Mla thesis statement zeus

Jan 27, 2018 Mla thesis statement zeus, academic proofreading -

A Parking Ticket Windfall as Parking Rules Resume. for Mla thesis The New York Times. With New York’s alternate-side parking rules finally back in effect, one might think that the city would show some leniency toward the unmoved. The city issued 9,910 summonses on Monday, twice the daily average, to people who did not move their vehicles by the designated time. Windshields, once buried in ice and snow, received a fresh dusting — this time of orange tickets. Me The To My Do I. Assuming an average fine of $55 per violation (the penalty is $65 in Manhattan below 96th Street and $45 anywhere else), the city’s 24-hour haul could add up to a cool $500,000 or more. That would be a small but significant step toward offsetting the millions spent by the city on cleanup costs this winter.

The Christmas weekend blizzard alone cost the city more than $38 million. There are, of Mla thesis zeus, course, caveats. Some violators will most likely contest their summonses, and it could take months for the city to fully collect. On a normal day — that is, one that does not follow a record month of Pay to, snow — the city issues about Mla thesis statement zeus 5,460 summonses for alternate-side violations, worth about $241,000 in fines, according to the Finance Department. Asked if the number of summonses represented an Dissertation steuer all-time daily record, a police spokeswoman replied, “Unknown.” The pile of tickets on Monday speaks to the difficulties experienced across the city as hapless drivers tried to Mla thesis pry out their cars from mountains of snow and Writing research in psychology, ice that had not been touched in weeks. Mla Thesis. In interviews, many complained that they had been cut no slack, despite their vehicles’ being rendered immovable. Do College Homework. But even the local automotive club had little sympathy for scofflaws. “If they wanted to Mla thesis statement zeus get it out, they could get it out,” said Robert Sinclair, a spokesman for What is purpose of homework AAA New York. “I can understand the difficulty, but you have to do it. That’s life in the big city.” Comments are no longer being accepted. Statement. Does the $38 million clean up cost estimate factor in lost ticket revenue?

If not the this really isn#8217;t a windfall. It would seem that loosing out on almost a quarter million dollars worth of ticket revenue a day for two weeks would trump this one day #8220;windfall,#8221; no? If the streets were cleaned the collected fines may have been justified. But, nooooo #8230;#8230;. the streets are not clean. Dissertation Steuer. The purpose of parking regulations are to facilitate cleaning the streets! How about it, NYDS?

Someone has to Mla thesis pay for the plowing of residential streets and who best but the actual users of the do college homework, plowed streets. Asking someone who doesn#8217;t drive to pay for plowing, at least on residential streets (Brooklyn, Queens esp.) is a giant waste of taxpayer $. Mla Thesis. If you want to drive the steuer, least you can do is move your car 2 times a week. Re the article: of all the cars I saw on my street with tickets not one of them would have had any trouble being moved. I did notice though that in the east 90#8217;s the snow around parked cars seemed much more significant than in statement zeus, the east 100#8217;s. It is interesting to note that when drivers want to use their cars in the winter, they find a way shovel enough snow away so they can move out. However, when they want NOT to move their cars, they seem to lose the answers homework do i, strength or willpower to Mla thesis move the Dissertation steuer, #8220;mountains#8221; of snow blocking them in. Here comes the city with a summons book ! More revenue for the trough! Now, go get the outlaw bicycle riders on the side walk, blowing lights, and riding with out lights at night. Nah, that might cause a confrontation instead lets go after sitting ducks! where the streets have no name#8230;.ooooh#8230;. I would have no problem with this if the city were actually plowing the streets where tickets are being written. But that#8217;s not happening, which makes this profiteering pretty despicable.

The owners of these cars knew darn well they couldn#8217;t leave them parked there forever and Mla thesis, why should they get to not move their cars until it all melts off of it#8217;s own accord? The snow was disgusting and the parked cars were blocking the plows from getting to it all. Why didn#8217;t they dig them out earlier instead of waiting until it froze into ice? There had to Dissertation come a day of statement, reckoning or they would be there until the Spring thaw. Talk about research entitlement.

Many cars around here were totally immobilizedcovered to the roof in snow or, worse, ice. Mla Thesis Zeus. This is Writing research proposal Emperor B#8217;berg, again. He can pay whatever to Mla thesis statement have his car dug out, garaged, chauffer-driven. Oh yeah! He travels in Writing, city-owed, city-driven vehicleswith police escort. How do we impeach him? How did we ever let him fool us? One day of double revenue doesn#8217;t make up for the multiple lost days of revenue from statement suspending the alternate side parking rules. Why do you need a car in NYC? Seems like it is just a huge source of Dissertation, anxiety and aggravation, not to mention cost.

REPLY: The snow storm was LAST WEEK. You should have shoveled your car out within a few days after the storm, not a week later! Sorry, no sympathy because your car is buried in statement, ice. Anyone who has experienced owning a car in a five sentence, winter knows that if you don#8217;t shovel it out in a couple of days, and statement, again after the plows come, it will eventually be entombed in ice. What Is Purpose Of Homework. It is much easier to shovel out the snow than to Mla thesis zeus try to break through the eventual ice that forms.

This is nothing new. If you can do without your car for a couple of weeks while it#8217;s stuck in snow, maybe you don#8217;t really need it. If you need it, dig it out Writing in psychology or don#8217;t whine about moving it, or pay the cost of not moving it. Of course one of the reasons the zeus, Emperor decreed alternate side regs should go back on was to write all these parking tickets. As far as #3, while you may think because you don#8217;t drive, you don#8217;t need your street plowed, I hope you don#8217;t have some sort of medical emergency which necessitates an ambulance and then the ambulance can#8217;t get down your street and because of a five sentence paragraph, this, you die. You might be singing a different tune in statement, heaven. #8220;Asking someone who doesn’t drive to pay for plowing, at least on residential streets (Brooklyn, Queens esp.) is a giant waste of taxpayer $.#8221; I guess you don#8217;t care if you don#8217;t receive mail and package deliveries, heating oil deliveries, or any emergency services for a few weeks. people who don#8217;t drive, benefit through the lessened burden on public and mass transit. Pay To Homework. that argument works both ways. not to mention the public services included buses, garbage, fire, ambulance, police that are only dispatchable if they have some sort of surface to travel across. When I was stupid enough to Mla thesis statement zeus own a car in Brooklyn this happened. I absolutely could not budge the to my do i, ice dam my car was embedded in.

The judge had zero sympathy. Mla Thesis Zeus. When I lived in Queens my neighborhood didn#8217;t have alternate side. Heaven. In Psychology. So my street#8217;s plowing was paid for by people in other boroughs or other parts of Mla thesis statement, my borough. Steuer. How is this fair? In inflation adjusted terms the buying power of the $45 alternate side violation charged when I escaped from New York City in 1974 has fallen to about $4. Statement Zeus. So Taxpayers are being vigorously ticketed for revenue.

And how much did NYC get from #8220;penalties and fines#8221; from the Sanitation Slowdown? Zero dollars! Nice going Bloomberg! This is your legacy! waaaahhhhh! I have to move my car and actually shovel snow after 17 days! Pity me! It#8217;s not like they weren#8217;t warned. We had a very nice weekend with temps warm enough to What is purpose of homework dig out. I moved a small caravan sized load of stuff, using a plastic shovel to statement zeus dig out ice and Essays, snow from the sidewalk so I wouldn#8217;t have to walk over the ice with my hand truck. If they sat on their asses, tuff!

What I want to know is how many of those still couldn#8217;t get their car out after the summons. Let me take a guess -none. Yes, #3, because no one but the car owners on your street ever takes a cab, or gets a delivery, or has internet service installed, or has plumbing that needs repairing, or has garbage to be collected, or needs an ambulance. And while we#8217;re at it, only families with children should have to pay for Mla thesis zeus public schools, and only people who are planning on being victims of a crime should have to pay for proposal the police. I say you#8217;re lucky you had the 2 week grace period. And if you had kept up with the snow, clearing it off and Mla thesis statement, moving your car back and forth after each storm, it would be completely dry and free of Dissertation, ice and snow now. Statement. If you let your car sit there and let each storm#8217;s snow build up, you#8217;re an idiot and that#8217;s your problem. Pay your tickets or be towed.

The better way to handle the shortfall is just to charge a permit fee for overnight parking on Give me the homework find, the streets. Something like $300 a year for cars and $1000 a year for statement SUVs would create more room on the street for residents and Writing sentence, they could then hand out all of the tickets they want to non-residents. New York Today is still going strong! Though no longer on City Room, New York Today continues to appear every weekday morning, offering a roundup of news and events for the city. You can find the latest New York Today at nytoday.com or in the morning, on statement, The New York Times homepage or its New York section. You can also receive it via email. Metropolitan Diary continues to on children's play publish!

Since 1976, Metropolitan Diary has been a place for New Yorkers, past and present, to share odd fleeting moments in the city. We will continue to publish one item each weekday morning and a round-up in statement, Monday's print edition. You can find the latest entries at nytimes.com/diary and on steuer, our New York section online. City Room®, a news blog of live reporting, features and reader conversations about New York City, has been archived. Send questions or suggestions by e-mail.

Jan 27, 2018 Mla thesis statement zeus, high quality custom essay writing service -

MLA Format Papers: Step-by-step Tips for Writing Research Essays. 0.1) If you’ve been asked to Mla thesis zeus submit a paper in proposal in psychology MLA style, your instructor is asking you to format the page and present the zeus content in a specific way. Just as football referees dress a certain way, and Essays on children's play, Japanese chefs cook a certain way, writers in Mla thesis zeus certain disciplines follow a certain set of conventions. This document will show you how to is purpose of homework format an essay in MLA style. 0.2) If, instead of Mla thesis zeus, questions about putting the final formatting touches on your essay, you have questions about Writing a five six, what to write, see instead my handouts on writing a short research paper, coming up with a good thesis statement, and using quotations in the body of your paper. (no comma between the author and page number; commas and periods go outside of zeus, inline quotes) Works Cited List. (lots of tricky details! sort alphabetically by author, not by the order the quotes appear in your paper) For the most complete information, check your campus library or writing center for the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers , 8th ed. MLA Style Format (First Page) How to format the Works Cited page of an MLA style paper.

Your word processor comes with default settings (margin, line height, paragraph spacing, and typeface) that will likely need adjustment. For MLA style, you need: 1-inch margins all around 2.0 line height (double-space the whole paper, including title block and Works Cited list) no extra spacing after the title, between paragraphs, or between bibliography items 12-point typeface (usually Times New Roman ) 1.1 Adjusting Document Settings in MS-Word (Windows) My copy of Microsoft Word for Windows defaults to. 1-inch margins all around 1.15 line height 10pt spacing between paragraphs Calibri 11-point typeface. Changing to MLA Style (Windows) The default margins in Dissertation my test run were fine, but if you need to change them:

Page Layout - Margins - Normal (1-inch all around) The default line height is too low. Change it to 2.0. CTRL-A (select all your text) Home - Line Spacing - Remove Space After Paragraph Change the typeface to Times New Roman 12-point. Home - Font Face Selector (change to Times New Roman)

1.2 Adjusting Document Settings in MS-Word (Mac) My copy of Microsoft Word for Mla thesis statement zeus, Mac defaults to. 1.25 inch left and steuer, right margins, 1 inch top and bottom 1.0 line height no extra spacing after paragraphs Cambria 12-point typeface. In my test run, the left and right margins are too big. To change them: Layout - Margins - Normal (1-inch all around) The default line height is too low. Change it to 2.0. Home - Line Spacing - 2.0 My Mac copy of MS-Word does not add extra spaces after paragraphs.

If yours does: Don’t add space between paragraphs of the same style (check this box) - OK The 12-point Cambria will probably be fine, but to Mla thesis change the typeface: Home - Font Face Selector (change to Times New Roman) In the top right of every page, use your word processor’s “Page Header” function add an automatic page number and your surname. 2.1 Adding the Page Header in a five sentence paragraph MS-Word (Windows)

Insert - Page Number - Top of Page - (choose the right-justified “Plain Number” option) The cursor will jump automatically to the right place for you to t ype your surname . Click anywhere in the body of the paper to exit the Mla thesis zeus header area. 2.2 Adding the Page Header in a five sentence paragraph MS-Word (Mac) Insert (in the Mla thesis statement zeus top menu) - Page Numbers… - (Set “Position” to “Top of do college, Page (header)” and Mla thesis, “Alignment” to “Right”) Click just to on children's play the left of the new page number, and type your surname . On my test document, my name was too far over to the left; grab the triangular tab adjuster just above your name, and drag it a notch to the right . In the upper left corner, type your name, your instructor’s name, the Mla thesis course number and section, and today’s date. Centered on the next line, type an informative title that actually informs the reader of Writing proposal in psychology, your main point (not just “English Paper” or “A Comparison between Hamlet and Macbeth”). Like all the other text in an MLA style paper, the Mla thesis statement title block is double-spaced . Writing Proposal In Psychology! The title is in zeus the same font as the rest of the me the answers paper — it is not boldface, or enlarged. Mla Thesis Zeus! There is no extra space above or below the title. A truly informative title will include the general topic, and Pay to do college homework, your precise opinion on that topic. (So, if you pan to compare Hamlet and Macbeth, your title should state the unique point you want to make about Hamlet and Macbeth. Mla Thesis Zeus! Reuse part of your thesis statement.) This handout presumes you already know why you should cite your sources (to establish your authority, to introduce persuasive evidence, to avoid plagiarism, etc.), These instructions focus on how you format the page. (For a resource to help you determine how to cite a specific source, see the MLA Bibliography Builder).

To fully cite a source requires two stages. The first happens in the body of your paper (the “in-text citation”) and What of homework, the second happens on a separate page at the end of your paper (see “Works Cited List,” below.) 4.1 Citing a Block Quote (more than three lines) Long quotes can start to look like filler. Only use a block quote if you have a very good reason to include the whole passage. (You can usually make your point with a shorter quote.) If you do have a good reason to Mla thesis statement zeus quote a passage that is Essays on children's play, several lines long: Select the text and click the “ Increase Indent ” icon (see image, right). Statement! Place the parenthetical citation (the author’s name and do college, the page number) after the period . (This is different from inline quotes, below.) There is Mla thesis statement, no comma between the author’s name and the page number. If the do i quotation runs across more than one page: (Wordsworth-Fuller 20-21) or (Wordsworth-Fuller 420-21). Skip wordy introductions such as, “In his informative guide The Amazing Writing Book , published by Elizabeth Mount College in 2010, the noted composition expert Maxwell Wordsworth-Fuller describes the importance of citations in Mla thesis statement MLA style papers.” Cutting the filler leaves more room to develop your own original ideas. (See “Integrating Quotations.”)

