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Antigone: an Assessment of start essay, Antigone’s and Creon Essay. How was your understanding of Custom written literature, cultural and Can you, contextual considerations of the work developed through the interactive oral? After taking part in the interactive oral presentation carried out by Sonia’s group, I now believe that I have gained a much greater understanding of the Custom written literature, play Antigone. Themes commented on by the presentation were women, religion and tragedy; further examining their place in Can you conclusion society at the time the play was written by contrasting it to society today. Obstacles hindering my understanding of the play, including its time and setting, have been removed. After comparing so vividly the society of Ancient Greece and that of the Hw answers vhl, one I live in, I can now empathize with Antigone and start conclusion, the rest of the characters in the play, consequently broadening my understanding of the hard times that they had to endure. Many of the issues regarding women, religion and politics in the country during the period were observed in Sophocles’ Antigone, clearly displaying their importance. The contemporary issues that shaped the play deserve further exploration. Women’s roles in Custom written reviews ancient Greek society were shockingly different in comparison to that of today. Before the presentation, I was aware of some differences between their society and ours but I was unaware that they were so extreme. Although she seems extremely negative and erratic, Ismene was shown to be a leading example of Can you essay, a woman at the time – the first difference between their society and ours.

Although she is elevated in society she doesn#8217;t hear about anything important #8220;No one has told me anything, Antigone, I have heard nothing#8230;#8221; Before the written, presentation, the irrelevant positions of Can you start, women were unknown to me. As well as seen to be worthless, women were also presented as being a negative influence on Study block, men – “Don’t let any woman ensnare you…” was Creon’s advice to Haemon, displaying the general consensus on women. We examined Creon’s motives, prospecting that if Antigone weren’t a woman, would the punishment be the same? Another important theme that was brought to my attention during the interactive oral presentation was that of religion. The religious laws in this time and country were incredibly significant. Essay Conclusion? This society’s view on Medical school editing, religion is start essay a major influence in the play Antigone. It would have affected how the people in the country (the characters in Study helper the play) acted and what they thought, a large contrast to today. The themes examined by Antigone would have been incredibly shocking to the original audience as they were the conclusion, social norms. After being informed, I was then able to make connections in the text, as to why certain things were said and insinuated about being rewarded in the afterlife and why specific acts were committed – all under the influence of religion.

Prior to the presentation, I was completely uninformed as to the religion and Hw answers vhl, many other cultural aspects of Ancient Greece. Antigone: An Assessment of Antigone’s and Creon’s Deeply Held Beliefs and Views On Familial and State Responsibilities. In his play Antigone, Sophocles explores the Can you essay conclusion, ethical integrity of familial and state ties through the Fundations paper, opposing viewpoints and beliefs of the central characters, Antigone and Creon. By pitching these two individuals against each other, Sophocles also successfully reveals the raw and multi-faceted nature of humanity. The tragic consequences that conclude Antigone emphasize the start conclusion, deadly differences between each character’s views on the unwritten duty towards family and the binding laws of the city-state, a conflict that would very likely be less of an websites issue in modern society. Sophocles promotes Antigone’s character, as she is the traditional protagonist of the start essay conclusion, play.

By doing so, Sophocles succeeds in building the audience’s compassion towards her. Best On Writing? The audience is start conclusion influenced therefore, through this empathy created towards Antigone, to Medical school editing, view Creon’s ethical actions as being less moral than her own. However, it must be added that Creon’s points of view and actions can nevertheless also be justified. By studying the destiny of each character, and how each of their fates come to Can you essay conclusion, pass, one can get a clearer understanding of how and why Sophocles influences the audience into favoring Antigone and Hw answers vhl, her domestic role, rather than Creon and his cold inflexibility. Can You Start Essay? The contrasting views and principles that drive each character deserve assessment as the opposing passions driving each of them, lead to the play’s tragic, dramatic and Hw answers vhl, poignant conclusion.

Sophocles brings to life the characters of Antigone and Creon, developing for each, a sense of responsibility and a set of morals, which clash dramatically with the opposite character’s. By pitting these two characters against one another, Sophocles not only successfully contrasts the start conclusion, ethical views of each, but also cleverly exposes the true face of humanity. Antigone is placed as both lead character and heroine of the play, as she holds a domestic, reasoned and more acceptable stance; any audience would name her as heroine. A.E. Haigh, author of ‘An analysis of the play by Sophocles – The Tragic Drama of the Assignments linguistic liverpool, Greeks’ clearly states that Antigone lives a more familial motivated lifestyle, saying, “Antigone, however, seems to have been of a more domestic type.”1 Antigone’s resilient, and somewhat egotistical, feeling of Can you essay, responsibility toward family is Hw answers vhl what drives her to publicly violate Creon’s new decree and to question his judgment on, and knowledge of, divine law. Antigone does this without question, so deep is her respect of the gods over the state. She clearly feels more obligated towards her religious responsibilities and Can you start conclusion, ties than anything else. This somewhat defiant character believes that the gods alone determine her fate; she will do whatever is necessary to entrance essay, appease them. “I shall die in the knowledge that I have acted justly. What greater satisfaction than that … We have too little time to Can you essay, waste it on Best essay on writing, men, and the laws they make. The approval of the Can you start essay conclusion, dead is everlasting, and I shall bask in it as I lie among them.”2.

Here Antigone’s use of language shocks the audience as she has clearly prioritized her existence in accepting death and rejecting mortal life. This strong and deeply held belief drives Antigone to stand by her familial responsibilities with steely determination and to perform the burial rights for her deceased brother that were callously denied him by Creon. Her acceptance of death shocks the Custom written, audience as it almost seems as if she desires it. She remains certain throughout the Can you start, play that the gods will reward her devotion and her heroic actions in the afterlife. Study Helper Block Websites? Although she says differently, it appears that Antigone also strives for public acclaim in Thebes. When Ismene mentions that she won’t inform anyone of Antigone’s plans, Antigone responds strongly, “Don’t you dare! You must tell everybody, shout it in the streets.” This rebellious response from Antigone seems to indicate that her actions are not only divinely, but also somewhat egotistically motivated. The second central character, Creon, shares Antigone’s determinism in abiding by principles and beliefs.

However, contrary to Antigone, Creon remains certain that humans can in fact dictate the Can you start essay conclusion, moral laws of society and that the state should and can handle its own matters by asking, “Is it likely, remotely likely that the gods will think twice over that stinking pile of meat?” Rather than fearing the immortal gods and Hw answers vhl, their unwritten laws, Creon strives to uphold those of start conclusion, man and of state. Block? His stubborn punishment of Antigone, a woman whose only desire is to bury her brother, shows a lack of respect and contempt for all family values and ties. Although Creon could justify his actions as being those required of a king, it is evident that they are too extreme. G.H. Gellie in ‘Sophocles: A Reading’ states, “He reminds us repeatedly of the physical nastiness of the essay, [body’s] exposure … We are made to Study helper block websites, feel in our stomachs that this is no way to treat the body of start essay conclusion, a human being.”3 Any empathy that the audience may have felt towards Creon quickly vanishes at this point in the play. However, this is somewhat redressed later when, ironically he loses his family members: his wife and son. Throughout Antigone, Creon appears to be unable to grasp the key traits of ruling and living in an ethical society.

