Essays on service zoo

Jan 27, 2018 Essays on service zoo, write my paper -

Cablewireless Takeover of Energis. Autor: reviewessays • February 10, 2011 • Research Paper • 3,558 Words (15 Pages) • 1,723 Views. Cablewireless takeover of Energis. Essays Zoo. Cablewireless (CW), leading international telecommunication company was serving customers across 80 countries.CW was providing voice and Statistics service, data services to business customers, mobile operators, telecom carriers, and residential customers. Essays Zoo. It has strong historic links with five continents through its ancestral company.CW clinched the takeover of privately owned Energis for 'GBP 674 million' ($1.2 billion) in 16thAugust 2005. Helper College. The takeover of 'Energis' would retain the corporate customers of Energis, by strengthening CW position in the tough telecom market. Essays. But analyst from 'Dow Jones' felt that the deal would not be spectacular as expected in terms of changing pricing environment of Essay, Telecom sector in UK. John Pender was established the telegraph construction and maintenance company called as Telcon in on service 17th march 1864 with GBP1,00,000 as capital.Telcon was created with the helper amalgamation of Essays on service zoo, Gutta Percha company and help living, Glass Elliott (cable manufacturers of Greenwich). Cablewireless was played an important role in on service zoo the development of telecommunications across the globe in the early 1960s. John Pender established the Professional essay in nursing first telegraph company called as Falmouth Gibraltar and Malta in 1869; after the completion of cable chain between England and India by means of cables via Gibraltar and Portugal. The cable link was completed on zoo, 1870 by connecting London with Bombay.

In 1872, Eastern Telegraph company was formed by Academic essay introduction merger of the smaller telegraph companies including Gibraltar and Malta. This company was extended huge network of telegraphs by creating new pathways as well as doubled and trebled cables on busy existed routes. Eastern telegraph concern became the Essays on service zoo part of Eastern and associated Telegraph (EAT) companies in the early 20th century. Essay Pros. EAT was integrated with many other telegraph companies in on service the entire world. In 1934 , Imperial and null, international telecommunication, formerly called as Eastern Telegraph concern became Cablewireless.

The new name was coined to Essays on service zoo, reflect their combined service offerings such as radio and cable services; without reference to the British Empire. Since that time company saw many revolutionary changes in the communication technology. Cablewireless was handed over the external telecommunication operations to the national bodies as they were established after the formation of common wealth associations of sovereign states. Essay Pros Living Alone. In 1934, EAT had been incorporated in Wales, London as Cablewireless plc (Public limited company). Essays. Historically in many of its operations, Cablewireless was the sole telecommunication provider which was focused on switching voices and data services delivered over research paper hypothesis traditional phone lines. In 1942 , Australia and New Zealand were proposed national communication scheme which removed the control of communication operations of Cablewireless. This proposal was accepted by central Commonwealth associations at the Canberra conference in 1945. CW opposed this made proposal because it was in favor of Essays on service, independent countries, belonging to Essay help living alone, the common wealth associations. In 1947, the overseas telecommunication commission (Australia) was formed to take over Essays on service zoo from CW. From 1960 to 1980, the involvement of CW in Australia was made major 'international coaxial cable projects' such as COMPAC, SEACOM, and ANZCAN. Professional In Nursing. In 1990s CW was established Optus , second telecommunication network in Australia.

Optus network was covered 5,000 km through fibre optic cable in 1994. In 23rdJan2004 CWA (Subsidiary of CW in US) was entered in to bankruptcy on the basis of chapter 11 and US operations were sold to SAWIS Communication Corporation for about US $155 million cash excluding the assumed liabilities of US $ 12.4 million on the basis of auction. In Japan, subsidiary of CW was sold to Soft Bank Corporation for GBP 71.7 million comprised of GBP62.3 million cash in the same year. In 28th may 2004, CW acquired 100% stake of Bulldog communications Ltd (Company was provided broadband services to residential and Essays zoo, business customers in UK) for worth of about GBP 18.6 million as well as it acquired 55% of Monaco telecom SAM (Monaco based telecommunication service provider) from Vivendi universal for deal of worth about essay service, GBP 108 million (Euro 162 million) in 18th June 2004. Cablewireless was the leading international telecommunication company with the principal operations in UK, Caribbean island, Panama, Macau, and Monaca.

It service offerings were voice, data, Internet protocol(IP) and mobile services to both business and Essays on service, residential customers; including landline ,mobile communication operations, as well as content and applications services .Today CW was the largest fixed voice telecommunication service provider in UK after BT. CW was serving UK on living, the basis of three key customers such as Enterprise, Business and Carrier services. Perhaps it was serving SOHO consumer segment through Bulldog. Enterprise customers were referred as large national and international organizations where it requires significant customization of telecommunication services. CW was served the needs of enterprise customers through its operations spread in United States, Europe and Asia. CW was earned GBP 475 million by offering customized services to enterprise customers in the year 2005.

Business customers belonging to mid sized companies who were offered voice and data services over legacy and Essays, IP based platforms through direct or indirect sales channel. CW revenue was accumulated by GBP 394 million from their business customers in UK. CW defined carrier service customers as large national and international telecommunication operators or resellers who were purchasing wholesale services mainly based on voice and data services delivered over traditional platforms. The turn over of CW was accounted for GBP 733 million by help pros living alone service offerings to the 'carrier service' customers in the year 2005.

Jan 27, 2018 Essays on service zoo, essay writer for all kinds of papers -

Women's relationships today follow. They push men for commitment. They get what they want. T hey lose interest in sex. T hey become a ttracted to someone else. T hey start cheating.

T hey become ang ry and on service zoo resentful. T hey begin telling their partners that they need time apart. T hey blame their partners for their behavior. a nd eventually , after making themselves and everyone around the m miserable for an indefinite, but usually , long period of time , t hey end their relationship s or marriage s . If you're a male , like most other males , you would probably never suspect that your partner is cheating, not only because of Essay help living, your wife’s or girlfriend’s seeming disinterest in sex ; but also because you have the belief that your wife or girlfriend is zoo a “good girl.” Unfortunately, males are frequently left/divorced by their wives and girlfriends without ever knowing about their wives ' and girlfriends ' infidelities. I f you’re a female, like most other females, prior to cheating on your partner you always proclaimed yourself to essay writing ontario be not the type who would ever cheat . However, also like most other females , after they have cheated, you're shocked and appalled by your behavior ; but at the same time you can't stop cheating . Women's r elationships and marriages will continue to follow this same pattern unless we develop an accurate understanding of females #9472; particularly in regard to Essays on service their sexuality. In fact, after researching women's sexuality for more than ten years , I can honestly say that most of our societal beliefs about females are grossly distorted and many are completely erroneous. T he media has finally begun to Essay pros living alone acknowledge, albeit to a small degree, the widespread problem of female infidelity. Recently, several books and articles have attempted to explain why women are now cheating as much as men. However, none were successful in their attempt. All of them left out on service zoo very important pieces to this extremely complicated puzzle . I believe the majority w ere simply unable to find all of the information necessary to figure out the problem. Although , I'm certain that some were just afraid to disclose certain key pieces of information because the truth, quite frankly, is so contrary to Personal statement in sales our current beliefs . Essays? Unfortunately, w ithout th ese missing pieces , it's impossible to understand , and to subsequently fix , the real problem occurring in relationships today . Shortly after my 27th birthday, I began to essay feel very different. I had been happily married for 4 years and then, suddenly out of on service zoo, nowhere, I began feeling bored and unhappy.

In an help, attempt to figure out what was causing my unhappiness, I looked for answers in books, tried to talk to my Mother and eventually went to see a psychologist. All of the information I received attributed the way I was feeling to my husband, and similar to the majority of women, I began to view my husband as the culprit too. Currently, women are initiating 70 - 75% of zoo, all divorces. Later, through my own research, I discovered that what I was experiencing was quite normal. In fact, women are the most likely to Personal statement divorce in their late twenties and thirties after an average of 4 years of Essays on service zoo, marriage. During this time, it's quite common for Essay alone, women to experience a pre-midlife crisis, which is similar to the male midlife crisis, only with an important difference - a difference that can actually make women more likely to cheat than men. The stages that women often experience during the course of Essays on service, their long-term relationships. Several years into my research I was able to identify distinctive patterns and behaviors in Personal the women I interviewed. I categorized these into four separate “stages” that women often experience during the course of their long-term relationships.

The stages begin with a loss of sexual desire . W omen at Stage 1 feel as though something i s missing in their lives. They ha ve all the things that they want e d—a home, a family, a great husband—but they feel they should be happier. Over time, many women in on service this stage begin to lose interest in sex . It is not uncommon for Statistics essay service ontario, them to spend a great deal of energy trying to avoid physical contact with their husbands because they fear it might lead to a sexual encounter. They frequently complain of physical ailments to avoid having sex and often tr y to avoid going to bed at Essays zoo the same time as their husbands. They view sex as a job, not unlike doing the dishes or going to null the grocery store.

Some women in Stage 1 claim they feel violated when their husbands touch them . Their bodies freeze up and they feel tightness in their chest and/or a sick feeling in their stomach. The majority of women in Essays zoo Stage 1 f eel as though there is something wrong with them, that they are in some way defective. Help Living Alone? They are also fearful that their disinterest in sex w ill cause their husbands to cheat, or worse yet, leave them. Women at Stage 2 experience reawakened desire stimulated by an encounter outside the marital relationship. Whether these encounters with a new man involve s sex or remain platonic, women will typically give a tremendous amount of emotional significance to these encounters . Many women in this stage haven't felt any sexual desire for a long time. Many experience tremendous guilt and on service zoo regret, regardless of whether their new relationships are sexual, merely emotional, or both.

Most begin to experience what could be termed an identity crisis—even those who tr y to put the writers in nursing, experience behind them. Constant reminders are everywhere. They fe el guilt when the topic of infidelity arises , whether in the media, in conversations with family and friends, or at home with their husbands. Women in this stage can no longer express their prior disdain for infidelity without feeling like a hypocrite. They fe el as though they ha ve lost a part of themselves. Reflecting society’s belief that women are either “good” or “bad,” women will question their “good girl” status and zoo fe el that they might not be deserving of their husbands. Academic? Many will tr y to on service overcome feelings of guilt by becoming more attentive toward and appreciative of Personal in sales, their husbands. Zoo? However, over time many women will move from appreciation to justification. Professional Values In Nursing? In order to justify their continued desire for Essays on service zoo, other men, women will begin to Personal statement attribute th e se desires to needs that are not being met in the ir marriage, or to their husband’s past behavior.

Many women will become negative and sarcastic when speaking of their husbands and their marriages and it is not uncommon for an extramarital affair to follow. Women at Stage 3 are involved in Essays on service affairs, ending affairs, or contemplating divorce. W omen who are having affairs experience feelings unlike anything they have experienced before. They fe el “alive” again and many believe they ha ve found their soul mates. These women are experiencing feelings associated with a chemically altered state, or what is research paper hypothesis null typically refer red to as being in Essays zoo love. These women are also typically in tremendous pain, the Statistics essay service, pain of choosing between their husbands and their new love interests. Zoo? They typically believe that what they are doing is wrong and unfair to Professional writers values their husbands, but yet are unable to end their affairs. Many often tr y several times.

Prior to on service meeting with their lovers, they w ill vow that it w ill be the last time, but they are unable to stick with their decisions. Unable to writers in nursing end their extramarital relationships, women at zoo Stage 3 conclude that their lovers are soul mates because they are u naware that they ha ve become addicted to Writing paper the high caused by Essays on service, chemicals released during the Personal statement in sales, initial stages of a relationship. Many live in a state of limbo for years. “Should I stay married or should I get a divorce?” this is the question continuously on the minds of women at Stage 3 - it is on service zoo also common for women at this stage to Personal in sales attempt to initiate a separation. In most cases, husbands of women at Stage 3, will launch futile attempts to make their wives happy by Essays zoo, being more attentive, spending more time at zane home and helping out Essays around the Personal statement in sales, house. Regardless of women’s past and present complaints, the last thing women at Stage 3 want, is to on service zoo spend more time with their husbands. The reason many women will give for their desire to separate is a “search for self.” They convince their husbands that they might be able to save the writers values in nursing, ir marriage if they c an just have time to themselves. They tell their husbands that time apart is the only hope of improving the ir current situation. W omen at this stage want to free themselves of the restrictions of marriage and spend more time with their lovers. Essays? Most th ink that eventually their confusion w ill disappear . T hey think they w ill eventually know with certainty whether they want to stay married or get divorced and be with their lovers. S eparati on allows women at this stage, to statement enjoy the high they experience with their lovers without giving up t he security of their marriages.

H usbands of on service, Stage 3 women are often unaware that their wives are having affairs. Writers? Their lack of suspicion is typically due to their wife’s disinterest in sex and in their belief that their wife is a “good girl.” Women at Stage 3 may also be experiencing the ending of an extramarital affair , and the ending may not have been their decision. They may have been involved with single men who either lost interest because the relationship could not progress or who became attracted to an other women who w as single. W omen whose affairs are ending often experience extreme grief . They may become deeply depressed and express tremendous anger toward their husbands. They are typically u naware that they are experiencing chemical withdrawal due to sudden changes in their brain chemistry . As a result, many will feel that they ha ve m issed their chance at happiness due to their i ndecisiveness. Believing they ha ve become more aware of what they want and need from a mate, women at this stage will often place the utmost importance on Essays zoo finding a new relationship that will g i ve them the feeling they experience d in essay in nursing their affairs. A new relationship with a new partner will also represent a clean slate, a chance for these women to regain their “good girl” status. Some women will search for Essays zoo, new partners during their separations. Others will return to their marriages, but not emotionally and still continue to search.

Some women will resume sporadic sexual relations with their husbands in statement in sales an effort to safeguard the ir marriage until they ma ke a decision. Although they are often not sexually attracted to their husbands, desire is temporarily rekindled when they suspect their husbands are unfaithful, are contemplating infidelity, or when their husbands show signs of moving on . The women in stage four included those who chose to stay married and continue their affairs and those who chose to divorce. Essays On Service Zoo? Some of the in sales, women who continued their affairs stated that marital sex was improved by Essays on service, maintaining the extramarital relationship. Some thought the lover was a soul mate, but for essay, one reason or another did not leave their husband and did not feel torn between the two. Essays Zoo? Others realized that their feelings were intensified by not sharing day-to-day living arrangements with their lover. Almost all of the women in Statistics essay writing this latter category were having affairs with married men. They believed their affairs could continue indefinitely without disrupting either partner’s primary relationship. The women who chose divorce and were in the beginning stages of Essays on service, a new relationship typically expressed relief at having finally made a decision and reported feeling normal again.

Many of the divorced women who had remarried and help alone were several years into their new marriages seemed somewhat reluctant to talk about the Essays on service zoo, specifics of their past experiences. However, they did mention feelings of guilt and essay regret for having hurt their children and ex-spouses only to find themselves experiencing similar feelings in the new relationship. Female infidelity will not only continue to be extremely common but it will also continue to be on the rise. Women are cheating and relationships are ending because men and women lack necessary information. T oday's relationship problems are not only on service, solvable, but many can be easily solved #9472; once you understand what the Statistics essay writing, real problem is . The information in Women ' s Infidelity should be common knowledge to couples, both married and Essays unmarried , and to dating males and Essay alone females . T rying to zoo have a relationship today without th e i nformation in this book is like to trying to read without knowing the letters of the alphabet . T his is paper hypothesis not an exaggerat ion #9472; it ' s a fact . Reviews and Letters from Readers. I have been reading your book all week and have found it to be completely insightful and clarifying. I have been married for Essays zoo, 7 years and have a 3 year old at writers values home. I have not engaged in an affair but over but over Essays on service the last few months have definitely considered looking for it. Thank you for college, sharing your wisdom. I feel clearer now than I have for zoo, a long time.

I know my whole family is goin g to benefit from this information. Essay Help Living? D onna Dillman , GRIP Magazine. I just happened across your website today and what I've found is truly enlightening. As a psychologist I did have occasion to study marriage and marriage counseling to some degree but my primary interest has always been in working with children and adolescents. Essays? Clearly there is a significant absence of information such as yours being disseminated to graduating psychologists in training. Having been down the marital breakup path, I can also clearly attest to Professional essay values in nursing the accuracy of your conclusions. .. I do thank-you for Essays on service zoo, writing such an insightful and informative book and will share it with my numerous friends who are currently experiencing similar marital challenges, as well as some of my professional colleagues who are more directly involved in working with couples. Academic Essay Introduction? .. I wish to congratulate you . y ours is by far the most razor-sharp study of female infidelity ever done. Ever. And that’s not hyperbole. .. I can’t thank you enough for on service zoo, publishing your book, which I downloaded and last night read cover to cover until 2:30am.

What struck me was that many times in writers values in nursing the book, you described my wife’s behavior – right on down to verbatim quotes – and mine in frighteningly accurate detail. I have a better understanding of what has happened. Her relationship did not get physical, but it would have eventually, I’m sure. Understanding why is a huge part of forgiving her . I’ve made more progress with your book in a few hours than we have with a therapist in zoo 6 weeks. With any luck, you may have been a major factor in saving our marriage. Thank you, thank you, thank you. I just read your book cover to cover. Two sittings. much of Statistics service ontario, it with. my wife. On Service Zoo? We can never thank you enough.

I believe it was key to saving our marriage. Before reading your book, I had been living in limbo for almost two years. Essay Help Living? I was so confused and I felt like I was going crazy. I even went to a psychologist to Essays zoo try and figure out what was wrong with me. I had just about given up all hope and then I heard you on the radio talking about Personal, your book. Thank you so much for writing this book. For the first time in Essays a long time I finally feel like I'm getting back to normal again. I heard you on helper state the radio and I thought you may have some answers for Essays zoo, me since I had just caught my wife cheating. Statistics Writing Ontario? I was wondering why this was happening so I ordered your book. I received your book the other day and read it cover to Essays on service zoo cover. I was amazed.

It seemed to be written about Essay zane state, m y marriage. Women's Infidelity is a MUST read for EVERY heterosexual male and Essays female. Both are at a disadvantage in their relationships without having this information . Essay State College? Women's Infidelity : Living In Limbo E xplains : W hy females push males for commitment. W hy females think they're naturally monogamous and why males think so too. W hy women can't tell men what they really want. W hy women like getting married but not being married. W hy women lose sexual desire for their husbands and what women really do want sexually. W hy women are more likely than men to Essays zoo become addicted to affair sex. W hy marriage and fidelity can actually be MORE difficult for women than it is for men.

W hy women overwhelmingly initiate the majority of helper state college, all divorces - even when they're married to zoo men who love and treat them well. Why and how men unknowingly make the problem worse by doing exactly the opposite Personal in sales, of what they need to do in order to fix the Essays, problem. Women's Infidelity II : Breaking Out of Limbo E xplains : How to get clear about what you're really doing. How to understand your feelings for your husband - what it really means when you say, I love him, but I'm not in love with him. How to Personal in sales know if your feelings for the other man are real. How to know if there's a possibility for a future with the other man. How to Essays on service zoo stop your circular thinking. How to Academic end your confusion and move forward in Essays zoo 7 clearly defined steps. Limbo is one of the most painful experience s we can go through in our relationships.

I ' ve interviewed several hundred people in helper state college this situation and I ' ve also been there myself. W h en I was going through it, I felt like I had an ailment, a condition of Essays on service, some sort. At the time, I just knew I had something and whatever it was, it wasn ' t normal. For several reasons, which I explain in my book , infidelity and marital limbo are quickly becoming the in nursing, norm for women and, as I've already pointed out, women are also initiating 70 - 75% of all divorces . I sincerely believe that the information in on service Women ' s Infidelity is crucial for helper, both males and females, regardless of their relationship status. Furthermore, I also believe that it would be a mistake to end a relationship prior to reading this book. More Letters from Essays on service, Readers.

This is the most honest book about women I’ve ever read. In so many ways, h ow we think, feel and behave is a mystery, even to Statistics essay writing ontario us women. I applaud Michelle Langley for her willingness to say what nobody else has the courage to say . Candice Billings, MS. Y our book was more informative than all the counseling that I have had in the past year. I don't know how I can ever thank you. Your book saved my marriage.

After I read it I had my wife read it. My wife and I have now not only reconciled but we also have a much more honest relationship. Thank you for bringing everything into focus. It took guts to put this information out there and I can't thank you enough for zoo, doing it. Professional In Nursing? What I find so disturbing is that I could have been in on service zoo counseling for another 10 years and Professional essay writers values I still would not have learned anything about Essays on service, what I learned from your books.

I am grateful to you for putting this information out there for people like me who have been hurting and Writing confused for on service zoo, so long.

Jan 27, 2018 Essays on service zoo, write my essay, paper -

Prepare Your Resume for Email and Online Posting. and Online Posting. Many people still think the Essays on service zoo resume you put online is not the same document that you created to print out and essay mail to prospective employers or hand to interviewers. On Service? This is untrue. You do not need a different resume, you only need to alter the format of your resume to make it easy for you to statement in sales post, copy and paste, or email it to employers. When done correctly, your well-written, well-prepared resume will contain all of the necessary keywords to attract attention whether it is being scanned into a resume system, indexed and searched online, or read on paper by a real human.

Job search experts recommend you keep duplicates of Essays on service zoo your resume in each of these versions or formats. A Print Version , designed with bulleted lists, italicized text, and other highlights, ready to print and mail or hand to paper hypothesis potential contacts and interviewers. A Scannable Version , a less-designed version without the fancy design highlights. Bulleted lists are fine, but that’s about the limit. A Plain Text Version , a plain text file ready to copy and paste into online forms or post in online resume databases. This might also be referred to as a Text-Only copy. An E-mail Version , another plain text copy, but this one is specifically formatted for the length-of-line restrictions in e-mail. This is also a Text-Only copy. This is the same document presented in Essays on service four ways, each formatted for a specific delivery purpose. You could just use the pros forms most databases provide to Essays zoo build your resume in their system, but resume expert and author Susan Ireland doesn’t recommend you do this for several reasons.

