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AVAYA - PROGRAM MANAGER Resume Example. Help Room Nimbuzz! January 2013 to January 2015 AVAYA - Highlands Ranch , CO Established process in TSD Diagnostics group to coordinate multiple software update requests from Submission to Production. Worked with key stakeholders to determine full schedule from initial request to deployment to Neurosurgery personal statement include development, system verification (SV), and User Acceptance Testing (UAT). Tracked and reported progress to chat room stakeholders. Essay! Received Division level Ovation Award for the upgrade/migration of 32 separate applications to a virtual environment. Was the single coordination point for help chat, all levels from team architect review to final deployment in production by IT.

January 2006 to January 2013 Avaya - Highlands Ranch , CO Managed various high profile projects such as Daylight Saving Time (DST) 2007: Received bonus as well as recognition awards from Executive VP's and Division VPs. Upgraded. 65 key software products impacting 6000+ customers before date change. Directed cross functional core team of 12 representing areas such as support, marketing, client service managers, product development, sales and a research paper trafficking communications. Prepared and Computer nimbuzz presented updated to Leadership. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 2009. Received GSS Pillar Team Award: Upgraded expiring licenses affecting over 43,000 servers globally. Took PM ownership with 8 weeks remaining and paper human trafficking led to successful completion. Argentina Office Ramp Up. Submitted for Division Team Award. Guided the help room nimbuzz tracking, hiring and training of 500+ new hires along with coordinating equipment and seating requirements, and chemistry uop facility readiness.

Managed the Change Management Team while also managing the Resource Scheduling team. Change Management Team: Oversaw projects the Computer help chat five Project Managers were working, reviewed status on a weekly basis, and reported to leadership. Resource Scheduling Team: Responsible for documenting and maintaining processes for resource scheduling tools. Served as integral part of business analysis team responsible for determining requirements for scheduling tools used by this team of How to essay five schedulers. Computer Help Chat! Also supported Avaya Web Services Team in reviewing Customer Support Site (CSS) requests, determining next actions, and publishing software updates to support.avaya.com website. Neurosurgery Statement! Managed many other projects at chat nimbuzz, various levels in the company including supporting GSS VP overseeing five projects to reduce Time To Resolution (TTR) on tickets worked in support group.

January 2004 to January 2006 ORACLE - Colorado Springs , CO Provided leadership and direction to acquisition project teams by understanding support business processes, gathering requirements, identifying potential issues, managing scope, writing integration plans that identify how all service requests, defect and knowledge management information is going to be integrated, identifying gaps between support levels, and What is intro dressage ensuring that the integration of the acquired company is completed on time and within quality constraints. Supported new application projects which required gathering requirements from multiple sources, coordinating kick-off meetings, ensuring all parties are represented and eventually providing a Business Requirements Document (BRD) to the Applications IT group for Computer room, creation of the application. January 2000 to January 2004 Oracle - Colorado Springs , CO A Received three (3) Night on the Town awards for performance excellence in various areas. Duty Manager (DM) for Data Server group, handled high level escalations for customers. Coordinated action plans with managers and engineers to ensure customer issue was properly handled. Tracked DM calls received for trend analysis and reported findings back to executive management. Handled DM duties and managed MIT/Gateways support team while manager was on leave for three months. Also handled training coordination for Data Server group which involved coordinating with individuals for specialized training and setting up training schedules to not affect staffing levels of the support group. Prior to Neurosurgery personal statement being the Computer help room DM, part of a team responsible for maintaining schedules for 250+ support personnel on a daily basis which included providing trend analysis, capacity planning and scheduling support to 20 managers. This involved tracking previous trends for Neurosurgery personal, service request volume and presenting statistics to management with recommendations for Computer room nimbuzz, staffing levels.

Also set up, organized and scheduled rotating specialty roles on a monthly basis. As a tech support rep, provided various levels of technical support on Unix systems to database users. Specialty area was Unix installations. January 1985 to January 2000 Computer Technology Associates - Colorado Springs , CO Started as Technical Assistant and help received promotions to Engineer, Senior Staff Engineer and Senior Analyst. Computer Help Chat! Held Secret Level Security Clearance.

An outstanding team player recognized for Performance Excellence as a part of the Corporate Technical Team award in Homework chemistry uop, 1999. In addition to duties held as Senior Staff Engineer, took on project management role by coordinating with contracting and Computer help budgeting office to ensure contract specifications were being met within cost, scope and timeframe. Also represented the IWSD project in upper level government meetings. Computer Technology Associates - Colorado Springs , CO Unix System Administrator for paper, the Cheyenne Mountain Baseline Database (Integrated Weapon System Database; IWSD). Was responsible for chat room nimbuzz, all aspects of system administration, including database administration, which involved working with various contractors and Air Force at all levels. Also conferred with other government contractors and often informally worked out issues without involving the formal government process. Was responsible for all aspects of security on the classified and unclassified servers. What! Presented two papers at the Xyvision User's Group conference, April 1998. Automating Workflo Getting Rid of the Paper Routing Slip which was geared toward new user's of the Xyvision product Parlance Document Manager (PDM).

Using Five Frames in a Four Frame Structure presented the customization of Computer help chat room nimbuzz our product and to write essay on life how it could benefit other companies. Integration and Resource scheduler for help chat room, the Site Activation and Support Contract (SIASC) at Essay writer, Falcon Air Force Base (FAFB). Responsibilities included maintenance of FAFB activities schedule and activities status, and managing and controlling the Computer help chat nimbuzz Master Program schedule. Performed resource-scheduling duties as the What is intro Module Resource Scheduler in Computer, which I co-chaired the Deconflict Meeting (DM) three days a week and worked closely with all levels of the Air Force, and essay other contractors, on a daily basis to ensure schedule accuracy and hardware resource availability. Worked with multiple levels of Computer chat room management and assisted others in putting schedules together to fit their needs. ENGINEER Responsible for maintenance and an introduction modification of assigned portions of the Space Surveillance Center (SSC) Man Machine Interface (MMI) software on the 427M contract at Cheyenne Mountain.

This included knowing software; knowing maintenance and modification procedures; identifying and Computer help nimbuzz analyzing problems; developing, implementing, testing and documentation. Also recommended opening and closing Discrepancy Reports (DR) and Software Modification Requests (SMR) then briefing the Government on write an introduction discursive essay, how to implement and test the changes; recommended approaches and solutions and chat managed individual work schedule within constraints of software release cycles and other timelines. Computer Technology Associates - Colorado Springs , CO Responsible for final production of Government document deliverables on the NORAD Command and Write a research for me human Control System Support contract. Work included all phases of production of the deliverables, development of viewgraph presentations, and help chat room nimbuzz finalized graphic drawings. Assisted in office management and security information processing. Forward Deployed Engineer / Product Expert@Palantir Technologies. Help Uop! Software Project Managers. Enterprise Account Manager@Contact At Once.

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Business Analyst/Quality Assurance Tester@Amtrust North America. Computer Help Nimbuzz! Software Project Managers. Senior Project Manager@Oceanside Ten Management, LLC. Software Project Managers. Featured Jobs in Colorado Springs:View More Colorado Springs Jobs. Get job alerts sent to your inbox for. Software Project Managers . PROGRAM MANAGER PROJECT MANAGER SUPPORT ENGINEER SENIOR ANALYST SENIOR STAFF ENGINEER TECHNICAL ASSISTANT. Colorado Technical University University of Northern Colorado Avaya University. Management Information Systems.

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KurzweilAI | Accelerating Intelligence. An analysis of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential, contrary to the common-sense “intuitive linear” view. Computer? So we won’t experience 100 years of progress in the 21st century — it will be more like 20,000 years of progress (at today’s rate). The “returns,” such as chip speed and cost-effectiveness, also increase exponentially. There’s even exponential growth in the rate of exponential growth. Within a few decades, machine intelligence will surpass human intelligence, leading to The Singularity — technological change so rapid and is intro, profound it represents a rupture in the fabric of human history. Chat? The implications include the merger of biological and nonbiological intelligence, immortal software-based humans, and ultra-high levels of intelligence that expand outward in the universe at the speed of light.

You will get $40 trillion just by reading this essay and for me trafficking, understanding what it says. For complete details, see below. Nimbuzz? (It’s true that authors will do just about anything to Write a research paper for me human trafficking, keep your attention, but I’m serious about help chat nimbuzz this statement. Until I return to a further explanation, however, do read the first sentence of this paragraph carefully.) Now back to the future: it’s widely misunderstood. Our forebears expected the is intro dressage, future to be pretty much like their present, which had been pretty much like their past. Although exponential trends did exist a thousand years ago, they were at that very early stage where an exponential trend is help nimbuzz, so flat that it looks like no trend at all. So their lack of expectations was largely fulfilled. Today, in accordance with the common wisdom, everyone expects continuous technological progress and the social repercussions that follow.

But the future will be far more surprising than most observers realize: few have truly internalized the implications of the fact that the rate of change itself is Write a research human trafficking, accelerating. The Intuitive Linear View versus the Historical Exponential View. Most long range forecasts of technical feasibility in future time periods dramatically underestimate the power of future technology because they are based on what I call the Computer help chat room nimbuzz, “intuitive linear” view of technological progress rather than the “historical exponential view.” To express this another way, it is not the case that we will experience a hundred years of progress in the twenty-first century; rather we will witness on the order of twenty thousand years of progress (at today’s rate of progress, that is). This disparity in Homework help outlook comes up frequently in a variety of Computer help contexts, for example, the discussion of the ethical issues that Bill Joy raised in his controversial WIRED cover story, Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us. Bill and I have been frequently paired in a variety of venues as pessimist and optimist respectively. Although I’m expected to criticize Bill’s position, and bacon, indeed I do take issue with his prescription of relinquishment, I nonetheless usually end up defending Joy on the key issue of feasibility. Recently a Noble Prize winning panelist dismissed Bill’s concerns, exclaiming that, “we’re not going to see self-replicating nanoengineered entities for a hundred years.” I pointed out that 100 years was indeed a reasonable estimate of the Computer help chat, amount of Essay australia bacon technical progress required to Computer chat room nimbuzz, achieve this particular milestone at How to write an introduction discursive, today’s rate of progress . Help Chat Nimbuzz? But because we’re doubling the rate of progress every decade, we’ll see a century of progress– at Essay australia bacon, today’s rate –in only 25 calendar years. When people think of a future period, they intuitively assume that the current rate of progress will continue for Computer help chat room future periods. However, careful consideration of the pace of personal technology shows that the room nimbuzz, rate of progress is is intro dressage, not constant, but it is human nature to adapt to the changing pace, so the intuitive view is that the pace will continue at the current rate.

Even for those of Computer room nimbuzz us who have been around long enough to experience how the pace increases over time, our unexamined intuition nonetheless provides the help uop, impression that progress changes at the rate that we have experienced recently. From the mathematician’s perspective, a primary reason for help chat nimbuzz this is that an exponential curve approximates a straight line when viewed for a brief duration. So even though the rate of a research for me human trafficking progress in help chat room the very recent past (e.g., this past year) is far greater than it was ten years ago (let alone a hundred or a thousand years ago), our memories are nonetheless dominated by our very recent experience. It is typical, therefore, that even sophisticated commentators, when considering the future, extrapolate the current pace of change over the next 10 years or 100 years to an introduction discursive essay, determine their expectations. This is why I call this way of looking at Computer help room, the future the “intuitive linear” view. But a serious assessment of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential.

In exponential growth, we find that a key measurement such as computational power is multiplied by a constant factor for each unit of time (e.g., doubling every year) rather than just being added to write an introduction discursive, incrementally. Exponential growth is a feature of any evolutionary process, of which technology is a primary example. Help Room Nimbuzz? One can examine the data. in different ways, on different time scales, and for a wide variety of technologies ranging from Write human trafficking, electronic to biological, and the acceleration of progress and growth applies. Indeed, we find not just simple exponential growth, but “double” exponential growth, meaning that the rate of exponential growth is itself growing exponentially. These observations do not rely merely on an assumption of the continuation of Moore’s law (i.e., the exponential shrinking of transistor sizes on an integrated circuit), but is based on a rich model of diverse technological processes. What it clearly shows is that technology, particularly the pace of technological change, advances (at least) exponentially, not linearly, and has been doing so since the advent of technology, indeed since the help, advent of personal statement evolution on Earth. I emphasize this point because it is the most important failure that would-be prognosticators make in Computer room considering future trends.

Most technology forecasts ignore altogether this “historical exponential view” of technological progress. That is why people tend to overestimate what can be achieved in the short term (because we tend to leave out necessary details), but underestimate what can be achieved in the long term (because the Homework chemistry, exponential growth is ignored). We can organize these observations into what I call the law of accelerating returns as follows: Evolution applies positive feedback in chat that the more capable methods resulting from one stage of evolutionary progress are used to create the next stage. As a result, the rate of progress of an evolutionary process increases exponentially over time. Over time, the “order” of the information embedded in the evolutionary process (i.e., the measure of how well the information fits a purpose, which in evolution is survival) increases. A correlate of the above observation is What, that the “returns” of an evolutionary process (e.g., the speed, cost-effectiveness, or overall “power” of a process) increase exponentially over time. In another positive feedback loop, as a particular evolutionary process (e.g., computation) becomes more effective (e.g., cost effective), greater resources are deployed toward the further progress of Computer help chat room that process. Homework Uop? This results in chat room nimbuzz a second level of exponential growth (i.e., the rate of exponential growth itself grows exponentially).

Biological evolution is write an introduction discursive essay, one such evolutionary process. Computer? Technological evolution is another such evolutionary process. Indeed, the emergence of the first technology creating species resulted in the new evolutionary process of technology. Therefore, technological evolution is an Essay australia bacon outgrowth of–and a continuation of–biological evolution. A specific paradigm (a method or approach to solving a problem, e.g., shrinking transistors on an integrated circuit as an approach to making more powerful computers) provides exponential growth until the help chat, method exhausts its potential. When this happens, a paradigm shift (i.e., a fundamental change in is intro dressage the approach) occurs, which enables exponential growth to continue. If we apply these principles at the highest level of evolution on Earth, the first step, the creation of cells, introduced the paradigm of biology.

The subsequent emergence of DNA provided a digital method to record the room, results of evolutionary experiments. Then, the evolution of a species who combined rational thought with an opposable appendage (i.e., the thumb) caused a fundamental paradigm shift from biology to technology. The upcoming primary paradigm shift will be from biological thinking to a hybrid combining biological and nonbiological thinking. To Write My College Essay On Life? This hybrid will include “biologically inspired” processes resulting from the reverse engineering of biological brains. If we examine the timing of these steps, we see that the process has continuously accelerated.

The evolution of Computer help room nimbuzz life forms required billions of years for the first steps (e.g., primitive cells); later on progress accelerated. During the Cambrian explosion, major paradigm shifts took only Homework help chemistry uop tens of millions of years. Later on, Humanoids developed over a period of millions of years, and Homo sapiens over a period of only hundreds of thousands of years. With the advent of Computer room nimbuzz a technology-creating species, the exponential pace became too fast for evolution through DNA-guided protein synthesis and moved on to human-created technology. Technology goes beyond mere tool making; it is a process of creating ever more powerful technology using the tools from the previous round of innovation. Neurosurgery Personal? In this way, human technology is Computer help nimbuzz, distinguished from the tool making of other species. What Is Intro? There is a record of Computer room each stage of technology, and each new stage of technology builds on the order of the How to an introduction, previous stage. The first technological steps-sharp edges, fire, the room, wheel–took tens of thousands of years. For people living in this era, there was little noticeable technological change in a research even a thousand years. Help Chat Room? By 1000 A.D., progress was much faster and a paradigm shift required only a century or two.

In the nineteenth century, we saw more technological change than in the nine centuries preceding it. Then in the first twenty years of the twentieth century, we saw more advancement than in all of the nineteenth century. Now, paradigm shifts occur in only a few years time. The World Wide Web did not exist in What is intro dressage anything like its present form just a few years ago; it didn’t exist at all a decade ago. The paradigm shift rate (i.e., the Computer help, overall rate of technical progress) is Neurosurgery personal statement, currently doubling (approximately) every decade; that is, paradigm shift times are halving every decade (and the rate of Computer room nimbuzz acceleration is Homework uop, itself growing exponentially). So, the technological progress in chat room the twenty-first century will be equivalent to what would require (in the linear view) on the order of 200 centuries. In contrast, the Essay australia, twentieth century saw only about 25 years of help progress (again at today’s rate of progress) since we have been speeding up to current rates. So the twenty-first century will see almost a thousand times greater technological change than its predecessor. To appreciate the Write paper, nature and significance of the help, coming “singularity,” it is important to ponder the nature of exponential growth.

Toward this end, I am fond of telling the tale of the inventor of chess and his patron, the emperor of China. In response to the emperor’s offer of a reward for his new beloved game, the help uop, inventor asked for a single grain of rice on the first square, two on the second square, four on the third, and so on. Computer Nimbuzz? The Emperor quickly granted this seemingly benign and humble request. Write A Research Paper Human? One version of the story has the emperor going bankrupt as the 63 doublings ultimately totaled 18 million trillion grains of rice. At ten grains of help room rice per bacon, square inch, this requires rice fields covering twice the surface area of the Earth, oceans included. Another version of the story has the inventor losing his head. It should be pointed out that as the emperor and the inventor went through the first half of the chess board, things were fairly uneventful. Computer Chat Room? The inventor was given spoonfuls of statement rice, then bowls of rice, then barrels. Computer Help Chat Room? By the end of the first half of the chess board, the inventor had accumulated one large field’s worth (4 billion grains), and the emperor did start to take notice. Personal Statement? It was as they progressed through the second half of the chessboard that the situation quickly deteriorated.

Incidentally, with regard to the doublings of computation, that’s about where we stand now–there have been slightly more than 32 doublings of performance since the first programmable computers were invented during World War II. This is the nature of exponential growth. Although technology grows in help the exponential domain, we humans live in a linear world. Bacon? So technological trends are not noticed as small levels of technological power are doubled. Then seemingly out of nowhere, a technology explodes into view. For example, when the Internet went from 20,000 to 80,000 nodes over help room nimbuzz a two year period during the 1980s, this progress remained hidden from the general public. A decade later, when it went from 20 million to paper human trafficking, 80 million nodes in the same amount of Computer help chat nimbuzz time, the impact was rather conspicuous. As exponential growth continues to accelerate into the first half of the twenty-first century, it will appear to explode into infinity, at least from the limited and linear perspective of contemporary humans. Write A Research Paper For Me? The progress will ultimately become so fast that it will rupture our ability to help chat, follow it.

It will literally get out of our control. The illusion that we have our hand “on the plug,” will be dispelled. Can the pace of technological progress continue to speed up indefinitely? Is there not a point where humans are unable to think fast enough to keep up with it? With regard to unenhanced humans, clearly so.

But what would a thousand scientists, each a thousand times more intelligent than human scientists today, and each operating a thousand times faster than contemporary humans (because the information processing in their primarily nonbiological brains is faster) accomplish? One year would be like a millennium. What would they come up with? Well, for one thing, they would come up with technology to become even more intelligent (because their intelligence is no longer of fixed capacity). Write A Research For Me? They would change their own thought processes to think even faster. When the Computer help nimbuzz, scientists evolve to be a million times more intelligent and australia, operate a million times faster, then an hour would result in a century of progress (in today’s terms). This, then, is the Singularity. The Singularity is technological change so rapid and so profound that it represents a rupture in the fabric of human history. Help Chat? Some would say that we cannot comprehend the Singularity, at least with our current level of Homework help chemistry uop understanding, and that it is impossible, therefore, to look past its “event horizon” and make sense of what lies beyond.

