Qualitative dissertation introduction

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book report done you One of the often-recurring requests on the newsgroup rec.arts.books.tolkien is from students requesting a synopsis of J.R.R. Tolkien's epic work The Lord of the Rings. The work is extremely long, and because of this many students simply can't find the time to give the work a thorough reading before giving a written report on it. In the interests of cutting down the number of requests for this material, I have written a short synopsis of the three volumes which make up the Lord of the Qualitative dissertation introduction, Rings as well as an accompanying synopsis for Tolkien's posthumous book The Silmarillion. As an Things to write a compare on with, added supplement, I have also listed some possible topics for term-papers and book reports for those who don't feel a desire to come up with their own. Of course, I feel compelled to introduction point out that a much better understanding of Tolkien's work can be achieved by reading the actual books; it's well worth the effort. If you simply don't like to read, however, I'm sure the following synopsis and suggestions will help you make the grades you obviously deserve. Readers will be interested to know that this synopsis has been endorsed by the prestigious London Sunday Times . At least, they thought it was accurate enough for article of toronto, them. Vol. I - THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING: The story starts with the twentieth birthday-party for Frodo Baggins, a Hobbit who lives with his brother Sam in a mythical land called the Shire.

Frodo owns a magic Ring which makes him invisible when he wears it, a gift from his cousin Bilbo who stole it from the hoard of a Dragon years ago. One day the old wizard Gandalf comes to the Shire, and he tells Frodo of an evil being named Sauron who wants to capture the Ring for himself. In ages long past Sauron stole the Ring from the Elves, to protect him from the Qualitative dissertation, Powers of Good; but the Ring was stolen from him by a creature named Gollum,and then stolen from Gollum by the Dragons, and then from the Dragons by Bilbo, who finally gives it freely to Frodo. Sauron has been searching for the Ring for Difficulties writing essays, years, Gandalf tells Frodo, and dissertation introduction, now he has sent his ally, the evil Witch-king, to the Shire to Writing reviews fox look for it. Frodo and Sam consult with their loyal friends Merry and Pipsqueak, and when the introduction, evil Witch-king appears with his nine servants the clever hobbits trick them into going into a mushroom-patch, disorienting the witches just long enough to escape the Shire. But the tone of the book rapidly becomes more serious as the Witch-king and his evil servants pursue the paper research goals, hobbits through the forest. Frodo discovers that the witches have destroyed the village of Bree, and the Witch-king uses a magic spell to burn down the home of introduction their old friend Tom Bombadil. Frodo, horrified, wants to go back and fight the evil witches, but at a hill called Weathertop he meets a noble man named Aragorn who convinces him to go to the city of Rivendell. In Rivendell you will be safe from their magic, Aragorn tells him, for Elrond is a sensible man, and does not believe in it.

With that Aragorn leads them rapidly to Rivendell, with the witches in hot pursuit. As they ford the last river between them and Rivendell the Witch-king casts a spell on Writing fox, the river-water, causing it to rise up and try to Qualitative dissertation introduction drown them; only Frodo's quick thinking can save them, and he uses the power of the Ring to make all the water evaporate into fog. The fog is so thick that the Witch-king and his servants become hopelessly lost, and our heroes make it to the safety of Rivendell. At Rivendell, Elrond holds a Council where the fate of the Ring is discussed. Service Reviews! The only way to keep Sauron from Qualitative dissertation recovering the Ring, they decide, is to throw it into the volcano of Mount Doom where it will be destroyed. During the Council Gandalf arrives late, saying that he had been held prisoner in Effective article writing the tower of Orthanc, the Wizards' Tower. Curiously, he refuses to describe how he escaped. But it is Qualitative, more important than ever that we destroy the Ring, Gandalf says, for service reviews, now the other Wizards know of it, and seek it as well. He tells of how the dark wizard Saruman, once an ally of the forces of Good, has turned to evil and now controls Orthanc with an iron hand, and how the dissertation introduction, other Wizards are roaming the countryside seeking the Ring for themselves. They all agree to set out to destroy the Ring at once. Gandalf and Aragorn agree to go with the four Hobbits, as does Glorfindel, a descendant of the writing essays, ancient ruler Ar-Pharazon, and Boromir, from the Royal House of introduction Gondor; also joining them are an Elf and Term paper research papers goals, a Dwarf who don't really do much in dissertation introduction the story but are there for comic relief.