Spell-check: Preparing your resume in zane state advance using your own word processing program allows you to spell-check your resume and on service revise it as needed until you are happy with it. Format: Most online forms and builders insist on a chronological resume, which focuses on work history. Help Pros Living? Career changers who would prefer a functional resume with its emphasis on skills will be at a disadvantage. Essays Zoo? Reusability: If you build it in their database using their form, you’ve done a lot of work for only one site, which means you will have to repeat your effort for every database you encounter. That’s a lot of typing! Prepare it in advance on Writing paper hypothesis your own computer and you have it to use as much as you like. We have instructions on converting your Word document to Essays zoo 2 different Plain Text documents suitable for pasting in to email and posting in databases. Many job seekers are creating webbed resumes in the hopes of being discovered or as a place to refer an employer who might want to essay introduction see more than what is usually found in a resume. An HTML version of your resume works particularly well for Essays on service zoo persons in the visual arts or programming, but it could serve anyone, provided it is done right and for Academic introduction the right reasons. Doing it right means starting with a basic HTML version of your designed resume, not an overloaded page of Essays on service zoo Shockwave and Java effects, huge graphics, and audio files that takes more than 2 minutes to download on your DSL line and Professional writers values blasts out your computer speakers.

Doing it for the right reasons means turning your resume into on service, a portfolio, complete with links to former employers or projects already publicly available online. Be sure you are not violating any copyright or confidentiality clauses by putting information online without prior approval. The biggest problem with HTML resumes is TMI – too much information . Many people make their resumes part of their personal web site, loading it where there is all kinds of Statistics essay service information an employer does not need to know before you are hired, like your marital status, ethnic background, religious affiliations, personal interests, past or present health problems, and much more. Allowing an employer to learn so much about you can lead to potential discrimination problems that you may never be aware of for the way you look, your political or religious beliefs or any number of Essays on service zoo other reasons. I know some career management professionals advocate the essay service use of photos plus personal biographies for executive clients, stating this is the same information you would find in an executive bio released by the company for publicity purposes. However, I still urge job seekers to on service be both conservative and conscientious about what you are telling prospective employers before you actually get called into an interview. Always remember, your resume presents the image you want employers to see. For this reason, it is helper college, important that you keep your presence entirely professional, never linking your resume to Essays on service any personal information. If you decide to statement in sales add an HTML resume to your campaign, post it in a location separate from your personal web site, and do not link between the two.

The fastest way to respond to Internet job listings is to zoo e-mail your cover letter and resume to the person or organization indicated. However, there are some simple rules to follow before hitting the send key. Look at Essay help pros it this way. You have 15 or 20 seconds to get someone’s attention using email. Essays? In that time, you must convince the recipient to. open your email read your message not delete your email. Do it wrong, get into the wrong mail box, or make someone’s job harder, and the best resume in the world from the most qualified person in the world will be trashed. Getting your email opened, read, and actually considered really comes down to some simple rules. Use the right Subject.

Seeking employment is Personal statement in sales, not an acceptable subject. If you are responding to an advertisement, use the job title or job code cited in the advertisement to on service zoo make it easy for your e-mail to be recognized and routed to the appropriate person. If you are cold calling an employer, put a few words stating your objective or in the Subject line ( materials engineer seeking new opportunity ). Include a cover letter in Statistics service your email and address it to the recipient. Essays? Here’s my resume, please tell me if you have any jobs I might fill is not a cover letter and does not encourage anyone to look at your resume. Whether or not you are responding to an advertised opening, the cover letter will introduce you, specify how you meet the Statistics writing needs of the employer, and zoo will encourage the recipient to read your full resume. Essay Introduction? Always send your resume in the body of the e-mail message, not as an Essays on service attachment. Ontario? Force someone to open an attachment just to get to zoo know you and essay values your 20 seconds are over before they even start. Put that resume right in the message so the recipient will see it as soon as he or she opens the message.

This technique also helps you get through e-mail systems that reject all attachments in on service this day of rampant computer viruses. Make sure your resume is properly formatted for e-mail. Plain text resumes not formatted for email can be unreadable, and unreadable resumes will most likely be deleted. Take the time to paper make sure it will look as good on all computers and in all email systems as it does on on service zoo your screen. This means shorter text lines, spacing between sections, and text-based highlights. If responding to an advertisement, read the application instructions and follow them. Failing to follow application instructions not only delays your resume, it labels you as someone who doesn’t take direction well. It’s the Trash bin for you. They might specify an email address and job code to use. They might even actually ask you to send your resume as a Word attachment. Whatever they want, you do.

Always remember: It only takes a second for someone to delete an e-mail message . Don’t give them a reason to trash you! Think before you respond! Posting your Resume: Placement vs. Essay Writing? Privacy. With all of the possible posting sites available online, you can saturate the Internet with your resumes. Is this a good thing? There are two issues to consider when posting your resume online.

Placement: where should you post it? Privacy: how public do you want it to Essays on service zoo be? What’s the Academic essay problem? The more exposure you get, the on service zoo better, right? Not necessarily . Recruiters get tired of finding the essay same resumes for Essays the same people in Personal every database they search. On Service Zoo? If you get labeled a resume spammer, you won’t be considered for job openings they are working to fill. Also, the farther your resume spreads, the less control you have over Essay helper it and Essays the more likely it is to be discovered by someone you had hoped wouldn’t see it, like your current employer. And yes, people do get fired. Some problems can be avoided by merely limiting where you post your resume (Placement), others by limiting the information in your posted resume (Privacy), but the two issues must be addressed hand-in-hand.

It is possible to be visible but private online, but how visible you want to values be vs. how comfortable you are in on service public is a question only you can answer. Limiting your posting is a good way to protect your privacy, but it is also important to select those few sites with care. Susan Joyce , author of Job-Hunt.org, encourages job seekers to carefully evaluate the job sites used and to be aware of the information presented in the resume. Essay Values? The following tips include information excerpted from her articles on Essays on service Choosing a Job Site and Your Cyber-Safe Resume. This information was used with her permission. I highly recommend a visit to her site to read the full articles.

Limit where you post. Post your resume in the databases of only one or two large popular job sites. At the Essay helper state college same time, post it in on service zoo the databases of one or two smaller job sites targeted to Writing paper hypothesis null your specific industry, occupational group, or geographic location. Essays On Service? This will give you both maximum exposure (many employers crossing industries and values regions) and Essays on service zoo targeted exposure (employers looking for a smaller yet more highly qualified candidate pool.) Read Privacy Policies . Writers Values? Note what personal or individually identifiable information they will collect, how it may be handled, and whether or not they reserve the right to sell it. Some sites are good and promise to never sell your info, but others reserve the right to sell your personally identifiable information to zoo third parties.

Avoid sites that force you to register a full profile (i.e., your resume) before you can do any search of the job database. You should be allowed to Professional essay values in nursing evaluate a site to make sure it’s a good fit to you before adding your information to their database. Avoid sites that offer to on service blast your resume. Such wide distribution may offer little, if any, control on where a copy of your resume could end up. Limit access to your personal contact information. Options range from blocking access to just the contact information to keeping your resume completely out of the database searched by employers. Choose the option that works best for statement in sales you. Essays On Service? Remember that if you go for full confidentiality, it may be up to you to remember to delete contact info from your resume. Many job seekers trip up here because they fill out essay values in nursing, a form with their contact info, then cut and paste the whole resume into the box, forgetting about the contact info here. The database’s protection of your contact info only refers to what you put in the form, not in the box. Modify the contact information you put on Essays zoo your resume.

Remove all standard contact information — name, address, phone numbers — and replace your personal e-mail address with an e-mail address set up specifically for Essay help alone your job search. This is where those services like Yahoo! email come into play. Make sure you use an appropriate e-mail name like MEngineer@Yahoo.com. Names like JustLooking@Yahoo.com or DumbBlond@HotMail.com are not good names for zoo serious job seekers. Modify your employment history. Remove all dates from your resume. Then, remove the names of all employers and replace them with accurate but generic descriptions. Nuts n’ Bolts Distributors, Inc. becomes a small construction supplies distribution company and IBM becomes a multinational information technology company.

If your job title is help, unique, replace it with an accurate but generic title, so New England Regional Gadget Marketing Director becomes multi-state marketing manager of Essays on service zoo gadget-class products. Essay Helper Zane State? Don’t let your resume sit there. Since many databases sort resumes by date of submission with the zoo newest fir t, renew your resume every 14 days. If you don’t get any response to your resume within 45 days of posting, remove it from that location and post it elsewhere. Essay Introduction? It could be that employers are not looking for Essays on service zoo people with your skills in this particular database, but it could also be that there is Academic essay, too much competition between candidates with the same skills and your resume is not rising to on service zoo the top. When your job search is over, delete all resumes out Essay helper state, there. Do not continue to Essays dangle the Essay helper zane college hook and see what offers may come up. Your new employer may find you still fishing and on service zoo demand an Personal in sales explanation. Some people are adding a posted DATE on the bottom of resumes they register online, but you will still have a tremendous amount of explaining to do if your resume is found to still be circulating.

Whether or not you were planning a fast exit, you may find yourself on the way out the door. Always remember that most job sites make their money by selling access to the resume database! Many want you to post your resume in their database, but few really work for you. When it comes to posting your resume, You Rule . Be choosy. Copyright by Margaret Dikel; portions copyright by Susan Ireland and Susan Joyce. Permission to reprint this article must be obtained from all authors; each author will offer his or her terms for granting permission.

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Jan 27, 2018 Essays on service zoo, write my paper -

An Introduction to RDF and the Jena RDF API. This is a tutorial introduction to both W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Jena, a Java API for RDF. It is written for the programmer who is unfamiliar with RDF and who learns best by prototyping, or, for other reasons, wishes to move quickly to implementation. Some familiarity with both XML and Java is assumed. Implementing too quickly, without first understanding the RDF data model, leads to frustration and on service zoo, disappointment. Yet studying the data model alone is dry stuff and often leads to tortuous metaphysical conundrums. It is better to approach understanding both the data model and how to Essay zane state college, use it in parallel. Learn a bit of the data model and try it out. Then learn a bit more and try that out. Then the theory informs the practice and the practice the theory. The data model is quite simple, so this approach does not take long.

RDF has an on service XML syntax and many who are familiar with XML will think of RDF in terms of that syntax. Help Alone. This is a mistake. RDF should be understood in terms of its data model. RDF data can be represented in XML, but understanding the syntax is secondary to understanding the data model. An implementation of the Jena API, including the working source code for all the examples used in this tutorial can be downloaded from Essays on service jena.apache.org/download/index.cgi . The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a standard (technically a W3C Recommendation) for describing resources.

What is a resource? That is rather a deep question and the precise definition is still the subject of Professional writers values in nursing debate. For our purposes we can think of it as anything we can identify. Essays On Service Zoo. You are a resource, as is Statistics essay your home page, this tutorial, the number one and the great white whale in Essays Moby Dick. Our examples in this tutorial will be about people. They use an state college RDF representation of VCARDS. RDF is best thought of in the form of node and arc diagrams.

A simple vcard might look like this in RDF: The resource , John Smith, is shown as an elipse and is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) 1 , in zoo this case http://. Essay Helper Zane State College. /JohnSmith. Essays On Service Zoo. If you try to access that resource using your browser, you are unlikely to Essay helper zane state college, be successful; April the on service zoo first jokes not withstanding, you would be rather surprised if your browser were able to deliver John Smith to your desk top. If you are unfamiliar with URI's, think of them simply as rather strange looking names. Resources have properties . In these examples we are interested in essay the sort of properties that would appear on John Smith's business card. Figure 1 shows only Essays on service, one property, John Smith's full name.

A property is represented by an arc, labeled with the name of a property. The name of a property is also a URI, but as URI's are rather long and in sales, cumbersome, the diagram shows it in XML qname form. The part before the ':' is called a namespace prefix and represents a namespace. The part after the ':' is called a local name and represents a name in that namespace. Properties are usually represented in Essays this qname form when written as RDF XML and it is a convenient shorthand for representing them in diagrams and in help pros text. Strictly, however, properties are identified by a URI.

The nsprefix:localname form is a shorthand for the URI of the namespace concatenated with the localname. There is no requirement that the URI of a property resolve to anything when accessed by a browser. Zoo. Each property has a value. In this case the value is a literal , which for now we can think of as a strings of characters 2 . Literals are shown in rectangles. Jena is a Java API which can be used to create and manipulate RDF graphs like this one. Jena has object classes to represent graphs, resources, properties and literals. The interfaces representing resources, properties and literals are called Resource, Property and Literal respectively. Academic Essay Introduction. In Jena, a graph is called a model and Essays zoo, is represented by the Model interface. The code to Statistics essay, create this graph, or model, is simple: It begins with some constant definitions and then creates an empty Model or model, using the ModelFactory method createDefaultModel() to create a memory-based model. Zoo. Jena contains other implementations of the Model interface, e.g one which uses a relational database: these types of Model are also available from help living alone ModelFactory.

The John Smith resource is then created and a property added to it. Essays. The property is provided by a constant class VCARD which holds objects representing all the helper zane state college definitions in Essays on service the VCARD schema. Jena provides constant classes for other well known schemas, such as RDF and RDF schema themselves, Dublin Core and OWL. The code to create the resource and add the Essay pros living alone property, can be more compactly written in a cascading style: The working code for this example can be found in the /src-examples directory of the Jena distribution as tutorial 1. As an exercise, take this code and modify it to create a simple VCARD for yourself. Now let's add some more detail to the vcard, exploring some more features of RDF and Jena. In the first example, the property value was a literal. RDF properties can also take other resources as their value.

Using a common RDF technique, this example shows how to represent the different parts of John Smith's name: Here we have added a new property, vcard:N, to represent the on service zoo structure of John Smith's name. There are several things of interest about Personal statement in sales, this Model. Note that the vcard:N property takes a resource as its value. Note also that the ellipse representing the compound name has no URI. Essays Zoo. It is known as an blank Node. The Jena code to construct this example, is again very simple. First some declarations and the creation of the empty model. The working code for this example can be found as tutorial 2 in the /src-examples directory of the Academic essay introduction Jena distribution. Each arc in an RDF Model is called a statement . Each statement asserts a fact about a resource. A statement has three parts: the subject is the resource from which the zoo arc leaves the predicate is the essay writing property that labels the on service arc the object is the resource or literal pointed to by the arc.

A statement is sometimes called a triple, because of its three parts. An RDF Model is help alone represented as a set of statements. Each call of addProperty in tutorial2 added a another statement to Essays on service, the Model. (Because a Model is Writing hypothesis null set of statements, adding a duplicate of on service a statement has no effect.) The Jena model interface defines a listStatements() method which returns an Statistics ontario StmtIterator , a subtype of Java's Iterator over all all the statements in a Model. On Service. StmtIterator has a method nextStatement() which returns the next statement from the iterator (the same one that next() would deliver, already cast to Essay help pros, Statement ). The Statement interface provides accessor methods to the subject, predicate and object of a statement. Now we will use that interface to extend tutorial2 to list all the statements created and print them out. The complete code for this can be found in Essays on service tutorial 3. Essay Writing Service Ontario. Since the on service object of a statement can be either a resource or a literal, the getObject() method returns an object typed as RDFNode , which is Professional essay values a common superclass of both Resource and Literal . The underlying object is of the appropriate type, so the code uses instanceof to determine which and processes it accordingly. When run, this program should produce output resembling: Now you know why it is clearer to draw Models.

If you look carefully, you will see that each line consists of three fields representing the subject, predicate and object of each statement. There are four arcs in the Model, so there are four statements. The anon:14df86:ecc3dee17b:-7fff is an Essays on service zoo internal identifier generated by Jena. It is not a URI and should not be confused with one. It is simply an internal label used by the Jena implementation. The W3C RDFCore Working Group have defined a similar simple notation called N-Triples. Writing Research Null. The name means triple notation. We will see in Essays the next section that Jena has an N-Triples writer built in. Jena has methods for reading and writing RDF as XML. These can be used to save an RDF model to a file and later read it back in again. Tutorial 3 created a model and wrote it out in triple form.

Tutorial 4 modifies tutorial 3 to write the model in RDF XML form to the standard output stream. The code again, is values very simple: model.write can take an zoo OutputStream argument. The output should look something like this: The RDF specifications specify how to represent RDF as XML. The RDF XML syntax is quite complex. The reader is referred to the primer being developed by the RDFCore WG for a more detailed introduction. Academic Introduction. However, let's take a quick look at Essays on service how to interpret the research null above. RDF is on service zoo usually embedded in Personal statement an rdf:RDF element. The element is zoo optional if there are other ways of knowing that some XML is RDF, but it is usually present. The RDF element defines the two namespaces used in the document.

There is then an rdf:Description element which describes the resource whose URI is http://somewhere/JohnSmith. If the rdf:about attribute was missing, this element would represent a blank node. The vcard:FN element describes a property of the resource. The property name is the FN in the vcard namespace. RDF converts this to a URI reference by concatenating the URI reference for the namespace prefix and research hypothesis null, FN, the local name part of the name. This gives a URI reference of Essays http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#FN. Writing Service. The value of the property is the literal John Smith. The vcard:N element is a resource. In this case the resource is represented by a relative URI reference. Essays On Service. RDF converts this to Academic essay introduction, an absolute URI reference by concatenating it with the base URI of the Essays zoo current document. There is an error in this RDF XML; it does not exactly represent the Model we created.

The blank node in Writing research the Model has been given a URI reference. Essays Zoo. It is Professional writers in nursing no longer blank. On Service Zoo. The RDF/XML syntax is not capable of living representing all RDF Models; for example it cannot represent a blank node which is the Essays zoo object of Professional essay values two statements. The 'dumb' writer we used to Essays zoo, write this RDF/XML makes no attempt to write correctly the subset of Models which can be written correctly. It gives a URI to each blank node, making it no longer blank. Jena has an extensible interface which allows new writers for Statistics essay writing service ontario different serialization languages for RDF to be easily plugged in. Essays On Service. The above call invoked the standard 'dumb' writer. Jena also includes a more sophisticated RDF/XML writer which can be invoked by specifying another argument to the write() method call: This writer, the so called PrettyWriter, takes advantage of writing features of the RDF/XML abbreviated syntax to Essays, write a Model more compactly. It is Essay helper college also able to preserve blank nodes where that is possible. It is however, not suitable for writing very large Models, as its performance is unlikely to be acceptable.

To write large files and preserve blank nodes, write in N-Triples format: This will produce output similar to that of tutorial 3 which conforms to the N-Triples specification. Tutorial 5 demonstrates reading the statements recorded in RDF XML form into a model. With this tutorial, we have provided a small database of vcards in RDF/XML form. The following code will read it in and write it out. Note that for this application to Essays zoo, run, the research hypothesis input file must be in the current directory. The second argument to the read() method call is the Essays URI which will be used for resolving relative URI's. As there are no relative URI references in the test file, it is allowed to be empty. When run, tutorial 5 will produce XML output which looks like: In the previous section, we saw that the output XML declared a namespace prefix vcard and used that prefix to abbreviate URIs.

While RDF uses only the full URIs, and not this shortened form, Jena provides ways of controlling the helper state namespaces used on output with its prefix mappings . On Service. Here's a simple example. The output from this fragment is help alone three lots of RDF/XML, with three different prefix mappings. First the default, with no prefixes other than the standard ones: We see that the rdf namespace is declared automatically, since it is required for tags such as rdf:RDF and rdf:resource . XML namespace declarations are also needed for using the two properties P and Q, but since their prefixes have not been introduced to the model in this example, they get invented namespace names: j.0 and j.1 . The method setNsPrefix(String prefix, String URI) declares that the namespace URI may be abbreviated by prefix . Jena requires that prefix be a legal XML namespace name, and that URI ends with a non-name character. The RDF/XML writer will turn these prefix declarations into XML namespace declarations and use them in Essays on service its output: The other namespace still gets the Essay helper state college constructed name, but the nsA name is now used in the property tags. Zoo. There's no need for the prefix name to have anything to do with the variables in the Jena code: Both prefixes are used for output, and no generated prefixes are needed.

Take the output produced by helper the previous fragment, and paste it into some file, with URL file:/tmp/fragment.rdf say. Essays Zoo. Then run the code: You'll see that the prefixes from the input are preserved in the output. All the prefixes are written, even if they're not used anywhere. You can remove a prefix with removeNsPrefix(String prefix) if you don't want it in the output. Hypothesis Null. Since NTriples doesn't have any short way of writing URIs, it takes no notice of prefixes on Essays on service output and doesn't provide any on input. The notation N3 , also supported by Jena, does have short prefixed names, and records them on input and uses them on output. Jena has further operations on the prefix mappings that a model holds, such as extracting a Java Map of the exiting mappings, or adding a whole group of mappings at Essay helper state once; see the zoo documentation for PrefixMapping for details. Jena is a Java API for semantic web applications. The key RDF package for the application developer is org.apache.jena.rdf.model . The API has been defined in Academic essay introduction terms of interfaces so that application code can work with different implementations without change. Essays On Service. This package contains interfaces for representing models, resources, properties, literals, statements and all the other key concepts of RDF, and a ModelFactory for creating models.

So that application code remains independent of the implementation, it is best if it uses interfaces wherever possible, not specific class implementations. The org.apache.jena.tutorial package contains the Academic introduction working source code for all the examples used in this tutorial. The org.apache.jena. impl packages contains implementation classes which may be common to many implementations. For example, they defines classes ResourceImpl , PropertyImpl , and LiteralImpl which may be used directly or subclassed by different implementations. Applications should rarely, if ever, use these classes directly. For example, rather than creating a new instance of ResourceImpl , it is better to use the zoo createResource method of writing whatever model is being used. Essays On Service. That way, if the model implementation has used an optimized implementation of Resource , then no conversions between the statement two types will be necessary. So far, this tutorial has dealt mainly with creating, reading and writing RDF Models. It is now time to deal with accessing information held in a Model. On Service. Given the URI of a resource, the resource object can be retrieved from a model using the Writing research paper null Model.getResource(String uri) method. Zoo. This method is defined to return a Resource object if one exists in the model, or otherwise to create a new one.

For example, to retrieve the Statistics writing service ontario John Smith resource from the model read in from the file in tutorial 5: The Resource interface defines a number of methods for accessing the properties of zoo a resource. The Resource.getProperty(Property p) method accesses a property of the resource. This method does not follow the usual Java accessor convention in that the type of the object returned is Statement, not the Personal Property that you might have expected. Returning the whole statement allows the application to access the value of the property using one of its accessor methods which return the object of the statement. For example to on service zoo, retrieve the resource which is the value of the vcard:N property: In general, the object of essay service a statement could be a resource or a literal, so the application code, knowing the Essays value must be a resource, casts the returned object.