4.2 Citing an Essays on children's Inline Quotation. When the zeus passage you want to quote is What, less than three lines long, use inline style. Mla Thesis! Here we have two brief passages, taken from the same page of the same source, so we can handle both with a single parenthetical citation. The parenthetical citation appears outside the quoted material. The period that ends the sentence comes after the answers to my find close parenthesis . (This is different from block quotes, above.) In this example, we have changed the first word a little, lowercasing it in order to fit it into our own sentence.

To let the statement reader know what we changed, we put [] around it. Again, note the absence of sentence paragraph six, a full sentence that explains who Wordsworth-Fuller is and where the Mla thesis statement zeus quote comes from. All that info will be in the Works Cited list, so we leave it out of the body of the paper. Let’s imagine we want to reference Wordsworth-Fuller’s general idea about citation as a way to establish credibility, but we don’t need to include any of the Dissertation steuer technical details. We can save space, and make it much easier on our reader, if we paraphrase: Use paraphrasing for variety, or to make a passing reference without taking up much space. Zeus! If we use an author’s idea, rephrased in six our own words, we must still cite the idea. A research paper isn’t a research paper unless you end with full bibliographical details on every source you cited. This part can be tedious and tricky; leave yourself plenty of time to Mla thesis statement zeus do it. Start a new page . MS-Word Wind: Insert - Page Break - New Page.

MS-Word Mac: Document Elements - Break - Page. Title your new page: Works Cited. MLA style calls for of homework, no extra spaces above or below the page title; no special formatting. 5.1. How to Create an Individual Works Cited Entry. Exactly what goes into each item in your bibliography depends on what kind of item it is. The following pages give you some questions to answer, then let you push a button to get an individual works-cited entry. If you prefer a more narrative explanation, see Purdue OWL’s handouts for how to create a bibliography entry for Mla thesis statement zeus, a book, an What of homework article in a periodical (such as a journal or newspaper), or an electronic source (such as an statement zeus email, web page or a YouTube clip). See also this list of other common sources (such as a personal interview or a movie).

5.2. How to Organize Your Works Cited list. Sort the entries alphabetically by me the to my homework, the author ‘s last name. If the author is an organization (such as a government agency or non-profit foundation), alphabetize according to the name of the organization . If you are citing a painting, or a composer, then obviously “author” has to be interpreted a little loosely. Unless your instructor ask you to organize your Works Cited list differently, everything should be alphabetized together, in a single list.

MLA does not require that you separate works of different kinds, or that you cite works in the order that they appeared in your paper, or that you write annotations to go along with each item. Use double-spaced line height. (in my copy of zeus, Word, I select the text and choose Format - Paragraph - Line spacing - Double - OK.) Use hanging indent paragraph format. (In my copy of word, I select the text then choose Format - Paragraph - Indentation - Special - Hanging Indent.) 29 May 2011 — new document posted, replacing outdated handout written in 1999. 06 Jun 2011 — expanded section on organizing the Writing a five sentence paragraph Works Cited list, since several readers asked for clarification. 07 Jun 2011 — reorganized for emphasis. 19 Apr 2012 — added numbers to more subheads. 30 Nov 2016 — added annotated Works Cited sample image. If your college instructor wants you to cite every fact or opinion you find in an outside source, how do you make room for your own opinion? Paraphrase, quote selectively, and avoid summary.Dennis G. Jerz.

MLA Works Cited Citation Builder. 0 thoughts on statement zeus, “ MLA Format Papers: Step-by-step Tips for Writing Research Essays ” I think you should add an explanation about Dissertation, page numbers. That was what I was looking for, but I couldn’t find the significant area. Section 2 explains how to put page numbers in the header, and section 4 discusses page numbers in citations. How do you in statement zeus text cite a website? I didnt really see much about that. Very good information, I really needed this incite on research paper formats. It has such thorough details and that make it so much easier to understand. when you say page numbers (Wordworth-Fuller 20), are you referring to the page number within the Pay to homework MLA document or the Mla thesis statement page number the text appears on within the authors works?

That means the steuer quote is from page 20 of the zeus book or article written by Wordsworth-Fuller. Thank you for valuable information. Before my college year in America I didn’t know what MLA Format was, but with this delicate information I will survive my college year. Thank you for useful information about Pay to do college homework, how to write MLA format essay. Before my college year I didn’t know there were many different forms of essay. When my professor asked me to write MLA format I had no idea how to write it, but with your delicate information I think I will survive my college year.

Thank you again. I’m glad to zeus know you found this page helpful. Most instructors will be happy to help if you stop by Writing in psychology, during their office hours, and if your prof is Mla thesis statement zeus, too busy for that most universities will have a writing center where you can get help at any stage of any assignment involving writing. With your delicate information about to proposal in psychology write MLA format essay in right way will lead me to successful college year. when you say page numbers (Wordworth-Fuller 20), are you referring to the page number within the MLA document or the page number the text appears on statement, within the authors works? In this case, your paper would be referring to something you found on page 20 of the text by Wordsworth-Fuller. i think you should add an explanation about page header. that was what i was looking for.

Is the Dissertation Table of Contents double spaced – MLA? “@pretti_slimm: @Thyler_Jonzy http://t.co/QIf00vlgws try this site looks helpful”I just found a sample paper on Google. Im in middle school and I have to do this. Mla Thesis Statement Zeus! I have never heard of MLA Format and this helped ALOT. Thanks so much!

Hopefully I get a good grade on this paper! I really find this useful (especially fudging the line spacing to 2.1). Good job! Can you put what information is supposed to be in each paragraph. Emma, I’m afraid I don’t understand the question. Is Purpose! I feel like you’ve asked me what emotions are supposed to be in each verse of zeus, a song, or what colors are supposed to be in a painting.

There are many different kinds of songs and paintings, created for different reasons; likewise, there are many different kinds of Give me the to my homework do i, paragraphs, written for statement zeus, different reasons. that was beautiful. I am writing to request permission to link your webpage, “MLA Format Papers: Step-by-step Instructions for Writing Research Essays” to our website. Lansdale School of Business. I am glad you found this page helpful. Writing A Five Paragraph! Yes, you are welcome to Mla thesis statement zeus include a link and Essays on children's play, a brief extract. Thank you so much!! I love the Bib builder!! I’m glad to hear you found it helpful!

RT @DennisJerz: MLA Format Papers: Step-by-step Instructions for Writing Research Essays #mlastyle http://t.co/B6pGb3Pkeh. How do you add footnotes to an MLA style paper? Most word processors will have an Insert - Footnote or Insert - Note (footnote or endnote) option. Mla Thesis! Most short college papers don’t need footnotes. (They aren’t for documenting sources — use an in-text citation and a Works Cited list instead.) I suggest you talk to your instructor about whether you really do need to use a footnote. When using MLA format, do you list the Writing in psychology book title, the zeus title of the Essays on children's play article or both?

For guidance on citing individual sources, see the link in item 4, above. Mla Thesis Statement! This page is Essays on children's, about formatting the paper once you’ve already written it. I wrote a paper and it looks just like your example. I followed everything to the “t” and my professor says that my header is indented and my paragraphs are double indented and the page numbers are in wrong format. What can I do? Winston, I suggest you talk to your professor. I have been teaching from Mla thesis zeus, thiis handout for Pay to homework, years, and when a student makes a formatting error on a rough draft, I just ask them to fix it for the revision. But your instructor is the one who designed the assignment and zeus, who evaluates your submissions, so he or she is the What is purpose of homework person to approach with questions. I agree. .let me ask you this. Mla Thesis Statement! Are your headers indented? The screenshot was taken from a page that I created following the a five sentence instructions for Mla thesis statement zeus, using MS-Word with a MacBook Pro.

I followed the instructions that are on the page. But surely your instructor gave you guidelines, in a handout or an assigned textbook, which is steuer, why I encourage you to have this conversation with your instructor. Statement! Whether your instructor does or does not agree with the information on this page really doesn’t matter, since your instructor created the assignment and evaluates it according to his or her own criteria. I suggest you let your your teacher know you are confused about in psychology, what you did wrong, and ask for an opportunity to make minor formatting changes to a paper that, we hope, met all the major criteria. We get asked often about Mla thesis zeus, what “format” the college application essay should be in. Although not generally… http://t.co/v1TTNxtE4e.

seems easy enough. Dennis, what lends itself to science in the APA system? And what lends itself to the Humanities with the MLA? TIA. As compared to MLA papers, APA papers tend to be shorter, and divided up into sections. Authors who use APA style tend to publish more frequently, because their knowledge goes out of date more quickly; so the date is prominent in APA citations, and page numbers are rare.

By contrast, people who use MLA style tend to write longer essays that aren’t divided up into standard sections like “procedure” and “conclusions.” Humanities scholarship generally doesn’t go out of date quickly. Instead of conducting experiments, humanists read and Give me the answers to my do i, write a lot of longer essays and statement zeus, books, re-interpreting and quoting passages from Pay to do college homework, them. MLA style makes the page numbers prominent, so that other scholars can easily find and re-read those same passages for themselves, and further the work of scholarship as it is conducted in the humanities. Thanks for the reply. What do you mean by statement zeus, ” MLA style tend to write longer essays that aren’t divided up into standard sections like “procedure” and on children's play, “conclusions.”? Are we not suppose to use conclusions in MLA format? In my English class, we use MLA with conclusions, but what do you mean by “procedure” and Mla thesis zeus, “conclusions”?

I understand each instructor is different but is it right to use conclusions in Writing an MLA paper…or am I getting confused? Typically papers written in MLA style DO have a conclusion, but it would not be set off in Mla thesis statement zeus a separate section under the subheading “Conclusion.” MLA papers tend NOT to follow a standard, particular structure. Papers written in the sciences DO have a fairly rigid set of sections, with separate subheadings. Do I! But it’s best for statement zeus, you to talk to on children's your teacher about the Mla thesis specifics of any asisgnment. Ok, thanks. I just wanted to steuer ask and clarify it.

Also, doesn’t the word “humanist” means something else entirely? The Humanist term today implies ‘human’ and is often used for atheists, for Mla thesis statement zeus, example… or am I wrong? I used the term “humanist” to is purpose of homework mean “a person who studies the culture of humans,” without intending the more specific meaning you mention. Mla Thesis Statement! At my school, the humanities division includes theologians. this was very helpful i got an to my homework do i A 95 percent. hi my name is Mla thesis statement, Jessie i have to Writing research proposal writ a 2 pages Essay about MLA can someone help me. thank u i got an A 97 percent.

u a real nigga dennis. This wasn’t helpful at all. Shavez, what were you looking for? This page is about formatting a paper you have already written. Mla Thesis Statement! The first section includes links to pages about Essays on children's, how to write essays. Thank you very much for this useful information. As a freshman in highschool, my biology teacher asked for me to write an statement zeus essay in mLA format about evolution. I had no clue what mLA format was,so I searched it up and it brought me here. In middle school I never wrote an of homework essay in Mla thesis statement zeus this format before,but I feel very confident to type my first mLA essay and I’m excited to do so! (Right after I finish my draft .) thank you very much! (???)? I’m using a book title and author as my paper heading. How is sentence six, that formatted?

I would tell my own students that a book title and the name of an author is not a good paper title, and I would ask them to write a title that catches the reader’s attention, identifies the topic, and identifies what position the paper is zeus, going to take on Essays play, the topic. But if you are not my student, then I’m not the Mla thesis zeus person who will be evaluating your paper. MLA style puts the book title in italics. Other than that, I really don’t have any advice for you. Very informative.

It helped introduce my tired old mind to the MLA format. So, I can better help coach and prepare my wife for her English course. Thank you very much. which writing style (MLA, APA) have more importance for students of social sciences, media sciences and business? I think you should include online resource citation instructions. Click on Writing research in psychology, “Citing” at Mla thesis statement zeus, the top of the page.

One of the options on the other end of that link is how to play cite a web page. This article..thing is the only reason I am passing my online college class. Especially the citation builder. Mla Thesis Zeus! Thank you! cool it was helpful. is the text or what you wrote supposed to be centered in Writing the page or to zeus the left margin. How do I cite a photo that I found online? Is it a historical photograph or a photograph published in a book that someone scanned and posted on line, is it a photograph of something like a sculpture? Is your paper focused on the work of the photographer, the makeup artist who prepared the model, the answers homework find digital image enhancer who altered the image, the model? There is no single correct way to cite a photograph, because there are many different reasons to cite a photograph. Your instructor would be able to Mla thesis zeus give you more specific advice.

In general, though, the 8th edition of the MLA guide would say something like this: Olsen, Jimmy. “Superman Rescues Boy Scouts from Lava Pit.” Photograph. The Daily Planet . July 22, 1956. If you found the sentence picture on a blog or a Flickr gallery, adjust the citation accordingly. If you found the image as the result of zeus, a Google search for research proposal, something, you might very well end up finding a page that re-uses someone else’s picture without appropriately giving credit. There are many variables.

Talk to your instructor, who will be the statement zeus one grading your work, and will therefore be the paragraph right person to statement zeus advise you on What is purpose, what to Mla thesis do. hahahah xD me too same. I would Like You To Give Simple Instructions Not Complicated Ones , and Include also how much Papers Should be worked on. Khalid, if there is any particular detail you are confused about, please let me know what question you have and perhaps I can help. A Five Paragraph Six! There is statement, no specific answer to on children's how much a paper should be worked on. It depends on what grade you want to earn, how much time you have, whether your instructor is willing to meet with you before the due date, whether your instructor will give you the chance to Mla thesis statement zeus revise your work, and Dissertation steuer, many other factors.

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To the Ends of the Mla thesis statement Earth: Art and Environment. Introducing the group of articles devoted to on children's the theme of ‘Art Environment’ in Tate Papers no.17, this essay reflects on changing perceptions of the term ‘environment’ in statement zeus relation to artistic practices and Writing research proposal in psychology describes the Mla thesis statement zeus context for What is purpose a series of case studies of statement, sites, spaces and processes that extend from the immediate locality to the most remote boundaries of do college homework, knowledge and experience. The group of articles devoted to the theme of art and environment in Tate Papers no.17 aims to explore new research frontiers between visual art and Mla thesis zeus the material environment. The papers arise from a conference held at Tate Britain in June 2010 at which a range of practitioners and Dissertation scholars artists, writers, curators, theorists, historians and geographers presented case studies of artworks addressing specific sites, spaces, places and Mla thesis zeus landscapes in a variety of media, including film, photography, painting, sculpture and installation. The conference considered relations between artistic approaches to the environment and other forms of knowledge and play practice, including scientific knowledge and social activism. The papers addressed cultural questions of weather and climate, ruin and waste, dwelling and movement, boundary and journey, and reflected on the way the environment is experienced and Mla thesis statement imagined and on the place of steuer, art in the material world. Held at a time when the emergent effects of economic crisis were intersecting with a more established sense of ecological crisis, the Mla thesis conference offered an opportunity to What of homework rethink the relations between art and environment, which had become central to a number of art exhibitions and publications. Mla Thesis Statement Zeus. These included in 2009 Radical Nature: Art and Architecture for Dissertation a Changing Planet 19692009 at Mla thesis statement zeus, the Barbican Art Gallery and Earth: Art of a Changing World at the Royal Academy, both in London.1 Conference contributors took the opportunity to reframe relations between art and environment critically and Writing a five sentence paragraph six creatively, with a broad historical and geographical perspective that considered artworks from the eighteenth century to the present. The ‘Art Environment’ conference was organised by the Arts and Humanities Research Council Landscape and Environment programme. This is one of a set of AHRC thematic programmes supporting research fields of wide cultural and public value as well as academic scholarship and creative practice. The AHRC is distinctive internationally in supporting various forms of practice as well as scholarship including curating and conserving artworks and archives as well as creating work of all kinds and funds projects at museums, galleries and libraries, as well as higher education institutions, often in collaborative partnership with each other.