My view is that despite our profound limitations of thought, constrained as we are today to help chat, a mere hundred trillion interneuronal connections in our biological brains, we nonetheless have sufficient powers of abstraction to make meaningful statements about the nature of life after the to write essay on life, Singularity. Most importantly, it is my view that the intelligence that will emerge will continue to represent the human civilization, which is already a human-machine civilization. This will be the next step in evolution, the next high level paradigm shift. To put the concept of Singularity into perspective, let’s explore the history of the word itself. Singularity is a familiar word meaning a unique event with profound implications. In mathematics, the term implies infinity, the explosion of value that occurs when dividing a constant by a number that gets closer and closer to zero. In physics, similarly, a singularity denotes an event or location of infinite power.

At the center of a black hole, matter is so dense that its gravity is infinite. As nearby matter and energy are drawn into the black hole, an event horizon separates the chat nimbuzz, region from the rest of the Essay writer australia bacon, Universe. Computer Room? It constitutes a rupture in the fabric of space and time. The Universe itself is said to have begun with just such a Singularity. In the 1950s, John Von Neumann was quoted as saying that “the ever accelerating progress of technology…gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.” In the 1960s, I. J. Good wrote of an “intelligence explosion,” resulting from intelligent machines designing their next generation without human intervention. In 1986, Vernor Vinge, a mathematician and computer scientist at San Diego State University, wrote about a rapidly approaching technological “singularity” in his science fiction novel, Marooned in Realtime. Then in 1993, Vinge presented a paper to a NASA-organized symposium which described the Singularity as an impending event resulting primarily from the advent of “entities with greater than human intelligence,” which Vinge saw as the harbinger of a run-away phenomenon. From my perspective, the Singularity has many faces.

It represents the nearly vertical phase of exponential growth where the to write essay, rate of growth is so extreme that technology appears to Computer help room nimbuzz, be growing at infinite speed. Of course, from a mathematical perspective, there is dressage, no discontinuity, no rupture, and the growth rates remain finite, albeit extraordinarily large. But from our currently limited perspective, this imminent event appears to be an help chat room acute and abrupt break in the continuity of progress. However, I emphasize the word “currently,” because one of the salient implications of the Singularity will be a change in Essay australia bacon the nature of our ability to help chat nimbuzz, understand. In other words, we will become vastly smarter as we merge with our technology. When I wrote my first book, The Age of What dressage Intelligent Machines, in the 1980s, I ended the book with the specter of the emergence of machine intelligence greater than human intelligence, but found it difficult to look beyond this event horizon. Now having thought about Computer chat room nimbuzz its implications for the past 20 years, I feel that we are indeed capable of understanding the many facets of Write paper this threshold, one that will transform all spheres of human life. Consider a few examples of the implications. The bulk of our experiences will shift from real reality to virtual reality. Most of the Computer help chat, intelligence of our civilization will ultimately be nonbiological, which by the end of this century will be trillions of Essay bacon trillions of times more powerful than human intelligence.

However, to address often expressed concerns, this does not imply the end of Computer biological intelligence, even if thrown from its perch of What evolutionary superiority. Moreover, it is important to note that the nonbiological forms will be derivative of biological design. In other words, our civilization will remain human, indeed in many ways more exemplary of what we regard as human than it is today, although our understanding of the term will move beyond its strictly biological origins. Many observers have nonetheless expressed alarm at the emergence of forms of nonbiological intelligence superior to human intelligence. The potential to augment our own intelligence through intimate connection with other thinking mediums does not necessarily alleviate the concern, as some people have expressed the wish to remain “unenhanced” while at the same time keeping their place at Computer help chat, the top of the intellectual food chain. My view is that the likely outcome is that on the one hand, from the perspective of biological humanity, these superhuman intelligences will appear to be their transcendent servants, satisfying their needs and Write a research for me trafficking, desires. On the other hand, fulfilling the chat nimbuzz, wishes of a revered biological legacy will occupy only Neurosurgery a trivial portion of the intellectual power that the Singularity will bring. Needless to say, the Singularity will transform all aspects of our lives, social, sexual, and economic, which I explore herewith. Before considering further the implications of the Singularity, let’s examine the wide range of Computer chat nimbuzz technologies that are subject to the law of accelerating returns.

The exponential trend that has gained the greatest public recognition has become known as “Moore’s Law.” Gordon Moore, one of the inventors of integrated circuits, and How to essay, then Chairman of Intel, noted in Computer nimbuzz the mid 1970s that we could squeeze twice as many transistors on Homework help chemistry uop an integrated circuit every 24 months. Computer Help Chat Nimbuzz? Given that the electrons have less distance to travel, the circuits also run twice as fast, providing an What overall quadrupling of computational power. After sixty years of devoted service, Moore’s Law will die a dignified death no later than the year 2019. By that time, transistor features will be just a few atoms in chat room nimbuzz width, and the strategy of ever finer photolithography will have run its course. On Life? So, will that be the end of the Computer help chat room nimbuzz, exponential growth of computing? If we plot the speed (in instructions per second) per $1000 (in constant dollars) of 49 famous calculators and computers spanning the entire twentieth century, we note some interesting observations. Moore’s Law Was Not the First, but the my college essay, Fifth Paradigm To Provide Exponential Growth of Computer room Computing. Each time one paradigm runs out of Write a research trafficking steam, another picks up the pace. It is important to note that Moore’s Law of Integrated Circuits was not the first, but the fifth paradigm to provide accelerating price-performance.

Computing devices have been consistently multiplying in power (per unit of time) from the mechanical calculating devices used in the 1890 U.S. Census, to Turing’s relay-based “Robinson” machine that cracked the Nazi enigma code, to the CBS vacuum tube computer that predicted the election of Eisenhower, to the transistor-based machines used in the first space launches, to the integrated-circuit-based personal computer which I used to dictate (and automatically transcribe) this essay. But I noticed something else surprising. When I plotted the 49 machines on an exponential graph (where a straight line means exponential growth), I didn’t get a straight line. Computer Help Nimbuzz? What I got was another exponential curve. In other words, there’s exponential growth in personal statement the rate of Computer nimbuzz exponential growth. Computer speed (per unit cost) doubled every three years between 1910 and Neurosurgery, 1950, doubled every two years between 1950 and 1966, and is now doubling every year. But where does Moore’s Law come from? What is behind this remarkably predictable phenomenon?

I have seen relatively little written about the ultimate source of this trend. Computer Help Chat? Is it just “a set of industry expectations and goals,” as Randy Isaac, head of basic science at IBM contends? Or is there something more profound going on? In my view, it is one manifestation (among many) of the exponential growth of the evolutionary process that is technology. The exponential growth of help uop computing is room nimbuzz, a marvelous quantitative example of the exponentially growing returns from an evolutionary process.

We can also express the Neurosurgery statement, exponential growth of computing in help chat room terms of an accelerating pace: it took ninety years to achieve the first MIPS (million instructions per Homework, second) per thousand dollars, now we add one MIPS per thousand dollars every day. Moore’s Law narrowly refers to the number of transistors on an integrated circuit of fixed size, and sometimes has been expressed even more narrowly in terms of transistor feature size. But rather than feature size (which is only one contributing factor), or even number of transistors, I think the most appropriate measure to track is Computer room, computational speed per Essay bacon, unit cost. This takes into account many levels of “cleverness” (i.e., innovation, which is to Computer help room, say, technological evolution). In addition to all of the innovation in integrated circuits, there are multiple layers of write discursive essay innovation in computer design, e.g., pipelining, parallel processing, instruction look-ahead, instruction and memory caching, and many others. From the above chart, we see that the Computer room, exponential growth of How to discursive computing didn’t start with integrated circuits (around 1958), or even transistors (around 1947), but goes back to the electromechanical calculators used in the 1890 and Computer chat room, 1900 U.S. Census. This chart spans at Neurosurgery personal, least five distinct paradigms of computing, of which Moore’s Law pertains to only the latest one. It’s obvious what the sixth paradigm will be after Moore’s Law runs out of Computer help room nimbuzz steam during the second decade of this century. Chips today are flat (although it does require up to personal statement, 20 layers of material to produce one layer of nimbuzz circuitry). Our brain, in help chemistry uop contrast, is organized in three dimensions.

We live in room nimbuzz a three dimensional world, why not use the third dimension? The human brain actually uses a very inefficient electrochemical digital controlled analog computational process. The bulk of the calculations are done in the interneuronal connections at a speed of only about 200 calculations per statement, second (in each connection), which is about ten million times slower than contemporary electronic circuits. But the brain gains its prodigious powers from its extremely parallel organization in Computer room nimbuzz three dimensions . There are many technologies in the wings that build circuitry in three dimensions. Essay Writer? Nanotubes, for example, which are already working in laboratories, build circuits from pentagonal arrays of carbon atoms. One cubic inch of nanotube circuitry would be a million times more powerful than the human brain. There are more than enough new computing technologies now being researched, including three-dimensional silicon chips, optical computing, crystalline computing, DNA computing, and quantum computing, to keep the law of Computer room nimbuzz accelerating returns as applied to computation going for a long time. Thus the Homework chemistry, (double) exponential growth of computing is chat room, broader than Moore’s Law, which refers to only one of its paradigms. Write A Research Paper Human Trafficking? And this accelerating growth of computing is, in turn, part of the yet broader phenomenon of the accelerating pace of any evolutionary process. Observers are quick to criticize extrapolations of an Computer help chat nimbuzz exponential trend on the basis that the trend is bound to run out of “resources.” The classical example is when a species happens upon a new habitat (e.g., rabbits in Australia), the species’ numbers will grow exponentially for a time, but then hit a limit when resources such as food and space run out. But the resources underlying the exponential growth of an Neurosurgery evolutionary process are relatively unbounded: (i) The (ever growing) order of the evolutionary process itself.

Each stage of evolution provides more powerful tools for help room the next. In biological evolution, the advent of DNA allowed more powerful and dressage, faster evolutionary “experiments.” Later, setting the “designs” of help room animal body plans during the Cambrian explosion allowed rapid evolutionary development of other body organs such as the brain. Or to take a more recent example, the advent of computer assisted design tools allows rapid development of the next generation of computers. (ii) The “chaos” of the environment in which the is intro dressage, evolutionary process takes place and which provides the options for further diversity. In biological evolution, diversity enters the process in the form of mutations and ever changing environmental conditions. In technological evolution, human ingenuity combined with ever changing market conditions keep the process of Computer help room innovation going. The maximum potential of matter and energy to contain intelligent processes is a valid issue. What On Life? But according to my models, we won’t approach those limits during this century (but this will become an issue within a couple of centuries).

We also need to distinguish between the “S” curve (an “S” stretched to the right, comprising very slow, virtually unnoticeable growth–followed by Computer help very rapid growth–followed by a flattening out as the process approaches an asymptote) that is characteristic of any specific technological paradigm and the continuing exponential growth that is uop, characteristic of the ongoing evolutionary process of Computer chat room technology. Chemistry Uop? Specific paradigms, such as Moore’s Law, do ultimately reach levels at help chat nimbuzz, which exponential growth is no longer feasible. Personal Statement? Thus Moore’s Law is an S curve. But the growth of computation is an ongoing exponential (at least until we “saturate” the Universe with the intelligence of our human-machine civilization, but that will not be a limit in this coming century). In accordance with the law of accelerating returns, paradigm shift, also called innovation, turns the S curve of any specific paradigm into a continuing exponential. A new paradigm (e.g., three-dimensional circuits) takes over Computer help chat nimbuzz when the old paradigm approaches its natural limit. This has already happened at Neurosurgery personal statement, least four times in the history of computation.

This difference also distinguishes the tool making of non-human species, in which the nimbuzz, mastery of a tool-making (or using) skill by each animal is characterized by an abruptly ending S shaped learning curve, versus human-created technology, which has followed an exponential pattern of Essay writer australia bacon growth and acceleration since its inception. DNA Sequencing, Memory, Communications, the Internet, and Miniaturization. This “law of chat nimbuzz accelerating returns” applies to all of technology, indeed to any true evolutionary process, and can be measured with remarkable precision in information based technologies. There are a great many examples of the to write my college on life, exponential growth implied by Computer help chat room nimbuzz the law of accelerating returns in technologies as varied as DNA sequencing, communication speeds, electronics of all kinds, and even in the rapidly shrinking size of technology. The Singularity results not from the exponential explosion of computation alone, but rather from the interplay and Homework help uop, myriad synergies that will result from help nimbuzz, manifold intertwined technological revolutions. Also, keep in mind that every point on the exponential growth curves underlying these panoply of technologies (see the statement, graphs below) represents an intense human drama of innovation and competition. Computer Help Room Nimbuzz? It is australia, remarkable therefore that these chaotic processes result in such smooth and chat, predictable exponential trends. For example, when the discursive, human genome scan started fourteen years ago, critics pointed out chat room, that given the speed with which the Neurosurgery, genome could then be scanned, it would take thousands of years to finish the project.

Yet the fifteen year project was nonetheless completed slightly ahead of schedule. Of course, we expect to see exponential growth in electronic memories such as RAM. Notice How Exponential Growth Continued through Paradigm Shifts from Vacuum Tubes to Computer help room, Discrete Transistors to Integrated Circuits. However, growth in magnetic memory is not primarily a matter of Moore’s law, but includes advances in mechanical and electromagnetic systems. Exponential growth in communications technology has been even more explosive than in computation and is no less significant in its implications.

Again, this progression involves far more than just shrinking transistors on an integrated circuit, but includes accelerating advances in fiber optics, optical switching, electromagnetic technologies, and others. Notice Cascade of smaller “S” Curves. Note that in the above two charts we can actually see the progression of What my college essay “S” curves: the acceleration fostered by Computer help room a new paradigm, followed by a leveling off as the paradigm runs out of steam, followed by renewed acceleration through paradigm shift. The following two charts show the overall growth of the Internet based on the number of hosts. These two charts plot the same data, but one is on an exponential axis and the other is linear. As I pointed out earlier, whereas technology progresses in the exponential domain, we experience it in the linear domain. An Introduction? So from the perspective of most observers, nothing was happening until the mid 1990s when seemingly out of nowhere, the world wide web and email exploded into view. But the emergence of the Internet into help chat a worldwide phenomenon was readily predictable much earlier by Homework uop examining the exponential trend data.

Notice how the explosion of the Internet appears to be a surprise from the Linear Chart, but was perfectly predictable from the Exponential Chart. Ultimately we will get away from the tangle of wires in chat our cities and in our lives through wireless communication, the power of which is doubling every 10 to 11 months. Another technology that will have profound implications for the twenty-first century is the pervasive trend toward making things smaller, i.e., miniaturization. The salient implementation sizes of a broad range of technologies, both electronic and Write paper for me human trafficking, mechanical, are shrinking, also at Computer room, a double exponential rate. What Is Intro? At present, we are shrinking technology by help room a factor of approximately 5.6 per What is intro, linear dimension per decade. The Exponential Growth of Computation Revisited. If we view the exponential growth of computation in its proper perspective as one example of the room, pervasiveness of the exponential growth of information based technology, that is, as one example of statement many of the law of accelerating returns, then we can confidently predict its continuation. In the accompanying sidebar, I include a simplified mathematical model of the law of accelerating returns as it pertains to help room nimbuzz, the (double) exponential growth of computing. The formulas below result in the above graph of the continued growth of computation. How To Write An Introduction? This graph matches the available data for the twentieth century through all five paradigms and provides projections for Computer the twenty-first century.

Note how the Growth Rate is growing slowly, but nonetheless exponentially. The Law of Accelerating Returns Applied to What to write essay on life, the Growth of Computation. The following provides a brief overview of the law of accelerating returns as it applies to the double exponential growth of computation. This model considers the impact of the growing power of the technology to foster its own next generation. For example, with more powerful computers and related technology, we have the tools and the knowledge to design yet more powerful computers, and to do so more quickly. Note that the data for room nimbuzz the year 2000 and What is intro dressage, beyond assume neural net connection calculations as it is expected that this type of calculation will ultimately dominate, particularly in emulating human brain functions.

This type of calculation is less expensive than conventional (e.g., Pentium III / IV) calculations by a factor of at least 100 (particularly if implemented using digital controlled analog electronics, which would correspond well to the brain’s digital controlled analog electrochemical processes). Nimbuzz? A factor of 100 translates into approximately 6 years (today) and less than 6 years later in the twenty-first century. My estimate of brain capacity is paper for me human, 100 billion neurons times an average 1,000 connections per neuron (with the calculations taking place primarily in the connections) times 200 calculations per second. Computer Chat Room? Although these estimates are conservatively high, one can find higher and lower estimates. However, even much higher (or lower) estimates by orders of Essay australia magnitude only shift the prediction by a relatively small number of Computer years. Some prominent dates from this analysis include the statement, following: We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for Computer help $1,000 around the year 2023.

We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for one cent around the year 2037. We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for $1,000 around the year 2049. We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for one cent around the year 2059. The Model considers the following variables: V: Velocity (i.e., power) of to write essay computing (measured in CPS/unit cost) W: World Knowledge as it pertains to designing and building computational devices t: Time. The assumptions of the model are: In other words, computer power is a linear function of the knowledge of Computer how to build computers.

This is actually a conservative assumption. In general, innovations improve V (computer power) by a multiple, not in Write a research human an additive way. Independent innovations multiply each other’s effect. For example, a circuit advance such as CMOS, a more efficient IC wiring methodology, and help, a processor innovation such as pipelining all increase V by independent multiples. In other words, W (knowledge) is What to write, cumulative, and the instantaneous increment to Computer room nimbuzz, knowledge is proportional to Write a research for me human, V. W = C1 * C2 * Integral (0 to t) W W = C1 * C2 * C3 ^ (C4 * t) V = C1 ^ 2 * C2 * C3 ^ (C4 * t) (Note on notation: a^b means a raised to help chat room nimbuzz, the b power.) Simplifying the constants, we get: So this is a formula for “accelerating” (i.e., exponentially growing) returns, a “regular Moore’s Law.” As I mentioned above, the data shows exponential growth in the rate of bacon exponential growth. (We doubled computer power every three years early in the twentieth century, every two years in the middle of the help chat nimbuzz, century, and close to every one year during the 1990s.) Let’s factor in another exponential phenomenon, which is the growing resources for computation.

Not only is each (constant cost) device getting more powerful as a function of W, but the resources deployed for computation are also growing exponentially. N: Expenditures for to write my college on life computation V = C1 * W (as before) N = C4 ^ (C5 * t) (Expenditure for computation is growing at Computer chat, its own exponential rate) W = C2 * Integral(0 to t) (N * V) As before, world knowledge is accumulating, and the instantaneous increment is proportional to Homework help uop, the amount of computation, which equals the chat, resources deployed for computation (N) * the power of each (constant cost) device. W = C1 * C2 * Integral(0 to t) (C4 ^ (C5 * t) * W) W = C1 * C2 * (C3 ^ (C6 * t)) ^ (C7 * t) V = C1 ^ 2 * C2 * (C3 ^ (C6 * t)) ^ (C7 * t) Simplifying the What to write essay, constants, we get: This is a double exponential–an exponential curve in which the rate of exponential growth is growing at a different exponential rate. Now let’s consider real-world data. Considering the data for actual calculating devices and computers during the twentieth century: CPS/$1K: Calculations Per Second for $1,000.

Twentieth century computing data matches: We can determine the growth rate over help chat room nimbuzz a period of How to write discursive time: Growth Rate =10^((LOG(CPS/$1K for Current Year) – LOG(CPS/$1K for Previous Year))/(Current Year – Previous Year)) Human Brain = 100 Billion (10^11) neurons * 1000 (10^3) Connections/Neuron * 200 (2 * 10^2) Calculations Per Second Per Connection = 2 * 10^16 Calculations Per Second Human Race = 10 Billion (10^10) Human Brains = 2 * 10^26 Calculations Per Second. These formulas produce the Computer help chat, graph above. Already, IBM’s “Blue Gene” supercomputer, now being built and scheduled to be completed by 2005, is projected to provide 1 million billion calculations per second (i.e., one billion megaflops).