One of the things that Jena tries to pros, do is to provide type specific methods so the Essays application does not have to cast and type checking can be done at compile time. The code fragment above, can be more conveniently written: Similarly, the literal value of a property can be retrieved: In this example, the vcard resource has only one vcard:FN and one vcard:N property. RDF permits a resource to repeat a property; for example Adam might have more than one nickname. Let's give him two: As noted before, Jena represents an RDF Model as set of statements, so adding a statement with the subject, predicate and object as one already in the Model will have no effect. Jena does not define which of the two nicknames present in the Model will be returned. The result of calling vcard.getProperty(VCARD.NICKNAME) is Statistics writing indeterminate. Jena will return one of the values, but there is Essays no guarantee even that two consecutive calls will return the same value.

If it is possible that a property may occur more than once, then the Resource.listProperties(Property p) method can be used to return an iterator which will list them all. This method returns an iterator which returns objects of Personal statement in sales type Statement . We can list the nicknames like this: This code can be found in tutorial 6. The statement iterator iter produces each and every statement with subject vcard and predicate VCARD.NICKNAME , so looping over it allows us to Essays, fetch each statement by essay writing service ontario using nextStatement() , get the object field, and convert it to a string. The code produces the following output when run: All the properties of Essays on service zoo a resource can be listed by using the listProperties() method without an argument. The previous section dealt with the case of navigating a model from a resource with a known URI. This section deals with searching a model. The core Jena API supports only a limited query primitive. The more powerful query facilities of SPARQL are described elsewhere. The Model.listStatements() method, which lists all the Statistics essay writing statements in a model, is perhaps the Essays on service crudest way of querying a model. Its use is not recommended on very large Models.

Model.listSubjects() is similar, but returns an iterator over writers values in nursing, all resources that have properties, ie are the subject of some statement. Essays Zoo. Model.listSubjectsWithProperty(Property p, RDFNode o) will return an iterator over all the resources which have property p with value o . If we assume that only vcard resources will have vcard:FN property, and that in our data, all such resources have such a property, then we can find all the vcards like this: All these query methods are simply syntactic sugar over a primitive query method model.listStatements(Selector s) . This method returns an living alone iterator over all the statements in the model 'selected' by s . Essays Zoo. The selector interface is designed to Academic, be extensible, but for now, there is only one implementation of it, the class SimpleSelector from the package org.apache.jena.rdf.model . Using SimpleSelector is one of the rare occasions in Jena when it is necessary to use a specific class rather than an interface. The SimpleSelector constructor takes three arguments: This selector will select all statements with a subject that matches subject , a predicate that matches predicate and an object that matches object . If a null is supplied in any of the positions, it matches anything; otherwise they match corresponding equal resources or literals. (Two resources are equal if they have equal URIs or are the same blank node; two literals are the same if all their components are equal.) Thus: will select all the statements in a Model. will select all the statements with VCARD.FN as their predicate, whatever the subject or object. As a special shorthand, listStatements( S, P, O ) is equivalent to listStatements( new SimpleSelector( S, P, O ) ) The following code, which can be found in Essays on service full in tutorial 7 lists the full names on all the vcards in the database. This should produce output similar to the following: Your next exercise is to modify this code to use SimpleSelector instead of listSubjectsWithProperty . Lets see how to implement some finer control over the statements selected. SimpleSelector can be subclassed and its selects method modified to perform further filtering: This sample code uses a neat Java technique of overridding a method definition inline when creating an instance of the class. Introduction. Here the selects(. ) method checks to ensure that the full name ends with Smith. It is important to note that filtering based on the subject, predicate and object arguments takes place before the selects(. ) method is called, so the extra test will only Essays zoo, be applied to matching statements. The full code can be found in tutorial 8 and produces output like this: You might think that: is equivalent to: Whilst functionally they may be equivalent, the first form will list all the statements in the Model and test each one individually, whilst the second allows indexes maintained by Statistics writing service the implementation to improve performance. Try it on a large Model and see for yourself, but make a cup of coffee first. Zoo. Jena provides three operations for manipulating Models as a whole.

These are the common set operations of union, intersection and Writing research hypothesis null, difference. Essays Zoo. The union of two Models is the union of the sets of statements which represent each Model. This is one of the key operations that the design of RDF supports. It enables data from disparate data sources to Professional essay values in nursing, be merged. Consider the following two Models: When these are merged, the two http://. JohnSmith nodes are merged into Essays one and the duplicate vcard:FN arc is Writing research paper dropped to produce: Lets look at the code to do this (the full code is in tutorial 9) and Essays, see what happens. The output produced by essay writing ontario the pretty writer looks like this: Even if you are unfamiliar with the details of the RDF/XML syntax, it should be reasonably clear that the Models have merged as expected.

The intersection and difference of the Models can be computed in zoo a similar manner, using the methods .intersection(Model) and .difference(Model) ; see the difference and intersection Javadocs for more details. RDF defines a special kind of resources for representing collections of things. These resources are called containers . Helper Zane State College. The members of a container can be either literals or resources. There are three kinds of Essays zoo container: a BAG is an unordered collection an zane ALT is an unordered collection intended to represent alternatives a SEQ is an ordered collection. A container is represented by a resource. That resource will have an rdf:type property whose value should be one of rdf:Bag, rdf:Alt or rdf:Seq, or a subclass of Essays on service one of these, depending on the type of the container. The first member of the container is the value of the container's rdf:_1 property; the second member of the container is the value of the Personal in sales container's rdf:_2 property and so on. The rdf:_nnn properties are known as the zoo ordinal properties . Professional Essay In Nursing. For example, the Model for a simple bag containing the vcards of the Smith's might look like this: Whilst the members of the on service zoo bag are represented by the properties rdf:_1, rdf:_2 etc the ordering of the properties is not significant. We could switch the values of the rdf:_1 and rdf:_2 properties and the resulting Model would represent the Essay helper zane same information.

Alt's are intended to represent alternatives. On Service. For example, lets say a resource represented a software product. It might have a property to indicate where it might be obtained from. The value of that property might be an Alt collection containing various sites from which it could be downloaded. Alt's are unordered except that the rdf:_1 property has special significance.

It represents the default choice. Whilst containers can be handled using the basic machinery of resources and in sales, properties, Jena has explicit interfaces and implementation classes to handle them. It is not a good idea to have an object manipulating a container, and at the same time to modify the state of that container using the Essays on service zoo lower level methods. Let's modify tutorial 8 to create this bag: If we write out this Model, it contains something like the following: which represents the Bag resource. The container interface provides an iterator to list the contents of a container: which produces the following output: Executable example code can be found in tutorial 10, which glues together the Essay help alone fragments above into a complete example. The Jena classes offer methods for manipulating containers including adding new members, inserting new members into the middle of a container and removing existing members. The Jena container classes currently ensure that the the list of ordinal properties used starts at rdf:_1 and is contiguous.

The RDFCore WG have relaxed this contraint, which allows partial representation of containers. This therefore is an area of Essays Jena may be changed in the future. More about Literals and Datatypes. Writing Hypothesis. RDF literals are not just simple strings. Literals may have a language tag to indicate the language of the literal. The literal chat with an English language tag is considered different to the literal chat with a French language tag. This rather strange behaviour is an artefact of the original RDF/XML syntax.

Further there are really two sorts of Literals. In one, the string component is just that, an ordinary string. In the other the string component is expected to be a well balanced fragment of XML. When an RDF Model is written as RDF/XML a special construction using a parseType='Literal' attribute is Essays on service used to represent it. In Jena, these attributes of a literal may be set when the literal is constructed, e.g. in tutorial 11: For two literals to be considered equal, they must either both be XML literals or both be simple literals. In addition, either both must have no language tag, or if language tags are present they must be equal.

For simple literals the strings must be equal. XML literals have two notions of equality. The simple notion is that the conditions previously mentioned are true and the strings are also equal. Professional Essay Writers In Nursing. The other notion is that they can be equal if the canonicalization of their strings is on service zoo equal. Jena's interfaces also support typed literals. The old-fashioned way (shown below) treats typed literals as shorthand for strings: typed values are converted in the usual Java way to strings and these strings are stored in the Model. For example, try (noting that for simple literals, we can omit the model.createLiteral (. ) call): The output produced is:

Since both literals are really just the string 11, then only one statement is added. The RDFCore WG has defined mechanisms for supporting datatypes in RDF. Jena suports these using the typed literal mechanisms; they are not discussed in writers values this tutorial. The identifier of an RDF resource can include a fragment identifier, e.g. Essays Zoo. http://hostname/rdf/tutorial/#ch-Introduction, so, strictly speaking, an RDF resource is identified by a URI reference. Writing Paper Hypothesis. As well as being a string of characters, literals also have an optional language encoding to represent the language of the string.

For example the literal two might have a language encoding of en for zoo English and the literal deux might have a language encoding of statement in sales fr for France. [1]: sparql_data/vc-db-1.rdf. Copyright 20112017 The Apache Software Foundation, Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Apache Jena, Jena, the Essays Apache Jena project logo, Apache and essay introduction, the Apache feather logos are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.

Jan 27, 2018 Essays on service zoo, pay for exclusive essay -

Fair Trade - In or Against the zoo Market ? “Before you’ve finished your breakfast this morning, you’ll have relied on half the world.” Martin Luther King. Fair Trade is the most important and fastest growing market-based mechanism to helper state college, improve the lives of producers in developing countries. Essays. It does so by offering small-scale producers in the global south fairer trade relations, including a guaranteed minimum price above world price and developmental support. Global Fair Trade sales have reached € 1.1 billion (US$1.4 billion), increasing at rates of around 50 percent per year and are projected to continue to grow. Helper College. Fair Trade bananas have a market share of 56 percent in Switzerland and the U.S.

Fair Trade coffee market has been growing nearly 90 percent per year since Fair Trade coffee was launched in 1998 (Max Havelaar, 2006; TransFair USA, 2005). The success of Fair Trade is reiterated time over Essays on service time by a variety of personalities and institutions, ranging from advocates of Fair Trade in the North and producers in the South to such prominent promoters of Professional essay trade liberalization as the G 8 and the European Commission. 1 The general feeling of euphoria is captured by one of the pioneers of the Fair Trade movement, Carol Wills, on a conference in the European Parliament in June 2005: “Fair Trade works! It works for poor people; it works for consumers. Essays On Service Zoo. It works as a business model; it works as sustainable development; it works to protect the environment; it works as an idea!” (Fair Trade Advocacy Newsletter, 2005). However, one could wonder what this is all about. After all, Fair Trade started as an alternative to free trade, explicitly focusing on solidarity and the well-being of producers and rejecting classical economic notions of competition, the self-regulation of the market and sometimes even employing anti-capitalist rhetoric. How should one asses that at the G8 summit 2005 in Gleneagles leaders of those economically dominant countries that are continually held responsible for global trade injustices (often by actors and organizations in the Fair Trade movement) formally acknowledged the Personal in sales growing success of global Fair Trade and said in on service zoo their final statement that they “welcome the growing market for alone Fair Trade goods and their positive effect in supporting livelihoods and increasing public awareness of the positive role of trade in development”? (Fair Trade Advocacy Newsletter, 2005: 4). Essays On Service Zoo. Or, even more disturbing, how should one think about the fact that Nestlé, famously 2005’s “least responsible company” worldwide and as one of the four big roasters responsible for the coffee crisis that impoverishes millions of producers, prides itself of launching a Fair Trade brand in writers in nursing Britain (Nestlé, 2005)? The sentiments and reactions of many people working in the field are nicely summarized by on service John Hilary, policy director at War on Want: “The Fair Trade movement was set up to challenge the practices of companies like Nestlé. How can such a company deserve the Fair Trade mark?” (Vidal, 2005).

In this paper I will try to asses if Fair Trade really works for all and even more importantly how it works for the different participants of Fair Trade, mainly consumers and producers and what the wider effects of Fair Trade are. As a framework of research null reference I will employ a tension between two visions of Fair Trade that underlie contemporary debates in the Fair Trade movement as well as in zoo the growing literature about Fair Trade. At the one extreme a pragmatic position interprets Fair Trade as a developmental tool to increase the in sales standard of living for disadvantaged producers in on service zoo developing countries by making neoliberal free trade work the way it is supposed to work. Personal Statement In Sales. At the other extreme a more idealistic vision sees Fair Trade as a practical critique of the on service zoo neoliberal free trade model that aims at transforming the Academic essay capitalist market through alternative trading practices. Since these visions are at on service zoo least in helper state college tension with each other, if not inherently contradictory, the question is: what is Fair Trade really?

Is Fair Trade a neoliberal solution to current market failures for small scale producers in the global south that works within and thus perpetuates the free trade and free market regime? Or is Fair Trade a practical tool of social change that challenges neoliberal trading practices and more generally aims at transforming free market and Essays on service, free trade? This paper will argue that these dichotomous visions are useful in terms of conceptualizing different possible trajectories but that they are both two one sided and extreme. Fair Trade is neither a purely neoliberal and free market solution to certain market failure nor a tool to entirely transform capitalist free market relations. Academic. Rather, I will argue with Polanyi, Fair Trade can be analyzed as a complex and Essays on service, multilayered process of social defence against destructive effects of Essay helper zane unrestricted market forces that tries to Essays on service zoo, re-embed the help living alone economy. As such it is Essays on service zoo a site of contestation, conflict and negotiation between different actors that brings about multiple and partly contradictory effects on Essay alone, different levels. I will first describe what Fair Trade is how it is defined, how it works, how big it is today and what problem it tries to address. I will then analyze the Essays on service zoo two vision of Fair Trade in more detail to specify and contextualize the question this paper tries to Essay help pros alone, answer. The central part of the paper tries then to assess the impact Fair Trade has, first on on service, the level of producers and producer communities and secondly the socio-cultural, political and economic impact on the free trade market in general. And in the end I will propose a theoretical framework of Fair Trade that tries to avoid the strict dichotomy of the two visions. 2. 1. Definition, Functioning and Scope of Fair Trade.

During its long history there have been many different definitions of Fair Trade, but in an attempt to essay writers values in nursing, come up with an understanding that can be widely accepted, an Essays on service zoo informal network of the most important Fair Trade organizations called FINE produced the following definition in 2001: 2 “Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers - especially in the South. Fair Trade organisations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade” (FINE, 2001). The goals of Fair Trade that are implicit in this definition have been laid out by Redfern and Snedker in a 2002 report of the Personal International Labour Organization (ILO) as being: To improve the livelihoods and well-being of producers by improving market access, strengthening producer organizations, paying a better price and providing continuity in the trading relationship.

To promote development opportunities for disadvantaged producers, especially women and on service zoo, indigenous people, and to protect children from exploitation in Personal in sales the production process. To raise awareness among consumers of the negative effects on producers of international trade so that they exercise their purchasing power positively. To set an example of partnership in trade through dialogue, transparency and Essays, respect. To campaign for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade. To protect human rights by promoting social justice, sound environmental practices and economic security” (Redfern Snedker, 2002: 11). Historically Fair Trade evolved out of a range of faith-based and secular alternative trading organizations (ATOs) that can be traced back to relief efforts after World War II. Charities in Western Europe like Oxfam began importing handicrafts from producers in essay introduction Eastern Europe and in the United States the Mennonites started to buy products from Essays Puerto Rico in in sales what would become Ten Thousand Villages (Redfern Snedker, 2002; Low Davenport, 2005, Kocken, 2003). The Fair Trade movement developed from these charities that understood themselves as radically opposed to the market over several stages into the mainstream.

Fair Trade has thereby changed in a variety of ways, the most import shift being that “Fair Trade has moved from being purely an activist-led advocacy and empowerment model towards being a market-led commercial success story” (Nichols Opal, 2005: 13). This shift was mirrored in the change of on service zoo name and discourse from “alternative” to “fair” trade (Low Davenport, 2005: 147). Especially after the establishment and international harmonization of labelling organizations in the 1990s Fair Trade has experienced enormous growth rates and since the 2000s, Fair Trade is entering a new stage of becoming a serious option for many mainstream retailers (Krier 2005, 5). The most important labelling organizations are organized under the umbrella of the Fairtrade Labelling Organization International (FLO). FLO was formed in 1997 out of 14 national labelling organizations with the aim of collaborating on defining international Fair Trade standards, certifying and auditing Fair Trade producers organizations and traders and on providing support to producer organizations that need external help (FLO, 2005a: 23). Today 20 national labelling organizations joined FLO-International (FLO, 2006). These marks in the U.S. and essay introduction, Germany for example called TransFair and in the Netherlands and Switzerland called Max Havelaar guarantees independent third party auditing of Fair Trade products. However, due to Essays, the complex and Academic introduction, expensive process of getting the Essays on service zoo mark, not all Fair Trade products are sold under these labels Tradecraft for example, the largest Fair Trade company in the UK, offers most of its products without it (Nichols Opal, 2005: 11). 3. In operational terms Fair Trade is characterized by several key practices that are practiced by the labelling organizations as well as by the alternative trading organizations that do not participate in certification (Nichols Opal, 2005: 6-7): agreed minimum prices, usually above or independent of world market prices, that allow for a living wage for producers; an emphasis on development and technical support through the payment of a social premium; direct purchasing from producers to shorten the global supply chains and reduce the margins of middle men; transparent and long-term partnerships; provision of credit when requested and pre-financing of up to 60 per Essay helper college, cent of the total purchase value; producers are democratically organized, often in on service zoo a cooperative; sustainable and increasingly organic production is practiced; there are no labour abuses and unionization must me allowed. Since most products are certified through the national labelling organizations this paper will focus on the standards established by the FLO.

These standards, which must be met by producer groups, traders, processors, wholesalers and statement, retailers, can be divided into three parts (FLO, 2006; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 131): First there are two sets of generic organizational producer standards, one for co-operatives of small-scale producers and family farmers and another one for Essays zoo plantations. Independent small-scale farmers must be organized into democratically organized cooperatives that transparently account for paper and distribute the Fair Trade income, especially the social premium. Fair Trade plantations must have a democratically elected worker body or a union that is able to decide on and distribute the Fair Trade social premium (FLO, 2006). Secondly there are several sustainable production requirements. These environmental standards vary by products but in general prohibit the use of pesticides and require protection of drinking water and endangered resources (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 131). And thirdly there are, as the core of Fair Trade, certain trade requirements that govern the relations between producers and importers. Traders have to pay a price to producers that covers the costs of sustainable production and living; they must pay an additional social premium that has to be invest in development; they must pay up to 60 percent in advance, when producers ask for it; and the trading contracts have to allow for long-term planning and sustainable production practices. And producers have to meet the Essays zoo above requirements, have to accord with the labour standards of the International Labour Organization and have to meet certain quality requirements (FLO, 2006).

These trade standards vary by product and are determined by Essay helper state the labelling organizations and the quality standards can be extremely specific and rigid. 4 . The minimum price for washed arabica coffee for example is Essays on service set by the FLO at US$1.21 per pound (455 gram) in Central America, Mexico, Africa and Asia (and at US$1.19 for South America and Essay zane state college, the Carribean). In addition to this minimum price producers get US$0.15 per pound for certified organic coffee and a social premium of on service zoo US$0.05 per pound for all coffee. And if the market price is essay introduction higher than the Fair Trade minimum price, the market price applies but the social premium is still paid on top of the market price (FLO, 2005b). This means that while the coffee price in 2004 on the conventional market averaged at US$0.76 per pound, Fair Trade cooperatives were paid a guaranteed price of on service zoo US$1.26 for conventional and US$ 1.41 for coffee that is also certified organic (TransFair USA, 2005). Essay Help Pros. 5 For other products the Essays on service zoo standards are very specific and complex. For bananas for example the minimum price varies depending on the country from US$5.50 in Academic introduction Colombia and Ecuador to US$7 in Essays the Dominican Republic for a box (18.14 kg) of conventional bananas at the farm gate, with an additional premium of Personal statement in sales US$1 per box.

Organic bananas from Costa Rica, for example, are measured entirely different and priced at US$0.15 plus a 3 cent premium per kg (FLO, 2005c). With market prices in Ecuador currently under the official minimum price of US$3 per Essays on service, box this translates into a substantial benefit for Fair Trade producers. 6. In order to Statistics ontario, provide a sense of the scope of Fair Trade it is useful to look at Essays zoo some facts and figures that describe the in sales ‘success story’ of Fair Trade: World wide sales of labelled Fair Trade products are estimated at €1.1 billion for 2005 (Max Havelaar, 2006: 28). At the end of 2005 there were 510 producer organizations from more than 50 countries that represent over one million producers and together with their families over 5 million people are integrated into the Fair Trade system and profit from it (Max Havelaar, 2006: 28). This makes up a considerable amount of all small scale growers world wide. 7 Between 2003 and 2004 the zoo sales of labelled Fair Trade products grew by research hypothesis null 56 percent, exceeding the annual growth of 42 percent between 2002 and 2003 (FLO, 2006). On Service. The growth of Fair Trade sales since 1999 is illustrated in table 1. These growth rates are projected to continue (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 190). The market share of Fair Trade products, on Essay living, average only amounting to below 3 percent is partly substantial. Zoo. In Switzerland for example more 56 percent of bananas are Fair Trade and the market share of statement Fair Trade ground and roast coffee in on service the UK is 20 percent (Max Havelaar, 2006: 22; Krier, 2005: 30).

The market share of Fair Trade bananas has been estimated by the European Commission Director General for Agriculture to reach at least 10 percent in help pros living Europe. Table 1: Sales volume in comparison in million Euro (Source: Max Havelaar, 2006/FLO). (TransFair USA, 2006c). The largest national Fair Trade market is currently the U.S. market, amounting in 2004 to €215 million, followed by Essays zoo the U.K. Essay State. with a market of €206 million and Essays, Switzerland with €135 million (FLO, 2005a: 4). Table 2 illustrates how small the amount of Fair Trade products is that consumers buy on statement in sales, average in large economies like the U.S. and Germany compared to Switzerland, thus revealing the immense potential for future growth. While consumers in Germany for example only spent €0.70 on average on Essays, Fair Trade products, in the U.K. consumers spent €3.46 and in help alone Switzerland an Essays zoo impressive €18.47 per in nursing, year (Krier, 2005: 29). Table 2: Average consumption of Fair Trade products per capita in different countries in Euro (Source: Max Havelaar, 2006 / FLO)

The most comprehensive study of the Essays exact facts and figures about Fair Trade organizations is a 2005 study “Fair Trade in Europe” published by the four largest Fair Trade organizations(Krier, 2005). Academic Introduction. It shows that in Europe alone sales of Fair Trade products amount to a minimum of €660 million in on service zoo 2005, including €60 million of non-labelled products. Fair Trade sales increased in essay introduction Europe by 154 percent in the last 5 years or on average 20 percent per year and these increases are mostly due to the participation of supermarket chains in Fair Trade. Fair Trade products are available at 79,000 points of sale in Europe, including 55.000 supermarkets. In Europe more than 100,000 volunteers are involved in the 2.800 world shops and the 200 Fair Trade importing organization (Krier, 2005).

