Customized masters level evaluation paper

Jan 27, 2018 Customized masters level evaluation paper, order custom written essays online -

Atlanta Center for Customized level Aesthetic Vaginal Surgery. Labia Minora Reduction 1 hour. Labia Majora Reduction 1 hour. Word. Labia Reduction and Redundant Prepuce 1.5 hours. Labia Majora Augmentation 1 hour. ** Please make sure you (as the patient) do your research. Many surgeons will tell you they can do your labiaplasty in 10 minutes, however, look at their results. Our surgical times are based off of years of evaluation paper experience and successful results. We have a 97% Labiaplasty patient satisfaction rate with one surgery. Patients have the choice of general and epidural anesthesia. With general anesthesia most patients are not intubated with a tube in their trachea or windpipe. Instead a simple mask is used to allow the patient to sleep during surgery.

The reason why we do not use local anesthesia for Dissertation vaginal surgery is that the injection of the fluid into the tissue makes the tissue swell dramatically. If the tissue is masters, swollen it is very difficult to artistically shape the labia because now you are no longer operating on the original labia. What you are operating on is a swollen version of the Dissertation consultant labia thus making it quite difficult to shape the labia with great confidence. Though many doctors will tell you this can be performed in the office, it is almost impossible to get the BEST cosmetic results in the office. Customized Masters Paper. Why because in most states you cannot give general anesthesia in the office. Phd Proposal. Thus it would require local anesthetic injections (please see the Customized masters level paper above about Writing paper yesterday local anesthetics) Many patients have come to our office with disastrous results after having these procedure performed in evaluation paper, the office by Write phd proposal, other surgeons. Though there are no generalized statements about the pain you will feel after having a labiaplasty, most patients don't have much discomfort after the first day. Many patients say they have more of a soreness, but not pain. Many of our patients do not even use narcotics and will only use anti-inflammatories such as Toradal/Motrin/Ibuprofen.

Patients will usually have swelling up to 6-8 weeks postoperatively, but by using cold compresses during the first 48 hours most of the swelling is gone by 3 days. The first 24-48 hours the evaluation patient should use ice packs on her external vagina i.e. at the surgical site to reduce swelling. Often patients will purchase two or three bags of consultant reviews frozen peas and paper keep them in a freezer. The patient will use them as an ice pack on their labiaplasty site and should rotate them every 30-60 minutes. Rotating the ice packs assures the best chance to minimize swelling of the vulva postoperatively.

You may do routine tasks the day after surgery as long as there is minimal irritation to the surgical site. Loose clothing is Dissertation, a must. Customized Paper. Resume most normal everyday activities that do not require physical exertion or much friction in the area of healing. We do not recommend riding motorcycles, horses, bicycles for the first 4 weeks after surgery. A patient should attempt to minimize friction in service, the surgical area. The sutures are made of a delayed absorbable material called Vicryl or Monocryl.

These sutures usually dissolve in Customized masters level evaluation, 6 weeks, however we have seen them last anywhere from College word, 3-12 weeks. At which point they dissolve and the ends of the Customized level paper sutures fall off. There is no reason to surgically remove the sutures. You may resume driving when you are no longer using narcotics. Most patients can go back to work 24-48 hours after the surgery, as long as it doesn't require aggressive physical activity, friction in Writing paper online yesterday, the healing area. You may resume intercourse in 6 weeks. - 10% patients still tender at level paper 6 weeks. - 1% patients still tender at 12 weeks.

What should I expect when resuming intercourse? For labiaplasty patients, most patients do not have pain when engaging in intercourse, however every patient is different. The general consensus is patients will tend to be a little tender or on occasion may feel a pinching effect isolated to a specific area. When pinching occurs it is Best resume writing service dc executives, usually due to a suture knot or the masters level paper ends of the sutures are irritating the patients skin. Take it slow, but most importantly…RELAX. Can I take a shower / bath / go swimming? You may shower the Best resume day after surgery, however you should not scrub the incision areas. They can be bathed gently using a soft washcloth, soap and water. Customized Masters Level Paper. No tub baths for 4 weeks including pools, oceans, hot tubs, etc. *A detailed aftercare plan will be outlined by your surgeon and given to Write phd proposal you during your surgical scheduling. Frequently Asked Questions About Labiaplasty. What is the normal size of the Customized level evaluation paper labia minora?

There is no so called normal size for school essay service labia minora. Like a nose, every labia of every size is considered normal. No person can dictate what a normal sized labia should be. However, there have been some unscientific surveys that state most women would prefer their labia minora not protrude past the length of the labia majora. Most labia minora surgery patients prefer the labia minora to be at the level of the labia majora or lower. What type of Customized masters level paper symptoms do prospective labiaplasty patients have with enlarged labia? Many prospective labiaplasty patients complain of pain, discomfort or irritation during physical activity, sexual intercourse, or wearing certain types of College count clothing as a result of enlarged labia.

Why remove normal natural looking darkened edges during labia surgery? The idea that darkened edges are normal is a misnomer. Having a saggy butt is normal for an 80 y/o, but it's not youthful. Most patients develop a darkening appearance due to hormonal changes. This occurs most frequently with pregnancy and getting older. Pink labia are associated with a more youthful appearance and thus most patients actually prefer lighter colored labia. Masters Level. If a labiaplasty patient is adamant about keeping the darkened edges we have no problem upholding their request by doing a wedge reduction, a type of surgical procedure for paper yesterday labia reduction. This procedure will maintain the darkened edges of the labia yet will reduce the size of the Customized level paper labia.

The drawback of using a wedge resection is that it will reduce the size but it is College, difficult to Customized get an even contouring of the calculator labia throughout its length. Do you use a laser to do your contouring? We use a variety of masters paper instruments including a laser, an electric micro tip cutting devise which employs radiofrequency (RF) , plastic surgery scissors, and scalpels. We believe that each patient is different and we use whatever instruments we believe will give us the best results for an individuals labia contouring. We personally have not seen any difference in healing or pain associated with one or the other. What if I am unhappy with the Business essay service results?

Though no surgeon can make a guarantee of 100% satisfaction, we will do everything possible to give you your desired results. Our revision rate for labiaplasties is approximately 3%. Customized Masters Paper. This is College essays count, considered low revision rate. Most patients just need a little nip on masters level paper, one side or the other. Essays Word. If a patient needs to go back to surgery, we do not charge a new surgeon's fee for the surgery. Sometimes it can be done using local anesthesia ie using a cream called EMLA and maybe some local anesthetic agent.

However,if the patient needs to go to the operating room the patient will be required to pay for the use of the operating room and anesthesiologist. Once again there will not be a surgeons fee charged to masters level paper the patient. Essays Word. Click here to level evaluation paper view Before and After Photos. Call now for Write a Confidential Consultation! 770-475-0862.

Fill out the form below to Customized masters level receive more information from Atlanta Center for Aesthetic Vaginal Surgery.

Jan 27, 2018 Customized masters level evaluation paper, order essay paper from #1 paper writing service for students -

Harvard Business School MBA Essay Tips #038; Deadlines. HBS must have liked the responses to Customized evaluation, last year’s excellent essay question. Paper? This year’s question is the evaluation paper same. Indeed there is very little change in the broad strokes of HBS’ application this year. The essay is again required and there is reviews NO word limit. The deadlines are only slightly different from last year. The Round 1 deadline is Sept. 6, 2017, one day earlier than last year. My tips are in blue below. As we review your application, what more would you like us to know as we consider your candidacy for the Harvard Business School MBA program? There is no word limit for this question.

We think you know what guidance we’re going to give here. Customized Masters? Don’t overthink, overcraft and overwrite. Just answer the question in clear language that those of us who don’t know your world can understand. Before you begin to Writing paper online yesterday, write I have two suggestions for you: 2. Watch the embedded video on the case method at HBS.

FYI: I think this is a great essay question. It allows you to Customized masters evaluation paper, choose what you want the school to phd proposal, know about Customized masters evaluation paper, you without having to Write phd proposal, fit that information into a framework mandated by question that doesn’t really fit your story. It also allows you to demonstrate judgment and communications skills. Finally this essay is a chance for HBS to paper, get to Best resume dc executives, know you beyond your resume and the limited and masters paper limiting boxes. Now THINK.

What else – really and truly — do you want HBS to College essays word, know about you? The HBS admissions committee has told you what it wants to know in Customized masters level paper the other sections of the application. What do you want the HBS readers to Graphing calculator, know? The answer to that question is not something I can give or even suggest to you in a blog post aimed at the many. (For individual guidance, please see Accepted’s MBA Admissions Consulting .) It should be different for masters evaluation paper each of you. Again, refer to the HBS criteria, as you contemplate possible topics, but the Writing paper online options are infinite. A few possibilities: • Context for Customized masters evaluation paper events described in Business school the required elements. • Motivations for the decisions or commitments you have made. • Something you would like to do at HBS. • More depth on an activity or commitment that is paper particularly important to zipper case, you. Please don’t limit yourself to these suggestions.

I am offering them to masters level evaluation paper, stimulate your creativity, not to writing, shut it down. Since I’ve been in MBA admissions consulting (over 20 years now), HBS has valued concision. And, in today’s tweet- and sound-bite-driven world, it is requiring even shorter responses, at Customized evaluation paper, least in the other portions of the application. Dissertation Reviews? Don’t take the absence of a word limit on this essay as a license for paper verbosity. Paper Online? Make every word count.

If you must pull a number out of me, keep it under 1000 words. And if you can say what you need to say in less than 1000 words, do so. A few caveats and warnings regarding this essay — it is NOT: • Stanford’s “what matters most to you and why?” or Columbia’s #3. • The kitchen sink in which you throw everything. • A resume in prose or a rehash of your transcript and honors. If you would like professional guidance with your Harvard Business School application, check out Accepted’s MBA essay editing and MBA admissions consulting or our MBA Application Packages, which include advising, editing, interview coaching, and a resume edit for the HBS application. ***Disclaimer: Information is subject to change. Please check with individual programs to masters evaluation, verify the essay questions, instructions and deadlines.*** 1) 5+ years at in VC start-ups in India. Currently lead the school essay for high digital marketing function for a Series B funded startup, delivered significant impact in 2 years (800% growth in sale, 400% reduction in marketing costs) 2) GMAT: 710, Q: 48 (69%), V: 39 (91%), GRE: 327, Q: 163 (85%), V: 164 (93%)

3) Univ of Madras, First Class degree in Economics. 4) 4 years leading fundraising at a sport non-profit, picked by the UN as a top young leader in Customized masters evaluation paper the field and chosen for all-expenses paid 14-day leadership development camp in Tokyo. 6) Marketing for Nike/Adidas/similar. Applied to phd proposal, and was accepted by Wharton last year (couldn’t enroll for evaluation personal reasons), how would you evaluate my chances for HBS/GSB? Your GMAT (FYI: I’d suggest you apply with your GRE) is on the low side for College word your demographic at those schools. Customized Level Evaluation? Otherwise, you have competitive grades and Graphing calculator case excellent experience. I’d say both are stretch programs, with HBS being slightly more likely than GSB. Masters Paper? And both are worth the effort.

Thank you, Linda. Will go ahead and apply with the GRE. I have a pretty solid background in quant – straight As in math courses from high school through university. I also do a heavy quantitative job – managing analytics for the marketing function. Just let myself down badly on test day. Business School Service For High? I’d picked (foolishly, it seems, now) to have my scores from GMAT sent to Customized masters level paper, both HBS GSB (I was a bit more confident, having gotten a 50, 39 on GMAC tests). Would choosing not to report it on Business service my application harm my chances?

Had one last question: A lot of people recommend mentioning my Wharton admit, but I’m not so sure. Would you find it relevant information? Your Wharton acceptance is irrelevant and raising will just cause them to wonder why you didn’t go there last year. I would not bring it up. If your scores were sent to HBS and GSB, they have the information. I don’t see any advantage in not reporting what they already know. I have a GMAT question.

I received a 730 (45Q, 45V), but didn’t score particularly well on the Integrated Reasoning section (I scored a 4). Is my IR score prohibitively low for level evaluation HBS and other top business schools, given that I scored a 730 overall? For broader context, I am a HYP graduate, magna cum laude in history, and Business for high have been working in investment management for the past two years. Thank you for your help. As Chad Losee recently said on paper his blog “you are much more than your score.” So it is essays word count possible for Customized masters level you to get in with the scores, you are reporting, Is it possible they could be a factor in your rejection, also yes. You are focusing on your IR, but your quant is also low.

Your verbal is excellent. Dissertation? If you think you can raise your quant (and IR) score with a reasonable amount of effort, I would encourage you to do so. Thanks for your response. I was not focusing on Customized my quant because I thought that the overall, 730, was what mattered most. Is a 45 on quant really so low that it would undermine a 730? (Apologies if this is essentially the same question I already asked). I thought I had answered you several days ago. Best Writing Dc Executives? Apparently I forgot to save my response.

Sorry. Schools, including HBS, look at the total but they also look at the breakdown. You are a history major and a 45 quant puts you at the 59th percentile. That is low for HBS. Unless you have quantitatively demanding work experience or A’s on quant classes in college, HBS could easily be concerned about your ability to masters level evaluation, handle the math required in a graduate management program.

They don’t want to admit people who will struggle. You need to show them that you won’t struggle. If you can do so without taking the GMAT, OK. If you can’t, well… 1) Have been working in communications in Business essay service a research in biomedicine center. 2) I plan on taking the Customized masters evaluation paper GRE and aiming for Writing paper an ivy league score.

I have a few months to prepare. -bachelor in social sciences at Customized masters level, jacobs university bremen (germany). graduated in 2012 with an aprox GPA of 3.8. -masters in communication at university of luxembourg, graduates in 2014, grade 15/20 (considered as a “good” grade) -doing now a 1-year course in graphic design (A+ grades so far) and afterward a 1-year course in Graphing marketing. -planning on taking courses on healthcare to level evaluation, expand my knowledge, as I don’t have a scientific background. 4) throughout university I have worked student jobs, internships, online freelancing and extra curriculars in the field communications. 5) CFA, CPA, FSA, or CA – none of Business essay service for high, those, but would they help?

6) Aiming for MBA with focus on healthcare and marketing. I am interested in masters paper big data healthcare (will attend a conference on the topic this year), especially interested in paper yesterday digitalisation of healthcare and patient communication. Certainly your grades are competitive at HBS, but I’m a little confused about your path. Are you working full time now? or part time? If you already have a masters in communications and are planning to do an Customized masters level evaluation, MBA why are you also taking one-year courses in marketing and Business school for high graphic design? I get they you may want to take some healthcare courses since you want to go into the field, but some of the Customized level education seems a little random, not that there is anything wrong in being curious or wanting to improve one’s skills. in your work, do you have a leadership role? Thank you for your feedback! I have been working full time. I am not in a leadership role, but I just got promoted and will soon be given more responsibility.

I took these courses not only because they are subjects I personally like, but they are also skills I noticed could help my communications team. What other business schools would you recommend I try? You’re very welcome. Also consider MIT Sloan, Kellogg, UCLA, Wharton, Duke, and CBS. 26 year old Indian Male. 1) 4 years of full-time work experience in Financial Planning Analysis at MSCI in Mumbai.

Jul’13-Jun’14 Intern, Jun’14-Dec’15 Analyst, Jan’16-Present Associate. Paper Online? Took on additional responsibility from Strategy Corporate Development team in Oct’16 – worked out of Customized, NYC HQs for three weeks in May’17. 2) GMAT 780 (99%) – Q51 (96%) V47 (99%) IR 8 (93%) AWA 5.0 (54%) 3) Dual degree program – Bachelor of resume writing, Engineering (Electrical Electronics) Master of Science (Economics) from masters level evaluation paper, BITS Pilani. CGPA: 7.22/10.00. Father was diagnosed with blood cancer during 4th year. 4) Sub-coordinator for a campus club, Founded a new college department/team that worked on value addition to phd proposal, the college festival. Post college – co-started a quizzing enthusiasts group in office, member of social causes group in office that volunteers and contributes to old-age homes and underprivileged children. 5) Passed all three levels of masters level paper, CFA (Dec 2014 – Jun 2016) 6) To work in strategic planning in the venture capital industry.

If you have show leadership and impact, you have a competitive profile for HBS. 1) Minority group 26 year old applicant, works as portfolio analyst on the general investment team at very large name-brand university endowment, has worked with hedge funds, PE funds and the like. Has worked on paper online several $100m+ deals. Role has expanded to include more responsibility and masters level mentoring of new analysts. Essay Service? Spearheaded development of many portfolio analytical tools now used firmwide. 2) 760 total score, 47Q/49V. 3) HYP Economics major with a minor in Customized masters level statistics. 3.75 gpa, 2014 grad. 4) Homeless shelter volunteer. Community Arts events organizer.

Created classroom tutoring business. Graphing? Invited guest graduation speaker at local HS. 6) Endowment Foundation portfolio mgmt. 1) Minority group 26 year old applicant, works as portfolio analyst on masters evaluation paper the general investment team at very large name-brand university endowment, has worked with hedge funds, PE funds and resume service the like. Has worked on several $100m+ deals. Role has expanded to level evaluation paper, include more responsibility and Graphing calculator zipper mentoring of new analysts. Spearheaded development of many portfolio analytical tools now used firmwide. 2) 760 total score, 47Q/49V. 3) HYP Economics major with a minor in statistics. 3.75 gpa, 2014 grad. 4) Homeless shelter volunteer.

Community Arts events organizer. Created classroom tutoring business. Invited guest graduation speaker at local HS. 6) Endowment Foundation portfolio mgmt. You have a competitive profile for HBS and other elite MBA programs. Also consider Booth, Wharton, MIT, and CBS. 1. Customized Evaluation Paper? 2 years working as an Business service for high, Investment Analyst for Customized masters paper an Ivy League university (HYP) endowment ( investing $25 billion that supports university financial aid, operations). 2. GRE: 168 V (98%) 166 Q (91%) 3. HYP; 3.63 cumulative, graduated magna cum laude; History major, class of 2015.

4. Violinist – volunteered before, during, and some after college to play at nursing homes and homeless shelters; Co-led student group of professional freelance journalists for College 3 years in college; member of a university community service organization (lots of level evaluation, projects, including volunteering post-Hurricane Sandy); co-editor of university bioethics journal. 6. Leading (or starting) an organization helping to alleviate student debt. Apologies — accidentally posted this twice (see earlier post as “RJJ”). Thanks again for your input! 1. 2 years working as an Investment Analyst for Dissertation consultant an Ivy League university (HYP) endowment ( investing $25 billion that supports university financial aid, operations). 2. Level Evaluation? GRE: 168 V (98%) 166 Q (91%) 3. HYP; 3.63 cumulative, graduated magna cum laude; History major, class of 2015. 4. Calculator Zipper Case? Violinist – volunteered before, during, and some after college to Customized masters evaluation paper, play at College essays word, nursing homes and homeless shelters; Co-led student group of Customized evaluation paper, professional freelance journalists for Writing online yesterday 3 years in college; member of a university community service organization (lots of projects, including volunteering post-Hurricane Sandy); co-editor of Customized level, university bioethics journal. 6. Leading (or starting) an organization helping to alleviate student debt. Hi Linda, sending a 1,500 words essay to HBS is it optimal? Short answer: no.

Longer answer: That depends on essay service for high what’s in it. #128578; If it’s 1500 thoughtful, revealing, important, cogent words, then it’s probably OK. Customized Masters Level Evaluation Paper? If it’s wordy, inarticulate, or insignificant stuff, it’s definitely not OK. That would be true for shorter essays too, but the bar is higher and the challenge is greater the more you write. Most successful HBS essay that I have seen are shorter, usually 1000 words. My basic profile is as below. Consultant Reviews? May I ask you to masters evaluation, see it? 1) Brief description of your full-time work experience.

General trading and investment company in Japan (2Years) Role: Investment support such planning business structure, valulation , and so on. Deloitte consulting in Japan (1Years, I was told by my agent that it was needed to work for either strategic consulting firm or Investment banking in resume Japan if I want to Customized masters evaluation, move to buyside job) Role: Under a manager, I managed most of the Strategy consulting PJ by myself and chosen TOP15% worker among the same title. I also coworked with foreign Deloitte members. Activist hedge fund in Japan(2Years) Fund’s aim is to phd proposal, propose board members or management members of listed companies how they can raise their long term corporate value.

Role: I was accepted by paper the president to be Vice President because I achieved affluent experience in. As a vice president, my role was planning the investment ,due diligence, making strategic hypothesis of consultant reviews, portfolio companies, and keeping relation with management and board members. In the 1st year, my invesments got 20%in IRR and in Customized paper the 2nd year, IRR of my investments were 35%. I contributed 80% of the total fund return in both years, therefore my fund were selected as candidates of best fund by resume writing service dc executives eurekahedge in concecitove 2 years. 2) Your GMAT or GRE.

Percentiles preferred. 700 GMAT/ IELTS 7.5. 3) College info: The name of the college, your GPA or grade average, your major, year of graduation. For any graduate degrees, please provide the same info. If you grades are low, please indicate if there were extenuating circumstances. Waseda University in Japan. Customized Level Paper? 3.5/4.0 in GPA. My major was Developing economy and statistics(My bachelor title is social science) . Waseda University is one of the most prestigious university in Japan.

There were some people who also graduated from HBS in the past. 4) Significant college and post-college extra-curricular activities or community service, especially leadership experience. College activities: Volunteer members for the restoration of the town hit by significant earth quake in Tohoku area Japan on school essay service for high 2011/3/11 . Founded foot ball club in my first year. Post college extra curricular activities: Now I am engaging in Customized level evaluation paper the IFRS study group whose purpose is to Write phd proposal, improve the Customized communication among stakeholders such as business manager in Dissertation consultant reviews listed companies, BIG4 auditors, IFRS committee members including regional heads and to make IFRS standards better. Level Evaluation Paper? I am suggesting how IFRS disclosure should be improved from buyside view while raising case study(eg, How we evaluate one of portfolio companies MA decision and what information we require to phd proposal, evaluate the MA)

5) Important certifications like CFA, CPA, FSA, or CA. Chartered member of the security analysts association of japan. (Sort of CFA in JAPAN) 6) Your post-MBA goal. Just come back to the same company and want to level evaluation paper, facilitate lots of companies in Japan stock market. My long concern is to contribute to the economy of Japan from financial advisor aspect because many board members and management members do not fully understand the relation between corporate finance and College business and they often make corporate value disruptive decisions. (I don’t need to quit my job but I want broader management skills to do my job better.)

The Premier Admissions Consultancy linda@accepted.com. COMPREHENSIVE SUCCINCT: *MBA Admission for Smarties: The No-Nonsense Guide to Acceptance at Top Business Schools * (written with Judy Gruen) Subscribe to our blog – Join us on evaluation paper Facebook – Follow us on Twitter – Connect on LinkedIn. You have a competitive profile for HBS, but should also consider Wharton, Columbia, Booth, Duke, Georgetown, and NYU Stern. May ask you to see my profile? 1) Brief description of your full-time work experience. General trading and reviews investment company in Japan (2Years) Role: Investment support such planning business structure, valulation , and so on. Big4 strategy consulting in Japan (1Years, I was told by my agent that it was needed to work for either strategic consulting firm. or Investment banking in masters level evaluation paper Japan if I want to move to buyside job)

Role: Under a manager, I managed most of the Strategy consulting PJ by online myself and chosen TOP15% worker among. the same title. I also coworked with foreign Deloitte members. My main customers were Toyota corporation or Mitsubishi. corporation, or Mitsubishi Motors in masters evaluation paper Japan. Activist hedge fund in Japan(2Years) Our aim is to propose board members or management members of listed companies how they can raise their long term corporate value. Role: I was accepted by the Fund president to be Vice President because I achieved affluent experience in prior jobs.

As a vice president, my role was planning the investment ,due diligence, making strategic hypothesis of Graphing case, portfolio companies, and keeping relation with management and board members. In the 1st year, my invesments got 20%in IRR and in the 2nd year, IRR of my investments were 35%. I contributed 80% of the total fund return in both years, therefore my fund were selected as candidates of best fund by eurekahedge in Customized level concecitove 2 years. And although we invest in listed companies that have stock price flactuation in phd proposal markets, I did not make any lost in any months. 2) Your GMAT or GRE.

Percentiles preferred. 700 GMAT/ IELTS 7.5. 3) College info: The name of the college, your GPA or grade average, your major, year of graduation. For any graduate degrees, please provide the same info. Masters? If you grades are low, please indicate if there were extenuating circumstances. Waseda University in Japan. 3.5/4.0 in GPA. My major was Developing economy and statistics(My bachelor title is social.

science) . Waseda University is one of the most prestigious university in Japan. There were some people who also. graduated from HBS in the past. 4) Significant college and post-college extra-curricular activities or community service, especially leadership experience. College activities: Volunteer members for Best service the 2011/3/11 significant earth quake in Tohoku area in Customized Japan. Founded. foot ball club in my first year and led it to be champion in inter university league. Post college extra curricular activities: Now I am engaging in the IFRS study group whose purpose is to paper yesterday, improve. the communication among stakeholders such as business manager in evaluation paper listed companies, BIG4 auditors, IFRS committee. members including regional head and to make IFRS standards better.

I am suggesting how IFRS disclosure should be. improved from Business school for high, buyside view while raising case study(eg, How we evaluate one of portfolio companies MA decision and. what information we require to evaluate the MA) 5) Important certifications like CFA, CPA, FSA, or CA. Chartered member of the Customized level paper security analysts association of japan. (Sort of CFA in JAPAN)

6) Your post-MBA goal. Just come back to the same company and want to consultant, facilitate lots of companies in Japan stock market. My long concern is to contribute to the economy of Japan from Customized level evaluation, financial advisor aspect because many board members. and management members do not fully understand the relation between corporate finance and business. and they often make corporate value disruptive decisions. (I just get the acknowledgement from my boss for 2years business school and don’t need to calculator zipper, get new job after graduation.)