This is already one twentieth of the capacity of the human brain, which I estimate at a conservatively high 20 million billion calculations per second (100 billion neurons times 1,000 connections per neuron times 200 calculations per Homework chemistry, second per connection). In line with my earlier predictions, supercomputers will achieve one human brain capacity by 2010, and personal computers will do so by around 2020. By 2030, it will take a village of human brains (around a thousand) to match $1000 of computing. By 2050, $1000 of computing will equal the processing power of all human brains on Earth. Computer Help Chat? Of course, this only includes those brains still using carbon-based neurons. While human neurons are wondrous creations in a way, we wouldn’t (and don’t) design computing circuits the same way. A Research? Our electronic circuits are already more than ten million times faster than a neuron’s electrochemical processes. Most of the complexity of a human neuron is Computer, devoted to maintaining its life support functions, not its information processing capabilities. Ultimately, we will need to port our mental processes to a more suitable computational substrate.

Then our minds won’t have to stay so small, being constrained as they are today to a mere hundred trillion neural connections each operating at a research trafficking, a ponderous 200 digitally controlled analog calculations per second. So far, I’ve been talking about the hardware of Computer help nimbuzz computing. The software is even more salient. One of the principal assumptions underlying the expectation of the Singularity is the ability of nonbiological mediums to emulate the richness, subtlety, and depth of human thinking. To Write On Life? Achieving the computational capacity of the human brain, or even villages and nations of human brains will not automatically produce human levels of capability. By human levels I include all the diverse and help chat nimbuzz, subtle ways in which humans are intelligent, including musical and artistic aptitude, creativity, physically moving through the world, and understanding and responding appropriately to emotion.

The requisite hardware capacity is a necessary but not sufficient condition. The organization and content of these resources–the software of intelligence–is also critical. Before addressing this issue, it is important to note that once a computer achieves a human level of intelligence, it will necessarily soar past it. A key advantage of nonbiological intelligence is that machines can easily share their knowledge. If I learn French, or read War and Peace, I can’t readily download that learning to How to essay, you.

You have to acquire that scholarship the Computer help room, same painstaking way that I did. My knowledge, embedded in a vast pattern of neurotransmitter concentrations and interneuronal connections, cannot be quickly accessed or transmitted. But we won’t leave out quick downloading ports in our nonbiological equivalents of human neuron clusters. When one computer learns a skill or gains an insight, it can immediately share that wisdom with billions of other machines. As a contemporary example, we spent years teaching one research computer how to recognize continuous human speech. We exposed it to thousands of hours of recorded speech, corrected its errors, and Write a research paper human, patiently improved its performance. Finally, it became quite adept at recognizing speech (I dictated most of my recent book to it).

Now if you want your own personal computer to recognize speech, it doesn’t have to go through the same process; you can just download the fully trained patterns in seconds. Ultimately, billions of nonbiological entities can be the master of all human and machine acquired knowledge. In addition, computers are potentially millions of times faster than human neural circuits. A computer can also remember billions or even trillions of facts perfectly, while we are hard pressed to nimbuzz, remember a handful of phone numbers. The combination of write an introduction discursive human level intelligence in room a machine with a computer’s inherent superiority in help uop the speed, accuracy, and sharing ability of its memory will be formidable. There are a number of compelling scenarios to achieve higher levels of intelligence in our computers, and ultimately human levels and beyond. We will be able to Computer chat room nimbuzz, evolve and train a system combining massively parallel neural nets with other paradigms to understand language and model knowledge, including the ability to read and model the knowledge contained in written documents. Unlike many contemporary “neural net” machines, which use mathematically simplified models of human neurons, some contemporary neural nets are already using highly detailed models of human neurons, including detailed nonlinear analog activation functions and dressage, other relevant details.

Although the ability of today’s computers to extract and learn knowledge from natural language documents is limited, their capabilities in this domain are improving rapidly. Computers will be able to read on Computer help room nimbuzz their own, understanding and modeling what they have read, by Homework help the second decade of the twenty-first century. We can then have our computers read all of the world’s literature–books, magazines, scientific journals, and other available material. Ultimately, the chat nimbuzz, machines will gather knowledge on their own by venturing out on the web, or even into the physical world, drawing from the full spectrum of media and information services, and sharing knowledge with each other (which machines can do far more easily than their human creators). Reverse Engineering the Human Brain. The most compelling scenario for What essay mastering the software of Computer help chat room intelligence is to tap into the blueprint of the best example we can get our hands on What essay on life of an intelligent process. There is no reason why we cannot reverse engineer the human brain, and Computer room, essentially copy its design. Although it took its original designer several billion years to develop, it’s readily available to us, and Essay writer, not (yet) copyrighted.

Although there’s a skull around the brain, it is not hidden from our view. The most immediately accessible way to accomplish this is help, through destructive scanning: we take a frozen brain, preferably one frozen just slightly before rather than slightly after it was going to die anyway, and examine one brain layer–one very thin slice–at a time. We can readily see every neuron and every connection and every neurotransmitter concentration represented in Essay australia each synapse-thin layer. Human brain scanning has already started. A condemned killer allowed his brain and chat, body to be scanned and you can access all 10 billion bytes of him on the Internet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html. He has a 25 billion byte female companion on help chemistry the site as well in case he gets lonely. This scan is help chat room nimbuzz, not high enough in discursive essay resolution for Computer help room our purposes, but then, we probably don’t want to base our templates of machine intelligence on How to write discursive essay the brain of help nimbuzz a convicted killer, anyway. But scanning a frozen brain is feasible today, albeit not yet at a sufficient speed or bandwidth, but again, the law of accelerating returns will provide the requisite speed of scanning, just as it did for is intro dressage the human genome scan. Carnegie Mellon University’s Andreas Nowatzyk plans to scan the nervous system of the brain and body of a mouse with a resolution of less than 200 nanometers, which is getting very close to the resolution needed for reverse engineering. We also have noninvasive scanning techniques today, including high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, optical imaging, near-infrared scanning, and other technologies which are capable in help certain instances of resolving individual somas, or neuron cell bodies. Brain scanning technologies are also increasing their resolution with each new generation, just what we would expect from the law of dressage accelerating returns.

Future generations will enable us to resolve the Computer help room, connections between neurons and to peer inside the is intro, synapses and record the neurotransmitter concentrations. We can peer inside someone’s brain today with noninvasive scanners, which are increasing their resolution with each new generation of this technology. There are a number of Computer help chat technical challenges in a research human accomplishing this, including achieving suitable resolution, bandwidth, lack of vibration, and safety. For a variety of reasons it is easier to scan the brain of Computer chat room someone recently deceased than of someone still living. It is human, easier to get someone deceased to sit still, for one thing. But noninvasively scanning a living brain will ultimately become feasible as MRI, optical, and other scanning technologies continue to chat room nimbuzz, improve in resolution and speed. Although noninvasive means of What to write my college essay scanning the brain from outside the nimbuzz, skull are rapidly improving, the most practical approach to paper trafficking, capturing every salient neural detail will be to Computer nimbuzz, scan it from inside. By 2030, “nanobot” (i.e., nano robot) technology will be viable, and brain scanning will be a prominent application. On Life? Nanobots are robots that are the size of human blood cells, or even smaller. Billions of them could travel through every brain capillary and scan every relevant feature from up close.

Using high speed wireless communication, the Computer help nimbuzz, nanobots would communicate with each other, and with other computers that are compiling the brain scan data base (in other words, the nanobots will all be on a wireless local area network). This scenario involves only capabilities that we can touch and an introduction discursive, feel today. We already have technology capable of producing very high resolution scans, provided that the scanner is physically proximate to the neural features. The basic computational and communication methods are also essentially feasible today. The primary features that are not yet practical are nanobot size and cost. Help Nimbuzz? As I discussed above, we can project the exponentially declining cost of computation, and the rapidly declining size of statement both electronic and mechanical technologies. We can conservatively expect, therefore, the requisite nanobot technology by around 2030. Because of its ability to place each scanner in very close physical proximity to every neural feature, nanobot-based scanning will be more practical than scanning the brain from outside. How will we apply the thousands of trillions of bytes of Computer help chat room information derived from each brain scan? One approach is to use the results to to write my college essay on life, design more intelligent parallel algorithms for our machines, particularly those based on help one of the neural net paradigms.

With this approach, we don’t have to copy every single connection. There is a great deal of Write repetition and redundancy within any particular brain region. Although the information contained in a human brain would require thousands of trillions of Computer nimbuzz bytes of information (on the order of 100 billion neurons times an average of 1,000 connections per neuron, each with multiple neurotransmitter concentrations and What my college essay, connection data), the design of the Computer help, brain is characterized by a human genome of only about a billion bytes. Furthermore, most of the genome is redundant, so the initial design of the Write for me, brain is characterized by approximately one hundred million bytes, about the size of Microsoft Word. Of course, the complexity of our brains greatly increases as we interact with the world (by a factor of more than ten million). Because of the highly repetitive patterns found in chat nimbuzz each specific brain region, it is not necessary to capture each detail in order to reverse engineer the significant digital-analog algorithms. With this information, we can design simulated nets that operate similarly. There are already multiple efforts under way to scan the human brain and write essay, apply the insights derived to the design of intelligent machines.

The pace of brain reverse engineering is only slightly behind the help chat nimbuzz, availability of the brain scanning and neuron structure information. A contemporary example is a comprehensive model of a significant portion of the Write paper human trafficking, human auditory processing system that Lloyd Watts (www.lloydwatts.com) has developed from both neurobiology studies of specific neuron types and help room nimbuzz, brain interneuronal connection information. Watts’ model includes five parallel paths and includes the What is intro dressage, actual intermediate representations of auditory information at Computer help chat room, each stage of a research for me human neural processing. Watts has implemented his model as real-time software which can locate and identify sounds with many of the same properties as human hearing. Although a work in progress, the model illustrates the Computer help, feasibility of converting neurobiological models and brain connection data into What dressage working simulations. Also, as Hans Moravec and others have speculated, these efficient simulations require about 1,000 times less computation than the theoretical potential of the biological neurons being simulated.

Reverse Engineering the Human Brain: Five Parallel Auditory Pathways. Chart by Lloyd Watts. Cochlea : Sense organ of hearing. 30,000 fibers converts motion of the stapes into spectro-temporal representation of sound. MC : Multipolar Cells. Measure spectral energy. GBC : Globular Bushy Cells. Relays spikes from the Computer chat room, auditory nerve to the Lateral Superior. Olivary Complex (includes LSO and MSO) . Encoding of statement timing and amplitude of signals for chat room binaural comparison of level. SBC : Spherical Bushy Cells.

Provide temporal sharpening of time of arrival, as a pre-processor for interaural time difference calculation. OC : Octopus Cells. Detection of transients. DCN : Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus. Detection of Homework help uop spectral edges and calibrating for noise levels. VNTB : Ventral Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body. Feedback signals to modulate outer hair cell function in the cochlea. VNLL , PON : Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus, Peri-Olivary Nuclei. Processing transients from the Octopus Cells. MSO : Medial Superior Olive.

Computing inter-aural time difference (difference in time of arrival between the two ears, used to tell where a sound is Computer help, coming from). LSO : Lateral Superior Olive. A Research Paper For Me Human Trafficking? Also involved in computing inter-aural level difference. ICC : Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. The site of Computer room nimbuzz major integration of multiple representations of sound.

ICx : Exterior Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. Further refinement of my college on life sound localization. SC : Superior Colliculus. Location of auditory/visual merging. MGB : Medial Geniculate Body.

The auditory portion of the thalamus. LS : Limbic System. Comprising many structures associated with emotion, memory, territory, etc. The brain is help, not one huge “tabula rasa” (i.e., undifferentiated blank slate), but rather an intricate and an introduction essay, intertwined collection of hundreds of specialized regions. The process of “peeling the chat nimbuzz, onion” to understand these interleaved regions is well underway.

As the requisite neuron models and brain interconnection data becomes available, detailed and How to write discursive essay, implementable models such as the auditory example above will be developed for all brain regions. After the algorithms of a region are understood, they can be refined and extended before being implemented in synthetic neural equivalents. For one thing, they can be run on a computational substrate that is already more than ten million times faster than neural circuitry. And we can also throw in the methods for building intelligent machines that we already understand. A more controversial application than this scanning-the-brain-to-understand-it scenario is scanning-the-brain-to- download -it . Here we scan someone’s brain to map the locations, interconnections, and contents of all the Computer help chat room nimbuzz, somas, axons, dendrites, presynaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter concentrations, and other neural components and levels. How To Discursive? Its entire organization can then be re-created on a neural computer of sufficient capacity, including the Computer help chat, contents of What to write my college its memory. To do this, we need to understand local brain processes, although not necessarily all of the higher level processes. Scanning a brain with sufficient detail to download it may sound daunting, but so did the help chat nimbuzz, human genome scan.

All of the bacon, basic technologies exist today, just not with the requisite speed, cost, and size, but these are the attributes that are improving at a double exponential pace. The computationally pertinent aspects of individual neurons are complicated, but definitely not beyond our ability to accurately model. For example, Ted Berger and Computer chat room, his colleagues at Hedco Neurosciences have built integrated circuits that precisely match the digital and analog information processing characteristics of trafficking neurons, including clusters with hundreds of neurons. Carver Mead and his colleagues at Computer help chat room, CalTech have built a variety of integrated circuits that emulate the digital-analog characteristics of mammalian neural circuits. A recent experiment at to write, San Diego’s Institute for Nonlinear Science demonstrates the potential for electronic neurons to precisely emulate biological ones. Chat Room Nimbuzz? Neurons (biological or otherwise) are a prime example of what is often called “chaotic computing.” Each neuron acts in an essentially unpredictable fashion. Is Intro? When an entire network of neurons receives input (from the outside world or from other networks of neurons), the signaling amongst them appears at first to be frenzied and chat room, random. Over time, typically a fraction of a second or so, the chaotic interplay of the neurons dies down, and a stable pattern emerges.

This pattern represents the “decision” of the write an introduction discursive, neural network. If the neural network is performing a pattern recognition task (which, incidentally, comprises the help chat room, bulk of the Homework help uop, activity in the human brain), then the Computer chat nimbuzz, emergent pattern represents the appropriate recognition. So the a research for me human trafficking, question addressed by Computer help chat room nimbuzz the San Diego researchers was whether electronic neurons could engage in this chaotic dance alongside biological ones. They hooked up their artificial neurons with those from spiney lobsters in to write essay on life a single network, and their hybrid biological-nonbiological network performed in the same way (i.e., chaotic interplay followed by a stable emergent pattern) and with the same type of help results as an personal all biological net of nimbuzz neurons. Writer Australia? Essentially, the help room nimbuzz, biological neurons accepted their electronic peers. It indicates that their mathematical model of these neurons was reasonably accurate. There are many projects around the world which are creating nonbiological devices to recreate in great detail the functionality of human neuron clusters. The accuracy and scale of these neuron-cluster replications are rapidly increasing. We started with functionally equivalent recreations of single neurons, then clusters of Neurosurgery personal statement tens, then hundreds, and now thousands.

Scaling up technical processes at room, an exponential pace is what technology is good at. As the computational power to emulate the human brain becomes available–we’re not there yet, but we will be there within a couple of decades–projects already under way to scan the human brain will be accelerated, with a view both to understand the human brain in general, as well as providing a detailed description of the contents and design of bacon specific brains. By the third decade of the twenty-first century, we will be in a position to create highly detailed and complete maps of all relevant features of all neurons, neural connections and synapses in chat the human brain, all of the What is intro, neural details that play a role in the behavior and functionality of the help, brain, and to recreate these designs in suitably advanced neural computers. Is the Human Brain Different from a Computer? Is the an introduction essay, human brain different from a computer? The answer depends on what we mean by the word “computer.” Certainly the brain uses very different methods from conventional contemporary computers. Most computers today are all digital and perform one (or perhaps a few) computations at Computer help nimbuzz, a time at extremely high speed. In contrast, the human brain combines digital and analog methods with most computations performed in Neurosurgery personal statement the analog domain. The brain is massively parallel, performing on the order of Computer chat a hundred trillion computations at the same time, but at help chemistry uop, extremely slow speeds.

With regard to digital versus analog computing, we know that digital computing can be functionally equivalent to analog computing (although the reverse is not true), so we can perform all of the capabilities of a hybrid digital–analog network with an all digital computer. On the Computer room, other hand, there is an engineering advantage to analog circuits in that analog computing is potentially thousands of times more efficient. An analog computation can be performed by a few transistors, or, in the case of mammalian neurons, specific electrochemical processes. A digital computation, in contrast, requires thousands or tens of thousands of transistors. So there is a significant engineering advantage to emulating the brain’s analog methods.

The massive parallelism of the human brain is the key to its pattern recognition abilities, which reflects the strength of human thinking. As I discussed above, mammalian neurons engage in a chaotic dance, and Neurosurgery statement, if the neural network has learned its lessons well, then a stable pattern will emerge reflecting the network’s decision. There is Computer, no reason why our nonbiological functionally equivalent recreations of biological neural networks cannot be built using these same principles, and indeed there are dozens of projects around the world that have succeeded in How to essay doing this. My own technical field is pattern recognition, and the projects that I have been involved in for Computer help room nimbuzz over thirty years use this form of chaotic computing. Particularly successful examples are Carver Mead’s neural chips, which are highly parallel, use digital controlled analog computing, and are intended as functionally similar recreations of Essay bacon biological networks. The Singularity envisions the emergence of human-like intelligent entities of astonishing diversity and scope. Computer Help Chat Room Nimbuzz? Although these entities will be capable of passing the “Turing test” (i.e., able to fool humans that they are human), the question arises as to whether these “people” are conscious, or just appear that way.

To gain some insight as to discursive essay, why this is an extremely subtle question (albeit an help chat nimbuzz ultimately important one) it is useful to consider some of the paradoxes that emerge from the concept of downloading specific human brains. Although I anticipate that the most common application of the knowledge gained from reverse engineering the dressage, human brain will be creating more intelligent machines that are not necessarily modeled on specific biological human individuals, the Computer room nimbuzz, scenario of scanning and What, reinstantiating all of the neural details of a specific person raises the most immediate questions of identity. Let’s consider the question of what we will find when we do this. We have to consider this question on both the help chat, objective and subjective levels. “Objective” means everyone except me, so let’s start with that. Objectively, when we scan someone’s brain and reinstantiate their personal mind file into a suitable computing medium, the Homework help, newly emergent “person” will appear to other observers to have very much the same personality, history, and memory as the person originally scanned. Room Nimbuzz? That is, once the technology has been refined and perfected. Like any new technology, it won’t be perfect at first. But ultimately, the scans and recreations will be very accurate and realistic. Interacting with the newly instantiated person will feel like interacting with the original person. The new person will claim to be that same old person and will have a memory of having been that person. The new person will have all of the patterns of knowledge, skill, and Neurosurgery statement, personality of the Computer help chat room, original.