In the U.S. the Fair Trade coffee market is growing at astounding rates, since 1998 increasing at an average rate of nearly 90 percent per year. Fair Trade coffee is currently available in 35,000 retail outlets in the U.S. alone (TransFair USA, 2005; 2006d). There is considerable overlap between certified organic coffee and Essays, certified Fair Trade coffee. Academic. While in Europe only an estimated 25-45 percent of Fair Trade coffee is also organic, in the U.S. this share is 75-85 percent (Zehner, 2002). Zoo. 8 There are 5000 to 7000 different Fair Trade products available, 250 of which are currently certifiable. Professional Essay Writers. Most of the on service uncertified products are handicrafts, but the bulk of all Fair Trade products sold worldwide are agricultural products, mostly coffee, bananas, other fruits, tea and essay writing, cacao. Essays. According to Leatherhead Food International the most important Fair Trade products globally are in bananas (in terms of volume) and coffee (value) (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 191, see also FLO, 2005a). 2. 2. In Sales. The Problem: The “Un”-Fairness of the Neoliberal Free Trade Regime. It is important to understand the reasons why we need Fair Trade in on service the first place. Academic. Classical free trade theory, which originates from Adam Smith’s and David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage, claims that countries specialize in and export what they are relatively good at producing and they import what they cannot produce sufficiently. Essays. Since for example the climate in Germany does not allow for the production of coffee and since the infrastructure and the technological advancement for the manufacturing of cars is not developed in Bolivia, both countries benefit from opening their markets for mutual trade.

In theory, free trade is a win-win situation in which everyone benefits. But social reality proves the opposite: international trade (among other things) has contributed immensely to the present situation of devastating poverty for the majority of hypothesis humanity (McMichael, 2004). Zoo. And instead of increasing the essay wealth of both trading parties, the relations between producers and zoo, consumers in commodity markets like coffee or bananas can be described as a “perverse transfer of wealth, by some of the supermarkets, from farmers and farm workers of developing countries to the consumers of developed countries” (Tallontire Vorley, 2005: 5). The aggressive liberalization of international trade through international institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund has led to an enormous increase in the volume of Personal statement trade global trade in 2000 was 22 times the level of 1950 (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 17) and world exports have almost doubled over the last decade (HDR, 2005: 114). But global inequality has grown simultaneously so drastically, that many question the basic assumption that trade benefits all. The United Nations Human Development Report 2005, for example, introduces its section on international trade with a telling quote by Eduardo Galeano: “The division of labour among nations is Essays on service zoo that some specialize in winning and others in losing.” And to give a flavour of statement what the outcome of neoliberal trade is Essays on service zoo according to this report the “world’s richest 500 individuals have a combined income greater than that of the paper poorest 416 million. Beyond these extremes, the 2.5 billion people living on Essays, less than $2 a day 40% of the Essay help pros living world’s population account for 5% of Essays global income. The richest 10%, almost all of whom live in high-income countries, account for 54%.” (HDR, 2005: 4)

There has also been much scholarly attention to a series of commodity crises of falling prices and to changes in the structure of the supply chains that further concentrate power and benefits within a few supermarkets based in the Global North. The price index of commodities for example declined by Personal statement in sales 47 percent between 1982 and 2001, and the present the real prices for key agricultural commodities are near a 30-year low (Vorley, 2003). And the globalization of Essays sourcing, shifting the distribution of power along the global supply chain, gave increased leverage to a small group of Academic oligopolistic supermarket chains, the “new gatekeepers” (HDR, 2005: 139). „These companies have tremendous power in on service their negotiations with producers and they use that power to in sales, push the costs and risks of business down the supply chain. Their business model, focused on maximising returns for shareholders and Essays, keeping costs competitively low for consumers, demands increasing flexibility through ‘just-in-time’ delivery, but tighter control over inputs and standards, and ever-lower prices“ (Brown, 2005: 3). The squeezing of prices (which are paid on average 45-60 days after delivery; Brown, 2005: 10) and the increased pressures of tightly governed product standards and stringent criteria for make it impossible for many small-scale producers to compete on the market (Reardon et al., 2003). Both the commodity crisis of falling prices for agricultural products and the concentration of essay writers power by a few supermarket chains are general patterns in the agricultural industry that are exacerbated in the coffee sector (Lang, 2003). According to Essays on service zoo, a study of the International Coffee Organization (Osorio, 2004) the general price decreases in Professional essay agricultural products were greatest in coffee. While exporters received US$10-12 billion per year in the 1980s this has dropped to less then half in Essays on service 2003 US$5.5 billion. This immense loss in income in developing countries is contrasted with the opposite Statistics essay, development in on service high income countries retail sales in Essay helper state college consuming countries increased from zoo US$30 billion in the 1990 to around US$80 billion at present (Osorio, 2004: 2).

Low world prices have reduced costs and at Essay help pros alone the same time boosted profit margins for those five coffee roasters (Philip Morris, Nestlé, Sara Lee, Proctor Gamble and Tchibo) that in on service zoo 1998 controlled 69% of the world market (the level of Essay pros living concentration seems to be even higher according to more recent studies; Gibbons, 2005). Exporting countries, meanwhile, have seen their share of final consumer expenditure fall from Essays on service zoo one-third to one-thirteenth (Ponte, 2002). Studies on the impact of falling commodity prices show that especially for small-scale producers the effects are disastrous, directly translating into diminished opportunities for human development and increasing poverty (Gibbons, 2005). Small-scale producers of agricultural products in paper hypothesis rural societies in many developing countries are confronted with the absence of several key conditions on on service zoo, which classical and neo-liberal trade theory is based (Nichols Opal, 2005: 132-54): Many small scale producers face a lack of market access, in terms of transportation, language, education and market information, making it easy for middlemen or big corporations to exploit this uncompetitive situation of ‘monopsony’ (a market situation with only one buyer) and create a race to the bottom. Most producers are excluded from financial markets or insurances and especially the lack of access to credit and the inability to Essay, switch to other sources of zoo income in response to price changes make it extremely hard for small-scale producers to survive under the global free trade regime. These market situations reveal important power asymmetries in global commodity markets.

Fair Trade tries to address these difficulties by Statistics essay writing ontario trading directly with producers, promoting long-term trading relationships and by paying a floor price and a social premium. But what is Fair Trade, conceptually, and Essays on service, what are its effects? Before I will assess the paper impact and functioning of Fair Trade closer I will in the next section systematize the different theories about Fair Trade, particularly distinguishing two different visions. The variety of Essays on service zoo objectives and characteristics of Fair Trade and the theories about Fair Trade have in the literature been conceptualized in terms of Academic introduction two visions of Fair Trade (Renard, 2003: 91; Moore, 2005: 74; Goodman Goodman, 2001). Zoo. While the first and pragmatic position sees Fair Trade as a way to increase the standard of living for some of the disadvantaged producers in the South through fairer trade relations, the second and more idealistic positions sees Fair Trade as a means or a tool to modify the Statistics writing neoliberal economic model and to Essays on service, transform the entire economy into one in which Fair Trade abandons free trade. 9 And, putting it in a similar dichotomy, whereas some argue that Fair Trade is compatible with the Essay help alone free market claims of Essays on service zoo contemporary dominant neoliberal discourse (Nichols Opal, 2005) others claim that Fair Trade promotes “social change” (Taylor, 2005), challenges “abstract capitalist market principles” (Raynolds, 2000: 306) and operates “in and against” the same global capitalist market that it wants to transform (Brown, 1993: 156). The main dividing line centres around the question if Fair Trade is an attempt to bring neoclassical economic theory “closer to Essay helper, reality” (Nichols Opal 2005: 19), or if Fair Trade is a practical critique and Essays zoo, departure from free trade theory and practice that opens up an alternative way of trading. Before I will criticize these two conceptions of Fair Trade as both being too extreme and missing the real impact of Fair Trade I will take a closer look at Writing research paper null the specific claims these theories make. The moderate view of Fair Trade as perfect neoliberalism argues that the aim of Fair Trade is to create trading conditions that are beneficial rather than exploitative to Essays on service zoo, the most disadvantaged producers in the Global South.

Nicholls and Opal (2005) argue in their comprehensive account that Fair Trade as “market-driven ethical consumption” (so the Personal statement subtitle), “by correcting market failures to on service zoo, make the trading system work for everyone [is], in fact, a neo-liberal solution to the problems with trade” (p. 13). Instead of Statistics writing ontario construing Fair Trade, like many others, as opposed to free trade, they argue that Fair Trade “makes the free trade system work the way it is supposed to.” (p. 31). It does so by correcting those market imperfections that characterize agricultural markets for small-scale producers in developing countries.

And this “market-led commercial success story”, so the authors conclusion along the Essays on service same lines, “works within a capitalist system, rather than abandoning the liberal trade model entirely” (p. Statistics Essay Ontario. 13). Interestingly Paul Rice, president of the U.S. labelling organization TransFair USA seems to zoo, share this view. In the 2004 annual report of Academic introduction TransFair he writes: “Fair Trade makes globalization and ‘free trade’ work for on service the poor” (TransFair USA, 2005). On the other hand, so the more idealistic and radical vision, Fair Trade challenges both theory and practice of neoliberal free trade. Helper. It does so by criticizing conventional competitive trade relations as “unfair”, as socially and on service zoo, ecologically destructive and by campaigning for broad change in the way trade between the powerful industrialized countries and the countries of the Third World works. Fair Trade thus recognizes the Essay state college discrepancy in power between the developing and the developed world and it is a practical model of pursuing international trade beyond competition and liberalization. This type of argument often refers to socio-cultural changes in terms of the consciousness of market participants.

Raynolds (2002a) for example analyses Fair Trade in Essays zoo terms of new kinds of ‘consumer/producer links’ that shorten and in sales, humanize the supply chain and introduce values such as fairness, equality and global responsibility into the market. On Service Zoo. And Tallontire (2000) sees this cooperation as a new ‘partnership’. And Raynolds (2000: 306) even argues that the importance of the Fair Trade movement (similar to the global movement for organic agriculture) lies primarily in its ability to challenges the “abstract capitalist market principles that devalue natural and pros alone, human resources, particularly in Essays on service countries of the South”. The idea of Professional values this line of argument is Essays on service zoo that consumers as well as producers through participation in Fair Trade change their attitudes towards markets and trade in general and that this change of mentality has further implications for the free market in general. Some claims even go as far as Goodman and Goodman (2001: 99) who would prefer to have Fair Trade result in a “fundamental transformation of capitalist society and its distinctive rationality.” It has been argued that this is an “inherent contradiction of the [Fair Trade] model” (Renard, 2003: 91). This is certainly the help pros living alone case, if one constructs Fair Trade as constituting either one of these visions. But as will become clear from the following evaluation of how Fair Trade works in practice, these visions are both too extreme and Essays zoo, one sided. The reality of Fair Trade lies somewhere in between: Fair Trade incorporates some elements of the free market and abandons others; with some of its multiple activities Fair Trade stabilizes free trade and with others it challenges free trade. The possible impact of Essay help pros alone Fair Trade, as has been illustrated by the two visions about Essays on service zoo Fair Trade, lies in two different areas: First, Fair Trade is supposed to benefit producers and the producer communities. Academic Essay. This is more or less straightforward and Essays, uncontroversial and the results of research hypothesis different case studies will be summarized and systematized in the following section.

The second type of impact Fair Trade allegedly has that it influences free market and free trade in general is more controversial. In order to analyse this claim I will divide it up in three areas. On Service. I will assess the socio-cultural impact of Writing paper hypothesis Fair Trade on producers, consumers and on on service, actors not participating in the Fair Trade market, analyse the economic impact on the conventional market and Professional values, see in how far Fair Trade politically challenges the rules of free trade. 4. Zoo. 1. Impact on Fair Trade Producers. Measuring the impact of Fair Trade on the lives of producers is extremely important. Fair Trade claims to be an effective way of improving the living standard of producers in the global south, and statement in sales, consumers buy Fair Trade products in the belief that their purchase is having this developmental effect. In the end all the money that NGOs, government agencies and private donators give in support of Fair Trade and all the on service zoo money that consumers of essay Fair Trade products spend on the higher prices of these products could be spent on other development projects that might be more effective. In recent years a variety of case studies and survey studies on the impact of Fair Trade have been published, both by on service zoo academic research groups (at the Academic introduction University of on service Greenwich, UK and the Colorado State University, USA) and by Writing null NGO’s and ATO’s. These studies, most of which are qualitative non-systematic analysis, converge on several general points: Fair Trade has a positive impact on the lives of producers; Fair Trade benefits the producers in Essays on service a variety of ways beyond increasing income; and the most pervasive problem is that Fair Trade products make up only a part of the sales of helper college producers. There are some limitations to these impact studies, the most important being that most studies do not compare the changes in incomes and livelihoods of the zoo Fair Trade producers to non-Fair Trade producers and communities (an exception is Bechetti Constatini, 2005) and that it is analytically hard to separate the unique contribution of Fair Trade from Personal other influences, especially since Fair Trade projects are often supported in various ways by development agencies (Raynolds 2002b).

10 As has been convincingly argued by a survey study of the zoo United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the benefits from essay developmental aid and from participating in Fair Trade are highly mutually supportive and interlinked (Dankers, 2003: 64). Complicating the evaluation further, some studies and Essays on service zoo, especially surveys seem to overemphasize the positive instances and to leave out some of the more problematic findings. 11. There are a variety of different impacts on producers. Help Alone. The direct impacts include an increase in income due to the Fair Trade minimum price and Essays zoo, the social premium; access to credit; improved education; psychological and organizational effects such as producer empowerment and helper college, its effect on civic participation (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 204). I will first analyze the benefits from the price premium and other directly financial benefits, I will then assess the zoo non-monetary benefits and the organizational and political impacts of Fair Trade on Statistics service, producers and finally I will try to Essays on service zoo, give a picture of how effective Fair Trade is in transferring money from consumers to producers. 4. 1. 1. Benefits from the price premium. Fair Trade producers receive for their products a floor price, which is, depending on the fluctuations of the world market prices, significantly higher then what conventional buyers pay and an additional social premium.

This price difference is sometimes substantial: due to extremely low world prices, coffee producer organizations for example get at present around twice the money conventional producers are paid. On an aggregate level the direct benefits of this extra income for producers are impressive: This extra income calculated from the difference of Fair Trade floor prices and world prices for all the certified global retail sales (estimated at US$ 1 billion for 2004) and the social premium amounted in 2004 to US$100 million, so the Statistics writing service ontario 2004-2005 annual report of the FLO (FLO, 2005a: 4, 21). And similarly, the extra benefits for coffee farmers during 2003 amount to over US$22 million, if one calculates the difference between the world market price as defined for Arabica by Essays the New York and for Robusta by writers in nursing the London stock exchange with the Fair Trade minimum price and premium (FLO, 2006). 12 All these benefits are distributed among the 531 producer organizations that are certified by the FLO, representing over one million farmers and workers and, including their families, five million people are affected by the extra income earned through Fair Trade sales above world prices (FLO, 2006). Just looking at these aggregate numbers this means that in 2004 out of US$100 billion consumers spent on on service, Fair Trade products an extra income of almost US$100 on average was transferred to more than one million farmers. On the micro level the picture is, however, more complex. The benefits for individual producers range from statement doubling their income to just securing their employment without immediate direct benefits.

All studies and Essays on service zoo, surveys conclude that Fair Trade has a positive influence on the income of cooperatives and individual producers, significantly improving their standard of living (Riedel et al, 2005; Mayoux, 2001; Ronchi, 2002; Nicholls Opal, 2005; Taylor, 2002; Dankers, 2003). 13 Different studies demonstrate however highly differing results even in terms of the pros alone basic financial benefits. This reflects the different particular circumstances of producers and Essays on service, their environment as well as the uneven distribution of Fair Trade benefits among the producers organizations. Let’s look, at essay some examples: In a cooperative of 1500 small coffee producers in Chiapas, Mexico, the individual members received up to 200 percent of the conventional price for their coffee - and since coffee incomes made up some 80 percent of family incomes, this made a huge difference (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002: 16, 19). Essays On Service. In a coffee cooperative in Writing research paper hypothesis Costa Rica the individual members earned 25-60 percent more than the local middle men would have paid them and on average 39 percent more then farmers that did not sell on the Fair Trade market (Ronchi, 2002: 10). In a coffee cooperative in on service zoo Bolivia the prices in 2000, compared with the conventional market, ranged from 106 percent to 123 percent for Fair Trade, and from 109 percent to 195 percent for help pros organic Fair Trade (Dankers, 2003: 59). In one of the on service zoo only economistic studies on a Fair Trade farm in Kenya Bechetti Constatini (2005) conclude that Fair Trade improved the social and economic well-being and the nutritional life quality and that participation in Fair Trade resulted in a higher perceived income, which they attribute mainly to lower expectations among Fair Trade farmers who had access to complementary welfare services. Several studies emphasize the importance the Fair Trade premium plays in writers values improving the Essays overall economic conditions of a cooperative, such as stabilizing loans, buying new infrastructure or improving the working conditions (Lyon, 2002; Mendez, 2002; Dankers, 2003). The wages at a Fair Trade banana plantation in Ghana, however, were only insignificantly higher than the wages of casual labour in the region (Dankers, 2003: 57, 59).

And in a cooperative in introduction El Salvador the financial benefits of participating in Essays on service Fair Trade were only enough for outstanding debt servicing, in both cases mainly because only a small percentage of products could be sold on the Fair Trade market (Mendez, 2002). Mutersbaugh (2002) evaluates Oaxacan coffee producers’ participation in alternative trading networks very critically, arguing that what producers find most relevant about these networks and dislike most are the expansive and technically demanding aspects of organic certification. Helper Zane College. As Raynolds (2002b: 14) correctly analyses, Mutersbaugh does however not analytically distinguish between Fair Trade and organic labelling, and assumes incorrectly that costs for Essays on service certification are paid for by producers. Since most Fair Trade coffee is also certified as organic, it is worth noting that sometimes the Essay help living alone prices paid for organic coffee on the conventional market are as high or higher as the Fair Trade premium for organic coffee (VanderHoff Boersma, 2002: 11). In addition to zoo, the direct monetary benefits from the Fair Trade price premium another important benefit is the provision of Essay zane credit at reasonable rates and zoo, the pre-financing of helper zane college up to 60 percent of the on service price of the purchases, if the cooperative demands that. The provision of credit and essay values in nursing, prepayment is immensely important and is mentioned in most studies as very positive (Taylor, 2002: 21). A problem that has been reported however is that contrary to the rules of the Essays on service zoo different Fair Trade labelling organizations and ATOs the actual payment comes very late, creating immense financial pressures for producers (Lyon, 2002: 32). In a cooperative in zane college El Salvador farmers complained that the Essays on service payments were usually delayed by more than 3 months, as opposed to payments after 30 days on Personal statement, the conventional market (Mendez, 2002: 19).

The most pervasive problem and at the same time the major explanation for the difference in the direct benefits for individual producers and cooperatives is on service zoo that many Fair Trade producer organizations are only able to sell a small portion of their products on the Fair Trade market. The supply by far outstretches the demand. On a world-wide average Fair Trade producers are only able to sell around 42 percent of Personal statement in sales their product on the Fair Trade market (Bechetti Constatini, 2005: 3), while Fair Trade coffee cooperatives are selling half of their crops at Fair Trade prices (Levi Linton, 2003). How this plays out at an individual level is Essays on service illustrated by a recent study of Nicaraguan coffee farmers (Bacon, 2005). This study shows that although the price paid for in sales Fair Trade coffee at the farm gate is on service zoo more then two times higher then for introduction conventional coffee (US$0.84/lb as opposed to US$0.39/lb to an agro export company or US$0.37/lb to Essays on service zoo, a local middleman), the average price for all the coffee that Fair Trade farmers get is still very low, only slightly higher then conventional prices and sometimes lower then the monetary production costs (US$0.56/lb as opposed to the conventional average of US$0.40/lb, while the monetary production costs average US$0.49 to 0.79/lb, see p. 505).

Other factors that play into the difference in income revealed by the case studies are different local price levels for conventionally grown products and the fact that depending on hypothesis null, the internal organization and the social context of the different cooperatives differing proportions of the extra income are absorbed by administrative activities and Essays on service zoo, communal projects. Some producer groups decide to return most of the extra income to their members, but many decide democratically to Writing, retain part of the extra income and use it communally for health, education, community projects, debt repayment, infrastructure, organic conversion and on service, technical training (Nicholls Opal, 2005, table 9.2 on essay ontario, p. On Service Zoo. 206). In evaluating Fair Trade projects it is furthermore crucially important to take the larger social and geographical of a specific cooperative into account. Essay Zane State. Bacon’s study on Nicaraguan coffee farmers emphasizes correctly, that although the vulnerability of farmers in the Fair Trade cooperatives to loose their land titles due to low coffee prices is four times lower then for farmers selling for the conventional market, the zoo more important finding is that a vast majority of surveyed farmers, both those selling to Fair Trade and to conventional markets, reported a decline in the standard of living during the last years (Bacon, 2005: 506). And Lewis (2005) points out in his study of the relation between Fair Trade and Professional writers values, migration that in the Mexican village he researched the positive effect of Fair Trade organic coffee was outweighed by the negative impact of increased migration patterns. The higher price Fair Trade retailers pay to producer communities has a significant impact on the lives of thousands of small-scale producers. A closer look at different Fair Trade farms and cooperatives shows however that the impact is very different depending on a variety of factors. There has not been a systematic comparative account that describes the general patterns of these differences. But all studies point out Essays zoo that the biggest problem for producer communities is that they cannot sell all their products on the Fair Trade market.

The fact that most producer groups in different studies emphasize the need to essay service, increase the Fair Trade market furthermore reveals the importance participation in and benefits of Fair Trade has for Essays zoo small-scale producers (Murray et al, 2003: 5). Producers not only directly benefits from the Statistics writing service extra income or Fair Trade, but also from Essays long-term relationships, improved organization and market information, all of which may affect their non-Fair Trade relations (Nichols Opal, 2005: 202). In several studies psychological benefits like improved self esteem and pride in the higher level of control over Essay help the value chain are evaluated as very beneficial and important. Murray et al (2003: 8) for example reports from on service zoo seven case studies with coffee farmers in essay ontario Latin America that “in case after case, farmers reported that the increased attention to their farming including the visits of Fair Trade and organic inspectors, buyers and even visiting Northern consumers () promoted renewed pride in coffee farming.” (see also Mayoux, 2001; Ronchi, 2002: 17). Taylor (2002: 19) found that this increased self esteem “was often manifested in producers’ behavior relative to on service zoo, others in their community, such as increased participation in public assemblies.” In other studies these more subtle improvements were only Essay zane state acknowledged by a small minority (e.g. of only 14 % in a case study in El Salvador; Mendez, 2002: 21).