Together Gandalf and his nine companions - the Fellowship of the Effective article of toronto, Ring, as they call themselves - set out for the dark land of Mordor. On the way, their path is repeatedly beset by evil forces. Qualitative! First they are attacked by evil Orcs in the woods; next they are driven into the dark forest of Lothlorien, where they are imprisoned by the beautiful but evil Queen Beruthiel. They make their escape when Beruthiel's good sister, Galadriel, frees them from their prison-cell and Help with writing, floats them down the river in barrels. After that they think it best to leave the woods and Qualitative dissertation introduction, head to Moria, the secret city under the mountains; here, however, they face a terrifying setback when they are found by the evil wizard Radagast. Unique! Gandalf sacrifices his life to Qualitative destroy Radagast the Balrog, and the others escape the mountains while the battle rages. At the end of the book, however, the Fellowship is destroyed from write for college scholarship within; Glorfindel, lusting for power, tries to kill Frodo for the Ring. Aragorn stops Glorfindel by shooting him through the throat with a black arrow; Glorfindel dies, but not until he maliciously sets fire to the grasslands. In the resulting smoke and confusion the Fellowship of the Qualitative introduction, Ring is hopelessly scattered. Well, everybody ends up running around Middle-earth in different directions. Term Research! Aragorn and that Dwarf and dissertation introduction, Elf whose names I can't remember go to this place with lots of horses, but inexplicably they have no racetrack.

Boromir heads South to Gondor alone, bearing a parchment he has taken from Glorfindel describing the Royal House of Gondor; he speaks to no one as he leaves, consumed with some new private worry. Merry and Pipsqueak get kidnapped by forty-foot-high walking trees, but as the story goes on they convince the trees that it's best to be kind to strangers; the lesson is well-learned, and when Aragorn and the others arrive the trees welcome them with open limbs. Just as this reunion is taking place Gandalf reappears, having ultimately defeated the evil Radagast; he reveals that there were actually two of him all along, and the other one is still trapped at Orthanc, now under the control of the Difficulties writing essays, wizard Saruman, Gandalf's half-brother. Everybody goes to Orthanc and frees Gandalf's twin, but the first Gandalf dies fighting Saruman at the top of Zirak-Ziogi, the great mountain of Japan. At the end they all ride to the defense of Gondor, Mordor's most hated enemy. Meanwhile Frodo and Sam are captured by the evil Gollum, but they are rescued by Faramir, Boromir's cousin, who has escaped the people of Gondor. Faramir reveals that he had to leave Gondor because Boromir and his brother Denethor have ordered that he be killed; Faramir is the true heir to Qualitative dissertation the kingdom, but Boromir and Denethor wish to go on ruling Gondor themselves. Frodo agrees to give him the Ring to help him regain the kingship; but Gollum manages to escape with it, and takes it into Mordor in hopes of receiving a reward. How To Unique! Frodo and Sam race after him, while Faramir holds back the Orc-army which is sent by Sauron to waylay them.

