Essay on the crucible

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c pointer homework Get via App Store Read this post in Essay on the our app! How do pointer to pointers work in C? How do pointers to pointers work in C? When would you use them? Let's assume an High geometry problems 8 bit computer with 8 bit addresses (and thus only 256 bytes of on the crucible, memory). This is part of that memory (the numbers at the top are the addresses): What you can see here, is that at address 63 the string hello starts. So in this case, if this is the only occurrence of hello in memory then, . defines c to be a pointer to Buy research contact the (read-only) string hello, and on the crucible thus contains the value 63. c must itself be stored somewhere: in the example above at location 58. Of course we can not only point to characters, but also to other pointers. E.g.: Now cp points to c , that is, it contains the Role of students in social address of c (which is 58). We can go even further. Consider: Now cpp stores the on the crucible address of cp . So it has value 55 (based on the example above), and Website poetry you guessed it: it is itself stored at address 60. As to why one uses pointers to on the pointers:

The name of an Can someone write for mlitt array usually yields the address of its first element. So if the array contains elements of Essay crucible, type t , a reference to the array has type t * . Now consider an array of arrays of type t : naturally a reference to this 2D array will have type (t *)* = t ** , and is hence a pointer to a pointer. Even though an array of strings sounds one-dimensional, it is in fact two-dimensional, since strings are character arrays. Geometry. Hence: char ** . A function f will need to accept an argument of type t ** if it is to alter a variable of type t * . Many other reasons that are too numerous to list here. How do pointers to pointers work in C? First a pointer is on the, a variable, like any other variable, but that holds the address of a variable. A pointer to a pointer is a variable, like any other variable, but that holds the address of Website poetry, a variable. That variable just happens to be a pointer. You can use them when you need to return a pointer to Essay on the crucible some memory on the heap, but not using the return value. And you call it like this: There are other uses too, like the main() argument of every C program has a pointer to write an essay for mlitt a pointer for argv, where each element holds an array of chars that are the command line options. You must be careful though when you use pointers of pointers to point to 2 dimensional arrays, it's better to use a pointer to crucible a 2 dimensional array instead. Why it's dangerous?

Here is an Buy research online contact example of on the crucible, a pointer to a 2 dimensional array done properly: You can't use a pointer to write degree a 2 dimensional array though if you want to support a variable number of on the, elements for the ROWS and in social COLUMNS. But when you know before hand you would use a 2 dimensional array. I like this real world code example of crucible, pointer to pointer usage, in Git 2.0, commit 7b1004b: Linus once said: I actually wish more people understood the really core low-level kind of coding. Not big, complex stuff like the lockless name lookup, but simply good use of pointers-to-pointers etc. Contact. For example, I've seen too many people who delete a singly-linked list entry by keeping track of the prev entry, and then to delete the Essay entry, doing something like. and whenever I see code like that, I just go This person doesn't understand pointers.

And it's sadly quite common. People who understand pointers just use a pointer to the entry pointer , and initialize that with the physics address of the Essay crucible list_head. And then as they traverse the list, they can remove the entry without using any conditionals, by Higher physics solutions, just doing a. Applying that simplification lets us lose 7 lines from this function even while adding 2 lines of comment. Imagine you have a linked list defined as: You need to iterate over it from the beginning to end and remove a specific element whose value equals the value of to_remove. The more obvious way to do this would be: What we are doing above is: iterating over the list until entry is NULL , which means we’ve reached the end of the list (line 4).

When we come across an entry we want removed (line 5), we assign the Essay value of current next pointer to the previous one, thus eliminating the current element (line 7). There is a special case above - at the beginning of the iteration there is no previous entry ( prev is NULL ), and so to remove the first entry in the list you have to modify head itself (line 9). What Linus was saying is that the above code could be simplified by making the previous element a pointer to a pointer rather than just a pointer . The code then looks like this: The above code is very similar to the previous variant, but notice how we no longer need to watch for the special case of the first element of the list, since pp is not NULL at the beginning. Simple and enforcement an invasion of privacy debate clever. Also, someone in Essay on the crucible that thread commented that the reason this is better is because *pp = entry-next is atomic. It is most certainly NOT atomic . The above expression contains two dereference operators ( * and - ) and one assignment, and neither of those three things is atomic. This is a common misconception, but alas pretty much nothing in C should ever be assumed to be atomic (including the ++ and of students -- operators)! When covering pointers on Essay crucible a programming course at university, we were given two hints as to how to begin learning about them. The first was to view Pointer Fun With Binky. The second was to think about the Haddocks' Eyes passage from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass. “You are sad,” the Are law enforcement cameras of privacy debate Knight said in an anxious tone: “Let me sing you a song to crucible comfort you.” “Is it very long?” Alice asked, for she had heard a good deal of poetry that day. “It's long,” said the Knight, “but it's very, very beautiful.

Everybody that hears me sing it - either it brings the tears to their eyes, or else -” “Or else what?” said Alice, for Website poetry the Knight had made a sudden pause. “Or else it doesn't, you know. The name of the song is on the crucible, called ‘Haddocks' Eyes.’” “Oh, that's the name of the song, is High school problems, it? Alice said, trying to feel interested. “No, you don't understand,” the Knight said, looking a little vexed. “That's what the name is called. The name really is crucible, ‘The Aged Aged Man.’” “Then I ought to High problems have said ‘That's what the song is called’?” Alice corrected herself. “No, you oughtn't: that's quite another thing!

The song is called ‘Ways And Means’: but that's only what it's called, you know!” “Well, what is the song, then?” said Alice, who was by Essay on the crucible, this time completely bewildered. “I was coming to Higher physics solutions that,” the Knight said. “The song really is ‘A-sitting On A Gate’: and the tune's my own invention.” Hope this helps to clarify some basic doubts. When a reference to a pointer is required. For example, when you wish to modify the Essay crucible value (address pointed to) of a pointer variable declared in a calling function's scope inside a called function. Buy Research Online Contact. If you pass a single pointer in as an on the crucible argument, you will be modifying local copies of the pointer, not the original pointer in the calling scope. With a pointer to a pointer, you modify the latter. A pointer to a pointer is also called a handle . Website Poetry. One usage for it is often when an object can be moved in memory or removed. One is often responsible to lock and unlock the Essay crucible usage of the object so it will not be moved when accessing it.

It's often used in Website poetry memory restricted environment, ie the Palm OS. You have a variable that contains an Essay crucible address of Can someone write, something. That's a pointer. Then you have another variable that contains the address of the first variable. That's a pointer to on the crucible pointer. it's a pointer to an essay degree the pointer's address value. (that's terrible I know) basically, it lets you pass a pointer to the value of the address of another pointer, so you can modify where another pointer is pointing from a sub function, like: A pointer to Essay on the pointer is, well, a pointer to pointer. Can Someone Write An Essay For Mlitt. A meaningfull example of someType** is a bidimensional array: you have one array, filled with pointers to other arrays, so when you write. you access at the array that contains pointers to other arrays in his 5th position, get the pointer (let fpointer his name) and then access the 6th element of the array referenced to that array (so, fpointer[6]). Essay Crucible. Consider the below figure and program to understand this concept better . As per the figure, ptr1 is a single pointer which is having address of variable num . Similarly ptr2 is a pointer to Website poetry pointer(double pointer) which is having the address of pointer ptr1 . A pointer which points to another pointer is known as double pointer.

In this example ptr2 is a double pointer. How it works: It is a variable that can store another pointer. When would you use them : Many uses one of them is if your function wants to construct an Essay crucible array and return it to the caller.

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resume opit raboti REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE GEOGRAFÍA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES. Universidad de Barcelona. ISSN: 1138-9788. On The Crucible? Depósito Legal: B. Higher Homework Solutions? 21.741-98.

Vol V, nº 102, 1 de diciembre de 2001. Instituto de Geografía de la Academia de Ciencia. GEODE UMR 5602/CNRS. Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail (France) Los orígenes de la ciencia del paisaje en la geografía rusa (Resumen) La Ciencia del Paisaje nació en Rusia a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Essay On The? Su especificidad es debida tanto al original desarrollo de la geografía rusa como a la historia de la apropiación de tierras vírgenes por parte del Estado Ruso. ¿Cómo y porqué aparece el concepto de paisaje en Rusia? ¿Cómo han contribuido las grandes escuelas de geografía rusa a la evolución de la noción de paisaje? ¿Cuales son los problemas epistemológicos de esta nueva concepción? El objeto de este artículo es mostrar la epistemología de los modelos geográficos del paisaje en el contexto de las condiciones culturales, sociales y políticas de Rusia entre los años 1860 y 1920.

Palabras clave: Ciencia del paisaje, epistemología, geografía, Rusia. The Landscape's science in Website poetry, the Russian Geography (Abstract) The Landscape' science has appeared in Essay, Russia between the Are law enforcement cameras of privacy debate, end of the Essay, XIXth and Higher physics homework, the beginning of the Essay on the, XXth century. Write For Mlitt Degree? Its specific features were determinated both by Essay crucible the original development of the Website poetry, Russian geography and by on the crucible the history of Website poetry appropriation of the crucible, virgin lands by paper contact the Russian State. How and Essay on the crucible, why has appeared the for mlitt, concept of crucible landscape ? How has contributed the for mlitt, schools of on the crucible Russian geography to enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy debate be banned, the evolution of the on the crucible, notion of Role landscape ? In what do consist the Essay, epistemological problems of paper this new conception ? This article deals with the Essay on the crucible, epistemology of the homework, geographical models of Essay on the crucible landscape in paper contact, the contexts of Essay crucible cultural, social and Buy research contact, political conditions of crucible Russia in Website poetry, the years 1860-1920.

Key-words: epistemology, geography, Landscape' science, Russia. Les origines de la science du paysage dans la géographie russe (Résumé) La Science du paysage est née en Russie entre la fin du XIX e début du XX e siècle. Essay On The? Sa spécificité s'enracine à la fois dans le développement original de la géographie russe et dans l'histoire de l'appropriation des terres vierges par l'Etat Russe. Comment et pourquoi apparaît la conception de paysage en Russie ? Comment les grandes écoles de géographie russe ont-elles contribué à l'évolution de la notion de paysage ? Quels sont les problèmes épistémologiques de cette nouvelle conception ? L'objet de cet article est de montrer l'épistémologie des modèles géographiques du paysage dans le contexte des conditions culturelles, sociales et politiques de Russie entre les années 1860-1920. Mots-clés: épistémologie, géographie, science du paysage, Russie. La Ciencia del Paisaje aparece en Rusia a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, en la época de las primeras reflexiones sobre el paisaje como método geográfico de estudio del medio. High School Geometry? Varios factores participaron en la formación de la Ciencia del Paisaje en Rusia: la necesidad de estudiar vastas extensiones de territorios poco habitados, las grandes expediciones, la participación activa de militares e ingenieros en las investigaciones geográficas, la inspiración de los naturalistas rusos por las ideas de la Natur Philosophie del siglo XIX, las perturbaciones políticas y la influencia de la ideología marxista en el siglo XX. Crucible? La compleja historia de la apropiación de nuevos territorios por parte de los rusos, ligado a los factores políticos, geográficos y culturales de esa época, abocaron al nacimiento de una actitud específica de los científicos rusos en torno a la naturaleza.

En efecto, la geografía rusa se desarrolló bajo la fuerte presión de la necesidad de colonizar vastos espacios, a la vez próximos y marginales, tales como Siberia, los Urales, el Caúcaso, etc., teniendo en el centro de este dispositivo la conquista de la naturaleza. Será a finales del siglo XIX, en el apogeo de esta apropiación del territorio, cuando se constituye una nueva concepción geográfica, en cuyo núcleo se encuentra la noción de paisaje (Frolova. Are Law Cameras An Invasion Of Privacy Debate? 2000a). Essay? Los albores del siglo XX marcaran una gran ruptura en la visión que tienen del paisaje los geógrafos y naturalistas rusos. Of Students In Social Worker? Esta ruptura fue precedida por importantes cambios en el interior mismo de la geografía. On The? A lo largo del siglo XIX, la geografía, surgida por el cruce de diversas prácticas -las exploraciones militares, las experiencias de viaje y descripciones estadísticas-, se afianza como disciplina universitaria (1) . Hay que decir que en los trabajos de los geógrafos rusos, la noción de paisaje surge fundamentalmente, y en primer lugar, en el contexto de la elaboración de nuevos métodos para la división regional. Can Someone Write An Essay? El desarrollo de ésta nueva concepción se realiza simultáneamente a la evolución del sistema de división territorial, que, desde el último tercio del siglo XIX, se convierte en una de las ocupaciones principales de los geógrafos rusos. En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, a las divisiones administrativas y topográficas arbitrarias se opone la idea de definir como principio de análisis de la realidad geográfica las diferencias geológicas y geomorfológicas, los contrastes biogeográficos, de los suelos y de los climas.

Así, los elementos naturales, según la corriente determinista del siglo XVIII, se convierten en el fundamento de la delimitación del cuadro espacial de los estudios regionales. On The Crucible? La noción de paisaje se encuentra, desde los inicios del siglo XX, en el centro de estos estudios. La cientificación del paisaje llegará más rápido en Rusia que en la mayoría del resto de países europeos. Geometry? Así, por ejemplo, en Francia a partir de finales del siglo XIX se constituye la geografía antropocéntrica caracterizada por la aprehensión de la parte visible (Robic. Crucible? 1995) (2) . Physics Homework Solutions? La geografía francesa, ligada en sus orígenes a la historia, se desarrolla como disciplina universitaria y académica (3) , pero en Rusia la geografía se constituye, a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, como una ciencia práctica. Crucible? Hay que decir que, igualmente, esta orientación pragmática es propia también de ciertas corrientes geográficas formadas durante los primeros decenios del siglo XX en Alemania y los países anglosajones. Paper Online? No obstante, en las geografías alemana y anglosajona estas corrientes coexisten con los estudios del paisaje cultural ( Kulturlandschaft o cultural landscape ). On The Crucible? A pesar de que en la geografía francesa la noción de paisaje cultural no se desarrolla de la misma manera, los estudios geográficos en Francia están marcados por un profundo interés en las condiciones concretas de la evolución de la cultura material o nacional (Roncayolo. School Geometry Problems? 1986). En Rusia esta dimensión cultural de la geografía esta menos acentuada. Essay Crucible? Como consecuencia de las investigaciones sobre medios eficaces para la gestión de los inmensos espacios y de la rápida creación de cartografía, tanto la geografía rusa como la alemana intentarán sustituir el estudio de las relaciones funcionales por la de datos fisionómicos (Rougerie, Béroutchachvili.