This is writing for kindergarten evident when he states, “I#8217;ve just seen her inside in fury, not like someone in full control of her senses. The heart of one who weaves wickedness in darkness is Can you start conclusion usually convicted beforehand. I, for my part, hate anyone caught in the act who tries to beautify his crimes thereupon.”2 Statements of this nature show Creon’s cold and callous assessments of the morally upright Antigone the effect on the audience is unambiguous: One can feel nothing but disdain for such a harsh and unfeeling character. It is Creon’s own rules and regulations that publicly expose his apparent lack of essay, respect for family values and Can you, duties. This is evident when he introduces his new decree, stating that Polynices cannot be buried. Creon’s secondary flaw is that he continually acts on his own self interest. His motivations are driven by his selfishness and not by the opinions or interest of his people. Egotistical traits such as these are neither honorable nor wise for a successful ruler. Creon’s son, Haemon, challenges his father, informing him that he neglects to serve the people of Thebes and fails to pay attention to their cries. Fundations? He argues, “How the city weeps for this girl, says she#8217;s the least worthy of start, all women to die so badly for such noble deeds.”2 Creon responds, with an outrageous outburst, displaying his arrogance through his strong views. He asks, “The city will tell me how I ought to Fundations writing for kindergarten, rule it? #8230; Isn#8217;t the city thought to Can you start conclusion, be her ruler#8217;s?”2 His blatantly conceited claims, coupled with his unconcealed disregard for fair judgment, build tension towards a seemingly inevitable clash with Antigone, who is filled with equal tenacity but whose views are diametrically opposed to editing kings, his.

The viewpoints of start conclusion, each character can be interpreted as quite ironic and at Study helper block, odds: Although Antigone strives to defend family values by violating the state’s laws, she remains a prominent and start essay conclusion, functioning member of Theban society. Likewise, even though Creon remains a loving husband and father, his ability to completely disregard familial ties in support of state laws is shocking. As the two are directly opposed, it is writing paper for kindergarten interesting to see how the characters cope in the same culture. Antigone and start conclusion, Creon are of such determined characters, that the irony considering each of their particular devotions to family and state becomes even more alarming. Antigone appears the Best college essay on writing, most ethical of the two as she is willing to risk her life over Can you start essay conclusion, her decision to uphold family rights; Creon can also appear morally just, because, as king, he is motivated solely by his duty to serve Thebes. Best College Entrance? It could also be argued that neither Creon nor Antigone are wrong in their convictions: they are two sides that are simply conflicting.

As the two protagonists stubbornly remain true to their deeply held beliefs and responsibilities, they are driven to make decisions that ultimately lead to their mutual destruction. This destruction in itself demonstrates the ethical validations of both Antigone’s and Creon’s opposing characters. As well as highlighting the problems with society at that time, Sophocles through the Can you start essay conclusion, characters of Antigone and Creon, reveals the true face of humanity, in all its ugliness. Sophocles cleverly manipulates the emotions of his audience in order to expose humanity’s true nature. Hw Answers Vhl? G.H. Gellie identifies the depth of the Can you conclusion, audience’s feelings when he says that we feel this response “in our stomachs”3 Our response is almost instinctive: we cannot help but react deeply in this way. Sophocles successfully plays with our emotions and makes us feel outraged. Although Creon’s flaws reflect the flaws of humanity, Antigone herself is not without flaws. Like her king, Antigone demonstrates strong opinions and, at times, acts in Fundations for kindergarten her own interest. She passionately defies the state’s dominance over domestic values. These obstinate principles are what lead Antigone down the Can you start, path of linguistic liverpool, destruction, glorified nonetheless.

Sophocles portrays Antigone’s reasons, as being nobler than Creon’s who is profoundly selfish and possesses a frightening persistence to start essay, carry out his brutal deed. Tiresias, another character, provides an omen when he sternly warns king to be more understanding and to consider the impact of what he is doing, “You don#8217;t protect it when you trample the honors of the gods!”2 Haemon and the chorus also warn the king, impartially informing him that his actions may not be as ethical as he imagines they are. School Editing Kings? Each character’s warnings are disregarded, amid wild accusations of bribery and Can you essay, foul play. Consequently, the audience is encouraged to feel less sympathy for Creon than they do for Antigone, a woman whose only desire is to Hw answers vhl, bury her slain brother. Antigone is prepared to lose her life trying to uphold family values and feels she has no choice but to accept her fate. On the other hand, after pleas from numerous characters, Creon repeatedly fails to Can you start, see sense and strives to avoid his dark fate. To conclude, in the play Antigone, the catastrophic conflict of beliefs that occurred between family and state in ancient Thebes is carefully demonstrated in the disastrous events that take place.

Questions of morality and duty are challenged throughout the play as the two central characters, Antigone and essay editing, Creon, clash violently in their battle to uphold the views they so diligently and resolutely stand behind. The views and deeply held beliefs of Antigone and Can you start essay, Creon are of key significance in the play; they are what drive the plot to its tragic conclusion. However, they are not simply the driving force of the play, but the vehicle through which Sophocles exposes the many facets of humanity: its beauty and its ugliness. Through the tragic events that conclude the story, Sophocles was likely indicating that an amalgamation of the two characters’ contrasting approaches would be the Study websites, best way to operate in ancient Greek society. 1. An analysis of the play by Sophocles – The Tragic Drama of the Can you start essay conclusion, Greeks A.E. Haigh -Oxford: Clarendon Press 1896. 2. Sophocles Antigone. 3. Sophocles: A Reading – G. For Kindergarten? H. Gellie Melbourne University Press 1972.

University/College: University of Chicago. Can You Start? Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 2 November 2016. Let us write you a custom essay sample on Best entrance, Antigone: an Assessment of Antigone’s and Creon. for only $16.38 $13.9/page. Haven't found the Essay You Want? Get your custom essay sample.

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POLITICO 44: A Living Diary of the conclusion Obama Presidency. After nearly five years, we’ve decided to close down the 44 blog and will feature all White House coverage directly on the POLITICO homepage. Thank you for your readership, and we look forward to seeing you in 2014. Valerie Jarrett: Obama to buy health insurance by end of the day. President Barack Obama plans to sign up for health insurance through an Affordable Care Act exchange before the school essay editing end of the day Monday, senior adviser Valerie Jarrett said. Monday is the last day to sign up for coverage that begins on Jan. 1, though the state and federal exchanges remain open through March.

The White House has not yet said whether Obama will buy insurance as a resident of the District of Columbia, which has its own exchange, or as a resident of Illinois, which is part of the Can you conclusion federal exchange. Obama speaks out against college on writing, more Iran sanctions. President Barack Obama urged Congress Friday not to enact new sanctions on start essay, Iran in the near future and he suggested lawmakers advancing such measures are making political hay of the issue. I've said to members of Hw answers vhl, Congress: Democrats and Republicans. there is no need for new sanctions legislationnot yet, Obama declared during a year-end press conference at the White House. The president said he wasn't shocked that some on Capitol Hill were advancing new sanctions legislation aimed at Iran's nuclear program. In what appeared to be a thinly-veiled reference to the pro-Israel lobby, he attributed those moves to a desire to please anti-Iran political forces in U.S. I'm not surprised that there's been some talk from Can you essay conclusion, some members of Congress about sanctions. Medical Essay Editing Kings? I think the politics of trying to start conclusion, look tough on Iran are often good when you're running for officeor if you're in office, Obama said. The president urged lawmakers to give a six-month deal with Iran over Fundations writing its nuclear program time to work and to allow more in-depth negotiations on Can you start essay, a permanent pact.

If Iran suddenly tries to accelerate its nuclear capabilities, it's not going to be hard for Custom written literature reviews us to turn the dials back or strengthen sanctions even further, Obama said. I'll work with members of Can you start conclusion, Congress to put even more pressure on helper websites, Iran, but there's no reason to do it right now, he said. We've lost nothing during this negotiation period, precisely, because there are verification provisions in place. We'll know if they're violating the terms of the Can you conclusion agreement, Obama said. Let's test them. Now's the Best college on writing time to Can you essay, see if we can get this thing done. Obama's comments came a day after White House press secretary Jay Carney warned for the first time that Obama would veto any new sanctions legislation Congress enacts before the interim deal with Iran expires. Writing For Kindergarten? The president did not personally reiterate the Can you essay conclusion veto threat Friday. However, Obama did suggest that shunting aside the current prospect for a diplomatic resolution would increase the literature chances of start, a military conflict over the issue. And he warned lawmakers that the war-weary American public is in no mood for that. It is Hw answers vhl my goal to prevent Iran from Can you, obtaining a nuclear weapon.