Frodo, however, gets bitten by a tarantula which Gollum has summoned with the Ring, and Sam stands near his master at the end of the book, thinking him dead and the Ring irretrivably lost. Everyone except Frodo and Sam arrives at the kingdom of Gondor, and though the people of Gondor are amazed and frightened at first by the huge army of walking trees that accompany them, everyone smiles and accepts them when Gandalf and introduction, Aragorn reveal themselves. Things On With Poems! The brothers Denethor and Boromir, however, see that Aragorn brings knowledge from the North which will give their kingship over to Faramir, the true King, and so they secretly conspire against him. Introduction! And so later on, when the forces of Mordor arrive to attack Gondor, they successfully plot to have Aragorn positioned so he must face the Witch-King in single combat. The battle is too much for Aragorn, and just as he is Help with, about to die he is saved by Eowyn, a woman of Rohan who loves him, and Merry, who slays the Witch-king in single combat by using ancient hobbit-magic and so reveals himself to be the lost Thain of the Shire. Even as the forces of Qualitative introduction Mordor retreat, they are swept into the Sea by great ships brought by Faramir, the true Prince of Dol Amroth, from the hidden city of Osgiliath further up the Great River. Meanwhile Sam chases the tarantula back to the lair of Effective article Ungoliant, the Queen of Spiders, and after a tense argument about the Qualitative dissertation, nature of good and evil she finally reveals to service fox Sam the cure for the spider's-venom which holds Frodo in thrall. Sam thanks Ungoliant for her mercy and wisdom and revives Frodo, and they set off into Mordor to find Gollum.

Oft help will come from the weak when the Wise are foolish, Gandalf once said, and sure enough all the spiders of Mordor are willing to Qualitative help Frodo and Sam in Help with writing statement their quest. Their course leads them to Mount Doom, where just as they arrive they find Gollum claiming the Ring for Qualitative dissertation introduction, himself. The Dark Lord Sauron then becomes aware of them, and leaves the Dark Tower to come forth and destroy them; but just them Frodo and Sam rush Gollum and force him backwards into the Cracks of Doom. The Ring is Term, destroyed, and without it Sauron is destroyed by the sunlight. Frodo and Sam leave the Mountain just in time to see the great armies of Aragorn and Faramir coming across the plains of Qualitative Mordor to company reviews fox greet them. Introduction! Boromir and Denethor are driven away from Gondor forever, but mercifully spared by King Faramir, and Aragorn is to write and contrast essay on with poems, revealed to dissertation introduction be the long-lost King of Arnor, the North-Kingdom of Writing service company reviews fox old.

Yet you may still rule the Shire, he says to Merry the Qualitative dissertation, Thain, for with Mordor fallen, there may be kingships enough for all. The heroism of Frodo and Sam is sung in Gondor and Arnor for long ages, and even Pipsqueak finds honor in Difficulties writing essays his new role as Faramir's bootblack. There's room for advancement in this job, he tells the other hobbits knowingly, his eyes on Qualitative dissertation introduction, Faramir's crown. Faramir smiles at Pipsqueak's jest and tells him he will always be welcome wherever he goes. (Indeed, the Appendices note that Pipsqueak's journeys take him far and research, wide in later years, and he becomes the best-known hobbit of them all.) The other hobbits eventually return to the Shire, only to find it corrupted and in chaos because of an onslaught of evil Men; they eventually find the evil brothers, Denethor and Boromir, trying to set themselves up as dictators of the introduction, Shire. Frodo and Merry fight the evil brothers hand-to-hand and slay them at the very door of Things a compare and contrast on with Bag-end. Merry takes up the introduction, Thainship, and at the end they all go West to the shores of the Sea, there to bid Gandalf farewell as he sails back across the Sea and into Heaven, for he was an How to for college scholarship, Elven-king all along who was trying to improve the relations between Elves and Men long-sundered, and now he had found his reward. Well, this book is really complicated, but I'll try to hit the high points real quickly. Maybe someday, when I have more time, I can improve on this. God created the angels, and the angels created the world. But the Elves created the Silmarils, the Great Jewels, and dissertation, fought over them for generations until Melkor, one of the greatest angels, took them away for safekeeping.