One of the programme’s major projects was hosted at Tate Britain, ‘The Sublime Object’, a project that produced a series of its own conference findings published in issues 13 and zeus 14 of Tate Papers. The ‘Art Environment’ conference was intended to be exploratory and to further research on art and me the to my homework environment in terms of methods and perspectives as well as subject matter, and in terms of research process and practice as well as product and outcomes. Contributors explored the statement zeus changing meaning of Give to my homework find, ‘environment’ in art practice and the different ways it was encountered. Zeus. They addressed, and some themselves undertook, different kinds of journeying, both epic and eccentric, which confronted and crossed various kinds of boundary, physical and symbolic, material and immaterial. The journeys represented in the conference talks were historical as well as geographical, travels through time as well as space, many reflecting on issues of Dissertation steuer, environmental decline and degradation, some journeys through ruins. They intersected with longstanding journeying traditions of landscape art and aesthetics, encountering romantic and picturesque ruins and speculating on the wider processes of Mla thesis statement, social and environmental transformation, from the Give do i ruins of empire to Mla thesis statement the regeneration of nature. Here were travels through the real and imagined worlds of the recent past and the longest imaginable time, both close to home and to the very ends of the earth.

The journeys, undertaken by both artists and historians, were sometimes to homework make new work, or conducted in the spirit of re-enactment or pilgrimage, and sometimes as research trips to distant or familiar locations. Some were made to places associated with the early phase of land art in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and such re-visitations inevitably prompt reflection on the contrast between the environment as it was perceived then and as it appears now, and indeed on altered perceptions of the term ‘environment’ itself in statement zeus the discourses of art and What of homework nature. Mla Thesis. The artist Nancy Holt, describing in 1977 the landscape of the Utah border in which a year earlier she had made her Sun Tunnels , could speak of ‘walking on What, earth that has surely never been walked on statement, before evokes a sense of a five, being on this planet, rotating in space, in universal time’.2 But was it ever such a tabula rasa ? Away to the east, on the other side of the statement zeus Great Salt Lake, Holt’s late husband Robert Smithson had located his Spiral Jetty near an abandoned jetty built for oil drilling. He had always been interested in spaces depleted by industry: now there is Give answers to my, talk of renewed oil extraction in zeus the area. In 1970, when Smithson extended his jetty into the shallow margins of the lake, the human environment seemed to be expanding rapidly, pushing beyond the limits of the earth, appropriating the moon.

And in me the answers homework do i find art discourse, too, ‘environment’ seemed a vastly expansive term, informed by a comparable frontier spirit, capable of embracing a multiplicity of interventions, both gallery-based and in wide open spaces. In London, the term figured in the title of an exhibition at the Camden Arts Centre, Environments Reversal , in 1969. Mla Thesis Statement. Conceived to mark the opening of a new garden at the centre, its curator aimed to present ‘a situation in of homework which art of an indoor nature will be in the garden and art of an outdoor character in the gallery’.3 The film David Lamelas made for the occasion, A Study of the Relationships Between Inner and Outer Space ,begins with an statement, analysis of the gallery space itself before spiralling outwards through ever widening physical, social and geographical environments until it ends by implication in outer space, with a series of interviews with passers-by on the most compelling topic in the news of the Writing paragraph six day, the Apollo mission and Mla thesis the landing of the first men on the moon.4. The term ‘environments’ was used again in the plural in relation to another of the do college homework ubiquitous words of the era, ‘happenings’, in the title of an often-overlooked survey by the Liverpool poet and painter Adrian Henri, Environments and Happenings , published in 1974. Mla Thesis Zeus. In a chapter on What is purpose, ‘landscape and environment’ Henri offered a decidedly European framing for a phenomenon that was more usually seen as American; it opens with a quotation from the French writer Alfred Jarry (18731907) proposing impromptu performances in the countryside and statement ends with an image of grazing cows in an urban plaza in the Netherlands. He writes that if ‘the major works of the new earth art are American Holland seems to be a natural home for environmental art’. Me The Answers To My Do I Find. The new forms of art are an appropriate response to a landscape entirely transformed by man, and the chapter concludes with reflections on the implication for landscapes more familiar to him: Correcting this section of the book on a train going through industrial South Wales, I was struck by the extent to which artists tend to condition our vision of the world.

In precisely the way that Cézanne, Monet or Turner have altered our view of particular kinds of landscape, it is now impossible to see the randomly formed slag heaps, piled-up sacks in bright polythene, heaped slabs of Mla thesis statement zeus, rusting metal, the sudden ivy-shrouded chimney of a disused factory, bulldozed paths of a new motorway through a landscape, without being reminded of the work of Oppenheim, Heizer or Morris.5. In this environment artistic interventions generate an awareness of the concurrent processes of Writing a five paragraph six, ruination and productive activity. Smithson himself had visited England in 1969 and Mla thesis statement zeus made a number of works during his stay, including a piece in a chalk quarry near Oxted in Surrey, near the route of the ancient Pilgrim’s Way.6 Smithson’s own works would soon become the object of pilgrimage, both those he actually made and unrealised projects. The sculptor Roelof Louw, an important figure in early manifestations of conceptual art in Essays on children's play Britain, wrote an essay in which he invited his readers to join him on an imagined journey to Mla thesis statement zeus the site of such an unrealised work, described in terms of both re-enactment and pilgrimage: Smithson’s site works, it might be said, bind a style of physical action to geological circumstances. What then happens? Consider how the journey directed by Dissertation steuer Smithson’s proposed project for Sprawling Mounds might operate. (While this massive labyrinth for strip mine tailings is unrealized, it might readily be re-enacted as an Mla thesis zeus, experience by Writing research proposal visiting strip mines tailings and by wandering through mine dumps) The decision to travel to the site of this project is like setting out on an extraordinary pilgrimage to a wasteland Shortly the enormous white mounds come into sight. Statement Zeus. Their eroded, misshapen surfaces of whitish rubble and gravel affront one; they loom ahead like an abominable mess.7. Louw brings out a disturbing sense of dereliction and physical and moral collapse in the journey towards this entropic site, ‘a place where social values have fallen into disorder, where wealth has turned into waste’. A Five Paragraph Six. In 1969, Barbara Reise, writing in the British-based journal Studio International , commented that ‘Smithson’s “non-sites” of photographs and material extractions from real-life rock quarries are consistently less interesting than rock quarries themselves’, a remark that seems to anticipate the artist’s imminent shift to making outdoor works on a large scale.8 These included Broken Circle and Spiral Hill , constructed in 1971 in a sand quarry near Emmen in statement zeus the Netherlands, Henri’s ‘natural home for environmental art’. Wasteland is transformed into monument, just as John Latham would re-designate mid-Lothian’s unsightly shale bings as monumental process sculptures later in the decade.

Given the apparently redemptive character of such projects, it is perhaps not surprising to find that the Essays play challenge to critical conventions presented by statement zeus new forms of landscape art in the late 1960s and 1970s began to give way to narrower, more affirmative interpretations. In the 1980s they were more often seen as deeply felt expressions of steuer, human relationships with nature, with the term environment coming to refer almost exclusively to nature or the natural environment. In this context, certainly in Anglo-American publications, land art and Mla thesis zeus earthworks were considered within more closely focused landscape terms, and the history and steuer origin of these works as ‘quintessentially’, if not exclusively, American. This is the case even in the most explicit ‘environmental’ anthology, Alan Sonfist’s Art in the Land (1983).9 In his introduction, Sonfist identifies his concern as with ‘a group of Mla thesis zeus, artists whose work makes a statement about Essays, man’s relation to nature’.10 Elsewhere in the volume, however, Kenneth S. Friedman cautions against taking too narrow a definition of environment: ‘given that human beings and their culture are in the largest scale of description simply a form of Mla thesis statement, life moving about and acting on the surface of the sentence paragraph six planet, the drilling of an oil company is as much part of the “environment” as a tree’.11 There is ambivalence here about how environmental art should be understood: as a category of recent landscape art, predominantly American, with a concern for nature, or an all-embracing approach to art’s relationship with the environment that makes the latter term sound a lot closer to ‘ecological’. Indeed, there has been an Mla thesis statement, increasing tendency to Dissertation steuer subsume environmental art under the banner of Mla thesis statement zeus, ecology, particularly apparent in a number of exhibitions.12 In this way, the land art of the late 1960s and 1970s has come to be seen as a proto-ecological art form. A recurring aspect of the research highlighted in this issue has been the revisiting of sites associated with earlier manifestations of art in the environment.

Some of the changing possibilities and readings of environmental art as outlined above are brought out by Craig Richardson’s paper on John Latham’s proposals in the mid-1970s intended to transform perceptions of the is purpose of homework huge heaps of industrial waste that dominated (and disfigured, according to some viewpoints) the environment of mid-Lothian. Mla Thesis Statement. But this project to Dissertation steuer re-conceptualise places of industrial dereliction as ‘process art’ on a monumental scale has itself become the object of Mla thesis zeus, a necessary exercise in historical recovery, and it is the more recent recognition that the shale ‘bings’ are sites of is purpose, exceptional biodiversity that has proved more effective in securing their cultural value. A longer historical perspective is provided by the papers of Richard Wrigley and statement Geoff Quilley. Wrigley considers the answers to my homework Roman campagna as a landscape with a special place in statement zeus the history of art, since it was regarded as the cradle of idealised landscape painting, and associated with the origins of a pastoral tradition in Essays play poetry. Later artists, writers and tourists arrived in Rome’s hinterland with certain expectations, with mental pictures already formed of a noble landscape dotted with ruins, richly suggestive in moral lessons. But what they found was a terrain ruinous in more ways than one, a noxious landscape, inimical to zeus health, and this led to speculation as to the historical causes of decline, and reflections on the failures of custodianship which had resulted in such a waste. Geoff Quilley considers British naval artists’ representations of Tahiti in the mid-nineteenth century as re-enactments of the first views of the island by William Hodges and other artists on Thomas Cook’s voyages of exploration some sixty years earlier.

Those early views had projected the formal terms of the idealising classical tradition on to completely unfamiliar terrain, and the later artists consciously reiterate those conventions. The ideological significance of such re-enactments lies in the recovery of a time when Tahiti was first imagined as a British possession, although the political reality was that it had recently been annexed as a French colony. Re-enactment of a different kind, though no less ideologically loaded, is the key to Cai Guo-Qiang’s practice, as explored by Ben Tufnell. Is Purpose. Cai’s photographic series The Century with Mushroom Clouds 1996 involved the artist visiting various significant sites in America, including those of canonical works of land art from its first heroic phase (including Smithson’s Spiral Jetty and Michael Heizer’s Double Negative 196970), but also the zeus former nuclear test site in the Nevada desert, a landscape more sinister and research proposal toxic even than the malign, exhausted Roman campagna , though in its way now also a tourist destination. Cai detonated small hand-held explosive devices at these locations, documenting them in photographs. These actions are absurdly small-scale, playful and transient in the context of such monumental and symbolically resonant sites, yet also provocative and not without their own symbolic charge. With his interventions in places where works of radical art were once created on an epic scale, or which are associated with some of the most traumatic memories of the statement zeus twentieth century, Cai is revisiting, and re-thinking, past human actions which were designed to reshape the environment itself. An English landscaped park might seem to be a context at the very opposite end of the environmental spectrum to the mythic spaces of the Nevada desert, but the idea of revisiting the Writing in psychology past is still the key to another project, Andy Goldsworthy’s interventions in the grounds of Bretton Hall in Yorkshire, since 1977 the location of the Mla thesis statement Yorkshire Sculpture Park.

As Helen Pheby demonstrates, Goldsworthy’s revisiting can be understood in a double sense: the making of new permanent outdoor works in order to engage critically with a particular landscape history of enclosure and exclusion, and the return to his own beginnings as an artist working with natural materials in the open air. Goldsworthy’s ambitious 2007 project at Bretton was in part staged ‘in celebration of the Dissertation steuer journey taken by both artist and organisation’, but it was also designed to counter and complicate the perception of his reputation as a second-wave land artist with a decorative sensibility and an easy popular appeal.13. Nicholas Alfrey also goes back in his paper to an early piece of land art, Richard Long’s A Ten Mile Walk England , made on Exmoor in the winter of 1968, in order to look again at the implications of this kind of environmental practice: an outdoor sculpture on an unprecedented scale but with no physical trace. Zeus. This is to offer a corrective to Dissertation steuer the established view that such a work should be understood as an abstract gesture laid down in an empty space. But the terrain itself was already shaped by historical forces, and was far from being empty: it is a landscape of enterprise, improvement and enclosure, one in which boundaries matter as much as open ground.

Long was adding one more layer to a space dense in association. Projects by contemporary practitioners were also presented at the conference. Mla Thesis Statement Zeus. Lara Almarcegui and Give to my find Heather and Mla thesis statement zeus Ivan Morrison participated in the Barbican’s Radical Nature exhibition and, like the other artists in that show, their work is instrumental in character, designed to promote awareness of the relationship between nature and Dissertation steuer the urban environment and often involves community participation and affirmative action. Almarcegui has campaigned to preserve empty lots from development and improvement, resisting the strategies of planners in order to Mla thesis zeus let ‘natural processes of decay, transition and entropy’ take their course. In designating empty spaces and on children's play wastelands as artworks her tactics are reminiscent of those of John Latham, but she works within an ecological agenda, seeking to bring about the greening of Mla thesis, urban space:

Wastelands are important as places of possibility, because one can only Pay to do college homework feel free in this type of Mla thesis, land, forgotten by town planners. I imagine that, in a few years’ time, those wastelands that were protected by do college my projects will be the only empty spots within built areas.14. The Morrisons are interested in Mla thesis utopian communities, sustainable materials, gardening, the Give me the do i find construction of alternative modes of Mla thesis zeus, dwelling. For several years they managed an allotment in Birmingham as a performative work of art, and Pay to do college have since created an arboretum in ancient woodland by the Mawddach Estuary where they now live. In contrast, Katie Paterson and statement Simon Faithfull make work that tests the very limits of the sphere of human activity and knowledge, and their conception of the environment as a vastly expanded field is made possible by new developments in technology and radical advances in scientific thinking and method. Essays On Children's Play. At the same time, the way in which their work is actually realised retains a keen sense of physical constraints and zeus material conditions; they set themselves wilfully difficult tasks, and resolve them in do college ingenious, laborious, sometimes eccentric ways. Paterson describes her practice as: cross-medium and multi-disciplinary, often exploring landscape, space and time, using technology to bring together the commonplace and the cosmic. Everyday technologies phones, record players, radio connecting with something vaster, more intangible: telephone calls to melting glaciers, maps of all the dead stars, streetlights which flicker in time with lightning storms, music reflected from the moon.15.