But I sure would rather do it diplomatically. I'm keeping all options on the table, but if I can do it diplomatically, that's how we should do it, and I would think that would be the Custom written preference of essay, everybody up on reviews, Capitol Hill, because that sure is the start essay preference of the American people, the president said. Obama to hold news conference at 2 p.m. EST. President Barack Obama will close out the year with a news conference at the White House on Friday.

He is set to take questions at 2 p.m. ET in the Brady Press Briefing Room, the White House said in for kindergarten updated guidance. It's a chance for the president to reflect on the year, to look ahead and to respond to pressing issues including changes to the health care mandate and reform of the National Security Agency. Later Friday, he and the first family will leave Washington for a two-week vacation in Hawaii. Obama commuted sentence of Deval Patrick kin. One of the eight federal prisoners granted sentence commutations by President Barack Obama Thursday is a first cousin of Gov. Deval Patrick (D-Mass), one of the president's most devoted supporters on the national political scene. Reynolds Allen Wintersmith Jr. was sentenced to life in prison after being convicted in conclusion Illinois federal court in 1994 of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and distribute cocaine and cocaine base and possession with intent to distribute crack. Block Websites? He was 19 at Can you start the time of Assignments services liverpool, his arrest and 17 at the time he got involved running drugs for the Gangster Disciples gang.

He is 39 today and has spent the past 19 years in prison. A spokeswoman for Patrick confirmed that the Can you essay 57-year-old Massachusetts governor and Wintersmith are cousins but denied any invovement in the drive to get the federal prisoner a rare commutation one of only nine Obama has granted as president. The Governor has no recollection of meeting Mr. Wintersmith (they are quite far apart in Fundations writing age), and believes that if they did meet, it would have been when Mr. Wintersmith was a small boy. The Governor was not involved in any application for start conclusion a commutation of Best college entrance on writing, Mr. Wintersmith’s sentence, and only learned of the commutation through today’s media reports, said the Patrick aide, who asked not to be named. Wintersmith is Can you start a first cousin on Patrick's mother's side, the spokeswoman added. Patrick's 2011 book, A Reason to Believe: Lessons from an Improbable Life, discusses his upbringing on paper for kindergarten, the South Side of Chicago, an uncle's addiction to heroin and the involvement of others in the neighborhood with drugs and gangs.

A White House spokesman, who also asked not to be named, said Wintersmith's tie to Patrick had no impact on the commutation decision and officials do not believe Patrick ever had any contact with the Can you start essay feds over the matter. Wintersmith's case went to the Supreme Court in 1996, on a challenge to written literature, how his sentence and start those of his co-defendants were arrived at linguistic liverpool based on distribution of both powdered and crack cocaine. The justices upheld the sentences without any noted dissent two years later in Can you start conclusion an opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer. The lawyer who led the drive for Wintersmith's pardon, MiAngel Cody of the federal public defender's office in Study helper websites Chicago, declined to comment when asked about conclusion, her client's family tie to Study helper websites, Patrick. However, she said she was confident Obama would act when he learned about Wintersmith's story. We always felt like President Obama would correct this injustice with a clemency pen, Cody said in an interview Thursday. We just needed to give him the Can you start essay best clemency brief we could that would finally tell Reynolds's story . We always felt like Obama will do this and we hope it is a sign of what is to Assignments linguistic, come. Wintersmith's story drew attention from national groups like Families Against Mandatory Minimums because he was a very youthful offender who got a life sentence and Can you start essay was not convicted of a violent crime. His crime began and ended when he was a teenager, said Cody.

It was his first offense. He had no priors, but under the then-mandatory federal sentencing guidelines the judge had no discretion. He could only impose a life sentence. The defense attorney said changes in sentencing guidelines and the reduction in the so-called crack-powder disparity didn't help Wintersmith. The real problem is this 18-to-1 disparity in crack versus powder sentences, which currently has rendered him and others ineligible for relief, Cody said., estimating that hundreds of Assignments, inmates are in a similar predicament to her client. Even the reduced disparity is still a disparity that, for some serving lengthy sentences, makes them ineligible for start conclusion judicial relief, she said.

This certainly illustrates what we hope is a crack in the dam. Under the Best entrance essay on writing commutation granted Thursday, Wintersmith is set to be released on April 17. W.H.: Obama would veto Iran sanctions bill. President Barack Obama would veto an Iran sanctions bill with Democratic co-sponsors, White House press secretary Jay Carney said Thursday. “We don’t think this action is Can you start essay necessary, we don’t think it will be enacted. If it were enacted, the president would veto it,” Carney said of the Iran sanctions bill sponsored by, among others, Democratic Sens.

Chuck Schumer and paper for kindergarten Robert Menendez. Carney said the Senate bill would greatly increase the chances that the Can you start essay United States would have to take military action against Custom written reviews, Iran. He said it would also be bad for attempts at negotiating with Iran and defy the Can you conclusion will of the nation and on writing the Congress. “Doing so would derail negotiations just when diplomacy is conclusion making progress,” Carney said. “It would potentially divide the international community and Best entrance on writing obviously would suggest bad faith on the part of the United States.” He added: “I think that there is overwhelming support in the country and in the Congress for a diplomatic solution to this conflict.” Update : An aide to essay, one of the co-sponsors of the bill responds that the White House is presenting a false choice. The supporters of the helper bill believe it makes war less likely sanctions brought us this far, and Can you essay conclusion the threat of additional sanctions can help us force Iran to reviews, get rid of their nuclear weapons in the negotiations, the aide said. W.H.: Sochi Olympic delegation not intended to be snub. President Barack Obama wasn’t trying to send a message about Russia’s anti-gay laws when he named an Olympic delegation with two lesbians and, for the first time since 1988, no president, vice president or first lady. “That’s not a message we would wait to send through this manner,” Carney said Wednesday.

The delegation was largely viewed as a snub of Russia and its President Vladimir Putin, with whom Obama has been at odds on a range of issues. Carney said a half-dozen times that the delegation, headed by former Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano and Can you conclusion including tennis star Billie Jean King, former figure skater Brian Boitano and ice hockey medalist Caitlin Cahow, “represents the Hw answers vhl diversity of the United States.” “We have made no bones about the fact that we oppose and are offended by the anti-LGBT legislation in Russia,” Carney said. “We have not pulled any punches.” White House to release NSA task force report Wednesday. The White House will on Wednesday release the start essay full electronic surveillance report from Custom written literature, President Barack Obama’s task force, press secretary Jay Carney said. The White House had said it would release the report, which carries 46 recommendations for Obama in response to revelations by essay conclusion, former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden in January, after Obama decided which recommendations to follow. Obama received the report Dec. 13. “It’s a substantive, lengthy report, and Hw answers vhl it merits further assessment,” Carney said. Obama met Wednesday morning with the surveillance task force, known formally as the Can you essay Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies. “While we had intended to release the review group’s full report in January, as I said earlier, given inaccurate and incomplete reports in the press about the college entrance essay report’s content, we felt it was important to allow people to see the Can you start full report to draw their own conclusions,” Carney said. Literature Reviews? “For that reason, we will be doing that this afternoon.”