1991) (4) . Website Poetry? Los científicos rusos, desarrollando la lógica de investigación geográfica propuesta por A. Essay Crucible? Humboldt, continúan reflexionando sobre el paisaje como objeto específico del estudio geográfico cuya función es la de abordar la relación universal existente entre los diversos elementos del medio y su subordinación en el espacio. Será durante los años 1880-1920 cuando se asientan las bases de la nueva ciencia geográfica que será llamada, en Rusia en el siglo XX, Landschaftovédenie o Ciencia del Paisaje (5) . Enforcement Cameras Be Banned? Esta ciencia surge como resultado del esfuerzo por unir dos ideas: de una parte, la de discontinuidad del medio, fruto de su estructura pluridimensional, y, por otra, la de su continuidad y su unidad en el espacio y en el tiempo (Mijeiev. Crucible? 1997). An Essay For Mlitt? Para definir el objeto de estudio de esta ciencia, el paisaje, los rusos utilizaron la palabra alemana Landschaft . On The Crucible? El paisaje, presentado como un grupo de objetos y de fenómenos que se repiten regularmente sobre la superficie terrestre, estará ligado a la vez a los hechos visibles, que remontan a la experiencia común de la observación -el punto de partida de las descripciones geográficas tradicionales-, y a la aprehensión de fenómenos inaccesibles a la intuición del hombre, como, por ejemplo, la organización estructurada del espacio geográfico. Higher? La esencia objetiva del paisaje, escondida detrás de las formas percibidas por el ojo del observador, se constituirá progresivamente como centro de la investigación geográfica.

Así es cómo los geógrafos rusos descubren, entre finales del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX, los nuevos componentes del paisaje, como, por ejemplo, el suelo. Essay Crucible? Estos componentes no entraban en el cuadro de la antigua concepción del paisaje, ligada a la visibilidad. A diferencia del paisaje de Humbold, el Landschaft de los geógrafos rusos adquieren cada vez más los rasgos del modelo científico abstracto, que se aleja progresivamente de la representación sensible del paisaje. Higher Physics Homework Solutions? El paisaje será cada vez más objetivo, sobre todo bajo la influencia de la doctrina marxista que va a dominar en Rusia desde 1917. Crucible? No obstante una contradicción se oculta en el centro mismo de la noción de paisaje, que es a la vez objeto de la realidad espacial y sujeto de la percepción. Higher Homework Solutions? Esta dualidad va a dar lugar, en el siglo XX, a contínuas discusiones entre los geógrafos sobre su definición, sobre la morfología de su estructura y sobre sus métodos de estudio. ¿Cómo aparece la concepción del paisaje geográfico en Rusia? ¿Cómo las grandes escuelas de la geografía rusa han contribuido a la evolución de la noción de paisaje? Para responder a estas cuestiones hace falta remontarse al periodo de constitución de los primeros enfoques científicos del paisaje en Rusia. Orígenes de la concepción del paisaje (años 1860-1880) En el transcurso de los últimos decenios del siglo XIX el estatus de la geografía y de los geógrafos en el estudio de Rusia cambió bastante. Essay On The? La geografía en Rusia cada vez estaba más orientada hacia las Ciencias de la Tierra.

Los años 1860-1890 corresponden en Rusia al surgimiento de nuevas bases de la lectura geográfica del espacio y también del tiempo. Website Poetry? Siguiendo los principios de la escuela alemana de la descripción geográfica comparativa, propuesta por Alexander von Humboldt y Carl Ritter, los geógrafos intentan englobar la realidad geográfica, natural y humana, en un doble sentido, espacial y metodológico. Essay Crucible? Como en Francia, las fuentes de esta nueva geografía se remontan a las experiencias heredadas de épocas precedentes (Roncayolo. Enforcement Debate? 1986): a los libros de viajes y de las expediciones científicas, a las descripciones utilitarias de los militares, ingenieros, geólogos y médicos, y a la estadística. Essay Crucible? Estos estudios serán completados, en el siglo XIX, por los estudios económicos y agronómicos organizados por la Sociedad Económica Libre. Los años 1860-1890 se convertirán, por segunda vez después de la época de las Expediciones Académicas (6) , en la época de apogeo de las investigaciones geográficas, que coinciden con un periodo de importantes transformaciones económicas y sociales en Rusia.

Los años 1860 fueron en Rusia una época de grandes cambios: en 1861 Alexandre II abolió la esclavitud, que aún afectaban a un tercio de la población campesina, y también realiza reformas en la vida social. Website Poetry? Por un lado, los campesinos liberados tienen necesidad de tierra para cultivar. Essay Crucible? Por otro lado, la anexión, a lo largo del siglo XIX, del Cáucaso y del Asia Central ofrece un campo inmenso para la colonización. School Geometry Problems? Esta es la razón por la que esa época estuviera marcada por la apropiación de nuevos recursos y de nuevas tierras. Essay? El Estado inició no solamente la colonización y siembra de cultivos tradicionales en las zonas anexionadas, sino también favoreció el desarrollo del cultivo de algodón en Asia Central y en la Transcaucasia, por lo que se necesitó realizar trabajos para la puesta en regadío de estas tierras. Problems? La realización de todas estas múltiples reformas se hicieron al mismo tiempo que el cambio de carácter de los estudios geográficos. Crucible? La descripción estadística es progresivamente reemplazada por una investigación más especializada y aún más orientada sobre la práctica, centrándose sobre los problemas del desarrollo de la agricultura, del comercio y de la industria.

Las reformas no fueron siempre eficaces y son mal aceptadas por ciertas clases de intelectuales revolucionarios. In Social? La situación económica en Rusia se complica por desastres climáticos y malas cosechas. Essay On The Crucible? Así pues, desde los años 1860-1870, los geógrafos comienzan a desempeñar un importante papel (como anteriormente geólogos, botánicos y militares) en la investigación sobre los medios eficaces para resolver los problemas económicos del país y la puesta en valor desde un punto de vista científico de los vastos espacios todavía poco estudiados, en particular de las estepas de Ucrania y de Siberia meridional, y de regiones del Cáucaso y del Asia Central. Are Law Cameras Be Banned? La Sociedad Económica Libre lanza un programa de investigación para evaluar los recursos naturales del sur de Rusia, que será realizado durante los años 1880-1890 por numerosas misiones científicas. Essay? Así, la geografía pasa gradualmente de una disciplina que se basa esencialmente en la estadística descriptiva (7) a otra que engloba los diversos hechos del espacio desde un punto de vista más sintético. Durante los años 1860, la estadística descriptiva todavía supone un enfoque importante de la información geográfica pero ésta empieza a diferenciarse. Can Someone Write An Essay Degree? Ya no se reduce solo a una descripción global sobre las condiciones naturales y humanas de las diferentes regiones de Rusia. Essay On The? En 1863, se creó el Comité estadístico central bajo la dirección del geógrafo P.P.

Semionov Tian-Chanski. Higher Physics Solutions? Las estadísticas que demanda este Comité se especializan: en lugar de grandes trabajos descriptivos que conciernen a todos los aspectos de los territorios, aparecen trabajos regionales realizados por departamentos especializados (Departamento forestal, Departamento de mejora de suelos, etc.). Essay? Al mismo tiempo, la Sociedad Geográfica y la Sociedad Económica Libre organizan grandes expediciones destinadas a resolver problemas ligados a la puesta en valor del territorio, a través de estudios polivalentes del medio. Solutions? Hay que señalar que la Sociedad Imperial de Geografía continúa las investigaciones de carácter naturalista, llevadas a cabo anteriormente por la Sección geográfica de la Academia, y representa la geografía oficial, determinista y fatalista (Orain. Essay? 1996). Can Someone? Paralelamente, existe otra geografía que se orienta hacia la aprehensión del lugar del hombre en la naturaleza, cuyo promotor es, entre otros, la Sociedad Económica Libre que centra su actividad sobre los estudios político-económicos y agronómicos del país (V.V.

Dokuchaiev y A.I. On The? Voieykov están entre sus miembros). Are Law Cameras An Invasion Debate Be Banned? Curiosamente, la concepción de paisaje ( Landschaft ) que cristalizada en el seno de esta segunda geografía, se convertirá en una encarnación del determinismo geográfico en el siglo XX. Paralelamente, la geografía rusa evoluciona bajo la influencia de nuevas ideas venidas de Europa. On The? La sistematización de los datos recogidos en varias expediciones organizadas durante los años precedentes y el nuevo punto de vista sobre la realidad espacial suponen un progreso importante en las investigaciones geográficas. An Essay? Este cambio en la concepción geográfica aparece ya en los trabajos de P.P. On The? Semionov Tian-Chanski que desarrolla en Rusia las ideas de la geografía comparada (8) . Website Poetry? Semionov se apoya en gran manera sobre las concepciones de la geografía alemana, a la que otorga mucha importancia: conoce personalmente a Ritter y le considera como su maestro; al mismo tiempo también es influenciado por Humboldt, cuyos obras analiza minuciosamente. Essay On The? Después de haber traducido la Geografía de Asia de Ritter al ruso (1856), Semionov enriquece esencialmente la concepción de su maestro de la Ciencia de la Tierra comparativa y el programa de estudios descriptivos de las relaciones entre la naturaleza y las poblaciones de diversos países.

Contrariamente a Ritter, Semionov concibe la geografía como una ciencia práctica, que puede servir a las necesidades del hombre (9) . De manera diferente a la escuela de geografía cameral de Ritter, la escuela geográfica rusa se desarrolla sobre la base de un conocimiento práctico del terreno, siguiendo las tradiciones de las Expediciones Académicas . Of Students In Social? Intentando resolver la contradicción entre explicación y descripción, Semionov distingue ya dos tipos de ciencias geográficas: geografía general, cuya concepción es tomada de la Erdkunde de Ritter y geografía en sentido restringido. On The Crucible? Mientras que la primera estudia el carácter general de la distribución de fenómenos geográficos sobre la superficie terrestre, la segunda describe sus particularidades regionales y la influencia del hombre sobre el medio. High School? Atribuyendo una gran importancia a la división regional a partir de criterios geográficos y económicos, desecha las bases de la rama particular de la geografía que será llamada más tarde regionalización económica. Fiel al espíritu del enciclopedismo que domina todavía en la geografía, dirige la edición de varias obras geográficas populares: Diccionario geográfico y estadístico del Imperio Ruso (1863-1885), La Rusia pintoresca … (1881-1885) (10) , etc. Essay On The Crucible? Todas estas obras son concebidas como libros pluridisciplinares. Website Poetry? Es por ello que Semionov invita a geólogos, biólogos, etnólogos, historiadores, economistas, estadísticos, etc., para escribir capítulos consagrados a los diferentes aspectos de la fisionomía del país. Aún más importante, para el desarrollo de la geografía rusa, será la influencia de las escuelas geográficas de Anuchin y de Dokuchaiev, formadas en este mismo periodo.

Estas escuelas propusieron ya métodos más concretos de investigación y definirán el paisaje (con nombres diversos) como objeto integrador de la geografía. Crucible? La primera escuela se forma en el seno de la Sociedad Imperial de amigos de las Ciencias de la naturaleza, de la Antropología y Etnología de Moscú, fundada en 1863. Buy Research Online Contact? Su promotor, el primer doctor en geografía de Rusia, D.N. Essay? Anuchin orienta progresivamente la geografía en Rusia hacia el estudio geomorfológico y crea una escuela denominada regiones morfológicas. Role Of Students? Este autor afirma que los objetos particulares de la geografía física son las esferas que envuelven la Tierra y sus interrelaciones (Anuchin. Essay On The Crucible? 1912, 1949). Are Law An Invasion Be Banned? Por tanto, él propone centrar el estudio geográfico sobre las leyes físicas de la evolución de la superficie terrestre y sobre la historia de la formación de los objetos y de los fenómenos geográficos. Crucible? Igualmente trabaja sobre la instrucción geográfica y sobre los problemas de la cartografía relacionando las características del relieve actual con el análisis del mapa hipsométrico de Tillo.

Formado a la vez como zoólogo, antropólogo y geógrafo, él estaba no obstante persuadido de que cada ciencia tiene sus objetos, fines y métodos particulares de estudio, e insiste sobre la delimitación de la geografía como ciencia. Buy Research Paper Contact? Anuchin propone refusar las investigaciones de carácter enciclopédico llevadas a cabo en otros países por los geógrafos: Rusia está relativamente bien explorada, no se trata más de descubrir geográficamente nuevas tierras. Essay Crucible? Por el contrario, hace falta profundizar en el estudio de aspectos específicamente geográficos de las regiones de Rusia. Higher Physics Solutions? Según él, el estudio de las diversas regiones del país debe ser más especializado. Essay On The Crucible? Considera a la geografía no como conglomerado de ciencias variadas de la Tierra, sino como una ciencia independiente y sintética (citado por Abramov. Role? 1972).

Anuchin utiliza mucho el método de comparación geográfica, tomado de las concepciones de la geografía alemana (11) , prestando especial interés a la historia de la formación de los objetos y fenómenos naturales y sus relaciones de causalidad. Essay? Hay que señalar que desde 1884, Anuchin es el director de la primera cátedra de geografía y etnología fundada ese año, dentro de la Facultad de historia y de filología de la Universidad de Moscú (12) , lo que refuerza la influencia de sus ideas sobre la geografía rusa. Constatamos, por tanto, siguiendo a O. Website Poetry? Orain (1996), que Anuchin no dejó tras de sí un modelo epistemológico constante, como lo hicieron los fundadores de otras escuelas geográficas. Essay Crucible? Su concepto de la geografía, todavía frágil como disciplina, se muestra contradictorio: a pesar de sus intentos por redefinir los objetos de la geografía, él mismo tiene dudas de su independencia como disciplina. Higher Homework Solutions? Ello lo atestigua N. Essay Crucible? Dronin en su libro Evolución de la concepción de paisaje en la geografía rusa y soviética (1999). Geometry Problems? Este autor cita a algunos contemporáneos de Anuchin que afirman que las obras de este gran geógrafo tenían más un carácter analítico y crítico que constructivo o doctrinario. Essay On The Crucible? Igualmente, O. High School Geometry? Orain (1996) escribe que Anuchin aparece más bien como un letrado, un hombre de despacho, dotado de un remarcable espíritu de síntesis y de difusión, que como un fundador de una verdadera escuela geográfica. La tercera corriente geográfica rusa formada durante este mismo periodo es la de Vasili Vasilieviich Dokuchaiev, mineralogo de formación, profesor de la Universidad de Moscú. Essay On The Crucible? La escuela geográfica de Dokuchaiev tendrá un lugar muy específico en la evolución de la geografía rusa. Role Of Students In Social Worker? Esta escuela se desarrolla en los ámbitos de geólogos y agrónomos y se apoya sobre dos fuentes científicas.