1) 27 yo, white American male. 5 years of work experience, all with US Bank. Customized Level Evaluation? 2 years in operations, then 3 years in private wealth management, moving from a junior portfolio manager to a portfolio manager with my own book of business. Writing Paper Yesterday? During this transition I assumed the management of two books of business on a 1 year interim basis, then had a portion spun off for me. I’ve been managing this book of clients for 1 year. 3) Cornell College, 3.66/4.0, Economics and Business, 2012.

4) Student radio station manager – 2 years. Baseball team (DIII) – Senior year captain. Tutor for Economics department – 101/102 classes. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation – Milwaukee’s Finest Honoree 2016 – This is a 12-week young professionals program where young professionals that have shown leadership are matched with a family and Customized level evaluation get a min. Dissertation Reviews? goal of evaluation paper, $2,500 for fundraising. Toastmasters – Currently the President of my club, previously the VP of Education; also competed in general speech, humorous speech and impromptu speaking competitions at a high level. 5) CFA charterholder. 6) Transition into Private Equity with a plan B of consulting. The through line there is that I want to have a direct impact on strategy and management decisions on Writing paper yesterday a variety of companies in different sectors. 1) 27 yo, white American male.

5 years of work experience, all with US Bank. 2 years in operations, then 3 years in private wealth management, moving from a junior portfolio manager to a portfolio manager with my own book of business. During this transition I assumed the management of two books of business on a 1 year interim basis, then had a portion spun off for me. I’ve been managing this book of Customized, clients for 1 year. 3) Cornell College (in Iowa), 3.66/4.0, Economics and Business, 2012. 4) Student radio station manager – 2 years. Baseball team (DIII) – Senior year captain. Tutor for Economics department – 101/102 classes.

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation – Milwaukee’s Finest Honoree 2016 – This is a 12-week young professionals program where young professionals that have shown leadership are matched with a family and get a min. goal of $2,500 for fundraising. Toastmasters – Currently the President of my club, previously the Writing online VP of Education; also competed in Customized masters level general speech, humorous speech and impromptu speaking competitions at a high level. 5) CFA charterholder. 6) Transition into Private Equity with a plan B of Graphing, consulting. The through line there is that I want to have a direct impact on strategy and management decisions on Customized evaluation paper a variety of companies in different sectors. You have a competitive profile for HBS. Also consider Wharton, Yale, Booth, MIT Sloan, and CBS. I’d appreciate your feedback on my chances for Write phd proposal HBS. 1) 27 years old from Customized masters level, Argentina. 2.5 years working at LAIG Investments a private equity fund focused on energy as an Analyst. Previously I was a research analyst working for Write phd proposal the Oil Services team of BofA.

3) Bachelor in Economics from Universidad de San Andres (Argentina). Graduated in 2012. GPA: 8.16 out of 10. 4) Volunteer in Asociacion Wengamen in Buenos Aires, an asociation focused on masters level paper preventing drug use and online helping people with addictions. 6) I want to come back to Argentina and re-shape the energy market.

Your GMAT is a low for HBS, as you probably know, but it’s not so low as to automatically knock you out. Your grades are good. AT the same time there is nothing that you wrote above that screams HBS to me. If you don’t have signficant leadership on and off the job, I recommend you pass on HBS and focus on other schools. If you do have that leadership experience, it’s a stretch, but apply. Customized Masters Paper? (I’m assuming that your quant was a little higher than the Dissertation consultant reviews verbal or roughly the same.) I would love to Customized level evaluation paper, receive your feedback on Best resume my profile. 1) Currently working in International Arbitration as a Senior Consultant in Navigant in Washington DC.

Previously I was a equity research analyst at a small investment fund in Buenos Aires, Argentina (where I am from). Total 5.5 years of experience. 3) Bachelor in Customized level Economics from Universidad Torcuato Di Tella. Graduated in 2012 at College essays count, the top 7% of my class. GPA: 9.14/10. 4) Volunteer in Un Techo para mi Pais in Buenos Aires, working in the Microfinance team and in Girls on the Run in Washington.

5) I’m a CFA Charterholder. 6) Open a Navigant office in Buenos Aires to expand the International Arbitration practice in LATAM. Thanks in advance. You have a competitive profile for HBS and are applying appropriately. I don’t recommend, however, applying exclusively to HBS even to highly qualified applicants. Also consider, Wharton, Yale, Columbia, Haas, Stanford, and Kellogg. kindly assess my chance of masters paper, getting into HBS or kindly recommend other alternatives based on below: 1. 26 years with 2.8 years of Writing yesterday, work experience at KPMG (Ghana, Africa) as a Tax Consultant.

Advising international and local clients on tax compliance, assisting in mergers and masters evaluation paper acquisitions via Due diligence, tax health review, interpretation of phd proposal, tax laws, etc. 2. GMAT 690 (86%), Q48(71%), V35(76%), AWA5(57%), IR 4(40%) (1st attempt) 3.University of Ghana, Business School (UGBS). Accounting major, GPA 3.2 ( had to Customized level paper, nurse my kid brother post hole-in-heart surgery till he was well enough to paper yesterday, be independent) Graduated in 2014. 4. KPMG Floor Marshal, Co- Head of KPMG Tax new joiners and interns training, Head of the Alma Matta committee at UGBS, vice president of Customized level evaluation, Audit committee of NUPS-G at UGBS, volunteer for Prisons Outreach, Asylums Outreach and Business essay service for high Needy Children Outreach program at VPC. 5. ACCA, CIT ( in Customized level paper progress) 6. working in finance at an international organisation – IMF, IFC, World Bank, UN to obtain the knowledge and online experience to head the central bank in Ghana. You have a competitive profile for HBS and should apply. Also consider Wharton, Booth, Columbia, NYU Stern, Georgetown, and MIT Sloan. FYI, I’m giving a webinar next week on getting accepted to Customized level paper, HBS. you’re welcome to attend (virtually). The webinar is free, but you need to Dissertation, register at https://reports.accepted.com/mba/harvard-business-school . Here is masters level paper my profile!

I’d appreciate to Best, hear your opinion about my chances at HBS and potentially other comparable programs (I am planning to apply in a couple of years in order to level, gain more work experience): 1. 26 years old from Italy – Previously had long term internships (6 months each) at 2 bulge bracket investment banks in NYC, worked at PwC in school essay service Italy for about a year and level paper currently working in investment banking in calculator case London (just started) 2. GMAT 700 (will most likely need to Customized masters paper, re-take this) 3. Northeastern University (BSBA, 2015, GPA: 3.9), London Business School (Master in Finance, 2017, GPA: 3.6) 4. Phd Proposal? Student consultant representing Northeastern University at case competitions, co-founder of alternative investments society, equity research analyst for level small university fund, volunteered at Morgan Stanley Children Hospital, and beach clean-up when I was in community college.

6. I am planning to work in finance (possibly PE) for a couple of school for high, years and then ultimately leverage my work experience and learnings from HBS to masters, become an phd proposal, entrepreneur and develop my parents’ small company internationally. Thank you so much for your insights! Obviously a higher GMAT never hurt anyone, but I’m not sure it’s a must. If you can raise “easily,” then do so. Customized Level Paper? If not, focus on other elements in the application, especially leadership for HBS. You have made a good start in becoming a competitive applicant at HBS and other top MBA programs. Also consider Wharton, CBS, Booth, Stanford, MIT Sloan, and LBS. Choose your desired degree and dc executives then the service that best meets your needs.

Accepted 1171 S. Paper? Robertson Blvd. #140 Los Angeles CA 90035 +1 (310) 815-9553.

Jan 27, 2018 Customized masters level evaluation paper, order your own writing help now -

Fear About My New Life: A Personal Essay. I am full of fear about masters level paper, my new life. I am planning, with my friend Fred Timm, to start a not-for-profit organization called Con scious Community — a hub, online and also in-person, for people interested in Best writing dc executives and dedicated to becoming more c onscious. This is the Customized masters evaluation, first time I have spoken publicly ab o ut this group. We have been w or king hard on formulating its principles for Write, some time and it’s almost ready to go. I don’t want to say much more about it right now, beyond that its ideas are in synch w ith the level evaluation paper, values I have been espousing for the last ten or so years. In framing this essay, I’d like to ask myself some questions about my fear. Sometimes I find interviewing myself to be quite helpful.

So here goes. To start, why do you have so much fear? My fear comes, I believe, because what is happening to me represents a major shift in my life. But if you’ve been publicly sharing these ideas (like “don’t have kids, it’s a terrible idea”) for ten years, what is different now? I think the big difference is that I’m talking about it less and service dc executives, living it more. My life is becoming more integrated. A big part of what’s so difficult about paper, this is Best resume service dc executives that a lot of people I’m close with, in one way or another, do not share many of my values. Masters! So there’s tension in many of my relationships. Why would you be close with people with whom you don’t share many important values?

I think a big part of this is Write phd proposal that not all the work I’ve done has encompassed the totality of my values. For example, this holds true for the films I made about Customized, recovery from psychosis without medication. Paper Online! Through that work I have connected deeply with many wonderful and inspiring people, but that doesn’t mean we share the same range of values. Some values yes, key ones even, but not all. Now things are changing. I haven’t felt the Customized level, sense of satisfaction that I once did with focusing my energies in areas in which all my values don’t line up.

It’s just not working for Best resume writing service dc executives, me anymore. But that sounds healthy. Why would you be scared? I am scared because it’s not easy to say goodbye. It’s not easy to make a shift in my life. It’s not easy to know that I am standing up for things that contradict basic values held by others people who have been such important allies in Customized masters level one part of my life. But on a deeper level this ties in reviews with my history — my childhood. I was rejected by masters, my family, my parents, for Business school essay for high, being myself. When I became more open and direct about Customized level evaluation paper, how I felt about them and their actions, especially their past actions toward me, they attacked me, and on a psychic level tried to destroy me.

That shocked me to my core — and also taught me a thing or two about people who have a lot of denial to defend. Yet it wasn’t entirely unexpected. Best Resume Writing! Deep down I pretty much always knew who my parents were. I knew the stakes of the masters evaluation paper, game into which I was raised. School Essay Service For High! And the Customized evaluation paper, stakes were this: you play our game, you silence the parts of yourself that don’t fit in with our denial, and Business for high, if you don’t we will reject you. As would be true for any child, that rejection spelled emotional death for Customized, me. I simply could not tolerate this overwhelming possibility, which is why I became like them for so long.

I had Stockholm syndrome — a great defense against fear and rejection. That’s how deeply my rebellion was buried. But as I grew older and more independent, certainly into my 20s and 30s, my true self began thawing out and my breaking away, though terrifying, became inevitable. But again, how does this connect with what you’re going through now? Well, I have a history of deep pain associated with growing and changing. I have learned the essay service for high, hard way that allies don’t necessarily appreciate me standing in the light of values that contradict theirs. My family certainly didn’t.

So in a sense I remain traumatized by that familial rejection. In many ways I loved my parents, and I lost them when I became more wholly me. And I’m scared — my little, remaining wounded child is scared — that it will happen again with others I love. And I’m scared that it will hurt. So part of you is still a wounded little child? Yes. Customized Masters Level Evaluation Paper! That little wounded child has grown up a lot, and Best resume writing service dc executives, many sides of him have matured into adulthood, but remnant parts of him remain. He still exerts some influence over my life.

But I don’t want to put all the focus on him. Level Paper! Rather, I think it’s just as important to realize the radical nature of what I’m doing — and attempting to do — with my life. I’m sticking my neck out pretty far by saying some of the things I’m saying and doing some of the things I’m doing. I think so much of Dissertation reviews, what people do — even what many of my partial allies do — is rotten. Masters Level Evaluation! I think people having kids in Write phd proposal this modern world is rotten. It’s bad for Customized masters level paper, the kids, bad for College count, the growing adults, and bad for the world. I also see people doing so many other things to avoid growing, healing, and being altruistic. So many people live in their own wounded child to the degree that they don’t know it at all, or at least know it very little. In a way I relate to them, because I was there. But their lack of evolution doesn’t leave me with many great allies. I wish I had a lot more.

Is that why you’re doing this — this ‘Conscious Community’ idea — to find more real allies? In part, yes, I am doing it to find more allies. Customized Masters Level! But I’m also doing it for reasons of altruism. One thing I’ve learned as an adult, especially in the last ten years, is that what I do can really help people. College Essays Word Count! Tons of people have reached out to me in that time and told me so. That feels good, and is yet another reminder from life that I’m on the right track. So I keep doing it — in masters level paper new and improved ways. I want to help our world heal. I want to help others grow. I want to be more honest about who I am and calculator, what I stand for.

And I want to share ideas that I wish I had come across earlier in my life. And if I can create an Customized organization that really does good on consultant, a broader scale, then I’m willing to make some sacrifices. And one sacrifice is that I’m scared a lot. Do you think this fear will go away in time? I think, yes, it will. I’ve learned that whenever I’ve stuck my neck out, whenever I’ve taken a healthy risk in Customized masters my life, I feel fear.

I feel fear that I will fail, that there will be backlash, that I will be somehow punished or chastised, that I will become a pariah, that I will lose something. And often most of these, to Business essay for high a degree, are true. But failure — real failure — no. I haven’t yet failed. That has never come true. I think that is Customized level evaluation paper because real failure, if you just make the effort and don’t hold back, if you really go for it and give it your best shot, is impossible. I’ve always learned something from trying. So even if my new project doesn’t come to calculator case full fruition and if my hopes and dreams about its success don’t come true, there is gain. Learning is gain.

Experience is gain. And that’s just the minimum — because sometimes a project takes on a life of masters level evaluation paper, its own, far beyond my expectation. That happened with my film “Take These Broken Wings.” In the seven or eight years since I created it, it’s grown beyond anything I imagined. It’s now been translated into more than 20 languages and it’s free on Youtube, where it gets watched nearly a thousand times a day. Paper! And oddly one of Customized, its most popular audiences is Arabic viewers across the Middle East — who watch it with Arabic subtitles. And to think, eight years ago when I was going to fly out to Colorado to film an Best service dc executives interview with Joanne Greenberg, one of the masters paper, film’s “stars,” I had an urge to College word back out — to find excuses to cancel. I was so scared that I didn’t want to get out of bed. The voices in masters paper my head were screaming “failure, failure!” And they had their reasons. I barely knew how to operate a camera. Writing Online Yesterday! I’d never before interviewed a famous writer.

The project was costing me a lot of my savings. I had to take off from work. There were so many things that could go wrong. I would be out of my comfort zone. But I did it — and I’m glad I did. Level Evaluation Paper! It changed my life. So maybe that experience is a good metaphor for what will happen with Conscious Community. I definitely feel what I’m doing now is new.

And I definitely feel the fear. Yet I move forward anyway. 30 thoughts on zipper case, “ Fear About My New Life: A Personal Essay ” I came across your videos and masters level paper, your blog years ago. At that time it gave me hope. Hope, because I saw that there are people out there with a critical view of the psychiatric system who do something about it!

Now, years later, I am standing at crossroads in my life. What I plan to do will also mean a major shift in my life. Phd Proposal! And it scares me a lot. Masters Level Evaluation Paper! Well, at College essays count, exactly that point I came across your book “breaking from your parents”. Although I do not intend to break with my parents, I will need courage to live my life according to Customized masters level my principles and give more power to that inner voice of mine. And now I am reading about your plans to Business school essay for high start a “Conscious Community”.

I love that plan and I wish you the best of success with your project! I need to masters level say thank you for your courage and your great work. Your films and your words have given me hope, and now they help me not to lose track and give me courage to take the plunge. thank you melanie. Calculator Zipper Case! much appreciated—and wishing you great strength on this journey called life. i think great strength is evaluation required to grow, more and more every day…….. daniel. thank you melanie. much appreciated—and wishing you great strength on this journey called life. i think great strength is required to paper online yesterday grow, more and more every day…….. daniel. Really resonate with what you and Anna shared about being courageous to fight the loneliness and fear and press forward in seeking truth and Customized masters paper, allies in truth. Looking forward to this community and the opportunity to connect with other people on reviews, the journey through the valley (is that what you called it–maybe in another article).

It is a matter of masters level evaluation paper, faith to believe that truth, love, reality and writing, honesty triumph over fear, shame and Customized level evaluation paper, comfort. But reaping the rewards of that faith, as you explained, can be ever so sweet–seeing a ripple effect of College word count, healing and awareness. Customized! The giving of College count, ones life force for the greater good and seeing that good grow and multiply. As John Wayne said, “Courage is Customized level paper being scared to Business essay death and saddling up anyway.” Looking forward to Customized masters evaluation paper seeing your new project launch and participating.

-Rachel in Graphing calculator zipper Seattle. (same gal that commented your videos recently) thanks Rachel #128578; and Customized masters evaluation, good to see you here. i plan to be starting (in some way) this new community soon…… getting closer. and yes, scaaaary. thanks for the john wayne quotation———-daniel. Hi Daniel, just checking in and saying hi! Hope you’re doing well, *waves*, hello again from Seattle! #128578; And, it really is challenging to start something new.

Would love an update on how it’s all going, whenever (no pressure). Today I came face to consultant reviews face with some of my biggest creative blockages (anger at my parents) and just pleaded with God to Customized masters level evaluation paper take the blocks away so that, for the first time in 30 years, I can start vocalizing the millions of creative ideas and dreams I keep on the island I live on in my mind. May sound weird, but that’s the service, best way I put it! I finally realized that I’m tired of paper, continuing my parents’ abuse/neglect and punishing myself in order to not have to deal with the crushing reality that neither of my parents loved me. I think God heard me. Its hard to start though. Business Essay Service For High! To fight back the persistent lies screaming at me to continue believing them, to stay moored in fear. I’m ready though. To give the pain of courage a try again. I’ve been listening to a few lovely bands, which are helping me to build up that courage. My favorite at the moment is Typhoon.

If you get the chance, check out masters level, their song, https://youtu.be/cQu7udjsins. Hope you don’t mind me sharing music! Have a great week! I feel exactly the same things that you describe, and have been for the last couple of years since I started dealing with my childhood. Connecting with others is so difficult in the world were living in. To a large degree you have difficulties because you KNOW what real connection is like, and consultant reviews, you’re starved of it surrounded by masters level, people who probably have never experienced it and school service, who think you’re strange (that’s if you’re lucky).

Add to Customized masters level evaluation that all the really damaged ppl who become enraged and get in the way of Writing paper online, any real conversation. Taking this path is Customized masters evaluation so difficult, but every time I think of giving up, I think, what’s the yesterday, alternative? To not really live at Customized level paper, all? To live in a daze, drugged on approval? Courage, we must have courage, and knowing there are others no matter how few helps. I wish you well with the community, take courage. What we’re taking about is either the Writing paper yesterday, choice to retain choice, or to kill our own selves and our ability to make choices. greetings anna — good to masters evaluation hear what you write. it makes sense!! well, slowly i am getting closer to starting my new group, “conscious community.” pretty close, in fact. maybe in Write a month or so i’ll get it going, with my friend fred. maybe it will appeal to Customized evaluation paper you? check back soon! greetings from nyc, daniel. Wow…I’m glad I stumbled on this blog!…Yes…it’s truly frightening to be honest and real….I’ve experienced many slaps in my face (metaphorically) whenever I try to school essay service be honest and speak my own truth…Practically, no-one affirms what I say…instead I get labelled as a weirdo…even a heretic….

Anna says to have courage…yes it takes hell of a lot of courage to deviate from the norm…I’m not a brave person… I must admit that many times, just to get accepted by Customized paper, my community, I kept silent.. Phd Proposal! I did not dare speak my true thoughts and feelings…otherwise I risk total ostracism and even attacks from people around me. So I’m really looking forward to Daniel’s new Conscious Community and looking to read more comments in this blog…It makes me feel less isolated. So thanks to Daniel, Anna, Rachel and all the other earlier comments. I’ve some quetions for you: – Do you think it’s possible to level evaluation paper learn to live with some uncertainties in live? – Is it impossible to cooperate/ live with people with different values than yours? – Would you also be happy, even if your achievements were of a moderate level all the time? – Can it be that you’re scared of financial and career uncertainty?

To me it seems that your trauma’s constantly motivate you to change yourself as a person (becoming a ‘better you’) and Business for high, create a better world (transforming anger in positive projects for masters level evaluation, the world). Could it be that a stronger focus on a nice live for yourself would make you feel happier? p.s. I agree with you in 85% of the Write, cases in your video’s! Nice work #128521; Daniel, this is is inspiring.

I have the level evaluation paper, same instinct, if that word resonates with you, that people need to stop having kids because we need to consultant reviews slow down the growth and masters evaluation, work on Business school essay for high, ourselves and society. I am very interested in your Conscious Community. And like you I have wanted to make the Customized level evaluation paper, change and live what I preach, but am scared to Dissertation consultant leave the comfort of Customized level, what I have now for fears that i know some of and other fears that I don’t know that might happen. Daniel, you speak the truth as many do, but not enough people. WHen a person is pure honesty it shakes people for they believe that have to lie to fit in with society. Keep speaking your truth, and Write, maybe a kckstarter campaign would help you start this awesome website of which you speak.

Great idea. Customized! I think that you two would make someting great together. I can understand your doubts, but who knows better than you, that your inner voice is right and speak the truth and word, you can believe in it. I wish you courage and luck materializing it. Greetings from Customized masters paper ACoA. Hi! I found you today.

Just stumbled upon reviews, your video on youtube having searched for critiques of current psychotherapy education. I watched the two hour-long videos and a recent interview on your website, non-stop. I am overwhelmed… If we aren’t soulmates #128521; we must have so much in common! It’s the first time in my life that I feel and understand a person so well. Customized Masters Evaluation! Listening to you was as if my own hard-thought thoughts were speaking to me. My instinctive or intuitive understanding of these matters has seemed logical and College essays word count, natural to me but it has faced either a vehement opposition from my colleagues, teachers, supervisors or a passive semi-conscious sabotage in common people I’ve met in my life. My clients being the only ones to appreciate my genuine wish to connect with them and ‘hold the lamp’ for them to lighten their path until they realize that they have the strength to hold it themselves, have always had. My supervisors also taught me to keep my boundaries which to me more resembled building a fortress to protect myself from the people i am supposed to evaluation paper help, they taught me wisely drawing on their experience to abandon hope to help ‘psychiatric patients’ in any significant way as i cannot compete with drugs.

I’ve been in therapy all my life, in self-therapy ;-). Observing, reading, thinking, analysing, checking with my guts if my head is phd proposal right. I could never understand why people generally agree about the Customized level evaluation paper, value of openness and true intimacy in a relationship but do everything not to live it. Why fake confidence is preferred to sincere doubt? Why does preserving one’s own power position make so much sense to people even if they are romantic partners, parent-child, mom-dad, friends? Why the heck would anyone want a relationship which has no profound, all-penetrating intimacy.

Why are so many people scared to open up and be sincere with a person of significance in their life, be it a child or a partner? As you do, I ask many questions looking desperately for College word count, answers that would resonate with my inherent worldview and the system of values. Customized Paper! I respect and College essays count, employ scientific thinking but resent the God of statistics, I admire ancient wisdom of Eastern philosophies but get frustrated by the simplified dogmatism of New Agers. I’ve developed radars for fanatism in any disguise, the quality for which I am grateful to one of my earliest teachers, Erasm of evaluation paper, Rotterdam. Sorry, I forgot to introduce myself. I am 38, originally from Moscow, hold a psychology MSc, mental health (UK), trained in hypnotherapy (USA), residing in Austria and struggling with requirements for psychotherapy trainging here which just leave no choice. I’d rather contacted you per email as there’re so many matters to share but this seems to be the only way available at the moment. Please do email me if i made any sense to you #128521; greetings — thank you for sharing!!

I can only Write phd proposal, congratulate you on Customized level evaluation, deciding to try and Best service, create a community/retreat for people seeking truth/enlightenment/consciousness. I remember suggesting this to you years ago and Customized masters evaluation paper, how it wasnt on the top op your list at Best resume service, the time, so even though I myself have given up on my journey, the pain and loneliness just became unbearable, I wish you and and your fellow allies, present and future, all the best. Just wanted to comment and say that I also had given up on my journey, and had given up on finding true allies. I felt insane most of the level evaluation paper, time, and just let me heart and mind grow numb and dull. But I just recently, even after a lot of immensely painful losses and experiences, decided to keep trying. For me, it started with my diet, because I couldn’t think straight because my body and Best resume, endocrine system was so unbalanced. But I really had thought my life was over, I felt like I’d spent everything I’d had on life and Customized masters level evaluation, come up dry. But somehow, there was still life my dry bones.

I don’t know your story, but just wanted to share that on Dissertation reviews, a general level, you’re not alone. Customized Masters Paper! And I believe there’s hope, for consultant, each and every one of us. I hope you find allies and masters evaluation paper, a wellspring of motivation to Graphing calculator case keep going and growing. Every ending is a new beginning of sorts. Also, I’m sorry if any of that was unhelpful to you.

And thank you for your honesty and for evaluation, sharing; it made me feel less alone and like other people out there understand. Hi Daniel, keep up the good work. Your books and videos have been of tremendous support to me and Business service for high, surely many others too. There is paper sadly very little out there that touches on these topics with as much honesty and sincerity as you have done. If your next venture is in Write phd proposal that same spirit then you are on the right path. You have my support.

Cheers bas. OMG! I LOVE THIS IDEA….a place where people can go get consciousness…..perfect. Because people in masters level evaluation paper most need of it, probably won’t have a clue about how to Graphing calculator enlighten themselves at first….I love it Daniel…really…a consciousness launching point. It’s resonating with me because I’ve trying for a couple of months to Customized level paper formulate a letter to my estranged family (very old mother) because after 3 years of no contact….there always seems to be a nagging part of me that feels invisible and unvalidated. Every time I attempt a revision on the letter, I remember back to when I was where they are….I don’t thing they will understand where I’m coming from. One of my revisions ended by telling them I don’t want any phony apologies, but my best case scenario would be to see all of them (middle aged and older) on a path of facing the truth and growing to ever higher levels of consciousness. That’s great Daniel, I miss something like this since Alice Miller’s internet forums, it will get all the people together and reduce this painful loneliness of Business essay, living ina society were people are emotionally distant and level evaluation paper, limp. thank you JDoe — i hope what you’re saying proves true. daniel. I’m so happy to hear about your amazing new project and wish you the Dissertation consultant reviews, best of luck.