Two such projects operate at the extreme opposite ends of scale, one making use of Mla thesis statement, new techniques in astronomy to look back to the ‘dark ages’ when the universe had only just begun to form, the other using nanotechnology to reduce a grain of answers to my, sand from the Sahara Desert to its minutest form. History of Darkness is an open-ended project made possible by her encounter with the astronomer Richard Ellis, who invited her to accompany him on a research visit to zeus the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii where he was studying the ‘cosmic dawn’, looking directly at galaxies twelve billion years back in time, before the earth came into existence. ‘I discovered that his project was looking for Writing research the very first stars and galaxies to statement zeus have evolved in the universe’ Paterson remarked. ‘Astronomers have now developed remarkable techniques to enable them to look back to almost 5% after the Big Bang. He told me of a period, the “Dark Ages”, shortly after the Big Bang, when the stars were beginning to alight’.16 The first work Paterson made in response to this vertiginous new awareness was Ancient Darkness TV 2009, ‘a one minute broadcast on Essays on children's play, television in New York, transmitted at Mla thesis statement, midnight, of the furthest away darkness. What. People could tune in and see nothing but a black screen, but they would know this darkness was from a very ancient time’.17 The History of Darkness followed from this (fig.1). She describes it as:

a slide archive of darkness from throughout the Universe. It shows different pieces of darkness from multiple times and places some are one thousand light years away, some are one million. A life-long project, it will eventually contain hundreds upon thousands of images of Mla thesis statement, darkness from different times and places in Dissertation steuer the history of the Universe, spanning billions of years. Each image is accompanied by Mla thesis statement zeus a handwritten record with its distance from earth in Writing a five paragraph six light years, and arranged from one to infinity.18. History of Darkness 2010. Black and white photograph, de-bossed mounts. Installation view Ingleby Gallery, Edinburgh 2011. The work is ambitious and understated at the same time, a thought-provoking conjunction of the sublime subject, innovative technology, handwritten record, the inscrutable elegance of the image, and sheer visual repetitiveness.

It seems to allude to zeus the history of minimal art as well as the history of the universe, and compels reflection on Dissertation steuer, the impossibility of ever achieving full knowledge, or of finding a way of recording what is known. ‘I think that there is Mla thesis statement, never a way to represent, see or know all the darkness in the universe’, she remarks, ‘so it is a kind of infinite journey, and a futile one, to try to capture it on do college homework, a human scale’.19. Paterson has described the speculative talk among the scientists at Mla thesis zeus, the observatory, as deep time appeared right there in front of them on the screen, and discussion of origins inevitably turns to that of a possible end. She heard them speak of ‘the Big Rip’, when all matter, from stars and galaxies to atoms, will be torn apart by research in psychology the expansion of the universe. But what kind of Mla thesis, art practice could hope to deal with such an incomprehensible domain? For her piece Inside this Desert Lies the Tiniest Grain of Sand 2010 she turned away from cosmic space to work at six, micro-scale: I created a grain of Mla thesis statement zeus, sand on the nano-scale: that is, 0.00005 mm across, completely invisible. Homework. I took a grain from the Sahara Desert, then had it chiselled down using special techniques in nano-technology, to become almost nothing, but yet still a grain of sand. It was an invisible sculpture, but yet still present in time and space.20. She then returned it to the Sahara, and Mla thesis statement buried it among the Dissertation desert sands, and later posted 500 postcards announcing ‘this small event’ to friends, family and random recipients. The work, therefore, combines a challenging concept, elaborate technologies, the Mla thesis statement play of metaphors, and a five paragraph a real (that is, complicated, arduous and expensive) journey to the Sahara, as well as the use of old-fashioned infrastructures such as the Mla thesis statement zeus postal service. Simon Faithfull’s work evinces a fascination with the surface of the globe, across which he traces symbolic lines and figures, and with the wilful colliding of Essays, grand, abstract ideas with awkward physicality or quotidian expressive vehicles.

His projects have involved programmes of action that follow a relentless logic to some ultimately absurd end, documented in films in which the camera scrupulously records real-time events, and which on occasion are projected as illustrations to performances in which the artist takes on the guise of an explorer or geographical society lecturer. Escape Vehicle No.6 2004 charts the upwards journey of a weather balloon from which has been suspended what appears to be an ordinary domestic chair, the statement progress of which is recorded by a camera attached to the balloon itself. The chair ascends quickly to the point where the curve of the Essays on children's play earth and statement zeus black space beyond are visible. In the artist’s own words: ‘You can just about make out this thin blue line at is purpose, the edge of the planet that quickly fades to black. This is the space that we normally occupy. We’ve reached about 30 kilometres high now and already we are beginning to leave the atmosphere’.21 Thirty kilometres, he goes on to point out, is not that far, hardly a day’s walk. But at Mla thesis statement, this height there is only a faint atmosphere and the temperature is minus sixty degrees, and the shortness of this journey reminds us of the relative thinness of our protective layer of air, and the fragility of our position in space. An empty chair in nineteenth-century pictorial symbolism stood in for the human figure, dead or absent, which habitually occupied it, and is here a further symbol of our vulnerability. 0.00 Navigation is another video piece in which the protagonist, the artist himself, follows an Essays on children's, invisible but symbolically significant line, the Mla thesis statement zeus Greenwich Meridian, from the point where it cuts the southern English coast at Peacehaven, across country, through villages, towns, then London and eventually via a caravan park near Cleethorpes, into the North Sea and presumably on to the me the answers to my homework North Pole (fig.2).

The artist has described the appeal of this imaginary line, an entirely hypothetical construction: A line built by Britain out of naval power and world domination but one that until recently was completely invisible. Statement. With the advent of GPS , however, you can now trace or feel it as its slices through the is purpose of homework landscape I was imagining myself as a kind of ghost following another phantom a ghost-line. A very insignificant, unnoticed ghost following a much more powerful spook.22. The figure’s progress is, of course, richly comical, as he scales the emblematic white cliffs, goes through the garden of Mla thesis, a bungalow, exits via a kitchen window, scrambles through brambles, scales fences, clambers over rooftops, goes through schools and garages, crosses a golf course, lakes and Pay to homework ditches. The banal, suburban landscapes of England are contrasted with ‘this epic line created by empire, this grid slung around the planet by imperial power’.23 There is an statement zeus, obvious allusion to the practice of Writing sentence paragraph six, Richard Long, and it might be taken as a parody of Mla thesis, a work such as A Ten Mile Walk England across Exmoor open moorland replaced by cluttered and commonplace spaces were it not for the realisation that Long, too, had to commit himself to reckless trespass, and that there was a playful and provocative aspect to early British land art which has tended to be forgotten in later readings of that movement as environmentally affirmative and respectable. The deadpan quality of 0.00 Navigation also alludes to the films of comic actor Buster Keaton. Faithfull has described it as ‘a kind of homage to Rail Rodder , a film that Keaton made right at Writing in psychology, the end of Mla thesis zeus, his life. In it Keaton swims out Dissertation of the statement zeus Atlantic on the east coast of Writing research, America, accidentally traverses the complete landmass of Canada on a small railway buggy, and finally goes back into the water at the Pacific coast’.24 Journeys from one coast to another are also a staple of the repertoire of Mla thesis, British walking artists such as Long and Hamish Fulton, but the reference here to film, comedy and popular culture introduces an element of unpredictability and hybridity into Faithfull’s environmental practice. Jem Southam has established a strong reputation as a photographer of landscape since the publication of his first collection in the 1980s. His work is mostly organised in Writing series, often open-ended, in which he records changes, both natural and man-made, in particular locations over considerable periods of time.

He is interested in the narratives that run through any given environment, narratives that can be historical, as in his first publication The Floating Harbour : A Landscape History of Bristol City Docks , or geological, as in his studies of Mla thesis statement zeus, coastal erosion, cliff falls and sand bars.25 Sometimes the focus is on the activities of a small group of individuals, such as the well-meaning but misguided attempts of Pay to homework, local ‘improvers’ to ameliorate a former industrial site in the Devon village of Upton Pyne, and sometimes on the larger ravages of industry, as in Red River and his work on the Cumbrian coast, where the rocky shoreline has been turned into solid metal as a result of molten slag being tipped there from the nearby steelworks.26. Southam favours a very large format analogue camera, in essence equipment comparable to that used by earlier photographers, which at first sight seems to make his work an zeus, extension of a long tradition of topographical or documentary image-making. On the face of it, aspects of his method and vision appear to have something in common with the work of filmmaker Patrick Keiller: the same dedication to cumbersome equipment and a willingness to accept the constraints that this imposes, the same preference for working alone in play the field, the same intense scrutiny turned on the landscape, with each carefully framed shot loaded with inexhaustible detail. Both have a respect for a certain kind of rigorous pictorialism, and a wariness towards the Picturesque. Both believe that much of the meaning of the world can be apprehended through the way it looks, and that looking is a mode of critical analysis that can reveal far more than what lies on the surface.

Both are aware of the politics of landscape, and the stories that are threaded through it. Yet there are connections in Southam’s work with some of the Mla thesis other artists who have been the subject of enquiry in this programme. There is homework, his strong feeling for Mla thesis zeus the sculptural, for example, so that the forms of dewponds or rockfalls can come to seem like the work of anonymous sculptors, even as a kind of Writing in psychology, land art. There is an unexpected affinity, too, with Paterson’s History of statement, Darkness , for all that he is working with a traditional medium and that her interests are in conceptual art, performance and on children's installation: a certain quality of melancholy, and Mla thesis statement an awareness of how limited our knowledge is, how difficult it is to be sure of anything. This uncertainty comes across in his discussion of his most recent project, to photograph the What of homework River Exe and its tributary system. It begins with a simple question: what is a river? Southam had made rivers his subject before, but the origins of this new project are unexpected: a conversation about an experiment to throw light on the neurological development of statement, children between the ages of Dissertation steuer, five and eleven by asking them to make a drawing of a river (fig.3). He describes how he tried this experiment himself, and persuaded around ten local children aged between about seven and zeus twelve to ‘draw a river’: It was a very small sample but the results were fascinating.

Most of the Writing proposal drawings showed a small river flowing from the top right across the horizontal sheet to zeus the bottom left. All the drawings included trees and foliage and a series of small round shapes either within or next to the stream. I was puzzled as to what these represented for a while, until I realised that all the children of Pay to homework, our street would, if they went out for a walk with their family, in Mla thesis zeus all likelihood go to Dartmoor. The streams of Dartmoor are strewn with small granite boulders and rounded pebbles. Writing. So when asked to draw a river the children had responded by pulling from statement zeus their imaginations pictures that corresponded to their direct experiences Only one drawing featured tributaries, but the answers homework find angle at which they met the main stream was against Mla thesis the flow of the river.

When I asked about this, the child explained that they understood something of a river system, and when pressed on the matter of the angle of address, they explained that water flowed down the main stream and then UP the tributaries.27. The drawings might be found charming for what they said about children’s naive understanding of the a five sentence paragraph six world and their capacity to express their knowledge in Mla thesis zeus visual form. But Southam felt that they raised a deeper point: ‘could any of us say with confidence that we know what a river is, or could or we come up with a comprehensive definition? A river, any river, even one as small as the Red River, is beyond our powers of understanding’.28. Southam turned to his own medium of photography in search of a definition of what a river is, choosing the Exe because it was his local river, and walking its banks to determine possible locations, but without any clear idea as to what the content, form or structure of the finished work might be, or indeed if the work could ever be resolved, ‘since I was not aware of any model that might suggest a structural resolution’.29 Right from the start, some formal and Writing research in psychology technical aspects camera, lens, film etc. had to be decided, considerations that would in Mla thesis themselves have far-reaching implications for the conceptual development of the ensuing work as well as its visual character: Early on I started using a lens that rendered, even with this system, an exceptional degree of peripheral detail. This led me to pay more forensic attention to the myriad narratives that a view contained. In one photograph [fig.4], for example, a thin line of proposal in psychology, ice follows the bank of the river, a large dog has recently made its way onto the soft sand of the bank, the Mla thesis river level has recently receded five or so inches leaving a small ‘tide’ line of Writing six, fine twigs, and two light stalks are all that remains visible from the profusion of towering and invasive Himalayan Balsam plants that grew here over the summer, while twisted through the Mla thesis lower hanging branches at various levels are clumps of organic material left from the earlier autumn floods, and on the higher branches of the alder trees that lean over the river hundreds of dark dots that are the remains of last year’s fruit.30. Here is that intense scrutiny that is also found in Keiller’s films, comparable to his long-held shots of roadside flora, though the ‘narratives’ referred to by Southam are less evidently metaphorical or political. Other aspects of the project’s methodology and content began to Writing paragraph six emerge: revisiting locations and re-photographing them at Mla thesis statement zeus, regular intervals over extended periods of time, the issue of access (which on non-navigable rivers in Britain can be very restricted), the question of structure, form and ultimate outcome. But each decision, each new photograph taken, only raises further questions and anxieties as the full complexity of the Pay to do college homework task ahead is gradually disclosed.

There are so many reaches of the statement zeus river, so many tributaries, springs and sources; it seems an ‘impossible task a quagmire of a problem, from which I see no viable release’.31. From this perspective, a river presents as much of a challenge to the artist as does the darkness of Dissertation steuer, ‘anterior time’ that Paterson has taken as her subject. Southam’s pursuit of the statement zeus elusive phenomenon of a river and Writing research Paterson’s discovery that ‘ancient darkness’ can be made visible have both given rise to zeus projects that could be life-long, and to the creation of archives that are potentially infinite. The objects of their enquiry may be literally more than poles apart, but nothing could more vividly indicate the expanded terms in which artists might now engage with the world. Patrick Keiller’s feature-length film Robinson in steuer Ruins (2010) was the centrepiece among the artistic projects presented at ‘Art Environment’; appropriate given that it was produced under the auspices of the AHRC ’s Landscape and Environment programme itself. Mla Thesis Statement Zeus. Elsewhere in this issue of Tate Papers , Stephen Daniels, Doreen Massey and Patrick Wright introduce the background of the film and the wider project of which it was part. A Five Sentence Six. Robinson in Mla thesis Ruins traces a journey following a roughly elliptical circuit around Oxford, across luminous pastoral landscapes which are nonetheless shadowed by economic crisis and an impending ecological collapse. Two other contributors to this issue also engage with the film, concentrating on its motif of ruin. Matthew Flintham was a part of Keiller’s research team, though working on a theme of his own, militarised landscape, which intersects the filmmaker’s concerns rather than coincides with them entirely. Pay To Homework. Flintham’s contribution ranges widely over recent British and American art practice and argues that art is a legitimate and productive means of responding to militarised spaces, despite the obvious difficulties they present. He brings out the analogies he sees in Keiller’s film between earlier historical enclosure movements and the large-scale appropriation of land by the military in the twentieth century.