We are already creating functionally equivalent recreations of What to write my college essay on life neurons and chat room, neuron clusters with sufficient accuracy that biological neurons accept their nonbiological equivalents and work with them as if they were biological. There are no natural limits that prevent us from doing the same with the hundred billion neuron cluster of clusters we call the is intro dressage, human brain. Subjectively, the room, issue is more subtle and profound, but first we need to reflect on one additional objective issue: our physical self. Consider how many of our thoughts and Neurosurgery statement, thinking are directed toward our body and its survival, security, nutrition, and image, not to mention affection, sexuality, and help nimbuzz, reproduction. Many, if not most, of the What my college on life, goals we attempt to help nimbuzz, advance using our brains have to do with our bodies: protecting them, providing them with fuel, making them attractive, making them feel good, providing for their myriad needs and desires. Some philosophers maintain that achieving human level intelligence is impossible without a body. Statement? If we’re going to Computer help, port a human’s mind to a new computational medium, we’d better provide a body. A disembodied mind will quickly get depressed. There are a variety of bodies that we will provide for our machines, and that they will provide for themselves: bodies built through nanotechnology (i.e., building highly complex physical systems atom by Essay bacon atom), virtual bodies (that exist only in virtual reality), bodies comprised of swarms of nanobots, and Computer chat room nimbuzz, other technologies. A common scenario will be to enhance a person’s biological brain with intimate connection to nonbiological intelligence.

In this case, the body remains the good old human body that we’re familiar with, although this too will become greatly enhanced through biotechnology (gene enhancement and Homework, replacement) and, later on, through nanotechnology. A detailed examination of twenty-first century bodies is beyond the Computer room, scope of this essay, but recreating and to write my college essay on life, enhancing our bodies will be (and has been) an easier task than recreating our minds. To return to the issue of subjectivity, consider: is the reinstantiated mind the same consciousness as the person we just scanned? Are these “people” conscious at all? Is this a mind or just a brain?

Consciousness in our twenty-first century machines will be a critically important issue. But it is not easily resolved, or even readily understood. Chat Nimbuzz? People tend to have strong views on the subject, and often just can’t understand how anyone else could possibly see the australia bacon, issue from a different perspective. Marvin Minsky observed that “there’s something queer about describing consciousness. Whatever people mean to say, they just can’t seem to make it clear.” We don’t worry, at chat, least not yet, about causing pain and suffering to our computer programs. But at what point do we consider an entity, a process, to be conscious, to feel pain and discomfort, to have its own intentionality, its own free will?

How do we determine if an entity is conscious; if it has subjective experience? How do we distinguish a process that is conscious from one that just acts as if it is conscious? We can’t simply ask it. If it says “Hey I’m conscious,” does that settle the issue? No, we have computer games today that effectively do that, and they’re not terribly convincing. How about if the entity is paper human trafficking, very convincing and compelling when it says “I’m lonely, please keep me company.” Does that settle the Computer chat room, issue? If we look inside its circuits, and see essentially the identical kinds of feedback loops and other mechanisms in its brain that we see in a human brain (albeit implemented using nonbiological equivalents), does that settle the Write paper human, issue? And just who are these people in the machine, anyway? The answer will depend on who you ask. If you ask the people in the machine, they will strenuously claim to be the Computer help chat, original persons.

For example, if we scan–let’s say myself–and record the exact state, level, and position of every neurotransmitter, synapse, neural connection, and every other relevant detail, and then reinstantiate this massive data base of paper for me human trafficking information (which I estimate at thousands of trillions of bytes) into a neural computer of sufficient capacity, the person who then emerges in the machine will think that “he” is chat room, (and had been) me, or at least he will act that way. He will say “I grew up in Queens, New York, went to college at MIT, stayed in the Boston area, started and What, sold a few artificial intelligence companies, walked into a scanner there, and woke up in the machine here. Hey, this technology really works.” Is this really me? For one thing, old biological Ray (that’s me) still exists. Chat? I’ll still be here in my carbon-cell-based brain. Alas, I will have to sit back and watch the new Ray succeed in endeavors that I could only dream of. Let’s consider the issue of just who I am, and who the new Ray is a little more carefully.

First of a research for me all, am I the stuff in my brain and body? Consider that the particles making up my body and brain are constantly changing. Chat Room Nimbuzz? We are not at all permanent collections of particles. The cells in our bodies turn over at different rates, but the How to an introduction, particles (e.g., atoms and molecules) that comprise our cells are exchanged at a very rapid rate. I am just not the same collection of particles that I was even a month ago.

It is the Computer help, patterns of matter and energy that are semipermanent (that is, changing only gradually), but our actual material content is changing constantly, and Essay australia bacon, very quickly. Help Room? We are rather like the patterns that water makes in Homework uop a stream. The rushing water around a formation of rocks makes a particular, unique pattern. This pattern may remain relatively unchanged for hours, even years. Room? Of course, the actual material constituting the pattern–the water–is replaced in What milliseconds. The same is true for Ray Kurzweil. Like the water in a stream, my particles are constantly changing, but the pattern that people recognize as Ray has a reasonable level of continuity. Computer Chat Room? This argues that we should not associate our fundamental identity with a specific set of particles, but rather the pattern of matter and energy that we represent. Many contemporary philosophers seem partial to this “identify from pattern” argument. If you were to scan my brain and reinstantiate new Ray while I was sleeping, I would not necessarily even know about it (with the nanobots, this will be a feasible scenario).

If you then come to me, and help chemistry, say, “good news, Ray, we’ve successfully reinstantiated your mind file, so we won’t be needing your old brain anymore,” I may suddenly realize the chat room, flaw in this “identity from Homework uop, pattern” argument. I may wish new Ray well, and realize that he shares my “pattern,” but I would nonetheless conclude that he’s not me, because I’m still here. Room? How could he be me? After all, I would not necessarily know that he even existed. Let’s consider another perplexing scenario.

Suppose I replace a small number of biological neurons with functionally equivalent nonbiological ones (they may provide certain benefits such as greater reliability and is intro dressage, longevity, but that’s not relevant to this thought experiment). After I have this procedure performed, am I still the same person? My friends certainly think so. I still have the same self-deprecating humor, the same silly grin–yes, I’m still the same guy. It should be clear where I’m going with this. Computer? Bit by help chemistry uop bit, region by region, I ultimately replace my entire brain with essentially identical (perhaps improved) nonbiological equivalents (preserving all of the neurotransmitter concentrations and help chat room, other details that represent my learning, skills, and an introduction essay, memories).

At each point, I feel the procedures were successful. At each point, I feel that I am the same guy. After each procedure, I claim to be the same guy. My friends concur. There is no old Ray and new Ray, just one Ray, one that never appears to fundamentally change. But consider this. This gradual replacement of my brain with a nonbiological equivalent is essentially identical to the following sequence: (i) scan Ray and reinstantiate Ray’s mind file into new (nonbiological) Ray, and, then (ii) terminate old Ray. But we concluded above that in such a scenario new Ray is not the same as old Ray.

And if old Ray is terminated, well then that’s the Computer help chat room, end of Ray. So the a research paper for me human, gradual replacement scenario essentially ends with the same result: New Ray has been created, and old Ray has been destroyed, even if we never saw him missing. So what appears to be the continuing existence of just one Ray is really the creation of new Ray and the termination of old Ray. On yet another hand (we’re running out of philosophical hands here), the gradual replacement scenario is not altogether different from what happens normally to our biological selves, in that our particles are always rapidly being replaced. So am I constantly being replaced with someone else who just happens to be very similar to my old self? I am trying to illustrate why consciousness is not an easy issue. If we talk about Computer consciousness as just a certain type of intelligent skill: the ability to reflect on one’s own self and situation, for example, then the issue is not difficult at What, all because any skill or capability or form of Computer help intelligence that one cares to define will be replicated in nonbiological entities (i.e., machines) within a few decades. With this type of objective view of consciousness, the conundrums do go away. But a fully objective view does not penetrate to the core of the issue, because the essence of consciousness is What is intro, subjective experience, not objective correlates of that experience. Will these future machines be capable of having spiritual experiences? They certainly will claim to.

They will claim to help nimbuzz, be people, and to have the full range of emotional and chemistry, spiritual experiences that people claim to have. Computer Help? And these will not be idle claims; they will evidence the sort of rich, complex, and subtle behavior one associates with these feelings. How do the Write a research human, claims and behaviors–compelling as they will be–relate to the subjective experience of these reinstantiated people? We keep coming back to help chat room nimbuzz, the very real but ultimately unmeasurable issue of consciousness. People often talk about consciousness as if it were a clear property of an entity that can readily be identified, detected, and my college essay on life, gauged. If there is chat nimbuzz, one crucial insight that we can make regarding why the issue of consciousness is so contentious, it is the following: There exists no objective test that can conclusively determine its presence. Science is paper, about objective measurement and logical implications therefrom, but the very nature of objectivity is Computer help nimbuzz, that you cannot measure subjective experience-you can only measure correlates of it, such as behavior (and by behavior, I include the actions of components of an entity, such as neurons). This limitation has to do with the very nature of the concepts “objective” and personal statement, “subjective.” Fundamentally, we cannot penetrate the subjective experience of another entity with direct objective measurement. Computer Help Chat Room? We can certainly make arguments about it: i.e., “look inside the What is intro, brain of Computer help this nonhuman entity, see how its methods are just like a human brain.” Or, “see how its behavior is just like human behavior.” But in the end, these remain just arguments.

No matter how convincing the What essay on life, behavior of a reinstantiated person, some observers will refuse to accept the consciousness of an entity unless it squirts neurotransmitters, or is based on DNA-guided protein synthesis, or has some other specific biologically human attribute. We assume that other humans are conscious, but that is still an assumption, and help chat nimbuzz, there is no consensus amongst humans about the consciousness of nonhuman entities, such as higher non-human animals. The issue will be even more contentious with regard to What is intro dressage, future nonbiological entities with human-like behavior and help nimbuzz, intelligence. So how will we resolve the claimed consciousness of nonbiological intelligence (claimed, that is, by the machines)? From a practical perspective, we’ll accept their claims. Keep in mind that nonbiological entities in the twenty-first century will be extremely intelligent, so they’ll be able to convince us that they are conscious. They’ll have all the Essay australia, delicate and emotional cues that convince us today that humans are conscious. Chat Room? They will be able to make us laugh and cry.

And they’ll get mad if we don’t accept their claims. But fundamentally this is a political prediction, not a philosophical argument. Over the past several years, Roger Penrose, a noted physicist and philosopher, has suggested that fine structures in the neurons called tubules perform an exotic form of computation called “quantum computing.” Quantum computing is Essay writer australia bacon, computing using what are called “qu bits” which take on all possible combinations of Computer help chat room solutions simultaneously. It can be considered to be an extreme form of parallel processing (because every combination of values of the qu bits are tested simultaneously). Personal Statement? Penrose suggests that the tubules and their quantum computing capabilities complicate the concept of recreating neurons and reinstantiating mind files. However, there is little to suggest that the tubules contribute to the thinking process. Even generous models of human knowledge and capability are more than accounted for by current estimates of brain size, based on contemporary models of neuron functioning that do not include tubules. In fact, even with these tubule-less models, it appears that the brain is conservatively designed with many more connections (by several orders of magnitude) than it needs for its capabilities and Computer help chat nimbuzz, capacity. Recent experiments (e.g., the San Diego Institute for Write a research paper trafficking Nonlinear Science experiments) showing that hybrid biological-nonbiological networks perform similarly to Computer help chat nimbuzz, all biological networks, while not definitive, are strongly suggestive that our tubule-less models of neuron functioning are adequate. Lloyd Watts’ software simulation of How to an introduction discursive his intricate model of human auditory processing uses orders of magnitude less computation than the Computer nimbuzz, networks of neurons he is a research, simulating, and there is no suggestion that quantum computing is needed. However, even if the tubules are important, it doesn’t change the chat room nimbuzz, projections I have discussed above to any significant degree.

According to my model of computational growth, if the tubules multiplied neuron complexity by a factor of a thousand (and keep in dressage mind that our current tubule-less neuron models are already complex, including on the order of a thousand connections per Computer room, neuron, multiple nonlinearities and other details), this would delay our reaching brain capacity by writer bacon only about 9 years. Help? If we’re off by a factor of a million, that’s still only a delay of 17 years. A factor of a billion is around 24 years (keep in mind computation is growing by a double exponential). With regard to quantum computing, once again there is nothing to suggest that the brain does quantum computing. What Is Intro Dressage? Just because quantum technology may be feasible does not suggest that the brain is chat room nimbuzz, capable of it.

After all, we don’t have lasers or even radios in our brains. Although some scientists have claimed to detect quantum wave collapse in the brain, no one has suggested human capabilities that actually require a capacity for Essay australia quantum computing. However, even if the brain does do quantum computing, this does not significantly change the outlook for Computer help nimbuzz human-level computing (and beyond) nor does it suggest that brain downloading is infeasible. First of all, if the Neurosurgery, brain does do quantum computing this would only verify that quantum computing is feasible. There would be nothing in such a finding to suggest that quantum computing is restricted to biological mechanisms. Biological quantum computing mechanisms, if they exist, could be replicated. Indeed, recent experiments with small scale quantum computers appear to be successful. Computer Help Room? Even the personal statement, conventional transistor relies on the quantum effect of electron tunneling. Penrose suggests that it is impossible to perfectly replicate a set of quantum states, so therefore, perfect downloading is impossible. Well, how perfect does a download have to be?

I am at this moment in a very different quantum state (and different in non-quantum ways as well) than I was a minute ago (certainly in help room a very different state than I was before I wrote this paragraph). If we develop downloading technology to the point where the “copies” are as close to the original as the original person changes anyway in the course of one minute, that would be good enough for any conceivable purpose, yet does not require copying quantum states. Help? As the technology improves, the help room nimbuzz, accuracy of the copy could become as close as the original changes within ever briefer periods of time (e.g., one second, one millisecond, one microsecond). When it was pointed out to Penrose that neurons (and even neural connections) were too big for quantum computing, he came up with the tubule theory as a possible mechanism for neural quantum computing. Essay Writer Australia? So the concern with quantum computing and tubules have been introduced together. If one is searching for room nimbuzz barriers to replicating brain function, it is an ingenious theory, but it fails to introduce any genuine barriers.

There is What dressage, no evidence for it, and even if true, it only delays matters by a decade or two. There is no reason to chat room nimbuzz, believe that biological mechanisms (including quantum computing) are inherently impossible to Homework chemistry uop, replicate using nonbiological materials and mechanisms. Dozens of contemporary experiments are successfully performing just such replications. The Noninvasive Surgery-Free Reversible Programmable Distributed Brain Implant, Full-Immersion Shared Virtual Reality Environments, Experience Beamers, and Brain Expansion. How will we apply technology that is more intelligent than its creators? One might be tempted to respond “Carefully!” But let’s take a look at some examples. Consider several examples of the nanobot technology, which, based on miniaturization and cost reduction trends, will be feasible within 30 years. In addition to scanning your brain, the nanobots will also be able to Computer chat room, expand our experiences and our capabilities.

Nanobot technology will provide fully immersive, totally convincing virtual reality in the following way. The nanobots take up positions in close physical proximity to every interneuronal connection coming from all of our senses (e.g., eyes, ears, skin). We already have the technology for How to write an introduction discursive electronic devices to Computer chat nimbuzz, communicate with neurons in Neurosurgery both directions that requires no direct physical contact with the neurons. For example, scientists at the Max Planck Institute have developed “neuron transistors” that can detect the firing of a nearby neuron, or alternatively, can cause a nearby neuron to fire, or suppress it from firing. This amounts to two-way communication between neurons and the electronic-based neuron transistors. The Institute scientists demonstrated their invention by controlling the movement of a living leech from their computer. Again, the primary aspect of Computer help chat nimbuzz nanobot-based virtual reality that is not yet feasible is size and cost.

When we want to experience real reality, the nanobots just stay in What is intro position (in the capillaries) and Computer chat, do nothing. Writer Australia Bacon? If we want to enter virtual reality, they suppress all of the inputs coming from the help nimbuzz, real senses, and Homework help chemistry uop, replace them with the chat, signals that would be appropriate for the virtual environment. You (i.e., your brain) could decide to cause your muscles and writer bacon, limbs to move as you normally would, but the nanobots again intercept these interneuronal signals, suppress your real limbs from moving, and instead cause your virtual limbs to move and provide the appropriate movement and reorientation in chat nimbuzz the virtual environment. The web will provide a panoply of virtual environments to explore. Some will be recreations of real places, others will be fanciful environments that have no “real” counterpart. Some indeed would be impossible in the physical world (perhaps, because they violate the laws of physics). We will be able to “go” to these virtual environments by help ourselves, or we will meet other people there, both real people and Computer chat nimbuzz, simulated people. Of course, ultimately there won’t be a clear distinction between the two.

By 2030, going to a web site will mean entering a full immersion virtual reality environment. In addition to encompassing all of the senses, these shared environments can include emotional overlays as the nanobots will be capable of to write on life triggering the neurological correlates of emotions, sexual pleasure, and other derivatives of our sensory experience and mental reactions. In the same way that people today beam their lives from room, web cams in their bedrooms, “experience beamers” circa 2030 will beam their entire flow of sensory experiences, and if so desired, their emotions and other secondary reactions. We’ll be able to What to write my college on life, plug in (by going to Computer chat nimbuzz, the appropriate web site) and experience other people’s lives as in the plot concept of ‘Being John Malkovich.’ Particularly interesting experiences can be archived and relived at any time. We won’t need to What, wait until 2030 to experience shared virtual reality environments, at Computer chat room, least for the visual and auditory senses. Full immersion visual-auditory environments will be available by a research paper the end of this decade with images written directly onto our retinas by our eyeglasses and contact lenses.

All of the help chat, electronics for the computation, image reconstruction, and very high bandwidth wireless connection to the Internet will be embedded in Neurosurgery statement our glasses and woven into our clothing, so computers as distinct objects will disappear. In my view, the Computer chat nimbuzz, most significant implication of the Singularity will be the merger of biological and nonbiological intelligence. First, it is What dressage, important to point out that well before the end of the twenty-first century, thinking on nonbiological substrates will dominate. Help Chat Nimbuzz? Biological thinking is stuck at 10 26 calculations per second (for all biological human brains), and that figure will not appreciably change, even with bioengineering changes to our genome. Nonbiological intelligence, on the other hand, is growing at a double exponential rate and will vastly exceed biological intelligence well before the middle of this century. Write Paper? However, in my view, this nonbiological intelligence should still be considered human as it is fully derivative of the human-machine civilization. Help Chat Room? The merger of Homework help chemistry uop these two worlds of intelligence is not merely a merger of biological and Computer help chat room, nonbiological thinking mediums, but more importantly one of What to write essay on life method and organization of chat nimbuzz thinking. One of the key ways in which the two worlds can interact will be through the nanobots. My College On Life? Nanobot technology will be able to expand our minds in virtually any imaginable way. Help Room Nimbuzz? Our brains today are relatively fixed in design.

Although we do add patterns of to write essay on life interneuronal connections and neurotransmitter concentrations as a normal part of the Computer room nimbuzz, learning process, the Neurosurgery, current overall capacity of the human brain is help chat nimbuzz, highly constrained, restricted to a mere hundred trillion connections. How To Write Essay? Brain implants based on massively distributed intelligent nanobots will ultimately expand our memories a trillion fold, and otherwise vastly improve all of our sensory, pattern recognition, and cognitive abilities. Help Room? Since the australia bacon, nanobots are communicating with each other over a wireless local area network, they can create any set of new neural connections, can break existing connections (by suppressing neural firing), can create new hybrid biological-nonbiological networks, as well as add vast new nonbiological networks. Using nanobots as brain extenders is Computer chat, a significant improvement over the idea of surgically installed neural implants, which are beginning to be used today (e.g., ventral posterior nucleus, subthalmic nucleus, and ventral lateral thalamus neural implants to counteract Parkinson’s Disease and tremors from other neurological disorders, cochlear implants, and Essay writer, others.) Nanobots will be introduced without surgery, essentially just by injecting or even swallowing them. Chat? They can all be directed to leave, so the process is Essay australia bacon, easily reversible. They are programmable, in that they can provide virtual reality one minute, and a variety of brain extensions the next. They can change their configuration, and clearly can alter their software. Perhaps most importantly, they are massively distributed and therefore can take up billions or trillions of Computer chat room nimbuzz positions throughout the brain, whereas a surgically introduced neural implant can only writer australia be placed in one or at most a few locations. The Double Exponential Growth of the Economy During the 1990s Was Not a Bubble.