En primer lugar, Dokuchaiev parte, en sus reflexiones, de la idea filosófica extendida en el siglo XIX de que la Naturaleza es unica, continua e indivisible . Essay On The Crucible? En segundo lugar, es el análisis de la práctica agrícola, que le llevará a cuestionarse el rol del suelo en los sistemas territoriales, que él considera, por primera vez, como particular cuerpo natural. El nacimiento de este nuevo punto de vista de la realidad geográfica está íntimamente ligado al carácter mismo de los problemas que Dokuchaiev busca solución (Valebni. Physics Homework Solutions? 1998). Essay Crucible? Él hace este descubrimiento durante sus expediciones, organizadas por la Sociedad Libre Económica y por el Departamento Forestal, después de las sequías devastadoras de los años 1877-1878 que afectaron a 29 provincias de la Rusia europea y que fueron seguidos de malas cosechas y hambrunas. Role Of Students In Social Worker? En 1882, se envía una expedición a las estepas del sur para comprender las razones de la regresión de los bosques y del empobrecimiento de los suelos. Essay? El profesor Dokuchaiev, formado en el seno de la Facultad de Geología y Mineralogía de la Universidad de Moscú, investiga las razones de la ineficacia de los procedimientos agrícolas en las estepas de las tierras negras. High School Geometry? Las graves consecuencias de la sequía le hicieron reflexionar sobre las medidas de prevención de los efectos de las catástrofes naturales sobre las cosechas. Apoyándose en los fenómenos observados en las estepas, propone una teoría revolucionaria que consiste en considerar el suelo como un objeto distinto que se desarrolla en un proceso de interacción entre los componentes abióticos y bióticos de un complejo espacial, y también del hombre (13) . On The Crucible? Por otra parte, se cuestiona la aproximación histórica de los suelos y de las zonas geográficas en general. Higher Physics? Para Dokuchaiev, el suelo es a la vez un cuerpo natural e histórico , cada zona geográfica representa igualmente la región genética , es decir, formada en el transcurso del proceso histórico, donde hace falta estudiar la variabilidad de la naturaleza en el tiempo y en el espacio. Essay? Esta nueva aproximación esclarece las interacciones entre vegetación, relieve, geología, clima y la actividad humana y orienta la geografía rusa hacia el análisis sintético del paisaje y de la historia de su formación. Dokuchaiev expone esta concepción, por primera vez, en su artículo Zonas pedológicas verticales y horizontales del Caucaso en 1898 (1948, p. Buy Research? 11): Generalmente se estudia los cuerpos separados -minerales, rocas, plantas y animales- y los fenómenos o los elementos separados -fuego (vulcanismo), agua, tierra, aire […], pero no se estudia nunca sus relaciones genéticas, permanente […], que existe entre las fuerzas, los cuerpos y los fenómenos de la naturaleza, entre la naturaleza muerta y viva, entre los reinos vegetales, animales y minerales, de un lado, y el hombre, su vida material y espiritual, por otro.

No obstante son estas relaciones e interacciones regulares que representan la esencia de la comprensión de la naturaleza, el núcleo de la verdadera filosofía - el interés superior de las ciencias de la naturaleza. Es importante señalar el hecho que Dokuchaiev no haya empleado el término Landschaft para materializar este enfoque (Nikolaiev. On The? 1996). Of Students Worker? No obstante sus ideas fueron asumidas, en el siglo XX, no solamente en los trabajos de sus discípulos (G.N. Essay Crucible? Glinka, A.N.

Krasnov, G.F. High School? Morozov, G.I. On The Crucible? Tanfiliev, V.I. Paper Contact? Vernadski, G.N. On The? Vysotski), sino también en varias investigaciones físico-geográficas llevadas a cabo en Rusia. Desarrollo de la teoría de paisaje en la Rusia prerevolucionaria. Los historiógrafos de la geografía rusa no interpretan de la misma manera la cuestión del nacimiento de la ciencia del paisaje. Website Poetry? La mayoría pone el acento en el nexo que existe entre la teoría del paisaje y la concepción de las zonas geográficas de Dokuchaiev. On The Crucible? Algunos insisten sobre la importancia primordial para la geografía rusa de las ideas de A. Role Worker? Hettner (14) . Essay? La diferencia entre la visión del paisaje de la escuela de Dokuchaiev y la de Hettner es con frecuencia presentada de la siguiente manera: según la concepción tomada de la geografía alemana, el paisaje es un complejo territorial único en su género (región natural), continuo (15) , pero heterogéneo en el interior (visión regionalista ); según las ideas del edafólogo ruso, el paisaje puede ser estudiado como un tipo de complejo territorial, homogéneo en el interior, pero discontínuo (16) (enfoque tipológico ) (Sujova. Of Students? 1981). Crucible? Esta oposición de escuelas nos parece injusta ya que durante toda la historia de la evolución de la Ciencia del Paisaje se ha asimilado tradiciones científicas diferentes.

En los años 1890, las revistas rusas publicaron algunos artículos cuyos autores (17) señalan que la geografía es una ciencia que estudia la distribución espacial de los fenómenos terrestres. Of Students Worker? En el transcurso de los años 1890-1910, aparecieron varias obras que reflexionan sobre la noción de paisaje. Essay Crucible? Sus autores se apoyan sobre observaciones hechas en las regiones poco habitadas de latitudes medias. Can Someone Write For Mlitt? En 1895, el botánico y geógrafo A.N. Crucible? Krasnov propone estudiar las especies y los géneros de los complejos geográficos cuya formación resulta de las particulares conbinaciones de climas, relieves, de procesos geodinámicos y de la vegetación (1895, p. Physics Homework Solutions? 5).

En 1904, el discípulo de Dokuchaiev, G.N. Essay On The Crucible? Vysotski, que hace sus investigaciones en las estepas, propone como objeto de investigación físico-geográfica los ecotopos . Una de las primeras obras que proponen una visión del paisaje próximo de la teoría paisajística que dominará en la geografía rusa durante los años 1930-1990 es el artículo de A.A. Role Of Students? Kruber Las regiones físico-geográficas de la Rusia europea (1907). Crucible? Su autor señala que la geografía estudia la superficie terrestre desde el punto de vista de las diferencias espaciales entre sus fenómenos, que se manifiesta en el paisaje . Physics Homework Solutions? En este sentido, Kruber remarca que la división regional debe tener en cuenta no solamente los elementos naturales de las regiones estudiadas sino también las particularidades de sus condiciones culturales, etnográficas y de vida, en definitiva de su pasado histórico (1907, p. On The? 163). Higher Homework Solutions? No obstante su esquema de división regional es físico-geográfico por excelencia y muy determinista. Essay Crucible? Esto lo justifica por el hecho que en Rusia el nivel cultural es bastante bajo […] es por ello que los límites regionales dependen, en mayor parte, por las condiones físico-geográficas […] El hombre se adapta [en Rusia] a la naturaleza (Idem., p. Online Contact? 164).

Un año mas tarde, A.A. On The Crucible? Borzov, apoyandose en el esquema de división territorial de Rusia propuesta por Kruber, desarrolla la concepción del complejo natural territorial. Debate Be Banned? En su obra Marcos geográficos de Rusia (Borzov. Crucible? 1908), donde se refiere a los trabajos de E. Role Of Students In Social Worker? Reclus, F. On The Crucible? Ratzel y A.N. Buy Research? Krasnov, afirma que la geografía es una ciencia de los paisajes, que son a la vez conjuntos de elementos físicos y los marcos armoniosos de la naturaleza. Finalmente, en 1913, Lev Semionovich Berg propone, en su artículo Ensayo de la división de Siberia y Turkestan en regiones paisajísticas y morfológicas (Berg. On The? 1913), la primera definición científica de paisaje. Website Poetry? En su obra posterior Objeto y problemas de la geografía (Berg. Crucible? 1915) muestra el paisaje como un objeto integrador de la geografía, que marca su especificidad en relación a otras disciplinas y representa la finalidad de sus estudios. Write For Mlitt? Desarrollando ideas similares a las de Dokuchaiev y a la concepción cronológica de A. Essay On The Crucible? Hetter, él propone, como objeto de estudio geográfico, las unidades espaciales de escalas diferentes (del paisaje a la zona geográfica).

Así, la geografía, como afirma, L.S. Buy Research Contact? Berg, encuentra su objeto (el paisaje o Landschaft) y su método (la regionalización ). Eligiendo para su concepción la palabra de origen alemán Landschaft, Berg definía el paisaje como una región en la que las particularidades del relieve, clima, aguas, suelo, de la vegetación y de la actividad humana están organizados en un conjunto geográfico armonioso, según un modo que puede repetirse en el interior de una misma zona geográfica. Durante los años 1914-1918 los discípulos de Dokuchaiev -botánicos y pedólogos- comienzan a emplear el término paisaje para la materialización de la idea de la interacción entre los elementos naturales y el hombre. Essay Crucible? Hay que señalar que los naturalistas de esta corriente utilizan la concepción de paisaje primero para elaborar clasificaciones de cenosis vegetales complejas (bosque, marismas, etc.) para poner de relieve la importancia de su unidad genética y dinámica, oponiéndose así a las clasificaciones tradicionales fundadas sobre la investigación de cenosis con flores homogéneas.

Así, el botanista G.F. Are Law Enforcement Cameras An Invasion Debate? Morozov en sus estudios de tipos de bosques, introduce la noción de elementos constitutivos del bosque entre los que se encuentran el clima, las condiciones pedológicas y geológicas, el relieve, las particularidades silvícolas de especies de árboles, la influencia del hombre (Berg, Dubnianski. Essay? 1914). An Essay? En 1918 Morozov señala que las unidades de su clasificación corresponden a los tipos de paisaje propuestos por L.S. On The? Berg. Paper? Igualmente R.I. Essay On The? Abolin (1914) en su análisis de tipos de marismas y, más tarde, en 1918, el edafólogo S.S. High School? Neustroiev en su obra, consagrada a la división regional de la provincia de Orenburg, se presentan como promotores de esta misma concepción. Problemas epistemológicos de la concepción del paisaje. La nueva interpretación del paisaje propuesta por Berg conlleva en sí tres caracteres importantes. Essay Crucible? En primer lugar, el paisaje es considerado como una unidad homogénea.

En segundo lugar, la identidad de los diferentes paisajes se revela en la similitud de sus composiciones. Enforcement Debate? Y finalmente, el paisaje de Berg engloba elementos del ecosistema y de la actividad del hombre. En el fondo, se pueden observar dos enfoques posibles de la realidad geográfica. On The? Si el paisaje es una unidad territorial homogénea que se repite de una manera típica en el interior de una misma zona geográfica, puede ser estudiado como un complejo territorial original, pero también como un tipo de región geográfica de una escala precisa. Role Worker? Se trata, en efecto, de dos visiones opuestas del mismo objeto. Essay On The Crucible? Por un lado, esta concepción atestigua la existencia de unidades naturales subordinadas unas a otras y ligadas a un territorio en concreto, fijando así la discontinuidad espacial de la naturaleza. Write For Mlitt? Por otro, la afirmación de que se repiten sobre la superficie terrestre en los límites de ciertas zonas geográficas está ligada a la idea de la continuidad. Essay Crucible? Esta oposición, todavía no muy pronunciada, va a provocar la aparición, en el interior de la Ciencia del Paisaje, de puntos de vista antagónicos sobre el paisaje (18) . Buy Research Paper Online? La definición paisajista de Berg presenta otro problema: ¿qué lugar hay que atribuir al hombre en el paisaje?

A lo largo de todo el siglo XX, los geógrafos de paisaje van a dudar entre un enfoque totalizador, según el cuál el hombre forma parte del paisaje que transforma, y un enfoque dualista, según el que el hombre representa una fuerza exterior al paisaje. Essay? Berg, él mismo, formado en el seno de la escuela de Anuchin, consideraba al hombre como parte integrante del paisaje, al comienzo de su trayectoria científica, pero, a continuación, cambió su punto de vista original. Desde la invención del paisaje científico las cuestiones de su continuidad o de su discontinuidad y del dualismo o del globalismo del enfoque del paisaje serán tratadas de manera diferente. Of Students In Social? En efecto, puntos de vista opuestos van a coexistir en Rusia durante todo el siglo XX y van a servir para resolver problemas diversos. Para comprender los procesos que unen entre sí los elementos del medio, era indispensable adaptar la visión del paisaje como cuerpo continuo e integrador en el espacio y en el tiempo. On The? Ya a comienzos del siglo XX, se abandonarán las bases de un nuevo enfoque del espacio geográfico, fundado sobre la idea de la continuidad de los procesos que tienen lugar en el medio.

Un gran impulso al desarrollo de este enfoque fue dado por V.I. Write Degree? Vernadski. On The? Basándose sobre la ley periódica de elementos químicos de Dmitri Mendeleïev y sobre la idea del flujo de materia, pasó de los problemas de la mineralogía descriptiva a la creación de una ciencia nueva, la geoquímica. School Problems? La geoquímica se esfuerza en profundizar en los problemas teóricos que supone el origen de la repartición de los elementos químicos y de sus combinaciones en las diversas esferas del globo. Essay On The? En 1906, Vernadki publica su obra La concepción científica del mundo donde desarrolla su concepción de biosfera (19) . Vernadski reconoció que es incorrecto estudiar aisladamente el organismo viviente y la biosfera, pero igualmente señala, a instancias de Dokuchaiev, la importancia de las interacciones entre los fenómenos de la vida (biosfera) y de la materia abiótica (atmósfera, hidrosfera, litosfera) que se llevan a cabo por medio de los flujos de materia y de energía. Write An Essay? Consecuentemente, cuestionándose el papel que desempeña la energía solar en los procesos terrestres, él introduce, en las ciencias naturales, el estudio de los intercambios de materia y de energía. Más tarde, en los años 1920, el geobotánico B.B. Essay On The Crucible? Polynov adopta las ideas de Vernadski sobre la interacción de los elementos del medio a la escala del paisaje. Website Poetry? B.B. Essay On The? Polynou reconoce la existencia de una esfera intermediaria entre las rocas y la materia viviente -capa de alteración- que funciona según las particulares reglas de intercambio de energía y materia.

Posteriormente, propone la noción de paisaje geoquímico -complejo natural territorial, cuyos componentes están unidos genéticamente y por la migración de elementos químicos. Paper? Por tanto, se puede señalar el nacimiento de un nuevo enfoque sobre el paisaje. Essay On The Crucible? Éste no está compuesto ya por elementos estáticos fijados visualmente: los componentes del paisaje están unidos por procesos , expresión misma de la continuidad del medio. Worker? El paisaje es, a la vez, un proceso natural y la metáfora de una interrelación entre elementos de la Naturaleza (20) . Durante este mismo periodo, los geógrafos rusos continuarán haciéndose nuevas preguntas en torno a la estructura de los complejos territoriales y de los paisajes. Essay On The Crucible? Ya en 1938 L.G. School? Ramenski, en su obra Introducción al estudio integral de los suelos y de la vegetación , formula la hipótesis de la discontinuidad natural, intrínseca de la vegetación y de la existencia de una frontera neta entre la cenosis debido a la influencia de las culturas y a la alternancia discontínua de otros factores. Essay On The? Así, la discontinuidad de la vegetación no aparecerá más como un fenómeno inherente a una dinámica propia de la vegetación, sino como resultado de circunstancias medioambientales. Online Contact? En consecuencia, desarrollando la misma idea de la unidad y de la discontinuidad simultánea de la naturaleza, emplazada en el corazón de la noción de paisaje, Ramenski propone una reflexión sobre la división del paisaje en partes (Ramenski, 1935). Una decena de años más tarde, N.A.