But Melkor's brother Morgoth stole the Silmarils, and the Elves swore they would fight the Writing company reviews fox, angels forever until they got the Silmarils back. The story is an allegory for greed, and also a tale JRRT told to demonstrate that you can never hope to Qualitative dissertation fight God. In the Things to write and contrast essay on with poems, end a brave Man named Beren steals the Silmarils from Morgoth, and when the Elves try to kill him to get them back (this is where the estrangement of Elves and Men occurs, which is to haunt JRRT's other works), he gives them to Qualitative dissertation introduction his son Earendil to take across the Sea and back to Heaven. And that's how peace is restored to Middle-earth. Possible Subjects for Difficulties essays, Lord of the Rings Term Papers.

1. Brothers in Qualitative the Lord of the Term, Rings. Many of the dissertation introduction, characters in Tolkien's work have brothers, or sometimes sisters, who demonstrate different aspects of Difficulties writing their families' beliefs. Qualitative Dissertation Introduction! You could write a paper contrasting the many family relationships, such as the way Frodo is helped by his brother Sam, the way Denethor and his brother Boromir conspire, and the way Feanor is assisted by his brother Feenamint. Contrast this to the sharp differences seen in other Tolkien families, such as Beruthiel and paper research, her sister Galadriel, Melkor and his brother Morgoth, and Qualitative dissertation, Gandalf and his half-brother Saruman. 2. True Royalty. One recurring theme of service company reviews Lord of the Rings is the theme of good royalty defeating tainted royalty. Just as Faramir defeats his evil cousins to reclaim the Throne of Gondor, Aragorn restores the Kingdom of Arnor with his marriage to Eowyn. Even Merry reveals his heretofore-unknown lineage to the Thainship of the Shire by book's end. Remembering that Tolkien wrote this book even as Queen Elizabeth was taking the throne of England when King Edward VIII abdicated and married a commoner, write a paper showing the influence of Tolkien's aristocracy beliefs on his work. 3. Use of Fire in Lord of the Rings . Whenever the forces of evil try to strike a blow in introduction Tolkien's work, they almost always use fire. Denethor tries to set fire to Faramir; Glorfindel sets fire to the grasslands; Radagast tries to set fire to Gandalf.

Even the dragon in The Hobbit tries to set fire to LakeTown; and Queen Beruthiel, while she never actually sets fire to anybody, is portrayed as an incessant chain-smoker, waving the fire about in her hand like a hot poker ( Fellowship of the Things on with, Ring , towards chapter seven). You could write a pretty fair paper on the use of fire in Qualitative introduction Tolkien's works. Remember that Tolkien's family took him away from South Africa at the age of four when their house had just burned down. Maybe it left a lasting impression. Perhaps one day we'll have this all down to the point where someone can just download a book-report straight from the Difficulties writing essays, Web without ever having to read the books at all.

Obviously we're not quite there yet; but for those interested in that idea, I'm sure this web-page will be considered a great step forward.

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Religion and Life: A Personal and Qualitative dissertation introduction, Public Essay. T he 16th century English chancellor and later Catholic saint Thomas Moore was, in the words of dramatist Robert Bolt, “a man for all seasons.” Religion itself is an ever-present “topic for all seasons,” but in Help with writing zip, a presidential election year it seems more so than ever. Remember the Rev. Jeremiah Wright controversy in 2008? Some of Republican Rick Santorum’s religious statements earlier this year? And for the next several months we’ll continue to hear more about Mitt Romney’s Mormonism. But religion is Qualitative introduction, not only a fit subject for public discourse, but also a very personal matter. Just recently, two writers have demonstrated this.

One is Bill Keller of The New York Times, and the other is physicist and former Oberlin College president Robert Fuller in a series of essays that are appearing on the LA Progressive. In their essays, as in Help a thesis, many others on religion, the introduction, personal and public aspects intersect. And so they shall in this present essay. Let’s start with the personal. I was raised Catholic.

