “[t]he common ground that emerges is that each level of government has jurisdiction over some aspects of the regulation of securities and each can work in collaboration with the other to carry out its responsibilities”. Accordingly, the Government is consulting with provinces and territories, a number of which have reaffirmed their interest in working on a cooperative basis towards a common securities regulator. A common securities regulator would give Canada a competitive advantage by reducing unnecessary compliance costs for issuers, strengthening our ability to respond to financial instability, enhancing enforcement and better serving the needs of hepatitis viral all Canadians. Preserving the Stability and Strength of Canada’s Financial Sector.

The Government will introduce legislative amendments to support central clearing of standardized over-the-counter derivative transactions and to reinforce Canada’s financial stability framework. A well-capitalized financial sector and sound regulatory and supervisory system meant that financial institutions in Canada were better able to weather the 2008 global financial crisis than those in many other countries. The Government remains committed to essays custom maintaining this advantage. Canada has made significant progress in implementing the G-20 financial sector reform agenda and College nursing, will continue to play a leadership role in promoting sound financial sector regulation internationally. Through Economic Action Plan 2012, the Government will introduce legislative amendments to support central clearing of standardized over-the-counter derivative transactions, a key G-20 commitment, and to reinforce Canada’s financial stability framework. Enhancing the Governance and Oversight Framework for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. The Government will introduce enhancements to the governance and essays conclusions, oversight framework for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.

The Government is also moving forward with a legislative framework for covered bonds. The Government continuously monitors housing finance risks and takes action when necessary. Adjustments to the rules for government-backed insured mortgages were announced in July 2008, February 2010 and January 2011. In addition, in June 2011 Parliament approved legislation to I need with formalize arrangements with private mortgage insurers and Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), enhancing the Government’s ability to Writing essays manage risks arising from the write and contrast essay thesis mortgage insurance sector. As part of the Government’s continuous efforts to strengthen the housing finance system, the Writing essays Government will introduce enhancements to the governance and oversight framework for How to write compare and contrast, CMHC, contributing to the stability of the housing market and benefitting all Canadians. The Government will propose legislative amendments to custom conclusions strengthen oversight of CMHC and to ensure its commercial activities are managed in I need my us, a manner that promotes the stability of the conclusions financial system. The Government is moving forward with a legislative framework for covered bonds.

A legislative framework will support financial stability by helping lenders find new sources of funding and by application essay nursing making the market for Canadian covered bonds more robust. CMHC will be the administrator of this covered bond program, which will be available to federally and Writing essays, provincially regulated mortgage lenders in Canada. Improving Access to Capital for Health analysis views, Canadian Financial Institutions. The Government will introduce legislative amendments to allow public sector investment pools that satisfy certain criteria, including pursuing commercial objectives, to Writing essays conclusions directly invest in a Canadian financial institution, subject to approval by the Minister of Complete my assignment Finance. At present, many countries allow public sector investment pools to invest in financial institutions, while Canada provides for only limited access.

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The Government will introduce a preamble into the Bank Act to clarify the intent that all banking activities throughout Canada be governed exclusively by the same high-quality federal standards that have served Canadians so well, and to custom conclusions avoid the creation of services management analysis local and potentially inconsistent rules that threaten the uniform application of the essays custom federal banking regulatory framework. Clarifying the Separation of Insurance and Banking. As previously announced in December 2011, the Government will propose a legislative amendment to Essay as a clarify the prohibition against essays custom conclusions, banks offering life annuities or products of with my us history homework a similar nature. The Government has a long-standing policy of Writing custom separating the business of College application essay assistance insurance from the business of banking. This ensures that financial institutions are subject to essays conclusions the regulatory regime that properly addresses the risk that they undertake. Case Study Hepatitis Viral? In line with this policy, and as announced by the Minister of Finance in December 2011, the Government will propose a legislative amendment to Writing essays clarify the prohibition against banks offering life annuities or products of a similar nature. Continuing to Fight Counterfeit Bank Notes. Economic Action Plan 2012 provides $9.6 million over three years to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to continue the National Counterfeit Enforcement Strategy. In 2011, the College application essay assistance nursing Bank of Canada began to issue more-secure polymer bank notes. Writing? In transitioning to these new notes, the Evolve case hepatitis Government must guard against the risk that counterfeiters will attempt to liquidate their inventory of Writing essays custom conclusions older notes or seek to take advantage of the unfamiliarity of Essay on books friend Canadians with the new notes.

Economic Action Plan 2012 provides $9.6 million over three years to ensure that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police has the funding necessary to continue the Writing essays custom National Counterfeit Enforcement Strategy, first announced in Budget 2006. The National Counterfeit Enforcement Strategy provides dedicated resources for the enforcement, prosecution and prevention of currency counterfeiting. Since its inception, counterfeiting has been reduced from 470 parts per million in 2004 to 34 parts per million in 2011.