Solntzev, catedrático de la Universidad de Moscú, retoma las ideas de Ramenski y publica una serie de artículos donde propone su concepción de la morfología del paisaje, basándose en unidades paisajísticas de diferente escala intercaladas unas dentro de otras y desembocando en cartografías del paisaje (Rougerie, Beroutchachvili. Essay? 1991). Write For Mlitt? Desde entonces, el paisaje no será más considerado como una unidad de medida de un medio abosolutamente homogéneo y será presentado como un complejo territorial que comporta sistemas de orden menor como urochisché, mestnotst', facies (21) , etc., unidos por flujos laterales de materia y energía. On The? Al mismo tiempo, representa una parte de las unidades taxonómicas de rango superior (regionales o planetarias) en las que el paisaje se individualiza por criterios de diferenciación. Higher Physics Homework Solutions? Este enfoque está marcado por el objetivismo de la definición de los complejos territoriales y de sus límites y por el determinismo en el análisis de las relaciones entre los componentes del paisaje. Crucible? La delimitación de estos complejos territoriales, como señala A. Enforcement Cameras An Invasion Of Privacy Be Banned? Reteyum (1977), reporta verdaderos problemas, ya que las fronteras entre ellos son difusas y no existen criterios comunes para evidenciar los factores activos responsables de su formación, salvo, quizás, los factores zonales y azonales. Al mismo tiempo los geógrafos rusos intentaban resolver otro problema de orden epistemológico. Crucible? ¿Representa el hombre una fuerza comparable a la de la naturaleza y, por tanto, hay que considerar los elementos naturales y antropo-geográficos como un conjunto único? O, al contrario, ¿hay que oponer el hombre al medio natural, que determina la organización del espacio por las sociedades? Las primeras concepciones de los geógrafos rusos (escuelas de Anuchin y de Dokuchaiev) permanecen todavía permeables a todo lo que está anclado en la cultura y la historia de la relación hombre-naturaleza. Higher Homework Solutions? Es el caso del mismo Dokuchaiev, quién habla en sus trabajos de una interrelación genética, que existe desde siempre entre la naturaleza y su Señor imaginario, el hombre, y toda su vida material y espiritural (1899, p. Essay On The Crucible? 19) que se manifiesta en las zonas históricas y naturales. A finales del siglo XIX los geógrafos están siempre atentos al papel desempeñado por el hombre en la formación del paisaje.

Por tanto, no comparten el mismo punto de vista sobre el carácter de las relaciones entre el hombre y el medio. Website Poetry? Al enfoque totalizante de Dokuchaiev, se opone la visión dualista aparecida entre los geógrafos que participan activamente en los estudios consagrados a los efectos de la colonización rusa sobre los nuevos espacios. Crucible? Así, en 1894 Alexandre Voieykov publica una serie de artículos sobre La influencia del hombre sobre la Tierra (la traducción francesa será publicada en los Annales de Geografía de Francia en 1901) donde analiza los diversos aspectos de la antropización del medio natural. Buy Research Online? Igualmente, A.N. On The Crucible? Krasnov, en sus obras, explica los primeros fracasos de la colonización del Caúcaso subtropical debido a la ausencia de estudios sobre las relaciones ancestrales entre los pueblos locales y su medio. Al mismo tiempo aparecieron las concepciones globalizantes todavía más radicales que las de Dokuchaiev y Berg de los años 1910-1930.

Por ejemplo, la de Vernadski, según la cuál el hombre tiene un papel tan importante en sus procesos de intercambios energéticos y biogeoquímicos, que haría falta considerarlo como una fuerza equivalente a las geológicas y geoquímicas. Are Law Cameras An Invasion Of Privacy Debate? En los años 1930-1940, desarrolla la teoría de la noosfera, la esfera del conocimiento, de la razón, de las transformación del medio por la civilización humana, que existe sobre el mismo plano que la biosfera, la litosfera, etc. No obstante, la enfoque globalizante será progresivamente reemplazado por una visión dualista. On The? La aparación del término paisaje cultural , propuesto por L.S. Of Students In Social Worker? Berg y S.S. Essay On The Crucible? Neustroiev, es un signo paradójico de que la noción de Landschaft pierde su dimensión cultural (22) . Of Students Worker? En primer lugar esta noción está más bien ligada a los paisajes agrarios, cuyo estudio conocen, durante los años 1920-1930, una gran expansión.

Pero ya durante el decenio 1940-1950, la visión del paisaje cultural cambia esencialmente. Essay On The Crucible? Así, el economista-geógrafo Yu.G. School? Sauchkin entiende la noción de paisaje cultural como todo paisaje natural, donde las relaciones entre los elementos del medio natural son cambiados por la actividad del hombre (Sauchkin. Essay On The Crucible? 1946, p. Website Poetry? 97). Essay On The? Esto significa que sobre la Tierra hay relativamente pocas regiones que no pueden ser consideradas como paisajes culturales ( Idem. High Geometry? ). On The? Curiosamente, esta noción desaparecerá durante los dos decenios siguientes del vocabulario geográfico soviético. Los problemas epistemológicos de esta nueva concepción de paisaje permanecen todavía lejos de ser resueltos durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. Role? El contenido de la noción de paisaje es tan vago que la visión regionalista o individual , los enfoques tipológicos y la concepción de paisaje visible (23) cohabitan a menudo en las mismas obras geográficas. Essay On The Crucible? Incluso si ciertos geógrafos, como B.F. Of Students In Social? Dobrinin, emplea el términopaisaje y se esfuerzan en estructurar la descripción del paisaje en torno a sus elementos (geológicos, geomorfológicos, climáticos, hidrológicos, fitológicos, zoológicos y culturales), el paisaje es analizado, en sus trabajos, como una región geográfica.

Además, no hay ninguna reflexión teórica sobre sus elementos. On The? En efecto, la nueva concepción es elaborada por los geógrafos rusos desde principios de siglo durante sus investigaciones en un medio particular - en las llanuras de la Rusia europea. Physics Solutions? Los geógrafos se limitan a trabajos de división regional, o bien a sus descripciones especializadas (geomorfológicas, botánicas, etc.). Las representaciones geográficas del paisaje en Rusia desde los primeros decenios del siglo XX son extremadamente ricas: los modelos naturalistas coexisten con concepciones que engloban la realidad natural y humana, los enfoques objetivistas con los que se basan sobre la aprehensión del paisaje como aspecto visible del territorio, las concepciones del discontinuismo espacial y temporal de la naturaleza con los enfoques geográficos basados sobre la hipótesis de la continuidad de los procesos naturales en el espacio y el tiempo. Essay Crucible? Esta diversidad de enfoques va a desaparecer progresivamente de la geografía bajo la influencia de la nueva ideología y de los cambios sociales y económicos en Rusia. Desde el segundo cuarto del siglo XX, la visión naturocentrica triunfa en las investigaciones paisajísticas soviéticas y los elementos antrópicos así desaparecerán de las descripciones.

La naturalización y la objetivización del paisaje corresponden al espíritu general de la época. Website Poetry? En efecto, la Revolución de Octubre de 1917 ha jugado un importante papel en la modificación de la concepción de paisaje en Rusia. On The Crucible? De una parte, las transformaciones políticas y sociales acentúan las tendencias ya existentes en el desarrollo de la geografía rusa, donde lo más importante es el aspecto utilitario de las investigaciones geográficas, su relación directa con la práctica y el desarrollo económico. Buy Research Online Contact? Por otra parte, la concepción del materialismo marxista, según la cual nuestras sensaciones son medios eficaces para conocer el mundo en su objetividad, se convierte en dominante en Rusia. Crucible? Consecuentemente, a lo largo del siglo XX, el paisaje es reducido, a título de complejo geográfico natural, al sistema de componentes naturales, o más simplemente, a la suma de diferentes índices y formulas físicas y químicas. Por consecuencia, la geografía rusa ha pasado al siglo XX a una visión más interactiva y más globalizante del paisaje con, en particular, la introducción del concepto de geosistema.

No obstante, si los métodos de su estudio son cada vez más objetivos (cuantitativos), los elementos culturales del paisaje desaparecen del modelo paisajístico ruso. Physics? Hará falta esperar a los años 1970 para que la Ciencia soviética de Landschaft vuelva a tener interés de nuevo por el role del hombre en el proceso de la evolución del paisaje. 1. On The? Las Cátedras (término ruso para definir las áreas de conocimiento) de Geografía fueron creadas en las universidades rusas gracias al Edicto de 23 de agosto de 1884. In Social Worker? Anteriormente, solo se enseñaba Geografía Física en las Cátedras de Física, a menudo reducida a la Climatología. 2. Essay On The Crucible? No es por azar que, a principios del siglo XX, Paul Vidal de la Blanche dió un título revelador a su introducción a la Historia de Francia de Ernest Lavisse: Tableau de la Géographie de la France . Buy Research Paper Online? Según la concepción vidaliana, el paisaje concretiza el marco impuesto por la naturaleza al hombre, manifestandose también en la ingeniosidad de la adaptación de las sociedades, la riqueza de los géneros de vida (Sgard. On The Crucible? 1997). 3. Role? La geografía no se desarrolla como disciplina autónoma en el seno de la Universidad francesa hasta 1890.

Como señala C. On The Crucible? Rhein (1984, p. Higher Physics Solutions? 70), la geografía en Francia, incluso durante la década 1870-1880, solamente es enseñada en las escuelas primarias, los liceos y colegios. Crucible? […] Si la geografía existe en Francia ya en los años 1880, habría que hablar más bien de geografias, dicho de otra manera, un conjunto de conocimientos relativamente abiertos y practicados fuera de las instituciones universitarias. 4. Website Poetry? Sobre el nacimiento de la concepción del Paisaje en Alemania se puede citar también la obra dirigida por M. Essay? de Bolós (1992): Manual de Ciencia del Paisaje . 5. Can Someone An Essay For Mlitt Degree? Hay que señalar que el término Ciencia del Paisaje aparece por primera vez en las obras de los geógrafos alemanes de finales del siglo XIX ( Landschaftskunde ). On The? Como señalan G. Website Poetry? Rougerie y N. Essay? Beroutchachvili (1991), los paisajes eran considerados por entonces más bien como una óptica territorial, como expresiones espaciales realizadas en la naturaleza por un juego de leyes científicamente analizables. 6. Are Law Enforcement Cameras Of Privacy Be Banned? El término Expedición Académica es empleado por los historiógrafos rusos para describir las cinco expediciones enviadas por la Academia de Ciencias de San Petersburgo, en los años 1768-1774, para estudiar los recursos naturales y humanos del Imperio Ruso. Essay On The Crucible? Estas expediciones han desempeñado un importante papel en el avance de los descubrimientos geográficos no solamente a la escala de Rusia, sino también a la escala europea (Frolova. Website Poetry? 2000b). 7. On The? Estadística descriptiva o cameral es una escuela científica de recogida de información descriptiva sobre el territorio y la población del Estado, dominante en Rusia durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Website Poetry? Históricamente, el modelo estadístico de descripción de Rusia fue tomado de los científicos alemanes. On The? Su método se caracterizaba por la predominancia de las cifras sobre el texto, por la nomenclatura, por la exigüidad de comentarios, que manifiesta su origen militar y/o burocrático. 8. Paper? Si bien el papel de P.P. On The? Semionov en el desarrollo de la geografía rusa de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX es sin duda importante, la legitimidad de la escuela geográfica de Semionov aceptada en la historiografía soviética (Abramov.

1972), es puesta en duda por O. High School Geometry Problems? Orain (1996, p. Essay Crucible? 226). Online? Este autor señala que Semionov no tuvo concepciones verdaderamente originales para la geografía, ni verdaderos discípulos. Essay On The Crucible? No obstante, hay que remarcar que este funcionario del Estado, científico y explorador, ejerció una influencia importante sobre los geógrafos rusos y el gran publico en tanto que autor de las primeras obras de difusión geográfica, consagradas a la descripción sistemática del conjunto del país. 9. High Problems? Contemporáneo de A. Essay On The Crucible? Humboldt, C. Paper Contact? Ritter está completamente despegado de la noción de paisaje: él no es hombre de terreno, ni naturalista, sino más bien filósofo e historiador (Rougerie, Beroutchachvili. Crucible? 1991). 10. Are Law An Invasion Debate? Doce volúmenes bien ilustrados accesibles para todo el mundo (esta obra reunió a varias antologías, consagrados a diferentes regiones del país). 11. Essay On The Crucible? Él fué un atento lector de Richthofen, Wagner, Hettner, Ratzel (Orain, 1996). 12. Are Law Enforcement? A pesar de su pertenencia a la Facultad de Historia y Filología, ésta cátedra se ocupa de problemas verdaderamente geográficos y de la explicación de fenómenos físicos del espacio terrestre.

Es por ello que desde 1888 pertenecerá a la Cátedra de Ciencias de la Naturaleza de la Facultad de Física y Matemática (Krasnopolski. Essay? 1995). 13. Buy Research Paper Online? Anteriormente el suelo era tratado como una formación geológica superficial. 14. Essay On The? Así N.M. School Geometry? Dronin (1999) afirma en su obra sobre la Historia de la concepción del paisaje que hasta los años 1930, geógrafos rusos tan conocidos como Semionov y Berg ligaron sus definiciones de paisaje con la concepción cronológica de Hettner. Crucible? Él explica la desaparación de referencias a los trabajos de Hettner en los años 1930 por la lucha ideológica contra el idealismo en la geografía soviética.

15. Enforcement Cameras Be Banned? Puede ser presentado sobre un mapa por un solo contorno. 16. On The? Puede repetirse en el espacio y puede ser representado sobre un mapa por contornos separados. 17.

Entre ellos están los artículos de A. Of Students In Social Worker? Hettner y E. Essay On The? Ritter, traducidos al ruso. 18. Buy Research? Desde su aparición, la concepción de Landschaft a llevado consigo postulados contradictorios que permanecerán como un lastre para varias generaciones de geógrafos y se traducirán en batallas científicas permanentes en torno a la noción de paisaje. Essay? Es interesante que los mismos geógrafos de paisaje, propusieron varias veces reemplazar la noción demasiado vaga de paisaje por otros términos como: complejo natural territorial (Borzov. Buy Research Contact? 1908), aspecto geográfico, geocora, ourotchistché (Berg, años 1930), etc. 19. Essay On The? Su obra Biosfera será publicada en 1926 (Vernadski.

1926). 20. Are Law Enforcement Cameras Be Banned? Como escribe N.M. On The? Dronin (1999), en los años 1930, esta visión tomará una forma extrema en los trabajos del director del Instituto de Geomorfología A.A. Of Students In Social Worker? Grigoriev, autor de la teoría del proceso geográfico global, que va a dominar en la geografía soviética entre los años 1930-1940. 21. Essay? Los términos urochische y facies fueron introducidos en la geografía de los paisajes por L.F. Website Poetry? Ramenski en 1935 y 1938. On The Crucible? Según G. Buy Research Paper Online? Rougerie y N. Essay On The? Beroutchachvili (1991, p. Geometry? 39), las facies es el componente más pequeño de la estructura del paisaje, un espacio homogéneo que reúne condiciones naturales más o menos complejas.

El urochisché es una asociación de facies y la mestnost' - la asociación de urochisché's (Pedroli. Essay? 1983). 22. Higher Homework? Ya desde finales de los años 1930 - en la segunda (1937) y tercera (1947) edición de su famosa obra conceptual Zonas paisajísticas y geográficas de la URSS (1930)- Berg adopta el enfoque dualista sobre la relación entre el hombre y el paisaje. Essay Crucible? De un lado, él escribe que la actividad humana no tiene más que un papel secundario en el conjunto paisajístico (1947). Role Of Students In Social? De otro, señala que solamente los paisajes naturales o los agrarios son conjuntos geográficos armoniosos. 23. Crucible? El promotor de este enfoque del paisaje, ligado a los hechos visibles, V.P.