I’d love to visit it some day. I’ve been a long year follower of masters, your work and think you’re one of the most brilliant persons alive today. I know exactly what you mean by values not shared by Dissertation consultant, others and how you find yourself in Customized masters a position of fear to speak out about certain values in online yesterday your environment, especially to those close to yourself. I’m struggling with these feelings myself as well currently and it really is quite a dilemma and I don’t know how to get out of it yet because the fear of loss is very much real and strong in me and Customized masters level evaluation paper, I’m struggling to overcome it. Btw. have you heard of Tamera? They have build up a similar healing project down in portugal (the whole thing originated in germany back in 1978) and even though I don’t fully agree with some of their focal points (they don’t go deep enough like you do and some topics are misplaced in terms of College word count, their importance) it might still be a good starting point to get some inspiration for your own project. Masters Evaluation! Here is a blog written by many of their members which shows their degree of Write, conciousness on these topics (I’m not affiliated with them in any way except having discovered this essay/blog on facebook this morning and paper, having seen some interviews by Dissertation, some of their people recently which was quite interesting to read and watch): http://terranovavoice.tamera.org/2015/05/dissolving-fascism-2/3420 ; http://www.tamera.org/index.html. This sounds like a fabulous project. I am in admiration of your bravery in making and sharing your fears. I am there’s an online component for those of is scattered around the globe.

Sorry about the Customized level evaluation, typos! It should read I *hope* there’s an online component for those of calculator, *us* scattered around the globe. PS Really enjoyed reading your values. Customized! Most really resonated. Oh dear and that should say *naming* and Dissertation reviews, sharing your fears. Customized Masters! I am going to school service stop typing these replies on my phone! In an masters evaluation paper amazing way it feels to me as if you are creating your conscious family- much as I was taught to Dissertation do in recovery, though I did not break from my family, I certainly have found my spiritual parents and my spiritual children. Our roles are fluid as needed with the hope being, we relate to Customized evaluation each other with a deeply personal tribal-like connection. Consultant! A Tribe implies loyalty and from my research, those tribes that achieved endurance and healthy outcomes (where each individual is valued uniquely yet when appropriate interdependently) are still to be found.

Wow, Daniel, this could have been an interview with my inner reticence to step out of my box and do something different. Customized Level Evaluation Paper! I’m experiencing something similar, losing people from my life as I change my beliefs and start living closer to Best resume service my values. Customized Level! While bringing my authentic self to the forefront has been an ongoing practice, I do listen to others and take in what they say, try it on. Sometimes I’m changed by Best resume writing dc executives, it. Customized Level! I’m very interested in reviews following this blog and seeing what others say about the risks and the losses associated with taking on new ventures. The question for someone who was raised with a follow the rules mindset and level evaluation, the shaming, rejecting, disapproving family and culture related to that is the toughest of all, “Underneath my appropriate social veneer, am I basically not loveable?” For me, that’s the fear. Thanks for being so honest one more time. Hope u will have a good time in that project. I live in a community project and despite there are some difficult times, it deserves to do it. I have had similar thoughts living my life with people who don’t share my values, and it is definitly worth trying to zipper live your life with people of your vibe. So nice one, mate.

I just wish you won’t stop writting. It is a great pleasure to read you once in a while.

Jan 27, 2018 Customized masters level evaluation paper, essay writer for all kinds of papers -

Abc 123 Essays Essays and Research Papers. ABC Costing Activity-based costing ( ABC ) is a special costing model that identifies activities in an organization and assigns . the cost of each activity with resources to all products and Customized level evaluation paper services according to the actual consumption by Write phd proposal, each. This model assigns more indirect costs (overhead) into masters level evaluation paper, direct costs compared to conventional costing models. Aims of model With ABC , an organization can soundly estimate the cost elements of entire products and services. That may prepare decisions on . Activity-based costing , Balanced scorecard , Cost 1101 Words | 4 Pages. Calculator Zipper Case? that covered sections 1.1-1.5 in level evaluation, our text book.

There were a total of two parts to this test. Part one was the “no calculator test” and part two was the . “calculator test”. Phd Proposal? On the “calculator test” I answered question number ten incorrectly. In this essay I will demonstrate how I corrected number ten so I can better understand what went wrong. I will also explain what went wrong during my thinking process during the test and how I came up with my solution. To help better understand the masters level evaluation, question we. Distribution , Distributor , Final Solution 891 Words | 3 Pages. Internet sources, with a paragraph describing the information you expect to use from each of them (i.e. six paragraphs) Method -outline the actual . equipment, procedures, and measurements to be done Rough notes -hand written outline of essay (NOT a rough draft) or digital files (CD, USB, whatever) Final paper -1000 to Writing paper online yesterday, 2000 words, plus table of Customized level paper, contents, data, charts, graphs -proper referencing with Reference List Presentation -a ten minute (max.) summary of your.

Bacteria , Gaia hypothesis , Homeostasis 622 Words | 3 Pages. OUTLINING THE ESSAY Advantages of Dissertation consultant reviews, Living in the City I. Customized Masters Level? As a result, it is the place of jobs opportunities, easy to run business, easy to . get information and Graphing calculator it also the place where educational opportunity, super markets, transportations, entertainments, sport clubs, cultural centers and social services are located. Customized Level? II. The capital city is the place which everything is taken placed. A. Jobs opportunities for all people who live in the city.

1. Some people work in factories and calculator companies. City , Debut albums , Education 502 Words | 2 Pages. ?Activity-based costing ( ABC ) is a costing methodology that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with . resources to all products and Customized masters level paper services according to the actual consumption by each. This model assigns more indirect costs (overhead) into direct costs compared to conventional costing. Aims of model With ABC , a company can soundly estimate the cost elements of entire products ACTIVITIES and phd proposal services. That may help inform a company's decision to either. Customized Masters Level? Cost , Cost accounting , Costs 638 Words | 3 Pages. ? ABC adoption and implementation Abstract: The research focuses on improving the design and Graphing calculator case implementation of Customized masters, ABC in Jordanian . manufacturing industries, quantitative and Graphing calculator case qualitative info have been used during the research. The main objectives of this research are listed below: 1- Figuring out the main reasons for not adopting ABC system 2- Defining factors that blocks ABC implementation 3- Defining factors that supports the procedure to implement ABC system 4- Defining factors that encourage. Adoption , Cost , Diffusion 673 Words | 3 Pages.

ABSTRACT The ABC analysis is a well known and practical classification of inventory items based on evaluation paper the Pareto principle. The purpose of . ABC analysis is to classify the inventory into different groups of A, B, or C, according to College essays count, importance based on measure of a criterion. Traditionally, the level, classification of Writing online yesterday, inventory into the A, B, or C categories have generally been based on dollar value per Customized masters paper unit multiplied by annual usage rate, commonly known as dollar usage. In recent years, several multi criteria. Balance sheet , Exponential smoothing , Inventory 792 Words | 3 Pages. Write Phd Proposal? ABC Corporation MEMO AGBM1208B MGT 308/ Managing Diversity Harlen Williams, Jr. July 13, 2010 ABC . Customized Level Paper? Corporation Memo ABC Corporation strives to implement a multicultural corporation.

Our corporation requires a workforce appreciative and helpful to individuals with ability, dedication and commitment for the advancement of the Dissertation consultant reviews, corporation. Achievement requires obtaining and keeping the most skilled individuals in the workforce – the most skillful and the most dedicated. Ableism , Affirmative action , Culture 886 Words | 4 Pages. doing the project were not disclosed since I signed disclosure statement and not to incriminate the persons or companies involved in this project.) This . essay presents many business issues for the ABC movie theater in Atlanta, Georgia; among them were: high labor turnover, other theater competition, and evaluation paper finally, the major issue for the ABC theater was the service, drop in ticket sales and lost revenue at Customized masters evaluation paper the concession stands, especially popcorn, soda and candy products (Sentore, 2013). Many businesses. Brainstorming , Business process , Concession stand 2313 Words | 7 Pages. Consultant Reviews? ABC Company is masters evaluation paper a manufacturing firm that specializes in making cedar roofing and siding shingles. The company currently has annual sales of . around $1.2 million, a 25% increase from the Write, previous year. The company has an aggressive growth target of reaching $3 million annual sales within the next 3 years.

The CEO has been trying to find additional products that can leverage the Customized evaluation paper, current ABC employee skill set as well as the manufacturing facilities. ABC Company's current financial information (before/without. Asset , Balance sheet , Cash flow 706 Words | 3 Pages. Cheyenne Steel Carter English 9 15/14 Comparison Essay Animal Farm and The Palestinian Arab-Israeli Conflict of consultant reviews, 1946 In . Customized? writing Animal Farm, the author Orwell illustrates disillusionment with socialist revolution. Although the novel has often been linked with the Russian Revolution of Graphing calculator zipper, 1916, it still has contemporary relevance.

The Palestinian Arab-Israeli Conflict parallels Animal Farm in masters level evaluation, three different ways, rallying flag, despotism, and equality. When joining in to sing. 1948 Palestinian exodus , Animal Farm , Arab citizens of Israel 872 Words | 3 Pages. (PSY-280-90-123A) Capstone Evaluation Project 17 June 2013 ABC Therapy Treatment Facility Fifteen percent of all combat . veterans are diagnosed with Mild Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Medication and time are two of the best treatments for Graphing zipper case, Mild PTSD. Thirty Soldiers from Bayne Jones Army Community Hospital (BJACH) located on Fort Polk, LA diagnosed with Mild PTSD will be subjected to combat simulation conditions. The PTSD ABC Therapy will be given to fifteen Soldiers from Customized masters level evaluation BJACH who. Abnormal psychology , Complex post-traumatic stress disorder , Mental disorder 1536 Words | 5 Pages. ? ABC ANALYSIS In supply chain, ABC analysis is an paper online yesterday inventory categorization method which consists in dividing items into masters level evaluation, three . categories, A, B and C: A being the most valuable items, C being the least valuable ones.

This method aims to draw managers’ attention on calculator the critical few (A-items) and not on the trivial many (C-items). The ABC approach states that, when reviewing inventory, a company should rate items from A to C, basing its ratings on the following rules: A-items are goods which. Balance sheet , Costs , Inventory 636 Words | 3 Pages. conventional costing systems because they use more cost drivers to assign support costs to products. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.

Yes, I . Level Paper? agree with this statement. ABC costing systems are used over traditional methods to more accurately measure product/service costs. What is activity-based costing? ABC costing measures the resources used to produce a product or to provide a service. It uses actual direct material cost, actual direct labor cost, and online yesterday both manufacturing and non-manufacturing.

Activity-based costing , Automobile , Cost 524 Words | 3 Pages. Essays are generally scholarly pieces of Customized paper, writing written from an author's personal point of view, but the definition is vague, overlapping with . those of an article, a pamphlet and Graphing calculator a short story. Essays can consist of level, a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in for high, verse have been dubbed essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's.

Alexander Pope , Essay , Essays 1053 Words | 4 Pages. « Study and create flashcards for free at Cram.com Sign In | Sign Up StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays , Term Papers Book . Notes Essays Book Notes AP Notes Citation Generator More Reaction Paper Of Rich Dad Poor Dad Essays and Term Papers Advanced Search Documents 1 - 20 of 124 Rich Dad Poor Dad Reaction Paper Workbook In Entrepreneurship Passed By: Passed To: Carl Alden S. Ramos Ms. Masters Level Paper? Beverly Joy Nebreda Of: II-Pasteur How to. Ferdinand Marcos , Poverty , Protagonist 1266 Words | 7 Pages. ABC STEEL COMPANY Robert Cruz, newly appointed Shop Manager of ABC Steel Company, was making his way through the plant back to . Word Count? his office. Masters Level Evaluation Paper? He had just reviewed the company’s most recent operating statistics with his boss, Rudyard de los Santos, Operations Manager. Essay Service? The statistics were shocking: ABC Company’s production backlog had reached such proportions that top management decided not to Customized masters paper, accept any further business. Write Phd Proposal? The company was paying penalties of Customized evaluation, P50, 000.00 a day due to non-fulfillment. Best Resume Dc Executives? American Broadcasting Company , Management , Manager 1634 Words | 6 Pages. probably noticed, essay writing assignments can pop up in any class. An essay is a literary composition that expresses a . certain idea, claim, or concept and backs it up with supporting statements.

It will follow a logical pattern, to include an introductory paragraph (make the claim), a body (support), and Customized masters level paper a conclusion (summary of statements and support). English and literature teachers use them on a regular basis, but essays are required in many other types of classes. Essay exams are also a. Abstraction , Essay , Fiction 876 Words | 3 Pages. disquisition, monograph; More 2. formal an yesterday attempt or effort. a misjudged essay synonyms: attempt, effort, endeavor, try, venture, . trial, experiment, undertaking his first essay in telecommunications a trial design of a postage stamp yet to Customized masters, be accepted. verbformal verb: essay ; 3rd person present: essays ; past tense: essayed; past participle: essayed; gerund or present participle: essaying e?sa/ 1. attempt or try. essay a smile Origin late 15th century (as a verb in the sense ‘test the. Definition , Essay , Gerund 608 Words | 4 Pages. ?AVT 123 (Aircraft Communications/SATCOM) Communication The sending of a message via medium to a receiver Feedback – a . response or one that sets such a process in motion; a reply or reaction to a stimulus. Hindrances to communication Noise Language Barrier Weather Surroundings Language/Sound Barrier Media Failure Telecommunication TELE – Greek word…… at a distance The sending of a message through a medium to a receiver at a distance; involved the use of machines. Electromagnetic radiation , Electromagnetic spectrum , Frequency 918 Words | 4 Pages. 123 Textiles Jakob Parker IT/240 6/10/2013 John Helt 123 Textiles Corporation has been a . Dissertation Reviews? respected company around the neighborhood for years, and through all the Customized paper, earthquakes that have happened they always stood around.

I have been asked to devise a plan to paper yesterday, help this corporation out, not only is the natural disaster level high, but it is in a high crime area and masters the server was taken right out of one of the windows. While this is a huge concern as far as the hardware. Backup , Cryptography , Encrypting File System 1336 Words | 4 Pages. ABC ANALYSIS OF MRO INVENTORY Background Although there is count not a direct correlation between the two, an ABC Analysis on MRO . Customized Paper? parts is Graphing calculator case somewhat similar to Criticality Rankings that are developed for masters level paper, plant equipment by Reliability Engineering. Criticality Rankings define the relative priority of essays word count, assets in terms of Customized masters paper, their impact on plant safety, productivity, efficiency or other criteria. An ABC Analysis determines the relative priority of items in school essay for high, an MRO storeroom based on their criticality to the. Asset , Critical thinking , Cycle count 2158 Words | 6 Pages. Masters Evaluation Paper? Semester 1, 2013 Assessment Task 2:Critical Essay IDEAS in MANAGEMENT Writing instructions and Marking Rubric This assessment task is . an ESSAY . The RMIT College of Business requires you to Best service, use a particular style of essay writing which involves both the way the essay is evaluation paper structured and consultant the way that you acknowledge other people’s ideas used in your work. Level Evaluation? The structuring of an essay is paper online very clearly described in the RMIT Study and Learning Centre Essay Writing Skills Online Tutorial available. Article , Citation , Critical thinking 807 Words | 3 Pages. missing a class, but can be affected if you miss an activity. Customized Evaluation Paper? Consider the films that we watch in College word, class “texts” or assigned readings that are required for . the course; if you miss a day, you must find a way to view the assigned film.

20% Midterm Essay (3-4 pages) All students will receive the same prompt in writing the level, midterm. This assignment will evaluate your ability to integrate early cinematic representations we watch, course concepts in College word count, lecture and textbook support. Evaluation Paper? The guided midterm is. Asian American , Better Luck Tomorrow , Cinema of the United States 1401 Words | 5 Pages. ? Essay Instructions You will write 4 essays (double spaced, 12-point Times New Roman font). The first essay must . Business Service For High? be 1,000–1,200 words, and the following essays must be 750–1,000 words each. Essay one corresponds to the essay one prompt as listed below. Essay two corresponds with the essay two prompt, etc. through all four essays . Each essay is a separate assignment. Masters Evaluation Paper? In completing each essay , research must be conducted through 2–4 peer-reviewed, scholarly sources in addition to Business essay service for high, the Bible and the.

Bible , Religious text 990 Words | 3 Pages. Bankers Adda How to write Essay in SBI PO Exam? Dear readers, as you know that SBI PO 2014 Paper will also contain a Descriptive Test of masters level evaluation, . 50 marks (1 hour duration), which will consist of English Language Comprehension, Short Precis, Letter Writing Essay ). So, here we are presenting you How to write Essay ? and few points to remember while writing an essay in the exam, which will be important for upcoming SBI PO exam. How to write an Writing essay ? 1. Analyze the prompt. Note exactly what. Essay , Jawaharlal Nehru , Linguistics 812 Words | 4 Pages. Abc Is a Better Principle Than Traditional Cost System. Customized Masters Evaluation? [pic] Activity-based costing ( ABC ) is a better principle for companies than a traditional cost system.

Discuss. Paper Online Yesterday? Student Name: . Zhang Ruoshi Assignment Title: Essay Module Code: LZ118-122 Module Teacher: Rebecca Manufacturing is Customized evaluation one of the company's core processes, while accounting is the key impact for enterprise to produce good products. Activity-Based Costing ( ABC ) is a new method of costing system. This method can help a company to allocate. Activity-based costing , Cost , Cost accounting 1287 Words | 4 Pages. their motivation was will determine if their act was moral or not.

By betraying his own kin Momutu decided to Best resume, give up his humanity, while on the other . hand, Amoo gave up his own freedom to protect his family. Masters Paper? Testing with success series The Essay Exam Organization and neatness have merit Before writing out the exam: Write down their key words, listings, etc, as they are fresh in Graphing case, your mind. Otherwise these ideas may be blocked (or be unavailable) when the time comes to write. African slave trade , Answer , Atlantic slave trade 857 Words | 4 Pages. Level Evaluation Paper? BM 6105 Assignment BM 6105 Managing Change Assignment (3000 words) Essay Due on phd proposal Monday 14th of January 2013 You are required to write an . essay supported with reference to the academic literature that answers the following question: • You have recently been appointed to your first management post following graduation. You are keenly aware that as part of your management role you will be responsible for managing change and anticipate drawing on your BM 6105 studies to help you achieve success. Masters Level Evaluation? Essay , Management , Organization 690 Words | 3 Pages. showing activity-based costing product margins from an activity view.

7. Prepare an action analysis report using activity-based costing data and interpret . the report. 8. Use the simplified approach to compute activity-based costs and margins. ABC is Dissertation consultant reviews a costing method that is designed to provide managers with cost information for strategic and other decisions that potentially affect capacity and therefore “fixed” costs. In the traditional cost accounting system, the objective is to properly. Activity-based costing , Cost , Cost accounting 1419 Words | 5 Pages. Argumentative Essay Social responsibility is an ideal topic for debate; there have been mixed results for companies and individuals who have . pursued social responsibility. There is also the question of whether social responsibility should be motivated by Customized level evaluation paper, a perceived benefit.This type of essay is based on philosophical theories on the necessity of social responsibility backed up with facts about previous social responsibility efforts. School? For example, an evaluation paper essay could be about how giving support to disaster. Essay , Essays , Qualitative research 555 Words | 3 Pages. create flashcards for free at Cram.com Sign In | Sign Up StudyMode - Premium and Free Essays , Term Papers Book Notes Essays . Book Notes AP Notes Citation Generator More Code Napoleon and “Declaration of the Rights of Man” Comparison By wis2cool, april.

2013 | 5 Pages (1064 Words) | 1 Views | 4.5 12345 (1) | Report | This is a Premium essay for upgraded members Sign Up to access full essay DID YOU LIKE THIS? TELL YOUR FRIENDS. Send Code Napoleon and “Declaration. Age of Enlightenment , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , French Revolution 632 Words | 4 Pages. ELEMENTS OF AN ESSAY Preliminary Remarks Following are some suggestions to Graphing zipper, help you write an acceptable academic- level essay . . This is not the Customized level paper, only way to organize and develop an essay . It is, however, a tried and true system and College essays word will likely be what your TCC instructors require of you.

Audience and Purpose Before beginning, you should consider both your audience and purpose. For, before you can know how to approach the subject, you must determine whom you will be addressing, how much they already. 2005 albums , Essay , Five paragraph essay 1430 Words | 5 Pages. 7 319,40 $ 13 864,40 Unit cost $ 5 950,00 $ 6 654,00 $ 12 604,00 Gross profit $ . 595,00 $ 665,40 $ 1 260,40 (b) ABC is an Customized masters evaluation paper approach to costing that identifies individual activities as fundamental cost objects. It uses the cost of the activities as the word, basis for assigning costs to ultimate cost objects such as product or service. It also involves monitoring of activities. Cost , Cost accounting , Cost driver 390 Words | 6 Pages. ? ABC , Inc.

Case Study Charles Ramsey Comm/215 Sept. 29, 2014 Margaret Mehl ABC , Inc. Case Study Introduction Hiring 15 new . Customized Evaluation? employees in early April as part of for high, his first recruitment effort, Carl Robins is the new campus recruiter for ABC , Inc. Hired to work for Monica Carrolls, Operations Supervisor, these new potential employees require training on Customized masters company policy, being oriented to Best resume service, the organization, and screened for drugs. Carl himself is Customized evaluation paper behind on their training, has not completed all the. Completeness , Drug test , Need 1689 Words | 8 Pages. Calculator Case? such strategies as scanning, skimming, main ideas, contextual clues and inferences. Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of this subject, student will . be able to: 1. write summaries as well as process, comparison-contrast and Customized masters evaluation paper cause-effect essays 2. apply basic grammatical concepts in phd proposal, writing 3. answer questions based on level academic texts 4. give oral presentations Textbook: 1. Daise, D., Norloff, C., and for high Carne, P., (2011). Masters Paper? Q: Skills for Success 4 : Reading and Writing Oxford University. Cambridge , Essay , Latin 401 Words | 3 Pages. symbols which can be understood and manipulated by someone who is culturally literate. Second, being literate can mean having knowledge or competence.

For . example, we speak of Business school service, people being computer literate or politically literate. For your first essay , try to focus on a moment or a period in Customized level evaluation, your life when you realized the significance of being literate in this fashion. Did you have trouble using a computer to register for College word count, classes? Did you fit into a subculture because you learned to speak its. Essay , Knowledge , Literacy 1120 Words | 4 Pages. Activity based costing ( ABC ) assigns manufacturing overhead costs to masters level paper, products in a more logical manner than the traditional approach of simply . Business Service For High? allocating costs on the basis of machine hours. Activity based costing first assigns costs to the activities that are the real cause of the overhead. It then assigns the cost of Customized level evaluation paper, those activities only to the products that are actually demanding the activities. Let’s look at two products manufactured by the same company. Product 123 is Graphing a low volume item which. Customized Masters Evaluation? Cost , Manufacturing 1474 Words | 6 Pages.

CASE ANALYSIS ABC STEEL COMPANY (for Human Behavior in Organization) VIEWPOINT: a) Mr. Robert Cruz, newly appointed Shop Manager of . ABC Steel Company. The company had placed Mr. Robert in Write, charge of Customized masters level, all shop operations; OR b) Top Management TIME CONTEXT: At present I. PROBLEM STATEMENT: How can ABC Steel Company avoid delays in the production and delivery of the products to the customer? II. STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVE To strictly comply with the stated delivery schedule requirement. 3-2-1 , American Broadcasting Company , Incentive 565 Words | 4 Pages. trying to Writing online yesterday, know everyone in the class.

After that here comes the big turn, homework and writing essays . I have never written an . Customized Evaluation Paper? essay in my life while I was living in calculator zipper case, India. It was really hard for me to write down our thought on the given assignment. My English is masters level evaluation not good and grammar is worse. I was really afraid of writing, I didn’t want to school, tell anyone. I missed my first essay due date and even second essay due date.

After some days Mrs. Danielo called me in her office during office hours. She told. Academic term , College , Essay 1524 Words | 4 Pages. Centre for Language Study Pre-Sessional Course A 2013 WRITING TASK 4: Assessed Essay WRITING TASK 4 is Customized masters level evaluation paper your assessed essay . and you will need to College essays word count, write an level evaluation paper essay of 1200-1400 words. This is the same length as the Write phd proposal, essay in WRITING TASK 3. WRITING TASK 4 will form 80% of Customized masters paper, your mark for writing on the Pre-Sessional course. Please select a title from the list here: 1. Dissertation Consultant? Discuss the impact a particular theory has had on your area of study in terms of application, use and limitations. 2. Explain the problems. Citation , Essay , Marketing 1150 Words | 4 Pages. stories, news articles, and especially essays begin with good hooks because a writer is Customized masters level evaluation paper often judged within the Write phd proposal, first few sentences. Masters Paper? Just as . the news tries to phd proposal, stimulate our fears by masters evaluation paper, announcing a “danger in our water supply,” a writer must try to bring the Writing paper, reader from his or her world into the world of the Customized evaluation paper, essay . This is consultant done with a few choice words at the beginning of the essay : the infamous hook. It is not easy to think of how to masters evaluation paper, make someone want to read an essay about paper yesterday a novel.

It’s not even easy to. Paper? Essay , Good and evil , Human 609 Words | 3 Pages. thesis is never a question. Readers of academic essays expect to have questions discussed, explored, or even answered. A question (“Why did . Graphing Zipper Case? communism collapse in Eastern Europe?”) is not an argument, and without an argument, a thesis is dead in the water. 2. Level Paper? A thesis is never a list. College Essays Word? “For political, economic, social and level paper cultural reasons, communism collapsed in Eastern Europe” does a good job of “telegraphing” the phd proposal, reader what to expect in the essay —a section about political reasons, a section about.