He also dwells on the physical ruins that are the legacy of such an occupation: urgently built, highly specialised structures that soon become redundant, and are then left to zeus slow decline. Finally, Brian Dillon’s paper focuses as much on the metaphor of ruins as on their physical persistence. He takes Robinson’s rapt gaze on pastoral subjects landscapes with ruins as an indication that the English countryside has become ‘a monument to itself’, a symptom of a problematic nostalgia, associated with a tradition of English ruin aesthetics. Pay To. But he also seeks to define Keiller’s own position as part of Mla thesis, a broader and more critical European tradition in Writing six which ‘ruin lust’ can just as well imply fantasies of the Mla thesis statement zeus future as of the past, an anticipation of do college homework, coming ruination. In this light, the extended, almost exaggerated shots of foxgloves, thistles and poppies that have given rise to so much comment elsewhere, are suggestive of an ecology that is ominous rather than reassuring. 1. See also Weather Report: Art and Climate Change , Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art, Colorado 2007, and Mla thesis statement Burning Ice: Art and Climate Change , Natural History Museum, London 2006. 2. Nancy Holt quoted in Lucy Lippard, Overlay. Contemporary Art and the Art of Prehistory, New York1983, p.106. 3. Peter Carey, Studio International , vol.177, no.911, 1969, p.259. Pay To. 4. Statement. This work was re-shown at an exhibition to mark the fortieth anniversary of the answers to my moon landing. See Nicholas Alfrey and Joy Sleeman, Earth-Moon-Earth , exhibition catalogue, Djanogly Art Gallery, Nottingham 2009.

5. Adrian Henri, Environments and Happenings , London 1974, p.85. 6. Nancy Holt in an interview with Simon Grant, Tate Etc. , no.25, Summer 2012, p.98. 7. Mla Thesis Zeus. Roelof Louw, ‘Sites/Non-Sites: Smithson’s Influence on Recent Landscape Projects’, Tracks, A Journal of Artists’ Writings , vol.3, nos.2 and 3, pp.78. 8. Barbara Reise, ‘”Untitled 1969”: A Footnote on Art and Essays on children's Minimalstylehood’, Studio International , vol.177, no.910, 1969, p.172. 9. Alan Sonfist (ed.), Art in the Land: A Critical Anthology of Environmental Art , New York 1983. 10. Ibid., p.xi. 11. Kenneth S. Friedman, ‘Words on Mla thesis statement, the Environment’, in ibid., pp.2556.

12. For example Radical Nature: Art and Architecture for a Changing Planet 19692009 , Barbican Art Gallery, London 2009; Earth: Art of a Changing World , Royal Academy of Art, London 2009; Weather Report: Art and Climate Change , Boulder Museum of Writing research proposal in psychology, Contemporary Art, Colorado 2007; Burning Ice: Art and Climate Change , Natural History Museum, London 2006. 13. See Andy Goldsworthy, Parkland , Yorkshire Sculpture Park, 2007, unpaginated. Mla Thesis. This is a reprint of the original 1988 publication documenting ephemeral work made during Goldsworthy’s residency at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park in Writing research proposal that year. 14. Lara Almarcegui, ‘Demolitions, Empty Lots, Wastelands’, in Radical Nature: Art and Architecture for a Changing Planet, 19692009, exhibition catalogue, Barbican Art Gallery, London 2009, p.232. 15. Katie Paterson, ‘Notes on Mla thesis statement zeus, Recent Work’, unpublished essay, 2011, unpaginated. 16.

Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Steuer. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21.

Simon Faithfull, ‘Three Journeys’, unpublished transcript of his presentation at the ‘Art Environment’ conference, Tate Britain, 26 June 2010. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25. Zeus. Jem Southam and John Lord, The Floating Harbour: A Landscape History of a five paragraph, Bristol Docks , Bristol 1982; Jem Southam, Rockfalls, Rivermouths, Ponds , Towner Art Gallery, Eastbourne 2000.

26. Jem Southam, The Red River , Manchester 1989; Jem Southam, with contributions by Nicholas Alfrey, David Chandler, Richard Hamblyn, Matthew Southam, Harriet Tarlo, Clouds Descending , Salford 2008. 27. Jem Southam, ‘What is a River?’, unpublished essay, 2011, unpaginated. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid.

31. Ibid. Articles relating to ‘Art Environment’ have been brought together in Tate Papers no.17 by Stephen Daniels and Mla thesis statement zeus Nicholas Alfrey, following the ‘Art Environment’ conference held at TateBritain in June 2010. The editorial team is grateful to both for Pay to their vision for Mla thesis statement this issue and their varied contributions. Other papers relating to this theme can be found in Tate Papers no.17.

Nicholas Alfrey is Associate Professor in Art History at the University of Nottingham . Stephen Daniels is Professor of Cultural Geography in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Nottingham and Director AHRC Landscape and What of homework Environment programme. Joy Sleeman is Senior Lecturer at the Slade School of zeus, Fine Art, London . Tate Papers Spring 2012 © Nicholas Alfrey, Stephen Daniels and Joy Sleeman. Keep up to date with Tate events, exhibitions and Writing news.

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about postman essay these problems are presented and discussed. Yet when looking at the way people obtained their information prior. to this century and how the issues of the day were discussed, the stark contrast between then and now becomes. Mla Thesis! so clear that it#8217;s a wonder that we barely notice what#8217;s been happening. The crisis is the gradual dumbing-down. of our discourse since the dawn of the information age, and the treatment of the serious issues of our time as. nothing more than fodder for entertainment. Television is the biggest culprit, and those of us who grew up on. television have been damaged in ways that are now so universally common that they go unnoticed. Neil Postman#8217; s examination of this problem in his 1985 book, Amusing Ourselves to Death , is a dire warning of the. consequences of living in a culture dominated by television, and while over 20 years have passed since this book. was written, the introduction of the internet has made this work even more relevant today than it was then. A Five Sentence Six! literature from the earlier half of the century. The first is zeus, Orwell#8217;s dark authoritarian society from 1984 , while the. other is Aldous Huxley#8217;s Brave New World , in which people are not oppressed by external forces but have. Writing Paragraph! simply allowed themselves to be brainwashed into believing themselves to be happy. Postman#8217;s central assertion. is that Orwell got it wrong while Huxley got it right.

We have not become slaves to higher authority, but we have. allowed our society to deteriorate into a spiritually and intellectually dead environment. our discourse. We may be discussing the same issue today that we were in 1808, but we will be discussing it. Mla Thesis! much differently now than we would have then. 19th century people lived in an age dominated by Pay to do college the printed. word, and their public discourse reflected this. Today, show business dominates our culture, and the. sophistication of Mla thesis, our discourse has suffered as a result. It is not what we talk about but the way in which we. talk#8212;even think #8212;about the issues that has changed. The content of our culture has shifted from the written. word with its inherent appeal to rationality, to the electronic medium of television which appeals almost exclusively. to the passions. or any of the countless trash programs that are designed purely for entertainment and are understood not to be. taken seriously. What concerns Postman are the programs that purport to seriously present things of significance,

such as news, religious broadcasts, and educational programming. The inherent bias of is purpose of homework, television towards. entertainment has turned all of statement zeus, these previously serious areas of our culture into branches of show business, and. Essays Play! public life suffers dearly as a result. debates between Lincoln and Douglas to illustrate the vast gaping chasm between discourse as it was then and. how it is now. The famous debates between Lincoln and Douglass each lasted three hours long, each devoted to. one issue, and divided between an hour of speech, an zeus, hour and on children's play, a half of response, and a half-hour rebuttal. What. makes this even more striking is that these debates were actually shorter than most normal debates of the statement zeus, time! Crowds would gather around these two men and Essays play, listen to them speak at Mla thesis statement, length about is purpose one subject, carefully. constructing logical arguments and parsing through each others#8217; claims in true analytical fashion. The 19th century. mind was habituated to a literary form of oratory, which unlike pictures and film has propositional content#8212;one. can say of it that it is either true or false, which is not the case when it comes to images. Statement! Even advertising was. purely literary, designed to appeal to the understanding as opposed to desire. the fastest train. But once information could be transmitted at the speed of light from one part of the country to. another, the Age of Exposition began to crumble and give way to the Age of Show Business.

Now that the news. came from everywhere, it was mostly irrelevant to people#8217;s daily lives, and things have been this way ever since. A horrible accident that has taken place a thousand miles away may be interesting information but it has no effect. on what a person will do that day. The more information that one receives, the more irrelevant it all becomes. #8220;Facts push other facts into and out of on children's, consciousness at speeds that neither permit nor require evaluation#8221; (70). Statement Zeus! We now had access to scores of Dissertation, information, but it was all mostly useless information. in Mla thesis statement zeus, a place I#8217;ve never heard of, I can clearly understand that this information is trivial and meaningless to Pay to homework me. But if. there is a photograph of the train attached to it, suddenly it seems that I have received actual information. While. my mind has no context for the story, the picture gives it the illusion of context. It is not just a train that crashed, but that train#8212;the one in the picture. Statement! This #8220;pseudo-context#8221; has only Pay to homework one use: amusement. As Postman writes, it. is #8220;the last refuge of a culture overwhelmed by irrelevance#8221; (76).

Indeed we are now so completely accustomed. to our information being placed in a pseudo-context that we virtually no longer recognise its irrelevance at all. The. question of Mla thesis statement, how television and the tsunami of information that comes to us through its airwaves affects our minds. has never lost its importance, but it has receded into the background and become almost invisible. conversation does it permit? What are the intellectual tendencies it encourages? What sort of culture does it. produce?#8221; (84) By representing our world with programs designed based on their entertainment value, television. makes entertainment the natural form of representation for all experience. Dissertation! #8220;Television is our culture#8217;s principal. mode of knowing about itself. Therefore#8212;and this is the critical point#8212;how television stages the world becomes. the model for how the world is properly to Mla thesis be staged#8221; (92).

Because television must present its content through. images, it is in the nature of the medium to suppress the content of ideas to accommodate the requirements of. Me The To My Do I! visual interest. As a result, our entire worldview is hopelessly distorted. nothing to do with it, with the Mla thesis statement zeus, phrase #8220;Now#8230;this#8221; often the only transition. According to Postman, #8220;Now#8230;this#8221; is a new type of conjunction in What, language#8212;one that does not connect anything to anything but rather separates. everything from everything. The newscasters themselves are judged by how much #8220;credibility#8221; they project, a. Mla Thesis Statement! purely ethereal quality having nothing to do with the veracity of what they are reporting. Essays On Children's Play! Thus television restores.

the fallacy that the ultimate truth of Mla thesis, a proposition does not depend on its content but on Writing a five, who is speaking it. taking them seriously. Add to statement this the juxtaposition of commercials in between serious news stories, and the result. is the Pay to do college, cultivation of an insane epistemology whereby we are conditioned to believe that gruesome stories of horror. and death are all greatly exaggerated and not to be taken too seriously. In likening our current society to that of. Brave New World , Postman asserts that television is our own version of statement, soma , the drug that numbs people to the. Dissertation! soul-crushing realities of the world. longer is Mla thesis statement zeus, religion the realm of higher ideals, sacred ritual, and intimate soul-searching, but it has been hijacked by. Dissertation Steuer! televangelists who present religion, like everything else on television, as a form of entertainment. They argue that. teaching the word of Mla thesis zeus, God through television is necessary because it allows #8220;the word#8221; to reach so many people, but they do not take into account just how badly that #8220;word#8221; is distorted. Changing the Essays on children's, medium through which a. message is given invariably changes the meaning of the message. The words of Christ as spoken by Jesus himself. thousands of years ago does not have the same meaning as the Mla thesis, same words presented by a preacher on #8220;The 700. in one#8217;s living room, bedroom, or kitchen as easily as he or she can in Essays play, a church or other place of worship. The.

TV-screen itself is also so saturated with profane and commercial events that it is almost impossible for it to Mla thesis be a. What! meaningful frame for sacred events. Furthermore, a television viewer, unlike a church congregant, is free to. change the channel. Any television programmer knows that to Mla thesis keep the viewer watching they must offer. something the viewer wants. Neither Christ nor Mohammed nor Buddha nor any other religious teacher has. offered people anything more than what they needed , but television preachers are forced to offer viewers what. they want . Writing A Five Paragraph Six! Finally, because it is their face on the screen and their show, God plays the Mla thesis zeus, role of me the answers homework do i, a minor character. With religious programming it is ultimately not the abstract concept of the Divine Creator to be worshipped, but. the preacher himself on Mla thesis, the screen. intimately related to the character of TV commercials, which Postman claims are the fundamental metaphor for. political discourse in America. For one thing, commercials undermine capitalism. By manufacturing desires rather. than offering products to meet genuine needs, commercials destroy what is essential for a five sentence six capitalism to work: that. both seller and buyer act as mature, rational, well-informed agents capable of making decisions of mutual self- interest.

Commercials also foster an epistemology that makes us believe that all problems are solvable, solvable. fast, and statement zeus, solvable through technology. Clearly, such a format can easily undermine the me the answers to my do i, democratic process as well. plans to make this country better, but they must be celebrities, concerned less with their actual plans and positions. and almost exclusively with their own image. The politician does not offer an image of himself on television, but. he offers himself as an image of the audience. The audience usually votes for the candidate who most reminds. them of themselves, even if it is against their own self-interest.

People used to vote for a party with little concern. over who the nominee was, but with the rise of the politician-as-celebrity people often ignore the party and vote. only for the person, even if that person#8217;s party does not represent his own interests. The self-interest that. accounts for Mla thesis the voter#8217;s choice is no longer concrete but psychological. written word, the past was a very real force and important events tended to have far-reaching, enduring effects. History is contained in the very essence of literature, as every word, sentence, and Writing in psychology, paragraph are continuously. there, able to be read, re-read, and be referred back to at any time.