Semionov Tian-Chanski formuló de esta forma la esencia de la investigación geográfica: […] La investigación de los tipos de regiones geográficas [de paisajes] es un trabajo esencial, necesario e imprescindible de la geografía, que aproxima esta ciencia al arte (Semionov. Buy Research Online? 1928, p. Crucible? 47). In Social? El paisaje artístico tiene una importancia primordial y determinante para la geografía, ya que ella se baja sobre impresiones visuales […] (Idem., p. On The? 266). BOLOS i CAPDEVILA, M. Can Someone? (dir.). Essay On The Crucible? Manual de Ciencia del paisaje :Teoría, métodos y aplicaciones. High School Geometry? Barcelona : Masson, 1992. On The Crucible? 273 p. FROLOVA, M. Geometry Problems? Le paysage des géographes russes : l'évolution du regard géographique entre le XIX e et le XX e siècle. Essay On The? Cybergéo , 2000a, n143, http://www.cybergeo.presse.fr/ehgo/frolova/frolova.htm.

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Factores y formas de la organización del espacio de la superficie terrestre. Can Someone Write An Essay? In Cuestiones de la Geografía. On The? Investigación sistémica de la naturaleza (O faktorakh i formakh uporiadochennosti prostranstva obolochki Zemli. Cameras Debate? In Voprosi geografii. On The Crucible? Sistemnie issledovania prirodi ), 1977, Moscú: Misl, t. Write For Mlitt? 104, p. Essay Crucible? 84-95. SAUCHKIN, Yu.

G. Higher Physics? Paisaje cultural. On The? In Cuestiones de Geografía (Kulturniy landshaft. Are Law Cameras An Invasion Debate? In Voprosi geografii ), 1946, nº 1, p. Essay On The Crucible? 97-106. SEMIONOV TIAN-CHANSKI, P. Can Someone Write An Essay For Mlitt Degree? P. On The? Geografía general del Asia (redacción, traducción y complementos a la obra de C. Of Students? Ritter) ( Zemlevedenie Azii (redaktsia, perevod i dopolnenia truda K. Essay? Rittera) ). Website Poetry? San Petersburgo, 1863-1885, 5 partes. SEMIONOV TIAN-CHANSKI, P. Essay? P. Website Poetry? Región y país ( Raión i strana ). Essay On The? Moscú-Leningrado, 1928. Of Privacy Debate Be Banned? 312 p. SUJOVA, N. Crucible? G. Higher Homework? Evolución de la concepción del complejo natural territorial en la geografía rusa ( Razvitie predstavlenij o prirodnom territorialnom komplekse v russkoi geografii ). Essay On The Crucible? Leningrado: Nauka, 1981. Paper Contact? 212 p.

VERNADSKI, V. Essay? I. Contact? Biosfera . Essay Crucible? Leningrado: NJTI, NTO, VSMJ, 1926. Homework? 147 p.

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Possible Oliver Twist Essay Questions : When writing an essay about Essay on the, Oliver Twist you might face the problem that there can be so many oliver twist essay topics. Charles Dickens’s second novel was written in 1838 and it was only his second work, but it was already filled with seriousness. This novel is about a poor child who struggles to survive in the viciousness of London. The novel is one of the most popular works done by Dickens. It was adapted for the stage and screen many times and is still as popular as it was first published. Including the Higher physics fact that the main theme of the novel is the eternal fight of good and evil, it is always hard to choose the right topic when writing an oliver twist essay. Even though this topic is very interesting, it might cause some difficulties. Therefore, if you are experiencing any troubles while writing the essay about Dickens’s most famous novel, we recommend you to use our service in order to find the right author who will help you with the performing of Essay on the, essays and writing assignments on other subjects.

Stereotypes about poor in the Victorian times stated that vice and poverty was connected as well as inherited features, meaning that the poor were bad since their childhood. What is Dickens’s opinion on these stereotypes? When trying to find an online contact, answer for this question in your apa essay, you should focus on the fact that Dickens uses Oliver Twist for Essay on the, the critic of the Victorian times and its stereotypes. In the novel the writer ridicules the characters who share the opinion of poor being destined for having miserable life. In the end of the problems novel, it becomes clear that Oliver’s parents were well-off and he inherited the charity from them. Think about female characters in the novel (Rose Maylie, Nancy, and Essay on the crucible Agnes Fleming). What are the differences and similarities between them and what they say about Dickens’s ideas about Can someone write an essay for mlitt degree, women? This question can be revealed best when writing a compare and contrast essay on on the, Oliver Twist.

The differences of the women are brightly identified in the novel. Rose is a daughter of good parents. She is chaste and Can someone write an essay degree well-behaved. Nancy was brought up in the street and she is a prostitute. Essay On The? Agnes is of good breeding but still she is depraved. The similarities between them are the sacrifices they all have to make.

Rose’s sacrifice is the online decline to marry Harry, Nancy sacrifices her life for Oliver, and Agnes’s sacrifice is herself for the sake of her family’s reputation. Dickens’s opinion on each of these women is mostly favorable. By this, he demonstrates the will to forgive their sexual faults. Also, Dickens shows his fondness towards self-sacrifice and humbleness. For him, the ideal woman must be ready and even glad to give her life for others. Essay On The? Think about the image of criminal justice in the novel. At first, it looks like the Higher justice in the novel is blind it doesn’t care about people’s gender, age, or social status.

However, in the 19 th century England these issues mattered. Therefore, in this topic, you can state that justice in on the crucible the novel is Can someone write an essay for mlitt directed in favor of middle- and upper-class people. In the novel, Oliver gets to the court twice. The magistrate in the courtroom was half-blind, which is a reference to the phrase justice is blind. The presiding magistrate Mr. Fang, on the contrary, punishes everybody for even a little misconduct even without necessary evidence.

Mr. Fang is against Oliver and sees him as a criminal. He is blinded by the stereotypes of the society he lives in. The image of justice will change in the end of the novel, when Oliver’s inheritance from well-off parents became obvious. When he gains his social status and wealth, the justice regains its sight. Possible Topics for Essay on Oliver Twist : The narrative technique in the chapters 48 and 52.

The perspective of Fagin and Essay on the Sikes in these chapters. The issue of punishment and guilt. Fagin’s character. When writing a rhetorical analysis essay on Oliver Twist, think about how anti-Semitism influenced Dickens’s image of Fagin. Should he be the representation of all the Jews? Or can he represent anything at all? Thievery in the novel. Here, you can describe how some thefts were committed against honorable people by criminals and contact some were committed against Essay on the crucible, poor by respectable people. How different these two types of thievery are? What is common between them? Consider how Oliver got robbed of his identity by various people.

What is the dominance of thievery mean in the novel? The ways of clothing in the novel. What role does the clothing have? Think about a new suit purchased for Oliver by Brownlow, Nancy’s disguise, and Mr. Bumble’s regret for an essay for mlitt, giving up the office. The representation of marriage in Oliver Twist.

Compare the marriages of Mr. Bumble and Mrs. Corney, Mr. Leeford and on the Monk’s mother, and Rose and Harry. Also, describe the couples that do not form the marriage (Brownlow, Oliver, Rose, Mrs. Maylie, etc.) Betrayal in the novel. How does the problems betrayal affect the outcome of the plot and what characters are more influenced with that? Poverty in the novel. Where does it appear and how Dickens manages to present the theme of poverty in Essay crucible a dynamic way? Courage as one of the themes in the novel. Where is courage represented in the novel and Website poetry how do these appearances affect the characters.

If you want to get more case study topics for Oliver Twist essay s, contact our service where you will find a lot of writers who will be willing to do your projects for Essay, you. When writing an essay about Oliver Twist you might face the problem that there can be so many oliver twist essay topics. Charles Dickens’s second novel was written in 1838 and it was only his second work, but it was already filled with seriousness. This novel is about a poor child who struggles to High survive in the viciousness of London. The novel is one of the most popular works done by Dickens. It was adapted for the stage and screen many times and is still as popular as it was first published. Including the Essay fact that the main theme of the novel is the online eternal fight of good and Essay crucible evil, it is High always hard to choose the right topic when writing an oliver twist essay. On The Crucible? Even though this topic is High school geometry problems very interesting, it might cause some difficulties. Therefore, if you are experiencing any troubles while writing the essay about Dickens’s most famous novel, we recommend you to use our service in order to find the right author who will help you with the performing of essays and writing assignments on other subjects. Stereotypes about poor in the Victorian times stated that vice and crucible poverty was connected as well as inherited features, meaning that the poor were bad since their childhood. What is Dickens’s opinion on these stereotypes?

When trying to find an answer for physics, this question in your apa essay, you should focus on the fact that Dickens uses Oliver Twist for the critic of the Victorian times and its stereotypes. In the novel the writer ridicules the characters who share the crucible opinion of poor being destined for having miserable life. In the end of the novel, it becomes clear that Oliver’s parents were well-off and solutions he inherited the charity from them. Think about female characters in the novel (Rose Maylie, Nancy, and Agnes Fleming). What are the differences and similarities between them and what they say about Dickens’s ideas about women? This question can be revealed best when writing a compare and on the contrast essay on Oliver Twist. Role In Social? The differences of the women are brightly identified in the novel. Rose is a daughter of good parents. She is chaste and well-behaved. Nancy was brought up in the street and she is a prostitute.

Agnes is of good breeding but still she is depraved. The similarities between them are the sacrifices they all have to make. Rose’s sacrifice is the decline to marry Harry, Nancy sacrifices her life for Oliver, and Agnes’s sacrifice is herself for the sake of her family’s reputation. Crucible? Dickens’s opinion on each of these women is mostly favorable. By this, he demonstrates the will to forgive their sexual faults. Also, Dickens shows his fondness towards self-sacrifice and humbleness. For him, the ideal woman must be ready and even glad to give her life for others. Think about the image of criminal justice in the novel. At first, it looks like the justice in the novel is blind it doesn’t care about people’s gender, age, or social status. However, in the 19 th century England these issues mattered. Therefore, in this topic, you can state that justice in the novel is directed in favor of middle- and upper-class people.

In the novel, Oliver gets to the court twice. The magistrate in the courtroom was half-blind, which is a reference to the phrase justice is Buy research paper online blind. The presiding magistrate Mr. Fang, on the contrary, punishes everybody for even a little misconduct even without necessary evidence. Mr. Fang is against Oliver and sees him as a criminal.

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The issue of punishment and guilt. Website Poetry? Fagin’s character. When writing a rhetorical analysis essay on Oliver Twist, think about how anti-Semitism influenced Dickens’s image of Essay crucible, Fagin. Should he be the representation of all the Jews? Or can he represent anything at all? Thievery in the novel. Here, you can describe how some thefts were committed against honorable people by criminals and some were committed against poor by respectable people.

How different these two types of thievery are? What is common between them? Consider how Oliver got robbed of his identity by various people. What is the dominance of thievery mean in the novel? The ways of Website poetry, clothing in the novel. What role does the clothing have?

Think about Essay on the crucible, a new suit purchased for Oliver by Brownlow, Nancy’s disguise, and Mr. Bumble’s regret for giving up the office. The representation of marriage in Oliver Twist. Compare the Website poetry marriages of Essay on the crucible, Mr. Bumble and paper online contact Mrs. Corney, Mr. Leeford and Monk’s mother, and Rose and Harry. Also, describe the couples that do not form the marriage (Brownlow, Oliver, Rose, Mrs.

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Therefore, if you are experiencing any troubles while writing the essay about Dickens’s most famous novel, we recommend you to use our service in order to find the right author who will help you with the performing of essays and writing assignments on other subjects. Stereotypes about poor in the Victorian times stated that vice and poverty was connected as well as inherited features, meaning that the poor were bad since their childhood. What is Dickens’s opinion on these stereotypes? When trying to find an answer for this question in your apa essay, you should focus on Can someone an essay for mlitt, the fact that Dickens uses Oliver Twist for Essay on the crucible, the critic of the Victorian times and its stereotypes. In the novel the writer ridicules the characters who share the opinion of poor being destined for having miserable life. In the write an essay degree end of the novel, it becomes clear that Oliver’s parents were well-off and he inherited the on the crucible charity from Buy research paper, them. Think about female characters in Essay crucible the novel (Rose Maylie, Nancy, and Agnes Fleming). What are the differences and similarities between them and what they say about Dickens’s ideas about women? This question can be revealed best when writing a compare and contrast essay on Oliver Twist. The differences of the women are brightly identified in the novel. Rose is a daughter of of students, good parents.

She is chaste and well-behaved. Nancy was brought up in the street and she is a prostitute. Agnes is of good breeding but still she is depraved. The similarities between them are the sacrifices they all have to make. Rose’s sacrifice is the decline to marry Harry, Nancy sacrifices her life for Oliver, and Agnes’s sacrifice is herself for the sake of her family’s reputation. Dickens’s opinion on Essay crucible, each of these women is physics mostly favorable. By this, he demonstrates the will to forgive their sexual faults. Also, Dickens shows his fondness towards self-sacrifice and crucible humbleness. For him, the ideal woman must be ready and even glad to give her life for others.

Think about the image of paper online contact, criminal justice in the novel. At first, it looks like the justice in the novel is on the blind it doesn’t care about people’s gender, age, or social status. Paper? However, in the 19 th century England these issues mattered. Therefore, in this topic, you can state that justice in the novel is directed in favor of middle- and upper-class people. In the on the crucible novel, Oliver gets to the court twice.

The magistrate in the courtroom was half-blind, which is be banned a reference to Essay crucible the phrase justice is blind. The presiding magistrate Mr. Buy Research? Fang, on the contrary, punishes everybody for even a little misconduct even without necessary evidence. Essay On The Crucible? Mr. Fang is against Oliver and sees him as a criminal. He is blinded by the stereotypes of the society he lives in. The image of justice will change in the end of the novel, when Oliver’s inheritance from well-off parents became obvious. When he gains his social status and wealth, the justice regains its sight. Possible Topics for Essay on physics homework solutions, Oliver Twist : The narrative technique in the chapters 48 and 52. The perspective of Fagin and Sikes in Essay these chapters. The issue of punishment and guilt.

Fagin’s character. When writing a rhetorical analysis essay on Oliver Twist, think about how anti-Semitism influenced Dickens’s image of Fagin. Should he be the representation of Are law enforcement be banned, all the Jews? Or can he represent anything at all? Thievery in the novel.

Here, you can describe how some thefts were committed against honorable people by criminals and some were committed against poor by respectable people. How different these two types of thievery are? What is common between them? Consider how Oliver got robbed of on the crucible, his identity by various people. What is the dominance of thievery mean in the novel?

The ways of clothing in the novel. What role does the clothing have? Think about a new suit purchased for Oliver by Brownlow, Nancy’s disguise, and Mr. Bumble’s regret for giving up the office. The representation of marriage in Oliver Twist. Compare the marriages of Mr.

Bumble and Mrs. Corney, Mr. Are Law Enforcement Cameras Of Privacy Debate? Leeford and on the crucible Monk’s mother, and Rose and Harry. Also, describe the couples that do not form the marriage (Brownlow, Oliver, Rose, Mrs. Maylie, etc.) Betrayal in the novel. How does the betrayal affect the High geometry problems outcome of the plot and what characters are more influenced with that? Poverty in the novel. Where does it appear and crucible how Dickens manages to present the theme of poverty in a dynamic way? Courage as one of the themes in paper online contact the novel. Where is Essay crucible courage represented in the novel and how do these appearances affect the characters.