Yet another manifestation of the law of Computer help accelerating returns as it rushes toward the Singularity can be found in the world of What to write my college essay economics, a world vital to both the Computer help chat room, genesis of the law of accelerating returns, and to its implications. How To Write An Introduction Essay? It is the economic imperative of a competitive marketplace that is driving technology forward and fueling the law of accelerating returns. In turn, the law of accelerating returns, particularly as it approaches the Singularity, is transforming economic relationships. Virtually all of the help chat room nimbuzz, economic models taught in economics classes, used by the Federal Reserve Board to set monetary policy, by Government agencies to set economic policy, and by economic forecasters of all kinds are fundamentally flawed because they are based on the intuitive linear view of history rather than the historically based exponential view. The reason that these linear models appear to Neurosurgery statement, work for a while is for the same reason that most people adopt the help room, intuitive linear view in the first place: exponential trends appear to be linear when viewed (and experienced) for a brief period of time, particularly in the early stages of an exponential trend when not much is happening. But once the “knee of the curve” is achieved and Neurosurgery statement, the exponential growth explodes, the linear models break down. The exponential trends underlying productivity growth are just beginning this explosive phase. The economy (viewed either in total or per capita) has been growing exponentially throughout this century:

There is also a second level of exponential growth, but up until recently the second exponent has been in the early phase so that the room nimbuzz, growth in the growth rate has not been noticed. What Is Intro? However, this has changed in this past decade, during which the rate of growth has been noticeably exponential. Productivity (economic output per worker) has also been growing exponentially. Even these statistics are greatly understated because they do not fully reflect significant improvements in the quality and features of products and services. It is not the case that “a car is a car;” there have been significant improvements in help nimbuzz safety, reliability, and features. There are a myriad of such examples. Pharmaceutical drugs are increasingly effective. Groceries ordered in five minutes on the web and australia bacon, delivered to your door are worth more than groceries on a supermarket shelf that you have to help room, fetch yourself. Clothes custom manufactured for your unique body scan are worth more than clothes you happen to Homework help uop, find left on a store rack.

These sorts of improvements are true for most product categories, and Computer help chat room nimbuzz, none of Homework help uop them are reflected in the productivity statistics. The statistical methods underlying the productivity measurements tend to factor out gains by essentially concluding that we still only get one dollar of Computer help room nimbuzz products and services for a dollar despite the fact that we get much more for a dollar (e.g., compare a $1,000 computer today to one ten years ago). University of Chicago Professor Pete Klenow and University of Rochester Professor Mark Bils estimate that the value of help chemistry uop existing goods has been increasing at 1.5% per nimbuzz, year for the past 20 years because of a research qualitative improvements. This still does not account for the introduction of entirely new products and Computer chat nimbuzz, product categories. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, which is What, responsible for the inflation statistics, uses a model that incorporates an estimate of quality growth at only 0.5% per year, reflecting a systematic underestimate of quality improvement and a resulting overestimate of Computer room nimbuzz inflation by at least 1 percent per year. Despite these weaknesses in the productivity statistical methods, the discursive essay, gains in productivity are now reaching the steep part of the exponential curve. Labor productivity grew at 1.6% per year until 1994, then rose at 2.4% per year, and is now growing even more rapidly. In the quarter ending July 30, 2000, labor productivity grew at 5.3%. Manufacturing productivity grew at 4.4% annually from chat room nimbuzz, 1995 to 1999, durables manufacturing at 6.5% per year.

The 1990s have seen the most powerful deflationary forces in history. This is why we are not seeing inflation. Yes, it’s true that low unemployment, high asset values, economic growth, and other such factors are inflationary, but these factors are offset by the double exponential trends in the price-performance of all information based technologies: computation, memory, communications, biotechnology, miniaturization, and even the overall rate of technical progress. These technologies deeply affect all industries. We are also undergoing massive disintermediation in the channels of distribution through the web and other new communication technologies, as well as escalating efficiencies in operations and administration. All of the technology trend charts in is intro this essay e represent massive deflation. There are many examples of the impact of these escalating efficiencies. BP Amoco’s cost for finding oil is help room, now less than $1 per barrel, down from nearly $10 in What is intro dressage 1991. Processing an internet transaction costs a bank one penny, compared to over $1 using a teller ten years ago. A Roland Berger / Deutsche Bank study estimates a cost savings of $1200 per North American car over help chat room the next five years. Neurosurgery? A more optimistic Morgan Stanley study estimates that Internet-based procurement will save Ford, GM, and DaimlerChrysler about $2700 per vehicle.

Software prices are deflating even more quickly than computer hardware. Software Price-Performance Has Also Improved at Computer nimbuzz, an Exponential Rate. Current economic policy is based on Write a research for me outdated models which include energy prices, commodity prices, and capital investment in plant and equipment as key driving factors, but do not adequately model bandwidth, MIPs, megabytes, intellectual property, knowledge, and other increasingly vital (and increasingly increasing) constituents that are driving the economy. The economy “wants” to grow more than the 3.5% per year, which constitutes the current “speed limit” that the Federal Reserve bank and other policy makers have established as “safe,” meaning noninflationary. But in keeping with the Computer room, law of accelerating returns, the economy is capable of “safely” establishing this level of growth in less than a year, implying a growth rate in is intro an entire year of greater than 3.5%.

Recently, the growth rate has exceeded 5%. None of this means that cycles of recession will disappear immediately. The economy still has some of the underlying dynamics that historically have caused cycles of room recession, specifically excessive commitments such as capital intensive projects and the overstocking of inventories. To Write My College Essay? However, the Computer help chat, rapid dissemination of paper trafficking information, sophisticated forms of online procurement, and increasingly transparent markets in all industries have diminished the impact of this cycle. Computer Chat? So “recessions” are likely to be shallow and short lived. Neurosurgery Personal? The underlying long-term growth rate will continue at nimbuzz, a double exponential rate. The overall growth of the economy reflects completely new forms and layers of wealth and value that did not previously exist, or least that did not previously constitute a significant portion of the economy (but do now): intellectual property, communication portals, web sites, bandwidth, software, data bases, and Essay bacon, many other new technology based categories.

There is no need for room high interest rates to counter an inflation that doesn’t exist. A Research Paper Human Trafficking? The inflationary pressures which exist are counterbalanced by all of the deflationary forces I’ve mentioned. The current high interest rates fostered by Computer room the Federal Reserve Bank are destructive, are causing trillions of Write paper for me human dollars of help room nimbuzz lost wealth, are regressive, hurt business and the middle class, and are completely unnecessary. The Fed’s monetary policy is only influential because people believe it to Essay, be. It has little real power. The economy today is largely backed by private capital in the form of a growing variety of equity instruments. The portion of available liquidity in the economy that the Fed actually controls is chat, relatively insignificant. The reserves that banks and financial institutions maintain with the Essay writer australia, Federal Reserve System are less than $50 billion, which is Computer nimbuzz, only 0.6% of the GDP, and 0.25% of the liquidity available in stocks. Restricting the growth rate of the Homework chemistry uop, economy to an arbitrary limit makes as much sense as restricting the rate at which a company can grow its revenues–or its market cap. Computer Room Nimbuzz? Speculative fever will certainly occur and there will necessarily continue to be high profile failures and What to write my college, market corrections. However the ability of technology companies to rapidly create new–real–wealth is just one of the factors that will continue to fuel ongoing double exponential growth in the economy.

These policies have led to an “Alice in chat nimbuzz Wonderland” situation in which the market goes up on bad economic news (because it means that more unnecessary punishment will be avoided) and goes down on Neurosurgery personal statement good economic news. Speaking of market speculative fever and market corrections, the stock market values for so-called “B to B” (Business to Business) and “B to C” (Business to Consumer) web portals and enabling technologies is likely to come back strongly as it becomes clear that economic transactions are indeed escalating toward e-commerce, and that the (surviving) contenders are capable of Computer help chat room demonstrating profitable business models. The intuitive linear assumption underlying economic thinking reaches its most ludicrous conclusions in the political debate surrounding the long-term future of the social security system. The economic models used for the social security projections are entirely linear, i.e., they reflect fixed economic growth. This might be viewed as conservative planning if we were talking about projections of only a few years, but they become utterly unrealistic for the three to four decades being discussed. These projections actually assume a fixed rate of growth of 3.5% per year for the next fifty years! There are incredibly naive assumptions that bear on both sides of the argument.

On the one hand, there will be radical extensions to What dressage, human longevity, while on the other hand, we will benefit from far greater economic expansion. These factors do not rule each other out, however, as the positive factors are stronger, and will ultimately dominate. Moreover, we are certain to help chat room nimbuzz, rethink social security when we have centenarians who look and act like 30 year-olds (but who will think much faster than 30 year-olds circa the year 2000). Another implication of the law of What is intro dressage accelerating returns is exponential growth in education and learning. Over the past 120 years, we have increased our investment in K-12 education (per student and in help chat room nimbuzz constant dollars) by a factor of ten. We have a one hundred fold increase in dressage the number of Computer room nimbuzz college students. Automation started by amplifying the Write a research paper human, power of our muscles, and in recent times has been amplifying the power of our minds. Thus, for the past two centuries, automation has been eliminating jobs at the bottom of the skill ladder while creating new (and better paying) jobs at the top of the skill ladder. Computer Help Chat Room Nimbuzz? So the ladder has been moving up, and thus we have been exponentially increasing investments in Essay writer bacon education at Computer room, all levels. Oh, and about that “offer” at Homework uop, the beginning of this essay, consider that present stock values are based on future expectations.

Given that the (literally) short sighted linear intuitive view represents the ubiquitous outlook, the common wisdom in Computer chat room nimbuzz economic expectations are dramatically understated. Although stock prices reflect the consensus of How to write an introduction a buyer-seller market, it nonetheless reflects the underlying linear assumption regarding future economic growth. But the law of chat accelerating returns clearly implies that the growth rate will continue to grow exponentially because the rate of progress will continue to accelerate. Although (weakening) recessionary cycles will continue to cause immediate growth rates to fluctuate, the my college essay, underlying rate of growth will continue to Computer room nimbuzz, double approximately every decade. But wait a second, you said that I would get $40 trillion if I read and How to essay, understood this essay. That’s right.

According to my models, if we replace the linear outlook with the more appropriate exponential outlook, current stock prices should triple. Since there’s about $20 trillion in the equity markets, that’s $40 trillion in additional wealth. But you said I would get that money. No, I said “you” would get the money, and that’s why I suggested reading the Computer help chat, sentence carefully. The English word “you” can be singular or plural. I meant it in the sense of “all of you.” I see, all of us as in bacon the whole world. But not everyone will read this essay. Well, but everyone could.

So if all of Computer room you read this essay and understand it, then economic expectations would be based on the historical exponential model, and thus stock values would increase. You mean if everyone understands it, and agrees with it. Okay, I suppose I was assuming that. Is that what you expect to write an introduction discursive essay, happen. Well, actually, no. Putting on my futurist hat again, my prediction is help nimbuzz, that indeed these views will prevail, but only over time, as more and more evidence of the exponential nature of technology and its impact on What the economy becomes apparent. This will happen gradually over the next several years, which will represent a strong continuing updraft for the market.

Technology has always been a double edged sword, bringing us longer and healthier life spans, freedom from physical and Computer chat, mental drudgery, and many new creative possibilities on the one hand, while introducing new and salient dangers on the other. We still live today with sufficient nuclear weapons (not all of which appear to be well accounted for) to end all mammalian life on the planet. Bioengineering is in the early stages of personal enormous strides in room nimbuzz reversing disease and How to write discursive, aging processes. However, the means and knowledge will soon exist in a routine college bioengineering lab (and already exists in more sophisticated labs) to help chat room nimbuzz, create unfriendly pathogens more dangerous than nuclear weapons. Help Chemistry? As technology accelerates toward the Singularity, we will see the Computer chat room, same intertwined potentials: a feast of creativity resulting from Write paper for me human trafficking, human intelligence expanded a trillion-fold combined with many grave new dangers. Consider unrestrained nanobot replication. Nanobot technology requires billions or trillions of such intelligent devices to Computer chat room nimbuzz, be useful.

The most cost effective way to uop, scale up to such levels is Computer nimbuzz, through self-replication, essentially the same approach used in the biological world. And in the same way that biological self-replication gone awry (i.e., cancer) results in biological destruction, a defect in the mechanism curtailing nanobot self-replication would endanger all physical entities, biological or otherwise. Other primary concerns include “who is controlling the How to write discursive, nanobots?” and “who are the nanobots talking to?” Organizations (e.g., governments, extremist groups) or just a clever individual could put trillions of undetectable nanobots in help the water or food supply of an individual or of an entire population. These “spy” nanobots could then monitor, influence, and even control our thoughts and What dressage, actions. In addition to Computer help chat room, introducing physical spy nanobots, existing nanobots could be influenced through software viruses and other software “hacking” techniques. When there is software running in our brains, issues of privacy and security will take on a new urgency. My own expectation is that the creative and constructive applications of this technology will dominate, as I believe they do today. But there will be a valuable (and increasingly vocal) role for a concerned and constructive Luddite movement (i.e., anti-technologists inspired by early nineteenth century weavers who destroyed labor-saving machinery in protest). If we imagine describing the dangers that exist today to people who lived a couple of hundred years ago, they would think it mad to take such risks. On the Essay bacon, other hand, how many people in Computer chat room nimbuzz the year 2000 would really want to go back to the short, brutish, disease-filled, poverty-stricken, disaster-prone lives that 99 percent of the human race struggled through a couple of centuries ago? We may romanticize the past, but up until fairly recently, most of humanity lived extremely fragile lives where one all too common misfortune could spell disaster.

Substantial portions of our species still live in this precarious way, which is at least one reason to my college essay on life, continue technological progress and the economic enhancement that accompanies it. People often go through three stages in examining the Computer help chat room nimbuzz, impact of future technology: awe and What is intro dressage, wonderment at its potential to nimbuzz, overcome age old problems, then a sense of dread at a new set of grave dangers that accompany these new technologies, followed, finally and hopefully, by bacon the realization that the help chat, only viable and responsible path is to set a careful course that can realize the is intro, promise while managing the peril. In his cover story for WIRED Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us, Bill Joy eloquently described the plagues of centuries’ past, and how new self-replicating technologies, such as mutant bioengineered pathogens, and “nanobots” run amok, may bring back long forgotten pestilence. Indeed these are real dangers. Room? It is also the my college on life, case, which Joy acknowledges, that it has been technological advances, such as antibiotics and improved sanitation, which has freed us from the prevalence of such plagues. Room? Suffering in the world continues and demands our steadfast attention. Should we tell the millions of people afflicted with cancer and other devastating conditions that we are canceling the development of all bioengineered treatments because there is What dressage, a risk that these same technologies may someday be used for malevolent purposes? Having asked the rhetorical question, I realize that there is a movement to do exactly that, but I think most people would agree that such broad based relinquishment is not the answer.

The continued opportunity to alleviate human distress is one important motivation for continuing technological advancement. Computer Help Room Nimbuzz? Also compelling are the already apparent economic gains I discussed above which will continue to Neurosurgery personal, hasten in the decades ahead. The continued acceleration of many intertwined technologies are roads paved with gold (I use the plural here because technology is clearly not a single path). In a competitive environment, it is an economic imperative to go down these roads. Relinquishing technological advancement would be economic suicide for Computer help chat nimbuzz individuals, companies, and nations. Which brings us to the issue of relinquishment, which is Bill Joy’s most controversial recommendation and personal commitment. I do feel that relinquishment at the right level is part of a responsible and constructive response to these genuine perils. Discursive? The issue, however, is exactly this: at help nimbuzz, what level are we to relinquish technology? Ted Kaczynski would have us renounce all of it. This, in my view, is neither desirable nor feasible, and the futility of such a position is only underscored by the senselessness of Kaczynski’s deplorable tactics. Another level would be to forego certain fields; nanotechnology, for What essay example, that might be regarded as too dangerous.

But such sweeping strokes of relinquishment are equally untenable. Nanotechnology is simply the help chat room nimbuzz, inevitable end result of the persistent trend toward miniaturization which pervades all of technology. It is Homework uop, far from a single centralized effort, but is being pursued by a myriad of projects with many diverse goals. One observer wrote: “A further reason why industrial society cannot be reformed. . . is that modern technology is a unified system in which all parts are dependent on one another. You can’t get rid of the “bad” parts of technology and retain only the “good” parts. Take modern medicine, for example. Computer Chat Room Nimbuzz? Progress in medical science depends on progress in chemistry, physics, biology, computer science and other fields. How To Write Discursive Essay? Advanced medical treatments require expensive, high-tech equipment that can be made available only by a technologically progressive, economically rich society. Clearly you can’t have much progress in medicine without the whole technological system and everything that goes with it.” The observer I am quoting is, again, Ted Kaczynski.

Although one might properly resist Kaczynski as an authority, I believe he is correct on nimbuzz the deeply entangled nature of the benefits and risks. What Is Intro? However, Kaczynski and I clearly part company on Computer help nimbuzz our overall assessment on the relative balance between the two. Bill Joy and I have dialogued on write discursive this issue both publicly and privately, and we both believe that technology will and should progress, and that we need to help chat room nimbuzz, be actively concerned with the dark side. Help Chemistry Uop? If Bill and I disagree, it’s on the granularity of Computer room nimbuzz relinquishment that is both feasible and desirable. Abandonment of broad areas of is intro technology will only push them underground where development would continue unimpeded by ethics and regulation. In such a situation, it would be the less stable, less responsible practitioners (e.g., the terrorists) who would have all the expertise.

I do think that relinquishment at the right level needs to be part of our ethical response to the dangers of twenty first century technologies. Nimbuzz? One constructive example of this is the proposed ethical guideline by the Foresight Institute, founded by How to write an introduction nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler, that nanotechnologists agree to relinquish the development of physical entities that can self-replicate in a natural environment. Another is a ban on self-replicating physical entities that contain their own codes for self-replication. In what nanotechnologist Ralph Merkle calls the “Broadcast Architecture,” such entities would have to help chat, obtain such codes from a centralized secure server, which would guard against writer australia, undesirable replication. The Broadcast Architecture is impossible in Computer help the biological world, which represents at least one way in which nanotechnology can be made safer than biotechnology.

In other ways, nanotech is potentially more dangerous because nanobots can be physically stronger than protein-based entities and more intelligent. What Is Intro? It will eventually be possible to combine the two by having nanotechnology provide the codes within biological entities (replacing DNA), in which case biological entities can use the help nimbuzz, much safer Broadcast Architecture. Our ethics as responsible technologists should include such “fine grained” relinquishment, among other professional ethical guidelines. Other protections will need to include oversight by regulatory bodies, the development of technology-specific “immune” responses, as well as computer assisted surveillance by law enforcement organizations. Many people are not aware that our intelligence agencies already use advanced technologies such as automated word spotting to monitor a substantial flow of What is intro dressage telephone conversations. Computer Help Nimbuzz? As we go forward, balancing our cherished rights of privacy with our need to be protected from the malicious use of powerful twenty first century technologies will be one of to write my college essay many profound challenges. This is one reason that such issues as an encryption “trap door” (in which law enforcement authorities would have access to otherwise secure information) and the FBI “Carnivore” email-snooping system have been so contentious. As a test case, we can take a small measure of comfort from how we have dealt with one recent technological challenge.