By contrast, television is an exclusively. present-centred medium, with images popping onto Mla thesis, the screen for a few seconds and of homework, then disappearing, never to. be seen again. There is no longer any real need for censorship, as information is not around long enough to have a. Mla Thesis! real effect. The problem is not that there is too little access to information, but that there is too much information, and the more information we have the more irrelevant it all becomes. And if all of do college homework, our information is in the form of. images on a screen, once those images no longer show up on the screen we are no longer concerned with it, even. if the events are still going on and nothing has been resolved. turned education into a form of entertainment as well. Programs like #8220;Sesame Street#8221; may present the same. content as a child will encounter in the classroom, but in a vastly different context#8212;one designed exclusively to. keep the zeus, child#8217;s interest. As Postman argues, the context of a lesson may be more important than the content. Though #8220;Sesame Street#8221; claims to be an sentence six, ally in zeus, the classroom it may turn out to be more of an adversary; #8220;Sesame Street#8221; does not teach children to love the Writing, classroom, but to statement love television. teachers alike that education is supposed to be entertaining. A child is more likely to Writing research in psychology get bored in class if the. lesson is Mla thesis statement, not as fun as the shows he sees on television. Most teachers can#8217;t, don#8217;t know how to, or don#8217;t think. that they should , counter-act this, and Dissertation steuer, instead of pushing back against TV#8217;s influence will decide to embrace it. and use it as a teaching tool. Many teachers show educational programming in class, but there are a few basic. rules of educational television that limit its ability to teach effectively.

First, the program can have no. prerequisites. Anyone watching must be able to understand what is being taught without any background in the. Statement Zeus! subject at all. Most effective learning is done in stages, with one lesson building on another, which is almost never. the case for a television program. Me The Answers To My Do I! Second, there can be no perplexity, meaning even if there are unanswered. questions and difficulties within the topic being explored by the program, they must be brushed over or ignored. entirely, as a confused or perplexed audience is likely to Mla thesis change the channel. Finally and What, most importantly, there. can be no exposition. The facts must be stated with as little analysis as possible, as the medium does not easily. lend itself to in-depth discussions and statement, detailed debates. As a result of these rules, anyone learning about a topic. exclusively through television programming will never have more than the most basic, elementary understanding of. Give Answers To My Do I Find! He has shown that Huxley#8217;s warning was to statement be taken very seriously. #8220;What Huxley teaches is Dissertation, that in the age of. advanced technology, spiritual devastation is more likely to come from an statement, enemy with a smiling face than from one. whose countenance exudes suspicious and hate#8221; (155).

Yet we have been living with television for Essays play a century and. Postman acknowledges that the technology is not really going anywhere. It may be too late to reverse the effects. it has had. The only realistic suggestion he offers for how to turn this tide (admitting that getting everyone to stop. watching television is completely hopeless) is to educate people about its effects. If we could all be made to. understand what television does, and if children could be taught how to watch television and that it is statement, incredibly. important to learn from written sources as well, we might slowly work our way back towards a culture in which. more intelligent discourse is common. this technology was not around at research in psychology, the time this book was written, so we can only speculate.

It would at first seem. to be a welcome breath of fresh air, as the majority of on-line discourse is done through the written word. However, these words very rarely have much depth, almost never contain any detailed exposition or analysis, and. have at best only the faintest hint of propositional content. A new dominant medium has arrived on the scene, but. it seems to have arrived too late. Our intellect is already so compromised from the effects of a century of. television that the statement, internet so far only seems to magnify the effects. We have gone from an over-abundance of. irrelevant information to an unfathomably gargantuan universe of irrelevant information, the capacity for which is. now infinite . Our news stories, where once condensed into What minute-long segments of sound and Mla thesis statement, images. Give Me The To My! interspersed with commercials, are now hyper-condensed into a single phrase with a bullet point next to it, a. thumbnail-sized photograph, and flashing advertisements all around. In such a context it does not seem as though. anything at all can be taken seriously.

The internet has only taken the statement zeus, effects of a five six, television to statement zeus absurd extremes, and while the capability for research proposal it to become a glowing bastion of intellectual content and intelligent discussion and. Mla Thesis Zeus! debate most certainly exists, as of now it has become the new soma , hundreds of times stronger than the old. Business to the Age of YouTube, when a new medium once again has taken over and is working its subtle effects. on our epistemology. It may be some time before the effects of of homework, this technology become clear, but by then they. will probably be so common and widespread as to Mla thesis zeus be invisible, just like the effects of television on our minds. today. Postman#8217;s prescription in 1985 is more necessary now than ever before: we must teach our children about. the differences in the inherent biases in different forms of media, and how to properly assimilate and contextualize. the blitzkrieg of information that assaults us every day. We must above all begin to Essays realise that these are serious. times we live in, that without intelligent discussion and Mla thesis statement zeus, debate the problems that face us will never be solved, and.

our societies will crumble and fall as we continue watching TV, surfing the web, and amusing ourselves to death.

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essay on Mla thesis zeus, news media Robert G. Kaiser. I n 1998, Ralph Terkowitz, a vice president of Writing The Washington Post Co., got to know Sergey Brin and Larry Page, two young Silicon Valley entrepreneurs who were looking for backers. Terkowitz remembers paying a visit to the garage where they were working and Mla thesis statement zeus keeping his car and Writing research proposal driver waiting outside while he had a meeting with them about the idea that eventually became Google. An early investment in Google might have transformed the Post 's financial condition, which became dire a dozen years later, by which time Google was a multi-billion dollar company. But nothing happened. “We kicked it around,” Terkowitz recalled, but the Mla thesis statement zeus, then-fat Post Co. had other irons in other fires.

Such missteps are not surprising. People living through a time of revolutionary change usually fail to grasp what is going on around them. The American news business would get a C minus or worse from on children's play any fair-minded professor evaluating its performance in the first phase of the Digital Age. Mla Thesis Zeus. Big, slow-moving organizations steeped in their traditional ways of doing business could not accurately foresee the next stages of a technological whirlwind. Obviously, new technologies are radically altering the ways in which we learn, teach, communicate, and are entertained.

It is Dissertation steuer impossible to know today where these upheavals may lead, but where they take us matters profoundly. How the Mla thesis statement zeus, digital revolution plays out over time will be particularly important for journalism, and therefore to the United States, because journalism is the craft that provides the lifeblood of a free, democratic society. The Founding Fathers knew this. They believed that their experiment in Dissertation steuer, self-governance would require active participation by an informed public, which could only be possible if people had unfettered access to information. James Madison, author of the First Amendment guaranteeing freedom of speech and of the press, summarized the proposition succinctly: “The advancement and diffusion of knowledge is the statement, only guardian of true liberty.” Thomas Jefferson explained to his French friend, the Marquis de Lafayette, The only security of all is in do college, a free press. The force of public opinion cannot be resisted when permitted freely to zeus, be expressed.” American journalists cherish another of Jefferson's remarks: “Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the Essays on children's play, latter.” The journalistic ethos that animated many of the statement zeus, Founders was embodied by a printer, columnist, and Pay to editor from Philadelphia named Benjamin Franklin. The printing press, which afforded Franklin his livelihood, remained the statement, engine of American democracy for more than two centuries. But then, in the second half of the 20th century, new technologies began to undermine long-established means of sharing information. First television and then the computer and the Internet transformed the way people got their news.

Nonetheless, even at the end of the century, the business of providing news and analysis was still a profitable enough undertaking that it could support large organizations of professional reporters and editors in print and broadcast media. Now, however, in the first years of the 21st century, accelerating technological transformation has undermined the business models that kept American news media afloat, raising the possibility that the great institutions on which we have depended for news of the Writing in psychology, world around us may not survive. These are painful words to write for someone who spent 50 years as a reporter and editor at The Washington Post . Mla Thesis. For the first 15 years of my career, the Post 's stories were still set in lead type by linotype machines, now seen only in museums. Is Purpose. We first began writing on computers in the late 1970s, which seemed like an unequivocally good thing until the rise of the Internet in the 1990s. Then, gradually, the ground began to shift beneath us. By the time I retired earlier this year, the Graham family had sold the Post to Mla thesis, Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon, for $250 million, a small fraction of Essays on children's its worth just a few years before. Donald Graham, the chief executive at the time, admitted that he did not know how to save the zeus, newspaper. In fact, digital technology has flummoxed the owners of traditional news media, especially newspapers, from the a five paragraph six, beginning. For example, in 1983, in the early years of computerized production of newspapers when almost no one knew what was coming, The New York Times almost committed digital suicide. The Times decided it only needed to retain the statement zeus, rights to the electronic versions of its stories for Dissertation 24 hours after publication. To make a little extra money, the Times sold rights to everything older than 24 hours to Mead Data Central, owners of the Lexis-Nexis service.

Mead Data Central then sold electronic access to Times stories to law firms, libraries, and the public. By the early 1990s, as the Internet was becoming functional and popular, this arrangement was a big and growing problem: newspapers, including the Times , were planning “online,” computerized editions, but the Times had sold control of its own product to Mla thesis, Mead Data. Luckily for the country's best newspaper, the Anglo-Dutch firm Reed Elsevier bought Mead Data in 1994. The sale triggered a provision in the original Times -Mead contract that allowed the Times to a five sentence paragraph, reclaim the Mla thesis zeus, electronic rights to its own stories. That enabled the Times to What of homework, put its journalism online in 1995. But putting newspapers online has not remotely restored their profitability. For the moment, The New York Times is making a small profit, but its advertising revenues are not reassuring. The Washington Post made profits of more than $120 million a year in the late 1990s, and today loses money—last year more than $40 million.

Newsweek magazine failed, and Time magazine is teetering. Once-strong regional newspapers from Los Angeles to Miami, from Mla thesis statement Chicago to Philadelphia, find themselves in desperate straits, their survival in Writing proposal, doubt. Statement Zeus. News divisions of the major television networks have been cutting back for more than two decades, and are now but a feeble shadow of their former selves. Overall the economic devastation would be difficult to exaggerate. One statistic conveys its dimensions: the advertising revenue of all America's newspapers fell from Dissertation steuer $63.5 billion in 2000 to about $23 billion in 2013, and Mla thesis statement is still falling. Traditional news organizations' financial well-being depended on the willingness of advertisers to pay to reach the mass audiences they attracted. Advertisers were happy to pay because no other advertising medium was as effective. But in the digital era, which has made it relatively simple to target advertising in very specific ways, a big metropolitan or national newspaper has much less appeal. Internet companies like Google and Facebook are able to sort audiences by the most specific criteria, and thus to offer advertisers the possibility of spending their money only on ads they know will reach only people interested in what they are selling. Writing Proposal In Psychology. So Google, the master of targeted advertising, can provide a retailer selling sheets and Mla thesis towels an audience existing exclusively of people who have gone online in the last month to shop for What of homework sheets and towels. This explains why even as newspaper revenues have plummeted, the ad revenue of Google has leapt upward year after year—from $70 million in 2001 to an astonishing $50.6 billion in Mla thesis statement zeus, 2013.

That is more than two times the combined advertising revenue of every newspaper in America last year. And the situation for proprietors of on children's newspapers and magazines is likely to get worse. One alarming set of statement statistics: Americans spend about 5 percent of the time they devote to media of Writing a five sentence all kinds to magazines and newspapers. But nearly 20 percent of advertising dollars still go to Mla thesis zeus, print media. Give Me The Answers To My Homework Find. So print media today are getting billions more than they probably deserve from statement zeus advertisers who, governed by the inertia so common in human affairs, continue to buy space in publications that are steadily losing audience, especially among the young. When those advertisers wake up, revenues will plummet still further. King County Journal. Union City Register Tribune. Halifax Daily News. Rocky Mountain News.

News organizations have tried to adapt to the new realities. As the Internet became more popular and more important in the first decade of the 21st century, newspaper proprietors dreamed of What is purpose paying for their newsrooms by mimicking their traditional business model in the online world. Their hope was to create mass followings for their websites that would appeal to advertisers the way their ink-on-paper versions once did. But that’s not what happened. The news organizations with the most popular websites did attract lots of eyeballs, but general advertising on their sites did not produce compelling results for advertisers, so they did not buy as much of it as the papers had hoped. Mla Thesis. And the price they paid for it steadily declined, because as the Internet grew, the What, number of sites offering advertising opportunities assured that “supply” outstripped “demand.” Advertising revenues for the major news sites never amounted to even a significant fraction of the revenues generated by printed newspapers in the golden age. There seems little prospect today that online advertising revenues will ever be as lucrative as advertising on paper once was. The other online innovation that has devastated newspapers is Craigslist, the free provider of what the newspapers call “classified advertising,” the small items in small print used by individuals and businesses for generations to buy and sell real estate and Mla thesis statement merchandise, and to hire workers.

Twenty years ago classifieds provided more than a third of the revenue of The Washington Post . Craigslist has destroyed that business for a five sentence six the Post and every major paper in Mla thesis zeus, the country. The Philadelphia Inquirer/Daily News headquarters building on Broad Street in Philadelphia, October 6, 2005. The paper is one of many major newspapers facing cutbacks and dwindling circulation. D espite two decades of trying, no one has found a way to make traditional news-gathering sufficiently profitable to assure its future survival. Serious readers of proposal in psychology America's most substantial news media may find this description at Mla thesis statement zeus, odds with their daily experience.

After all, The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal , and The Washington Post still provide rich offerings of good journalism every morning, and Pay to they have been joined by numerous online providers of both opinion and news—even of classic investigative reporting. Digital publications employ thousands of reporters and editors in Mla thesis statement zeus, new and sometimes promising journalistic enterprises. Is this a disaster? Of course not—yet. Essays Play. But today's situation is probably misleading. The laws of economics cannot be ignored or repealed. Nor can the actuarial tables.

Only about a third of zeus Americans under 35 look at a newspaper even once a week, and the percentage declines every year. A large portion of today's readers of the few remaining good newspapers are much closer to do college, the grave than to high school. Today's young people skitter around the Internet like ice skaters, exercising their short attention spans by looking for fun and, occasionally, seeking out Mla thesis zeus serious information. Audience taste seems to be changing, with the result that among young people particularly there is a declining appetite for the sort of information packages the great newspapers provided, which included national, foreign and local news, business news, cultural news and criticism, editorials and opinion columns, sports and obituaries, lifestyle features, and science news. Alas for those who continue to want access to that kind of product, there is Give to my do i find no right to reliable, intelligent, comprehensive journalism. We only get it when someone provides it. And if it doesn’t pay someone a profit, it’s not likely to be produced. New York City. 1959. TV news anchorman Walter Cronkite.

© Dennis Stock/Magnum Photos. B efore digital technology changed the statement, world, the news was quite orderly and predictable. To find out what was happening, you bought a paper, listened to Essays on children's play, the radio, or watched television. Most people relied on one or two sources for statement zeus all their news—a newspaper and a TV network, for example. A few institutions and a few individuals dominated the provision of news: Walter Cronkite and John Chancellor; The New York Times and The Washington Post ; Time and research proposal in psychology Newsweek . Mla Thesis. The universe of news providers was small and Writing research also remarkably homogeneous. David Brinkley could move from NBC to ABC without causing much of a stir. When Roone Arledge, whose first big accomplishment was to make ABC the leading network for sports, was empowered to build a new ABC News, he did it by raiding the staffs of NBC and CBS.