Other indirect benefits of participation in Fair Trade reported in Essays case studies are increased spending on education of children (Lyon, 2002: 9; Ronchi, 2002: 8; Murray et al, 2003: 9) and Statistics writing service ontario, the preservation of indigenous cultures (Murray et al, 2003: 4; Lyon, 2002: 32). It must however be noted that the evidence for the claim that high proportions of the extra income through Fair Trade is spent on education and that Fair Trade supports the survival of Essays on service zoo indigenous cultures is more anecdotal than systematic and that other factors like low success rates in Personal schools or powerful trends like urbanization and Essays zoo, migration may neutralize these impacts (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 209). An important issue in Fair Trade is the apparent gender bias. Helper College. A variety of Essays zoo studies has shown, that since the income generated from Fair Trade crops is generally controlled by essay introduction male household members, and Essays on service, since less woman are employed in Fair Trade cooperatives, there is no or little female empowerment or improvement of the livelihoods of woman through Fair Trade (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 208; Tallontire, 2000: 170; Redfern Snedker, 2002: 39). Sometimes more women are employed but men still get the income (Mayoux, 2001). Often specific woman empowerment programs are required by the certifiers but the implementation seems hard (Taylor, 2002: 4). Academic Essay Introduction. And as Mayoux (2001) has pointed out, if females are employed in Fair Trade their workload often increases since they are not exempt from household work.

There are however also positive examples: In a producer organization in India in the increased participation of Essays zoo females in the production process had broader impacts like “increase in self-confidence, economic independence, better access to health, and participation in decision-making in the family, community, and local council” (Redfern Snedker, 2002: 39; see also Paul, 2005: 148). Many studies emphasize the importance of organizational development through Fair Trade (Ronchi, 2002; Mayoux, 2001; Murray et al, 2003; Nicholls Opal, 2005; Paul, 2005). A report by the FAO that is based on seven case studies concludes for example: “In all the cases involving farmer cooperatives, it is clear that the fair-trade price premium is only part, and Writing null, often only a small part, of the benefits derived from the on service zoo fair-trade system. The success in self-organization seems to be far more important, resulting in better bargaining positions, better credit worthiness and economies of scale” (Dankers, 2003: 64). Fair Trade certification requires small farmers to be organized in Personal cooperatives and workers to establish democratically elected bodies to decide on the use of the social premium. It is Essays on service zoo important to note the mutually supportive effects of Fair Trade and cooperatives. Cooperatives enhance producer power in local markets, increase income for both members and non-members by creating competition to private intermediaries and democratically empower its members to express their voices collectively. Living. Milford (2004) has shown in a study on cooperatives in Chiapas, Mexico, that cooperatives often failed if they were not involved in selling for the Fair Trade market.

If cooperatives are engaged in Fair Trade, they cannot only compete better in the conventional market but Fair Trade also works better in generating cooperative and organizational benefits then other financial and developmental support by NGOs or governments (Milford, 2004). Other studies raise doubts about the accountability and efficiency of cooperatives. A study from a coffee cooperative in Nicaragua argues that the cooperative as a organizational structure “involves an expensive, top-heavy entrepreneurial hierarchy, including a large administrative staff and substantial representation costs for Essays zoo its leaders” (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 42). Several studies revealed a lack of “effective democracy” in large cooperatives and even the emergence of a new “management class” (Dankers, 2003: 64) and there have even been reports of corruption (Lyon, 2002: 35). Other organizational benefits that have been highlighted in several studies are access to market information and the increased credibility of producer organizations that participate in essay Fair Trade. All these aspects have helped many producer cooperatives their performance in the non-Fair Trade market, often enabling small farmer coffee organizations to establish direct links with foreign companies, sometimes under conditions similar to Fair Trade (Taylor, 2002: 10, 21). The organizational strength of Fair Trade cooperatives has helped several producer organizations to take innovational routes of opening up new market possibilities. La Selva, a coffee cooperative in Chiapas, Mexico, for example started to sell their coffee in a Mexican chain of cafeterias, the first of which opened in San Cristóbal de Las Casas in Essays on service zoo 1994 (Cabanas, 2002: 30). In an interesting article titled Bringing the moral charge home Jaffe et al. Ontario. (2004) have investigated several Fair Trade initiatives within the South. Realizing that conventional Fair Trade is Essays on service zoo only able to benefit a small fraction of cooperatives, civil society organizations and producer groups in Mexico launched their own label called Commercio Justo México in 1999 (Jaffe et al, 2004: 184). Essay Helper Zane State College. In 2001 the first coffee was sold under this Mexican domestic label, thus addressing the problems of Essays on service zoo small producers that sell to the domestic market and changing a situation in which the best coffee products had to be imported (Comercio Justo, 2006).

14 A similar initiative is the network ANEC (National Association of Peasant Marketing Enterprises) that started to sell domestically labelled Tortillas to statement, counter recent trends of zoo deteriorating quality of corn which were caused by Essay help living alone cheap U.S. imports after NAFTA (Jaffe et al, 2004: 186). These initiatives seem very promising and, as Jaffe et al (2004) argue, together with similar attempts in the North they could broaden our understanding of zoo Fair Trade in positive ways. Another interesting aspect of Fair Trade one that is extremely hard to statement in sales, measure and that only few studies take into on service account are the possible spill-over effects to non-Fair Trade producers and the entire community stemming from the organizational power of Fair Trade cooperatives. There are obvious benefits to the families of producers through the extra income and on the producer communities through the impact of the developmental projects (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 213; Taylor, 2002: 24). In a coffee cooperative in Mexico the hypothesis null members became politicized through their participation in the assemblies. One member reports: “We know that even if La Selva decided to Essays on service zoo, stop selling coffee, the organization would go on.

We know this because in Personal in sales the assemblies we discuss the sale of coffee and management of the farms, but also the on service people are concerned about essay writing service more wide reaching problems about our relationship with the rest of the world. For example: how the government projects are run, the problems in Essays on service the Registro Civil (office for births, marriages, and Academic introduction, deaths), land tenancy questions, and religious festivals.” (Cabañas, 2002: 30). And a Guatemalan cooperative helped the on service zoo government in setting up a trash collection program and supported community events and the local school with supplies and writers, furniture (Lyon, 2002: 30). In general Fair Trade seems to increase what Putnam (2000) called the Essays social capital of communities by thickening organizational structures and strengthening civil society (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 215). Besides the Professional essay writers values in nursing financial benefits Fair Trade thus provides a variety of zoo other benefits, all of which are important to the improvement of the Personal statement lives of producers. Especially the organizational and on service, cooperative benefits of Fair Trade, even if sometimes not perfectly effective, are crucial in increasing the market power of producers, in zane college providing new sources of Essays income and in essay introduction strengthening the political struggle of farmers. The gender bias observed in Essays several studies is an issue that must be addressed in the future. There is Statistics writing ontario still a lack of consistent research on the impact and the effectiveness of Fair Trade (Paul, 2005). Especially the attempts to come up with quantifiable methods of calculating if the money spent on Fair Trade products or donated to Fair Trade organizations is well spent, is on service zoo only in its preliminary stages. Since all the Personal in sales impact studies conclude that the most important benefits of Fair Trade are non-monetary, quantitative assessments can only Essays capture one part of the entire impact that Fair Trade has on producers (Paul, 2005).

The non-monetary impact on the life of producers is hard to quantify, but the qualitative research summarized above should give some insight. Nicholls Opal (2005: 225) attempted to help living alone, use a quantitative and highly sophisticated account to measure the social return on investment for a South African wine cooperative and found with this somewhat contingent and problematic method that “for every £1 spent on Fair Trade wine (at the on service zoo import level), a value of £6.89 was returned to the community.” Since the higher price of Fair Trade products is divided up by several margins (retailer, distributor, coffee roaster, importer, producer) it would seem far less efficient then giving the money directly to the producers. There has not been a systematic account yet. While some studies suggest that a reasonable percentage of the extra price for Fair Trade actually reaches producers, other reports seem to imply that sometimes Fair Trade is a pretty inefficient way to transfer money to producers in the South. In a critical article in the Wall Street Journal Stecklow White (2004) have reported some examples that show how Northern retailers benefit far more then the producers from Fair Trade: At Sainsbury's, a British supermarket chain, the price of Fair Trade bananas (which was four times that of conventional bananas) was US$2.74 per essay, pound. The producers receive only 16 cents per pound, 55 cent go to all the on service zoo middlemen and pros living, importers and the rest to the supermarket, which earns approximately US$2 with every pound of Essays on service zoo organic Fair Trade bananas.

15 At a Cafe Borders in New York City, producers paid nearly US$12 a pound for bags of Fair Trade coffee while farmers received only US$1.41. A comparative study of the coffee supply chain of Nestlé and the Fair Trade supplier Cafédirect found that out of the 34 percent Fair Trade mark-up for Professional essay in nursing the consumer price only 4 percent ended up with the producers, mainly due to higher costs of advertisement and marketing licence (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 40). Essays. Zehner (2002) compared Fair Trade coffee and conventional coffee and Professional writers values in nursing, found that 43 percent of the higher price of on service zoo US$1.50 is passed on to producers while 39 percent went into the increased margin of Starbucks itself. And there are more similar examples (Stecklow White, 2004; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 51). This is however not the Academic general rule. Other retailers, by selling Fair Trade products at the same price as conventional products, have shown the Essays on service way to Professional essay, increase the market share of Fair Trade and to decrease exclusion on the side of consumers. At the supermarket chain Migros in Switzerland for example Fair Trade bananas have almost the same price as non-Fair Trade bananas (which made it possible to zoo, increase the market share of Fair Trade banana to 56 percent) and Wild Oats Natural Marketplace in statement in sales the U.S. sells Fair Trade bananas and bulk coffee at on service the same price as their conventional counterparts (Stecklow White, 2004). To change this situation, in Essay helper college which consumers pay very high prices with the intention of helping producers, but end up mostly increasing the margin of the retailer, it would be interesting to investigate the possibility of establishing a further criterion for Fair Trade certification, ruling that the margins of retailers cannot be higher for Fair Trade products than for conventional products. A related criterion could be to make all retailers of Fair Trade products disclose their margins, something many retailers refuse to do (Stecklow White, 2004). Essays. 16 Another problem is the inefficiency of living alone many Fair Trade supply chains.

In order to increase the market share of Fair Trade products and to benefit more producers this problem has to be addressed as well. (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003). Another important ratio is the Essays zoo return on investment in the labelling organizations. If one just takes into account all the money the FLO and its member organizations spent in 2002 and calculates the return on investment of this money by dividing it with the total benefits for farmers, the ration is 2.8 : 1, meaning that every dollar spent by the labelling organizations increases farmer income by US$2.8 (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 216). And TransFair USA claims that since 1999 “each dollar of TransFair USA's budgets has been translated into more than $7 in statement in sales supplemental income for farmers and farm workers.” 17 These measures, however, do only include one part of the extra money consumers spent on the higher prices for Fair Trade products. These examples show that due to zoo, very high margins in the North or to inefficient management of the trade partly only a small portion of the extra money consumers pay goes directly to the producers. This is particularly appalling because the Statistics writing ontario high prices of Fair Trade products prevent the demand from increasing. And, as we have seen, one of the main problems of Fair Trade producers was the insufficient demand and producers could immediately double their supply. 4. 2. Impact on the Free Trade Market. Fair Trade does not only benefit the Essays on service zoo producers it sources its products from, but as an attempt to create alternative or at Personal statement in sales least different trading practices it has a wider impact on the free market in general. This means, Fair Trade influences not only the producers, but as well consumers, other actors on the market like competing companies and political decision makers. Most authors who write about the broader impact of Essays zoo Fair Trade emphasize socio-cultural changes and neglect the political and economic pressures Fair Trade exerts on the market.

But all are important and I will address them separately. 4. 2. 1. Socio-Cultural Impact of Professional essay writers Fair Trade. There has been no systematic research on how participation in Fair Trade brings about socio-cultural changes. I will in this section lay out the general idea of what the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade might be. In the next section I will then raise some general doubts and problems that might limit or neutralize the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade. What is this socio-cultural impact, the “quiet revolution” 18 Fair Trade is supposed to bring about in Essays on service the values and practices of its participants and help pros living alone, even among those who don’t participate?

Fair Trade links consumers and producers together in zoo ways that are fundamentally different from the conventional market, so a claim held by many activists and researchers (Raynolds, 2002a). It ‘humanizes’ the trade process (so ETFA, the European Fair Trade Association, Raynolds, 2002a: 404) by shortening the consumer-producers chain and by Essay help alone introducing values like solidarity, cooperation and equality into the market. While in conventional markets the interests of producers and on service, consumers are inherently contradictory and gains for the one are losses for the other Fair Trade re-personalizes trade by introduces real deliberative decisions and values into the otherwise automatic and anonymous price mechanism. The Fair Trade movement recognizes that economic activity is social activity. Fair Trade, just by functioning the way it does, “destabilizes neo-liberal knowledge claims” (Raynolds, 2002a: 398). Whereas the quality of Personal conventional products just consists of the physical features and the image attached to it by the brand (Klein, 2002), thus excluding the conditions of production from the value or the quality, Fair Trade includes these into the quality of the on service product. Producer and consumer links that make the conditions and lives of writing service ontario producers visible to the consumers are created, maintained and “performed” through the discursive and narrative tactics of images and label texts about corporate policies, personalities and lives in the producer community (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 109). This competition for the “hearts and minds” of the zoo consumers through disclosing facts about the production process, which are absent from other, changes the geography of helper state college production: The power of who defines what is “quality” in a product is to some degree shared by producers and consumers as partners (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 112). Fair Trade furthermore uncovers that conventional markets are dominated by the most powerful actors that create the market and shape its rules in their own interests, thus contributing to on service, counter the neoliberal view of the economy as a level playing field (Taylor, 2005: 139).

Fair Trade frames conventional products as ‘un-fair’ and thus challenges consumers that do not buy Fair Trade products to think about the social and environmental costs that might not be included into the cheap price of the product. Fair Trade has thereby contributed to Essay college, the impressive rise of ethical or “green” consumerism (Cowe Williams, 2000; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 186). Various studies reveal that a growing portion of consumers sees itself as “ethical” or “green” consumers that are taking social and environmental values into account in their market behaviour and are partly willing to pay more. Different studies estimate the percentage of ethical consumers differently, but there is increasing evidence that 50 to on service zoo, 80 percent of all consumers fall under this category and essay writers, that the market for on service zoo ethical goods and help pros living alone, services is growing at rates of 20 percent per year and already amounts to U.S.$8 billion (Nicholls Opal, 2005; Cooperative Group, 2004). 19 From these surveys it is zoo obvious that the market for ethical products is huge and growing and that many consumers care about the social and ecological externalities of the production process. This is a clear signal that self interested utility maximisation is not the only driver of economic action certain values associated with the essay dislike of global inequalities are becoming additional determinants of Essays on service zoo individual choices. 20 It is important to notice however the “ethical gap” between the preferences consumers state in surveys and their actual behaviour on the market (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 187). Although most surveys reveal that around 30 percent of the essay population is particularly motivated to on service zoo, buy ethical products these products make up only fewer than 3 percent of their individual markets. This phenomenon has been termed the “30:3 syndrome” and it is one of the research most important challenges Fair Trade faces for the future to Essays zoo, close this gap (Cowe Williams, 2000: 5). Fair Trade also represents a model that provides orientation for change (Roozen Boersma, 2002).

Fair Trade establishes, in Personal contrast to the competitive trade relations, a partnership approach to trade that aims at incorporating ethics into trade by focusing on Essays on service zoo, values such as equality of exchange, cooperation and fairness and by trying to increase the terms of trade in favour of the producer (Tallontire, 2000). 21 Fair Trade is however not only a practical model of alternative trading practices but a variety of companies in the Fair Trade movement embody also a model for alternative business practices. Instead of being characterized by Writing research external shareholders and profits like conventional companies, many of the Essays zoo alternative trading organizations involved in Fair Trade are cooperatively run, owned by the workers and some do not work for profit (Nichols Opal, 2005: 96). One example is The Day Chocolate Company that directly connects small-scale cocoa farmers into global markets by making the farmers shareholders in the company (Doherty Tranchel, 2005). The social impact of Fair Trade is multilayered and complex. Fair Trade humanizes trade relations through consumer-producer links, it undermines conventional the legitimacy of conventional production and it epitomizes functioning alternatives. Fair Trade can be understood as a model for Essay pros living politicians as well as for private corporations. A model of alternative trading practices that restricts competition, includes social externalities into the price and is fairer in its outcomes; and an example of an alternative company model that does not only Essays aim at increasing profits, but at serving both producers and consumers. The section on the political impact of Fair Trade will discuss deliberate attempts by Fair Trade actors to lobby for political change of the rules of Writing paper hypothesis international trade by invoking the Fair Trade system as a model of zoo cooperation in trade that works.

And the section on economic impacts of Fair Trade will see in how far Fair Trade influences competing corporations to improve their practices, both through market pressures by conscious consumers and by representing a functioning alternative. Although and most researchers agree on this point participation in Fair Trade has important socio-cultural impacts on consumers along the Professional essay lines laid out above, some concerns can be raised about these claims. Especially in how far producers really are part of the Essays on service “consumer/producer links” in Fair Trade networks is questionable. Essay Help Pros Living. Many studies reveal the limited sense of understanding and identification producers have towards Fair Trade for Essays on service most it is Writing research just another market that demands higher quality and pays higher prices (Mendez, 2002; Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002; Lyon, 2002; Dankers, 2003). One researcher at a Guatemalan coffee cooperative observed: “The vast majority of interviewed members stared at me blankly when asked if they knew what Fair Trade was. Essays Zoo. Some came up with creative responses that exhibited a minimum level of comprehension such as ‘Fair Trade is the good price that they pay us for our coffee’” (Lyon, 2002: 24). 22 The understanding many producers have of Fair Trade is mostly based on quality and price. Taylor (2002) reports in his summary of seven case studies that it was easier for producers to understand the impacts of organic production since it was more related to ontario, their farming activity and they got a higher price for improved quality. And one producer claimed: “In Fair Trade there are higher quality products, and in the conventional market the produce is contaminated and at the same time sold at lower prices.” (VanderHoff Boersma, 2002: 18). Other cooperatives have an understanding that is closer to the theories about consumer/producer links.

Isaías Martínez, a farmer in Mexico, for example says: “The most important contribution of the Essays zoo Fairtrade Labelling system is in my eyes that our ‘dignity as a human being’ is recovered. We are no longer a plaything of the anonymous economic power that keeps us down” (FLO, 2006). Writing Research. This gap in understanding Fair Trade is, according to several studies, a new development that is commonly attributed to the increased activity of big national labelling organizations and large retailers that see Fair Trade more as business than the alternative trading organizations. 23. On the consumer side there is another set of Essays on service zoo worries. Especially the mainstreaming of Fair Trade has led to a diffusion of Academic essay introduction its message that changed from participation in an international project of Essays on service zoo trade reform to one in which consumers are “shopping for a better world” (Low Davenport, 2005b). Research Hypothesis. It is important to be conscious of who is getting what out of a Fair Trade deal: The consumer on the one hand receives, in addition to the product, the “good feel factor”.

A reason to perceive herself as an “ethical” and “responsible” consumer is given by the message on the Nestlé coffee: “Partners’ Blend: Coffee that helps farmers, their communities and the environment”. 24 The producer on the other hand gets a couple of cents more than on the conventional market, but will never be able to consume in a similar way. Essays On Service Zoo. In light of the asymmetry in wealth between consumers and producers one could ask if the standards in Fair Trade are an “adequate representation of ‘equal exchange’ or ‘fairness’ in relation to the rich consuming North?” (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 115). Writing Service Ontario. Although this is a legitimate question it is not important in a practical or pragmatic sense since not buying regular coffee or not buying coffee at all are both detrimental to the producer. It is however important to not let the experience of consuming a cup of fairly traded coffee become an “absolution” (Howley, 2006) and a justification to source all the Essays zoo other products through conventional markets. There are some further general concerns that can be raised about the power relations in Fair Trade, in particular about the statement in sales commodification of the lives of Essays zoo producers in writers advertising for Fair Trade and exclusive standards and prices, but both are necessary mechanisms to make Fair Trade effective and on service, successful on Statistics, the market. 25. 4. 2. 2. Economic Impact of Fair Trade.

Besides the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade described above and its attempts to influence the politically established rules of the Essays market explained in the following section the most recognized impact Fair Trade has on the market is economic. The argument has two parts. The first part is concerned with the amount to which international trade gets transformed just by the fact that more and research, more products are traded through Fair Trade organizations. And since that is limited somewhat, the other part analyses the indirect impact Fair Trade has on competing companies in forcing them to change their trading policies by raising awareness about the social and environmental externalities of the production process. Fair Trade only amounts to a small portion of all international trade, currently to far less than one percent. But Fair Trade has potential to grow especially since Fair Trade has shifted from being an alternative to increasingly penetrating the mainstream, and in some markets Fair Trade already accounts for large portions of all trade (Krier, 2005; Taylor, 2005). There is an extremely controversial discussion about the recent development of Fair Trade into the mainstream which gives practical importance to Essays on service, the debate between the two visions of Fair Trade described above. Academic. The positive sides of selling Fair Trade products through mainstream channels and commercial supermarkets such as Starbucks in Essays the USA or Tesco in the UK are fairly uncontroversial: immense increases in the volume of Fair Trade products, which thus benefit more producers, an increase in the availability and Writing paper hypothesis, range of products and opening up the message of Fair Trade to a much wider audience then through ‘alternative’ trade (Low Davenport, 2005a: 150). The downside of zoo mainstreaming Fair Trade, on Personal in sales, the other hand, is more controversial. There are several concerns about mainstreaming Fair Trade.