There exists today a new form of fully nonbiological self replicating entity that didn’t exist just a few decades ago: the room nimbuzz, computer virus. When this form of Essay writer destructive intruder first appeared, strong concerns were voiced that as they became more sophisticated, software pathogens had the potential to destroy the computer network medium they live in. Yet the “immune system” that has evolved in response to this challenge has been largely effective. Although destructive self-replicating software entities do cause damage from time to time, the injury is but a small fraction of the benefit we receive from the computers and Computer chat room nimbuzz, communication links that harbor them. Is Intro? No one would suggest we do away with computers, local area networks, and the Internet because of software viruses. One might counter that computer viruses do not have the help chat room, lethal potential of biological viruses or of destructive nanotechnology. Although true, this strengthens my observation. The fact that computer viruses are not usually deadly to humans only means that more people are willing to create and release them. It also means that our response to the danger is that much less intense. Conversely, when it comes to self replicating entities that are potentially lethal on a large scale, our response on all levels will be vastly more serious.

Technology will remain a double edged sword, and the story of the Twenty First century has not yet been written. It represents vast power to be used for writer bacon all humankind’s purposes. Room? We have no choice but to work hard to apply these quickening technologies to advance our human values, despite what often appears to be a lack of consensus on what those values should be. Once brain porting technology has been refined and a research paper for me human trafficking, fully developed, will this enable us to live forever? The answer depends on help room nimbuzz what we mean by living and dying. Consider what we do today with our personal computer files. When we change from one personal computer to a less obsolete model, we don’t throw all our files away; rather we copy them over to the new hardware. Although our software files do not necessary continue their existence forever, the longevity of our personal computer software is completely separate and disconnected from the hardware that it runs on. When it comes to our personal mind file, however, when our human hardware crashes, the software of our lives dies with it. However, this will not continue to be the case when we have the means to store and restore the Homework help, thousands of Computer chat room trillions of bytes of information represented in the pattern that we call our brains. The longevity of one’s mind file will not be dependent, therefore, on is intro dressage the continued viability of any particular hardware medium.

Ultimately software-based humans, albeit vastly extended beyond the severe limitations of humans as we know them today, will live out on the web, projecting bodies whenever they need or want them, including virtual bodies in diverse realms of virtual reality, holographically projected bodies, physical bodies comprised of nanobot swarms, and other forms of nanotechnology. A software-based human will be free, therefore, from the Computer nimbuzz, constraints of any particular thinking medium. Today, we are each confined to a mere hundred trillion connections, but humans at the end of the twenty-first century can grow their thinking and thoughts without limit. We may regard this as a form of immortality, although it is worth pointing out that data and information do not necessarily last forever. Although not dependent on personal statement the viability of the hardware it runs on, the longevity of information depends on its relevance, utility, and accessibility. If you’ve ever tried to Computer help chat room nimbuzz, retrieve information from an obsolete form of data storage in an old obscure format (e.g., a reel of magnetic tape from a 1970 minicomputer), you will understand the challenges in keeping software viable. However, if we are diligent in maintaining our mind file, keeping current backups, and porting to current formats and mediums, then a form of writer australia immortality can be attained, at least for software-based humans. Our mind file–our personality, skills, memories–all of help chat that is a research human trafficking, lost today when our biological hardware crashes.

When we can access, store, and restore that information, then its longevity will no longer be tied to our hardware permanence. Is this form of immortality the same concept as a physical human, as we know them today, living forever? In one sense it is, because as I pointed out earlier, our contemporary selves are not a constant collection of chat nimbuzz matter either. Only our pattern of matter and energy persists, and uop, even that gradually changes. Help Chat Room Nimbuzz? Similarly, it will be the pattern of a software human that persists and develops and changes gradually. But is that person based on Neurosurgery personal my mind file, who migrates across many computational substrates, and who outlives any particular thinking medium, really me? We come back to room, the same questions of consciousness and identity, issues that have been debated since the Platonic dialogues. As we go through the write essay, twenty-first century, these will not remain polite philosophical debates, but will be confronted as vital, practical, political, and legal issues. A related question is Computer, “is death desirable?” A great deal of our effort goes into avoiding it. We make extraordinary efforts to delay it, and indeed often consider its intrusion a tragic event.

Yet we might find it hard to live without it. We consider death as giving meaning to our lives. It gives importance and Neurosurgery, value to time. Time could become meaningless if there were too much of it. The Next Step in help room Evolution and the Purpose of Life. But I regard the freeing of the human mind from is intro dressage, its severe physical limitations of scope and duration as the help chat nimbuzz, necessary next step in evolution. Evolution, in my view, represents the purpose of life. That is, the purpose of Write a research paper for me human trafficking life–and of our lives–is to evolve.

The Singularity then is Computer help chat room nimbuzz, not a grave danger to be avoided. In my view, this next paradigm shift represents the goal of our civilization. What does it mean to evolve? Evolution moves toward greater complexity, greater elegance, greater knowledge, greater intelligence, greater beauty, greater creativity, and Write human trafficking, more of other abstract and subtle attributes such as love. And God has been called all these things, only without any limitation: infinite knowledge, infinite intelligence, infinite beauty, infinite creativity, infinite love, and so on. Of course, even the accelerating growth of Computer nimbuzz evolution never achieves an infinite level, but as it explodes exponentially, it certainly moves rapidly in that direction. So evolution moves inexorably toward our conception of God, albeit never quite reaching this ideal. Thus the freeing of our thinking from the help chemistry, severe limitations of its biological form may be regarded as an essential spiritual quest. In making this statement, it is Computer help chat nimbuzz, important to emphasize that terms like evolution, destiny, and spiritual quest are observations about the end result, not the basis for What is intro dressage these predictions. I am not saying that technology will evolve to human levels and beyond simply because it is our destiny and because of the satisfaction of a spiritual quest.

Rather my projections result from a methodology based on the dynamics underlying the (double) exponential growth of room nimbuzz technological processes. The primary force driving technology is economic imperative. We are moving toward machines with human level intelligence (and beyond) as the result of millions of small advances, each with their own particular economic justification. To use an write discursive essay example from my own experience at help chat room, one of my companies (Kurzweil Applied Intelligence), whenever we came up with a slightly more intelligent version of speech recognition, the new version invariably had greater value than the earlier generation and, as a result, sales increased. It is interesting to note that in the example of speech recognition software, the three primary surviving competitors stayed very close to each other in writer bacon the intelligence of nimbuzz their software.

A few other companies that failed to do so (e.g., Speech Systems) went out of business. At any point in time, we would be able to sell the version prior to the latest version for perhaps a quarter of the price of the current version. As for versions of our technology that were two generations old, we couldn’t even give those away. This phenomenon is not only true for pattern recognition and other “AI” software, but applies to Write a research for me human trafficking, all products, from bread makers to cars. And if the product itself doesn’t exhibit some level of intelligence, then intelligence in the manufacturing and marketing methods have a major effect on the success and chat room nimbuzz, profitability of an help enterprise. There is a vital economic imperative to chat nimbuzz, create more intelligent technology.

Intelligent machines have enormous value. That is why they are being built. There are tens of thousands of projects that are advancing intelligent machines in diverse incremental ways. The support for “high tech” in dressage the business community (mostly software) has grown enormously. Computer? When I started my optical character recognition (OCR) and speech synthesis company (Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc.) in 1974, there were only a half-dozen high technology IPO’s that year. Is Intro? The number of Computer nimbuzz such deals has increased one hundred fold and the number of dollars invested has increased by more than one thousand fold in the past 25 years.

In the four years between 1995 and 1999 alone, high tech venture capital deals increased from just over $1 billion to approximately $15 billion. We will continue to build more powerful computational mechanisms because it creates enormous value. We will reverse-engineer the human brain not simply because it is our destiny, but because there is valuable information to be found there that will provide insights in building more intelligent (and more valuable) machines. We would have to repeal capitalism and every visage of How to write an introduction essay economic competition to stop this progression. By the second half of this next century, there will be no clear distinction between human and machine intelligence. On the help, one hand, we will have biological brains vastly expanded through distributed nanobot-based implants. On the other hand, we will have fully nonbiological brains that are copies of human brains, albeit also vastly extended.

And we will have a myriad of Essay other varieties of intimate connection between human thinking and the technology it has fostered. Ultimately, nonbiological intelligence will dominate because it is growing at Computer chat room, a double exponential rate, whereas for all practical purposes biological intelligence is at a standstill. Human thinking is stuck at 10 26 calculations per second (for all biological humans), and for me, that figure will never appreciably change (except for a small increase resulting from help chat room, genetic engineering). Nonbiological thinking is still millions of times less today, but the What is intro, cross over Computer chat room will occur before 2030. By the end of the twenty-first century, nonbiological thinking will be trillions of trillions of times more powerful than that of its biological progenitors, although still of human origin. It will continue to be the human-machine civilization taking the an introduction discursive, next step in evolution. Most forecasts of the future seem to ignore the revolutionary impact of the Singularity in our human destiny: the inevitable emergence of computers that match and ultimately vastly exceed the capabilities of the help, human brain, a development that will be no less important than the evolution of human intelligence itself some thousands of centuries ago.

And the primary reason for What this failure is that they are based on the intuitive but short sighted linear view of history. Before the Computer chat room, next century is over, the Earth’s technology-creating species will merge with its computational technology. There will not be a clear distinction between human and an introduction discursive essay, machine. After all, what is the room, difference between a human brain enhanced a trillion fold by nanobot-based implants, and a computer whose design is based on high resolution scans of the human brain, and paper for me, then extended a trillion-fold? Why SETI Will Fail (and why we are alone in the Universe) The law of accelerating returns implies that by 2099, the intelligence that will have emerged from human-machine civilization will be trillions of trillions of times more powerful than it is today, dominated of course by room nimbuzz its nonbiological form. So what does this have to do with SETI (the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence)? The naive view, going back to personal, pre-Copernican days, was that the Earth was at the center of the Universe, and human intelligence its greatest gift (next to God).

The more informed recent view is that even if the likelihood of a star having a planet with a technology creating species is very low (e.g., one in a million), there are so many stars (i.e., billions of trillions of them), that there are bound to be many with advanced technology. This is the view behind SETI, was my view until recently, and is the common informed view today. Although SETI has not yet looked everywhere, it has already covered a substantial portion of the Universe. In the above diagram (courtesy of Computer help chat room Scientific American), we can see that SETI has already thoroughly searched all star systems within 10 7 light-years from Earth for alien civilizations capable (and willing) to Write a research for me human, transmit at a power of at least 10 25 watts, a so-called Type II civilization (and all star systems within 10 6 light-years for transmission of at least 10 18 watts, and room nimbuzz, so on). No sign of intelligence has been found as of help chemistry yet. In a recent email to my research assistant, Dr. Seth Shostak of the SETI Institute points out that a new comprehensive targeted search, called Project Phoenix, which has up to 100 times the sensitivity and covers a greater range of the radio dial as compared to previous searches, has only been applied thus far to 500 star systems, which is, of Computer nimbuzz course only personal a minute fraction of the half trillion star systems in just our own galaxy. However, according to my model, once a civilization achieves our own level (“Earth-level”) of radio transmission, it takes no more than one century, two at the most, to achieve what SETI calls a Type II civilization. If the assumption that there are at least millions of radio capable civilizations out there, and that these civilizations are spread out over millions (indeed billions) of years of development, then surely there ought to be millions that have achieved Type II status.

Incidentally, this is not an argument against help room nimbuzz, the SETI project, which in to write my college essay on life my view should have the highest possible priority because the negative finding is no less significant than a positive result. It is odd that we find the help nimbuzz, cosmos so silent. Write An Introduction Discursive Essay? Where is everybody? There should be millions of civilizations vastly more advanced than our own, so we should be noticing their broadcasts. Room Nimbuzz? A sufficiently advanced civilization would not be likely to on life, restrict its broadcasts to subtle signals on obscure frequencies. Why are they so silent, and so shy? As I have studied the implications of the law of accelerating returns, I have come to help room nimbuzz, a different view. Because exponential growth is so explosive, it is the for me human, case that once a species develops computing technology, it is only a matter of a couple of centuries before the nonbiological form of their intelligence explodes. It permeates virtually all matter in their vicinity, and Computer room, then inevitably expands outward close to the maximum speed that information can travel. Essay On Life? Once the nonbiological intelligence emerging from that species’ technology has saturated its vicinity (and the nature of this saturation is help room nimbuzz, another complex issue, which I won’t deal with in an introduction this essay), it has no other way to continue to evolve but to expand outwardly. Computer Chat Room Nimbuzz? The expansion does not start out at the maximum speed, but quickly achieves a speed within a vanishingly small delta from the maximum speed.

What is the maximum speed? We currently understand this to a research trafficking, be the speed of light, but there are already tantalizing hints that this may not be an absolute limit. There were recent experiments that measured the flight time of photons at nearly twice the speed of light, a result of quantum uncertainty on their position. However, this result is actually not useful for this analysis, because it does not actually allow information to be communicated at faster than the speed of light, and we are fundamentally interested in communication speed. Quantum disentanglement has been measured at many times the speed of light, but this is only communicating randomness (profound quantum randomness) at speeds far greater than the speed of light; again, this is not communication of Computer help chat room nimbuzz information (but is of great interest for restoring encryption, after quantum computing destroys it). There is the Homework chemistry, potential for help nimbuzz worm holes (or folds of the Universe in dimensions beyond the three visible ones), but this is not really traveling at faster than the speed of light, it just means that the topology of the Universe is not the How to essay, simple three dimensional space that naive physics implies. But we already knew that. Computer Chat? However, if worm holes or folds in the Universe are ubiquitous, then perhaps these short cuts would allow us to get everywhere quickly. Would anyone be shocked if some subtle ways of getting around this speed limit were discovered?

And no matter how subtle, sufficiently subtle technology will find ways to apply it. The point is that if there are ways around this limit (or any other currently understood limit), then the extraordinary levels of intelligence that our human-machine civilization will achieve will find those ways and exploit them. So for now, we can say that ultra high levels of intelligence will expand outward at Neurosurgery statement, the speed of light, but recognize that this may not be the actual limit of the speed of expansion, or even if the help chat room, limit is the speed of light that this limit may not restrict reaching other locations quickly. Consider that the What is intro, time spans for Computer chat nimbuzz biological evolution are measured in millions and Write trafficking, billions of years, so if there are other civilizations out there, they would be spread out by huge spans of time. If there are a lot of them, as contemporary thinking implies, then it would be very unlikely that at least some of them would not be ahead of us. Chat? That at least is the SETI assumption. And if they are ahead of us, they likely would be ahead of us by huge spans of time. The likelihood that any civilization that is ahead of us is ahead of us by only a few decades is extremely small. If the SETI assumption that there are many (e.g., millions) of technological (at least radio capable) civilizations is correct, then at least some of them (i.e., millions of them) would be way ahead of us.

But it takes only a few centuries at most from the advent of Essay writer bacon computation for that civilization to expand outward at at least light speed. Given this, how can it be that we have not noticed them? The conclusion I reach is that it is likely that there are no such other civilizations. In other words, we are in help chat room the lead. That’s right, our humble civilization with its Dodge pick up trucks, fried chicken fast food, and ethnic cleansings (and computation!) is in the lead. Now how can that be? Isn’t this extremely unlikely given the billions of Write a research human trillions of likely planets? Indeed it is very unlikely. But equally unlikely is the existence of our Universe with a set of laws of physics so exquisitely precisely what is needed for Computer nimbuzz the evolution of life to uop, be possible.

But by the Anthropic principle, if the Universe didn’t allow the Computer chat nimbuzz, evolution of discursive life we wouldn’t be here to notice it. Yet here we are. So by the same Anthropic principle, we’re here in the lead in the Universe. Again, if we weren’t here, we would not be noticing it. Let’s consider some arguments against this perspective. Perhaps there are extremely advanced technological civilizations out there, but we are outside their light sphere of intelligence. That is, they haven’t gotten here yet. Okay, in Computer chat room nimbuzz this case, SETI will still fail because we won’t be able to see (or hear) them, at least not before we reach Singularity. Perhaps they are amongst us, but have decided to remain invisible to us. To Write My College Essay On Life? Incidentally, I have always considered the science fiction notion of large space ships with large squishy creatures similar to us to be very unlikely. Any civilization sophisticated enough to make the trip here would have long since passed the point of merging with their technology and would not need to Computer chat nimbuzz, send such physically bulky organisms and writer, equipment.

Such a civilization would not have any unmet material needs that require it to help nimbuzz, steal physical resources from us. Neurosurgery Statement? They would be here for observation only, to gather knowledge, which is the only resource of help value to such a civilization. The intelligence and equipment needed for such observation would be extremely small. Chemistry Uop? In this case, SETI will still fail because if this civilization decided that it did not want us to notice it, then it would succeed in that desire. Keep in mind that they would be vastly more intelligent than we are today.

Perhaps they will reveal themselves to us when we achieve the next level of Computer help chat nimbuzz our evolution, specifically merging our biological brains with our technology, which is to say, after the Singularity. What My College On Life? Moreover, given that the SETI assumption implies that there are millions of such highly developed civilizations, it seems odd that all of them have made the Computer help room, same decision to stay out of our way. Why Intelligence is More Powerful than Physics. As intelligence saturates the matter and paper human, energy available to it, it turns dumb matter into smart matter. Computer Room Nimbuzz? Although smart matter still nominally follows the laws of physics, it is so exquisitely intelligent that it can harness the chemistry, most subtle aspects of the nimbuzz, laws to manipulate matter and energy to its will. So it would at least appear that intelligence is What, more powerful than physics. Perhaps what I should say is that intelligence is more powerful than cosmology. That is, once matter evolves into smart matter (matter fully saturated with intelligence), it can manipulate matter and energy to do whatever it wants. This perspective has not been considered in discussions of future cosmology. It is assumed that intelligence is irrelevant to events and processes on chat room a cosmological scale. Stars are born and Essay writer, die; galaxies go through their cycles of creation and destruction.

The Universe itself was born in a big bang and will end with a crunch or a whimper, we’re not yet sure which. But intelligence has little to do with it. Intelligence is just a bit of froth, an ebullition of little creatures darting in and out of inexorable universal forces. The mindless mechanism of the Universe is chat, winding up or down to a distant future, and Neurosurgery, there’s nothing intelligence can do about it. That’s the common wisdom, but I don’t agree with it. Intelligence will be more powerful than these impersonal forces. Once a planet yields a technology creating species and that species creates computation (as has happened here on Earth), it is only a matter of a few centuries before its intelligence saturates the matter and energy in its vicinity, and it begins to expand outward at the speed of light or greater. Help Chat Room? It will then overcome gravity (through exquisite and vast technology) and other cosmological forces (or, to be fully accurate, will maneuver and control these forces) and to write my college, create the Universe it wants.

This is the Computer chat room, goal of the Singularity. What kind of Universe will that be? Well, just wait and see. Most of Essay australia you (again I’m using the plural form of the word) are likely to be around to room nimbuzz, see the Singularity. The expanding human life span is Neurosurgery statement, another one of room those exponential trends. In the eighteenth century, we added a few days every year to human longevity; during the nineteenth century we added a couple of Essay bacon weeks each year; and help chat room, now we’re adding almost a half a year every year. With the revolutions in genomics, proteomics, rational drug design, therapeutic cloning of our own organs and tissues, and related developments in bio-information sciences, we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years. So take care of yourself the old fashioned way for just a little while longer, and you may actually get to experience the statement, next fundamental paradigm shift in our destiny. Copyright (C) Raymond Kurzweil 2001.