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9 Key Things the Hiring Manager Is Looking for on Essay on the crucible, Your Developer Resume. You can have solid tech skills but not know the first thing about writing a killer resume. For example, I’d always worked at startups where resumes were just a formality, but now that I’m a hiring manager in High geometry charge of bringing in new developers, I pay a lot of attention to them. Of course, there’s no such thing as a perfect resume. Essay On The Crucible! What works at Buy research, one company may not impress the hiring manager at another. Every CTO or engineering manager I know has a different set of skills or list of red flags, so unfortunately no list of Essay on the, tips will guarantee you a job. Higher Solutions! However, there are several pieces of Essay on the crucible, advice that are universally helpful in crafting a great software development resume. Physics Solutions! Here are nine of the on the things that I personally look for: 1. It Should Show Your Career Trajectory. When a hiring manager reviews your application, he’ll want to see a positive and contact compelling career progression that fits with the Essay crucible role you’re applying for.

If your last job was as a junior front-end developer, and now you’re applying for write an essay degree, a back-end role, think about Essay on the, why this move makes sense and how employers might interpret it. Does it seem like you’re trying to build full-stack experience? Or does it seem like you’re desperately applying for any and write all jobs you can find? If you’re making a shift, an objective statement can help. Another option: Discuss your passion for—and less obvious experience with—back-end development in crucible your cover letter, too. Along those lines, the story you tell will vary with the position you’re applying for.

I recommend writing a separate, master list of all your projects. Then, when it comes time to compile your resume, switch out Website poetry sections and on the crucible projects depending on the job you’re applying for. Online Contact! In other words, if the job listing says “You should be familiar with C#,” add those three-year-old C# projects and delete something less relevant. Customized means you talk about the skills you have and Essay crucible how they relate to Website poetry, a specific role. It does not mean stretch the truth so you look like a dream applicant.

You’d be surprised how many developers send me resumes claiming to be “ highly experienced in skill X,” but when it comes time to interview, I’m told it’s something they just began learning. I take this as a sign that an Essay applicant is in social lying—or completely unaware of on the, his experience level. (Either way, it pretty much ends the interview.) So, be honest, even about the little things. So long as you’re being honest, it’s a good idea to High school, include any keywords on Essay crucible, your resume that also appear in the job description. A lot of tech organizations use keyword parsers to filter candidates who match the in social job description best. Just remember that after the crucible computer picks you, a human will look at your application too, so read it out loud to see that it sounds natural. 5. In Social! It Should Include Links to Professional Sites You Want Employers to Find. Crucible! Employers will search for your social media profiles and website, so you can make their lives easier by including these links on your resume. (Not to mention, doing this controls what they find—and you never quite know where a Google search will lead.) Additionally, including your beautiful website gives you the Higher homework opportunity to demonstrate your technical chops! So, be sure to include a link to your personal website, Linkedin, and GitHub profile pages—as well as any other positive professional sites you maintain. On The! 6. It Should Prioritize Content Over Aesthetics.

I’m not a fan of creative resumes. Yes, every hiring manager differs and sometimes, something crazy will get you hired. But, day in and out, I’ve found that most hiring managers, like me, want candidates who stick out because of their unique experience rather than their resume design flair. Physics! So, as a developer, spend your time outlining your use of the latest programming framework, including a script you wrote to solve an interesting problem, or illustrating the results of your latest projects rather than making it pretty. Don’t freak out about every single word choice, but keep your grammar consistent and for the love of on the, God, spell things correctly.

Every computer in the world has spellcheck. Show that you care enough to correct the squiggly red lines on your resume. Remember: Developers need strong attention to detail, and you want to show that you have that. So even if “writing” isn’t your strong suit, this is an easy opportunity to show that you can catch even the smallest of errors. Can Someone Write For Mlitt Degree! This tip comes from Erik Martin, who was a hiring manager at Reddit. Essay! It sounds obvious, but I’ve also encountered candidates who need this advice a lot lately: What you name your file matters. People send their resumes via email or upload them to our ATS, and half of them are named “resume.pdf.” Those don’t stand out, and problems any time I search for it, hundreds of other docs will come up, too.

So, be sure to include your full name, too. 9. It Shouldn’t List an on the crucible Embarrassing Email Address. To set up an interview, most hiring managers will send you an email. But, if you’re using a strange handle (or one that’s the enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy debate be banned same as your dirty Twitter account), it just could change their minds. I suggest a combination of your first and last names or initials. Remember, developers are supposed to be tech-savvy. If you’re using a Hotmail account, I will not be impressed with your internet know-how.

What tips would you add? Tweet me and let me know. Karl is the Chief Technology Officer at The Graide Network, and has several years of crucible, experience in management at Website poetry, education technology startups. He's worked with companies from the MVP, pre-revenue stage to Essay crucible, the multi-million user mark, and enjoys writing prose as well as code. Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for this class.

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essay quesitons A Case Study of Late Twentieth-Century Japan through Art: Tezuka Osamu and Astro Boy. Late Twentieth-Century Japan: An Introductory Essay. by William M. Tsutsui, University of Essay crucible Kansas.

Until recently, Japan’s history since World War II was told as an inspiring fable of Are law enforcement an invasion debate success. According to this story, Japan pulled itself out of the physical devastation, spiritual bankruptcy, and abject defeat of 1945 through wise leadership, hard work, and a partnership with the United States. It became one of the world’s richest, most stable, and most widely respected industrial democracies. Historians now realize that this narrative does not capture Japan’s postwar experience. What once seemed like a buoyant path of growth and crucible, recovery, termed a “miracle” by some patronizing Western observers, is now seen as a more nuanced story. Japan experienced downturns as well as booms, discord as well as consensus, and serious problems as well as elegant solutions. Buy Research Paper! This short essay charts the Essay crucible history of Japan from the end of the war to the present day.

It sketches the rapid and profound changes the Japanese people have enjoyed, endured, and embraced over the past 60 years. The Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) The occupation of Higher physics solutions Japan was called a joint allied operation. In fact, the United States dominated, as its forces had borne the Essay on the crucible brunt of the fighting in the Pacific theater during World War II. The occupying forces were led by the charismatic General Douglas MacArthur.

MacArthur was styled the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (or SCAP, a term also applied to the occupation administration as a whole). The American occupiers wanted to remake Japan as a peaceful, democratic, and modern nation. They wanted to ensure it would never again threaten the an invasion debate world militarily. Essay On The! The occupiers approached their former foes not with bitterness or a thirst for Buy research online, revenge, but with compassion and generosity. Essay Crucible! The Japanese public, meanwhile, had suffered from extreme wartime deprivation as well as crippling allied air attacks.

Exhausted, stunned, and defeated, Japan’s hungry masses showed no hostility to homework the Americans. Instead, they greeted the occupation and its reforms with composure, respect, and openness. Thus, victors and vanquished worked together in the remaking and rebuilding of Japan. The occupation is often compared to Essay on the crucible the Meiji Period (1868-1912), which was a time of rapid modernization. Buy Research Paper! Both are seen as watersheds in Japanese history. U.S. forces entered Japan with grand visions of change. They sought to root out militarism. They also wanted to build democratic institutions and tutor the Japanese in the superiority of the American way of life.

The occupation agenda was often naïve, heavy-handed, and condescending. Democratization was equated with Americanization. Japan was perceived (as MacArthur himself once put it) as a nation of 12-year-olds. Scholars have debated the extent of the change actually accomplished by the occupiers. Crucible! Many have noted that SCAP’s fervor for Website poetry, reform cooled after only a couple years. They further note that many proposals for change were successfully resisted by Japanese authorities. Nevertheless, the occupation had a formative impact on postwar Japanese society, the on the conduct of High school political and economic life, and Japan’s place in the Cold War world. Demilitarization was the occupiers’ first priority. It was accomplished quickly. On The! Imperial army and navy units were disarmed. The far-flung Japanese empire was dismantled.

People important to the war effort, especially military officers, were barred from positions of public responsibility. The top leaders of the wartime Japanese state, including former prime minister T#333;j#333; Hideki, were tried by write an essay for mlitt an international military tribunal. On The Crucible! Seven of those convicted were executed. Significantly, the Sh#333;wa Emperor (Hirohito) was not charged. Online! American officials opted to use the crucible monarch as a tool to influence public opinion rather than punishing him as a part of the wartime regime. Democratization was the occupation’s other major goal.

This goal was far more complicated and difficult to accomplish. Political reform was considered essential to Japan’s recasting as a peaceful member of the community of nations. Buy Research Paper Contact! After a Japanese commission failed to produce a new national constitution sufficiently progressive for crucible, the occupation, SCAP staff wrote a new draft in High just a week’s time. This new draft was presented to the Japanese government for translation and enactment. The Japanese had no choice but to comply. The new constitution was promulgated on November 3, 1946. Many scholars have noted the irony of SCAP installing democratic political institutions in Essay crucible Japan through authoritarian means. The Japanese, it has been said, were “forced to be free.” Still, the Japanese people embraced the “MacArthur constitution” (as it is for mlitt degree, often known). It has endured (with not a single amendment) as a sound basis for Japan’s postwar democracy. Unlike the old Meiji constitution of Essay on the crucible 1889, the new document gave sovereignty to the Japanese people, not the emperor. An Invasion Of Privacy Be Banned! The imperial institution was limited to a symbolic role.

Shint#333;, which had been used to support wartime mobilization, was disestablished as a state religion. Essay On The! Both houses of the Diet, Japan’s parliament, were to be elected democratically. The prime minister and cabinet were to be selected on the standard British parliamentary model. Degree! The 1946 constitution, considered by some to be even more progressive than the U.S. constitution, guaranteed the Japanese people a wide range of crucible civil rights. These rights included freedoms of Are law cameras debate be banned assembly, “thought and on the, conscience,” and the press. The equality of women was established explicitly. Indeed, in the April 1946 general election, the first in Japan to allow women the vote, 39 women were elected to the lower house of the Diet.

That total has not been exceeded since. The occupation tried to extend reform deeply into Website poetry, Japanese society and the economy. Land reform, one of SCAP’s most popular and successful efforts, broke the hold of large landlords. Tenant farmers could purchase the property they worked. SCAP believed organized labor was a necessary counterweight to Essay business and a fundamental part of of students worker a healthy democracy. They therefore encouraged unionization in crucible industry. The educational system and police force were also reformed. Higher! Structures were decentralized, made more responsive to local communities, and Essay on the, recast on American models. An ambitious antitrust program was also launched.

The occupiers feared that the zaibatsu , Japan’s financial and industrial conglomerates, would inhibit competition and stifle new business. Thus, sweeping antitrust legislation was passed. SCAP laid plans for the break-up of several hundred large corporations. The reformist flurry of the early occupation proved short-lived, however. SCAP’s sweeping programs threatened many influential groups in Japan. They were also worrisome to many U.S. policymakers. Japanese corporate interests complained that occupation policy was crippling the nation’s economic recovery. Planners in of students the State Department and Pentagon grew concerned that aggressive reform might weaken Japan socially and politically.

They believed it needed to be built up as a stable Cold War ally in Asia. Wall Street bankers and Congress, anxious that Japan might become a long-term financial drain on America, argued for a quick end to SCAP’s experiments. In 1947, General MacArthur canceled a general strike organized by Essay militant unions. This act marked the an invasion beginning of the occupation’s moderation of its reformist agenda. It even rolled back some of its high-profile policies.

The change in policy became known as the “reverse course.” Democratization took a back seat to stabilization, economic recovery, and crucible, rehabilitation of Japan as America’s dependable partner in East Asia. Enforcement An Invasion! Antitrust programs were muted. Occupation support for on the, labor evaporated. The purge, once reserved for wartime leaders, was used to weaken left-wing groups and radical unions. The occupation also began to pressure the Japanese government to Buy research begin remilitarizing. Essay On The Crucible! Article 9 of the 1946 constitution rejected any military capability for Are law of privacy debate, Japan. But American planners were soon eager for the Japanese to crucible take up arms in the Cold War defense of the Free World. Although pacifist feelings in Japan ran deep after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the first step toward remilitarization was taken not long after the Korean War began in June 1950.

That first step was creation of an invasion a 75,000-man National Police Reserve. The Reserve was well supplied with American arms. The popular image of the occupation, at least in Essay crucible the United States, has generally been very positive. In that view, MacArthur and Role, his forces benevolently led the transformation of a former enemy into a modern, peaceful democracy. Skeptics argue that the role of the occupiers has been exaggerated. They say that SCAP’s reforms were only successful because they built on existing trends in Japan. Some in Japan (especially those on the political left) take a much more negative view. They assert that the occupation betrayed the Japanese people. The Americans promised thoroughgoing reform and true freedom.

But SCAP compromised its ideals in the “reverse course.” According to this view, the occupation bolstered the conservative status quo in Japan. By not trying the emperor as a war criminal, by backtracking on Essay, labor and antitrust policy, and by working to rehabilitate Japan as a Cold War ally, the occupation confirmed existing power relationships in Japan. Whether or not one believes that the occupiers delivered on their promise of democratization, MacArthur and the SCAP staff clearly had a profound role in establishing the foundations of postwar Japan’s social stability, democratic political institutions, and dynamic capitalist economy. A number of factors contributed to the long-term success of the Liberal Democratic Party. First was an imbalance in the allocation of electoral districts for the lower house of the Diet.

Because of internal migration and gerrymandering, rural areas were greatly overrepresented. Support for the LDP was strong in the rural areas. Urban areas (where left-wing parties polled well) were severely underrepresented. The LDP consolidated its base of power in the countryside by pursuing policies that helped farmers. For example, they blocked rice imports and homework solutions, thus kept agricultural prices high. They also targeted pork-barrel projects to small towns and villages. In addition, the LDP remained pragmatic and flexible ideologically.

It was conservative in general outlook. Yet it never became doctrinaire like its left-wing rivals. Perhaps most significantly, the Liberal Democratic Party championed economic recovery and growth. This issue resonated with all Japanese in Essay the wake of World War II. The LDP prioritized industrial and financial development. Through policies like Prime Minister Ikeda Hayato’s popular “Income Doubling Plan” of 1960, it also promoted the sharing of economic gains broadly among the Japanese people. The apparent success of LDP economic management inspired public confidence. It also created the widespread impression that the Liberal Democrats were the only party with the Higher physics experience and qualifications necessary to govern the nation.

Critics have long complained that postwar Japan’s political system was not very democratic. Single-party dominance was one issue. Beyond that, detractors claim that political decision-making has been shaped less by the democratic process than by backroom deals among unelected elites. Scholars have written of an Essay crucible, “iron triangle” in Japan. Higher Physics Homework! This triangle is a loose coalition of three groupsLDP politicians, big business leaders, and central government bureaucrats. These groups work together formally and informally to establish and implement national policy. Essay On The Crucible! Japan’s elite bureaucrats employed in national ministries (of finance, international trade and industry, and education, just to name a few) have been said to play a pivotal role. These professional civil servants enjoyed substantial power and independence, especially in the postwar decades of high-speed growth. The bureaucracy was little altered by for mlitt the occupation’s reforms.

Its influence was retained (and even enhanced) after the war. Whether the power of state bureaucrats or the presence of an Essay crucible, “iron triangle” of elites makes postwar Japan distinctively authoritarian or inauthentically democratic is debatable. Skeptics note that similar coalitions have also been common in the democracies of Western Europe and North America. From the Higher physics end of the occupation to the early 1970s, one-party rule, bureaucratic elitism, and “iron triangle” governance seemed to bother few Japanese. The people seemed content with the status quo. The 1950s were, on the whole, a very good decade for Japan economically. The Korean War was an Essay crucible, important catalyst.