A general critique comes from conservative free market advocates. Philip Booth (2005) from the London based Institute of Economic Affairs argues that by paying a minimum price Fair Trade is disturbing the automatic market mechanisms of Adam Smith’s invisible hand. While it might help the producers that sell on the Fair Trade market it is detrimental to all other producers in that market. Guaranteeing a minimum price, so the on service zoo argument continues, also creates oversupply. 26 While this critique overestimates the power of Fair Trade to Academic essay introduction, disturb the market and to create oversupply and although it suppresses the far more important market disturbances described above (market power of TNCs, monopsony, imperfect access to credit and information etc.), it raises the important issue of how Fair Trade influences non-Fair Trade producers. The argument against Fair Trade is however flawed. In order to avoid negative impacts on other producers and to decrease the Essays on service zoo dependency of Fair Trade producers the labelling organizations encourage producers to diversify their production and help them to access new markets. Writing Research Paper. Furthermore, as I will discuss in the next section, contrary to harming other producers, Fair Trade has contributed to a broader trend of social standards and certifications that might bring about positive change for all producers.

Most of the criticism of the mainstreaming of Fair Trade comes however from supporters of the general idea of alternative trade. One worry is that big mainstream corporations that take part in zoo Fair Trade undermine the message of Fair Trade. Whereas the Fair Trade movement started as a movement of introduction alternative trading organizations that practiced trade not along cooperative lines and challenged conventional competitive and exploitative trading practices the Essays zoo mainstreaming of Fair Trade introduces new actors with different interests and practices into Fair Trade. Whereas ATOs are interested in Writing paper increasing the benefits for the producers in the South, the on service motives of help pros living mainstream corporations like Starbucks or Tesco are by no means the principles of Fair Trade but to increase their profits (Ransom, 2005). Mainstream supermarket chains this is confirmed by most studies see Fair Trade as a “useful marketing tool which differentiates them in the market [and as] one of the tools in the CSR [Corporate Social Responsibility] armament rather than a basis for doing business” (Young, 2003: 10). On Service Zoo. This difference in interest becomes manifest for example in the overpricing of Fair Trade products by many supermarket chains, that has been discussed above. 27. Another concern is that this “clean-washing” (Low Davenport, 2005b) or “fairwashing” (Nichols Opal, 2005: 138) helps mainstream corporations to justify and perpetuate their exploitative trading practices (Raynolds, 2002a). Academic Essay. By selling a small percentage of Essays zoo their products under the Fair Trade certification, mainstream companies can use the strategy of “parallel production” (Mutersbaugh, 2005b: 398) to improve their image as socially conscious without fundamentally changing their sourcing practices.

Some of the Academic smaller alternative trading organizations that sell 100 percent of their coffee Fair Trade dropped out of third party certification altogether as a response to Essays, these practices. Just Coffee, one of research them, explains the strategy of on service fairwashing or parallel production: “the conventional roasters are lining up to access the Fair Trade label. The problem is that they want to do this without changing their business practices (), still buying the bulk of their coffee paying low market prices while they use the Fair Trade label on the miniscule amount of ‘Fair Trade’ coffee they purchase. In Sales. They want to capitalize on the symbol without committing to what it stands for.” (quoted in Nicholls Opal, 2005: 138). Some examples: Starbucks, which adopted Fair Trade coffee under severe consumer pressure in 2000, purchased in 2005 only zoo 3.7 percent (5.21 million kg) of its coffee under the Fair Trade label (Benjamin, 2006; Renard, 2003). And, as mentioned in the introduction, Nestlé is using the ontario Fair Trade label to make up for being labelled 2005s “least responsible company” worldwide by Essays on service zoo selling some of their products with the Fair Trade label the essay introduction actual amount is not laid open but are estimated to be less than 1 percent (Nestlé, 2005). As Booth (2005) has noted, the biggest retail promoter of Fair Trade in on service zoo Britain, the Coop, is at the same time the biggest recipient of subsidies from the EU common agricultural policy in the country. “There is no doubt whatsoever that the subsidies do more damage to essay writers in nursing, the developing world than the sale of Fair Trade products does good” (Booth 2005: 8).

Bill Vorley (2003: 77) gives another interesting and telling example: The Asda Wal-Mart excused its shift away from sourcing most of its bananas from small farms in the Caribbean by Essays zoo pointing to its Fair Trade bananas, highlighting the fact that it is Personal statement still possible to buy Caribbean bananas. It did however suppress the fact that the Fair Trade bananas only made up an extremely small percentage of all the bananas it sold. A related problem with mainstreaming Fair Trade is the asymmetry in power that is Essays zoo created by the fact that mainstream corporations only pros living alone sell a small portion of their products under the on service label (Renard, 2005). Since this portion makes up a huge percentage of essay writers in nursing all the Fair Trade sales, the labelling organizations become dependent on these sales, while corporations like Starbucks could easily change their buying policies. In the U.S. for example, where Fair Trade coffee is growing at impressive rates of almost 90 percent per year, huge parts of these increases are due to Essays on service zoo, the participation of mainstream actors like Peet's Coffee Tea, Starbucks, Dunkin’ Donuts, McDonalds and Tully's (TransFair USA, 2006a; 2006b). If Starbucks would decide to trade its 3.7 percent of Fair Trade coffee under its own label C.A.F.E. Personal Statement In Sales. (Coffee And Farmers Equity) a move that would not much affect Starbuck this would have devastating affects on Fair Trade in the U.S., decreasing world coffee sales by on service zoo more than 10 percent and writing ontario, decreasing Fair Trade coffee sales in the U.S. by 21 percent (Starbucks, 2006; TransFair USA, 2006). Renard (2005: 30) mentions a similar dilemma: “Would TransFair USA be capable, at Essays on service zoo this point, of stripping Starbucks of its seal if in fact Starbucks practices were shown not to comply with Fair Trade norms or generally unethical, despite the importance of Starbucks Fair Trade sales in the US?” Another threat is the strategy of state college “standards dilution” (Mutersbaugh, 2005b: 398) employed by TNCs to alter the standards set by an NGO like the FLO, using their immense power and on service zoo, share of sales (Renard, 2005).

The growth of Fair Trade into Writing research null the mainstream bears immense possibilities; but at the same time it creates some new dangers, mainly the undermining of the message of Fair Trade, the on service zoo fairwashing of socially and environmentally destructive corporations and increasing dependency of the labelling organizations on Writing paper, large retailers. The question is thus one of finding the on service right balance between these, or as one scholar has put it: “At what point do increased sales and writers values, economies of Essays zoo scale cross the fuzzy line between more income and benefits for producers to dependency on mainstream markets and potential loss of the ontario cutting edge in challenging unjust world trade relations?” 28. The other side of the economic impact Fair Trade has on the market is its indirect power to influence competing corporations to change their trading practices outside of Fair Trade. This power of Fair Trade is on service zoo mainly its ability to indirectly influence and change the preferences of introduction consumers by pointing attention on the producers and the conditions of Essays on service production and by providing a viable alternative. The socio-cultural changes associated with this argument have been laid out above. Essay Writing Service. Various studies reveal that a growing portion of consumers sees itself as “ethical” or “green” consumers that are taking social and Essays on service zoo, environmental values into account in their market behaviour and essay, are partly willing to pay more.

Fair Trade plays an important role in this increase of the segment of conscious consumers, especially by showing that alternatives are possible (Roozen Boersma, 2002b). Transnational corporations have often responded to consumer demands and Essays zoo, pressure for better social and environmental production by arguing that it is impossible to control the essay introduction entire supply chain. The new division of labour, involving the establishment of export processing zones (EPZs), global subcontracting and on service zoo, lean production are used by TNCs to justify exploitation and environmental destruction as inevitable and impossible to control (McMichael, 2004). Fair Trade shows in practice that social and ecological exploitation are not natural and that corporations can take responsibility, thus proving the standard apologetic reactions of corporations wrong. It is a well established fact that more and more corporations react to these market pressures and shifting consumer preferences by establishing CRS (corporate social responsibility) standards and by creating guidelines and standards for internal monitoring (Mutersbaugh, 2005a; 2005b; Renard, 2005). This has been described as a “paradox of globalization” (Barrientos, 2000: 556; Tallontire Vorley, 2005): On the one hand there are strong trends to deregulation and market liberalization in the context of the rise of neoliberalism and on Personal in sales, the other hand there are more and more attempts to privately re-regulate the market; while transnational corporations abuse their increasing market power to zoo, further lower the price of production and externalize social and environmental costs these same corporations take part in the rise of different and mostly private measures that claim to improve social and Essay help alone, environmental sustainability of production. I will not go into the developments of this general process of the increase of on service labels and just mention one example (see Muradian Pelupessy, 2005). Essay Writing Ontario. Starbucks, which sells 3.7 percent (5.21 million kg) of Essays on service zoo its coffee with a Fair Trade label, has established its own self monitored first party label “C.A.F.E” (Coffee and Farmers Equity) practices that amounts to another 24.6 percent (34.84 million kg) of total sales.

This label is supposed to “ensure the sustainable production of high-quality coffee by addressing social, environmental and economic responsibility throughout the coffee supply chain” (Starbucks, 2006a: 20). Starbucks goal is, as illustrated in Academic table 3, to Essays, double the amount of coffee traded under the C.A.F.E. practices to Essay helper zane state college, around 70 million kg in 2006 and further increase it to 102 million kg in zoo 2007, which would mean that almost three fourths of all the coffee Starbucks buys is monitored under its own label (Starbucks, 2006a: 4; Benjamin, 2006). Table 3: Projected increase of Starbucks coffee bought under its own label C.A.F.E. Academic Introduction. practices (Source: Starbucks, 2006a: 19). In assessing these developments one first has to take into account the extremely high price Starbucks pays to its producers. Starbucks has paid an average price of $2.84 per kg for all the 142 million kg of unroasted coffee it bought, both for labelled and unlabelled coffee. This average price is 23 percent higher than the average commodity market price, and even more than the minimum price of Essays on service zoo Fair Trade ($2.80 per kg) (Starbucks, 2006a: 17; Benjamin, 2006).

This is an extremely promising and extremely effective development. The entire sales of Starbucks, sold at an average price higher than Fair Trade, amount to 2 percent of global coffee sales and are more than four times the amount of Fair Trade coffee certified globally in 2003 (30 million kg) (TransFair USA, 2005: 2). It is however also important to take a close look at the supply chain, to dig into the reasons why Starbucks does not substantially increase its participation in Fair Trade and to see in how far these high prices are outweighed by Writing research null the high costs of standard compliance to the high quality requirements. The high price Starbucks pays for its coffee can partly be explained by the fact that Starbucks only Essays on service zoo buys gourmet coffee with extremely high intrinsic qualities. And the Personal statement in sales C.A.F.E label is only a “code of conduct-lite” (Renard, 2005: 429), focusing first and foremost on the intrinsic quality and on service, the taste of the state coffee and adding ecological and social standards as secondary. Further important differences to the Fair Trade label are among others (Starbucks, 2006b): the payment of higher premium prices increases with better performance instead of a guaranteeing a minimum price; the infrastructure of certification remains internal to Starbucks, making it impossible for producers to influence the standards (Mutersbaugh, 2005a); there is no substantial third party monitoring; verifiers are not autonomous, making it a “fully private” as opposed to Essays zoo, the “semi-public” space in Fair Trade certification (Mutersbaugh, 2005b); and there is less organizational and essay values in nursing, developmental support. Essays On Service Zoo. Since the high price is only one of the benefits of participation in Fair Trade, and as shown in the case studies above not even the most important benefit, all the writers non-monetary benefits of Fair Trade do only partially apply to those producers selling to Starbucks through its C.A.F.E. scheme. Besides these trends to undermine the Fair Trade label there are reports of problems at the producer level that forced several cooperatives to break up their trading relations with Starbucks. 29.

There are some important dangers in this general trend towards voluntary certification that are important to zoo, fully assess the economic impact Fair Trade has on the market. Personal Statement. These are mainly the way power relations in the production process change and a curious convergence between the rhetoric of Fair Trade and contemporary discourse in dominant institutions. While voluntary standards are often praised as the positive influence of consumer power on corporations and the increasing social and environmental accountability and awareness of those corporations, studies like the Essays Human Development Report conclude that “the growth of private standards is acting as a barrier to market entry for smallholder farmers” (Brown, 2005: 5; Vorley, 2003: 70). It has been argued that this “just in space production” of certified products transforms rent relations, shifting the costs of standard compliance to pros, the producers, increasing rents for retailers and giving the on service zoo retailers more power and governance over living alone the supply chain (Mutersbaugh, 2005a; 2005b; 2005c). 30 This line of argument, seeing certifications as a place of conflict and power rather than cooperation, criticizes the broad trend towards the establishment of semi-public spaces through NGO-third party certification.

Fair Trade, so the argument, by Essays on service zoo promoting the privatisation of standards, facilitates the already existing tendency of the demise of the state in in nursing market regulations. Fair Trade, without intending to do so, thus stabilizes neoliberal globalization and supports the further decline of state power to regulate markets and to restrict exploitation and environmental destruction. A similar argument can be made on the level of contemporary development that converges with the discourse of Fair Trade in an interesting way. Essays. 31 Faced with the help alone controversial debate about the East Asian miracle in the early 1990s, the destructive Asian economic crisis in 1997 and the emergence of powerful NGOs and social movements, the Essays dominant paradigm in the major development institutions like the World Bank and the IMF shifted in the late 1990s from neoliberalism towards a more “inclusive liberalism” (Porter Craig, 2004; Gore, 2000; Hart, 2001; Wade, 1997). Revisionist or inclusive neoliberalism, while using a slightly different, more inclusive and empowering discourse, shares with orthodox neoliberalism the preference of the market over the state, has enabled processes of immense social and environmental destruction and Statistics essay service ontario, is in similar ways interpreted as yet another discourse of domination and control (Porter Craig, 2004; McMichael, 2004). Zoo. And the rhetoric of the Fair Trade movement conforms to an astounding degree with this discourse of helper zane state college revisionist neoliberalism. Central parts of both discourses converge albeit with different connotations on Essays zoo, notions like market ‘opportunity’, ‘empowerment’, social and economic ‘inclusion’, ‘social capital’, ‘civil society’ and ‘partnership’. What should one think about the fact that these concepts are employed both by institutions from the centre right like the World Economic Forum and by the Fair Trade movement?

This convergence of revisionist neoliberal discourse and Writing research hypothesis, Fair Trade discourse helps explain why this small movement of alternative trading organizations could move into the mainstream; why several studies interpret Fair Trade as part of neoliberalism or social capitalism; and Essays, why such prominent supporters of free trade as the Academic essay European Commission and the G 8 summit are celebrating the zoo success of Essay zane state Fair Trade. In both cases by Essays using private certifications and by employing a certain discourse of market empowerment Fair Trade converges with contemporary reactionary tendencies. While this certainly carries the dangers of supporting (as an unintended consequence) the privatisation of market regulations and Essay helper, the justification and naturalization of neoliberal discourse, there is Essays also the potential for essay change. Essays Zoo. Private standards are not inherently opposed to state regulations and through its political efforts Fair Trade actively tries to lobby for change in the political market rules. And discourses are contradictory, unstable and contested and political and social pressures can, alongside with Fair Trade, transform a discourse of domination and oppression into a discourse of entitlements and rights, taking serious the ‘inclusive’ and ‘empowering’ part and turning it against the inhumane consequences of neoliberal hegemony. The discussion and analysis of the possibilities for Fair Trade to economically influence the conventional market has revealed opportunities as well as dangers. There is first impressive potential for Fair Trade to grow into helper state college the mainstream and to directly change trading practices. But these possibilities depend on the participation of big mainstream corporations that only use Fair Trade to zoo, their advantage without sharing its message and taking the responsibilities. This brings along the dangers of undermining the Statistics writing message of on service Fair Trade and of becoming dependent on these mainstream companies. Personal In Sales. Secondly by showing that ecologically and socially responsible trading practices are possible Fair Trade is part of a more general push by consumers that brought about the on service zoo rise of private standards and certifications. This development in a similar way opens up new possibilities to Professional essay in nursing, introduce social and environmental standards on a broad basis into the mainstream economy but at Essays zoo the same time bears the danger of Essay help living alone getting down-washed into intransparent and unenforceable standards-lite that are (mis)used by big mainstream corporations to on service zoo, control and exploit the supply chain in new ways.

Fair Trade certification and the general trend towards private standards are not intrinsically good or bad. Professional In Nursing. Both are social institutions that are sites of conflict and power where contesting interests get negotiated and fought out between different actors. Future developments depend among many other social forces on the evolution of Fair Trade. 4. 2. 3. The Political Impact of Fair Trade. Contrary to dominant discourses and public opinions on trade issues, the current trade injustices are not “natural” or the outcome of different levels of knowledge, technology and education. These factors surely play their part, but the unjust system of international trade is politically established and maintained by countries with very different levels of power. The rules that enable the free market and free trade to function are not “neutral” or “natural” but serve certain interests and Essays on service, not others. Without going into detail this can be illustrated by looking at the unjust tax system and the immense amounts of subsidies in the global north, which both make trade with agricultural products very difficult for developing countries. Introduction. According the United Nations Human Development Report 2005 the zoo average tariffs low-income countries, which are exporting to high-income countries, face are three to four times higher than the barriers applied in trade between high-income countries (HDR, 2005: 126). 32 Since primary products like cacao beans are taxed less then processed products like chocolate, this perverse tax structure also makes it impossible for many developing countries to do the high value-added processing and retailing parts of the production process in essay introduction their country, ensuring that most profits in the value chain are added in the Global North. In the European Union, for example, tariffs rise from 0 to 9 percent on cocoa paste and to Essays, 30 percent on the final product, which explains why 90 percent of cacao beans are produced in developing countries while only Essay zane 44 percent of cocoa liquor and 29 percent of cocoa powder exports originate in Essays those countries, making Germany the worlds largest exporter of cacao products (HDR, 2005: 127).

The unbelievably high levels of agricultural subsidies, especially in Europe and the U.S. furthermore undercut any comparative advantage of developing countries and the UNDP calculates that the real costs for developing countries of rich country agricultural subsidies is as high as all official aid flows in paper hypothesis 2003 - US$72 billion a year (HDR, 2005: 130). The global legal framework for trade justifies exploitation and the externalization of social and environmental costs of production. This can be illustrated by the fact that the WTO under the PPM clause (Production and Processing Methods) does not allow discriminating against products that are produced through social and ecological exploitation. 33 There is considerable discussion in the Fair Trade movement if the PPM clause, created for Essays zoo governments, does also apply to labelling organizations like the FLO, but it is generally assumed that voluntary discrimination does not violate the WTO rules, even if they include non-physical characteristics such as the real social or environmental costs. Writing Service. 34. Whenever those institutions that currently determine how the markets function mainly the World Trade Organization and its sisters World Bank and International Monetary Fund there are powerful attempts by NGOs and social movements to Essays on service, protest and lobby for market and trading rules that are fairer to the most disadvantaged producers. This Trade Justice Movement is “campaigning for trade justice - not free trade - with the pros rules weighted to benefit poor people and the environment” (Trade Justice Movement, 2006).

Fair Trade is part of this push for fair market rules. And it is the deliberate goal of Fair Trade, stated by the four major Fair Trade organizations as one of three strategic intents, to “play a wider role in Essays on service zoo the global arena to achieve greater equity in international trade” (FINE, 2001: 1). Paper Null. Also the above mentioned widely recognized definition of Fair Trade states: “Fair Trade organisations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in Essays on service supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade” (FINE, 2001). Just one example: At the WTO meeting in pros alone Hong Kong in Essays zoo 2005 FINE, the informal network of Fair Trade organizations, organized a “Fair Trade Fair” that featured producers from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America which were displaying and selling their products, including coffee, chocolate, spices, crafts, textiles and many others. At a symposium producers shared their stories the impact Fair Trade had on their communities and experts discussed the development of Fair Trade and the implications of the WTO rules for its functioning. 35 Besides this eventful critique of free trade FINE also lobbied the WTO with a position paper stating what the Fair Trade movement thinks “is wrong with the WTO” (FINE 2005a). The style of essay service this document is captured in its beginning statement: “We, members of the international Fair Trade movement, know from experience that trade can reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development. However, if not carried out in a fair and responsible manner, trade can exacerbate poverty and inequality.” FINE, acting as the advocate of small scale producers around the Essays zoo world, demands the end of subsidies and tariff escalation mechanisms, argues against deregulation and liberalization and promotes the expansion of Fair Trade principles of regulating and managing the global supply chain (FINE, 2005a). After the meeting, another publication described the outcome of the WTO summit as serving “the interests of companies operating globally” instead of promoting an agenda that is in any way favourable to the developing countries (FINE, 2005b). The political impact of Fair Trade operates as well on the micro level. Besides contributing to a necessary change in consciousness that has been described above Fair Trade politicizes people and strengthens the Essay living Global Justice Movement through the thousands of world and solidarity shops that are important centres of this movement.

Although some activists might see this as the most crucial part of Fair Trade, arguing that the Essays zoo structural change promoted by the Global Justice and Third World Movements is necessary for research real improvement in the producers lives, the on service zoo political side of Fair Trade should not be used as an excuse for essay writing ontario the economic and social problems described above (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 41). Organizations working with Fair Trade are thus using the Essays on service zoo practical example of Fair Trade to lobby for a change in the international trading rules away from helper free trade and Essays on service, towards cooperative trade, essentially seeing Fair Trade as a practical prefiguration of a more desirable trade. 5. Essay Helper Zane State. Conclusion: Fair Trade as a Re-embedding Countermovement. So what is Essays Fair Trade: A neoliberal solution to current market failures that works within the values free market regime or a practical tool of Essays on service social change that aims at transforming the free market? The discussion of the impact of essay writers values Fair Trade on the level of producers as well as on the level of the free market in general has shown that there is no easy and clear-cut answer to this question. The social reality of Fair Trade entails both, free market mechanisms and non-markets restrictions and Fair Trade seems to both undermine free trade and to be used and interpreted as supporting neoliberalism. To better understand this rather puzzling result I will propose a theoretical framework to understand Fair Trade that is heavily influenced by Polanyi’s work. In order to better understand the Essays on service effects of Fair I will situate Fair Trade historically using Polanyi’s theory of the double movement. And I will then use Polanyi’s concept of Academic essay introduction embeddedness to argue that Fair Trade is neither a free market solution nor a transformation of free trade.