Obama will speak about the essay conclusion report in January, Carney said. PHOTOS: Morning Money Breakfast with Valerie Jarrett. Jarrett: 'I'm not the shadow chief of staff' Valerie Jarrett says she has very specific responsibilities in the Obama White House and focuses on them, rather than on an all-encompassing portfolio. I'm not the shadow chief of Fundations writing paper, staff, she said, responding to the use of the term by conclusion, POLITICO's Ben White at a Morning Money breakfast. She mentioned her roles in outreach to women and girls, and to the business community and local government officials. Various accounts have detailed Jarrett's role in swaying Obama's views as she leverages her personal relationship with him, but she said that their private time isn't spent discussing work. We do compartmentalize, she said. Later on, pressed about Study block websites, what she and the president talk about as friends, she responded with a smile. Just stuff, she said, just stuff.

She elaborated a bit, saying they discuss our families and Can you start conclusion the same things that everybody else talks about. Jarrett also said she expects to stay in the White House through the end of the Obama presidency. Assignments? I have the best job that I have ever had and will ever have, she said. I serve at the pleasure of the president . I'll be there as long as he'll have me. Jarrett: Obama won't fundraise for library while in Can you essay conclusion office. President Barack Obama won't fundraise for his presidential library while in office, White House senior adviser Valerie Jarrett said Wednesday, as she downplayed a recent report that planning for Custom literature reviews the library is well under way. He is not raising any money for it whatsoever, nor will he while he’s in office, Jarrett said at POLITICO's Morning Money breakfast. A Tuesday report in The New York Times detailed early-stage meetings about the library, but Jarrett said the process is not very far along. It's absolutely in the embryonic stages, she said. Jarrett was also dismissive of the essay conclusion suggestion that she's trying to push her way into Fundations writing the planning process.

I have a big plate of responsibilities to handle at Can you start conclusion the White House, she said. You can't believe everything you read, even if it's in the New York Times. A Chicagoan like the president, Jarrett said that it's up to the president to decide whether his library will be there, in Hawaii, or elsewhere. Who knows where it's going to services liverpool, be, she said. As she closed out start her response, she again hit the Times story, saying: The New York Times piece was not very accurate. Valerie Jarrett: No W.H. and tech 'disconnect'

There's no disconnect between the White House and the tech community, Obama adviser Valerie Jarrett said Wednesday, responding to complaints from some companies that the president was too focused on writing, HealthCare.gov in a recent meeting, Ninety-nine percent of President Obama's time in the room for start Tuesday's meeting with tech executives including Apple CEO Tim Cook and Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer was spent discussing the companies' concerns about the National Security Agency's surveillance programs, Jarrett said at POLITICO's Morning Money breakfast. There was a presentation on the health care site for college entrance essay the executives by Jeff Zients, but that was before Obama joined the meeting, Jarrett said. Sources at companies that attended the meeting have told various news outlets that they felt like there was too much discussion of health care and that it seemed as though the White House didn't realize their primary concern was the NSA. But, Jarrett said, there was no confusion.

I don't think there was a disconnect at conclusion all, she said.

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essay on conclusion, cyber dom Freedom of Expression on Custom written, the Internet. By William Fisher. Last Updated June 14, 2001. The Internet offers extraordinary opportunities for speakers, broadly defined. Political candidates, cultural critics, corporate gadflies -- anyone who wants to Can you start, express an opinion about anything -- can make their thoughts available to a world-wide audience far more easily than has ever been possible before. A large and growing group of Internet participants have seized that opportunity. Some observers find the resultant outpouring of speech exhilarating. They see in it nothing less than the Assignments linguistic revival of Can you democracy and the restoration of community. Other observers find the amount -- and, above all, the Hw answers vhl kind of start essay conclusion speech -- that the Study block websites Internet has stimulated offensive or frightening.

Pornography, hate speech, lurid threats -- these flourish alongside debates over the future of the Democratic Party and exchanges of views concerning flyfishing in Patagonia. This phenomenon has provoked various efforts to limit the kind of speech in which one may engage on the Internet -- or to develop systems to filter out the more offensive material. This module examines some of the legal issues implicated by the increasing bitter struggle between the advocates of free speech and the advocates of filtration and control. Before plunging into the details of the proliferating controversies over freedom of expression on the Internet, you need some background information on two topics. The first and more obvious is the Free-Speech Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The relevance and authority of the First Amendment should not be exaggerated; as several observers have remarked, on the Internet, the First Amendment is just a local ordinance. However, free-expression controversies that arise in the United States inevitably implicate the Constitution. And the arguments deployed in the course of start American First-Amendment fights often inform or infect the handling of free-expression controversies in other countries. The upshot: First-Amendment jurisprudence is worth studying. Unfortunately, that jurisprudence is large and arcane.

The relevant constitutional provision is Fundations writing for kindergarten simple enough: Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press . . .. Conclusion? But the Fundations case law that, over the course of the twentieth century, has been built upon this foundation is Can you start essay complex. An extremely abbreviated outline of the Best college entrance on writing principal doctrines would go as follows: If a law gives no clear notice of the kind of speech it prohibits, it?s void for vagueness. If a law burdens substantially more speech than is essay conclusion necessary to advance a compelling government interest, it?s unconstitutionally overbroad. A government may not force a person to endorse any symbol, slogan, or pledge. Governmental restrictions on the time, place, and manner in which speech is permitted are constitutional if and only if: they are content neutral, both on their face and as applied; they leave substantial other opportunities for speech to take place; and they narrowly serve a significant state interest. On state-owned property that does not constitute a public forum, government may restrict speech in any way that is Medical reasonable in essay conclusion, light of the Study block nature and Can you start purpose of the property in question.

Content-based governmental restrictions on speech are unconstitutional unless they advance a compelling state interest. Editing? To this principle, there are six exceptions: 1. Speech that is likely to lead to Can you start essay conclusion, imminent lawless action may be prohibited. 2. Fighting words -- i.e., words so insulting that people are likely to Study helper, fight back -- may be prohibited. 3. Obscenity -- i.e., erotic expression, grossly or patently offensive to an average person, that lacks serious artistic or social value -- may be prohibited. 4. Child pornography may be banned whether or not it is legally obscene and whether or not it has serious artistic or social value, because it induces people to engage in start essay conclusion, lewd displays, and the creation of it threatens the welfare of Custom children. 5. Defamatory statements may be prohibited. (In other words, the making of such statements may constitutionally give rise to civil liability.) However, if the target of the defamation is essay conclusion a public figure, she must prove that the defendant acted with malice. If the target is not a public figure but the statement involved a matter of Custom written public concern, the plaintiff must prove that the Can you essay defendant acted with negligence concerning its falsity. 6. Commercial Speech may be banned only if it is college entrance misleading, pertains to illegal products, or directly advances a substantial state interest with a degree of Can you suppression no greater than is reasonably necessary.

If you are familiar with all of Medical editing kings these precepts -- including the various terms of Can you essay art and ambiguities they contain -- you're in Hw answers vhl, good shape. If not, you should read some more about the First Amendment. A thorough and essay conclusion insightful study of the field may be found in Lawrence Tribe, American Constitutional Law (2d ed.), chapter 12. Good, less massive surveys may be found at the websites for The National Endowment for the Arts and the Cornell University Legal Information Institute. The second of the two kinds of background you might find helpful is a brief introduction to the current debate among academics over the character and block desirability of what has come to be called cyberdemocracy. Until a few years ago, many observers thought that the Internet offered a potential cure to the related diseases that have afflicted most representative democracies in start essay conclusion, the late twentieth century: voter apathy; the narrowing of the range of political debate caused in part by the inertia of a system of political parties; the growing power of the media, which in turn seems to reduce discussion of complex issues to a battle of sound bites; and the increasing influence of private corporations and other sources of wealth. All of for kindergarten these conditions might be ameliorated, it was suggested, by the ease with which ordinary citizens could obtain information and then cheaply make their views known to Can you start essay, one another through the Internet. A good example of this perspective is a recent article by Bernard Bell, where he suggests that ?[t]he Internet has, in many ways, moved society closer to the ideal Justice Brennan set forth so eloquently in New York Times v. Sullivan. It has not only made debate on public issues more 'uninhibited, robust, and wide-open,' but has similarly invigorated discussion of non-public issues. By the same token, the Internet has empowered smaller entities and even individuals, enabling them to widely disseminate their messages and, indeed, reach audiences as broad as those of established media organizations.?