From grade school up through graduate school at Term paper Georgetown University, I attended Catholic schools. Then, my first teaching job (1967-1970) was at the Jesuit-run Wheeling College (now Wheeling Jesuit University). But then for the next four decades I taught at a public university, Eastern Michigan U., where my main responsibility was teaching Russian and twentieth-century global history. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church was changing, mainly due to the leadership of Pope John XXIII, who was elected pope in 1958 and died in 1963, a year after calling together the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). Like many liberal Catholics, I was delighted with the dissertation introduction, changes he introduced into Term goals Catholic life, such as a more ecumenical spirit and masses in Qualitative dissertation, one’s native language instead of Latin. One of the highlights of my six months in service company reviews, Europe with the U.S.

Army was a trip to Qualitative dissertation, Rome and being part of a large group audience with John XXIII. Effective Article Writing? With the Catholic John Kennedy as president (1961-1963) and imbibing the liberal Catholic spirit of Georgetown as a graduate student from 1962 to 1967, it was a good time to be a Catholic. When it came time to choose a Ph.D. dissertation subject, I decided to write on the ecumenical religious and philosophic Russian thinker, Vladimir Soloviev (1853-1900), who was also a vigorous opponent of nationalism and the strongest Russian critic of anti-Semitism (see here for my 1970 article on Qualitative dissertation, him and Russia’s Jews). During my three years at Effective writing university of toronto Wheeling College, I knew many good Catholic priests and dissertation, laypersons, and in general the college took part in Help a thesis statement, the ecumenical spirit of the introduction, times. Our curriculum committee, of on with, which I was a member, decided that theology, being an academic discipline and dissertation introduction, not indoctrination, should be broadened.

To that end, our college invited a local rabbi to teach a course on research goals, Judaism. Although still considering myself a good Catholic, I rejected what I considered certain anti-rational aspects of the church. Several hours into a weekend cursillo (an intense type of spiritual retreat), I walked out when I became convinced its structure reflected a not-too-sophisticated attempt at brainwashing. After a priest friend (but not a Jesuit) who taught theology announced his intention to marry a woman he had fallen in love with, the college’s president, Fr. Frank Haig, fired him—Haig’s brother Alexander later served as Richard Nixon’s Chief of Qualitative dissertation introduction, Staff.

In protest, I proclaimed I would also leave the college. Thus, I moved to liberal Ann Arbor, Michigan and Effective writing, began teaching at nearby Eastern Michigan U. For a while, my wife, Nancy, and I continued to be church-going Catholics, and all three of our children were baptized into Qualitative dissertation the church, but our liberal thinking seemed increasingly at odds with a church whose progressive spirit declined after John XXIII’s death. Because of a departmental need in the late 1970s, for a few years I taught a course in service company fox, comparative religions. Like some other earlier liberal Catholics, especially monk Thomas Merton (1915-1968), I came to admire many of the insights of Eastern religions, especially Zen Buddhism. In the final week or two of the course I introduced students to the critical views of religion offered by atheists and agnostics. My general approach was to tell students that their first job was to Qualitative introduction, try to understand all the belief systems we talked about (including atheism, which I also regard as a “belief”). I maintained that students should try to essays, respect others’ beliefs because no one has a lock on truth. Qualitative Dissertation? When any students attempted to Difficulties writing, argue that their religion was better than others, I discouraged such an approach. By the early 1980s, by which time I no longer taught the Qualitative introduction, course, I considered myself an university of toronto agnostic: maybe there is introduction, a God, and Term research papers goals, maybe not.

But I leaned, and still do, more to the likelihood that there is some sort of divine force. It seems more rational to me and a lesser leap of faith than believing that all the wondrous and powerful forces of the Qualitative, universe, including the mind-blowing complexity of the company, cosmos, with its million of galaxies and billions of stars, just spontaneously occurred. Such a leaning brings me close to the thinking of such Enlightenment figures as Thomas Jefferson and Ben Franklin, not bad intellectual company to keep. But I no longer have the consolation that belonging to a church community brings to millions of people. And just because my divine-tilting agnosticism has felt right for introduction, me for some three decades, I’m no proselytizer for it. Where one comes down regarding religious belief is a very individual matter. As Chekhov once wrote, “Between ‘there is a God’ and ‘there is no God’ lies a whole vast tract, which the really wise man crosses with great effort.” What’s right for one person is Term paper, often not right for another. All of this brings me to dissertation introduction, the more public facets of this essay. How does and should religion affect our social and public life?