Similarly, when Ted Turner launched CNN, he poached talent from the networks. This small, nearly-closed world rarely provided any surprises. Politically, the big news organizations cast themselves as fair-minded and even-handed, never partisan. Time magazine may have been somewhat more conservative, The New York Times more liberal, but none drifted far from the statement zeus, center of the political spectrum. Essays. For nearly four decades after World War II, mainstream journalism was notably non-ideological. At the height of their success, all the best news organizations shared two important qualities: a strong sense of responsibility about their roles as providers of news and analysis, and plenty of money to spend on those missions. In their heyday, roughly the last third of the zeus, 20th century, these institutions tended to unify American society. News anchors like Cronkite, Chancellor, Tom Brokaw, Dan Rather, and steuer Peter Jennings were reassuring, avuncular figures with whom millions of Americans shared the dramas of the day.

All the statement zeus, mainstream print and broadcast media sought to provide an is purpose, information supermarket whose aisles—from sports to statement, business to politics, foreign affairs, entertainment news, and gossip—would hopefully attract mass audiences across all classes of society. Writing Sentence Six. And they made money—a lot of it—by selling those mass audiences to advertisers. NBC/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images. The money allowed for an extravagant approach to news. Editors and producers could put their news instincts ahead of Mla thesis other considerations, including profits—at least occasionally. I did this myself, dispatching reporters around the country and Dissertation the world with something awfully close to abandon when I was a senior editor of The Washington Post . The best newspapers—the best of a much more crowded field than exists today—invested in Washington bureaus, foreign correspondents, and Mla thesis investigative reporting teams, not to mention luxuries almost unheard of now. For years, for example, no reporter for the Los Angeles Times had to Dissertation steuer, suffer the indignity of flying in coach; business or first class was the zeus, norm. The broadcast media enjoyed even more extravagance.

In the 1970s the three television networks each maintained large corps of foreign correspondents stationed in bureaus across the globe, and also domestic bureaus in the major American cities. Steuer. They all did serious documentaries and showed them in zeus, prime time. Editors and producers pursued stories that interested them, without much concern for how readers or viewers might react to the journalism that resulted. Members of this tribe of journalists shared a sense of what “the news” was. The most influential of them were the editors and reporters on Essays play, the best newspapers, whose decisions were systematically embraced and echoed by other editors and writers, as well as by the producers of television news. As many have noted now that their power has declined, these news executives were gatekeepers of a kind, deciding which stories got the most attention. The most obvious examples of statement their discretionary power came in the realm of investigative reporting. One of the cardinal events of this era was Walter Cronkite's decision in late October 1972 to report in detail on the CBS Evening News the findings of two young Washington Post reporters, Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, on the developing Watergate scandal. Cronkite’s decision highlighted the strength of the news culture, while also helping to put the Post —then still emerging as a leading newspaper—at the center of is purpose national attention. This was a golden era in journalism, a time when a prosperous and widely-respected press demonstrated an unprecedented willingness to confront a sitting president.

Watergate and Mla thesis zeus the Vietnam War both made it much easier to challenge authority. Newspapers especially began to show increasing self-confidence—sometimes it felt like arrogance—by moving away from reactive journalism that focused on the events of the previous day and devoting more space and energy to “enterprise” journalism, which included not just in-depth investigations, but stories about trends in society, profiles, and feature stories. Thanks to this new boldness, the relationship between reporters and government deteriorated and became quite contentious. Deference gave way to skepticism and, often, cynicism about the believability of public officials and government agencies. One of the great symbolic moments of this era was the decision by the Nixon administration to seek a court order to stop The New York Times from Give me the answers to my do i find publishing details of a secret Pentagon history of the Vietnam war that a disgruntled official had leaked to the paper. Initially a federal district court accepted the government’s argument that publication endangered “national security,” and issued an order to the Times to cease publication of stories based on the “Pentagon Papers.” The Times 's source, Daniel Ellsberg, then leaked another set of the zeus, papers to The Washington Post , which hurriedly began preparing stories about them. The government sought court action to block the steuer, Post as well. The Supreme Court agreed to take the statement, case. The Times and play Post hired some of the Mla thesis statement zeus, best (and most expensive) lawyers in the country to argue for publication. The court quickly decided in favor of the Dissertation steuer, newspapers' right to publish. Nixon's attempt to impose “prior restraint” on the American press had failed.

Two private corporations, the Times and Post companies, had defied the government and Mla thesis statement zeus then persuaded the Supreme Court to let them get away with it. Journalists still remember this as a critical moment in the history of their business. 1902-03: Ida Tarbell profiles John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company The progressive era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was a time of social activism as Americans and Writing six their president, Theodore Roosevelt, fought corruption and Mla thesis statement monopolistic practices in government and industry. Tarbell, a former school teacher, wrote a series of articles for McClure’s Magazine about the is purpose, giant Standard Oil Company and its owner John D. Rockefeller. The series was published in book form in 1904, and in 1911 the U.S. Supreme Court found the company to be in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, causing its breakup.

Ironically, Tarbell didn’t like the term “muckraker,” which was applied to her and other reform-minded journalists of the era. 1906: Upton Sinclair exposes conditions in Chicago's meatpacking plants Chicago was America’s center of zeus meat processing and packing around the turn of the What, century in 1900. Although Sinclair’s famous 1906 work, The Jungle , was a novel, he based it on seven weeks in disguise working in Chicago’s meatpacking plants. His exposé of conditions that immigrant workers faced in the stockyards and Mla thesis statement zeus the unsanitary practices of the industry coincided with passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906. Sinclair later focused on American journalism itself, calling attention in 1920 to the practice of “yellow journalism” in his book The Brass Check . 1953: Murrey Marder dogs Sen. Joseph McCarthy's witch hunt In February 1950, U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy declared that more than 200 Communists were working at the U.S. State Department.

After his re-election in 1952, McCarthy conducted a series of hearings on the matter and implicated Army personnel in espionage. In 1953, Murrey Marder, writing for The Washington Post , began full-time coverage of Sen. McCarthy and his hearings. Marder investigated the senator's accusations against Army personnel stationed at Fort Monmouth in New Jersey, finding that the senator's charges against them were all false. Do College. Marder later opened the London bureau of the The Post , and after his retirement, helped create the Mla thesis statement, Nieman Watchdog Project. 1962-64: David Halberstam calls foul on the U.S. Pay To Do College Homework. military's rosy Vietnam claims In October 1963, President John F. Kennedy was so upset about statement zeus, David Halberstam’s reporting from do college homework Saigon that he asked Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, the publisher of The New York Times , to transfer David Halberstam out of Vietnam. Since the previous year, Halberstam had offered dogged and Mla thesis statement zeus skeptical coverage of U.S. government officials’ optimistic portrayals of on children's their and Mla thesis statement zeus the South Vietnamese government’s efforts against North Vietnam. “The job of the Writing research proposal, reporters in Vietnam,” Halberstam wrote in 1965, “was to report the Mla thesis zeus, news, whether or not the news was good for What America.” In 1964, Halberstam earned a Pulitzer Prize for his Vietnam reporting.

1969: Seymour Hersh exposes the My Lai massacre and cover-up In March 1968, U.S. Army soldiers massacred hundreds of civilians in My Lai, a South Vietnamese village. In the months following, Army commanders downplayed the incident, keeping it hidden from the public. However, due to pressure on Mla thesis statement zeus, the chain-of-command from a soldier in the infantry company involved, Lieutenant William Calley, Jr. was court martialed in September 1969 for his role. The public wouldn't learn of My Lai until Hersh, acting on a tip, interviewed Calley and his lawyer.

Hersh's story was published by Dispatch, a small news agency with a tiny staff, and me the answers to my then picked up nationally. Mla Thesis Statement. Calley was the only soldier convicted in relation to the massacre. Hersh won the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for Dissertation his reporting. 1971: The Pentagon Papers leaked and published. In 1971, with the Mla thesis zeus, Vietnam War still going after almost a decade, a military analyst named Daniel Ellsberg leaked a seven-thousand page history of U.S.-Vietnam relations that had been prepared for Writing a five sentence paragraph internal use by the Pentagon. Lengthy sections of statement these “Pentagon Papers” were published in Dissertation steuer, The Washington Post and The New York Times , revealing the statement zeus, covert origins of a war that was exceedingly unpopular at do college homework, home. Statement Zeus. The Nixon administration ordered the newspapers to cease publication of any of the documents. This led to a Supreme Court case ( New York Times Co. Writing Proposal. v. United States ) that eventually ruled in favor of the Mla thesis statement zeus, press. 1972: Woodward and Bernstein expose the What is purpose of homework, Watergate break in In June 1972, five men were arrested for Mla thesis zeus breaking into the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate Complex in Washington, DC. Two young reporters at The Washington Post , Bob Woodward and What is purpose of homework Carl Bernstein, were intrigued that one of the zeus, burglars was on the payroll of President Richard Nixon’s reelection committee and began digging further. Woodward and Bernstein uncovered a series of political crimes and proposal “dirty tricks” that connected the burglary back to the White House.

Their reporting led to indictments of 40 administration officials and the eventual resignation of Mla thesis statement President Nixon. Answers To My. The paper won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for the investigative reporting. 1992: Florence Graves reveals sexual misconduct in Congress In 1992, shortly after the Anita Hill controversy, Florence Graves, founder of Common Cause magazine, began an statement zeus, investigation into sexual misconduct on paragraph six, Capitol Hill. She quickly found a pattern of charges pointing to Senator Bob Packwood. Mla Thesis. In the fall of 1992, The Washington Post published Graves'story detailing allegations from 10 women of sexual misconduct by the Oregon senator. What Is Purpose Of Homework. The story not only led to the first-ever Senate Ethics Committee investigation of sexual misconduct and the eventual resignation of Senator Packwood, but also to the passage of the landmark Congressional Accountability Act, subjecting Congress to the same discrimination laws as the rest of the nation. 2010: Dana Priest and William Arkin detail secret government organizations On July 19, 2010, Washington Post reporters Dana Priest and William Arkin published “Top Secret America,” a series of investigative articles revealing the massive and what they characterized as mismanaged post-9/11 growth of the U.S. intelligence community. The series, benefiting from the work of more than a dozen other journalists at The Post , compiled hundreds of Mla thesis statement zeus thousands of records over two years, identifying 45 government organizations (1,271 sub-units) and 1,931 private companies engaged in do college, top-secret intelligence work. The series highlighted the oversight challenges facing such a fast-growing and statement secretive system with such an to my, important agenda: maintaining the safety of American citizens. Reuters/Jason Reed JIR.

2013: The Washington Post and The Guardian report on Mla thesis zeus, NSA surveillance In early June 2013, The Post and The Guardian broke nearly-simultaneous stories about National Security Agency surveillance activities being conducted on U.S. citizens and foreign officials. Both sets of articles, led by Barton Gellman at The Post and Writing six Glenn Greenwald at statement zeus, The Guardian , along with Laura Poitras and Ewan MacAskill, initially relied on a confidential source who was a former NSA analyst and then-employee at a private sector consulting firm. The source had told Gellman that he was operating out of a five sentence paragraph six conscience and knew that he would be exposed. Mla Thesis Statement Zeus. That person was Edward Snowden. Both newspapers shared the Pulitzer Prize this year for their articles. Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein (center) and Bob Woodward (left), the team who broke the Watergate story. Washington, D.C., 1974. © Wayne Miller/Magnum Photos. T he golden era had its shortcomings, to be sure.

A herd mentality too often prevailed, especially in Washington coverage. Self-important journalists were too common. And both the conventional wisdom and steuer conventional attitudes remained strong. Statement Zeus. So, for on children's example, when confronted by a story like the AIDS epidemic, the great news organizations reacted slowly and clumsily. Few journalists paid serious attention to Mla thesis zeus, the rising disparities in American society. What Of Homework. Toward the end of the era, in Mla thesis, the first years of the 21st century, the news media succumbed to the national anxieties produced by the 9/11 attacks and failed to challenge effectively the Bush administration's rush to war in Iraq. Many journalists joined the rush. This was an embarrassment for our major journalistic institutions and a disservice to the country. Nevertheless, America's best news organizations have proved their value again and again, even in recent years, as their fortunes have declined. Dissertation Steuer. The culture of journalistic skepticism born in the 1960s and Mla thesis 1970s has continued to serve the country well.

Repeatedly, journalists have broken significant news stories that government officials hoped would never be revealed, from accounts of Americans torturing terror suspects to revelations of the systematic mistreatment of Writing veterans at Walter Reed Hospital; from accounts of the government's eavesdropping programs to descriptions of its vast, post-9/11 intelligence apparatus. The major journalistic revelations of the last decade altered the country's image of itself. They mattered. And society has benefited in less tangible ways, too. “How would this look on the front page of The Washington Post ?” has been a question asked in offices in Washington ever since the time of Watergate, to good effect. Of course this deterrent to illegal, unethical, or embarrassing behavior is unevenly effective; many miscreant public officials have ignored it, and will in the future, whether or not there continues to be a front page of The Washington Post . Statement Zeus. But this sense of accountability has had a salutary effect. The best journalism has most often been produced by Dissertation those news organizations that have both the resources and the courage to Mla thesis statement zeus, defend their best work when it offends or alarms powerful institutions and on children's individuals. The public may perceive journalism as an zeus, individualistic enterprise carried out by lone rangers of rectitude, but this is rarely the case. The best work is usually done by a five six a team that has the backing of an organization committed to maintaining the highest standards of seriousness and integrity, and to nurturing talented reporters and editors. In the Mla thesis statement, trickiest realms of investigative reporting on matters that touch on “national security,” the homework, team—including the writers and editors as well as the lawyers and Mla thesis often the publisher too—can be critically important. News organizations that can afford to support such teams are now at risk. A healthy democratic society requires referees—authority figures with whistles they can blow when they perceive infringements of the rules.

Prosecutors and judges fulfill this role in Pay to, matters of law enforcement, but their writ is limited by Mla thesis statement zeus the scope of the law. Proposal In Psychology. “I am not a crook,” insisted Richard Nixon, and perhaps he wasn't, but he was a kind of political criminal nevertheless, and he was first called to account by journalists. Will such whistle blowers be on the job to confront the Mla thesis statement, next Nixon? Paul Starr, the distinguished Princeton scholar, has put the matter succinctly: “By undermining the Writing proposal, economic basis of professional reporting and by Mla thesis statement fragmenting the on children's, public, [the digital revolution] has weakened the ability of the press to act as an effective agent of Mla thesis zeus public accountability. If we take seriously the idea that an independent press serves an essential democratic function, its institutional distress may weaken democracy itself. Steuer. And that is the danger that confronts us.” Bill O'Reilly vs. Jon Stewart 2012: The Rumble In The Air-Conditioned Auditorium at statement, George Washington University on Writing research in psychology, October 6, 2012. Jamie McCarthy/Getty Images for The Rumble 2012.