Recently, however, this rosy view has come under attack. Literature Reviews? The Internet, skeptics claim, is not a giant town hall. The kinds of information flows and discussions it seems to foster are, in some ways, disturbing. One source of trouble is that the Internet encourages like-minded persons (often geographically dispersed) to cluster together in start, bulletin boards and other virtual clubs. When this occurs, the participants tend to reinforce one another's views. The resultant group polarization can be ugly. More broadly, the Internet seems at least potentially corrosive of something we have long taken for granted in Study websites, the United States: a shared political culture. When most people read the same newspaper or watch the same network television news broadcast each day, they are forced at Can you essay conclusion, least to glance at stories they might fight troubling and become aware of persons and groups who hold views sharply different from their own. The Internet makes it easy for people to avoid such engagement -- by enabling people to select their sources of information and their conversational partners. Custom Written Reviews? The resultant diminution in the power of a few media outlets pleases some observers, like Peter Huber of the Manhattan Institute.

But the concomitant corrosion of community and shared culture deeply worries others, like Cass Sunstein of the University of Chicago. An excellent summary of the literature on this issue can be found in a recent New York Times article by Alexander Stille. If you are interested in digging further into these issues, we recommend the following books: Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton Univ. Can You Conclusion? Press 2001) Peter Huber, Law and Disorder in Cyberspace: Abolish the F.C.C. and Let Common Law Rule the Telecosm (Oxford Univ. Press 1997) Andrew Shapiro, The Control Revolution (Public Affairs 2000) To test some of these competing accounts of the character and potential of discourse on the Internet, we suggest you visit - or, better yet, participate in - some of the Assignments services liverpool sites at which Internet discourse occurs. Here's a sampler:

1. Restrictions on Pornography. Three times in the past five years, critics of pornography on the Internet have sought, through federal legislation, to Can you, prevent children from gaining access to it. The first of these efforts was the helper Communications Decency Act of 1996 (commonly known as the CDA), which (a) criminalized the Can you essay knowing transmission over the Internet of obscene or indecent messages to any recipient under 18 years of age and writing (b) prohibited the knowin[g] sending or displaying to a person under 18 of essay conclusion any message that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards, sexual or excretory activities or organs. Persons and organizations who take good faith, . . Entrance On Writing? . Can You Conclusion? effective . . . Hw Answers Vhl? actions to restrict access by minors to Can you conclusion, the prohibited communications, or who restricted such access by literature, requiring certain designated forms of age proof, such as a verified credit card or an adult identification number, were exempted from these prohibitions. The CDA was widely critized by civil libertarians and soon succumbed to Can you start essay conclusion, a constitutional challenge. In 1997, the United States Supreme Court struck down the statute, holding that it violated the First Amendment in services, several ways: because it restricted speech on the basis of its content, it could not be justified as a time, place, and Can you conclusion manner regulation; its references to indecent and patently offensive messages were unconstitutionally vague; its supposed objectives could all be achieved through regulations less restrictive of speech; it failed to Hw answers vhl, exempt from its prohibitions sexually explicit material with scientific, educational, or other redeeming social value. Two aspects of the Court's ruling are likely to start, have considerable impact on future constitutional decisions in this area. First, the Court rejected the Government's effort to analogize the Internet to traditional broadcast media (especially television), which the on writing Court had previously held could be regulated more strictly than other media. Can You Conclusion? Unlike TV, the Court reasoned, the Internet has not historically been subject to extensive regulation, is not characterized by a limited spectrum of available frequencies, and is not invasive. Consequently, the Internet enjoys full First-Amendment protection.

Second, the Court encouraged the college development of start essay conclusion technologies that would enable parents to block their children's access to Internet sites offering kinds of material the parents deemed offensive. A year later, pressured by vocal opponents of on writing Internet pornography -- such as Enough is Can you Enough and the National Law Center for Children and Families -- Congress tried again. College Entrance Essay? The 1998 Child Online Protection Act (COPA) obliged commercial Web operators to restrict access to material considered harmful to minors -- which was, in turn, defined as any communication, picture, image, graphic image file, article, recording, writing or other matter of any kind that is obscene or that meets three requirements: (1) The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find, taking the material as a whole and with respect to minors, is designed to appeal to, or is designed to essay conclusion, pander to, the prurient interest. (2) The material depicts, describes, or represents, in a manner patently offensive with respect to minors, an actual or simulated sexual act or sexual conduct, an actual or simulated normal or perverted sexual act or a lewd exhibition of the genitals or post-pubescent female breast. (3) The material, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value for minors. Title I of the statute required commercial sites to evaluate material and to enact restrictive means ensuring that harmful material does not reach minors.

Title II prohibited the collection without parental consent of personal information concerning children who use the Internet. Medical School Essay Kings? Affirmative defenses similar to those that had been contained in conclusion, the CDA were included. Once again, the courts found that Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority. In the judgment of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, the critical defect of COPA was its reliance upon the criterion of contemporary community standards to determine what kinds of speech are permitted on the Internet: Because material posted on Assignments services linguistic liverpool, the Web is accessible by all Internet users worldwide, and because current technology does not permit a Web publisher to restrict access to its site based on the geographic locale of Can you conclusion a each particular Internet user, COPA essentially requires that every Web publisher subject to the statute abide by the most restrictive and conservative state's community standard in order to avoid criminal liability. The net result was to impose burdens on permissible expression more severe than can be tolerated by Medical school editing kings, the Constitution. The court acknowledged that its ruling did not leave much room for constitutionally valid restrictions on Internet pornography: We are forced to recognize that, at present, due to Can you start essay, technological limitations, there may be no other means by Hw answers vhl, which harmful material on the Web may be constitutionally restricted, although, in light of rapidly developing technological advances, what may now be impossible to regulate constitutionally may, in the not-too-distant future, become feasible. In late 2000, the anti-pornography forces tried once more.

At their urging, Congress adopted the Children's Internet Protection Act (CHIPA), which requires schools and libraries that receive federal funding (either grants or e-rate subsidies) to install Internet filtering equipment on library computers that can be used by Can you essay conclusion, children. This time the Assignments Clinton administration opposed the Can you start essay conclusion law, but the outgoing President was obliged to sign it because it was attached to a major appropriations bill. Opposition to CHIPA is intensifying. Opponents claim that it suffers from all the constitutional infirmities of the CDA and COPA. In addition, it will reinforce one form of the digital divide -- by subjecting poor children, who lack home computers and must rely upon block websites, public libraries for access to the Internet, to restrictions that more wealthy children can avoid. The Electronic Frontier Foundation has organized protests against the statute.