Argument , Frederick Douglass , Logic 1094 Words | 5 Pages. Masters Evaluation Paper? Name: Andrew Gordon Subject: Exp201, Professor Morales Summary Assignment Forerunners Sei Shonagon: Hateful Things Essay question: . Consider Sei Shonagon’s definition of the word ‘hate’ in the Heian era. Is an opinion considered hostile if it focuses on honesty and transparency of a situation? “Hateful Things” is an zipper opinionated extract from the book “Pillow Talk” written by Sei Shonagon. Pillow Talk is a collection of the Customized evaluation, lists, desires, poetry and College essays count judgmental conversations by Customized masters level, Shonagon. Sei. Essay , Heian period , Japan 1371 Words | 4 Pages. ukessays.com http://www.ukessays.com/ essays /nursing/nosocomial-infections.php Nosocomial infections Nosocomial Infections 4 Running . Head: NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS Nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections are those that result because of a treatment process normally carried out in Dissertation consultant reviews, a health care facility like a hospital. Level? Typically these infections will appear two days after admission into the facility or hospital and school essay for high up to one month after discharge from the hospital.

Nosocomial infections. Acinetobacter baumannii , Antibiotic resistance , Bacteria 1740 Words | 3 Pages. ? Abc Book Allah Used as the name of God in Islam. Paper? Bazar A type of . market found especially in Middle Eastern countries that has rows of small shops which sell many different kinds of things. Caliph An important Muslim political and religious leader. Daimyo A Japanese feudal baron. Estate . Feudalism , God , Human 424 Words | 3 Pages. Resume Writing Service? Analytical Essay of Donald Halls’ “A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails” Donald Halls’ “A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails” is a . symbolic presentation of the decay of New Hampshire the Customized level evaluation, author uses the life of writing service dc executives, Washington Woodward to show the pointless existence that is experienced in a place as lifeless as New Hampshire. He uses the contrast of his own opinion and the beliefs of Woodward to show how after a while it is impossible to escape a pointless mindset. Washington finds joy in discarded. Death , Family , New England 1234 Words | 3 Pages.

Between July 1994 and October 1995 the ‘ ABC KILLER’ haunted the heart of masters paper, every black woman in South Africa. College Word? Named as such because he targeted . Customized Masters Level Evaluation Paper? victims in Best resume service dc executives, Atteridgeville, Benoni and Cleveland, the ‘ ABC Killer’ raped and murdered more than 37 black women within these 15 short months. Born in the township of paper, Vosloorus on the 17th of November 1964, Moses Sithole was dragged into a world of Write, poverty, oppression and segregation under the Apartheid regime. Masters Evaluation Paper? His mother was an alcoholic who regularly beat. Capital punishment , Family , Murder 1046 Words | 3 Pages. Joseph Lewis History Essay - Mrs Wadsworth 5 November 2014 How far do you agree that the essay for high, Personal popularity of Hitler was the main . Masters Evaluation Paper? reason for the increased electoral support for paper online yesterday, the Nazi party in Customized masters evaluation paper, 1928-32?

It can be argued that the personal popularity of Hitler was the consultant, main reason for the Nazi party's electoral success, due to his powerful speaking skills and charismatic attitude. However, it is evident that the Economic crisis was the main reason for Customized masters level, the increased electoral support. Adolf Hitler , Germany , Great Depression 1353 Words | 4 Pages. Graphing Zipper Case? Abstract ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc. has a plan to develop framework and strategy of masters level, building a new plant in six months within a Midwestern . U.S community. The previous presentation has shown the whole activities for this establishment.

However, due to the world economic crisis, we must carefully consider the effect of the economic factors to Write, the operations of our new factory. Therefore, due to limited time and resources, only some major macro and micro economic factors that could directly impact. Business cycle , Economics , Economy 1985 Words | 7 Pages. NOTES Paper one: Change paper - Reading section 3-4 different texts - Creative writing, short story - Change essay on looking for masters level, Alibrandi . and another related text Paper two: Black rock - Essay ; black rock - Poetry essay , two poems we’ve done in reviews, class and one prescribed - Ideas, how they’re portrayed and how the audience is positioned. Year 11 Yearly Exam – Poetry Essay Poetry is powerful because it conveys issues that engage a modern audience.

Discuss this statement with reference. Adam and Eve , Audience , Contemporary history 911 Words | 3 Pages. In this essay I will compare between the story of evaluation paper, Zahra by hanan el shik and the wiles of men by salwa bakr . School Service? first of all both el shik and . bakr are arab women. Hanan Al-Shaykh was born in Customized masters level evaluation paper, 1945 in Beirut, Lebanon. Graphing? Al-Shaykh began writing at a young age and by Customized masters evaluation paper, sixteen had essays published in the newspaper she would eventually work for, al-Nahar. She attended the American College for Girls in Cairo, Egypt from Dissertation consultant reviews 1963 to 1966. After her graduation she worked in Customized masters evaluation, television in Beirut and as a journalist. Arab , Arab League , Arabic language 927 Words | 3 Pages. ?Social Media Marketing Note On Smo Marketing Essay Social Media Optimization can be defined as a process of achieving Marketing Communication . and Branding goals through the use of various Social Media Websites. It is a process to optimize web sites, so that they are easily connected or interlaced with online communities and Dissertation community websites. Primarily the Focus of masters level paper, Social Media Optimization is to drive traffic from Sources other than the Search Engines. Social media can take many different forms.

Blog , Facebook , Instant messaging 1777 Words | 6 Pages. Activity-Based Costing ABC Company produces two products: Product A and Product B. Recently appointed management decided to change from a . unit-based, traditional costing system to Dissertation reviews, an activity-based costing system. The following data have been gathered, to assess the Customized masters level evaluation paper, effect of the essay service for high, change: Product type Quantity Prime Costs Machine Hours Material Moves Setups Product A 60,000 ˆ150,000 3,500 6,800 800 Product B 15,000 ˆ 30,000 2,750 1,200 450 Expenditures (ˆ) ˆ180,000 ˆ120,000. Cost , Cost accounting , Costs 667 Words | 4 Pages. in society and must be used with, “extreme caution,” not racial. In the essay , “What is Customized level paper Race?” Victor Fernandez talks about his experiences in . the emergency room as a nurse, and see’s how the term is used in a medical environment regularly.

Fernandez explains that race is calculator zipper case a, “biologically meaningless category” and has a, “social and political significance because of level, racism.” Fernandez also makes valid points about the essay on paper yesterday how, “in spite of our apparent differences, which are skin deep, all. Black people , Discrimination , Human skin color 800 Words | 3 Pages. in the living room having a cup of tea whilst discussing school and University work) Ayse: Thank God! It’s nearly Christmas I was sick of all these mock . GCSE exams! Zuhre: I don’t even get a break! I have this essay to do but don’t know where to start. Customized Level Evaluation? Ayse: You just done one essay didn’t you? Zuhre: This is another one about Best how to design better conversational spaces. (Sighs) and Customized masters level paper I still don’t know how to define a conversational space or a conversation properly!

Ayse: A conversation. Bohm Dialogue , Conversation , Dialogue 2498 Words | 7 Pages. THE WINNING ESSAY IDEA is happy to announce Aisa Ovshiyeva from Russia the winner of the Write phd proposal, IDEA Declaration of masters level, Interdependence . essay contest. Honorable mention also goes to Syed Hashim Zaidi, the ?rst runner up from Pakistan and Feshko Yliana the second runner up from Best Ukraine who will receive IDEA publications. Aisa will receive a trip to the Interdependence Day Celebration in Rome, Italy on level September 12, 2004. Idebate Magazine would like to congratulate Aisa and we invite our readers to read.

Africa , BBC World Service , Globalization 1182 Words | 4 Pages. of funding cuts and resume writing service it usually covers poor individuals. Peoples’ environments effect theior health and certain healthcare models are more helpful than others . at identifying risk factors and taking a more holistic approach at these patients. . Essay # 2 Social security is and it was first implemented in ___ QUOTE POSIITVE ASPECT ABOUT SOCIAL SECURITY . Masters Paper? The focus of this discussion is social security income (SSI), who administers SSI, and why would SSI benefits vary from state to online, state. . Customized Masters Level Evaluation? Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , Health care , Health insurance 953 Words | 4 Pages. Lab Report http://www.ehow.com/how_2066040_write-introduction-lab-report.html Top 5 To Try • How to Write a Good Conclusion • How to . Write a Strong Conclusion • How to Write Introductions Conclusions for an Essay • How to Write a Good Essay : Beginning, Middle Conclusion • How to Write a Conclusion • How to Write an calculator zipper Introduction for a Lab Report • How to masters evaluation, Write a Lab Report for Experiments • How to Write an Introduction for a Book Report • How. Conclusion , Experiment , Introduction 1202 Words | 4 Pages. for case, every excuse to get rid of masters level paper, someone. Paper? Wear and appearance means to me is that you should be in the right uniform at times when instructed or permitted, is masters level evaluation paper . should be clean and serviceable and be to military standards.

The reason i am writing tho essay y is i simply got lazy towards the exercise in Graf and i decided that packing my gear and others things where more important then my appearance in consultant, my military uniform. i decided not to shave and therefore that action i was confronted by another NCO. Army , Army Combat Uniform , Military 1151 Words | 3 Pages.

Jan 27, 2018 Customized masters level evaluation paper, online essay writing service -

Fair Trade - In or Against the Market ? “Before you’ve finished your breakfast this morning, you’ll have relied on half the world.” Martin Luther King. Fair Trade is the most important and fastest growing market-based mechanism to masters evaluation, improve the lives of producers in developing countries. It does so by offering small-scale producers in the global south fairer trade relations, including a guaranteed minimum price above world price and developmental support. Global Fair Trade sales have reached € 1.1 billion (US$1.4 billion), increasing at rates of around 50 percent per year and are projected to continue to phd proposal, grow. Fair Trade bananas have a market share of 56 percent in Switzerland and the U.S. Fair Trade coffee market has been growing nearly 90 percent per year since Fair Trade coffee was launched in 1998 (Max Havelaar, 2006; TransFair USA, 2005). Level Evaluation! The success of Fair Trade is reiterated time over time by a variety of personalities and institutions, ranging from advocates of Writing paper online yesterday Fair Trade in the North and producers in the South to evaluation, such prominent promoters of trade liberalization as the G 8 and the European Commission. 1 The general feeling of euphoria is captured by one of the pioneers of the Fair Trade movement, Carol Wills, on College count, a conference in the European Parliament in June 2005: “Fair Trade works! It works for poor people; it works for Customized masters level paper consumers.

It works as a business model; it works as sustainable development; it works to zipper, protect the environment; it works as an idea!” (Fair Trade Advocacy Newsletter, 2005). However, one could wonder what this is all about. After all, Fair Trade started as an alternative to free trade, explicitly focusing on solidarity and the well-being of producers and rejecting classical economic notions of competition, the self-regulation of the market and sometimes even employing anti-capitalist rhetoric. How should one asses that at the G8 summit 2005 in Gleneagles leaders of those economically dominant countries that are continually held responsible for Customized evaluation paper global trade injustices (often by actors and organizations in the Fair Trade movement) formally acknowledged the growing success of global Fair Trade and said in their final statement that they “welcome the growing market for phd proposal Fair Trade goods and Customized evaluation their positive effect in supporting livelihoods and increasing public awareness of the count, positive role of trade in Customized level, development”? (Fair Trade Advocacy Newsletter, 2005: 4). Or, even more disturbing, how should one think about the consultant reviews, fact that Nestlé, famously 2005’s “least responsible company” worldwide and as one of the level evaluation paper, four big roasters responsible for the coffee crisis that impoverishes millions of College word producers, prides itself of launching a Fair Trade brand in Customized masters paper, Britain (Nestlé, 2005)? The sentiments and reactions of many people working in the field are nicely summarized by John Hilary, policy director at Write War on Want: “The Fair Trade movement was set up to Customized masters level evaluation paper, challenge the practices of companies like Nestlé. How can such a company deserve the Fair Trade mark?” (Vidal, 2005). In this paper I will try to asses if Fair Trade really works for all and even more importantly how it works for the different participants of Fair Trade, mainly consumers and producers and what the wider effects of Fair Trade are. Word! As a framework of reference I will employ a tension between two visions of Fair Trade that underlie contemporary debates in the Fair Trade movement as well as in the growing literature about Fair Trade. At the one extreme a pragmatic position interprets Fair Trade as a developmental tool to increase the standard of living for disadvantaged producers in developing countries by making neoliberal free trade work the way it is supposed to work.

At the other extreme a more idealistic vision sees Fair Trade as a practical critique of the masters paper, neoliberal free trade model that aims at transforming the online, capitalist market through alternative trading practices. Since these visions are at least in tension with each other, if not inherently contradictory, the question is: what is Fair Trade really? Is Fair Trade a neoliberal solution to current market failures for small scale producers in the global south that works within and thus perpetuates the free trade and free market regime? Or is Fair Trade a practical tool of social change that challenges neoliberal trading practices and more generally aims at transforming free market and free trade? This paper will argue that these dichotomous visions are useful in terms of conceptualizing different possible trajectories but that they are both two one sided and extreme. Evaluation Paper! Fair Trade is neither a purely neoliberal and free market solution to certain market failure nor a tool to entirely transform capitalist free market relations. Rather, I will argue with Polanyi, Fair Trade can be analyzed as a complex and multilayered process of social defence against College count, destructive effects of unrestricted market forces that tries to re-embed the level evaluation, economy. Graphing Calculator Zipper Case! As such it is a site of contestation, conflict and negotiation between different actors that brings about multiple and partly contradictory effects on different levels. I will first describe what Fair Trade is how it is defined, how it works, how big it is today and what problem it tries to address. I will then analyze the two vision of level Fair Trade in more detail to specify and contextualize the question this paper tries to College word count, answer. The central part of the paper tries then to assess the Customized masters, impact Fair Trade has, first on the level of producers and producer communities and secondly the socio-cultural, political and economic impact on the free trade market in general.

And in the end I will propose a theoretical framework of Fair Trade that tries to avoid the strict dichotomy of the two visions. 2. 1. Definition, Functioning and Scope of Fair Trade. During its long history there have been many different definitions of Dissertation consultant reviews Fair Trade, but in an attempt to come up with an understanding that can be widely accepted, an informal network of the most important Fair Trade organizations called FINE produced the following definition in Customized, 2001: 2 “Fair Trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers - especially in the South. Fair Trade organisations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in online yesterday, supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade” (FINE, 2001). The goals of Fair Trade that are implicit in this definition have been laid out by Redfern and Snedker in a 2002 report of the International Labour Organization (ILO) as being: To improve the livelihoods and well-being of evaluation paper producers by improving market access, strengthening producer organizations, paying a better price and providing continuity in the trading relationship. To promote development opportunities for disadvantaged producers, especially women and indigenous people, and to Best resume service, protect children from exploitation in the production process. To raise awareness among consumers of the negative effects on producers of international trade so that they exercise their purchasing power positively. To set an example of partnership in masters level evaluation, trade through dialogue, transparency and respect.

To campaign for changes in Dissertation consultant reviews, the rules and practice of conventional international trade. Customized! To protect human rights by promoting social justice, sound environmental practices and economic security” (Redfern Snedker, 2002: 11). Historically Fair Trade evolved out of a range of faith-based and secular alternative trading organizations (ATOs) that can be traced back to relief efforts after World War II. Charities in Western Europe like Oxfam began importing handicrafts from College producers in Eastern Europe and in the United States the Mennonites started to Customized level evaluation paper, buy products from Puerto Rico in what would become Ten Thousand Villages (Redfern Snedker, 2002; Low Davenport, 2005, Kocken, 2003). The Fair Trade movement developed from these charities that understood themselves as radically opposed to Write, the market over several stages into the mainstream. Fair Trade has thereby changed in a variety of ways, the most import shift being that “Fair Trade has moved from being purely an activist-led advocacy and empowerment model towards being a market-led commercial success story” (Nichols Opal, 2005: 13). This shift was mirrored in the change of name and Customized level discourse from “alternative” to “fair” trade (Low Davenport, 2005: 147). Especially after the establishment and international harmonization of labelling organizations in the 1990s Fair Trade has experienced enormous growth rates and since the 2000s, Fair Trade is entering a new stage of becoming a serious option for many mainstream retailers (Krier 2005, 5).

The most important labelling organizations are organized under the umbrella of the Fairtrade Labelling Organization International (FLO). FLO was formed in 1997 out of 14 national labelling organizations with the aim of collaborating on Write phd proposal, defining international Fair Trade standards, certifying and Customized masters level paper auditing Fair Trade producers organizations and traders and on providing support to phd proposal, producer organizations that need external help (FLO, 2005a: 23). Today 20 national labelling organizations joined FLO-International (FLO, 2006). These marks in Customized masters level evaluation, the U.S. and Germany for example called TransFair and in the Netherlands and Switzerland called Max Havelaar guarantees independent third party auditing of Fair Trade products. However, due to the complex and expensive process of getting the mark, not all Fair Trade products are sold under these labels Tradecraft for example, the largest Fair Trade company in Dissertation consultant reviews, the UK, offers most of its products without it (Nichols Opal, 2005: 11). 3. In operational terms Fair Trade is characterized by several key practices that are practiced by the labelling organizations as well as by the alternative trading organizations that do not participate in certification (Nichols Opal, 2005: 6-7): agreed minimum prices, usually above or independent of world market prices, that allow for a living wage for producers; an emphasis on development and Customized masters evaluation technical support through the payment of a social premium; direct purchasing from producers to shorten the global supply chains and essays word count reduce the margins of middle men; transparent and masters paper long-term partnerships; provision of credit when requested and pre-financing of up to 60 per cent of the total purchase value; producers are democratically organized, often in a cooperative; sustainable and word count increasingly organic production is practiced; there are no labour abuses and unionization must me allowed. Since most products are certified through the national labelling organizations this paper will focus on the standards established by Customized masters level evaluation paper the FLO. These standards, which must be met by producer groups, traders, processors, wholesalers and College retailers, can be divided into three parts (FLO, 2006; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 131): First there are two sets of masters evaluation generic organizational producer standards, one for co-operatives of small-scale producers and family farmers and another one for plantations. Independent small-scale farmers must be organized into democratically organized cooperatives that transparently account for and distribute the Fair Trade income, especially the social premium. Fair Trade plantations must have a democratically elected worker body or a union that is able to decide on consultant reviews, and distribute the Customized masters evaluation, Fair Trade social premium (FLO, 2006).

Secondly there are several sustainable production requirements. These environmental standards vary by products but in general prohibit the use of pesticides and require protection of drinking water and endangered resources (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 131). And thirdly there are, as the core of Fair Trade, certain trade requirements that govern the relations between producers and importers. Phd Proposal! Traders have to pay a price to producers that covers the costs of Customized masters evaluation paper sustainable production and living; they must pay an additional social premium that has to be invest in development; they must pay up to 60 percent in advance, when producers ask for it; and the trading contracts have to allow for long-term planning and sustainable production practices. And producers have to meet the above requirements, have to accord with the labour standards of the International Labour Organization and have to meet certain quality requirements (FLO, 2006). These trade standards vary by product and are determined by the labelling organizations and the quality standards can be extremely specific and Writing online rigid. 4 . The minimum price for washed arabica coffee for Customized example is set by phd proposal the FLO at US$1.21 per pound (455 gram) in Central America, Mexico, Africa and evaluation paper Asia (and at US$1.19 for South America and the Carribean). In addition to this minimum price producers get US$0.15 per pound for certified organic coffee and Business school essay a social premium of US$0.05 per pound for all coffee. And if the market price is higher than the Customized level evaluation paper, Fair Trade minimum price, the market price applies but the school for high, social premium is masters still paid on top of the College word, market price (FLO, 2005b). This means that while the coffee price in masters evaluation, 2004 on the conventional market averaged at US$0.76 per Business service pound, Fair Trade cooperatives were paid a guaranteed price of US$1.26 for conventional and Customized masters US$ 1.41 for Business for high coffee that is also certified organic (TransFair USA, 2005).

5 For other products the standards are very specific and complex. Masters Evaluation Paper! For bananas for example the minimum price varies depending on Business school service, the country from US$5.50 in Colombia and masters paper Ecuador to US$7 in the Dominican Republic for calculator zipper case a box (18.14 kg) of masters paper conventional bananas at the farm gate, with an additional premium of US$1 per box. Organic bananas from Costa Rica, for example, are measured entirely different and paper yesterday priced at US$0.15 plus a 3 cent premium per kg (FLO, 2005c). With market prices in Ecuador currently under the official minimum price of US$3 per box this translates into masters level evaluation paper a substantial benefit for Fair Trade producers. 6. In order to provide a sense of the count, scope of Customized masters level paper Fair Trade it is Writing paper online yesterday useful to look at some facts and figures that describe the ‘success story’ of Fair Trade: World wide sales of labelled Fair Trade products are estimated at €1.1 billion for 2005 (Max Havelaar, 2006: 28). At the end of 2005 there were 510 producer organizations from more than 50 countries that represent over one million producers and together with their families over 5 million people are integrated into the Fair Trade system and profit from it (Max Havelaar, 2006: 28). Masters Level Paper! This makes up a considerable amount of all small scale growers world wide. 7 Between 2003 and 2004 the sales of labelled Fair Trade products grew by 56 percent, exceeding the annual growth of 42 percent between 2002 and 2003 (FLO, 2006). Graphing Calculator Zipper Case! The growth of Fair Trade sales since 1999 is illustrated in table 1. These growth rates are projected to Customized level, continue (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 190).

The market share of Fair Trade products, on average only amounting to below 3 percent is partly substantial. In Switzerland for Graphing calculator example more 56 percent of bananas are Fair Trade and the market share of Fair Trade ground and roast coffee in the UK is 20 percent (Max Havelaar, 2006: 22; Krier, 2005: 30). The market share of masters evaluation Fair Trade bananas has been estimated by the European Commission Director General for essay Agriculture to masters level paper, reach at least 10 percent in Europe. Table 1: Sales volume in comparison in million Euro (Source: Max Havelaar, 2006/FLO). (TransFair USA, 2006c). The largest national Fair Trade market is currently the U.S. market, amounting in 2004 to €215 million, followed by phd proposal the U.K. with a market of €206 million and Switzerland with €135 million (FLO, 2005a: 4). Table 2 illustrates how small the amount of Fair Trade products is level that consumers buy on average in large economies like the Business for high, U.S. and Germany compared to Switzerland, thus revealing the immense potential for Customized masters level paper future growth. While consumers in Germany for example only spent €0.70 on average on Fair Trade products, in the U.K. consumers spent €3.46 and in Switzerland an impressive €18.47 per year (Krier, 2005: 29). Table 2: Average consumption of phd proposal Fair Trade products per capita in different countries in Euro (Source: Max Havelaar, 2006 / FLO)

The most comprehensive study of the exact facts and Customized paper figures about Fair Trade organizations is a 2005 study “Fair Trade in Europe” published by the four largest Fair Trade organizations(Krier, 2005). It shows that in Europe alone sales of Fair Trade products amount to a minimum of €660 million in 2005, including €60 million of non-labelled products. Fair Trade sales increased in Europe by 154 percent in the last 5 years or on average 20 percent per year and these increases are mostly due to the participation of supermarket chains in Fair Trade. Fair Trade products are available at 79,000 points of sale in Europe, including 55.000 supermarkets. In Europe more than 100,000 volunteers are involved in the 2.800 world shops and the 200 Fair Trade importing organization (Krier, 2005). Dissertation Reviews! In the U.S. the evaluation, Fair Trade coffee market is growing at astounding rates, since 1998 increasing at an average rate of nearly 90 percent per year. Case! Fair Trade coffee is currently available in 35,000 retail outlets in the U.S. alone (TransFair USA, 2005; 2006d). There is considerable overlap between certified organic coffee and certified Fair Trade coffee. While in masters evaluation paper, Europe only an estimated 25-45 percent of Fair Trade coffee is also organic, in the U.S. this share is 75-85 percent (Zehner, 2002). Dissertation Consultant Reviews! 8 There are 5000 to 7000 different Fair Trade products available, 250 of masters evaluation paper which are currently certifiable.

Most of the uncertified products are handicrafts, but the bulk of all Fair Trade products sold worldwide are agricultural products, mostly coffee, bananas, other fruits, tea and cacao. According to Leatherhead Food International the most important Fair Trade products globally are in bananas (in terms of volume) and phd proposal coffee (value) (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 191, see also FLO, 2005a). 2. 2. The Problem: The “Un”-Fairness of the Neoliberal Free Trade Regime. It is important to understand the reasons why we need Fair Trade in the first place. Classical free trade theory, which originates from Adam Smith’s and Customized masters evaluation paper David Ricardo’s theory of Write phd proposal comparative advantage, claims that countries specialize in and export what they are relatively good at level producing and they import what they cannot produce sufficiently. Since for example the climate in Germany does not allow for the production of coffee and since the infrastructure and the technological advancement for the manufacturing of cars is not developed in Bolivia, both countries benefit from opening their markets for Dissertation consultant reviews mutual trade. Level Evaluation! In theory, free trade is a win-win situation in which everyone benefits. But social reality proves the opposite: international trade (among other things) has contributed immensely to the present situation of devastating poverty for the majority of humanity (McMichael, 2004). And instead of increasing the wealth of both trading parties, the relations between producers and writing service consumers in commodity markets like coffee or bananas can be described as a “perverse transfer of wealth, by some of the supermarkets, from farmers and Customized masters level evaluation paper farm workers of developing countries to the consumers of developed countries” (Tallontire Vorley, 2005: 5). The aggressive liberalization of international trade through international institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund has led to an enormous increase in the volume of trade global trade in 2000 was 22 times the level of 1950 (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 17) and world exports have almost doubled over the last decade (HDR, 2005: 114).

But global inequality has grown simultaneously so drastically, that many question the basic assumption that trade benefits all. The United Nations Human Development Report 2005, for example, introduces its section on international trade with a telling quote by Eduardo Galeano: “The division of labour among nations is that some specialize in essays, winning and others in evaluation, losing.” And to give a flavour of what the outcome of neoliberal trade is according to this report the “world’s richest 500 individuals have a combined income greater than that of the Dissertation, poorest 416 million. Beyond these extremes, the 2.5 billion people living on less than $2 a day 40% of the world’s population account for masters 5% of global income. The richest 10%, almost all of whom live in high-income countries, account for 54%.” (HDR, 2005: 4) There has also been much scholarly attention to Business school essay service for high, a series of masters commodity crises of falling prices and to changes in the structure of the supply chains that further concentrate power and benefits within a few supermarkets based in the Global North.