U.S. military purchasing pulled the Japanese economy out of Can someone its postwar funk and gave much-needed impetus to Essay on the crucible the manufacturing sector. Japan’s reentry into international trade proceeded smoothly, largely under American sponsorship. Many of the overseas markets lost during World War II were regained. Investment in Website poetry new productive capacity and introduction of the on the latest industrial technology from the solutions West proceeded briskly. By 1954, Japan had clawed its way back to prewar levels of economic activity. In 1956, one government economic report declared that “the postwar period is over.” In the latter half of the 1950s, Japanese national income grew at an average rate of 9.1 percent a year. By the 1960s, annual growth averaged well over on the crucible, 10 percent. The speed and duration of postwar Japan’s economic expansion was unprecedented internationally at the time. Many elements contributed to Japan’s high-growth economy. State “industrial policy” was charted largely within the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. It was carried out cooperatively with major corporations.

This national policy provided a strategic plan and High school problems, central guidance for Japan’s economic rise. Some commentators have stressed the importance of Japan’s international trade policy. This policy closed markets at home and supported ruthless export drives abroad. Others have pointed to Japan’s human resourcesits skilled workers, able managers, and cooperative unionists. A few have accused the Japanese of getting a “free ride” to prosperity. They say Japan milked America for the latest technology and a comfortable spot under the U.S. nuclear umbrella during the Cold War. In recent years, however, many scholars have acknowledged what may have been the most important factor in Japan’s economic boom. While the Japanese are usually depicted as the on the crucible world’s greatest savers, they have also proven to be some of the world’s foremost spenders. This was never truer than in the decades after World War II. Can Someone Write Degree! In those years, Japan’s consumers, apparently compensating for on the, the hardships of the war years, bought at unprecedented levels.

The rise of consumption and soaring standard of living were captured well by a series of Role in social worker catchy slogans, made popular in Essay crucible the Japanese media. These slogans revolved around consumer desire and the intense social pressure in middle-class Japan to “keep up with the contact Tanakas.” In the Essay on the crucible late 1950s, the acquisitive dream of the average Japanese family was the “three S’s”: senp#363;ki, sentaku, suihanki (electric fan, washing machine, and rice cooker). By the mid-1960s, many Japanese had realized these dreams of electric appliance ownership. Can Someone Write! Expectations had to be redefined. Hence the “three C’s”: k#257, k#363;r#257, kar#257 terebi (car, air conditioner, and color television) became the on the goal. By the physics 1970s, only the “three J’s” would suffice: j#363;eru, jetto, j#363;taku (jewelry, overseas vacations, and a house of one’s own). Japan’s economy made great strides in the two decades following the occupation. Domestic consumers, in many ways, both instigated and benefited from Japan’s growth.

Increasing wealth and rapid economic development brought major social changes as well. Japan, an agrarian society through World War II, urbanized in the high-growth era. Crucible! In 1950, only one-third of the population lived in cities. By 1975, over solutions, 75 percent did. Japan’s increasing postwar wealth was distributed remarkably evenly. Essay! Thanks to progressive tax policies and government programs to keep rural incomes rising as steadily as urban ones, income distribution was relatively egalitarian. The vast majority of Japanese (more than 95 percent in some surveys) considered themselves “middle class.” Medical care and public health standards improved rapidly after the war.

Average life expectancy increased steadily, eventually becoming the highest in the world. As in many developing societies, the very structures of family life also changed with greater wealth and social mobility. The large, multi-generational household of the past increasingly gave way to a nuclear family with a breadwinner father, a stay-at-home mother, and one or two children. By the 1970s, social scientists had begun to comment on the unusual stability and High problems, order of Japanese society in a time of sweeping change. Much of the credit for this resilience went to the core institutions of Japanese society. The family, for instance, was hailed as a model of strength. Essay! Divorce rates in Japan were among the world’s lowest. The educational system was widely praised for Role of students worker, demanding high levels of Essay on the literacy and numeracy from all students.

Discipline was the rule both in the schools and in society at Buy research online contact large. Juvenile delinquency and overall crime rates were extremely low. On The! The police were renowned for Website poetry, their efficient, community-based methods. Essay! Some protests did flare during the high-growth era. People rioted against the renewal of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in Role of students in social worker 1960. That same year, the violent Miike coal mine strike occurred.

University students demonstrated against the Vietnam War. Essay On The Crucible! In general, however, the broad public consensus on economic growth as the overriding national goal and personal advancement as the principal individual objective kept social discord to a minimum. In Social Worker! The stereotype of Japanese society as safe, polite, orderly, middle class, well educated, healthy, and Essay, still traditional despite the rapid modernization took shape and began to be embraced globally in the optimistic postwar decades of high-speed growth. From the Website poetry Oil Shock through the Bubble Economy. Pride ran high in Essay Japan when the nation’s postwar achievements, from the rebuilding of war-scarred cities to technological marvels like the Shinkansen bullet train, were showcased at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and Expo ’70, held in Osaka. But Japan’s 20-year run of economic expansion came to Website poetry an abrupt halt in the early 1970s.

The OPEC oil embargo of 1973-74, known in Essay on the Japan as the “oil shock,” brought the high-flying but resource-poor Japanese economy back to earth. Seemingly overnight, falling oil supplies and exploding energy prices spurred intense inflation. High Geometry Problems! Economic growth ended. Japan’s first industrial downturn since the Korean War led to widespread hand-wringing. The nation felt a heightened sense of its own vulnerability. As it turned out, Japan’s economic recovery from the oil shocks was rapid and strong. Crucible! The engine of Japanese resurgence was exports. Homework Solutions! The destination of most of the automobiles, VCRs, and Sony Walkmen that revived Japanese industry was the United States.

U.S. consumers, also reeling from the oil crisis, clamored for fuel-efficient Japanese cars. Buyers worldwide came to on the appreciate the High geometry problems high quality, sophisticated design, and good prices of Japanese electronic goods. In 1974, Japanese-U.S. trade was more-or-less in on the balance. By 1976, America’s trade deficit with Japan was about $4 billion. By 1978, the deficit was $10 billion. By 1985, it was more than $40 billion.

The annual growth rate of Japan’s national income slowed in the late 1970s, yet hovered consistently around 5 percent, a more than respectable figure. Japan’s economic rebound thus proceeded briskly. But the political and social effects of the high-growth era’s end were profound and long-lasting. Many new concerns, interests, and agendas rose to Role worker the surface in 1970s Japan. Mass protests and new social movements became common. Many protests expressed outrage at the long-overlooked costs of Japan’s high-speed growth and the government’s feeble response to mounting social and environmental problems. On The! Young people protested pollution and corporate irresponsibility. Urbanites frustrated by poor housing conditions and public infrastructure also spoke out, as did disgruntled farmers displaced from physics solutions, their land for the construction of Essay crucible Narita Airport. All challenged the establishment. In many cases, they won grudging concessions from the government and write an essay degree, business. The oil shock and this rising chorus of discontent also took the shine off LDP political rule.

The party faced declining electoral results from the 1960s. Still, it managed to cling to power. The Liberal Democrats did belatedly embrace a range of progressive social welfare policies. But many Japanese continued to see them as unresponsive, out of touch, and corrupt. Even Japan’s relationship with the United States, a touchstone of international relations in Asia and the Japanese postwar political order, grew strained. The so-called Nixon shocks (the floating of the dollar on global currency markets in 1971 and the opening of diplomatic relations with China in 1972) caught Tokyo off-guard. Essay Crucible! Japan’s export successes later in school problems the decade prompted intense pressure from Washington to open Japanese markets to more U.S. Essay On The! goods. After the tensions of the 1970s, the 1980s were exhilarating times in Buy research paper contact Japan. As the Japanese economy surged forward, especially after 1985, the nation seemed headed toward global economic dominance. The Japanese, it seemed, were the world’s wealthiest, best educated, and Essay on the, longest-lived people.

Many commentators heralded the end of the pax Americana. They foresaw the start of the “Pacific Century,” with Japan in of students in social the lead. As the Berlin Wall fell and the former superpowers took stock of decades of military spending, pundits declared that Japan had, in fact, won the Cold War. Enriched by a stock market and real estate boom at home, Japan’s corporations and financial titans went on a buying spree abroad. Japanese companies and individuals paid $80 million for a van Gogh and $850 million for Rockefeller Center. They also bought Columbia Pictures for $3 billion and the Pebble Beach Golf Course for $900 million. Japan’s banks were the largest in the world.

Japanese manufacturers like Toyota were applauded (and widely emulated globally) for managerial innovations like just-in-time production and quality circles. The few moated acres of Tokyo’s imperial palace, real estate experts said, were worth more than all the land in California combined. The late 1980s were a dazzling and exuberant moment in Japanese history. To some, the affluence of the time led to excess. Critics bemoaned the conspicuous consumption and luxurious lifestyles of the urban elite.

They pointed out the crucible corrosive effects such wealth was having on Japanese youth. Social polarization also became an issue for the first time since the end of the contact war. Fortunes made overnight on the stock market or in real estate speculation meant that Japan was no longer the relatively egalitarian, middle-class society of the high-growth era. Japan’s stature on the world stage seemed to Essay rise as quickly as the skyscrapers being built in Tokyo. Japan was criticized during the for mlitt degree First Gulf War of 1990-91 for its “checkbook diplomacy,” contributing money rather than troops. But Japan’s economic might and on the, its generosity with aid funds in the developing world earned it increasing global clout. This unaccustomed international influence and the nation’s mounting wealth seemed to go to the heads of some Japanese commentators. In widely read books like The Japan that Can Say No (1989), by Sony founder Morita Akio and conservative politician Ishihara Shintar#333;, opinion-leaders celebrated Japan’s cultural heritage, championed a foreign policy independent of the United States, and online, stoked nationalist sentiments. Morita and Essay on the crucible, Ishihara were not alone in encouraging the Japanese to flaunt their nation’s success.

Japan, it seemed, was on top of the world. As would only Buy research online, later become apparent, the prosperity of Essay on the crucible those times was built on the shakiest of contact financial foundations. Essay On The Crucible! In the Plaza Accords of 1985, the United States pressured Japan to correct its chronic trade surplus by strengthening the yen. In the wake of that agreement, the Bank of Japan pursued an expansionary monetary policy. Role Of Students Worker! This policy led to a speculative boom in real estate and crucible, equities, which gave rise to fierce competition in the banking sector. That competition, in Can someone write degree turn, fueled reckless lending practices. In short, the Japanese boom of the late 1980s was little more than a financial house of cards or, as it has since come to be known, a “bubble economy.” When the bust came, and Japan’s bubble popped, the impact on Japanese politics, society, and Essay on the crucible, culture, not to homework solutions mention its economy, was little short of devastating. The Lost Decade and Millennial Japan.

The inevitable collapse of the Essay “bubble economy” was sudden and stunning. On the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Nikkei index had soared to 39,000 in the last heady days of the Higher physics solutions 1980s. By 1991, it had withered to 14,000. Essay On The Crucible! It bottomed out at 8,000 just over a decade later. Real estate prices traced a similar path. In the early 1990s, over the span of just 30 months, Japanese investors and enforcement an invasion be banned, landowners saw the value of their assets shrink by $2.5 trillion. Commentators described the 1990s as Japan’s age of “vanishing wealth.” The crisis, which began in the financial and real estate markets, quickly sent shock waves through the entire economy. The growth rate fell sharply. It dropped from 3.1 percent in 1991 to Essay on the crucible 0.4 percent in High school geometry 1992 and 0.2 percent in 1993. In 1998 and 2001, Japan actually experienced negative growth.

Corporations retrenched, pruning expenses, shedding workers, and crucible, moving high-cost production overseas. (China and Southeast Asia, where labor expenses were low, were especially attractive locations.) The ranks of unemployed workers swelled, something unheard of in online contact Japan since the tough days of the occupation. The official unemployment rate topped 5.5 percent in 2003. Economists estimated that the actual rate was closer to 9 percent. The banking sector was especially hard hit, as financial institutions faced numerous uncollectible loans after the real estate bust. The 1990s witnessed a series of bank failures, reorganizations, and mergers. The slump of the 1990s was tagged the “Great Recession” and the “Lost Decade.” The government responded with conventional monetary and fiscal remedies. Interest rates were slashed in the hopes of encouraging consumption and investment. There was little response from either individuals or corporations. At the same time, the state pumped money into the economy.

For example, the government ramped up public works spending with the on the crucible construction of hundreds of new bridges, dams, and highways. This construction was popular with the public but often unnecessary and environmentally unfriendly. Such fiscal stimulus did have positive short-term effects. It did not, however, jump-start the economy. Japan was left with one of the highest national debt burdens in the world. High School Geometry Problems! As finance and on the crucible, industry remained moribund and government fixes fell short, public faith in an invasion of privacy debate be banned public institutions wavered. Much blame fell on the elite bureaucrats of Tokyo. Given much of the Essay on the credit for the economic “miracle,” they now seemed woefully unprepared for Japan’s mounting problems. The LDP, racked by scandal, internally fragmented, and vacillating on Can someone write, recovery policy, finally imploded in 1993.

It lost the prime ministership for the first time since 1955, ushering in a period of political instability just when Japan needed a firm hand on Essay on the crucible, the helm of state. Between 1989 and 2001, Japan had 11 different prime ministers. Though the LDP limped back into power after two-and-a-half years, the enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy political terrain was profoundly altered. Many Japanese found it disturbingly volatile. The “Lost Decade” also brought social worries. Japan suddenly was beset by unfamiliar problems. Suicide rates, historically relatively high in Japan, soared in on the crucible the 1990s. Personal bankruptcies hit new peaks, lay-offs (especially of middle-aged workers) overwhelmed families, and youth faced narrowed opportunities. Education, the traditional path to advancement, no longer seemed to guarantee success. Are Law Enforcement Cameras Of Privacy! Increasing numbers of young people grew alienated and cynical.

Analysts predicted the collapse of the Japanese family as divorce rates increased, delinquency spiked, and the media reported disturbing stories of on the schoolyard murderers and teenaged prostitutes. 1995 was a particularly trying year. The doomsday cult Aum Shinriky#333; released deadly sarin gas on the Tokyo subway, revealing the depths of discontent in Japanese society. The same year, an earthquake killed 6,400 in and around Kobe, underlining the government’s limited capacity for responding to disaster. Amid the crises of the 1990s, basic questions of national identity seemed distressingly fluid. What qualities define being Japanese?

The answer was no longer clear. The fundamental truths of postwar Japanese lifethe passion for economic growth, the trust in elected and bureaucratic elites, the faith in social institutionsappeared to online crumble. Would Japan ever again be fired by a sense of national purpose or united by a sense of common identity? With the new millennium, Japan seemed poised to on the break free of its “Lost Decade” gloom. A series of market-oriented reforms were designed to shatter the rigid hierarchies of Japanese commerce, finance, and government regulation. These reforms finally seemed to bear fruit after 2003. The economy began to rebound. A major factor in this recovery was the rise of China as a global industrial force. Japan benefited from Website poetry, its huge neighbor’s surging economic growth. Essay! The LDP was able to reconsolidate much of its political dominance, thanks in Can someone large part to Essay the leadership of Koizumi Jun’ichir#333;, prime minister from 2001 to 2006.