I f today's providers of the best journalism—often referred to these days, somewhat ominously, as “legacy media,” meaning the old stuff—cannot survive their continuing tribulations, what will take their place? Predicting the future is a fool's errand, but some trends are clear. The Internet promotes fragmentation by encouraging the development of like-minded communities, from you and your Facebook friends to avid Tea Party supporters who love Breitbart News, a highly readable, relentlessly ideological right-wing news site. Surveys by the Pew Research Center for the People the Press show that increasing numbers of American get their “news” from Mla thesis ideologically congenial sources. The news media are fragmenting just as American society is fragmenting—by class, by region, by religious inclination, by generation, by ethnic identity, by politics and more.

The rise of the fragmented news media is quite a recent phenomenon. It really became significant after the inauguration of Barack Obama in January 2009. President Obama came into the White House in the midst of the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Homework. He had run as a unifier who would bring a new era of bipartisan collaboration: “Yes we can!” But no, he couldn't. Mla Thesis Zeus. Republicans in homework, Congress decided at the outset of statement zeus his administration that they would try to deny the Essays play, new president any victories. Obama's early legislative successes, based on the big Democratic majorities in the House and Senate produced by statement zeus the 2008 election, disguised the fact that partisan gridlock lay just around the corner. Writing Proposal In Psychology. After 2010, when Republicans regained control of the House, the gridlock set in. The politicians made an zeus, uneasy peace with the idea of perpetual partisan warfare. Voters also took increasingly ideological positions, and looked with increasing suspicion on those who disagreed with them. Today's politicians, especially on the right, communicate to “their” voters through “their” media, most notably, of course, Fox News.

Similarly, liberal Democrats like to appear on What is purpose, MSNBC. More ideological politicians like a world without Cronkites—without recognized gatekeepers and arbiters. So “the news” that once helped unify the Mla thesis statement, country is is purpose of homework now just another source of division. Daniel Patrick Moynihan used to argue that “everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts.” No longer. Mla Thesis Zeus. Politicians and commentators now seem perfectly happy inventing their own reality when it suits their political or ideological purposes. Writing A Five Sentence. Fox News's determination to ridicule the Affordable Care Act—”Obamacare”—had nothing to do with traditional journalistic truth-seeking. Rather, it was part of a propaganda campaign.

The MSNBC cable network, part of NBC, which used to be a serious news organization, saw a business opportunity in making itself a liberal alternative to Fox, the most profitable cable news network, and now unabashedly propagates a liberal view of the news. Zeus. Fox and MSNBC have both decided to Writing, cater to their audiences not with original reporting of the news (which is expensive), but with commentary on the news interspersed with broadcasts of set-piece events like presidential news conferences. Curiously, or revealingly, there is little outrage in the culture about these developments. We seem to have adapted to the demise of the old expectations about statement zeus, accuracy, fairness, and reporting without much of answers to my a fight. Some of the Mla thesis statement, new online products produce interesting and informative journalism, but none has the a five sentence paragraph, ambitions or the sense of responsibility of the Mla thesis zeus, best publications. They couldn't afford those luxuries. A great news organization is expensive. The newsroom of Writing sentence six The New York Times costs about $230 million a year.

The news operation of The Washington Post , already substantially diminished from the height of its profitability and statement influence, still costs more than $90 million a year. Without the revenues to support them, newsrooms all over the country have been decimated. Homework. Newspapers employed 59,000 journalists in zeus, 1989, and 36,000 in on children's, 2012 (and fewer since then). Once-formidable institutions including The Baltimore Sun , Chicago Tribune , Los Angeles Times , and Miami Herald are vastly diminished. Others have gone out of business altogether. The significant news organizations that have survived are under terrific pressure now. A revealing document emerged this spring from The New York Times , a 96-page report written by a committee of Times employees on the digital future. Reading it makes clear the extent to statement zeus, which even Times reporters and editors now see the Essays, demands of the digital age as incompatible with their traditional pursuits.

The committee argues that The New York Times must become a “digital first” organization. “That means aggressively questioning many of statement zeus our print-based traditions and their demands on proposal, our time, and determining which can be abandoned to free up resources for digital work.” One example cited in the report: “Packaging, promoting and sharing our journalism” on the Internet—three activities that have nothing to Mla thesis zeus, do with reporting and writing news stories—must become a priority for the newsroom. Even when journalists are allowed to pursue traditional reporting, the requirements of online journalism limit their opportunities to do so. Before the Give answers do i find, big papers had websites, a reporter could take all day to cover an event, talk to sources to get background information, consider the implications of the new developments, and write a story for the next day's paper. Today the same reporter has to file multiple versions of the same story as the day progresses, adding new tidbits as she acquires them. There is much less time available to dig into a story and discover its ramifications. The quantity of original reporting has surely declined as the importance of the Internet has grown.

One immediate effect of all these changes and cutbacks is that there's no paper in America today that can offer the same coverage of its city, suburbs, and state that it provided 20 or even 10 years ago, and scores of city halls and state legislatures get virtually no coverage by any substantive news organizations. Television remains the primary source of news for Mla thesis zeus most Americans, but local stations have dramatically reduced their reporting staffs, and the networks no longer try to cover the world and the country as they once did. It’s true that the federal government in Washington still gets a lot of attention from Pay to do college homework reporters. Mla Thesis Statement. But one large category of Washington coverage has virtually disappeared: journalism about members of Congress by news organizations “back home.” A generation ago scores of local newspapers and television stations employed Washington correspondents who kept an steuer, eye on Mla thesis statement, the members of the House and Senate from their cities and states. Senator Christopher Dodd recalls that in his early years in the Senate, in the 1980s, a dozen reporters from Connecticut outlets were based in Washington and proposal reported regularly on zeus, his activities. By the time he retired in 2010, that number had fallen to zero.

No Connecticut newspaper or television station had a reporter in the nation's capital. Facade of The Newseum, incorporating the text of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. David Monack/Wikimedia Commons. A re there no grounds for optimism, or even hope? Of course there are. Homework. In this age of creative destruction, the destruction is more obvious than the creativity, but some of the new, online providers of news are doing interesting work that helps compensate for the shrinkage of traditional outlets' reporting staffs. For example, in Connecticut there are now several bloggers reporting on the state's members of Congress, and CT Mirror, a non-profit news site, has a full-time Washington reporter.

Around the country dozens of news websites have sprung up to provide some local coverage, many of them employing their own reporters, and a few of them are quite good. There are also several web-based operations that sometimes break important national stories. The very best of them is ProPublica, a non-profit organization founded by Paul Steiger, the former managing editor of The Wall Street Journal , that is devoted to investigative reporting, an expensive specialty that has suffered in Mla thesis statement zeus, the era of disappearing newspaper profits. ProPublica provides pro bono journalism of the highest quality, as good as the is purpose of homework, investigative projects of the major newspapers. Its budget of $12 million a year, nearly all raised from statement donors, funds a staff of 45 reporters and editors. But as its journalists acknowledge, the me the to my find, ProPublica stories that have the greatest impact are those done in collaboration with legacy news media that publish or broadcast them. Its own excellent website has a relatively small audience. AP Photo/Jason DeCrow. Other non-profit organizations are also providing reporting at a level that only the major news organizations used to offer. The winner of the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for zeus investigative reporting was Chris Hamby of the Essays on children's, Center for Public Integrity in Washington, a non-profit watchdog organization that maintains vast electronic files tracing the flow of money into our politics.

Marcus Brauchli, who has served as the Mla thesis statement, senior editor of both The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post , observed recently that thanks to is purpose of homework, Internet offerings, the statement zeus, quantity of sentence American journalism has never been greater. It used to be the case that newspapers like the Times and Mla thesis statement zeus Post offered their readers what was usually the very best coverage available in a wide range of Essays on children's play news categories—there were no serious competitors. Today there are competitors in every one: ESPN in sports, Politico in Washington coverage, BuzzFeed in the world of popular culture, and so on. We at the Post used to Mla thesis statement zeus, have a corner on the market in Washington—no competitor could challenge us in any of our major categories. Is Purpose Of Homework. No corners are available now. New York Times Building. Jleon/ Wikimedia Commons. I f there is some good news, it's hardly enough to be reassuring. Something more substantial has to happen to sustain the kind of statement journalistic excellence that a democracy requires. Of course there can be technological surprises. A group of young people could be working in a Silicon Valley garage right now on an idea that could re-establish a healthy revenue stream for major news organizations.

I certainly hope so. Efforts to on children's, save serious journalism enjoy one natural advantage: smart people playing influential roles in society know that they need good information about many subjects. It is Mla thesis zeus conceivable that these citizens, who are a significant audience albeit a small fraction of the total population, will be willing to pay the do college, full cost of the journalism they consume. At first blush this may sound painfully obvious. Don't people usually pay for the services they use?

Not the news. Mla Thesis. Before websites, readers paid a pittance for their news in newspapers that were deliberately priced below the cost of a cup of coffee to try to maximize circulation (and therefore advertising dollars). And then for the better part of two decades—the first decades of the World Wide Web—online consumers got used to the idea that news was not just cheap but free. In the United States The Wall Street Journal was the only major publication that charged for online access to its journalism. Everyone else gave their work away on Essays on children's play, the theory—or hope—that this was the way to build the audiences that advertisers would eventually pay to reach.

Then in Mla thesis statement zeus, March 2011, The New York Times announced a paywall that required regular online readers to Pay to do college, pay for Mla thesis its journalism, a risky gambit that has proven remarkably successful. At the beginning of April the Times had 800,000 “digital subscribers,” people paying to read the paper on electronic devices only. (The daily ink-on-paper Times is bought by 680,000 people, and 1.2 million on Sundays.) Digital subscriptions currently bring in more than $150 million a year, money that has saved the company from the grave financial crisis caused by declining revenues for the print edition. Answers To My Homework Do I Find. The Washington Post and Mla thesis statement zeus most other large newspapers followed the Times , if they were not already charging for online access. Though none of the others has had as much success signing up digital subscribers as the Times , the homework, newspaper’s ability to persuade online readers to pay is heartening. It suggests at least the possibility that over time, consumers of news might follow the Mla thesis zeus, path of What of homework television viewers, who once thought—before the arrival of statement cable television—that TV was free, but eventually got used to paying substantial monthly cable bills. Give Answers To My Do I. Some version of that transition could save the traditional news business—if some clever inventor can figure out how to make it happen. Until now no one has, and even the Times 's encouraging numbers fall short of a solution that could save its $235 million-a-year newsroom. A morning edition of the Washington Post- August 6, 2013. Amazon.com Inc founder Jeff Bezos bought the newspaper in a surprise deal that ended the Graham family's 80 years of ownership. “Design the electronic classifieds now.” see the full memo.

L ast fall, when he met the staff of The Washington Post soon after buying the statement, paper, Jeff Bezos of Amazon spoke about the importance of “the bundle,” as he called the Pay to homework, variety of Mla thesis zeus news, opinion, useful information, and entertainment that the of homework, Post offers each day. The goal in Mla thesis, the digital age, Bezos said, had to be to make the bundle attractive to a lot of people—so attractive that they would be willing to pay for it. The average age of the readers of the printed paper, Bezos noted, goes up “about one year every year.” It's no secret where that leads, he quipped. Now that he owns the money-losing Post , Bezos faces the challenge of how to sell that bundle. Michael Moritz of Sequoia Capital, one of the country's most successful venture capitalists, summarized the problem: “How [can] an Internet property, dedicated to broad-based news and Writing a five paragraph information, ever generate a lot of money? Without solving that riddle, there is no path to prosperity.” Of course, a large organization offering “broad-based news and statement zeus information” is not the Essays on children's, only conceivable model. Personally I am convinced that our society will be best served by the survival of a few distinguished news organizations committed to holding powerful people accountable for Mla thesis the ways they use their power. This view is a five paragraph certainly a product of my lifetime's service in one such organization.

But there are other possibilities. The news supermarkets we are used to may not survive, but “disaggregated” news organizations specializing in specific subjects might, over time, provide the accountability journalism we need. One interesting example is the SCOTUS blog, which provides excellent coverage of the Supreme Court. It makes no profit, but is supported by Bloomberg. Politico's coverage of Washington and politics, though uneven, is better than that of any but the Mla thesis statement zeus, very best news organizations.

And Politico, thanks to revenue from its Capitol Hill newspaper edition, actually makes money. It is do college also possible that “prosperity” won't be necessary. Mla Thesis Zeus. The $250 million Bezos paid for The Washington Post was a tiny sliver of his $30 billion net worth. For him to me the answers homework do i, cover the Post 's losses now costs the equivalent of statement lunch money for steuer an ordinary mortal—something Bezos could easily afford for decades to come, if he chooses to play the Mla thesis zeus, angel's role indefinitely. The money-losing Boston Globe , sold at Pay to do college homework, a huge loss by The New York Times in 2013, has a deep-pocketed new owner in John Henry, principal owner of the Boston Red Sox, who similarly could keep the paper afloat indefinitely if he wants to. There might be comparable angels in the futures of other news organizations. Mla Thesis. New Yorkers have speculated for on children's years that their former mayor, Michael Bloomberg, worth $34 billion, might play that role some day for The New York Times . The wealthiest giants in this brave new world are companies that did not exist 20 years ago, inventive outfits that have capitalized on digital technologies most effectively. Facebook and Google, for example, bestride the globe like modern-day King Kongs, catering to billions of people and earning scores of billions of dollars. Both exploit the work of traditional providers of news that create information useful to Facebook friends and Google searchers. They lead large numbers of readers to the journalism of the legacy media.

But they contribute relatively little to the survival of those providers. These firms were created by a new generation of Mla thesis statement zeus young people whose self-interest may lead them either to realize the importance of the legacy institutions, or figure out how to create new ways to do what the old news organizations did in the past. Financially, it would be easy for a five sentence paragraph Google to rescue The New York Times . The annual cost of the statement, Times 's newsroom represents less than 2 percent of Google's 2013 profits. Essays On Children's Play. Google, or someone else, could also create new news organizations dedicated to excellent coverage of narrow fields. The future, in Mort Sahl's wise words, lies ahead—but remains invisible. News as we know it is at zeus, risk. So is democratic governance, which depends on an effective watchdog news media.

Both have been undermined by changes in society wrought by digital technologies—among the most powerful forces ever unleashed by mankind. We have barely begun the Digital Age, and there is no point in trying to Dissertation steuer, predict just where it will take us. News certainly has a future, but what that will be is unclear. All that we know for statement zeus certain is that we are lighting out for new territory. Join the conversation on play, Twitter using #BrookingsEssay or share this on Facebook . This Essay is also available as an eBook from these online retailers: Amazon Kindle, Barnes Noble, Apple iTunes, Google Play, and on Kobo. Like other products of the Mla thesis zeus, Institution, The Brookings Essay is intended to contribute to discussion and What is purpose stimulate debate on important issues. The views are solely those of the author. Graphic Design: Marcia Underwood and Jessica Pavone. Research: Fred Dews, Thomas Young, Jessica Pavone, Kevin Hawkins. Editorial: Beth Rashbaum and Fred Dews. Web Development: Marcia Underwood.

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