The price index of Dissertation reviews commodities for example declined by 47 percent between 1982 and 2001, and the present the real prices for key agricultural commodities are near a 30-year low (Vorley, 2003). And the globalization of sourcing, shifting the distribution of power along the global supply chain, gave increased leverage to a small group of oligopolistic supermarket chains, the “new gatekeepers” (HDR, 2005: 139). „These companies have tremendous power in level evaluation, their negotiations with producers and they use that power to Best resume, push the costs and Customized paper risks of College essays word business down the supply chain. Their business model, focused on maximising returns for shareholders and keeping costs competitively low for consumers, demands increasing flexibility through ‘just-in-time’ delivery, but tighter control over inputs and Customized evaluation paper standards, and ever-lower prices“ (Brown, 2005: 3). The squeezing of prices (which are paid on average 45-60 days after delivery; Brown, 2005: 10) and the increased pressures of tightly governed product standards and stringent criteria for make it impossible for essays many small-scale producers to compete on the market (Reardon et al., 2003). Both the Customized level evaluation, commodity crisis of falling prices for agricultural products and Dissertation consultant the concentration of power by a few supermarket chains are general patterns in the agricultural industry that are exacerbated in the coffee sector (Lang, 2003).

According to a study of the International Coffee Organization (Osorio, 2004) the general price decreases in agricultural products were greatest in coffee. While exporters received US$10-12 billion per masters level evaluation year in the 1980s this has dropped to less then half in 2003 US$5.5 billion. This immense loss in income in developing countries is contrasted with the opposite resume service development in high income countries retail sales in consuming countries increased from US$30 billion in Customized masters evaluation paper, the 1990 to yesterday, around US$80 billion at present (Osorio, 2004: 2). Low world prices have reduced costs and at the same time boosted profit margins for those five coffee roasters (Philip Morris, Nestlé, Sara Lee, Proctor Gamble and Tchibo) that in 1998 controlled 69% of the world market (the level of concentration seems to be even higher according to more recent studies; Gibbons, 2005). Exporting countries, meanwhile, have seen their share of final consumer expenditure fall from one-third to one-thirteenth (Ponte, 2002).

Studies on the impact of falling commodity prices show that especially for evaluation small-scale producers the effects are disastrous, directly translating into diminished opportunities for human development and increasing poverty (Gibbons, 2005). Small-scale producers of agricultural products in school essay for high, rural societies in many developing countries are confronted with the Customized masters evaluation paper, absence of several key conditions on Best resume writing service, which classical and neo-liberal trade theory is based (Nichols Opal, 2005: 132-54): Many small scale producers face a lack of market access, in Customized masters level paper, terms of transportation, language, education and market information, making it easy for middlemen or big corporations to exploit this uncompetitive situation of ‘monopsony’ (a market situation with only consultant one buyer) and create a race to the bottom. Most producers are excluded from financial markets or insurances and especially the lack of Customized paper access to credit and the inability to switch to Write phd proposal, other sources of income in response to price changes make it extremely hard for small-scale producers to survive under the global free trade regime. These market situations reveal important power asymmetries in global commodity markets. Fair Trade tries to address these difficulties by trading directly with producers, promoting long-term trading relationships and by Customized level paying a floor price and word a social premium. But what is Fair Trade, conceptually, and Customized masters paper what are its effects? Before I will assess the impact and functioning of Fair Trade closer I will in the next section systematize the different theories about Business school service for high, Fair Trade, particularly distinguishing two different visions. The variety of objectives and characteristics of Fair Trade and the theories about Customized level paper, Fair Trade have in the literature been conceptualized in terms of two visions of Fair Trade (Renard, 2003: 91; Moore, 2005: 74; Goodman Goodman, 2001).

While the first and pragmatic position sees Fair Trade as a way to increase the Business service for high, standard of living for some of the disadvantaged producers in the South through fairer trade relations, the second and more idealistic positions sees Fair Trade as a means or a tool to modify the neoliberal economic model and to masters evaluation, transform the entire economy into one in College essays word count, which Fair Trade abandons free trade. 9 And, putting it in a similar dichotomy, whereas some argue that Fair Trade is compatible with the free market claims of contemporary dominant neoliberal discourse (Nichols Opal, 2005) others claim that Fair Trade promotes “social change” (Taylor, 2005), challenges “abstract capitalist market principles” (Raynolds, 2000: 306) and operates “in and against” the same global capitalist market that it wants to transform (Brown, 1993: 156). The main dividing line centres around the question if Fair Trade is an attempt to bring neoclassical economic theory “closer to reality” (Nichols Opal 2005: 19), or if Fair Trade is a practical critique and departure from free trade theory and practice that opens up an Customized level, alternative way of trading. Before I will criticize these two conceptions of Fair Trade as both being too extreme and missing the real impact of College count Fair Trade I will take a closer look at the specific claims these theories make. The moderate view of Customized level paper Fair Trade as perfect neoliberalism argues that the aim of Fair Trade is to create trading conditions that are beneficial rather than exploitative to the most disadvantaged producers in the Global South. Nicholls and Opal (2005) argue in their comprehensive account that Fair Trade as “market-driven ethical consumption” (so the subtitle), “by correcting market failures to make the trading system work for everyone [is], in Writing online, fact, a neo-liberal solution to the problems with trade” (p.

13). Instead of masters level evaluation construing Fair Trade, like many others, as opposed to count, free trade, they argue that Fair Trade “makes the free trade system work the way it is supposed to.” (p. 31). Customized Masters! It does so by correcting those market imperfections that characterize agricultural markets for small-scale producers in developing countries. Writing Paper! And this “market-led commercial success story”, so the authors conclusion along the same lines, “works within a capitalist system, rather than abandoning the liberal trade model entirely” (p.

13). Interestingly Paul Rice, president of the U.S. labelling organization TransFair USA seems to Customized level evaluation, share this view. In the Writing paper, 2004 annual report of TransFair he writes: “Fair Trade makes globalization and ‘free trade’ work for the poor” (TransFair USA, 2005). On the other hand, so the more idealistic and radical vision, Fair Trade challenges both theory and practice of neoliberal free trade. It does so by criticizing conventional competitive trade relations as “unfair”, as socially and Customized masters level paper ecologically destructive and by Write campaigning for broad change in the way trade between the powerful industrialized countries and the countries of the Third World works. Fair Trade thus recognizes the Customized masters level paper, discrepancy in power between the developing and the developed world and it is a practical model of pursuing international trade beyond competition and liberalization. This type of argument often refers to socio-cultural changes in terms of the consciousness of market participants. Raynolds (2002a) for example analyses Fair Trade in terms of new kinds of ‘consumer/producer links’ that shorten and humanize the supply chain and introduce values such as fairness, equality and Dissertation consultant reviews global responsibility into the market. And Tallontire (2000) sees this cooperation as a new ‘partnership’. And Raynolds (2000: 306) even argues that the importance of the Fair Trade movement (similar to the global movement for organic agriculture) lies primarily in its ability to challenges the “abstract capitalist market principles that devalue natural and human resources, particularly in countries of the South”. Evaluation! The idea of this line of argument is that consumers as well as producers through participation in Fair Trade change their attitudes towards markets and trade in general and that this change of mentality has further implications for the free market in general.

Some claims even go as far as Goodman and consultant Goodman (2001: 99) who would prefer to have Fair Trade result in a “fundamental transformation of level evaluation paper capitalist society and its distinctive rationality.” It has been argued that this is an “inherent contradiction of the Graphing, [Fair Trade] model” (Renard, 2003: 91). Level Evaluation Paper! This is certainly the Writing paper online yesterday, case, if one constructs Fair Trade as constituting either one of Customized level these visions. But as will become clear from the following evaluation of how Fair Trade works in calculator, practice, these visions are both too extreme and masters level evaluation one sided. The reality of Fair Trade lies somewhere in between: Fair Trade incorporates some elements of the free market and abandons others; with some of its multiple activities Fair Trade stabilizes free trade and with others it challenges free trade. The possible impact of Fair Trade, as has been illustrated by the two visions about Fair Trade, lies in two different areas: First, Fair Trade is supposed to benefit producers and the producer communities. This is more or less straightforward and uncontroversial and the results of different case studies will be summarized and systematized in the following section. The second type of Dissertation consultant impact Fair Trade allegedly has that it influences free market and free trade in level evaluation, general is more controversial. In order to analyse this claim I will divide it up in three areas.

I will assess the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade on producers, consumers and on actors not participating in the Fair Trade market, analyse the economic impact on the conventional market and Dissertation consultant see in how far Fair Trade politically challenges the rules of free trade. 4. 1. Impact on Fair Trade Producers. Measuring the impact of Fair Trade on the lives of producers is extremely important. Fair Trade claims to be an effective way of improving the living standard of producers in the global south, and consumers buy Fair Trade products in the belief that their purchase is having this developmental effect. In the end all the money that NGOs, government agencies and private donators give in support of Fair Trade and all the money that consumers of Customized masters level paper Fair Trade products spend on the higher prices of these products could be spent on other development projects that might be more effective. In recent years a variety of case studies and survey studies on the impact of Fair Trade have been published, both by academic research groups (at the University of Greenwich, UK and the Colorado State University, USA) and by NGO’s and ATO’s. These studies, most of which are qualitative non-systematic analysis, converge on several general points: Fair Trade has a positive impact on the lives of producers; Fair Trade benefits the producers in a variety of online yesterday ways beyond increasing income; and masters the most pervasive problem is resume dc executives that Fair Trade products make up only a part of the sales of producers. There are some limitations to Customized masters level evaluation paper, these impact studies, the College essays count, most important being that most studies do not compare the Customized masters paper, changes in incomes and livelihoods of the Fair Trade producers to non-Fair Trade producers and communities (an exception is Bechetti Constatini, 2005) and Write phd proposal that it is analytically hard to separate the Customized masters level evaluation, unique contribution of College word count Fair Trade from other influences, especially since Fair Trade projects are often supported in Customized level paper, various ways by development agencies (Raynolds 2002b). 10 As has been convincingly argued by a survey study of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the benefits from developmental aid and from participating in Dissertation consultant, Fair Trade are highly mutually supportive and interlinked (Dankers, 2003: 64). Complicating the evaluation further, some studies and especially surveys seem to overemphasize the positive instances and to leave out some of the more problematic findings. 11.

There are a variety of different impacts on producers. The direct impacts include an increase in income due to the Fair Trade minimum price and the social premium; access to credit; improved education; psychological and organizational effects such as producer empowerment and its effect on civic participation (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 204). I will first analyze the benefits from the Customized level paper, price premium and other directly financial benefits, I will then assess the Dissertation consultant reviews, non-monetary benefits and the organizational and political impacts of Fair Trade on producers and finally I will try to Customized, give a picture of how effective Fair Trade is in transferring money from Dissertation reviews consumers to producers. 4. 1. 1. Masters Level Paper! Benefits from the price premium. Fair Trade producers receive for their products a floor price, which is, depending on word, the fluctuations of the world market prices, significantly higher then what conventional buyers pay and an additional social premium. This price difference is sometimes substantial: due to extremely low world prices, coffee producer organizations for example get at present around twice the money conventional producers are paid. On an aggregate level the direct benefits of this extra income for producers are impressive: This extra income calculated from the difference of Fair Trade floor prices and world prices for all the certified global retail sales (estimated at US$ 1 billion for 2004) and Customized masters evaluation paper the social premium amounted in 2004 to US$100 million, so the 2004-2005 annual report of the FLO (FLO, 2005a: 4, 21). And similarly, the phd proposal, extra benefits for masters level coffee farmers during 2003 amount to over US$22 million, if one calculates the difference between the world market price as defined for Arabica by phd proposal the New York and for Robusta by the London stock exchange with the Fair Trade minimum price and masters premium (FLO, 2006). 12 All these benefits are distributed among the 531 producer organizations that are certified by the FLO, representing over one million farmers and workers and, including their families, five million people are affected by Write the extra income earned through Fair Trade sales above world prices (FLO, 2006). Just looking at these aggregate numbers this means that in 2004 out of US$100 billion consumers spent on Fair Trade products an extra income of almost US$100 on masters paper, average was transferred to more than one million farmers.

On the micro level the picture is, however, more complex. The benefits for individual producers range from case doubling their income to just securing their employment without immediate direct benefits. Level! All studies and surveys conclude that Fair Trade has a positive influence on the income of cooperatives and individual producers, significantly improving their standard of living (Riedel et al, 2005; Mayoux, 2001; Ronchi, 2002; Nicholls Opal, 2005; Taylor, 2002; Dankers, 2003). 13 Different studies demonstrate however highly differing results even in terms of the basic financial benefits. This reflects the different particular circumstances of producers and their environment as well as the Dissertation reviews, uneven distribution of Fair Trade benefits among the Customized level evaluation, producers organizations. Let’s look, at Graphing zipper some examples: In a cooperative of 1500 small coffee producers in Chiapas, Mexico, the individual members received up to 200 percent of the conventional price for their coffee - and Customized masters evaluation paper since coffee incomes made up some 80 percent of family incomes, this made a huge difference (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002: 16, 19). In a coffee cooperative in Costa Rica the individual members earned 25-60 percent more than the local middle men would have paid them and on average 39 percent more then farmers that did not sell on the Fair Trade market (Ronchi, 2002: 10). College Essays Word Count! In a coffee cooperative in Customized masters level evaluation, Bolivia the prices in 2000, compared with the conventional market, ranged from 106 percent to 123 percent for Fair Trade, and Business school for high from 109 percent to Customized level, 195 percent for organic Fair Trade (Dankers, 2003: 59).

In one of the only economistic studies on a Fair Trade farm in Kenya Bechetti Constatini (2005) conclude that Fair Trade improved the social and economic well-being and dc executives the nutritional life quality and that participation in Fair Trade resulted in Customized masters level evaluation paper, a higher perceived income, which they attribute mainly to lower expectations among Fair Trade farmers who had access to complementary welfare services. Several studies emphasize the importance the Fair Trade premium plays in improving the overall economic conditions of a cooperative, such as stabilizing loans, buying new infrastructure or improving the consultant, working conditions (Lyon, 2002; Mendez, 2002; Dankers, 2003). Customized Masters Evaluation! The wages at a Fair Trade banana plantation in Ghana, however, were only Write insignificantly higher than the wages of casual labour in the region (Dankers, 2003: 57, 59). And in a cooperative in El Salvador the financial benefits of participating in Fair Trade were only enough for masters paper outstanding debt servicing, in both cases mainly because only a small percentage of products could be sold on the Fair Trade market (Mendez, 2002). Mutersbaugh (2002) evaluates Oaxacan coffee producers’ participation in alternative trading networks very critically, arguing that what producers find most relevant about Business essay for high, these networks and dislike most are the expansive and technically demanding aspects of organic certification. As Raynolds (2002b: 14) correctly analyses, Mutersbaugh does however not analytically distinguish between Fair Trade and organic labelling, and level paper assumes incorrectly that costs for certification are paid for by producers. Since most Fair Trade coffee is also certified as organic, it is worth noting that sometimes the prices paid for organic coffee on the conventional market are as high or higher as the Fair Trade premium for organic coffee (VanderHoff Boersma, 2002: 11). In addition to the direct monetary benefits from the Fair Trade price premium another important benefit is the phd proposal, provision of credit at reasonable rates and paper the pre-financing of up to 60 percent of the price of the purchases, if the cooperative demands that. The provision of credit and prepayment is immensely important and is mentioned in most studies as very positive (Taylor, 2002: 21). A problem that has been reported however is that contrary to the rules of the different Fair Trade labelling organizations and ATOs the actual payment comes very late, creating immense financial pressures for producers (Lyon, 2002: 32). In a cooperative in El Salvador farmers complained that the payments were usually delayed by more than 3 months, as opposed to payments after 30 days on the conventional market (Mendez, 2002: 19).

The most pervasive problem and at the same time the major explanation for the difference in the direct benefits for individual producers and cooperatives is that many Fair Trade producer organizations are only able to sell a small portion of their products on the Fair Trade market. The supply by far outstretches the demand. Essays Count! On a world-wide average Fair Trade producers are only Customized paper able to sell around 42 percent of their product on Writing, the Fair Trade market (Bechetti Constatini, 2005: 3), while Fair Trade coffee cooperatives are selling half of their crops at evaluation paper Fair Trade prices (Levi Linton, 2003). How this plays out at an individual level is Dissertation consultant illustrated by Customized level evaluation paper a recent study of Nicaraguan coffee farmers (Bacon, 2005). This study shows that although the price paid for Fair Trade coffee at the farm gate is more then two times higher then for service conventional coffee (US$0.84/lb as opposed to US$0.39/lb to an agro export company or US$0.37/lb to a local middleman), the average price for all the Customized level evaluation, coffee that Fair Trade farmers get is still very low, only slightly higher then conventional prices and sometimes lower then the monetary production costs (US$0.56/lb as opposed to the conventional average of Business school US$0.40/lb, while the monetary production costs average US$0.49 to 0.79/lb, see p. 505). Other factors that play into the difference in income revealed by the case studies are different local price levels for conventionally grown products and Customized the fact that depending on the internal organization and calculator zipper the social context of the different cooperatives differing proportions of the extra income are absorbed by administrative activities and Customized level paper communal projects. Some producer groups decide to return most of the extra income to their members, but many decide democratically to retain part of the extra income and use it communally for health, education, community projects, debt repayment, infrastructure, organic conversion and technical training (Nicholls Opal, 2005, table 9.2 on p. 206). In evaluating Fair Trade projects it is furthermore crucially important to take the larger social and geographical of a specific cooperative into account. Bacon’s study on Nicaraguan coffee farmers emphasizes correctly, that although the vulnerability of farmers in the Fair Trade cooperatives to loose their land titles due to Write, low coffee prices is four times lower then for farmers selling for the conventional market, the more important finding is that a vast majority of surveyed farmers, both those selling to Fair Trade and to conventional markets, reported a decline in the standard of living during the last years (Bacon, 2005: 506). And Lewis (2005) points out in his study of the relation between Fair Trade and migration that in the Mexican village he researched the positive effect of Fair Trade organic coffee was outweighed by the negative impact of increased migration patterns. The higher price Fair Trade retailers pay to producer communities has a significant impact on evaluation, the lives of thousands of small-scale producers.

A closer look at different Fair Trade farms and essays word count cooperatives shows however that the impact is very different depending on a variety of factors. There has not been a systematic comparative account that describes the general patterns of these differences. But all studies point out that the biggest problem for producer communities is Customized level paper that they cannot sell all their products on the Fair Trade market. The fact that most producer groups in different studies emphasize the College word, need to increase the masters level, Fair Trade market furthermore reveals the importance participation in and benefits of Fair Trade has for small-scale producers (Murray et al, 2003: 5). Producers not only directly benefits from the extra income or Fair Trade, but also from long-term relationships, improved organization and market information, all of which may affect their non-Fair Trade relations (Nichols Opal, 2005: 202). In several studies psychological benefits like improved self esteem and pride in the higher level of control over the value chain are evaluated as very beneficial and phd proposal important. Murray et al (2003: 8) for example reports from seven case studies with coffee farmers in Latin America that “in case after case, farmers reported that the increased attention to their farming including the masters paper, visits of Fair Trade and organic inspectors, buyers and even visiting Northern consumers () promoted renewed pride in online yesterday, coffee farming.” (see also Mayoux, 2001; Ronchi, 2002: 17).

Taylor (2002: 19) found that this increased self esteem “was often manifested in producers’ behavior relative to others in their community, such as increased participation in public assemblies.” In other studies these more subtle improvements were only acknowledged by a small minority (e.g. Masters Paper! of only 14 % in a case study in El Salvador; Mendez, 2002: 21). Other indirect benefits of participation in Fair Trade reported in case studies are increased spending on education of children (Lyon, 2002: 9; Ronchi, 2002: 8; Murray et al, 2003: 9) and the preservation of indigenous cultures (Murray et al, 2003: 4; Lyon, 2002: 32). Calculator Case! It must however be noted that the evidence for the claim that high proportions of the Customized level evaluation paper, extra income through Fair Trade is spent on education and Dissertation consultant that Fair Trade supports the survival of paper indigenous cultures is more anecdotal than systematic and that other factors like low success rates in schools or powerful trends like urbanization and migration may neutralize these impacts (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 209). An important issue in Fair Trade is the Writing online, apparent gender bias. A variety of studies has shown, that since the income generated from Fair Trade crops is generally controlled by male household members, and since less woman are employed in Fair Trade cooperatives, there is no or little female empowerment or improvement of the livelihoods of evaluation woman through Fair Trade (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 208; Tallontire, 2000: 170; Redfern Snedker, 2002: 39). Sometimes more women are employed but men still get the income (Mayoux, 2001).

Often specific woman empowerment programs are required by the certifiers but the implementation seems hard (Taylor, 2002: 4). And as Mayoux (2001) has pointed out, if females are employed in Fair Trade their workload often increases since they are not exempt from household work. There are however also positive examples: In a producer organization in India in the increased participation of females in the production process had broader impacts like “increase in College essays count, self-confidence, economic independence, better access to health, and participation in decision-making in the family, community, and local council” (Redfern Snedker, 2002: 39; see also Paul, 2005: 148). Many studies emphasize the masters, importance of organizational development through Fair Trade (Ronchi, 2002; Mayoux, 2001; Murray et al, 2003; Nicholls Opal, 2005; Paul, 2005). A report by the FAO that is based on seven case studies concludes for zipper example: “In all the cases involving farmer cooperatives, it is clear that the fair-trade price premium is only part, and level often only a small part, of the benefits derived from the fair-trade system. The success in self-organization seems to be far more important, resulting in better bargaining positions, better credit worthiness and economies of scale” (Dankers, 2003: 64).

Fair Trade certification requires small farmers to be organized in cooperatives and reviews workers to Customized masters evaluation, establish democratically elected bodies to decide on the use of the social premium. It is important to note the College essays word count, mutually supportive effects of Fair Trade and paper cooperatives. Cooperatives enhance producer power in local markets, increase income for both members and Business school for high non-members by creating competition to private intermediaries and level evaluation democratically empower its members to express their voices collectively. School Essay For High! Milford (2004) has shown in a study on cooperatives in Chiapas, Mexico, that cooperatives often failed if they were not involved in masters level, selling for the Fair Trade market. If cooperatives are engaged in Fair Trade, they cannot only compete better in College word, the conventional market but Fair Trade also works better in generating cooperative and organizational benefits then other financial and developmental support by Customized masters evaluation paper NGOs or governments (Milford, 2004). Other studies raise doubts about the accountability and efficiency of College essays count cooperatives.

A study from a coffee cooperative in Nicaragua argues that the cooperative as a organizational structure “involves an expensive, top-heavy entrepreneurial hierarchy, including a large administrative staff and substantial representation costs for its leaders” (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 42). Masters Paper! Several studies revealed a lack of “effective democracy” in large cooperatives and Best service dc executives even the emergence of a new “management class” (Dankers, 2003: 64) and there have even been reports of corruption (Lyon, 2002: 35). Other organizational benefits that have been highlighted in several studies are access to market information and level evaluation the increased credibility of producer organizations that participate in Fair Trade. All these aspects have helped many producer cooperatives their performance in the non-Fair Trade market, often enabling small farmer coffee organizations to establish direct links with foreign companies, sometimes under conditions similar to Fair Trade (Taylor, 2002: 10, 21). The organizational strength of Fair Trade cooperatives has helped several producer organizations to take innovational routes of opening up new market possibilities.

La Selva, a coffee cooperative in Chiapas, Mexico, for example started to sell their coffee in a Mexican chain of cafeterias, the first of which opened in San Cristóbal de Las Casas in 1994 (Cabanas, 2002: 30). In an Writing online, interesting article titled Bringing the moral charge home Jaffe et al. Evaluation! (2004) have investigated several Fair Trade initiatives within the South. College Essays Word! Realizing that conventional Fair Trade is only able to masters level paper, benefit a small fraction of cooperatives, civil society organizations and producer groups in Mexico launched their own label called Commercio Justo México in 1999 (Jaffe et al, 2004: 184). School Essay Service! In 2001 the first coffee was sold under this Mexican domestic label, thus addressing the masters evaluation, problems of College word small producers that sell to Customized masters level evaluation, the domestic market and changing a situation in which the best coffee products had to be imported (Comercio Justo, 2006). 14 A similar initiative is the essays word, network ANEC (National Association of Peasant Marketing Enterprises) that started to sell domestically labelled Tortillas to counter recent trends of masters paper deteriorating quality of corn which were caused by cheap U.S. Writing Paper Yesterday! imports after NAFTA (Jaffe et al, 2004: 186). Masters Paper! These initiatives seem very promising and, as Jaffe et al (2004) argue, together with similar attempts in the North they could broaden our understanding of Fair Trade in positive ways. Another interesting aspect of Fair Trade one that is extremely hard to measure and Business essay that only Customized level evaluation paper few studies take into account are the possible spill-over effects to non-Fair Trade producers and the entire community stemming from the organizational power of Graphing zipper Fair Trade cooperatives. There are obvious benefits to the families of producers through the extra income and on paper, the producer communities through the impact of the developmental projects (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 213; Taylor, 2002: 24). In a coffee cooperative in Mexico the members became politicized through their participation in the assemblies. One member reports: “We know that even if La Selva decided to stop selling coffee, the organization would go on. We know this because in the assemblies we discuss the sale of coffee and management of the farms, but also the people are concerned about more wide reaching problems about our relationship with the phd proposal, rest of the world.

For example: how the government projects are run, the problems in the Registro Civil (office for births, marriages, and masters paper deaths), land tenancy questions, and religious festivals.” (Cabañas, 2002: 30). And a Guatemalan cooperative helped the government in setting up a trash collection program and supported community events and the local school with supplies and consultant furniture (Lyon, 2002: 30). In general Fair Trade seems to increase what Putnam (2000) called the social capital of communities by thickening organizational structures and strengthening civil society (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 215). Besides the financial benefits Fair Trade thus provides a variety of other benefits, all of which are important to the improvement of the lives of producers. Especially the organizational and cooperative benefits of masters level Fair Trade, even if sometimes not perfectly effective, are crucial in Write, increasing the market power of producers, in Customized masters level evaluation paper, providing new sources of income and in strengthening the political struggle of farmers. Consultant Reviews! The gender bias observed in several studies is an issue that must be addressed in the future.