In April of Can you start this year, several civil-liberties groups and public library associations filed suit in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania seeking a declaration that the statute is unconstitutional. It remains to be seen whether this statute will fare any better than its predecessors. The CDA, COPA, and Study helper block CHIPA have one thing in essay conclusion, common: they all involve overt governmental action -- and thus are subject to challenge under the First Amendment. Some observers of the Internet argue that more dangerous than these obvious legislative initiatives are the efforts by private Internet Service Providers to install filters on their systems that screen out Best college essay on writing kinds of content that the ISPs believe their subscribers would find offensive. Start Essay Conclusion? Because policies of this sort are neither mandated nor encouraged by the government, they would not, under conventional constitutional principles, constitute state action -- and services linguistic thus would not be vulnerable to constitutional scrutiny. Such a result, argues Larry Lessig, would be pernicious; to avoid it, we need to revise our understanding of the state action doctrine. Charles Fried disagrees:

Note first of all that the state action doctrine does not only limit the Can you start essay conclusion power of courts to protect persons from private power that interferes with public freedoms. It also protects individuals from the courts themselves, which are, after all, another government agency. By limiting the First Amendment to protecting citizens from government (and not from each other), the state action doctrine enlarges the sphere of unregulated discretion that individuals may exercise in what they think and say. In the name of First Amendment values, courts could perhaps inquire whether I must grant access to my newspaper to opinions I abhor, must allow persons whose moral standards I deplore to join my expressive association, or must remain silent so that someone else gets a chance to reach my audience with a less appealing but unfamiliar message. Medical School Essay? Such inquiries, however, would place courts in the business of deciding which opinions I would have to Can you start, publish in my newspaper and which would so distort my message that putting those words in my mouth would violate my freedom of speech; what an organization's associational message really is and whether forcing the organization to accept a dissenting member would distort that message; and which opinions, though unable to attract an audience on Fundations writing paper for kindergarten, their own, are so worthy that they must not be drowned out by more popular messages.

I am not convinced that whatever changes the Internet has wrought in our environment require the courts to mount this particular tiger. The United States may have led the way in seeking (unsuccessfully, thus far) to restrict the flow of pornography on the Internet, but the governments of other countries are now joining the fray. For the status of the struggle in a few jurisdictions, you might read: Joseph C. Rodriguez, A Comparative Study of Internet Content Regulations in the United States and Singapore, 1 Asian-Pacific L. Pol'y J. 9 (February 2000). (Singapore) Mark Konkel, Internet Indecency, International Censorship, and Can you start Service Providers' Liability, 19 N.Y.L. Sch.

J. INt'l Comp. L. 453 (2000). (Canada, Maylasia, and school essay China) In a provocative recent article, Amy Adler argues that the effort to curb child pornography online -- the kind of pornography that disgusts the most people -- is fundamentally misguided. Far from reducing the incidence of the sexual abuse of children, governmental efforts to curtail child pornography only increase it. A summary of her argument is start available here.

The full article is available here . When does speech become a threat? Put more precisely, when does a communication over the Internet inflict -- or threaten to inflict -- sufficient damage on its recipient that it ceases to be protected by the First Amendment and properly gives rise to criminal sanctions? Two recent cases addressed that issue from different angles. The first was popularly known as the Jake Baker case. In 1994 and 1995, Abraham Jacob Alkhabaz, also known as Jake Baker, was an undergraduate student at the University of Michigan. During that period, he frequently contributed sadistic and sexually explicit short stories to entrance essay, a Usenet electronic bulletin board available to the public over the Internet.

In one such story, he described in detail how he and a companion tortured, sexually abused, and killed a young woman, who was given the name of one of Baker's classmates. (Excerpts from the story, as reprinted in the Court of Can you start essay conclusion Appeals decision in the case, are available here. Assignments Services? WARNING: This material is Can you very graphic in nature and may be troubling to some readers. Liverpool? It is presented in order to provide a complete view of the facts of the case.) Baker's stories came to the attention of Can you conclusion another Internet user, who assumed the name of Arthur Gonda. Baker and Gonda then exchanged many email messages, sharing their sadistic fantasies and discussing the Best essay methods by which they might kidnap and torture a woman in Baker's dormitory. When these stories and Can you start conclusion email exchanges came to light, Baker was indicted for violation of 18 U.S.C. 875(c), which provides: Whoever transmits in Best essay on writing, interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to kidnap any person or any threat to injure the person of another, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. Federal courts have traditionally construed this provision narrowly, lest it penalize expression shielded by the First Amendment. Specifically, the courts have required that a defendant's statement, in order to trigger criminal sanctions, constitute a true threat -- as distinguished from, for example, inadvertent statements, hyperbole, innocuous talk, or political commentary.

Baker moved to quash the indictment on the ground that his statements on the Internet did not constitute true threats. The District Court agreed, ruling that the class of start women supposedly threatened was not identified in Baker's exchanges with Gonda with the degree of specificity required by the First Amendment and that, although Baker had expressed offensive desires, it was not constitutionally permissible to infer an Custom, intention to act on a desire from a simple expression of desire. The District Judge's concluding remarks concerning the conclusion character of threatening speech on the Internet bear emphasis: Baker's words were transmitted by means of the Internet, a relatively new communications medium that is Fundations writing paper itself currently the subject of conclusion much media attention. The Internet makes it possible with unprecedented ease to achieve world-wide distribution of material, like Baker's story, posted to its public areas. When used in such a fashion, the Internet may be likened to a newspaper with unlimited distribution and no locatable printing press - and with no supervising editorial control. But Baker's e-mail messages, on which the superseding indictment is based, were not publicly published but privately sent to Gonda. While new technology such as the Internet may complicate analysis and may sometimes require new or modified laws, it does not in this instance qualitatively change the analysis under the statute or under the Medical essay kings First Amendment. Whatever Baker's faults, and he is to be faulted, he did not violate 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). Two of the three judges on the panel that heard the appeal agreed.

In their view, a violation of 875(c) requires a demonstration, first, that a reasonable person would interpret the communication in question as serious expression of an intention to inflict bodily harm and, second, that a reasonable person would perceive the communications as being conveyed to effect some change or achieve some goal through intimidation. Baker's speech failed, in their judgment, to rise to this level. Judge Krupansky, the third member of the Can you start essay conclusion panel, dissented. Custom Written Literature Reviews? In a sharply worded opinion, he denounced the majority for compelling the prosecution to meet a standard higher that Congress intended or than the First Amendment required. In his view, the pertinent inquiry is Can you conclusion whether a jury could find that a reasonable recipient of the communication would objectively tend to believe that the speaker was serious about his stated intention. A reasonable jury, he argued, could conclude that Baker's speech met this standard -- especially in light of the fact that the essay editing woman named in the short story had, upon learning of it, experienced a shattering traumatic reaction that resulted in Can you, recommended psychological counselling. The second of the two decisions is popularly known as the Nuremberg files case. In 1995, the American Coalition of Life Activists (ACLA), an anti-abortion group that advocates the Hw answers vhl use of start force in their efforts to curtail abortions, created a poster featuring what the ACLA described as the Dirty Dozen, a group of doctors who performed abortions.

The posters offered a $ 5,000 [r]eward for information leading to arrest, conviction and entrance essay revocation of license to practice medicine of the doctors in question, and listed their home addresses and, in some instances, their phone numbers. Versions of the poster were distributed at anti-abortion rallies and later on television. In 1996, an expanded list of abortion providers, now dubbed the Nuremberg files, was posted on the Internet with the assistance of an anti-abortion activist named Neil Horsley. The Internet version of the list designated doctors and clinic workers who had been attacked by anti-abortion terrorists in two ways: the Can you conclusion names of people who had been murdered were crossed out; the names of people who had been wounded were printed in writing paper for kindergarten, grey. (For a version of the Nuremberg Files web site, click here. WARNING: This material is Can you conclusion very graphic in nature and school essay kings may be disturbing to many readers. It is presented in Can you essay, order to reviews, provide a complete view of the Can you start facts of the case). The doctors named and described on literature reviews, the list feared for their lives. In particular, some testified that they feared that, by publicizing their addresses and descriptions, the ACLA had increased the ease with which terrorists could locate and Can you conclusion attack them -- and that, by publicizing the names of doctors who had already been killed, the ACLA was encouraging those attacks. Some of the doctors sought recourse in the courts. Hw Answers Vhl? They sued the ACLA, twelve individual anti-abortion activists and an affiliated organization, contending that their actions violated the Can you conclusion federal Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of Hw answers vhl 1994 (FACE), 18 U.S.C. §248, and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C. §1962.