In order to situate the emergence of Essays zoo Fair Trade in Essay helper zane state college a broader context the work of Karl Polanyi (1944), especially his understanding of capitalism as progressing in form of a ‘double movement’ concerning the on service relations between the market and society has been increasingly used and seems very instructive (Barham, 2002: 350-352; Murray Raynolds, 2000; Mutersbaugh, 2005a). Polanyi argued that the unleashing of markets for the three ‘fictitious commodities’ land, labour and money causes intense social and environmental destruction and generates counter-tendencies that demand regulation, intervention and social protection from these destructive market forces. This protective countermovement is, however, not an external intervention into a structurally determined process but these opposing forces are contained within capitalism (Hart, 2002: 304). Polanyi’s historical analysis of the double movement has its contemporary parallels (Silver Arrighi, 2003): 36 The neoliberal revolution of the 1980s on the one hand destroyed societal regulations protecting labour, money and land/nature by promoting free market economies as the introduction only model, liberating financial transactions and privatising and destroying natural resources. The growing importance of civil society in the 1990s and the rise of transnational social movements that push for “counter-hegemonic globalization” (Evans, 2005) on the other hand represent efforts to re-embed the destructive market forces into societal norms and regulations. These actors promote political regulations for financial markets, fight against the commercialization and privatization of natural resources and counter the dismantling of Essays zoo labour regulations that restrict exploitation. 37 It is Academic important to note that these attempts to re-embed the market have also been incorporated into conservative discourses and practices where they represent efforts to contain dissent and to enable the neoliberal project to on service zoo, continue. They are employed by personalities in neoliberal institutions like the Statistics writing service ontario world bank and the IMF (Wade, 1997; 2001; Sachs, 1998; Stiglitz, 2000) and have shaped the paradigm shift from orthodox neoliberalism to ‘revisionist’ or ‘inclusive’ neoliberalism (Hart, 2001; Porter Craig, 2004).

And exactly here is where Fair Trade comes into the picture: Fair Trade, so I will argue, is Essays on service zoo part of the protective countermovement. I will come back to this point, but first I want to employ Polanyi to argue that Fair Trade is neither a neoliberal free market approach nor an statement attempt to transform free trade. Fair Trade is concerned with the unleashing of markets for the fictitious commodities labour, and, to a lesser degree, land/nature. While markets might be useful and efficient mechanisms to Essays zoo, produce and distribute products, if labour and research hypothesis, nature are included into Essays the market as free and unrestricted commodities the results are destructive. Free trade theory rests on the notion that free competition results in the lowest possible price, and that because the producers with the lowest price outcompetes other producers competition stimulates efficiencies and improved technologies. Research Paper Hypothesis. Free trade theory does, however, falsely assume that competition does only take place regarding technological innovation, productivity and marketing. 38 In reality, and especially in trading relations between large retailers and small-scale producers in the global south, business companies use the externalization of costs onto other parties as one of the main strategies of competition. If Chiquita cannot outcompete another retailer in Essays on service zoo the banana market with improved technology or better marketing strategies it can do so by externalizing the Personal social and environmental cost of production.

This means that the social cost of zoo production is Statistics ontario passed on to the producer and the environmental cost of production is passed on to future generations. This is possible if labour and nature are not socially embedded through political legislations like minimum wages and environmental restrictions or social forces like unions or NGOs. And Fair Trade is exactly this, an attempt to re-embed the zoo market within society by internalizing both the real social and environmental cost of production into the price. The real price of a product and null, the price Fair Trade tries to pay thus consists of the on service real social cost of the work (human wages, dignified working conditions etc.) plus the real environmental cost of production. Roozen and Academic, VanderHoff Boersma (2002), two founders of the first labelling organization Max Havelaar, argue convincingly: “The costs of a socially responsible production are included in the price of the product in the Fair Trade market. Competitiveness does not depend on Essays on service zoo, the level of exploitation that goes into the production of the product.” Fair Trade is thus not abandoning the market, but it also does not provide a free market solution.

Fair Trade rather re-embeds the market by internalizing the Essay college social and environmental cost of production into the price. By paying a guaranteed minimum wage that reflects the real social and environmental costs of production it restricts market competition from exploiting labour and nature, but at the same time uses competition in the production process to function in the market. The essence of Fair Trade is according to Brown (1993: 158) “that the Essays zoo consumer should be told the truth, not only about what is in the product but also the truth about the producer, her or his conditions of life and work, what they get for their work and introduction, what it does to the environment.” Far from pure competition or state-led planning, Fair Trade combines the power of producers and consumers to create links between them that both limit and engage competition and that consist of information: 39 “Connections between consumers and Fair Trade organizations [and producers] are rooted largely in flows of Essays information. Academic. Fair Trade networks socially re-embed commodities, so that items arrive at the point of consumption replete with information regarding the social and zoo, environmental conditions under which they were produced and traded” (Raynolds, 2002a: 415). Fair Trade challenges the idea that the setting of prices on the market as an automatic and depersonalized process is the only instrument for Writing paper hypothesis null valuing commodities (Raynolds, 2002a: p. 409). Instead of zoo competition as the main driver of the market, Fair Trade introduces an interesting type of “contract economy” into the market, in which the price is negotiated between consumers, producers and salesmen and their contradictory interests are resolved in essay writing service cooperation.

As one scholar has put it: “Fair Trade is primarily about reasserting human control over a mechanism that claims to be in the best interests of everyone but no longer even bothers to prove it” (Ransom, 2001: 9). The fact that Fair Trade does not challenge the on service existence of the market as such does not mean that it is not a radical vision, since, as the domestic Mexican Label Comercio Justo insists, Fair Trade is Statistics essay writing ontario about transforming the very purpose of markets; by reorganizing markets in a way that can benefit the zoo more disadvantaged members of helper college society Fair Trade creates un mercado donde todos quepamos “a market where we all fit” (quoted in Jaffe et al, 2004: 192). Fair Trade, as an attempt to re-embed the market in the sense described here, is part of the on service protective countermovement. But back to the question do the broader effects of Fair Trade stabilize or transform free trade? The dichotomous and somewhat mutually exclusive conceptualizations of Fair Trade in the two visions that underlie the question this paper tried to answer both turn out to be present and future tendencies and trajectories of the Fair Trade movement rather than descriptions of Fair Trade. As such the two visions both describe somewhat idealized versions of different simultaneous and contradictory effects of introduction Fair Trade. A definite answer to zoo, this ‘either, or’ question is Essay state college impossible since the impact study shows that Fair Trade as a multilayered social phenomenon works both in and against the market, partly stabilizing neoliberal free trade and partly challenging it. Essays On Service Zoo. Instead of the question what Fair Trade is in terms of paper hypothesis its broader effects the zoo impact study forces one to ask more specific questions about Academic essay introduction how Fair Trade works and what exactly its effects and outcomes are in the multiple arenas it works in. Rather than being either “in or against” the market Fair Trade can be analyzed as a complex and multilayered process of social defence against destructive effects of unrestricted market. But this process, since it is part of capitalist development, is Essays a site of contestation, conflict and negotiation between different actors with different and Professional writers in nursing, partly opposing interests. Because the protective countermovement as a whole is fundamentally threatening those power structures that rely on Essays on service zoo, the exploitation of land, money and labour, these power structures, Polanyi’s “liberal creed”, engage in containing, controlling and weakening the movement.

These opposing interests, as has been demonstrated in many examples in this study, bring about multiple and partly contradictory effects on statement in sales, different levels. Essays On Service. Anticapitalist activists support and propagate Fair Trade as a practical alternative to capitalist trading relations while revisionist neoliberals see Fair Trade as useful mechanism to Essay state, privately regulate a small part of the market without fundamentally changing the on service zoo political market rules. Both support Fair Trade for different reasons, they thus understand Fair Trade differently and these contradictory understandings in turn shape and change what they try to explain, the Fair Trade movement. Professional Values In Nursing. Similarly, what small-scale coffee growers in Ecuador think about Fair Trade and what they want Fair Trade to do differs dramatically from the understandings and interests of large retailers like Nestlé. On Service. How these different, partly contradictory and partly mutually supportive interests play out depends on the power relations between the different stakeholders. Particularly since Fair Trade entered the mainstream market in the late 1990s and actors with opposing interests became stakeholders, Fair Trade is at a crossroads: On the one hand the mainstreaming of Fair Trade opens up immense possibilities to increase the Personal impact of Fair Trade in transforming neoliberal trade relations, in benefiting more disadvantaged producers and in further re-embedding the market. Essays Zoo. But on the other hand the mainstreaming of Fair Trade bears a variety of essay values in nursing dangers, mainly due to the power of the mainstream companies to Essays zoo, undermine the meaning and practice of Fair Trade and, instead of using Fair Trade to the advantage of Essay pros alone producers, to misuse it for the interests of their shareholders.

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Lewis, Jessa M. 2005. Essays Zoo. Strategies for Survival: Migration and Fair Trade-Organic Coffee Production in Oaxaca, Mexico. Personal Statement In Sales. San Diego: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. Low, William and Eileen Davenport. 2005a. Postcards from the Edge: Maintaining the ‘Alternative’ Character of Fair Trade Sustainable Development 13: 143153. -. 2005b. “Has the Essays zoo medium (roast) become the message?: The ethics of marketing fair trade in the mainstream” International Marketing Review 22 (5): 494 511.

Lyon, Sarah. Personal Statement In Sales. 2002. “Evaluation of the Actual and Potential Benefits for the Alleviation of Poverty Through the Participation in zoo Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Guatemalan Case Study.” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Mandelson, Peter. 2005. “The Fair Trade Agenda”, speech at the PES Conference on Fair Trade, European Parliament, Brussels, 22 June 2005, http://europa.eu.int/comm/commission_barroso/mandelson/speeches_articles (April 2006). Maseland, Robbert and Albert de Vaal. 2002. “How Fair is Fair Trade?” De Economist 150 (3): 251272. Mayoux, Linda. 2001. Essay Helper State. “Impact Assessment of Fair Trade and Ethical Enterprise Development.” Available at zoo http://www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/pdf/IAofFairTrade.pdf (April 2006). McMichael, Philip. 2004. Development and Social Change: a global perspective.

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2003. “Fair trade and the coffee crisis in the Nicaraguan Segovias” Small Enterprise Development 14 (2): 36-46. Milford,, Anna. 2004. Coffee, Co-operatives and Competition: The Impact of Fair Trade. Bergen, Norway: Chr. Milford Institute, http://www.cmi.no/publications/2004%5Crep%5Cr2004-6.pdf (April 2006). Moore, Geoff. 2005. Essay Alone. The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Future Research, in Journal of Business Ethics 53: 7386. Muradian, Roldan and Wim Pelupessy.

2005. “Governing the Coffee Chain: The Role of Voluntary Regulatory Systems” World Development 33 (12): 20292044. Murray, Douglas and Laura T. Raynolds. 2000. Zoo. “Alternative trade in bananas: Obstacles and opportunities for progressive social change in the global economy.” Agriculture and Human Values 17(1): 6574. Mutersbaugh, Tad. Introduction. 2005a. “Fighting standards with standards: harmonization, rents, and social accountability in certified agrofood networks” Environment and Planning 37: 2033-2051. -. 2005b. “Just-in-space: Certified rural products, labor of Essays on service quality, and regulatory spaces” Journal of Rural Studies 21: 389402. -. 2005c. “Certifying rural spaces: Quality-Certifed Products and Rural Governance” Journal of Rural Studies 21: 381388. Nestlé. 2005. “Nestlé UK to launch fair-trade coffee” Press Release, October 7. Nicholls, Alex and essay, Charlotte Opal. 2005.

Fair Trade: Market-driven ethical consumption. Essays On Service Zoo. London: Sage Publications. Osorio, Néstor. 2004. “Lessons from the world coffee crisis: a serious problem for sustainable development.” London: International Coffee Organization. Paul, Elisabeth. 2005. Writing Paper Null. “Evaluating Fair Trade as a development project: methodological considerations” Development in Practice 15 (2): 134-150. Perezgrovas, Victor and Edith Cervantes. 2002. “Poverty Alleviation through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: The Case of Union Majomut, Chiapas, Mexico.” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Polanyi, Karl.

1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Essays on service, Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press. Ponte, Stefano. 2002. “The ‘Latte Revolution’? Regulation, Markets and Consumption in the Global Coffee Chain” World Development 30 (7):10991122. Porter, Doug and David Craig. 2004. “The third way and the third world: poverty reduction and social inclusion in the rise of statement ‘inclusive’ liberalism” Review of International Political Economy 11 (2): 387-423. Putnam, Robert.

2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon and Schuster. Ransom, David. 2005. “Fair trade for sale: David Ransom thinks not” New Internationalist, April 2005. Raynolds, Laura T.. Essays. 2000. “Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements” Agriculture and helper zane state, Human Values 17: 297309. -. 2002a. Consumer/Producer Links in Fair Trade Coffee Networks in Sociologia Ruralis 42 (2). -. 2002b. “Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Existing Research and Critical Issues”, http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup/doc/rayback.pdf (April 2006). Raynolds, Laura T., Douglas Murray and on service zoo, Peter L. Taylor.

2004. “Fair Trade Coffee: Building Producer Capacity via Global Networks” Journal of introduction International Development 16: 1109-1121. Reardon, Thomas, C. Peter Timmer, Christopher B. Barrett and Julio A. Berdegué. 2003. “The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 (5): 1140-1146. Redfern, Andy and Paul Snedker. 2002. Creating Market Opportunities for Small Enterprises: Experiences of the Fair Trade Movement Geneva: International Labour Office. Renard, Marie-Christine.

2003. “Fair trade: quality, market and conventions” Journal of Rural Studies 19: 8796. -. 2005. “Quality certification, regulation and power in fair trade” Journal of Rural Studies 21: 419431. Riedel, Carl Philipp, Federico Manzano-Lopez, Amy Widdows, Alim Manji and Markus Schneider. 2005. Impacts of Essays on service Fair Trade. London School of Economics.

Ronchi, Loraine. 2002. The Impact of Fair Trade on Producers and their organizations: A case study with Coocafe in Costa Rica. Prus Working Paper. Brighton: University of Sussex, http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/PRU/wps/wp11.pdf (April 2006). Roozen, Niko and Frans VanderHoff Boersma.

2002. Fair Trade: An Adventure in the Fair Trade Market. excerpt, http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Sachs, Jeffrey. 1998. “The IMF and the Asian Flu” The American Prospect 37. Shreck, Aimee. 2005. Paper. “Resistance, redistribution, and power in the Fair Trade banana initiative” Agriculture and Human Values 22: 1729. Silver, Beverly and Giovanni Arrighi. 2003. “Polanyi’s ‘Double Movement’: The Belle Époques of British and U.S.

Hegemony Compared” Politics and Society 31 (2): 325-355. Smith, Sally and Stephanie Barrientos. 2005. “Fair Trade and Ethical Trade: Are There Moves Towards Convergence?” Sustainable Development 13: 190198. Starbucks. 2006a. Beyond the cup.

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2000. “Partnerships in fair trade: reflections from a case study of Essays Cafe´ direct” Development in Practice 10 (2). Tallontire, Anne and Bill Vorley. 2005. Achieving fairness in trading between supermarkets and Statistics writing service ontario, their agrifood supply chains. London, UK: Food Group. Taylor, Peter Leigh. 2002. “Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Synthesis of Case Study Research Question Findings.” Report Prepared for Project Funded by the Community and Resource Development Program.

New York: The Ford Foundation. -. 2005. “In the Market But Not of It: Fair Trade Coffee and Forest Stewardship Council Certification as Market-Based Social Change” World Development 33 (1):129147. Tiffen, Pauline. 2000. “Good busy-ness: when advertising gets to be like an Essays escalating arms race you can be sure there's a war right around the corner ” New Internationalist, April 2000. Vidal, John. 2005. “Nestlé launch of Fairtrade coffee divides company's critics” The Guardian, October 7, 2005.

Vorley, Bill. 2003. Food, Inc. Corporate concentration from essay writers farm to consumer. London: UK Food Group. Wade, Robert. 1997. “Greening the Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1997-1995”, in D. Kapur (ed.) The World Bank: It’s first Half Century.

Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Williamson, John. 1990. “What Washington Means by Policy Reform”, in John Williamson (ed.) Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. -. 1993. “Democracy and the ‘Washington Consensus” World Development 21 (8):1329-1336. -. 2000. “What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?” in Essays on service zoo The World Bank Research Observer 15 (2): 25164. Young, Graham. 2003. “Fair trade's influential past and the challenges of its future”, paper presented at Fair Trade, An Asset for Development, An international dialogue, Conference organised by the King Badouin Foundation, Brussels, 28-05-03, www.kbs-frb.be/files/db/en/PUB%5F1337%5FFair%5FTrade.pdf (April 2006).

Zehner, David. 2002. “An Economic Assessment of ‘Fair Trade’ in Coffee” Columbia Business School’s Chazen Web Journal of International Business, Fall 2002. 1 Peter Mandelson, EU commissioner for trade, said in Academic 2005, after having emphasized the zoo success of the Fair Trade movement: “Fair Trade has shown that those working in difficult conditions in essay writing commodity-dependent and poor developing countries can aspire to a better life for Essays zoo themselves and their families” Mandelson (2005). 2 FINE involves the Fairtrade Labeling Organizations International (FLO), the Network of European Shops (NEWS!), the International Federation for in sales Alternative Trade (IFAT), and the European Fair Trade Association (EFTA). The aim of FINE is to enable these networks and their members to cooperate on Essays on service, strategic levels on crucial issues affecting the future of the Fair Trade movement, such as advocacy and campaigning, standards and Writing research null, monitoring. See http://www.worldshops.org/fairtrade/netw.html (April 2006). 3 This paper will focus mostly on those products that are certified by the Fairtrade Labelling Organization International (FLO), since most data are only on service available for certified products and since certified products make up the Essay helper state college huge bulk of all Fair Trade products sold worldwide. 4 All standards are publicly available under http://www.fairtrade.net/sites/standards/sp.html (Mai 2006).

Quality requirements for Fair Trade bananas for example include among others: “Size of bananas. Minimum length 16 cm (baby bananas 14 cm), minimum thickness 27 mm. Tolerance: 10% of the bananas. Packing. slippage and “high pack” are not permitted. There must be reasonable uniformity among the bananas in a carton. Tolerance: 5% of packing cartons. () Residue and foreign matter. No residue or foreign matter may be encountered in the cartons. Tolerance: 1% of the cartons.” FLO (2005c: 10). 5 The coffee market price is fluctuating highly. Essays Zoo. The current prices are summarized by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations): “Coffee prices reached 101.44 US cents per pound in March 2005, a 67 percent increase compared to the level of Essay help pros 60.80 US cents per pound the corresponding month last year.

In April 2005, the average daily price fell to 98.2 US cents per pound, following some profit taking by investment funds”. Essays. See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/J5667e/j5667e04.htm (Mai 2006). 6 According to the FAO “Industry sources report that farm-gate prices in Ecuador decreased below the official minimum price of US$3 per box, and in some cases, fell to less than US$1 per box.” See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/J5667e/j5667e04.htm (Mai 2006). 7 In 2001 the FLO had registered over 300 coffee grower associations that represent 500,000 small-scale growers. This amounts, according to one estimate, to 30 percent of the world’s small-scale coffee growers most of Academic essay which however could only sell a small portion of Essays zoo their harvest on the Fair Trade market. (Murray et al, 2003: 6). 8 The scope of the organic world market is considerably larger than the Essay helper state college Fair Trade market.

In 2003 organic sales amounted to US $ 31,3 billion while Fair Trade only reached one billion in 2005 (Nichols Opal, 2005: 182). 9 “Though blurred by the uniform term “Fair Trade” tension remains between two visions: one, a more radical conception that sees ‘‘fair’’ trade as a tool for modifying the dominant economic model, and the other, more pragmatic, that emphasizes the insertion of products from the South under fair conditions in the markets of the North.” Renard, 2003: 91. 10 For a further discussion of these difficulties see Mayoux (2001) and Nicholls Opal (2005: 201). 11 A report of the Fair Trade coffee market in Latin America that is based on seven case studies concludes, for example, by exclusively citing the most positive study (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002), concluding (and thereby implying this as the general finding) that the direct financial “revenues for Fair Trade coffee [are] twice the street price for conventional coffee, even after deductions were made for cooperative management and other expenses.” (Murray et al, 2003: 7). Other studies by the same research team (which are only cited at other instances), however, sound less promising. In a cooperative in El Salvador for example, the financial benefits were only Essays on service zoo enough for outstanding debt servicing (Mendez, 2002). 12 But to put this into perspective it is interesting to note that more or less the same amount (€ 18.3 million) is statement spent annually only in Europe by Fair Trade organizations for education and awareness-raising campaigns (Krier, 2005: 31). 13 And even the most studies point at several advantages of Fair Trade.

Robbert Maseland and Albert de Vaal (2002) at the University of Nijmegen in Holland for example compared Fair Trade with free trade and protectionism and concluded that it was “obvious” that Fair Trade is the Essays on service only way to guarantee the fulfilment of Essay zane minimum requirements such as stopping child labour or environmentally harmful effects. They however argued also that concerning the reduction of inequality it is not clear that Fair Trade is always fairer than other options. 14 “The low prices paid to small producers on on service, the national market mean that the best Mexican products are exported. Fair Trade makes it possible for small producers to also receive dignified prices in Academic essay introduction the national market and to Essays, not depend exclusively on export.” Comercio Justo México on its webpage in 2001, quoted in Nicholls Opal (2005). 15 “Sainsbury's, which says it sells more fair-trade bananas than any other British supermarket, sells the fruit in bagged bunches of six, not by weight. A bag of fair-trade Dominican Republic bananas, weighing about a pound, recently cost around $2.74 in London. Essay Writers In Nursing. That's more than four times the price of a pound of Essays unbagged regular bananas, also from the Dominican Republic.

According to FLO, Dominican Republic fair-trade banana growers receive about 16 cents a pound from Statistics writing middlemen. Sainsbury's won't disclose its banana margins, but industry executives estimate British supermarkets pay their suppliers about 71 cents a pound for Essays on service zoo fair-trade bananas from the Dominican Republic. If that's the case, Sainsbury's is Essay state college earning almost $2 a pound.” 16 This claim totally goes against what Paul Rice, chief executive of Transfair USA argues: “As a core philosophy, Fair Traders believe in Essays on service zoo as little market intervention as possible [and: regulating retail prices goes against the idea of] using the market as a vehicle for creating a win-win scenario for farmers and for industry.” The growth of fair-trade sales in Statistics writing service the U.S. suggests “millions of U.S. consumers are willing to pay a bit more to on service zoo, feel that they are making a difference.” (Stecklow White, 2004) 17 “In the past six years, TransFair has leveraged limited resources to certify 74.2 million pounds of Fair Trade coffee. This has provided coffee farmers in some of the Professional writers values poorest communities in Essays on service Latin America, Africa, and Asia with over $60 million more than they would have earned selling their harvests to Academic essay, local intermediaries. This means that each dollar of TransFair USA's budgets has been translated into more than $7 in supplemental income for farmers and farm workers since 1999.” TransFair USA (2006). 18 Harriet Lamb, Fairtrade's executive director in the UK, in Jones (2004).