There is still a lack of consistent research on the impact and the effectiveness of Fair Trade (Paul, 2005). Especially the Customized masters level paper, attempts to come up with quantifiable methods of school service for high calculating if the masters, money spent on Fair Trade products or donated to Fair Trade organizations is Graphing zipper case well spent, is only in its preliminary stages. Since all the impact studies conclude that the most important benefits of Fair Trade are non-monetary, quantitative assessments can only capture one part of the entire impact that Fair Trade has on producers (Paul, 2005). The non-monetary impact on masters paper, the life of producers is hard to quantify, but the qualitative research summarized above should give some insight. Nicholls Opal (2005: 225) attempted to use a quantitative and highly sophisticated account to measure the social return on investment for a South African wine cooperative and found with this somewhat contingent and problematic method that “for every £1 spent on Fair Trade wine (at the import level), a value of £6.89 was returned to Best resume dc executives, the community.” Since the higher price of Fair Trade products is divided up by several margins (retailer, distributor, coffee roaster, importer, producer) it would seem far less efficient then giving the money directly to paper, the producers. There has not been a systematic account yet.

While some studies suggest that a reasonable percentage of the paper yesterday, extra price for masters level paper Fair Trade actually reaches producers, other reports seem to imply that sometimes Fair Trade is a pretty inefficient way to transfer money to producers in the South. In a critical article in the Wall Street Journal Stecklow White (2004) have reported some examples that show how Northern retailers benefit far more then the consultant, producers from level evaluation Fair Trade: At Sainsbury's, a British supermarket chain, the price of Writing online Fair Trade bananas (which was four times that of level evaluation paper conventional bananas) was US$2.74 per pound. The producers receive only 16 cents per pound, 55 cent go to all the middlemen and importers and the rest to the supermarket, which earns approximately US$2 with every pound of Best resume service organic Fair Trade bananas. 15 At a Cafe Borders in New York City, producers paid nearly US$12 a pound for bags of Fair Trade coffee while farmers received only US$1.41. A comparative study of the coffee supply chain of Nestlé and Customized level evaluation the Fair Trade supplier Cafédirect found that out Graphing case, of the Customized level evaluation, 34 percent Fair Trade mark-up for the consumer price only 4 percent ended up with the producers, mainly due to higher costs of advertisement and marketing licence (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 40). Zehner (2002) compared Fair Trade coffee and conventional coffee and found that 43 percent of the higher price of US$1.50 is passed on to producers while 39 percent went into the increased margin of Business service for high Starbucks itself. And there are more similar examples (Stecklow White, 2004; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 51).

This is Customized masters level paper however not the general rule. Other retailers, by selling Fair Trade products at the same price as conventional products, have shown the way to Best writing dc executives, increase the market share of Fair Trade and to Customized level, decrease exclusion on the side of consumers. At the supermarket chain Migros in Switzerland for College essays word count example Fair Trade bananas have almost the same price as non-Fair Trade bananas (which made it possible to increase the market share of evaluation paper Fair Trade banana to 56 percent) and Wild Oats Natural Marketplace in the U.S. sells Fair Trade bananas and bulk coffee at the same price as their conventional counterparts (Stecklow White, 2004). Resume Service! To change this situation, in which consumers pay very high prices with the intention of helping producers, but end up mostly increasing the margin of the retailer, it would be interesting to investigate the possibility of level paper establishing a further criterion for Fair Trade certification, ruling that the margins of retailers cannot be higher for Fair Trade products than for conventional products. A related criterion could be to make all retailers of Fair Trade products disclose their margins, something many retailers refuse to do (Stecklow White, 2004). 16 Another problem is the inefficiency of many Fair Trade supply chains. In order to increase the market share of Fair Trade products and to benefit more producers this problem has to be addressed as well. (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003). Another important ratio is the return on investment in the labelling organizations.

If one just takes into Dissertation consultant reviews account all the level evaluation paper, money the FLO and its member organizations spent in 2002 and calculates the College essays count, return on investment of this money by dividing it with the total benefits for farmers, the ration is 2.8 : 1, meaning that every dollar spent by the labelling organizations increases farmer income by US$2.8 (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 216). And TransFair USA claims that since 1999 “each dollar of TransFair USA's budgets has been translated into more than $7 in Customized masters level, supplemental income for paper farmers and farm workers.” 17 These measures, however, do only include one part of the extra money consumers spent on the higher prices for Fair Trade products. These examples show that due to Customized, very high margins in the North or to inefficient management of the trade partly only a small portion of the extra money consumers pay goes directly to dc executives, the producers. This is particularly appalling because the masters level paper, high prices of Write phd proposal Fair Trade products prevent the demand from paper increasing. And, as we have seen, one of the Best resume service dc executives, main problems of Fair Trade producers was the Customized evaluation, insufficient demand and producers could immediately double their supply. 4. 2. Impact on the Free Trade Market. Fair Trade does not only benefit the producers it sources its products from, but as an attempt to create alternative or at least different trading practices it has a wider impact on the free market in general. This means, Fair Trade influences not only the producers, but as well consumers, other actors on the market like competing companies and political decision makers. Most authors who write about the resume writing dc executives, broader impact of Fair Trade emphasize socio-cultural changes and neglect the political and economic pressures Fair Trade exerts on the market. Masters Level Evaluation! But all are important and I will address them separately. 4. Resume! 2. 1. Socio-Cultural Impact of Fair Trade.

There has been no systematic research on Customized evaluation paper, how participation in Fair Trade brings about school service, socio-cultural changes. I will in this section lay out the general idea of what the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade might be. In the next section I will then raise some general doubts and problems that might limit or neutralize the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade. What is this socio-cultural impact, the “quiet revolution” 18 Fair Trade is evaluation paper supposed to bring about in the values and practices of its participants and even among those who don’t participate? Fair Trade links consumers and producers together in ways that are fundamentally different from the conventional market, so a claim held by many activists and researchers (Raynolds, 2002a). It ‘humanizes’ the trade process (so ETFA, the European Fair Trade Association, Raynolds, 2002a: 404) by shortening the consumer-producers chain and by introducing values like solidarity, cooperation and Write phd proposal equality into the market. While in conventional markets the interests of producers and consumers are inherently contradictory and gains for the one are losses for the other Fair Trade re-personalizes trade by introduces real deliberative decisions and values into the otherwise automatic and anonymous price mechanism. Evaluation Paper! The Fair Trade movement recognizes that economic activity is social activity. Fair Trade, just by functioning the way it does, “destabilizes neo-liberal knowledge claims” (Raynolds, 2002a: 398). Whereas the quality of conventional products just consists of the physical features and the image attached to it by the brand (Klein, 2002), thus excluding the conditions of Graphing zipper case production from the value or the quality, Fair Trade includes these into the quality of the product.

Producer and consumer links that make the conditions and lives of producers visible to the consumers are created, maintained and “performed” through the discursive and narrative tactics of images and label texts about corporate policies, personalities and lives in the producer community (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 109). Masters Level! This competition for the “hearts and minds” of the consumers through disclosing facts about the production process, which are absent from other, changes the College word, geography of production: The power of who defines what is “quality” in a product is to some degree shared by producers and consumers as partners (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 112). Fair Trade furthermore uncovers that conventional markets are dominated by the most powerful actors that create the market and shape its rules in their own interests, thus contributing to counter the neoliberal view of the economy as a level playing field (Taylor, 2005: 139). Fair Trade frames conventional products as ‘un-fair’ and masters thus challenges consumers that do not buy Fair Trade products to think about the social and writing service dc executives environmental costs that might not be included into the cheap price of the product. Fair Trade has thereby contributed to the impressive rise of ethical or “green” consumerism (Cowe Williams, 2000; Nicholls Opal, 2005: 186). Various studies reveal that a growing portion of consumers sees itself as “ethical” or “green” consumers that are taking social and Customized masters evaluation environmental values into account in their market behaviour and are partly willing to pay more. Online! Different studies estimate the percentage of masters ethical consumers differently, but there is increasing evidence that 50 to 80 percent of all consumers fall under this category and that the market for word count ethical goods and services is evaluation paper growing at rates of 20 percent per year and already amounts to U.S.$8 billion (Nicholls Opal, 2005; Cooperative Group, 2004). 19 From these surveys it is obvious that the market for ethical products is huge and growing and that many consumers care about the social and ecological externalities of the production process. This is Graphing calculator zipper case a clear signal that self interested utility maximisation is not the only driver of economic action certain values associated with the dislike of global inequalities are becoming additional determinants of individual choices. 20 It is important to notice however the “ethical gap” between the Customized level, preferences consumers state in surveys and their actual behaviour on the market (Nicholls Opal, 2005: 187). Writing Yesterday! Although most surveys reveal that around 30 percent of the population is particularly motivated to buy ethical products these products make up only fewer than 3 percent of their individual markets.

This phenomenon has been termed the “30:3 syndrome” and it is one of the most important challenges Fair Trade faces for the future to Customized evaluation paper, close this gap (Cowe Williams, 2000: 5). Fair Trade also represents a model that provides orientation for change (Roozen Boersma, 2002). Write Phd Proposal! Fair Trade establishes, in contrast to the competitive trade relations, a partnership approach to trade that aims at incorporating ethics into trade by focusing on values such as equality of exchange, cooperation and fairness and by trying to level paper, increase the terms of trade in favour of the producer (Tallontire, 2000). 21 Fair Trade is Business school however not only a practical model of alternative trading practices but a variety of Customized masters paper companies in the Fair Trade movement embody also a model for alternative business practices. Instead of being characterized by external shareholders and profits like conventional companies, many of the Business for high, alternative trading organizations involved in Fair Trade are cooperatively run, owned by the workers and some do not work for profit (Nichols Opal, 2005: 96).

One example is The Day Chocolate Company that directly connects small-scale cocoa farmers into evaluation global markets by making the farmers shareholders in Graphing case, the company (Doherty Tranchel, 2005). The social impact of Fair Trade is multilayered and complex. Fair Trade humanizes trade relations through consumer-producer links, it undermines conventional the legitimacy of conventional production and it epitomizes functioning alternatives. Fair Trade can be understood as a model for politicians as well as for masters evaluation paper private corporations. A model of alternative trading practices that restricts competition, includes social externalities into the price and is fairer in its outcomes; and an example of an alternative company model that does not only Graphing calculator case aim at increasing profits, but at serving both producers and consumers. The section on the political impact of masters paper Fair Trade will discuss deliberate attempts by Fair Trade actors to lobby for political change of the Dissertation consultant reviews, rules of international trade by invoking the Fair Trade system as a model of cooperation in trade that works.

And the masters level evaluation, section on economic impacts of Fair Trade will see in how far Fair Trade influences competing corporations to improve their practices, both through market pressures by conscious consumers and by representing a functioning alternative. Although and most researchers agree on this point participation in College essays count, Fair Trade has important socio-cultural impacts on consumers along the lines laid out above, some concerns can be raised about these claims. Especially in Customized level evaluation, how far producers really are part of the “consumer/producer links” in Fair Trade networks is resume writing service questionable. Many studies reveal the limited sense of understanding and identification producers have towards Fair Trade for most it is just another market that demands higher quality and pays higher prices (Mendez, 2002; Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002; Lyon, 2002; Dankers, 2003). One researcher at Customized masters a Guatemalan coffee cooperative observed: “The vast majority of interviewed members stared at essays count me blankly when asked if they knew what Fair Trade was. Some came up with creative responses that exhibited a minimum level of comprehension such as ‘Fair Trade is the good price that they pay us for our coffee’” (Lyon, 2002: 24). 22 The understanding many producers have of Fair Trade is mostly based on quality and price. Taylor (2002) reports in level, his summary of seven case studies that it was easier for producers to Writing paper online, understand the Customized, impacts of organic production since it was more related to their farming activity and they got a higher price for improved quality. And one producer claimed: “In Fair Trade there are higher quality products, and in the conventional market the produce is contaminated and at the same time sold at lower prices.” (VanderHoff Boersma, 2002: 18). Other cooperatives have an understanding that is closer to the theories about consumer/producer links.

Isaías Martínez, a farmer in Mexico, for example says: “The most important contribution of the Fairtrade Labelling system is in Dissertation reviews, my eyes that our ‘dignity as a human being’ is recovered. We are no longer a plaything of the Customized evaluation, anonymous economic power that keeps us down” (FLO, 2006). This gap in understanding Fair Trade is, according to several studies, a new development that is commonly attributed to the increased activity of big national labelling organizations and Best service dc executives large retailers that see Fair Trade more as business than the alternative trading organizations. 23. On the Customized masters level evaluation, consumer side there is another set of worries. Especially the mainstreaming of Fair Trade has led to a diffusion of its message that changed from participation in an international project of trade reform to one in which consumers are “shopping for a better world” (Low Davenport, 2005b). It is Dissertation reviews important to Customized masters level evaluation, be conscious of paper who is getting what out of a Fair Trade deal: The consumer on level evaluation, the one hand receives, in addition to the product, the “good feel factor”.

A reason to Writing paper, perceive herself as an “ethical” and Customized level evaluation “responsible” consumer is given by the message on the Nestlé coffee: “Partners’ Blend: Coffee that helps farmers, their communities and the environment”. 24 The producer on the other hand gets a couple of Best resume dc executives cents more than on the conventional market, but will never be able to consume in Customized evaluation, a similar way. In light of the asymmetry in wealth between consumers and producers one could ask if the standards in Fair Trade are an College count, “adequate representation of ‘equal exchange’ or ‘fairness’ in relation to the rich consuming North?” (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 115). Masters Level Evaluation Paper! Although this is a legitimate question it is consultant reviews not important in a practical or pragmatic sense since not buying regular coffee or not buying coffee at all are both detrimental to the producer. It is however important to not let the experience of consuming a cup of fairly traded coffee become an “absolution” (Howley, 2006) and a justification to source all the level evaluation paper, other products through conventional markets. Case! There are some further general concerns that can be raised about the power relations in Fair Trade, in particular about the commodification of the lives of producers in advertising for Fair Trade and exclusive standards and prices, but both are necessary mechanisms to make Fair Trade effective and successful on the market. 25. 4. 2. 2. Economic Impact of Fair Trade. Besides the socio-cultural impact of Fair Trade described above and masters evaluation its attempts to influence the Best resume writing service dc executives, politically established rules of the market explained in the following section the Customized paper, most recognized impact Fair Trade has on the market is economic.

The argument has two parts. The first part is concerned with the amount to online yesterday, which international trade gets transformed just by the fact that more and more products are traded through Fair Trade organizations. And since that is limited somewhat, the other part analyses the indirect impact Fair Trade has on competing companies in forcing them to change their trading policies by raising awareness about the social and environmental externalities of the production process. Fair Trade only amounts to a small portion of all international trade, currently to far less than one percent. But Fair Trade has potential to grow especially since Fair Trade has shifted from being an alternative to increasingly penetrating the mainstream, and in some markets Fair Trade already accounts for large portions of all trade (Krier, 2005; Taylor, 2005). There is an extremely controversial discussion about the Customized evaluation, recent development of Fair Trade into the mainstream which gives practical importance to the debate between the two visions of Fair Trade described above. Calculator Case! The positive sides of selling Fair Trade products through mainstream channels and commercial supermarkets such as Starbucks in level paper, the USA or Tesco in Dissertation consultant reviews, the UK are fairly uncontroversial: immense increases in the volume of Customized masters evaluation Fair Trade products, which thus benefit more producers, an increase in the availability and range of products and opening up the message of Fair Trade to a much wider audience then through ‘alternative’ trade (Low Davenport, 2005a: 150). Dissertation! The downside of mainstreaming Fair Trade, on masters level evaluation paper, the other hand, is more controversial. There are several concerns about mainstreaming Fair Trade. A general critique comes from conservative free market advocates. Philip Booth (2005) from the London based Institute of Economic Affairs argues that by paying a minimum price Fair Trade is disturbing the automatic market mechanisms of Adam Smith’s invisible hand.

While it might help the Graphing, producers that sell on the Fair Trade market it is level evaluation detrimental to Business school essay for high, all other producers in that market. Guaranteeing a minimum price, so the argument continues, also creates oversupply. Level Paper! 26 While this critique overestimates the power of Fair Trade to disturb the market and to create oversupply and Dissertation reviews although it suppresses the far more important market disturbances described above (market power of TNCs, monopsony, imperfect access to Customized level evaluation, credit and paper yesterday information etc.), it raises the important issue of how Fair Trade influences non-Fair Trade producers. The argument against Fair Trade is however flawed. In order to avoid negative impacts on Customized masters level evaluation paper, other producers and to essays word count, decrease the dependency of Fair Trade producers the masters evaluation paper, labelling organizations encourage producers to diversify their production and help them to access new markets. Furthermore, as I will discuss in yesterday, the next section, contrary to harming other producers, Fair Trade has contributed to a broader trend of social standards and certifications that might bring about positive change for all producers. Most of the criticism of the mainstreaming of Fair Trade comes however from supporters of the general idea of alternative trade. Customized Evaluation Paper! One worry is that big mainstream corporations that take part in Fair Trade undermine the message of Write Fair Trade. Whereas the Fair Trade movement started as a movement of alternative trading organizations that practiced trade not along cooperative lines and challenged conventional competitive and exploitative trading practices the level evaluation paper, mainstreaming of Fair Trade introduces new actors with different interests and practices into Fair Trade. Best Resume Writing! Whereas ATOs are interested in masters evaluation, increasing the benefits for the producers in the South, the motives of mainstream corporations like Starbucks or Tesco are by no means the principles of Graphing calculator zipper Fair Trade but to increase their profits (Ransom, 2005).

Mainstream supermarket chains this is confirmed by most studies see Fair Trade as a “useful marketing tool which differentiates them in the market [and as] one of the tools in the CSR [Corporate Social Responsibility] armament rather than a basis for doing business” (Young, 2003: 10). This difference in interest becomes manifest for example in the overpricing of Fair Trade products by level many supermarket chains, that has been discussed above. 27. Another concern is that this “clean-washing” (Low Davenport, 2005b) or “fairwashing” (Nichols Opal, 2005: 138) helps mainstream corporations to justify and perpetuate their exploitative trading practices (Raynolds, 2002a). School Essay! By selling a small percentage of their products under the Fair Trade certification, mainstream companies can use the Customized masters, strategy of “parallel production” (Mutersbaugh, 2005b: 398) to improve their image as socially conscious without fundamentally changing their sourcing practices. Some of the smaller alternative trading organizations that sell 100 percent of their coffee Fair Trade dropped out of third party certification altogether as a response to these practices. Just Coffee, one of them, explains the strategy of fairwashing or parallel production: “the conventional roasters are lining up to access the Fair Trade label.

The problem is yesterday that they want to masters evaluation, do this without changing their business practices (), still buying the bulk of their coffee paying low market prices while they use the Fair Trade label on the miniscule amount of ‘Fair Trade’ coffee they purchase. They want to capitalize on Best resume writing dc executives, the symbol without committing to what it stands for.” (quoted in Nicholls Opal, 2005: 138). Some examples: Starbucks, which adopted Fair Trade coffee under severe consumer pressure in 2000, purchased in 2005 only 3.7 percent (5.21 million kg) of its coffee under the Fair Trade label (Benjamin, 2006; Renard, 2003). And, as mentioned in the introduction, Nestlé is using the Fair Trade label to Customized masters paper, make up for being labelled 2005s “least responsible company” worldwide by selling some of their products with the Fair Trade label the calculator zipper, actual amount is not laid open but are estimated to be less than 1 percent (Nestlé, 2005). As Booth (2005) has noted, the biggest retail promoter of Fair Trade in Britain, the level evaluation paper, Coop, is at the same time the biggest recipient of subsidies from the EU common agricultural policy in the country. “There is no doubt whatsoever that the subsidies do more damage to the developing world than the sale of phd proposal Fair Trade products does good” (Booth 2005: 8). Customized Masters Evaluation Paper! Bill Vorley (2003: 77) gives another interesting and telling example: The Asda Wal-Mart excused its shift away from sourcing most of its bananas from small farms in the Caribbean by resume pointing to its Fair Trade bananas, highlighting the fact that it is still possible to buy Caribbean bananas. It did however suppress the fact that the Fair Trade bananas only made up an extremely small percentage of all the bananas it sold. A related problem with mainstreaming Fair Trade is the asymmetry in power that is created by the fact that mainstream corporations only sell a small portion of their products under the label (Renard, 2005). Since this portion makes up a huge percentage of all the Fair Trade sales, the labelling organizations become dependent on these sales, while corporations like Starbucks could easily change their buying policies. In the U.S. for example, where Fair Trade coffee is growing at impressive rates of almost 90 percent per year, huge parts of these increases are due to the participation of Customized masters level evaluation paper mainstream actors like Peet's Coffee Tea, Starbucks, Dunkin’ Donuts, McDonalds and Tully's (TransFair USA, 2006a; 2006b).

If Starbucks would decide to trade its 3.7 percent of Fair Trade coffee under its own label C.A.F.E. (Coffee And Farmers Equity) a move that would not much affect Starbuck this would have devastating affects on Fair Trade in the U.S., decreasing world coffee sales by more than 10 percent and Write decreasing Fair Trade coffee sales in the U.S. by paper 21 percent (Starbucks, 2006; TransFair USA, 2006). Renard (2005: 30) mentions a similar dilemma: “Would TransFair USA be capable, at this point, of stripping Starbucks of its seal if in essays word, fact Starbucks practices were shown not to comply with Fair Trade norms or generally unethical, despite the importance of Starbucks Fair Trade sales in the US?” Another threat is the strategy of “standards dilution” (Mutersbaugh, 2005b: 398) employed by TNCs to alter the standards set by Customized masters evaluation an NGO like the FLO, using their immense power and share of sales (Renard, 2005). The growth of Fair Trade into the mainstream bears immense possibilities; but at the same time it creates some new dangers, mainly the Business school service for high, undermining of the message of Fair Trade, the fairwashing of socially and environmentally destructive corporations and increasing dependency of the labelling organizations on large retailers. The question is thus one of finding the right balance between these, or as one scholar has put it: “At what point do increased sales and Customized masters paper economies of scale cross the fuzzy line between more income and benefits for producers to Best writing service, dependency on Customized masters level evaluation paper, mainstream markets and potential loss of the for high, cutting edge in challenging unjust world trade relations?” 28. The other side of the economic impact Fair Trade has on the market is its indirect power to influence competing corporations to change their trading practices outside of Fair Trade. Customized Masters Evaluation! This power of Fair Trade is Writing online yesterday mainly its ability to indirectly influence and masters level paper change the preferences of consumers by College word pointing attention on the producers and the conditions of production and by providing a viable alternative.

The socio-cultural changes associated with this argument have been laid out above. Various studies reveal that a growing portion of consumers sees itself as “ethical” or “green” consumers that are taking social and environmental values into account in their market behaviour and are partly willing to pay more. Fair Trade plays an important role in Customized masters level evaluation, this increase of the Graphing case, segment of conscious consumers, especially by showing that alternatives are possible (Roozen Boersma, 2002b). Transnational corporations have often responded to consumer demands and pressure for better social and environmental production by arguing that it is impossible to control the masters level paper, entire supply chain. Graphing Calculator Case! The new division of labour, involving the evaluation paper, establishment of Write export processing zones (EPZs), global subcontracting and lean production are used by TNCs to justify exploitation and environmental destruction as inevitable and masters evaluation paper impossible to control (McMichael, 2004). Fair Trade shows in service, practice that social and Customized level evaluation ecological exploitation are not natural and Best resume writing service that corporations can take responsibility, thus proving the standard apologetic reactions of corporations wrong.

It is a well established fact that more and more corporations react to these market pressures and shifting consumer preferences by establishing CRS (corporate social responsibility) standards and by creating guidelines and standards for internal monitoring (Mutersbaugh, 2005a; 2005b; Renard, 2005). This has been described as a “paradox of globalization” (Barrientos, 2000: 556; Tallontire Vorley, 2005): On the one hand there are strong trends to Customized masters level evaluation, deregulation and market liberalization in the context of the rise of neoliberalism and on Best resume service, the other hand there are more and more attempts to privately re-regulate the market; while transnational corporations abuse their increasing market power to Customized masters evaluation paper, further lower the price of production and externalize social and environmental costs these same corporations take part in the rise of different and mostly private measures that claim to improve social and environmental sustainability of production. I will not go into the developments of this general process of the increase of labels and Write phd proposal just mention one example (see Muradian Pelupessy, 2005). Starbucks, which sells 3.7 percent (5.21 million kg) of its coffee with a Fair Trade label, has established its own self monitored first party label “C.A.F.E” (Coffee and Customized level paper Farmers Equity) practices that amounts to another 24.6 percent (34.84 million kg) of writing total sales. This label is supposed to “ensure the sustainable production of high-quality coffee by addressing social, environmental and economic responsibility throughout the coffee supply chain” (Starbucks, 2006a: 20). Starbucks goal is, as illustrated in table 3, to double the amount of coffee traded under the C.A.F.E. Masters Level Paper! practices to around 70 million kg in 2006 and further increase it to count, 102 million kg in 2007, which would mean that almost three fourths of all the coffee Starbucks buys is monitored under its own label (Starbucks, 2006a: 4; Benjamin, 2006).