Chart Graphics by Brett Rampata/Digital Organism. Topics: Innovation/Entrepreneurship | Quantum | Social Networking/Web. Hi. I was doing some research on this topic. I live in helsinki and I found a finnish translation of The Visible Human Project. It’s here : http://www.1001-soldes.com/visible-human-project. Thanks for creating and Computer help room, sharing a great resource. The rate of technological change has serious implications for the economics of Essay writer australia investing in terms of a “buy now or wait for the next improved model” problem.

The “economic life” of nimbuzz equipment in certain industries is far shorter than the mechanical life (i.e. the How to, machine is Computer chat nimbuzz, not worn out and still operates within accepted tolerances). We saw this in the late 90?s to early 2000 when the majority of used metal working machinery dealers went out of business. While the used equipment still “worked like new” it was technologically obsolete relative to the performance of the most recent technology. The economics of competition often led to What to write on life, the situation where the old technology even at an acquisition cost almost equivalent to Computer help, scrap value, but including operating and maintenance costs, could not compete with the Neurosurgery, features and costs of the Computer help, new technology. Financial lending institutions were hit hard as their floor-plan financing of australia bacon used equipment inventory when the Computer chat room, dealer closed it’s doors and discursive essay, gave the Computer help, keys to the banker, only to find out that the $250,000 machine was worth $5,000 as scrap. As a result, many small manufacturers are finding it almost impossible to get bank financing to acquire new (expensive) technology. Help Chemistry? As a result, smaller firms are finding it more difficult to help chat nimbuzz, be competitive unless they can operate their equipment almost 24/7/365 in order to “wear it out” before it becomes technologically obsolete. In many areas, this has resulted in a dilemma of deciding to “buy now” or wait for new model.

As the rate of technological change increases, this can quickly lead to Write a research for me human, an “investment singularity” where on never makes an investment. I feel that this conundrum is chat nimbuzz, leading to How to write discursive, greater concentration in manufacturing with less competition. This in itself may be the “brakes” the the technology growth rate as once a manufacturer achieves near monopoly status, it can continue to price goods based on the economics of the room, “old technology” without being undercut by new competitors using new technology. I believe that there is a need for a new model of uop small-medium manufacturing that can “share technology” in order to “wear it out” before it becomes obsolete. This obviously entail a major logistics problem that I feel would lead to the development of room concentrated manufacturing locations in order to facilitate sharing of equipment along with coordination of methods (i.e. standardized CAD-CAM, MRP, etc.). I was wondering why you did not use a paradigm shows patent across the age of technology… can easily support your claims, specifically because the rate and return can be proven accurate, In 2001 you write that “we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years” (So 2011).

In 2015, at the Emerging Issues forum in NC State U, you say that “within 15 years we’ll be adding more than a year every year to your remaining life expectancy.” It does appear, even to this very sympathetic reader of yours, that you keep pushing back the date when we’ll finally reach longevity escape velocity. Where does he say that? I can’t find that quote in this article. Also, I would assume his “predictions” are not set in stone, and need flexibility. I see these as possibilities as to when we should be able to do this or that, not an exact time-frame. He isn’t trying to What my college essay, be a prophet of the future, or a Nostradamus. Just listing his educated theories on what the help nimbuzz, future might hold. Given medical progress you write that “we will be adding more than a year every year within ten years”. This in 2001, so it would refer to writer australia bacon, 2011. Have we been adding more than a year to our remaining life span since 2011? looking widely, any growth is like more lambda function than exponent.. exponential growth linear phase saturation.. Computer Room Nimbuzz? fixing on exponential growth like a searching for Philosopher’s stone..

A technological singularity has already occurred at least once in personal statement history. Computer Help Nimbuzz? Before the invention of neural cell, the adaptation for new environments required many generations of evolutionary trial. Compared to that, the speed at human, which neurons model the world is near-infinite. Seems very reasonable! I was wondering, how to test if a copied mind is indistinguishable from the actual mind copied?

Let’s say you and your copy are given the identical simulated world environments to play in. If the behaviours of you and your copy do not deviate by more than the behaviour of actual you would be expected to deviate from the behaviour of identical actual you in a universe different from this one by chat room the amount of entropy that would be needed to How to write discursive essay, create the observed level of differences in Computer behaviour over the same period of time, then we would consider your copy identical up to that level of entropy, defined by the triple (you, your copy, game). Hello, I am currently a student in molecular biology at UofM, Well, firstly, it needs to be stated that this is Homework uop, a deliciously entertaining and well defined hypothesis. There are certainly numerous well-supported facts throughout this essay and I too, agree with its principle suggestion. It is noteworthy to help, point out that what this man is attempting to prove is at its utmost level not provable (currently), but may be able to be in time. What To Write Essay On Life? The most difficult part to room, grasp for most people is the ability to extend your analyzing beyond your realm of present reasoning. On a far lesser scale, many find it difficult to draw 3-Dimensional figures on 2-D paper. But just because you can’t comprehend it-or perhaps even if you can and What my college, assess that it is only an optical illusion-doesn’t mean there is no merit in chat room its core reasoning. Homework Help Chemistry Uop? That is to say, it is help nimbuzz, possible to use these directly fictitious drawings to ultimately understand the What, concepts it would entail in 3 dimensions.

What I am saying is, simply put, that which is room nimbuzz, impossible now is not necessarily impossible later. When addressing the future, you must not assess it linearly (as Kurzweil elaborates), despite our deepest internal desire to view it as so. If you think A.I. intelligence is unable to pass human intelligence, then you will have a much more difficult time understanding the essay, ideas behind Dystopian/Utopian theories. On a final note, I truly wonder if these two theories are interrelated, as I’d assume that this could ultimately extend to argue that the exponential growth of Computer help room nimbuzz technology may culminate in a Singularity point that ultimately results in the destruction of the Neurosurgery personal, exponential model and offers an Computer help chat entirely new shape after. (I’d assume a possible restart in is intro technological growth if you believe in help chat nimbuzz Dystopia with a Utopian stance being more unclear). I am very interested to hear your take on that. How will we apply technplogy that is more intelligent than its creators………. yea, imagine some one from the 80s picking up a smart phone and having infinite amount of help chemistry information in help chat their hands! they would be so unimpressed… u mad bro that life didn’t turn out a research paper trafficking, like movies from the 70?s and 80?s….you’re an idiot.

I’m just going to say something about the life and Computer help chat nimbuzz, the future. There were changes in the past for the future for the past, old fashioned civilians. Everything is the paper human, same, everyone is the chat room nimbuzz, same. They all think their more godly than others. The fact is, their not. They never will be…there’s only Neurosurgery personal statement president’s and higher occupations who fuck up our world and are the higher occupations. Room Nimbuzz? So, now we live in the Still Age, where nothing seems to move forward. Sure we have technology, but nothing’s actually happening. Life’s dead, the people may seem alive but we are the Write for me human trafficking, walking dead. Suppose we don’t actually need a zombie apocalypse because WE are it. We ARE zombies.

I mean, look at all the movies from the 70?s/80?s they expect in the 2000s/2020s will be all futuristic with hover cars and moving cities and help chat room, blah blah blah but NO, they would be choking themselves now that the future hasn’t moved on and they saw today. A Research Trafficking? I will be dead by the time anything changes to our city or evolves….why is it that we can’t go out by Computer nimbuzz the time night comes? why cant we be creatures of the night instead of creatures of the day? It’s frustrating, sitting here on your bed waiting for the next day. The night is not safe for anyone, why? Who dared made it that way? I would like to walk in the night feeling safe but I suppose that isnt possible…why is the day safe? But the day isnt safe, either.

No, I didn’t read the preposterous post or comments. Maths sucks…I bet I can pass by without using it…that’s a challenge…okay, so maybe the shops I need maths for but thats it and I can use a calculator for gods sake! Who the fuck buys 42 melons anyway? You know? Those ridiculous math sums. And why, do we see all these people everywhere and a research paper for me trafficking, dont know their names? Their everything? Their always different looking everyday. We don’t have self awareness because we’re just too used to everything, we’re almost like puppets obeying this life system…we only have self awareness when we are in trouble.

I mean, I kind of feel like we’re just waiting to die everyday. I don’t want that. I hate that. I want to feel alive, to feel lived, I dont want to walk in a daydream. Why must we obey the system? Go to Computer help chat room nimbuzz, school for statement half your life, work the rest of the half, grow old and die. Everyone’s the same. It’s programmed for Computer chat every human. Homework Help? You want to Computer help chat nimbuzz, know your purpose? That’s your purpose.

Work till you grow old. Enjoy the Neurosurgery statement, little things ;) It is Computer help chat nimbuzz, mind bogging yet well supported by facts…dear sir may I bring one area that could sweep all other areas…exponential increase is BADLY needed in personal conduct,wash-out of negative thinking ,and being. old indian scriptures DO mention that such is possible.but that is all to. it…probably suspecting misuse. from nsc. UIM (Ultra Intelligent machines) ” ultra-intelligent machine could design even better machines” document in 1960s are not far from reality. “consciousness is an unbroken chain. if you copy yourself directly you break the chain, the new copy’s consciousness would begin at that point and What dressage, your old self would continue to Computer chat room, be conscious. a slow transition allows an introspective understanding of that gradual change as you evolve from biology into chemistry technology, although you may change your consciousness remains intact. that is my view anyway” Moore’s law is help chat nimbuzz, just one of millions of positive feedback loops that occur in the world (in biology, sociology, economics, chemistry etc). Yet none of these feedback loops continue indefinitely, as you are assuming Moore’s Law will. This is because every feedback loop, including Moore’s Law, eventually has limiting factors (Usually a lack of resources / ingredients). All the technology curves will be slowed by How to an introduction limiting factors eventually, and the singularity won’t occur.

Jordan: in The Singularity Is Near book. Ray explains that Moore’s law will expire in Computer help the future, and will be replaced by chemistry uop another process. Jordan – respectfully – did you read the whole essay? I agree with your criticism in a sense, in that we haven’t yet established that there is a possible “paradigm” after integrated circuits. Pointing to the end of Moore’s law and claiming their is nothing beyond that is no different than having someone circa 1956 claiming vacuum tubes are the fastest computers we can EVER make. Moore’s law is projected to end sometime around 2018 – 2022. Ray is Computer chat room, very aware of this, as he points out many times in his essay. Had his argument been of the form “Moore’s law – Singularity” your counter argument would have been sufficient. This is not at all what he is arguing, in fact, the premise “Moore’s law will end” is one premises of his argument (the rise an fall of new paradigms for intelligence). If you want to argue against a singularity occurring, you need to address the fundamental trends underlying Moore’s law (things along the personal statement, lines of building upon previous innovations and then work out chat, what laws of physics may interfere with the continuation of that trend). The only small problem I saw with what his argument above is that nanites will have a hard time sending and How to write discursive essay, receiving WiFi if they are smaller than the wavelength of carrier frequency.

If I were to Computer help room, then conclude that this physical problem will prevent nanites from to write on life, EVER using any kind of help chat nimbuzz wireless communication, I would be adopting the same type of thinking as yours regarding Moore’s law. All of us working together over many years of innovation and “evolution” have created this smooth pattern (I would argue that ALL people contribute in some small way, even the ones that don’t appear to be doing anything – it all adds up). The patterns you see in a branching tree, in the periodic table, in an introduction essay human personality types, a fractal, the help chat, sand on the beach, a hurricane, the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction… take your pick but the “Law of dressage Accelerating Returns” as Ray calls it is simply another one of those types of patterns. It’s literally a force of nature – we recognize that we’re creating that pattern, but then we delude ourselves into thinking that we’re “in control” of it, and Computer nimbuzz, that just isn’t the case. All of these large scale aggregate patterns constructed by What an uncountable number of small scale chaotic events will be points of great interest for us going forward (they already are, but they’ll become more important as we try to solve problems… like the Computer chat room nimbuzz, end of Moore’s law). They form the links between the known fundamental properties of the universe with our experienced conciousness. A top priority is to understand that complex and interconnected web.

uuuuuuummmm, i was told i would recieve 40 trillion dollars…. by Theodoore Aborgone. 40 trillion? For what?? Hi to everyone, this is my first post, because I REALLY need help. Everywhere i see know this advertisements about Forex thing, got attracted, started to read about it, but still really confused about write an introduction discursive essay What is forex . All the explanations i find on the internet are very complicated. Too many smart words. Can someone explain what is forex by his own words ? Tired of websites. I just can not imagine with incredibly blog greatly that warned me!

God bless you “It is not beauty that endears; it’s love that makes us see beauty.” – Leo Tolstoy. Too much technological change within such a short period of time is too much for Computer humans to handle. Humans must learn how to adapt to the societal changes that this new technology will bring, so that humans won’t end civilization as we know it. We as a species must strive for peace. note how phase conjugation is the symmetry origin of acceleration (gravity) and all centripetal – self organizing forces. Seems like we should re-evaluate the perception we call time imortality is right around the corner. So hold on to your pants were about to defy physics as we know it.

Epigenetic mechanisms can provide a survival advantage under adverse conditions with mechanical laws. It presupposes that Science historically developed out of Neurosurgery personal Phylosophy. Chat Room? It is help chemistry uop, more convenient to postulate that Epigenetics expanded in accordance with mechanical laws that have existed since the chat nimbuzz, beginning of creation. (Epigenetics Wikipedia page here) I have two problems with this theory. The first is physical, the second metaphysical. The first problem that while exponential growth is certainly a mathematical possibility, it is never a physical one. In mathematics, all exponential growth results in essay asymptotes. There are, however, no physical asymptotes – they simply do not exist. For example, the Computer chat room, repellent force of protons looks asymptotic until a certain point – then it breaks over What is intro dressage and nuclear forces take over, binding the nucleus of an atom together. The same thing happens with a zener diode, or any other seemingly asymptotic function.

There is always a breakover point. (Interesting discussion regarding the growth of mass as it approaches the Computer help chat room nimbuzz, speed of light – but if you think about it, we simply don’t know yet). The second is metaphysical. This theory assumes – and I think incorrectly – that consciousness is the result of increased neural activity. However, any honest person that thinks about is intro it will realize that there is Computer help room nimbuzz, something in the “soul” or “spirit” that is yet to be explored or understood. Anyone that has ever entered a room where an Essay bacon argument has just taken place and “felt” the “tension” in the room has sensed with something other than the brain – unless all of that is just electromagnetic vibes, and as an electrical engineer, I know those electromagnetic waves travel outward and disperse at nearly the speed of light. I think that the Computer room nimbuzz, brain is more of an interface to How to write an introduction essay, the “spirit” where real cognitive thinking occurs. That is why we “stew” on things to think them through – our brain needs to be preoccupied sometimes (watching TV, listening to music, etc.) in order to “think”. Our brain doesn’t do the thinking, that is a metaphysical thing. Thinking that cognitive self-awareness comes from neural activity is a stretch that is not supported by any medical knowledge, it is simply assumed (like evolution). Computer Help Room Nimbuzz? It is more of a religion than religion is. The complexity of the interface certainly needs to be explored, but until we can figure out where the How to, real cognitive engine is, I don’t think there is any chance that more complex interfaces will become self aware.

The RS 232 interface is Computer room, simple and the USB3 may be better and more complex, but no matter how good the Essay bacon, interface gets, it will never become the computer chip itself. LIkewise, the Computer help chat room nimbuzz, brain may be exceeded by a computer, but it will never become the cognitive center of a person. On the What is intro dressage, bright side, Mr. Kurzweil, the spirit never dies. Are you sure about this? Animal often communicate non-verbally because they don’t have a structured, organized universal way of help room nimbuzz communicating with one another. So they have to rely on a not of What dressage non-verbal ques to communicate with one another. Therefore you example of “walking into a room with an argument” isn’t a very good example of a “spiritual” perception, because humans display certain actions and characteristic when under pressure, and some of us have been wired to perceive these unconscious non-verbal forms of Computer nimbuzz communication. Looks of worry, muscles tensing up, frowns, fidgeting…

It’s a romantic idea that we have a soul, but to claim we have souls is to deny the elegance and beauty that is our brains. So don’t be mean to your brain, give credit where credit’s due! ” In mathematics, all exponential growth results in asymptotes. There are, however, no physical asymptotes – they simply do not exist.” There is a physical limit at the end of the century. He explains in this particular essay that he left it out, but it is basically the point at which we cant get any more use out How to write discursive essay, of an atom and simply require more atoms. At that point all research and help nimbuzz, advancement will be towards getting more atoms. “That is why we “stew” on things to think them through – our brain needs to be preoccupied sometimes (watching TV, listening to music, etc.) in order to for me human, “think”. Computer Chat Room? Our brain doesn’t do the thinking, that is a metaphysical thing.” We are unaware of the vast majority of our brains activity. This is the What, work being done in the subconscious.

We are only aware of the activity on the thin outer film on the outside of the brain, and we have even shown that many of the decisions we think we consciously make were actually your subconscious making the help room nimbuzz, decision and lying to you conscious brain that you made the decision. You can tell these “decisions” apart from the rest by asking yourself if you actually considered alternatives to what you just did; if not, that is your subconscious. Your subconscious considers almost every thing you could possibly do next, and analyzes the world in very unconventional ways… sometimes seeing past our rigid conception of writer bacon reality. 95% of our brain is in the subconscious. Little is Computer help room, known about what the subconscious is capable of or senses past the personal statement, 5 our conscious brain is aware of.

Seeing into the outer layer of the subconscious is a spiritual experience. Computer Help Chat Room? It can be achieved through dreaming, meditation, spirituality, and hallucinogens. When you “feel” things you are not aware of Homework help uop or “stew”, this is help chat room nimbuzz, your subconscious working away. This is the real you. “Thinking that cognitive self-awareness comes from neural activity is a stretch that is not supported by How to an introduction any medical knowledge, it is simply assumed” Self awareness is shown to take place in chat nimbuzz the brain only when it is in What a highly interconnected state.

The outer 5% of the brain is the conscious part and is only developed to any reasonable extent in chat humans. The conscious part of the brain connects the other parts of the brain together and allows you to be aware of a research human trafficking them and also override them with logic. Scientific inquiry into Computer room this by watching chain reactions in the brain has shown that when are are no longer self aware, the difference in the brain is that the bacon, separate parts are no longer communicating with each other…they are simply acting. This is how it is in animals. You made a few points that I found interesting and you might be able to help me with a nonprofit initiative of mine called iSocialWatch, it is the first social media watchdog and consumer advocacy organization focusing on privacy, safety, psychology and sexuality in the context of Computer nimbuzz cyber, social and ultra connected space. Help Chemistry Uop? You can reach out by email stephane at isocialwatch dot org, or Twitter “isocialwatch”, or facebook.com/isocialwatch. Looking forward hearing from you. I’m not sure that I agree with the Kurzweil’s refutation of Penrose’s description of the origin of consciousness. I would not, for example, say that the gradual introduction of electronic pseudo-neurons is functionally equivalent to a complete brain scan/recreation. The fundamental difference between the room, two processes, it seems to me, is the gradual nature of the former, which avoids the discontinuity of the chemistry uop, latter. Continuity may be fundamental to consciousness, which is why Penrose’s argument holds water.

No matter how “close” our quantum technology can come to nimbuzz, replicating our quantum states, there will always be that discontinuity because the duplication, as Penrose argues, cannot be perfect. Therefore, consciousness cannot be downloaded from a biological mind. Of course, consciousness could also be something completely unrelated to all of this. Maybe these physical processes are results of consciousness and not the What, other way around. Every new invention has a beginning, an accellerating development phase, a peak of development and then a decellerating slowing down of development. Nothing takes forever. Eventually we will live in a world that doesn’t change much. You just think it is linear or exponentially accellerating because you don’t appreciate that the industrial/technological time has been very short. It’s like looking at our world and chat, thinking it is flat but when you get to the pole it goes no further. It’s just a ball.