19 Nicholls Opal (2005: 181-190) have collected a variety of research and surveys. A survey of Essays zoo 30.000 consumers in Britain by the Cooperative Group and essay ontario, MORI in 2005 for example showed that 84 percent of consumers are willing to Essays on service zoo, pay a little extra to help producers in developing countries and 6 out of 10 are willing to Writing research paper hypothesis, boycott for their ethics. Producers especially emphasized the importance of complete product information on food labels, which was important to 96 percent of the sample (Cooperative Group, 2004). Essays. Another study argues: “The most in-depth research into ethical consumerism to date reveals that just over half the population have bought a product and recommended a supplier, because of research its responsible reputation, at Essays some time in the last year. A third of consumers are seriously concerned with ethical issues when shopping and a quarter have investigated a company’s social responsibility at least once. Roughly one in six shoppers say they frequently buy or boycott products because of the manufacturer’s reputations” (Cowe Williams, 2000). 20 In a recent survey the “ 2003 Corporate social responsibility monitor ” finds that the amount of consumers looking at helper zane state social responsibility in Essays on service their choices jumped from zane college 36 percent in 1999 to 62 percent in 2001 in Europe. 21 “The approach to Fair Trade becoming dominant among ATOs can be termed `partnership’, where partnership is defined as a trading relationship between stakeholders that has both market-based and ethical elements and Essays, that aims to be sustainable in the long term.

For Fair Trade, the key stakeholders are the producers, the producer group, the ATO, and the consumer; and the partnership between these stakeholders is based on a combination of market and ethical elements.” (Tallontire, 2000: 167). Partnership in an economic relationship like Fair Trade can be understood with Tallontire (2000: 172) as requiring the following necessary conditions: a shared understanding of the Academic essay problem or issue and its context, shared objectives, mutual commitment to Essays on service, the partnership, a distinct or unique contribution, and mutual trust. Besides that some related structural condition can be identified that will determine the success of the relationship, such as a shared timeframe, equal participation, a balance of responsibilities, autonomy of the partners, accountability and essay writing service, transparency (Tallontire, 2000: 173-176). 22 This lack of understanding that is prevalent in most case studies applies even to leading positions. An example given by Lyon (2002: 24): A member of the Essays zoo Junta Directiva in Statistics ontario this cooperative told a researcher that the FLO had visited their plantations and, asked whether the FLO had certified the cooperative, answered: “no she [the FLO person] is just here to Essays on service, see how everything is going with us.” 23 “Many Mexican interviewees concurred in calling for a renewed commitment to developing and maintaining direct ties between Northern consumers and Southern producers. Statistics Essay Service. These visits help producers better understand the nature of the Fair Trade market, and create positive impacts on producer self-esteem and coffee quality.” Taylor (2002: 10). 25 It has been argued that Fair Trade by including the livelihood, culture, indigeneity and difference of the producer communities into their advertising strategies “deepen rather than subvert the processes of commodification by objectifying and commoditising the very things they are trying to save“ (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 114). Another concern points at the contradiction between Fair Trade’s message of inclusion and cooperation and Essays zoo, its exclusive elements. College. Since it is a label that relies on quality standards and Essays on service, higher prices, Fair Trade is exclusive both on the producer side with its “dictates of research paper quality” (Goodman and Essays zoo, Goodman, 2001; Mutersbaugh, 2005c) and on the consumer side with its higher and sometimes extraordinarily high prices (see Jaffe et al, 2004: 183). 26 “What happens if there is adjustment to world supply or demand and prices in one part of the market are fixed?

Prices in other parts of the in sales market must fall by Essays on service more other growers suffer more. Essay College. What happens to those employees of Essays large producers when Fair Trade consumption shifts away from them towards small producers who frequently offer poorer working conditions than the multi-national corporations?” Booth (2005: 7). 27 A further example: In 2003 several supermarkets in Britain were accused of charging too much for Fair Trade products Tesco among them overcharging one US dollar per kilogram bananas, more then double the premium for Personal producers. The Sunday Times, 29 June 2003, quoted in Ransom (2005). 28 Thomson (2003), quoted by Low Davenport (2005a: 151); see similar comments in Tiffen (2000) 29 Renard (2005: 430) reports: “Furthermore, Starbucks obligates producers to sell their coffee through Starbucks-affiliated importers which, in on service zoo this case, turns out to be the largest Mexican coffee marketing corporation, AMSA (of the Omnicafe-Atlantic Coffee group), which engages in decidedly non-equitable commercial practices.

A few cooperatives have broken off from Starbucks, denouncing the Professional in nursing AMSA practice of misusing the registry of Essays zoo certified-organic producers for AMSA’s benefit.” 30 While this is an important critique for international trade with organic products and might apply to first party certifications of some TNCs like Starbucks it does not apply to Fair Trade. Contrary to Mutersbaugh (2005a) the Writing research hypothesis cost for Essays compliance with the standards are in research paper the Fair Trade system paid for by the consumers, not by on service zoo the producers (Raynolds, 2002b). 31 The contemporary discourse and practice regarding development in the dominant institutions and in academia has been characterized by several observers as constituting an important departure from orthodox neoliberalism and essay writing, the Washington Consensus of the Essays on service late 1980s and Academic essay, the early 1990s. While the Washington Consensus held that good economic performance merely required getting the prices right through liberalized trade, macroeconomic stability and by getting the state out of the market, the post-Washington Consensus is a more inclusive approach that focuses on good governance, new institutional economics and the state (Williamson 1990; 1993, 2000) 32 This translates into the following: “Developing countries account for less than one-third of on service zoo developed country imports but for two-thirds of tariff revenues collected. They also account for two-thirds of in sales developed country imports subjected to tariffs higher than 15%.” (HDR, 2005: 127) 33 The WTO makes bans this as discrimination against foreign or domestic “like products” on the basis of on service zoo “related characteristics”, wher like product is defined as “products with the same or similar physical characteristics or end uses” (Dankers, 2003: 74; Young, 2003: 11). 34 A full discussion of WTO rules and voluntary labelling initiatives is zane state given in a FAO report by Dankers (2003: 73-88). Zoo. See notes of a panel on the PPM clause at the Fair Trade symposium during the WTO meeting 2005 in Hong Kong under http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/symposium.cfm?refID=78673. This clause is Essay alone defined on the world bank webpage: “ PPM : Production and processing method.

Used in instances where trade policy action by a country is motivated by a desire to ensure that imports have been produced in a way that satisfies a national or international production or process norm. Essays. Often these norms will be environmental in nature.“ http://www.worldbank.org/research/trade/glossary.htm#P (April 2006). 35 The webpage http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/index.cfm gives a good overview of the events and features a variety of resources, including transcripts from the symposium. A similar event was staged at statement the 2003 WTO summit in Cancun. 36 Polanyi analyses the first movement, the economic liberalization and integration of the late 19 th century, as one that involves the replacement of local and traditional socio-cultural relations by mere market relations.

In particular the Essays zoo incorporation of the three fictitious commodities money, labour and land/nature into the market and thus the total disembedding of the market from society unleashed destructive tendencies, which in turn lead to Professional essay writers in nursing, a variety of on service counter movements. This second and embedding moment is the attempt by social movements and ‘enlightened reactionaries’ to counter the social disruption of the market-led liberalization with social and environmental protection and intervention. Academic Essay Introduction. The main question Polanyi is trying to answer with this framework is the Essays zoo rise of statement in sales fascism in Europe. He interprets fascism as part of the Essays protective countermovement, suggesting that the protective countermovement is not inherently good but rather that it contains a variety of different responses to the destructive market forces, some of writing service which are very dangerous. 37 Examples would be firstly the promotion of the Tobin tax by the international ‘anti-globalization’ network ATTAC that would tax all the financial transactions and invest the money in poverty alleviation (Ancelovici, 2002); secondly the environmental and the anti-privatization movement that fight deforestation, genetically engineered food, patents on on service zoo, living beings or destructive infrastructure projects like the Narmada dam in India; and lastly efforts to counter the neoliberal agenda to Statistics essay writing service ontario, create a global labour market without any restrictions, that has produced an incredibly destructive downward spiral of wages and, especially in the Global South, leading to conditions of immense exploitation. McMichael (2004) has collected a variety of case studies that vividly illustrate this situation. 38 This argument is explained in length in Roozen Boersma (2002). 39 “Decentralization of economic decision-making and ensuring that authorities are made accountable to the people for their actions is where we need to Essays on service, start. But such democratic models have generally been based either on Writing research hypothesis null, workers' control at the work place or on consumer power in the market. The fact is Essays zoo that the two have to be combined.

Markets which split us into two halves - into producers and consumers - have to be modified so that we can once more become whole.(. Helper State. ) The conclusion of this book is that it will be by new forms of Essays on service zoo cooperation and not by writers relying solely on competition, that this [the new economic order] will be done. We cannot now foresee what the new structures will be.” (Brown, 1993:191).

Jan 27, 2018 Essays on service zoo, write my research paper -

copying essays Advice about writing an essay. The importance of essays. Some suggestions for zoo good essay writing: You will develop your own techniques for zane state essay writing, so use the following plan as advice, not as a straightjacket. Essays On Service Zoo? The plan starts with bullet points. Click on the coloured word by one of these to go to help pros alone, the advice about the Essays zoo, point. Use your analysis to start drafting your introduction. Start your bibliography. Review your resources, starting with what you already know and moving on to what you need to research. Generate ideas and use these to Essay helper, draft a summary of what your essay may be about.

Read and take notes from the recommended sources, guided by the preparation you have already done. Develop your ideas in on service, the light of Essay help pros living your reading. One way to do this is by zoo revising your draft summary. Draft the body of the essay service ontario, essay without looking at your notes or books. Then turn to the notes and books for the evidence for the arguments you have made in the essay. Essays On Service Zoo? Reference as you go along . Show your draft to someone else who will give you feedback on statement in sales, the issues listed below.

Rewrite your essay in the light of their feedback. Most courses give you essay titles that point you clearly in the direction your essay should go. Essays On Service? Begin by analysing this title and the guidance given in other ways, like the Professional essay writers values in nursing, reading list. The parts of an essay title are its key words. Every aspect of the essay title needs to be covered by your essay. So analysing lets you see what your essay should contain. It also helps you to focus your essay. You should not just write around a subject in on service zoo, a general way.

It is really important to help alone, spend time thinking about what the essay title means, and how to answer it. Essays On Service? Analysing helps you see what is paper hypothesis, wanted. A title we can analyse as an example is Outline the concepts of zoo reason and politics in Plato's Republic . Show how they relate. This tells you a source you must use (a book by Plato, called the help pros living, Republic ), and zoo, two concepts (reason and politics) that you should investigate in it. The title also tells you that you should outline the concepts of reason and politics that you find in the Republic , and that you should show how they relate . Sources are often suggested in a reading list rather than in the title. Now that you know what you are doing, review your resources : What you need to know. Where information can be obtained. Use your analysis to start drafting your introduction . The analysis has given you a plan of the Writing research paper hypothesis null, essay, which is used to zoo, draft the first outline of the essay introduction. Your introduction will eventually contain a summary and an argument, as well as an outline . Start your draft bibliography . Your bibliography will relate to references in the body or text of the essay, which you add as you go along. Drafting the introduction and body of the Professional essay writers values in nursing, text is discussed in greater detail below.

Use whatever technique you find necessary to start your ideas flowing. Once they have started to on service zoo, flow, you will be able to tighten them up. Develop your ideas. It is pros, important to build the essay on ideas that you develop yourself, and not to just follow the pattern of Essays zoo ideas that someone else has provided. You will need, therefore, to develop a technique that uses your notes on books, but does not let the notes set the pattern of your essay. Your essay needs to be organised by you and to essay, express your interpretation and understanding of the subject. Essays On Service Zoo? This is what people mean when they say that you should write in your own words. The best way to do this is to Academic essay, force yourself to on service zoo, write without referring to books or notes. Having made your notes, put them aside for a while and write your first draft essay without looking at Writing paper hypothesis null, them or your books.

When you have the first draft of the Essays on service, essay written in your own words (that is, without referring to books or notes) you can go to books and notes for the quotations and Essay helper zane state, references that you need to Essays, substantiate your argument and for material that will help you to develop your essay further. As you look for evidence in your notes and research hypothesis null, books you will probably find that you need to revise your arguments. Rewrite your essay including all the evidence that you can find to back up your argument in your notes, or in Essays on service, the books, articles etc you are using. Adjust your argument if the Professional writers values, evidence does not fit it. Try drafting your essay in four parts: an introduction a body (which includes references) a conclusion a bibliography (which relates to the references in the body) If you draft on paper, the draft of each part should be on separate sheets to allow you to redraft more easily. You will probably find you redraft the introduction more often than the other parts. The parts will be physically put together in your final version. The introduction explains the academic problem as you see it and tells the Essays zoo, reader what is in your essay. To do this, always include an outline (plan) of the organisation (structure) of the statement in sales, body of the essay.

You should also include a summary of the essay. A good introduction will also include an argument statement . The draft outline usually follows naturally from the analysis of the essay title . As a start, you may organise the Essays, essay in research null, the order that the issues are raised in the title. Essays? As you proceed with the essay, its plan will become more complex (sophisticated), and the outline in the introduction should be updated as the essay develops. The issues you deal with in an essay should follow on from one another in a meaningful way. Regularly revising a summary of the essay will help you see if you are doing this. Your argument is the case that you are making. You make a statement of it in the introduction and a demonstration of service it in the body of the Essays zoo, essay. The body of the essay presents the evidence for the statement. The body of an essay is also called its content or text . Paper? It is the largest part of the Essays on service, essay and contains the points you want to make in greater detail than the introduction (because they are being explained) and with the essay introduction, evidence for on service them. It must show the reader that you know your subject.

You do this by explaining the subject to the reader. It is Essay, a fatal mistake to Essays on service zoo, think the marker already knows this subject. I will discuss it without explaining it. The marker is looking for Writing research null evidence that you know the subject. Just as a mathematician will want to see how students have worked out the answers to their sums, an essay marker will want to see how students reach conclusions. It should also present the evidence for the essay's argument. The conclusion If your essay's argument has been stated in on service zoo, the introduction, your conclusion can be just a brief summary of your main points. If you find that your conclusion includes important points not already fully covered, you should seriously consider whether they need including in the introduction, or omitting. The bibliography is the list of books and other sources you use for the essay. The bibliography should relate to references in the essay.

See ABC Referencing for Writing research hypothesis null a list of what you need to reference . Reference as you go along is not just much easier than trying to write all the references when the on service zoo, essay is almost finished, it is also one of the most powerful ways of improving your academic writing. To prepare references as you proceed, you will need to begin a draft bibliography as soon as you begin reading, record the Essay college, source of all notes you take, and enter references in drafts you write. To prepare a draft bibliography you should make a list of each book or article you use, recording: The author's surname and initial, The year of edition you are using. This is at the front of most books. If several dates are given, the one you want is the copyright date. This is often shown by on service the sign © The place of publication, The Publisher. When you make notes from books, make sure that you make a note of the book the notes come from and the page number.

Then, if you use those notes in Essay pros alone, an essay, you will know which book and what page to reference. Referencing drafts is relatively easy if you have sorted out your bibliography entry for the work you are referencing. If you want to reference something on page ten of a book whose Bibliography entry is: Smith, A. 1997, Invented Book, Burke Publishers, London. You just need to enter (Smith, A. On Service Zoo? p.10) in the text of your draft at the point you want to reference the book. You could get good ideas about making your essay clearer by statement in sales asking a friend to look at the draft. Sometimes tutors will look at essay drafts and Essays on service zoo, make comments. Or you may get comments from English Support Tutors. Click here for an explanation of feedback. and why friends and other students.

may be good at giving it. Points that other people could give you feedback on. The Bibliography and References . The reader can check that there is a bibliography at the end of the essay and that the key word in each bibliography entry matches the key word in the relevant references. The reader should feel confident that he or she would be able to find the Professional essay values in nursing, source that is being referred to in each case. References to books should give a page number. If the reader does not know the Harvard system of Essays on service zoo referencing, the writer should explain it. The Introduction . The essay should have an introduction that is Essay help pros, distinct from the body of the essay and explains what the essay is about. If this exists, does it give the on service zoo, reader a framework (outline or essay plan) of the order in which issues are to be dealt with in Essay help living alone, the essay? If so, the reader should look at the body of the essay to Essays, see if it is clear to him or her that the author is following the outline. The outline indicates the introduction, organisation, or structure, of the essay. Readers will be able to say if this was clear to them, and may be able to make suggestions for improvements.

It is helpful if the zoo, introduction also says what the key texts used for essay the essay are. It does not need to use this term, but it should show what the essay is based on. The outline of the essay is the essential part of an introduction. As students' essay writing skills develop they will also begin to include an argument and a summary of the essay in the introduction. On Service Zoo? Student groups can help one another by discussing what these terms mean, by seeing if they can recognise arguments in one another's essays, and by discussing how to construct a summary. Content Does the essay show to the reader what the writer knows about the subject? Or are there issues that the reader is left in the dark about?

How much does the reader feel he or she has learnt about the subject by reading the essay? Readability Can the writing service, reader understand the Essays, essay? Is it clearly written or are there words that are difficult to read, or which appear to be missed out, or spelt in a way that the reader is not sure which word is meant? Does the essay explain the terms it uses (especially terms relevant to the title)? Is the meaning of every part of the essay clear and unambiguous? If the reader notes terms and passages that he or she finds difficult to understand, the writer can explain them verbally. This should help the writer to rewrite the Personal, passages and Essays on service, explain the terms in the essay. It is useful to check (proof-read) your essay through for different things. Check that you have written the title at the top of the essay. Think about the title and check that your essay discusses every aspect of it . Check that the introduction correctly describes the essay, body of the essay.

The structure of the essay should follow the outline and zoo, the summary should accurately describe what the essay says. Check that you say what you mean. It is suprising how often some of us write something different to what we meant to Professional writers, say. These are mistakes that a friend may notice quicker than the writer does. Check for Essays logical argument : Have you got an argument? Have you stated it in the introduction? Have you followed your argument through logically in the body of the zane state college, essay? Have you recapped it in the conclusion? Check for the use of Essays evidence to back up the argument.

Evidence may be references to an author you are interpreting. Have you shown how your argument is supported by quotations and other references to the authors your essay is Personal statement, about? Check for the accurate presentation of quotations and references . Are quotations clearly identified? Do the references use the Harvard system? Do the references allow the reader to on service zoo, trace the Writing research paper null, work and page they refer to? If you are using a wordprocessor, take time to run the spellchecker. Then read the on service, essay through for the spelling mistakes that a spellchecker misses, and for its grammar. You may have a friend who can read the essay through for spelling mistakes and grammatical errors.

Someone else can often see errors that the writer misses. Some people find computer grammar checkers useful. Check that the essay is laid out in logical paragraphs , with a clear line between each paragraph to make sure they do not become merged. When you have finished your essay, make a last check that the outline, argument and summary in your introduction correctly describe the help alone, rest of the essay. If they do not, rewrite the introduction. Only submit your essay after you have made sure you have a copy and Essays on service, that the copy is safely filed where you will be able to recover it. If your essay was written on a wordprocessor you will have an electronic copy of Essay pros it. If not, make a photocopy. It is important to keep a copy of your essay in case the original goes astray. Essays are also sources you will want to refer to later.

So file it in a way that is convenient for future reference. Essays are valuable records for future reference. Click here for Essays on service zoo advice on record keeping. There may be courses which are very strict about word limits, but usually the following student will be throwing away marks by not writing an extra hundred words: I have written as concisely as I can, but there is an essential point I have not been able to introduction, explain properly because of the word limit. On Service Zoo? I need the material I have to statement in sales, explain the subject properly, but this means that my argument is not fully stated. I am already 10% over Essays zoo, the limit and I would need an extra hundred words to state it fully. The marks lost (if any) for taking the Essay helper zane state college, extra hundred words will almost certainly be small compared by the marks gained by a fully stated argument.

If your essay is Essays on service, more than 10% under the word limit, or if it is very long, you should not pad it out with material, or hack material out. Instead, look at the content of the statement, essay to see if you can improve that by lengthening or shortening . What to Essays on service, do if your essay is too short. Sometimes essays are short because the college, writer has only done part of what was asked. Zoo? Check to see that every aspect of the title has been covered, that any other instructions have been followed and that you have an adequate introduction that is followed through in the body of the essay. An essay can be too short because it needs to be more explicit. Look at Academic introduction, whether you have fully explained everything.

It may be that you have left a lot of the thoughts in your head to be inferred, rather than saying them. The reflections of this student may help you: I realised through my essay drafts that I tend to condense information making the on service zoo, essay very short and straight to the point. I have made improvements, but the habit is Personal in sales, ingrained and Essays, I need to Academic, make more. To do this, I must expand on my thoughts, ideas and opinions, explain in more depth the point I am trying to Essays, make, and write an essay imagining that the person who may read it has no clue about the subject. You may need to include quotations to illustrate what you have said, or you may find that you have used quotations without explaining them.

If your essay is well explained and Essay college, linked to the sources it draws on by referencing and on service, quotation, see if there are points that could be better explained or more points that would benefit by referencing and quotation. What to do if your essay is too long. Do you always know what you are saying, or are there places where you are just throwing words in? Replace vague passages that do not say anything important, and passages that ramble, with sentences that are to the point. Try focusing your introduction more on the title, and then checking to see that the body of the essay sticks to what you focused on statement, and does not wander all over Essays, the place. Remove material that is not relevant to what you say you are doing. Using ways like this should improve the essay and shorten it at Essay zane state college, the same time. Précising and paraphrasing are good practice for Essays any writer. One use of Précising is to Essay helper zane, creat a summary or abstract of your writing for the introduction . Traditonal steps in précis writing. You could précis any piece of writing, including your own.

In the traditional précis students reduce a passage of writing to Essays on service, a third or a quarter of statement in sales its original length by taking these steps: Read through the Essays on service, whole passage to get an overall view. Read it through again, underlining each important point. These will all need to be included in the précis. Write a summary of the passage with all the underlined (above) points in the appropriate order, omitting all unnecessary matter. Compare the summary with the original and add anything of importance that had been left out. Check the approximate length to see how close you are to the length aimed at. Re-read carefully to see if the summary flows smoothly and is grammatically correct.

Some essays are difficult to Professional values in nursing, understand because material has been copied from books with no understanding of the meaning. These essays are often too long as well, as the writer does not know what to cut out. If this is what you do, read about: avoiding copying and plagiarism.