In an effort to avoid a First-Amendment challenge to start essay, the suit, the trial judge instructed the helper block websites jury that defendants could be liable only if their statements were true threats. The jury, concluding that the ACLA had indeed made such true threats, awarded the plaintiffs $107 million in actual and punitive damages. Can You Essay Conclusion? The trial court then enjoined the defendants from making or distributing the Medical school essay editing kings posters, the webpage or anything similar. This past March, a panel of the Court of Can you start essay Appeals for the Ninth Circuit overturned the Best entrance on writing verdict, ruling that it violated the Can you First Amendment. Judge Kozinski began his opinion by Assignments services, likening the anti-abortion movement to Can you essay conclusion, other political movements in American history, such as the Patriots in the American Revolution, abolitionism, the labor movement, the anti-war movement in the 1960s, the animal-rights movement, and the environmental movement. All, he argued, have had their violent fringes, which have lent to the language of Custom written their non-violent members a tinge of menace. However, to avoid curbing legitimate political commentary and agitation, Kozinski insisted, it was essential that courts not overread strongly worded but not explicitly threatening statements. Specifically, he held that:

Defendants can only be held liable if they authorized, ratified, or directly threatened violence. Start? If defendants threatened to commit violent acts, by working alone or with others, then their statements could properly support the verdict. But if their statements merely encouraged unrelated terrorists, then their words are protected by the First Amendment. The trial judge's charge to the jury had not made this standard adequately clear, he ruled. More importantly, no reasonable jury, properly instructed, could have concluded that the standard had been met. Accordingly, the trial judge was instructed to dissolve the injunction and enter judgment for the defendants on all counts. In the course of his opinion, Kozinski offered the following reflections on the fact that the Best college entrance defendants' speech had occurred in public discourse -- including the Can you start essay conclusion Internet: In considering whether context could import a violent meaning to ACLA's non-violent statements, we deem it highly significant that all the statements were made in the context of public discourse, not in direct personal communications. Although the First Amendment does not protect all forms of Custom literature public speech, such as statements inciting violence or an imminent panic, the public nature of the speech bears heavily upon whether it could be interpreted as a threat. As we held in McCalden v. California Library Ass'n, public speeches advocating violence are given substantially more leeway under the First Amendment than privately communicated threats. There are two reasons for this distinction: First, what may be hyperbole in a public speech may be understood (and intended) as a threat if communicated directly to the person threatened, whether face-to-face, by telephone or by letter.

In targeting the recipient personally, the start essay conclusion speaker leaves no doubt that he is sending the recipient a message of some sort. In contrast, typical political statements at rallies or through the Hw answers vhl media are far more diffuse in their focus because they are generally intended, at least in part, to shore up political support for the speaker's position. Start Essay Conclusion? Second, and more importantly, speech made through the normal channels of group communication, and Study block websites concerning matters of public policy, is start given the maximum level of protection by the Free Speech Clause because it lies at the core of the paper for kindergarten First Amendment. The First Amendment forbids Congress to make any law ?abridging the freedom of speech.? The copyright statute plainly interferes with certain kinds of speech: it prevents people from ?publicly performing? or ?reproducing? copyrighted material without permission. In other words, several ways in which people might be inclined to Can you conclusion, ?speak? have been declared by Congress illegal.

Does this imply that the linguistic copyright statute as a whole ? or, less radically, some specific applications of Can you essay it ? should be deemed unconstitutional? Courts confronted with this question have almost invariable answered: no. Two justifications are commonly offered in support of the compatibility of copyright and ?freedom of speech.? First, Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the school essay editing Constitution explicitly authorizes Congress ?To promote the Can you start conclusion Progress of Science and the useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Assignments services liverpool Discoveries,? and there is no indication that the drafters or ratifiers of the First Amendment intended to nullify this express grant of lawmaking power. Second, various doctrines within copyright law function to Can you essay, ensure that it does not interfere unduly with the ability of persons to express themselves. Best Entrance? Specifically, the principle that only the particular way in which an idea is ?expressed? is Can you start essay conclusion copyrightable, not the idea itself, ensures that the citizenry will be able to discuss concepts, arguments, facts, etc. without restraint. Even more importantly, the fair use doctrine (discussed in the first module) provides a generous safe harbor to people making reasonable uses of copyrighted material for educational, critical, or scientific purposes. These considerations, in combination, have led courts to turn aside virtually every constitutional challenge to the enforcement of copyrights. Very recently, some of the ways in Hw answers vhl, which copyright law has been modified and then applied to activity on Can you essay conclusion, the Internet has prompted a growing number of scholars and litigants to services liverpool, suggest that the conventional methods for reconciling copyright law and the First Amendment need to be reexamined. Two developments present the Can you issue especially sharply: (1) For reasons we explored in the second module, last summer a federal court in New York ruled that posting on a website a link to linguistic, another website from which a web surfer can download a software program designed to break an encryption system constitutes ?trafficking? in anti-circumvention technology in violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The defendant in the case contended (among other things) that the DMCA, if construed in this fashion, violates the First Amendment.

Judge Kaplan rejected this contention, reasoning that a combination of the Copyright Clause and an generous understanding of the Necessary and Proper clause of the Constitution provided constitutional support for the DMCA: In enacting the DMCA, Congress found that the restriction of technologies for the circumvention of technological means of protecting copyrighted works facilitate[s] the robust development and world-wide expansion of electronic commerce, communications, research, development, and education by mak[ing] digital networks safe places to disseminate and exploit copyrighted materials. That view can not be dismissed as unreasonable. Section 1201(a)(2) of the DMCA therefore is a proper exercise of Congress' power under the Necessary and Proper Clause. This conclusion might well dispose of defendants' First Amendment challenge. Given Congress' justifiable view that the DMCA is instrumental in carrying out the objective of the Can you start essay Copyright Clause, there arguably is no First Amendment objection to prohibiting the dissemination of means for circumventing technological methods for controlling access to copyrighted works. But the Court need not rest on this alone.

In determining the constitutionality of governmental restriction on speech, courts traditionally have balanced the services liverpool public interest in the restriction against the public interest in the kind of speech at issue. Can You? This approach seeks to determine, in light of the goals of the Medical school essay kings First Amendment, how much protection the speech at Can you start essay conclusion, issue merits. Written Literature? It then examines the underlying rationale for start conclusion, the challenged regulation and Hw answers vhl assesses how best to accommodate the relative weights of the interests in free speech interest and the regulation. As Justice Brandeis wrote, freedom of speech is important both as a means to start essay, achieve a democratic society and as an Hw answers vhl, end in Can you, itself. Further, it discourages social violence by permitting people to seek redress of their grievances through meaningful, non-violent expression. These goals have been articulated often and consistently in college entrance essay, the case law. The computer code at issue in this case does little to serve these goals. Although this Court has assumed that DeCSS has at start essay, least some expressive content, the expressive aspect appears to services liverpool, be minimal when compared to its functional component. Computer code primarily is a set of instructions which, when read by the computer, cause it to function in a particular way, in this case, to render intelligible a data file on a DVD.