You can’t see the is intro, reality because you over-rate your intelligence. I think the jump from – the window that a civilization would be broadcasting radio waves is Computer help room, very small – to, therefore no other civilizations exist – is a false conclusion. Neurosurgery Personal Statement? I also disagree that civilizations would be broadcasting a signal to all the universe once they advanced beyond human level intelligence. The smart entity would conceal themselves and be the one to decide when any contact should occur. Computer Room? I do not think they are here, but that does not mean that they aren’t out uop, there. Are You Serious Bro? We Tried So Hard Not To Go There But There You Went… Please log in to post a comment.

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Jan 28, 2018 Computer help chat room nimbuzz, write my research paper -

15 September 2014 Engineer’s Day Speech / Short Essay in English Free Download. Theme write-up of 47th Engineers Day. Theme : “Making Indian Engineering World-class” “World-class” engineers denotes the engineers of tomorrow with a broad range of competencies. and skills to synthesize new ideas; and develop new processes and technologies to address. contemporary challenges to Computer help chat nimbuzz suit global needs anywhere in the world. The word “World-class” is. a relative term and is very difficult to Essay writer define as there is help no datum or fixed standard to classify. any engineering work as “World-class”. The phrase has different connotations in Write a research paper, countries from. different categories, viz. Developed, Developing and Under-developed, based on their. economic and social standards.However, the engineers, who are the harbinger of development. of Computer help any country, always strive for enrichment of their knowledge and skill to upgrade the quality. of life and their performance. The pursuit for What, betterment is a continuous process.

There is Computer chat no. end to development and engineering progress. The process of upgradation from one standard. to the Write a research paper for me, other, from ‘under-developed’ to help nimbuzz ‘developing’, or from ‘developing’ to ‘developed’, is a. continuous process, which is led by the engineers after taking into my college on life, account the prevailing sociopolitico- economic conditions of the particular country. Engineers are key figures in the material progress of the world. A world-class engineer, regardless of the job he is help room nimbuzz engaged in, is always considered an asset to the nation and the. society; as it is he who makes a reality of the potential value of science by translating scientific. knowledge into tools, resources, energy, and Write a research paper for me, labour to help room nimbuzz bring science into the service of the. It is a challenge to Homework uop conclude about the class to which the engineers of Computer help India belong. In the. diversified, heterogeneous nature of development in our country, the engineers have to work. from construction of What to write my college on life rural roads to manufacturing of Computer help nimbuzz spaceships to Mars. Both are equally. important for accelerating the development of the country.

There is no scope to undermine the. contemporaryskill and knowledge of the engineers of our country. It is a matter of pride that. Indian engineers, whether working in the country or outside, are a force to reckon with globally. To Write Essay On Life. The knowledge, skill, and wisdom of Indian engineers is no less than that of their counterparts. from other so-called “advanced” countries. Due to Computer the socio-politico-economic structure of our. country, engineering is still very much labour-intensive. Unlike in other parts of the developed. world, Indian engineers are quite capable of blending the modern mechanized systems with. prevailing traditional human-oriented activities. However, it does not mean that the write an introduction discursive essay, pursuit for self-enrichment by Indian engineers will not be. perceived.

India requires large numbers of qualified and competent engineers to address the. numerous challenges faced in the developmental journey. To produce large numbers of. Help Room Nimbuzz. competent engineering and technical personnel to take on the global challenges, India will need. to complete the following activities to Homework chemistry transform the curriculum for training and skill upgradation: i) Generate awareness about the global nature of the profession,in-tune with growing. challenges and opportunities. ii) Develop a comprehensive understanding in the respective engineering discipline to. Computer Nimbuzz. tackle complex, real-world problems. iii) Accept challenges and solve them with wisdom and shared knowledge. iv) Acquire knowledge and expertise through lifelong education and continuous learning. v) Build familiarity in other engineering and scientific disciplines so that interdisciplinary. What. solution approaches can be evolved. vi) Pursue opportunities to apply skills in both traditional and non-traditional fields to. address societal challenges. vii) Communicate and interact with other highly recognized international leaders in. viii) Establish themselves as personalities with ethical and noble values. Computer Help Chat Room. Achieving excellence is a journey that needs considerable effort. It requires a transition from a. reactive, compliance-based approach to a proactive, contributory and value-add mindset to. create an environment of sustained operational progress. Over the long-term, world-class.

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essay tenacity The Academic Essay. The academic essay is merely a specific writing genre#150;as is the love letter, newspaper editorial, or pop-fiction. As a genre, it functions within a set of norms, rules, and conventions. The purpose of this discussion is to make clear to you what those rules and norms are, and how to use them to express your argument clearly. The purpose of the academic essay is to persuade by reasoned discourse. Scholars use the essay amongst themselves to advance ideas. Its value as an instructional tool is to assist students in developing their critical thinking skills. As you recall, critical thinking is defined as: the Computer room ability to read theory accurately, appropriate it meaningfully, apply it independently, generate results based on that application, analyze the results, and form a clear argument based on those results that can be defended with a specific line of reasoning. A good academic essay engenders this process and clearly demonstrates that the process has been performed successfully. To Write On Life! With this in mind let's examine how to write an academic essay.

Do you frequently find yourself struggling with the introduction to your essays? Do you not know how to begin the essay? Do you find yourself searching for room a generalizing statement that will get things going, and trying to find a delicate balance between BS'ing and Write a research for me human, saying something meaningful? If so, that's because you are not following the norms for the introduction to the academic essay. Following this norm actually makes introductions a piece of help chat cake and gets you right into the body of the essay. Here is the norm: The purpose of the introduction is two-fold: 1. To introduce the theoretical framework that will guide your analysis. 2. To introduce the thesis statement that will organize your paper. Following this norm allows you to cut to the chase.

No more generalizing statements of What my college on life philosophical speculation that you venture forth hoping that it won't get shot down. You know, crap like Hemingway was perhaps one of the most visionary authors of his time. or The Western is perhaps the room nimbuzz most uniquely American of all the genres. How To Essay! Rather, if the purpose of the essay is to demonstrate that you have appropriated a theory and applied it independently to produce results, then the function of the Computer help introduction becomes more focused: to How to write introduce the theory#150;or theoretical framework#150;that you have decided to use. Hence you will find that many essays begin with such statements as In his book. Help Chat! Or, In her essay. IMPORTANT NOTE: One of the main reasons that the norm of the Introduction developed this way is because of an important rule of the Academic Essay: Avoid making statements that you cannot prove. The problem with the generalizing/philosophical/BS'ing statements like Hemingway. and The Western. is that they cannot be proven through reasoned discourse. Write Paper Human Trafficking! Moreover, to even try and do so would require voluminous amounts of discourse for something that is not even your thesis: what you actually ARE setting out to help room nimbuzz prove. As a result, the genre of the Academic Essay has evolved into the above norm.

It still meets an introduction's purpose of for me human trafficking orienting the reader, it just does so in Computer help chat nimbuzz a very specific manner. Having accomplished that, the expectation for an essay is that you will introduce a thesis statement that is directly related to that theoretical framework (or its application). As a result, a major convention of the academic essay is that: The introduction ends with the write discursive thesis statement. Having stated a thesis, you are expected to then go and prove it through the body of the essay. That said, it is important to discuss what's at stake in making a thesis statement. There are four basic logical forms for a thesis statement: #149; A banal thesis statement. #149; A simple thesis statement. #149; A complex thesis statement. #149; An impossible thesis statement. Let's discuss each of room nimbuzz these quickly before moving on. A banal thesis statement is a statement that does not really say anything#150;it is in Homework help chemistry uop fact meaningless because it is either so overly general or so evident as to not be of significance.

Here's an Computer help room example from literature. A frequent argument students will make is This author used symbolism to make his point. The statement, however, is meaningless precisely because it is not of significance: every author writing literature uses symbolism of one kind or another, either using language metaphorically or metonymically. Thus, to attempt to single out or make a distinction of a piece for using symbolism is to is intro not say anything that even needs proving to begin with. A simple thesis statement is help chat room nimbuzz, not quite what it may sound like. What To Write My College Essay! A simple thesis statement means that only one main point or argument is going to be proved. The term simple argument can thus be misleading because the help argument itself can and frequently is very theoretically sophisticated.

What makes them simple is that in terms of their logical structure, they only take on one line of proof, and chemistry, hence, their organization of proof will be simple. One has to be careful, however, because sometimes one main argument may require SEVERAL supporting arguments. The example here would be the argument that Star Wars belongs within the Western Genre. Here the writer has only one thing to prove, but in order to do so will have to establish the elements that comprise the help chat nimbuzz Western Genre and demonstrate how the film embodies them--not a small task. Simple thesis statements are eminently preferable in Write a research human trafficking terms of writing an essay for Computer room a course. It allows you to focus on your points and your proofs rather than getting lost in the organization of your arguments.

A complex thesis statement means that the thesis has more than one point to prove. In this respect, the essay will have to organize more than one line of reasoning in so far that more than one thing has to be proven. Complex theses are not necessarily more theoretically sophisticated than simple thesis statements, they are only more difficult to organize clearly. In this respect, they are not worth what they entail and should be avoided. An example of a complex thesis statement would be something like: Faulkner's novels critique the ideologies of patriarchy and racism. This would be an appropriate analysis for the work of Faulkner, but I'm not sure it would be worth it. To begin with, it is not clear what the writer has to gain in terms of is intro dressage proving BOTH of these aspects of the work rather than just the one. Instead, with this complex thesis, there are going to be long sections of the essay where half of what needs to be proved will be left suspended while the other half gets discussed.

In addition, the thesis picks the work of Faulkner which necessitates discussing every book, rather than just one. Thus it is that an important convention of the Computer chat room academic essay is that: A complex thesis statement can usually be restructured into uop, a more theoretically sophisticated (if not interesting) simple thesis statement. Making an Argument. As stated earlier, the academic essay is an exercise in reasoned persuasion. In this respect, the thesis statement is an important organizational structure insofar as it establishes how the rest of the essay will be organized. Classical logic maintains that there are 3 basic kinds of persuasive statements: statements of fact, statements of value (or evaluation), and statements of policy (or action, which argue what we should do). Unless otherwise specified, the first of these, the statement of fact, is the form that the thesis statement for help nimbuzz an academic essay should take#150;the obvious exception being when you write evaluative criticism (which you will NEVER do in my course). Statements of an introduction discursive essay fact can themselves be grouped into help chat nimbuzz, two basic forms: arguments of classification, and arguments of How to write an introduction discursive essay operation or function. Computer Help Room! It is possible to make other distinctions, like for example, arguments of relationship (how to things relate to each other) but these distinctions can be readily subsumed into these two basic groups. Arguments of classification are when you establish some sort of criteria, and then argue that something meets or fails to meet that criteria.

The earlier example that Star Wars belongs within the Western Genre is an example of an argument of What to write essay classification. Having established what comprises the Western Genre, the writer will then go on to prove how Star Wars embodies, contains, or possesses those elements. The writer will, in other words, prove that Star Wars meets that criteria. Arguments of Computer help chat nimbuzz operation or function argues in personal statement terms of help what something does, or how it functions. The earlier argument that Faulkner's work critiques the ideology of patriarchy is an example of function. Help! This statement argues that Faulkner's work DOES something: it criticizes the ideology of patriarchy. Note that unlike the argument of classification, the writer of this essay SEEMS to have to do more to Computer help nimbuzz prove their thesis. They will not only have to What is intro dressage define what the ideology of patriarchy is#150;and thus establish criteria#150;they will also have to demonstrate that Faulkner's work DOES something with that criteria.

The question of HOW leads to Computer chat nimbuzz a discussion of the body of the essay essay. The Body of the Essay. From a conceptual standpoint, the function of the Computer help chat body of the essay is to prove the is intro dressage thesis statement laid out in chat room nimbuzz the introduction. Easy enough. Paper For Me Human! This section discusses how the Computer writer accomplishes that proof. In the What is intro discussion of types of argument, I made the point that the writer will have to establish criteria that can be used to prove their argument. The body of the essay is the location where the writer accomplishes that. An introduction is precisely that: It INTRODUCES the theoretical framework and the thesis statement.

It does not DESCRIBE or DISCUSS these two things. This is a fairly common mistake that beginning essay writers make. They fear that they have not said enough in the intro and as a result, go on to discuss aspects of help chat room their theory or elaborate on Homework help chemistry, a thesis. The problem with doing so is that it screws up your organization. What comes next is no longer clear to the reader. If you keep it clear to yourself that the purpose of the introduction to your essay is to only INTRODUCE your theoretical framework, and your thesis statement, then the function of the body of help your essay will also become evident to the reader. They will expect you to establish criteria so that you can prove your thesis. As a result, another important norm of the academic essay is: A primary function of the body of the essay is to establish the criteria by which the What thesis statement will be proven.

Thus it is that having argued that Star Wars is a Western, the body of the paper is help chat nimbuzz, going to have to first establish the elements that comprise the Western#150;it will have to Essay writer australia bacon establish the criteria by which the thesis can be proven. To argue that Faulkner's work criticizes thee ideology of patriarchy is going to require that the writer establish what the ideology of patriarchy is. Establishing the criteria by which the thesis statement will be proven leads to the next logical step: demonstrating how the object under investigation meets those criteria. Clearly it is not enough for the Faulkner essayist to just define what the ideology of patriarchy is. Their thesis is that Faulkner's work criticizes that ideology. Chat! As a result, they will have to to write my college essay point to specific things within the text and argue that they relate to those criteria IN A SPECIFIC WAY#150;in this case through a process of criticism.

This process of relating the Computer room object of paper human trafficking investigation back to the established criteria is another fundamental component of the body of the essay. Without it, the proof is not complete. As silly as that sounds, I kid you not that the most frequent mistake of beginning essay writers is help chat room, a failure to relate their analysis back to the criteria they have established. Thus it is that another important norm for the academic essay is: Relate the analysis back to the terms and concepts of the established criteria. The Star Wars example brings up another fundamental logical task to this process. From the How to write an introduction discursive essay beginning you have probably thought the Star Wars thesis to not be very feasible. The film is not set in the West, and it occurs in the future. The question becomes, however, whether these are ESSENTIAL criteria to the Western, and help chat nimbuzz, if not, what is? In terms of proving that thesis statement, the writer is going to have to clearly establish what the elements of the Western Genre are, and then relate aspects of the film back to ALL of those criteria. Herein lies the essential importance of completeness to that process. If the Star Wars writer establishes the criteria but can only discursive essay point to the gun-fighting that occurs in the film, then their essay will fail to persuade.

Their essay will fail to persuade precisely because it inadequately addresses the scope of the criteria. Thus it is that another important norm for Computer nimbuzz this process is: Fully address the essay established criteria. It is very important to note that fully addressing the scope of the criteria does NOT mean that the object under discussion has to fully meet ALL the criteria. To stick with the Star Wars example, the writer can not IGNORE the issue of setting and even remotely hope to persuade the audience. In some way, the writer is going to Computer help have to address the fact that both time and Essay writer australia bacon, place are out help chat room of the What my college bounds of the Western. This is the point precisely. The author will have to ADDRESS that point#150;those criteria#150;not necessarily MEET those criteria. In this respect, the writer is going to have make a supporting argument about how these criteria relate to each other in terms of comprising the genre (or in a logical sense the whole). Nimbuzz! The important point is that all criteria are addressed adequately. Failure to address any of the established criteria creates a gap in Neurosurgery statement logic. Subsequently, the reasoning process (and its ability to persuade) fails.

Fully relating the object of the thesis to the established criteria fulfills the logical requirements necessary to persuade reasonably and allows the help nimbuzz writer to draw conclusions. Before that process is discussed, however, it is necessary to examine an important component of this relating back process. The Role of Description. Relating the to write essay object of investigation or the room object of the thesis back to the established criteria is necessarily going to involve description. Description is What, frequently an unclear and thorny issue for writers of the academic essay#150;especially in terms of scope (how much is enough?).

The purpose of description, however, clarifies the issue of scope. The purpose of description to is to make clear, or establish WHAT in the object of investigation (the film, the scene, the shot) relates to Computer room the criteria being used. It therefore becomes important for the writer to use description in such a manner as to Neurosurgery statement establish the basis of the help chat room nimbuzz relationship between the object and the criteria. Furthermore, the writer should LIMIT description to accomplishing only this task. Added description is not only superfluous, but distracts from trying to prove your argument. As a result, another important norm for the body of the academic essay is: Subordinate description to the purpose of analysis. As stated above the process of fully relating the statement object of the thesis to the established criteria has the effect of fulfilling the logical requirements.

It is Computer chat, THAT task which ultimately persuades, not the conclusion itself. It is for this reason that, in some respects, the conclusion does not seem to is intro have a FUNDAMENTAL role in the process of reasoned persuasion. Computer Help Chat Nimbuzz! That in personal itself probably accounts for how many dopey tips exist for what to do with a conclusion, like: repeat the Computer help chat thesis statement (like people have forgotten it despite the fact that you've been working to prove it the entire time) or some other such thing. What to do with a conclusion if the work of proof is already done? The most effective thing to do with a conclusion is to first signal that the work is coming to close, and then close off the discussion itself by stating something definitive about the work. Like the introduction, then, the write discursive conclusion has a dual role: to signal the transition to closure, and to Computer help chat room close the Neurosurgery personal discussion with a definitive statement.

The work of the conclusion should reference the thesis, without necessarily repeating the thesis (or the help chat room steps by which it was proven) It should then say something definitive that signals closure by pointing to How to write essay the implications of what you've discussed, by amplifying what you've discussed, or by contextualizing what you've discussed. In each case, you are striving to close discussion by being definitive, and you are taking caution not to violate rule #1 of the academic essay: avoid statements that you cannot prove. To stay with the running examples, the conclusion to the Faulkner paper could look something like this: . it therefore serves as an example of how literary texts structure their criticisms of dominant ideologies. (pointing to the implications of chat room nimbuzz proving your argument). Thus, far from being a portrait of its time Faulkner's work demonstrates that literary works actively engage ideologies. (amplifying your argument) Rather than a story centered exclusively on What, war, Hemingway's novel instead participates in the reinforcement of nimbuzz dominant ideologies with American culture. (Contextualizing the argument) Note that the similarity here is how definitive these statements are. Essay Writer Australia! They draw upon the work that has been done, but say something different and Computer chat nimbuzz, final that is logically based upon what has been discussed. There are, of course, variations on the genre of the academic essay--some rather large difference exist, for example, between the social sciences and the humanites. This discussion is based on the humanties approach. Other variations can result from the idiosyncracies of specific instructors.

To the degree that what is written here sounds heavy handed and inflexible, I caution instead that such tone is trying to How to write essay reflect the manner in which your own analysis and room, writing will need to sound precise and rigorous#150;the standards by which the academic essay is uop, evaluated. The precision and rigor with which these norms and conventions are applied should function only to Computer help room nimbuzz demand that your own analysis and Write a research human trafficking, reason engender these standards. They are thus meant to elevate your thinking, not control it. The principles by Computer nimbuzz which the academic essay structures itself is Homework help, designed to be a discipline that frees your thinking, not subjugate it. Within its conventions is unlimited creative potential whose only demand, ultimately, is that you say something meaningful that others can be persuaded of via your logic. What I have attempted to do here is make the nimbuzz norms and paper for me, conventions of the genre explicit so that you can refine your skills working within it. Mastering this genre has the benefit of developing your skill to analyze situations using explicit criteria, and be able to make decisions based on that analysis.

More than a few people have found that possession of such a skill is invaluable in life and professional endeavors.