Table 3: Projected increase of Starbucks coffee bought under its own label C.A.F.E. practices (Source: Starbucks, 2006a: 19). In assessing these developments one first has to take into account the extremely high price Starbucks pays to its producers. Starbucks has paid an average price of $2.84 per kg for all the paper, 142 million kg of unroasted coffee it bought, both for labelled and unlabelled coffee. This average price is 23 percent higher than the average commodity market price, and even more than the minimum price of Fair Trade ($2.80 per kg) (Starbucks, 2006a: 17; Benjamin, 2006). This is an extremely promising and extremely effective development. The entire sales of Starbucks, sold at an average price higher than Fair Trade, amount to 2 percent of global coffee sales and are more than four times the amount of Fair Trade coffee certified globally in 2003 (30 million kg) (TransFair USA, 2005: 2). It is however also important to take a close look at the supply chain, to dig into the reasons why Starbucks does not substantially increase its participation in Fair Trade and to see in how far these high prices are outweighed by the high costs of Dissertation reviews standard compliance to the high quality requirements. Customized Level! The high price Starbucks pays for its coffee can partly be explained by the fact that Starbucks only Graphing zipper case buys gourmet coffee with extremely high intrinsic qualities.

And the C.A.F.E label is only a “code of masters evaluation conduct-lite” (Renard, 2005: 429), focusing first and foremost on the intrinsic quality and the taste of the essay, coffee and masters level paper adding ecological and social standards as secondary. Further important differences to the Fair Trade label are among others (Starbucks, 2006b): the payment of higher premium prices increases with better performance instead of a guaranteeing a minimum price; the infrastructure of certification remains internal to Starbucks, making it impossible for Write phd proposal producers to influence the standards (Mutersbaugh, 2005a); there is no substantial third party monitoring; verifiers are not autonomous, making it a “fully private” as opposed to the “semi-public” space in Fair Trade certification (Mutersbaugh, 2005b); and there is less organizational and developmental support. Since the high price is only one of the benefits of masters level evaluation paper participation in Fair Trade, and as shown in the case studies above not even the most important benefit, all the non-monetary benefits of Fair Trade do only partially apply to those producers selling to Starbucks through its C.A.F.E. scheme. Besides these trends to consultant, undermine the Fair Trade label there are reports of problems at the producer level that forced several cooperatives to break up their trading relations with Starbucks. 29.

There are some important dangers in Customized masters level evaluation, this general trend towards voluntary certification that are important to service for high, fully assess the economic impact Fair Trade has on Customized masters level, the market. These are mainly the way power relations in the production process change and a curious convergence between the rhetoric of Fair Trade and contemporary discourse in dominant institutions. Resume Dc Executives! While voluntary standards are often praised as the positive influence of consumer power on corporations and the increasing social and environmental accountability and awareness of those corporations, studies like the Human Development Report conclude that “the growth of level evaluation private standards is Write acting as a barrier to market entry for smallholder farmers” (Brown, 2005: 5; Vorley, 2003: 70). It has been argued that this “just in space production” of certified products transforms rent relations, shifting the costs of standard compliance to the producers, increasing rents for paper retailers and giving the retailers more power and governance over the supply chain (Mutersbaugh, 2005a; 2005b; 2005c). 30 This line of argument, seeing certifications as a place of resume writing dc executives conflict and Customized paper power rather than cooperation, criticizes the broad trend towards the establishment of Graphing semi-public spaces through NGO-third party certification. Fair Trade, so the masters evaluation, argument, by promoting the privatisation of standards, facilitates the College word count, already existing tendency of the demise of the state in masters level paper, market regulations. Fair Trade, without intending to do so, thus stabilizes neoliberal globalization and supports the further decline of state power to regulate markets and to restrict exploitation and environmental destruction. A similar argument can be made on the level of contemporary development that converges with the Writing paper online, discourse of Fair Trade in Customized level evaluation, an interesting way. 31 Faced with the controversial debate about the East Asian miracle in word count, the early 1990s, the destructive Asian economic crisis in 1997 and the emergence of level paper powerful NGOs and consultant reviews social movements, the dominant paradigm in the major development institutions like the World Bank and the IMF shifted in the late 1990s from neoliberalism towards a more “inclusive liberalism” (Porter Craig, 2004; Gore, 2000; Hart, 2001; Wade, 1997). Revisionist or inclusive neoliberalism, while using a slightly different, more inclusive and empowering discourse, shares with orthodox neoliberalism the preference of the level evaluation, market over the state, has enabled processes of immense social and environmental destruction and is in similar ways interpreted as yet another discourse of consultant domination and Customized masters level control (Porter Craig, 2004; McMichael, 2004). And the rhetoric of the Fair Trade movement conforms to an astounding degree with this discourse of revisionist neoliberalism.

Central parts of both discourses converge albeit with different connotations on notions like market ‘opportunity’, ‘empowerment’, social and economic ‘inclusion’, ‘social capital’, ‘civil society’ and ‘partnership’. What should one think about the fact that these concepts are employed both by Business school essay service for high institutions from the centre right like the World Economic Forum and by the Fair Trade movement? This convergence of masters evaluation revisionist neoliberal discourse and Fair Trade discourse helps explain why this small movement of essays count alternative trading organizations could move into the mainstream; why several studies interpret Fair Trade as part of neoliberalism or social capitalism; and why such prominent supporters of level evaluation paper free trade as the European Commission and the G 8 summit are celebrating the zipper, success of Customized evaluation paper Fair Trade. In both cases by using private certifications and by employing a certain discourse of market empowerment Fair Trade converges with contemporary reactionary tendencies. While this certainly carries the dangers of supporting (as an unintended consequence) the privatisation of market regulations and Graphing calculator case the justification and naturalization of neoliberal discourse, there is also the potential for change. Masters Level Evaluation Paper! Private standards are not inherently opposed to state regulations and through its political efforts Fair Trade actively tries to lobby for change in the political market rules.

And discourses are contradictory, unstable and paper yesterday contested and political and social pressures can, alongside with Fair Trade, transform a discourse of domination and oppression into a discourse of entitlements and rights, taking serious the level paper, ‘inclusive’ and Write phd proposal ‘empowering’ part and turning it against Customized level paper, the inhumane consequences of Business essay neoliberal hegemony. The discussion and analysis of the possibilities for Fair Trade to economically influence the conventional market has revealed opportunities as well as dangers. There is first impressive potential for Fair Trade to grow into the mainstream and to directly change trading practices. Level Evaluation Paper! But these possibilities depend on Dissertation consultant, the participation of big mainstream corporations that only use Fair Trade to Customized, their advantage without sharing its message and taking the responsibilities. This brings along the dangers of undermining the message of Fair Trade and of becoming dependent on these mainstream companies. Secondly by showing that ecologically and socially responsible trading practices are possible Fair Trade is part of a more general push by consumers that brought about the rise of private standards and certifications. This development in a similar way opens up new possibilities to introduce social and service environmental standards on a broad basis into masters paper the mainstream economy but at the same time bears the danger of getting down-washed into intransparent and essays count unenforceable standards-lite that are (mis)used by big mainstream corporations to control and exploit the supply chain in new ways. Fair Trade certification and masters evaluation the general trend towards private standards are not intrinsically good or bad. Both are social institutions that are sites of conflict and power where contesting interests get negotiated and fought out between different actors.

Future developments depend among many other social forces on school essay service, the evolution of Fair Trade. 4. 2. 3. The Political Impact of Fair Trade. Contrary to dominant discourses and public opinions on trade issues, the current trade injustices are not “natural” or the outcome of different levels of knowledge, technology and education. These factors surely play their part, but the unjust system of international trade is politically established and maintained by countries with very different levels of power. The rules that enable the free market and free trade to evaluation paper, function are not “neutral” or “natural” but serve certain interests and not others. Without going into detail this can be illustrated by looking at the unjust tax system and the immense amounts of subsidies in the global north, which both make trade with agricultural products very difficult for essays count developing countries. According the United Nations Human Development Report 2005 the average tariffs low-income countries, which are exporting to high-income countries, face are three to four times higher than the barriers applied in trade between high-income countries (HDR, 2005: 126). 32 Since primary products like cacao beans are taxed less then processed products like chocolate, this perverse tax structure also makes it impossible for masters evaluation paper many developing countries to do the high value-added processing and retailing parts of the Writing paper online, production process in their country, ensuring that most profits in the value chain are added in the Global North. In the European Union, for example, tariffs rise from 0 to 9 percent on cocoa paste and to 30 percent on the final product, which explains why 90 percent of cacao beans are produced in developing countries while only 44 percent of cocoa liquor and 29 percent of cocoa powder exports originate in those countries, making Germany the level paper, worlds largest exporter of Business essay service cacao products (HDR, 2005: 127). The unbelievably high levels of agricultural subsidies, especially in Europe and the U.S. furthermore undercut any comparative advantage of developing countries and the UNDP calculates that the real costs for developing countries of rich country agricultural subsidies is as high as all official aid flows in 2003 - US$72 billion a year (HDR, 2005: 130). Customized Masters! The global legal framework for trade justifies exploitation and the externalization of social and consultant reviews environmental costs of production.

This can be illustrated by masters paper the fact that the WTO under the College word count, PPM clause (Production and evaluation Processing Methods) does not allow discriminating against products that are produced through social and ecological exploitation. 33 There is considerable discussion in the Fair Trade movement if the PPM clause, created for governments, does also apply to Write phd proposal, labelling organizations like the FLO, but it is generally assumed that voluntary discrimination does not violate the WTO rules, even if they include non-physical characteristics such as the real social or environmental costs. Customized Masters Paper! 34. Whenever those institutions that currently determine how the markets function mainly the World Trade Organization and school essay service its sisters World Bank and International Monetary Fund there are powerful attempts by NGOs and social movements to protest and lobby for market and trading rules that are fairer to the most disadvantaged producers. This Trade Justice Movement is “campaigning for trade justice - not free trade - with the rules weighted to benefit poor people and the environment” (Trade Justice Movement, 2006).

Fair Trade is part of this push for fair market rules. Customized Evaluation! And it is the deliberate goal of Fair Trade, stated by Dissertation consultant reviews the four major Fair Trade organizations as one of three strategic intents, to Customized paper, “play a wider role in the global arena to achieve greater equity in international trade” (FINE, 2001: 1). Also the above mentioned widely recognized definition of Fair Trade states: “Fair Trade organisations (backed by consumers) are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade” (FINE, 2001). Just one example: At the WTO meeting in Hong Kong in 2005 FINE, the informal network of Fair Trade organizations, organized a “Fair Trade Fair” that featured producers from Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America which were displaying and selling their products, including coffee, chocolate, spices, crafts, textiles and many others. At a symposium producers shared their stories the impact Fair Trade had on their communities and experts discussed the development of Fair Trade and Write phd proposal the implications of the level evaluation paper, WTO rules for its functioning.

35 Besides this eventful critique of essays word free trade FINE also lobbied the WTO with a position paper stating what the Fair Trade movement thinks “is wrong with the WTO” (FINE 2005a). The style of Customized level evaluation paper this document is Write phd proposal captured in its beginning statement: “We, members of the international Fair Trade movement, know from experience that trade can reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development. However, if not carried out in a fair and responsible manner, trade can exacerbate poverty and masters evaluation inequality.” FINE, acting as the advocate of small scale producers around the Graphing calculator, world, demands the end of subsidies and tariff escalation mechanisms, argues against deregulation and liberalization and promotes the expansion of Fair Trade principles of regulating and managing the global supply chain (FINE, 2005a). After the meeting, another publication described the outcome of the WTO summit as serving “the interests of companies operating globally” instead of promoting an agenda that is in any way favourable to the developing countries (FINE, 2005b). The political impact of Fair Trade operates as well on the micro level. Besides contributing to a necessary change in consciousness that has been described above Fair Trade politicizes people and strengthens the Global Justice Movement through the thousands of world and solidarity shops that are important centres of this movement. Although some activists might see this as the most crucial part of Fair Trade, arguing that the structural change promoted by Customized masters level the Global Justice and Business school essay service for high Third World Movements is necessary for real improvement in the producers lives, the political side of Fair Trade should not be used as an excuse for the economic and social problems described above (Mendoza Bastiaensen, 2003: 41). Organizations working with Fair Trade are thus using the level evaluation, practical example of Fair Trade to lobby for Best resume writing a change in the international trading rules away from free trade and towards cooperative trade, essentially seeing Fair Trade as a practical prefiguration of a more desirable trade. 5. Conclusion: Fair Trade as a Re-embedding Countermovement. So what is Fair Trade: A neoliberal solution to current market failures that works within the free market regime or a practical tool of evaluation paper social change that aims at transforming the word count, free market? The discussion of the impact of Fair Trade on the level of producers as well as on the level of the free market in general has shown that there is no easy and clear-cut answer to this question.

The social reality of Fair Trade entails both, free market mechanisms and non-markets restrictions and Fair Trade seems to both undermine free trade and to be used and interpreted as supporting neoliberalism. To better understand this rather puzzling result I will propose a theoretical framework to understand Fair Trade that is heavily influenced by Polanyi’s work. Masters Level! In order to better understand the effects of Fair I will situate Fair Trade historically using Polanyi’s theory of the double movement. And I will then use Polanyi’s concept of embeddedness to argue that Fair Trade is neither a free market solution nor a transformation of free trade. In order to situate the essays word count, emergence of Customized masters evaluation Fair Trade in a broader context the paper online yesterday, work of Karl Polanyi (1944), especially his understanding of capitalism as progressing in form of masters paper a ‘double movement’ concerning the relations between the market and society has been increasingly used and seems very instructive (Barham, 2002: 350-352; Murray Raynolds, 2000; Mutersbaugh, 2005a). Writing Paper! Polanyi argued that the unleashing of markets for the three ‘fictitious commodities’ land, labour and money causes intense social and environmental destruction and generates counter-tendencies that demand regulation, intervention and social protection from these destructive market forces. This protective countermovement is, however, not an external intervention into a structurally determined process but these opposing forces are contained within capitalism (Hart, 2002: 304). Polanyi’s historical analysis of the masters paper, double movement has its contemporary parallels (Silver Arrighi, 2003): 36 The neoliberal revolution of the 1980s on the one hand destroyed societal regulations protecting labour, money and land/nature by paper yesterday promoting free market economies as the masters level evaluation paper, only model, liberating financial transactions and privatising and destroying natural resources.

The growing importance of civil society in the 1990s and the rise of transnational social movements that push for “counter-hegemonic globalization” (Evans, 2005) on the other hand represent efforts to re-embed the destructive market forces into societal norms and regulations. These actors promote political regulations for financial markets, fight against the commercialization and privatization of natural resources and counter the dismantling of labour regulations that restrict exploitation. 37 It is important to phd proposal, note that these attempts to re-embed the market have also been incorporated into conservative discourses and practices where they represent efforts to contain dissent and to enable the neoliberal project to continue. They are employed by masters level evaluation paper personalities in neoliberal institutions like the world bank and the IMF (Wade, 1997; 2001; Sachs, 1998; Stiglitz, 2000) and have shaped the school for high, paradigm shift from orthodox neoliberalism to ‘revisionist’ or ‘inclusive’ neoliberalism (Hart, 2001; Porter Craig, 2004). And exactly here is where Fair Trade comes into the picture: Fair Trade, so I will argue, is part of the protective countermovement. I will come back to this point, but first I want to Customized, employ Polanyi to argue that Fair Trade is neither a neoliberal free market approach nor an attempt to Graphing case, transform free trade. Fair Trade is concerned with the unleashing of masters markets for the fictitious commodities labour, and, to a lesser degree, land/nature. While markets might be useful and efficient mechanisms to produce and distribute products, if labour and nature are included into the market as free and unrestricted commodities the results are destructive. Business School Essay Service! Free trade theory rests on the notion that free competition results in the lowest possible price, and that because the producers with the lowest price outcompetes other producers competition stimulates efficiencies and improved technologies.

Free trade theory does, however, falsely assume that competition does only take place regarding technological innovation, productivity and marketing. 38 In reality, and especially in trading relations between large retailers and small-scale producers in the global south, business companies use the externalization of costs onto other parties as one of the main strategies of competition. Customized Masters Level Evaluation Paper! If Chiquita cannot outcompete another retailer in the banana market with improved technology or better marketing strategies it can do so by externalizing the social and environmental cost of production. College Essays Word Count! This means that the Customized level evaluation paper, social cost of production is passed on to the producer and the environmental cost of production is school essay for high passed on to future generations. Customized Masters! This is possible if labour and nature are not socially embedded through political legislations like minimum wages and environmental restrictions or social forces like unions or NGOs. College Word Count! And Fair Trade is exactly this, an paper, attempt to re-embed the market within society by internalizing both the real social and environmental cost of production into the price. The real price of a product and the price Fair Trade tries to phd proposal, pay thus consists of the real social cost of the work (human wages, dignified working conditions etc.) plus the real environmental cost of production. Roozen and VanderHoff Boersma (2002), two founders of the first labelling organization Max Havelaar, argue convincingly: “The costs of a socially responsible production are included in the price of the product in the Fair Trade market. Competitiveness does not depend on the level of exploitation that goes into the production of the product.” Fair Trade is thus not abandoning the market, but it also does not provide a free market solution. Fair Trade rather re-embeds the market by Customized level internalizing the social and environmental cost of production into the price.

By paying a guaranteed minimum wage that reflects the real social and environmental costs of production it restricts market competition from exploiting labour and nature, but at phd proposal the same time uses competition in Customized evaluation paper, the production process to function in the market. The essence of Fair Trade is according to for high, Brown (1993: 158) “that the consumer should be told the truth, not only about what is in the product but also the truth about the producer, her or his conditions of life and work, what they get for masters level evaluation their work and what it does to count, the environment.” Far from pure competition or state-led planning, Fair Trade combines the power of producers and consumers to create links between them that both limit and engage competition and Customized masters evaluation paper that consist of information: 39 “Connections between consumers and Fair Trade organizations [and producers] are rooted largely in Business school for high, flows of information. Fair Trade networks socially re-embed commodities, so that items arrive at the point of consumption replete with information regarding the social and environmental conditions under which they were produced and traded” (Raynolds, 2002a: 415). Fair Trade challenges the idea that the Customized masters level paper, setting of prices on the market as an automatic and College depersonalized process is the only instrument for valuing commodities (Raynolds, 2002a: p. 409). Instead of Customized masters level evaluation paper competition as the main driver of the market, Fair Trade introduces an interesting type of “contract economy” into the market, in Write, which the price is evaluation paper negotiated between consumers, producers and salesmen and their contradictory interests are resolved in cooperation. As one scholar has put it: “Fair Trade is primarily about reasserting human control over writing service dc executives, a mechanism that claims to be in the best interests of masters paper everyone but no longer even bothers to prove it” (Ransom, 2001: 9). The fact that Fair Trade does not challenge the existence of the market as such does not mean that it is not a radical vision, since, as the domestic Mexican Label Comercio Justo insists, Fair Trade is about transforming the very purpose of markets; by reorganizing markets in a way that can benefit the more disadvantaged members of Writing paper yesterday society Fair Trade creates un mercado donde todos quepamos “a market where we all fit” (quoted in Jaffe et al, 2004: 192). Fair Trade, as an attempt to masters level paper, re-embed the market in the sense described here, is part of the protective countermovement. Business Essay For High! But back to Customized masters level, the question do the broader effects of Fair Trade stabilize or transform free trade? The dichotomous and somewhat mutually exclusive conceptualizations of Business school for high Fair Trade in the two visions that underlie the question this paper tried to answer both turn out to be present and future tendencies and trajectories of the Fair Trade movement rather than descriptions of Fair Trade.

As such the two visions both describe somewhat idealized versions of Customized different simultaneous and contradictory effects of Fair Trade. A definite answer to this ‘either, or’ question is impossible since the impact study shows that Fair Trade as a multilayered social phenomenon works both in and against Graphing, the market, partly stabilizing neoliberal free trade and partly challenging it. Instead of the question what Fair Trade is in terms of its broader effects the impact study forces one to ask more specific questions about how Fair Trade works and what exactly its effects and outcomes are in evaluation, the multiple arenas it works in. Rather than being either “in or against” the market Fair Trade can be analyzed as a complex and Graphing zipper multilayered process of social defence against destructive effects of unrestricted market. But this process, since it is part of capitalist development, is a site of contestation, conflict and negotiation between different actors with different and partly opposing interests. Because the protective countermovement as a whole is fundamentally threatening those power structures that rely on the exploitation of land, money and labour, these power structures, Polanyi’s “liberal creed”, engage in containing, controlling and weakening the movement. These opposing interests, as has been demonstrated in many examples in this study, bring about multiple and Customized masters paper partly contradictory effects on different levels. Anticapitalist activists support and propagate Fair Trade as a practical alternative to capitalist trading relations while revisionist neoliberals see Fair Trade as useful mechanism to privately regulate a small part of the resume service, market without fundamentally changing the political market rules.

Both support Fair Trade for different reasons, they thus understand Fair Trade differently and these contradictory understandings in turn shape and change what they try to explain, the Fair Trade movement. Similarly, what small-scale coffee growers in Ecuador think about Fair Trade and what they want Fair Trade to do differs dramatically from the masters paper, understandings and interests of large retailers like Nestlé. How these different, partly contradictory and partly mutually supportive interests play out depends on the power relations between the different stakeholders. Particularly since Fair Trade entered the mainstream market in the late 1990s and actors with opposing interests became stakeholders, Fair Trade is at a crossroads: On the one hand the mainstreaming of Fair Trade opens up immense possibilities to Write, increase the Customized masters evaluation paper, impact of Fair Trade in transforming neoliberal trade relations, in benefiting more disadvantaged producers and in calculator zipper case, further re-embedding the masters level evaluation, market. School Essay For High! But on the other hand the mainstreaming of Fair Trade bears a variety of dangers, mainly due to the power of the mainstream companies to level evaluation paper, undermine the College essays word count, meaning and Customized masters level evaluation practice of Fair Trade and, instead of using Fair Trade to the advantage of producers, to misuse it for the interests of their shareholders. Ancelovici, Marcos. 2002. “Organizing against globalization: The case of ATTAC in France,” Politics and Society 30 (3): 427-463. Bacon, Christopher. 2005. “Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Can Fair Trade, Organic, and phd proposal Specialty Coffees Reduce Small-Scale Farmer Vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua?” World Development 33 (3): 497511. Barham, Elisabeth. “Towards a theory of Customized paper values-based labelling” Agriculture and Human Values 19: 349360.

Barrientos, Stephanie. 2000. Graphing Calculator! “Globalization and ethical trade: assessing the implications for development” Journal of masters evaluation paper International Development 12: 448-469. Bechetti, Leonardo and Marco Constatino. 2005. “The effects of Fair Trade on marginalised producers: an impact analysis on Kenyan farmers” Boersma, Franz VanderHoff.2002a. “Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Booth, Philip. 2005. “Is Trade Justice Just? Is Fair Trade Fair?” IEA Discussion Paper No. 10.

London: Institute of Economic Affairs. Brown, Oli. 2005. “Supermarket Buying Power, Global Commodity Chains and Smallholder Farmers in the Developing World” Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper, New York: United Nations Development Program. Cabañas, Alma Amalia González. 2002. Phd Proposal! “Evaluation of the Customized masters paper, current and potential poverty alleviation benefits of calculator zipper case participation in Customized level evaluation, the Fair Trade market: The case of Unión La Selva, Chiapas, Mexico” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Commercio Justo Mexico. 2006. Webpage under: http://www.comerciojusto.com.mx (Mai, 2006).

Cowe, Roger and Simon Williams. 2000. Who are the Ethical Consumers. Manchester: Cooperative Bank and MORI, downloadable from http://www.co-operativebank.co.uk (Mai 2006). Dankers, Cora. 2003. Best Service! Environmental and Social Standards, Certification and Labelling for Cash Crops. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Doherty, Bob and Sophi Tranchell. 2005. “New Thinking in International Trade? A Case Study of The Day Chocolate Company“ Sustainable Development 13: 166176.

Evans, Peter. 2005. “Counter-hegemonic Globalization: Transnational Social Movements in the Contemporary Global Political Economy,” in Customized paper, Handbook of Political Sociology, T. Janoski et al. (eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. FINE. 2001. “Fair Trade Definition and Principles. As agreed by FINE in December 2001”, http://www.eftafairtrade.org/pdf/Fair-TDAP.pdf (April 2006). -. 2005a. “Fair Trade Rules! Position of the global Fair Trade movement towards the 6th WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong” October 2005, http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/resources.cfm (Mai 2006).

-. 2005b. “Last minute compromise offers little for the world's poor. WTO Fair Trade Statement after Hong Kong” December 2005, http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/resources.cfm (Mai, 2006). FLO. 2005a. “Delivering Opportunities” annual report 2004-2005 of the Fair Trade Labelling Organizations Interntaional. Bonn, Germany: FLO, http://www.fairtrade.net/sites/news/FLO_AR_2004_05.pdf (April 2006).

-. 2006. Webpage of the Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International, http://www.fairtrade.net (April 2006). Gereffi, Gary, Ronie Garcia-Johnson and Erika Sasser. 2001. “The NGO-Industrial Complex” Foreign Policy 125: 56-65. Gibbon.

Peter. 2005. The Commodity Question: New Thinking on Old Problems. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper. New York: United Nations Development Program. Goodman, D. and M. Goodman. 2001. “Sustaining Foods: Organic Consumption and the Socio-Ecological Imaginary.” in Exploring Sustainable Consumption: Environmental Policy and the Social Sciences, M. Cohen and J. Murphy, eds. Oxford: Elsevier Science: 97119. Gore, Charles.

2000. “The Rise and resume writing service dc executives Fall of the Washington Consensus as a Paradigm for Developing Countries”, in World Development 28 (5): 789-804. Hamann, Andreas. Customized Level! 2004. Schwarzbuch Lidl. Billig auf Kosten der Beschäftigten. Veröffentlichung von Ver.di. Hart, Gillian. 2001. “Development Critiques in Write phd proposal, the 1990s: culs de sac and promising paths,” Progress in Human Geography 24 (4): 649-658. -. 2002.

Disabling Globalization: Places of Power in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. -. 2004. “Geography and development: critical ethnographies” Progress in Human Geography 28 (1): 91100. Howley, Kerry. Customized Evaluation Paper! 2006. “Absolution in Your Cup: The real meaning of Fair Trade coffee” Reasononline, March 2006, http://www.reason.com/0603/fe.kh.absolution.shtml (April 2006). Human Development Report.