It arguably is best treated as a virtual machine . . Start Essay Conclusion? . Study Helper? . On the other side of this balance lie the interests served by the DMCA. Copyright protection exists to encourage individual effort by personal gain and thereby advance public welfare through the promot[ion of] the Progress of Science and useful Arts. The DMCA plainly was designed with these goals in mind. It is start essay a tool to protect copyright in the digital age. It responds to the risks of technological circumvention of access controlling mechanisms designed to entrance on writing, protect copyrighted works distributed in digital form.

It is designed to further precisely the goals articulated above, goals of unquestionably high social value. This is quite clear in the specific context of this case. Plaintiffs are eight major motion picture studios which together are largely responsible for the development of the Can you essay American film industry. Their products reach hundreds of millions of viewers internationally and doubtless are responsible for a substantial portion of the revenue in the international film industry each year. To doubt the contribution of plaintiffs to writing paper for kindergarten, the progress of the arts would be absurd. DVDs are the essay conclusion newest way to distribute motion pictures to the home market, and their popularity is growing rapidly. The security of DVD technology is central to the continued distribution of motion pictures in this format. College Entrance Essay On Writing? The dissemination and use of circumvention technologies such as DeCSS would permit anyone to make flawless copies of DVDs at little expense. Without effective limits on conclusion, these. technologies, copyright protection in the contents of DVDs would become meaningless and the continued marketing of DVDs impractical. This obviously would discourage artistic progress and undermine the services linguistic goals of copyright.

The balance between these two interests is clear. Executable computer code of the type at issue in start, this case does little to Study, further traditional First Amendment interests. The DMCA, in contrast, fits squarely within the goals of copyright, both generally and essay as applied to Best college entrance, DeCSS. Can You Start Essay? In consequence, the balance of interests in this case falls decidedly on the side of Hw answers vhl plaintiffs and the DMCA. One of the start essay axes of debate in the ongoing appeal of the lower-court ruling concerns this issue. For a challenge to Judge Kaplan's discussion of the First-Amendment, see the amicus brief submitted to Hw answers vhl, the Second Circuit by conclusion, a group of law professors. (2) Some scholars believe that the ambit of the fair use doctrine should and will shrink on Fundations paper for kindergarten, the Internet. Why? Because, in their view, the principal purpose of the doctrine is to enable people to Can you essay conclusion, use copyrighted materials in ways that are socially valuable but that are likely, in the absence of a special legal privilege, to be blocked by Assignments services liverpool, transaction costs. The Internet, by enabling copyright owners and persons who wish access to their works to negotiate licenses easily and cheaply, dramatically reduces those transaction costs, thus arguably reducing the need for the fair-use doctrine.

Recall that one of the justifications conventionally offered to explain the compatibility of copyright law and the First Amendment is the safety valve afforded critical commentary and educational activity by the fair use doctrine. If that doctrine does indeed shrink on the Internet, as these scholars predict, then the question of whether copyright law abridges freedom of expression must be considered anew. 1. Are you persuaded by start, the judicial opinions declaring unconstitutional the CDA and COPA? Should CHIPA suffer the same fate? Are there any ways in which government might regulate the Internet so as to shield children from pornography? 2. Some authors have suggested that the best way to respond to pornography on Medical essay kings, the Internet is through zoning.

For example, Christopher Furlow suggests the use of ?restricted top-level domains? or ?rTLDs? which would function similarly to area codes to essay conclusion, identify particular areas of the Internet and Best entrance make it easier for parents to Can you start essay conclusion, control what type of material their children are exposed to online. See Erogenous Zoning on The Cyber-Frontier, 5 Va. J.L. Tech. 7, 4 (Spring 2000). Linguistic? Do you find this proposal attractive? practicable? effective? 3. Elizabeth Marsh raises the following question: Suppose that the Ku Klux Klan sent unsolicited email messages to conclusion, large numbers of African-Americans and Jews. Those messages expressed the KKK's loathing of blacks and Jews but did not threaten the recipients. Study Helper? Under the Can you essay laws of the United States or any other jurisdiction, what legal remedies, if any, would be available to the recipients of such email messages? Should the First Amendment be construed to Assignments services linguistic liverpool, shield hate spam of this sort? More broadly, should hate spam be tolerated or suppressed?

For Marsh's views on start conclusion, the matter, see Purveyors of Hate on the Internet: Are We Ready for Hate Spam?, 17 Ga. St. U. L. Writing Paper For Kindergarten? Rev. 379 (Winter 2000). 4. Were the Jake Baker and Nuremberg Files cases decided correctly? How would you draw the start line between threats subject to Medical school editing, criminal punishment and speech protected by the First Amendment? 5. Does the First Amendment set a limit on Can you conclusion, the permissible scope of copyright law? If so, how would you define that limit? 6. Lyrissa Lidsky, points out that the Hw answers vhl ways in which the Supreme Court has deployed the First Amendment to limit the essay conclusion application of the tort of Hw answers vhl defamation are founded on the assumption that most defamation suits will be brought against relatively powerful institutions (e.g., newspapers, television stations). The Internet, by enabling relatively poor and powerless persons to broadcast to the world their opinions of powerful institutions (e.g., their employers, companies by Can you essay conclusion, which they feel wronged) increases the likelihood that, in liverpool, the future, defamation suits will be brought most often by formidable plaintiffs against weak individual defendants. If we believe that [t]he Internet is . . Start Essay? . Assignments Linguistic Liverpool? a powerful tool for Can you conclusion, equalizing imbalances of power by giving voice to Best college entrance essay, the disenfranchised and by allowing more democratic participation in public discourse, we should be worried by this development.

Lidsky suggests that it may be necessary, in this altered climate, to reconsider the start conclusion shape of the constitutional limitations on defamation. Do you agree? If so, how would you reformulate the relevant limitations? 7. Like Lessig, Paul Berman suggests that the Medical school essay editing kings Internet should prompt us to reconsider the traditional state action doctrine that limits the Can you kinds of interference with speech to which the First-Amendment applies. School Kings? Berman supports this suggestion with the following example: ??an online service provider recently attempted to take action against an entity that had sent junk e-mail on its service, a district court rejected the e-mailer's argument that such censorship of e-mail violated the First Amendment. Essay? The court relied on kings, the state action doctrine, reasoning that the service provider was not the state and therefore was not subject to the commands of the start conclusion First Amendment.? Such an outcome, he suggests, is unfortunate. To avoid it, we may need to rethink this fundamental aspect of Constitutional Law. Medical School Essay Kings? Do you agree? See Berman, Symposium Overview: Part IV: How (If At All) to Regulate The Internet: Cyberspace and Can you conclusion the State Action Debate: The Cultural Value of Applying Constitutional Norms to Private Regulation, 71 U. Hw Answers Vhl? Colo. L. Rev. Start Essay? 1263 (Fall 2000).

ACLU offers various materials relating to the Reno v. ACLU case. Electronic Frontier Foundation (Browse the Free Expression page, Censorship Free Expression archive and the Content Filtering archive.) The Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) offers links to various aspects of CDA litigation and discussion. Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) (Skim the PICS and Intellectual Freedom FAQ. Browse What Governments, Media and Individuals are Saying about writing PICS (pro and con).) CyberAngels.org provides a guide to cyberstalking that includes a very helpful definitions section. Cyberstalking: A New Challenge for Law Enforcement and Industry ? A Report from the Attorney General to the Vice President (August 1999) provides very helpful definitions and explanations related to cyberstalking, including 1 st Amendment implications; also provides links to additional resources. The Anti-Defamation League web site offers a wealth of resources for dealing with hate online, including guides for parents and filtering software. The filtering software, called Hate Filter, is Can you start essay conclusion designed to give parents the ability to make decisions regarding what their children are exposed to online.

The ADL believes that ?Censorship is not the answer to hate on the Internet. ADL supports the free speech guarantees embodied in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, believing that the best way to combat hateful speech is with more speech.?