The media continued to obsess about the decline of homework traditional values and the failings of contemporary youth. But most Japanese recognized that Japan’s social problems, though serious, were no more numerous or severe than those faced by other mature industrial democracies. Meanwhile, an emerging source of national pride was the Essay crucible global success of Are law enforcement cameras of privacy debate be banned Japan’s popular culture exports. International audiences have enjoyed the products of the postwar Japanese entertainment industry since the first Godzilla film arrived in America in on the 1956. In the closing years of the twentieth century, however, Japanese forms like manga (comic books), anime (animation), and character goods (Hello Kitty) became full-fledged global phenomena. Consumers around the enforcement of privacy debate be banned world discovered Japanese creations (from Iron Chef and sushi to Super Mario and Pokémon) to on the crucible be imaginative and refreshing alternatives to America's globalized pop culture of Hollywood, Walt Disney, and the golden arches. High School Geometry Problems! As one journalist noted, even if Japan’s gross national product was no longer growing at a world-beating pace, the nation’s “gross national cool” was reaching new global heights. Today, the Japanese have good reason to look to the future with guarded optimism. Yet they face many issues of lasting significance.

In Northeast Asia, China is ascending and North Korea is an Essay crucible, unpredictable wild card. The changing balance of economic, political, and military power provides challenges for physics, Japanese policy in the region and in Essay its relationship with the Higher physics homework solutions United States. Rising nationalist sentiments in Japan, which have become increasingly mainstream over Essay crucible, the past three decades, seem certain to cause ongoing friction with Japan’s Asian neighbors. They are also likely to worsen divisions within domestic society. The question of remilitarization (including revision of Article 9 of the constitution) continues to an invasion of privacy be banned cause debate. With Japan’s birth rate very low and immigration negligible, the costs of Essay a long-lived and rapidly aging population will fall on a shrinking workforce of young Japanese in the years ahead. This coming demographic crisis has focused attention on the role of an invasion be banned women in Japanese society. Career options for women have increased in recent decades.

While female participation in the Japanese workforce is comparable to rates in Western Europe and the United States, barriers to Essay crucible advancement in fields like business and politics remain high. Physics Homework! Government policies are contradictory. The government promotes motherhood to boost the sagging birthrate while simultaneously encouraging women to stay in Essay crucible the dwindling work force. These contradictions have not made the choices facing Japanese women any easier. Role Of Students! But considering Japan’s postwar history of occupation, stunning growth, sobering set-backs, and, above all, rapid and ceaseless change, there can be little doubt that Japan’s womenas well as its menwill face the future with resilience and fortitude.

Copyright 2008 Program for Teaching East Asia, University of Colorado. Permission is given to reproduce this essay for classroom use only. Other reproduction is prohibited without written permission from the Program for Essay on the crucible, Teaching East Asia.

Jan 27, 2018 Essay on the crucible, order essay -

can i write a report How to Write a Good Report. Bhaskaran Raman, Apr 2004. This short document describes how to write a good report. This is based on common mistakes I have observed over on the, a period of time. While most of the following apply in general, they have been written with BTech/MTech/PhD students in mind. The comments below apply for course projects, other semester projects, technical reports, theses (BTech/MTech/PhD). That is, technical writing in general. While a google search on the topic may churn out many hits, the following is Website poetry tailored for IIT (Kanpur) students in particular. I will first mention some general guidelines, then the structure of the report.

Towards the end, I will also describe how to refine your writing, and how to give feedback on others' writing. Based on these, I will recommend a possible strategy for producing high-quality reports which have high potential for being published . These are some general things you should know before you start writing. I will try to answer the questions of the purpose of report writing, and the overall approach as well. Purpose of a report: writing to be read. A key thing to on the, keep in mind right through your report writing process is that a report is High school geometry written to be read , by on the crucible, someone else.

This is the central goal of report-writing. Are Law Enforcement Cameras An Invasion Debate Be Banned! A report which is written for the sake of being written has very little value. Before you start writing your report, you need to have in mind the intended audience . In the Essay narrowest of Higher physics possibilities, your report is meant for reading by yourselves, and by your advisor/instructor, and perhaps by on the, your evaluation committee. This has value, but only short-term. The next broader possibility is that your report is readable by your peers or your juniors down the line.

This has greater value since someone else can continue on your work and improve it, or learn from online contact, your work. Essay On The Crucible! In the best case possibility, your report is write an essay degree of publishable quality. That is, readable and useful for Essay on the the technical community in Role of students, general. Overall approach: top-down. Take a top-down approach to crucible, writing the report (also applies to problem solving in general).

This can proceed in roughly three stages of enforcement of privacy debate be banned continual refinement of details. First write the section-level outline, Then the subsection-level outline, and Then a paragraph-level outline. The paragraph-level outline would more-or-less be like a presentation with bulleted points. It incorporates the Essay on the flow of ideas. Once you have the paragraph-level flow of Are law enforcement ideas, you can easily convert that into a full report, by writing out the flow of Essay on the ideas in full sentences. While doing the of students worker paragraph-level outline, think also about (a) figures, (b) tables, and (c) graphs you will include as part of the crucible report at various stages.

You will find that many things can be better explained by using simple figures at appropriate places. Another thing to nail-down while doing the paragraph-level outline is the Are law enforcement cameras terminology you will be using. For instance, names of various protocols/algorithms/steps in your solution. Or names/symbols for mathematical notation. The overall approach also includes multiple stages of refinement, and taking feedback from others (peers/advisor/instructor). I will talk about these in more detail after talking about the overall report structure. Structure of a report. The following should roughly be the structure of a report. Note that these are just guidelines , not rules . You have to Essay crucible, use your intelligence in working out the details of your specific writing.

Title and abstract: These are the most-read parts of a report. This is how you attract attention to your writing. The title should reflect what you have done and of students in social worker should bring out any eye-catching factor of your work, for good impact. The abstract should be short, generally within about 2 paragraphs (250 words or so total). The abstract should contain the essence of the report, based on which the reader decides whether to go ahead with reading the report or not.

It can contain the following in varying amounts of detail as is appropriate: main motivation, main design point, essential difference from previous work, methodology, and some eye-catching results if any. Introduction: Most reports start with an introduction section. This section should answer the following questions (not necessarily in that order, but what is given below is Essay a logical order). After title/abstract introduction and conclusions are the two mainly read parts of a report. What is the setting of the problem? This is, in other words, the background . In some cases, this may be implicit, and in some cases, merged with the motivation below. What exactly is the problem you are trying to Are law be banned, solve? This is the problem statement . Why is the problem important to Essay on the, solve?

This is the motivation . In some cases, it may be implicit in the background, or the problem statement itself. Are Law Enforcement An Invasion Of Privacy Be Banned! Is the problem still unsolved? The constitutes the statement of past/related work crisply. Essay On The! Why is the problem difficult to solve? This is the statement of challenges . In some cases, it may be implicit in Are law cameras of privacy be banned, the problem statement. In others, you may have to Essay on the, say explicitly as to why the problem is worthy of physics solutions a BTech/MTech/PhD, or a semester project, as the case may be. How have you solved the problem?

Here you state the essence of your approach . This is of course expanded upon later, but it must be stated explicitly here. What are the conditions under which your solution is applicable? This is a statement of assumptions . What are the main results? You have to present the main summary of the results here. What is the summary of your contributions? This in some cases may be implicit in the rest of the introduction. Sometimes it helps to state contributions explicitly. Crucible! How is the rest of the report organized? Here you include a paragraph on the flow of ideas in the rest of the report. For any report beyond 4-5 pages, this is a must. The introduction is nothing but a shorter version of the rest of the report, and in many cases the rest of the report can also have the same flow.

Think of the rest of the report as an paper online expansion of some of the points in the introduction. Which of the on the crucible above bullets are expanded into separate sections (perhaps even multiple sections) depends very much on the problem. Background: This is expanded upon into a separate section if there is sufficient background which the general reader must understand before knowing the details of your work. It is usual to state that the of privacy be banned reader who knows this background can skip this section while writing this section. Past/related work: It is common to have this as a separate section, explaining why what you have done is something novel. Here, you must try to think of dimensions of comparison of your work with other work. For instance, you may compare in terms of functionality, in Essay crucible, terms of performance, and/or in terms of approach. Even within these, you may have multiple lines of comparison -- functionality-1, functionality-2, metric-1, metric-2, etc. Although not mandatory, it is good presentation style to give the above comparison in terms of Are law cameras of privacy be banned a table ; where the rows are the various dimensions of comparison and the columns are various pieces of related work, with your own work being the first/last column. See the related work section of my PhD thesis for an example of such a table :-).

While in general you try to play up your work with respect to Essay crucible, others, it is also good to identify points where your solution is not so good compared to others. If you state these explicitly, the reader will feel better about them, than if you do not state and the reader figures out the flaws in homework solutions, your work anyway :-). Another point is with respect to the placement of related work. One possibility is to place it in on the, the beginning of the report (after intro/background). Another is to place it in the end of the online report (just before conclusions). This is a matter of judgment, and depends on on the, the following aspect of your work. If there are lots of past work related very closely to your work, then it makes sense to state upfront as to Website poetry, what the Essay on the crucible difference in your approach is. On the other hand, if your work is substantially different from Are law cameras an invasion of privacy, past work, then it is better to put the crucible related work at the end. Buy Research Online Contact! While this conveys a stronger message, it has the risk of the Essay on the crucible reader wondering all through the report as to how your work is different from some other specific related work.

Technical sections: The main body of the Buy research online contact report may be divided into multiple sections as the case may be. You may have different sections which delve into different aspects of the problem. Crucible! The organization of the report here is problem specific. You may also have a separate section for statement of physics homework design methodology, or experimental methodology, or proving some lemmas in a theoretical paper. The technical section is the Essay most work-specific, and an essay hence is the least described here. However, it makes sense to mention the following main points: Outlines/flow: For sections which may be huge, with many subsections, it is on the crucible appropriate to have a rough outline of the section at Website poetry, the beginning of that section. Make sure that the flow is maintained as the reader goes from one section to another. There should be no abrupt jumps in ideas.

Use of figures: The cliche a picture is worth a thousand words is appropriate here. Spend time thinking about pictures. Wherever necessary, explain all aspects of a figure (ideally, this should be easy), and do not leave the reader wondering as to on the crucible, what the connection between the figure and the text is. Terminology: Define each term/symbol before you use it, or right after its first use. Stick to a common terminology throughout the report. Results: This is Higher physics solutions part of the set of technical sections, and is usually a separate section for experimental/design papers. You have to answer the following questions in this section: What aspects of your system or algorithm are you trying to evaluate?

That is, what are the questions you will seek to answer through the evaluations? Why are you trying to evaluate the above aspects? What are the cases of comparison? If you have proposed an on the crucible algorithm or a design, what do you compare it with? What are the performance metrics? Why? What are the problems parameters under study? What is the experimental setup? Explain the choice of every parameter value (range) carefully. What are the results?

Finally, why do the results look the way they do? The results are usually presented as tables and graphs. In explaining tables and graphs, you have to explain them as completely as possible. Identify trends in the data. Does the data prove what you want to establish? In what cases are the results explainable, and in on the, what cases unexplainable if any? While describing a table, you have to describe every row/column. And similarly while describing a graph, you have to Can someone write for mlitt, describe the x/y axes. If necessary, you have to consider the use of log-axes. If you are presenting a lot of results, it may be useful to summarize the main take-away points from all the data in a separate sub-section at the end (or sometimes even at the beginning) of the on the crucible results section. Future work: This section in some cases is combined along with the conclusions section.

Here you state aspects of the problem you have not considered and possibilities for Role in social worker further extensions. Conclusions: Readers usually read the title, abstract, introduction, and conclusions. In that sense, this section is quite important. You have to crisply state the main take-away points from your work. How has the reader become smarter, or how has the world become a better place because of your work?

No report is Essay on the crucible perfect, and definitely not on the first version. Well written reports are those which have gone through multiple rounds of Higher homework refinement . This refinement may be through self-reading and Essay critical analysis, or more effectively through peer-feedback (or feedback from advisor/instructor). Here are some things to remember: Start early, don't wait for the completion of your work in its entirety before starting to write. Online! Each round of feedback takes about a week at least. And hence it is good to have a rough version at least a month in advance. Essay Crucible! Given that you may have run/rerun experiments/simulations (for design projects) after the first round of feedback -- for a good quality report, it is of privacy good to Essay on the, have a rough version at least 2 months in advance. Feedback should go through the following stages ideally: (a) you read it yourself fully once and revise it, (b) have your peers review it and give constructive feedback, and then (c) have your advisor/instructor read it. Feedback: evaluating someone else's report. Evaluation of Website poetry a report you yourself have written can give benefits, but it usually is limited. Even in a group project, it is not good enough to have one person write the report and the other person read it.

This is because all the group members usually know what the project is about, and hence cannot critique the paper from Essay, outside. It is best to take feedback from your peer (and of course return favours!). The feedback procedure is quite simple. The one reading has to critically, and methodically see if each of the aspects mentioned above in write for mlitt, the structure of the report are covered. It may even help to have a check-list, although with experience this becomes unnecessary.

Check if the title/abstract make sense, are effective/eye-catching. Are all the relevant questions answered in the introduction? Is the overall structure of the rest of the sections meaningful? Is the difference from crucible, related/past work crisp and meaningful? Are the technical sections understandable? Are the figures/tables explained properly? Is the Are law an invasion of privacy debate be banned terminology clear? Are the crucible symbols used defined appropriately? Are the results explained properly? Are the conclusions drawn from the graphs/tables sound? Or are there technical holes/flaws?

Do the results show how the work presented is better/worse that the other cases of comparison? When I give feedback on a peer's report or a student's report, I usually take a print-out and mark-up at High geometry problems, various points in the paper. You may follow a similar procedure, or something suited to you. On The! Be as critical as possible, but with the view that your peer has to improve his/her work, not with the view of putting him/her down. Your comments have to be impersonal. Write An Essay For Mlitt! Likewise, while taking feedback from Essay crucible, a peer, take the comments on their technical merit. Recommended strategy for producing a high-quality report. Based on the above, I recommend the following strategy for students who want to produce a high-quality report, which would then have a high potential for Website poetry being turned into Essay, a publication: Think through the outline of the report even as you are working on the details of the problem.

Such thinking will also lend focus to your work and you will end up optimizing the returns on the time invested. Two months before the actual deadline, you have to have at Website poetry, least a paragraph-level outline of the Essay on the report, with all details worked out. After one round of Buy research paper online contact critical analysis by yourselves (or by your group), have another student or another group review it, perhaps in exchange for you reviewing their work. Have them check your flow of ideas. On The Crucible! While it may be good to get someone working in the same area, for much of the feedback, this may not really be necessary. Website Poetry! Now you are probably about 6-7 weeks from the deadline.

At this point, have your advisor/instructor give feedback on the paragraph-level outline. Getting this early is important since, based on on the, this, you may have to reorganize your report, rework your theorems, or rerun your experiments/simulations. Have a pre-final version of the report ready 2 weeks before the deadline. Again, go through one round of self/peer-feedback, and Website poetry then advisor/instructor feedback. With these 3-4 rounds of revision and Essay on the critical analysis, the quality of your report is Website poetry bound to improve. And since many of the student theses are of good quality, quality of writing dramatically improves chances of publication.

Bhaskaran Raman Last modified: Mon May 15 11:04:13 IST 2006.