2005. International Cooperation at a crossroads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal world. College Essays Count! New York: United Nations Development Program. http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005 (April 2006). Jaffee, Daniel, Jack R. Kloppenburg, Jr., Mario B. Customized Masters Evaluation! Monroy. 2004. Bringing the College essays word count, ‘‘Moral Charge’’ Home: Fair Trade within the Customized level evaluation paper, North and within the South, in Rural Sociology 69 (2): 169196. Jones, Lucy.

2004. “How fair trade hit the mainstream” BBC News, 2 March, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3522059.stm (April 2006). Keane, John. 2003. Count! Global Civil Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Krier, Jean-Marie. 2005. Fair Trade in Europe: Facts and Figures on Fair Trade in 25 European Countries. Masters Evaluation Paper! Brussel: FLO, IFAT, NEWS!, EFTA. Klein, Naomi. 2002.

No Logo. Write! New York: Picador. Kocken. 2003. Fifty Years of Fair Trade. A brief history of the FAIR TRADE movement. Lang, Tim. 2003. Customized Masters Level Paper! “Food Industrialization and Food Power: Implications for Food Governance.” Development Policy Review 21(5-6): 555568.

Levi, Margaret and April Linton. 2003. Graphing Case! “Fair Trade: A Cup at a Time?” Politics Society 31 (3): 407-432. Lewis, Jessa M. 2005. Strategies for Survival: Migration and Fair Trade-Organic Coffee Production in Oaxaca, Mexico. San Diego: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. Low, William and Eileen Davenport. 2005a. Postcards from the level evaluation, Edge: Maintaining the ‘Alternative’ Character of Business school essay service for high Fair Trade Sustainable Development 13: 143153. -. 2005b. “Has the Customized level evaluation paper, medium (roast) become the message?: The ethics of marketing fair trade in resume writing service dc executives, the mainstream” International Marketing Review 22 (5): 494 511.

Lyon, Sarah. 2002. “Evaluation of the Actual and Potential Benefits for the Alleviation of Poverty Through the Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Guatemalan Case Study.” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Mandelson, Peter. 2005. “The Fair Trade Agenda”, speech at masters paper the PES Conference on Fair Trade, European Parliament, Brussels, 22 June 2005, http://europa.eu.int/comm/commission_barroso/mandelson/speeches_articles (April 2006). Maseland, Robbert and Write phd proposal Albert de Vaal. 2002. “How Fair is Fair Trade?” De Economist 150 (3): 251272. Mayoux, Linda. 2001. Masters Paper! “Impact Assessment of Fair Trade and Ethical Enterprise Development.” Available at http://www.enterprise-impact.org.uk/pdf/IAofFairTrade.pdf (April 2006). McMichael, Philip.

2004. College Essays Word Count! Development and Social Change: a global perspective. Customized Evaluation Paper! 3 rd edition. College Essays Word Count! Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. Mendez, V. Ernesto. Customized Masters Level Evaluation Paper! 2002. “Fair Trade Networks in Two Coffee Cooperatives of Western El Salvador: An Analysis of Insertion Through a Second Level Organization.” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April, 2002). Mendoza, René and Johan Bastiaensen. 2003. “Fair trade and the coffee crisis in the Nicaraguan Segovias” Small Enterprise Development 14 (2): 36-46. Milford,, Anna. 2004. Coffee, Co-operatives and Competition: The Impact of Fair Trade.

Bergen, Norway: Chr. Write Phd Proposal! Milford Institute, http://www.cmi.no/publications/2004%5Crep%5Cr2004-6.pdf (April 2006). Moore, Geoff. 2005. The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Customized evaluation Future Research, in Journal of Business Ethics 53: 7386. Muradian, Roldan and Wim Pelupessy.

2005. “Governing the Coffee Chain: The Role of Voluntary Regulatory Systems” World Development 33 (12): 20292044. Murray, Douglas and Laura T. Raynolds. 2000. “Alternative trade in bananas: Obstacles and opportunities for progressive social change in the global economy.” Agriculture and Human Values 17(1): 6574. Mutersbaugh, Tad. 2005a. “Fighting standards with standards: harmonization, rents, and social accountability in certified agrofood networks” Environment and Planning 37: 2033-2051. -. 2005b. “Just-in-space: Certified rural products, labor of word quality, and regulatory spaces” Journal of Rural Studies 21: 389402. -. 2005c. “Certifying rural spaces: Quality-Certifed Products and Rural Governance” Journal of Rural Studies 21: 381388.

Nestlé. 2005. “Nestlé UK to launch fair-trade coffee” Press Release, October 7. Nicholls, Alex and Charlotte Opal. Customized Masters Level Paper! 2005. Fair Trade: Market-driven ethical consumption. London: Sage Publications. Osorio, Néstor. 2004. “Lessons from the Writing online yesterday, world coffee crisis: a serious problem for Customized masters level sustainable development.” London: International Coffee Organization. Paul, Elisabeth. 2005. “Evaluating Fair Trade as a development project: methodological considerations” Development in Practice 15 (2): 134-150. Perezgrovas, Victor and Edith Cervantes.

2002. “Poverty Alleviation through Participation in resume writing service, Fair Trade Coffee Networks: The Case of Union Majomut, Chiapas, Mexico.” http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press. Ponte, Stefano. 2002. “The ‘Latte Revolution’?

Regulation, Markets and Consumption in the Global Coffee Chain” World Development 30 (7):10991122. Porter, Doug and David Craig. 2004. “The third way and the third world: poverty reduction and social inclusion in the rise of ‘inclusive’ liberalism” Review of International Political Economy 11 (2): 387-423. Putnam, Robert. Customized Level Evaluation Paper! 2000. Bowling Alone. Dissertation Consultant! New York: Simon and Schuster.

Ransom, David. 2005. “Fair trade for sale: David Ransom thinks not” New Internationalist, April 2005. Raynolds, Laura T.. 2000. “Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements” Agriculture and Human Values 17: 297309. -. 2002a. Consumer/Producer Links in Fair Trade Coffee Networks in Sociologia Ruralis 42 (2). -. 2002b. Masters Paper! “Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Existing Research and Critical Issues”, http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup/doc/rayback.pdf (April 2006). Raynolds, Laura T., Douglas Murray and Peter L. Taylor. 2004. “Fair Trade Coffee: Building Producer Capacity via Global Networks” Journal of International Development 16: 1109-1121. Reardon, Thomas, C. Peter Timmer, Christopher B. Barrett and Graphing calculator case Julio A. Berdegué.

2003. Customized! “The rise of supermarkets in phd proposal, Africa, Asia, and Latin America,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 (5): 1140-1146. Redfern, Andy and Paul Snedker. 2002. Creating Market Opportunities for Small Enterprises: Experiences of the Fair Trade Movement Geneva: International Labour Office. Renard, Marie-Christine. 2003. “Fair trade: quality, market and conventions” Journal of Rural Studies 19: 8796. -. 2005. “Quality certification, regulation and power in fair trade” Journal of Customized masters evaluation paper Rural Studies 21: 419431. Riedel, Carl Philipp, Federico Manzano-Lopez, Amy Widdows, Alim Manji and Markus Schneider.

2005. Impacts of Fair Trade. London School of Economics. Ronchi, Loraine. 2002. The Impact of online yesterday Fair Trade on Customized level evaluation, Producers and their organizations: A case study with Coocafe in Costa Rica. Prus Working Paper. Brighton: University of Sussex, http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/PRU/wps/wp11.pdf (April 2006). Roozen, Niko and Frans VanderHoff Boersma.

2002. Fair Trade: An Adventure in the Fair Trade Market. excerpt, http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/FairTradeResearchGroup (April 2006). Sachs, Jeffrey. 1998. “The IMF and Write phd proposal the Asian Flu” The American Prospect 37. Shreck, Aimee.

2005. “Resistance, redistribution, and power in the Fair Trade banana initiative” Agriculture and Human Values 22: 1729. Silver, Beverly and Giovanni Arrighi. 2003. “Polanyi’s ‘Double Movement’: The Belle Époques of British and U.S. Hegemony Compared” Politics and Society 31 (2): 325-355. Smith, Sally and Stephanie Barrientos. 2005. “Fair Trade and Ethical Trade: Are There Moves Towards Convergence?” Sustainable Development 13: 190198.

Starbucks. 2006a. Beyond the cup. Corporate Social Responsibility Fiscal 2005 Annual Report, http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/csrannualreport.asp (Mai 2006). Stecklow, Steve and Erin White. Customized Level Paper! 2004. “What Price Virtue? At Some Retailers, 'Fair Trade' Carries A Very High Cost: Stores Charge Big Markups On Goods Intended to Help Farmers in Poor Countries” Wall Street Journal, June 8, 2004.

Stiglitz, Joseph. 2000. “What I Learned at the World Economic Crisis”, New Republic, 17, April 2000. Tallontire, Anne. 2000. “Partnerships in fair trade: reflections from a case study of word Cafe´ direct” Development in Customized masters, Practice 10 (2). Tallontire, Anne and Graphing calculator Bill Vorley. 2005. Achieving fairness in Customized level, trading between supermarkets and their agrifood supply chains.

London, UK: Food Group. Taylor, Peter Leigh. 2002. Graphing Case! “Poverty Alleviation Through Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Networks: Synthesis of Case Study Research Question Findings.” Report Prepared for Project Funded by the Community and Resource Development Program. New York: The Ford Foundation. -. 2005. “In the Market But Not of It: Fair Trade Coffee and Customized masters evaluation Forest Stewardship Council Certification as Market-Based Social Change” World Development 33 (1):129147. Tiffen, Pauline.

2000. “Good busy-ness: when advertising gets to be like an escalating arms race you can be sure there's a war right around the corner ” New Internationalist, April 2000. Vidal, John. 2005. “Nestlé launch of Fairtrade coffee divides company's critics” The Guardian, October 7, 2005. Vorley, Bill. 2003. Food, Inc. School Service! Corporate concentration from level paper farm to consumer. London: UK Food Group.

Wade, Robert. 1997. Online Yesterday! “Greening the Bank: The Struggle over the Environment, 1997-1995”, in D. Kapur (ed.) The World Bank: It’s first Half Century. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Williamson, John. 1990. “What Washington Means by masters level Policy Reform”, in John Williamson (ed.) Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened?

Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. -. 1993. “Democracy and the ‘Washington Consensus” World Development 21 (8):1329-1336. -. 2000. “What Should the World Bank Think about the word count, Washington Consensus?” in The World Bank Research Observer 15 (2): 25164. Young, Graham. 2003. “Fair trade's influential past and the challenges of its future”, paper presented at Fair Trade, An Asset for Development, An international dialogue, Conference organised by the King Badouin Foundation, Brussels, 28-05-03, www.kbs-frb.be/files/db/en/PUB%5F1337%5FFair%5FTrade.pdf (April 2006). Zehner, David. 2002. Customized Masters Level Evaluation Paper! “An Economic Assessment of ‘Fair Trade’ in Coffee” Columbia Business School’s Chazen Web Journal of International Business, Fall 2002. 1 Peter Mandelson, EU commissioner for trade, said in 2005, after having emphasized the success of the Fair Trade movement: “Fair Trade has shown that those working in Business essay service for high, difficult conditions in commodity-dependent and poor developing countries can aspire to a better life for themselves and their families” Mandelson (2005). 2 FINE involves the Fairtrade Labeling Organizations International (FLO), the Network of Customized European Shops (NEWS!), the International Federation for Alternative Trade (IFAT), and the European Fair Trade Association (EFTA). The aim of FINE is to enable these networks and their members to writing service dc executives, cooperate on strategic levels on crucial issues affecting the future of the Fair Trade movement, such as advocacy and masters level evaluation campaigning, standards and monitoring.

See http://www.worldshops.org/fairtrade/netw.html (April 2006). 3 This paper will focus mostly on those products that are certified by the Fairtrade Labelling Organization International (FLO), since most data are only available for certified products and since certified products make up the huge bulk of all Fair Trade products sold worldwide. 4 All standards are publicly available under http://www.fairtrade.net/sites/standards/sp.html (Mai 2006). Quality requirements for Fair Trade bananas for example include among others: “Size of bananas. Minimum length 16 cm (baby bananas 14 cm), minimum thickness 27 mm. Tolerance: 10% of the College, bananas. Packing. Customized Level Evaluation! slippage and “high pack” are not permitted. There must be reasonable uniformity among the Business school essay service, bananas in a carton. Tolerance: 5% of packing cartons. () Residue and foreign matter. No residue or foreign matter may be encountered in the cartons. Tolerance: 1% of the cartons.” FLO (2005c: 10).

5 The coffee market price is fluctuating highly. The current prices are summarized by the FAO (Food and Customized masters level evaluation paper Agriculture Organization of the United Nations): “Coffee prices reached 101.44 US cents per pound in March 2005, a 67 percent increase compared to the level of 60.80 US cents per pound the school essay, corresponding month last year. Masters Level! In April 2005, the average daily price fell to 98.2 US cents per pound, following some profit taking by investment funds”. See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/J5667e/j5667e04.htm (Mai 2006). 6 According to the FAO “Industry sources report that farm-gate prices in consultant reviews, Ecuador decreased below the official minimum price of US$3 per box, and in some cases, fell to less than US$1 per box.” See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/J5667e/j5667e04.htm (Mai 2006). 7 In 2001 the FLO had registered over Customized masters, 300 coffee grower associations that represent 500,000 small-scale growers. This amounts, according to one estimate, to consultant, 30 percent of the world’s small-scale coffee growers most of which however could only Customized evaluation sell a small portion of their harvest on Dissertation consultant, the Fair Trade market. Level Paper! (Murray et al, 2003: 6). 8 The scope of the organic world market is considerably larger than the Fair Trade market. In 2003 organic sales amounted to Graphing case, US $ 31,3 billion while Fair Trade only Customized masters paper reached one billion in 2005 (Nichols Opal, 2005: 182). 9 “Though blurred by the uniform term “Fair Trade” tension remains between two visions: one, a more radical conception that sees ‘‘fair’’ trade as a tool for modifying the dominant economic model, and service dc executives the other, more pragmatic, that emphasizes the insertion of products from the South under fair conditions in the markets of the masters, North.” Renard, 2003: 91.

10 For a further discussion of phd proposal these difficulties see Mayoux (2001) and Nicholls Opal (2005: 201). 11 A report of the Fair Trade coffee market in Latin America that is based on seven case studies concludes, for example, by exclusively citing the most positive study (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002), concluding (and thereby implying this as the general finding) that the Customized masters level evaluation paper, direct financial “revenues for Fair Trade coffee [are] twice the street price for conventional coffee, even after deductions were made for cooperative management and other expenses.” (Murray et al, 2003: 7). Other studies by the same research team (which are only cited at other instances), however, sound less promising. In a cooperative in El Salvador for consultant reviews example, the financial benefits were only enough for outstanding debt servicing (Mendez, 2002). 12 But to put this into perspective it is interesting to note that more or less the masters paper, same amount (€ 18.3 million) is spent annually only in Europe by Fair Trade organizations for education and awareness-raising campaigns (Krier, 2005: 31). 13 And even the most studies point at several advantages of Fair Trade. Robbert Maseland and Albert de Vaal (2002) at Dissertation reviews the University of Nijmegen in Customized level evaluation, Holland for example compared Fair Trade with free trade and protectionism and concluded that it was “obvious” that Fair Trade is the only way to guarantee the fulfilment of minimum requirements such as stopping child labour or environmentally harmful effects. They however argued also that concerning the reduction of Best resume service inequality it is not clear that Fair Trade is always fairer than other options. 14 “The low prices paid to small producers on the national market mean that the best Mexican products are exported. Fair Trade makes it possible for small producers to masters level evaluation paper, also receive dignified prices in the national market and to not depend exclusively on Writing, export.” Comercio Justo México on masters level evaluation, its webpage in 2001, quoted in Nicholls Opal (2005). 15 “Sainsbury's, which says it sells more fair-trade bananas than any other British supermarket, sells the fruit in bagged bunches of six, not by weight.

A bag of fair-trade Dominican Republic bananas, weighing about a pound, recently cost around $2.74 in London. That's more than four times the price of a pound of unbagged regular bananas, also from the Dominican Republic. According to FLO, Dominican Republic fair-trade banana growers receive about 16 cents a pound from middlemen. Sainsbury's won't disclose its banana margins, but industry executives estimate British supermarkets pay their suppliers about Dissertation, 71 cents a pound for fair-trade bananas from the Dominican Republic. If that's the case, Sainsbury's is earning almost $2 a pound.” 16 This claim totally goes against what Paul Rice, chief executive of Transfair USA argues: “As a core philosophy, Fair Traders believe in masters level paper, as little market intervention as possible [and: regulating retail prices goes against the idea of] using the market as a vehicle for creating a win-win scenario for farmers and for industry.” The growth of fair-trade sales in Business school essay, the U.S. suggests “millions of U.S. consumers are willing to pay a bit more to feel that they are making a difference.” (Stecklow White, 2004) 17 “In the past six years, TransFair has leveraged limited resources to certify 74.2 million pounds of Fair Trade coffee. This has provided coffee farmers in some of the poorest communities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia with over $60 million more than they would have earned selling their harvests to local intermediaries. This means that each dollar of level evaluation TransFair USA's budgets has been translated into more than $7 in supplemental income for farmers and farm workers since 1999.” TransFair USA (2006). 18 Harriet Lamb, Fairtrade's executive director in paper online yesterday, the UK, in Jones (2004). 19 Nicholls Opal (2005: 181-190) have collected a variety of research and surveys.

A survey of 30.000 consumers in level evaluation, Britain by the Cooperative Group and MORI in 2005 for example showed that 84 percent of consumers are willing to pay a little extra to help producers in developing countries and 6 out of 10 are willing to phd proposal, boycott for their ethics. Producers especially emphasized the importance of complete product information on Customized level paper, food labels, which was important to 96 percent of the College essays, sample (Cooperative Group, 2004). Another study argues: “The most in-depth research into ethical consumerism to date reveals that just over half the population have bought a product and recommended a supplier, because of its responsible reputation, at some time in Customized level evaluation, the last year. A third of consumers are seriously concerned with ethical issues when shopping and a quarter have investigated a company’s social responsibility at school for high least once. Roughly one in six shoppers say they frequently buy or boycott products because of the manufacturer’s reputations” (Cowe Williams, 2000). 20 In a recent survey the “ 2003 Corporate social responsibility monitor ” finds that the amount of Customized masters evaluation paper consumers looking at social responsibility in resume writing service, their choices jumped from 36 percent in 1999 to 62 percent in 2001 in Europe. 21 “The approach to Fair Trade becoming dominant among ATOs can be termed `partnership’, where partnership is defined as a trading relationship between stakeholders that has both market-based and ethical elements and that aims to be sustainable in the long term. For Fair Trade, the key stakeholders are the producers, the producer group, the ATO, and the consumer; and the partnership between these stakeholders is based on a combination of market and ethical elements.” (Tallontire, 2000: 167). Partnership in an economic relationship like Fair Trade can be understood with Tallontire (2000: 172) as requiring the following necessary conditions: a shared understanding of the problem or issue and its context, shared objectives, mutual commitment to the partnership, a distinct or unique contribution, and mutual trust.

Besides that some related structural condition can be identified that will determine the success of the Customized level evaluation, relationship, such as a shared timeframe, equal participation, a balance of responsibilities, autonomy of the writing service, partners, accountability and transparency (Tallontire, 2000: 173-176). 22 This lack of understanding that is prevalent in masters level, most case studies applies even to leading positions. An example given by Lyon (2002: 24): A member of the Junta Directiva in this cooperative told a researcher that the Dissertation reviews, FLO had visited their plantations and, asked whether the FLO had certified the masters paper, cooperative, answered: “no she [the FLO person] is just here to see how everything is going with us.” 23 “Many Mexican interviewees concurred in phd proposal, calling for a renewed commitment to developing and maintaining direct ties between Northern consumers and Southern producers. These visits help producers better understand the nature of the Fair Trade market, and create positive impacts on producer self-esteem and coffee quality.” Taylor (2002: 10). 25 It has been argued that Fair Trade by including the livelihood, culture, indigeneity and difference of the producer communities into their advertising strategies “deepen rather than subvert the processes of commodification by objectifying and commoditising the very things they are trying to save“ (Goodman Goodman, 2001: 114).

Another concern points at the contradiction between Fair Trade’s message of inclusion and Customized paper cooperation and its exclusive elements. Since it is a label that relies on quality standards and higher prices, Fair Trade is exclusive both on the producer side with its “dictates of Best service quality” (Goodman and Customized masters level Goodman, 2001; Mutersbaugh, 2005c) and on school, the consumer side with its higher and sometimes extraordinarily high prices (see Jaffe et al, 2004: 183). 26 “What happens if there is adjustment to world supply or demand and prices in one part of the masters paper, market are fixed? Prices in other parts of the market must fall by calculator zipper more other growers suffer more. What happens to those employees of Customized paper large producers when Fair Trade consumption shifts away from them towards small producers who frequently offer poorer working conditions than the multi-national corporations?” Booth (2005: 7).

27 A further example: In 2003 several supermarkets in Business essay service for high, Britain were accused of charging too much for Customized paper Fair Trade products Tesco among them overcharging one US dollar per kilogram bananas, more then double the case, premium for producers. The Sunday Times, 29 June 2003, quoted in Ransom (2005). 28 Thomson (2003), quoted by Low Davenport (2005a: 151); see similar comments in Tiffen (2000) 29 Renard (2005: 430) reports: “Furthermore, Starbucks obligates producers to sell their coffee through Starbucks-affiliated importers which, in this case, turns out to be the largest Mexican coffee marketing corporation, AMSA (of the Omnicafe-Atlantic Coffee group), which engages in Customized masters level evaluation paper, decidedly non-equitable commercial practices. A few cooperatives have broken off from Starbucks, denouncing the AMSA practice of misusing the registry of certified-organic producers for Dissertation reviews AMSA’s benefit.” 30 While this is an important critique for international trade with organic products and might apply to first party certifications of Customized evaluation paper some TNCs like Starbucks it does not apply to Fair Trade.

Contrary to Mutersbaugh (2005a) the cost for compliance with the standards are in the Fair Trade system paid for by the consumers, not by the producers (Raynolds, 2002b). 31 The contemporary discourse and Business service practice regarding development in the dominant institutions and in academia has been characterized by several observers as constituting an important departure from Customized masters orthodox neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus of the late 1980s and reviews the early 1990s. While the Washington Consensus held that good economic performance merely required getting the prices right through liberalized trade, macroeconomic stability and by getting the state out of the market, the post-Washington Consensus is a more inclusive approach that focuses on good governance, new institutional economics and the state (Williamson 1990; 1993, 2000) 32 This translates into the following: “Developing countries account for less than one-third of developed country imports but for two-thirds of tariff revenues collected. They also account for two-thirds of developed country imports subjected to masters level evaluation, tariffs higher than 15%.” (HDR, 2005: 127) 33 The WTO makes bans this as discrimination against foreign or domestic “like products” on the basis of word count “related characteristics”, wher like product is Customized masters evaluation defined as “products with the same or similar physical characteristics or end uses” (Dankers, 2003: 74; Young, 2003: 11). 34 A full discussion of WTO rules and voluntary labelling initiatives is given in Business school service for high, a FAO report by Dankers (2003: 73-88). See notes of a panel on the PPM clause at the Fair Trade symposium during the WTO meeting 2005 in Hong Kong under http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/symposium.cfm?refID=78673. This clause is defined on Customized masters level paper, the world bank webpage: “ PPM : Production and processing method. Used in instances where trade policy action by a country is motivated by a desire to calculator zipper case, ensure that imports have been produced in a way that satisfies a national or international production or process norm. Often these norms will be environmental in nature.“ http://www.worldbank.org/research/trade/glossary.htm#P (April 2006).

35 The webpage http://www.fairtradeexpo.org/index.cfm gives a good overview of the Customized masters evaluation, events and features a variety of resources, including transcripts from the symposium. School Essay For High! A similar event was staged at the 2003 WTO summit in level evaluation, Cancun. 36 Polanyi analyses the phd proposal, first movement, the economic liberalization and integration of the late 19 th century, as one that involves the replacement of local and level evaluation traditional socio-cultural relations by word count mere market relations. Customized Masters Evaluation Paper! In particular the incorporation of the phd proposal, three fictitious commodities money, labour and Customized level evaluation land/nature into the market and thus the total disembedding of the market from society unleashed destructive tendencies, which in Graphing zipper, turn lead to a variety of counter movements. This second and embedding moment is the Customized evaluation paper, attempt by social movements and ‘enlightened reactionaries’ to online, counter the social disruption of the market-led liberalization with social and Customized evaluation environmental protection and Dissertation reviews intervention. The main question Polanyi is trying to answer with this framework is the rise of fascism in Europe. He interprets fascism as part of the protective countermovement, suggesting that the level, protective countermovement is not inherently good but rather that it contains a variety of different responses to the destructive market forces, some of which are very dangerous.

37 Examples would be firstly the promotion of the Tobin tax by the international ‘anti-globalization’ network ATTAC that would tax all the financial transactions and invest the money in poverty alleviation (Ancelovici, 2002); secondly the environmental and Best resume service dc executives the anti-privatization movement that fight deforestation, genetically engineered food, patents on Customized masters, living beings or destructive infrastructure projects like the Narmada dam in India; and Dissertation consultant lastly efforts to counter the masters level evaluation paper, neoliberal agenda to create a global labour market without any restrictions, that has produced an incredibly destructive downward spiral of wages and, especially in the Global South, leading to conditions of immense exploitation. McMichael (2004) has collected a variety of case studies that vividly illustrate this situation. 38 This argument is explained in length in College essays word count, Roozen Boersma (2002). 39 “Decentralization of economic decision-making and ensuring that authorities are made accountable to the people for their actions is masters level evaluation paper where we need to start. But such democratic models have generally been based either on workers' control at the work place or on consumer power in the market.

The fact is that the two have to be combined. Markets which split us into two halves - into producers and consumers - have to be modified so that we can once more become whole.(. ) The conclusion of this book is that it will be by new forms of cooperation and not by relying solely on competition, that this [the new economic order] will be done. We cannot now foresee what the new structures will be.” (Brown, 1993:191).