What follows are some of the conclusions my admittedly fallible mind has arrived at: One of the various things that most religions offer is a strong emphasis on ethics, and an emphasis on ethics is Difficulties writing essays, important, both individually and socially. Although most religions teach love of dissertation introduction, neighbor, how they interpret such love often varies. For example, throughout the centuries many of them justified wars in certain circumstances, e.g. the Crusades, while others like the Quakers have been more pacifistic. If one rejects religious-based ethics, then he/she has a strong obligation to Difficulties, arrive at a non-religious-based moral code.

One of the downsides to such an approach, however, is that many people do not consciously develop one, and we cannot depend on our predominant consumer culture to provide it to us. I fear that there is Qualitative, much truth in the following observations, and Things a compare and contrast essay, they apply not only to television but also to Qualitative, much of the wider media. U. S. Writing Essays? humorist Dave Barry once said that a “possible source of guidance for teenagers is television, but television’s message has always been that the need for truth, wisdom and world peace pales by comparison with the need for a toothpaste that offers whiter teeth and fresher breath.” And Zbigniew Brzezinski, former National Security Adviser to introduction, U. S. Writing Company Reviews Fox? President Jimmy Carter, wrote in 1993 that television had “become prominent in shaping the [U. S.] national culture and its basic beliefs,” and Qualitative dissertation, that it helped produce “a mass culture, driven by profiteers who exploit the hunger for vulgarity, pornography, and even barbarism.” Although I understand what some people mean when they say, “We should not mix religion and politics,” I think it naive. Many political questions, such as debates about abortion, war, and capital punishment are also ethical questions, thus both political and religious. If right-wing politicians like Rick Santorum often let their religious beliefs affect their political stances, so too have left-wing leaders like Rev.

Martin Luther King and all the civil rights and antiwar activists among people of the service company, clergy. As I write this, a group of Catholic nuns are in the midst of a nine-state bus tour protesting proposed Republican federal budget cuts that will hurt low-income families. When I was a Catholic one of the introduction, virtues I heard most praised was humility, and I have often regretted how little of it is evidenced by religious and political leaders. One of the reasons we use “faith” as a synonym for company fox, religion (as in “she is of the Qualitative introduction, Hindu faith”) is Term paper papers goals, that religion is based primarily on beliefs or faith and Qualitative introduction, not reason. A Thesis Statement? Every time in Qualitative introduction, recent decades when I have heard a priest or minister assure us during a funeral service that the deceased is now in with writing a thesis statement zip, heaven with God, I have felt like saying, “How do you know that?” As Kierkegaard correctly perceived, religion is Qualitative introduction, not about assurance, but a “leap of faith.” When someone close to write an essay for college scholarship, us dies we may hope or believe he or she is dissertation, with God, but we can’t be sure. In 2005 Rep. David Price (Dem., NC) wrote, “Humility is out of fashion these days. Political leaders, advocates, and pundits often display an in-your-face assertiveness, seeming to equate uncertainty or even reflectiveness with weakness and a lack of Things to write essay on with, moral fiber. Much of our nation and its leadership are in no mood to doubt their own righteousness.”

With humility should come tolerance. If none of us really has “the answer” to ultimate questions—as humorist Art Buchwald wrote soon before his death, “When people ask me if there’s an afterlife, I answer, ‘If I knew, I would tell you’”—shouldn’t we all be more tolerant of others’ views? The same goes for many political issues. Neither liberals nor conservatives are always correct, and are both sometimes guilty of falling back on ideology rather than thinking afresh on difficult and complex questions. Introduction? What to writing a thesis zip, do in Afghanistan or how to fix our scandalous health care system were and are such questions, and they do not lend themselves to simplistic bumper stickers like “Repeal Obamacare.” If more humility and tolerance existed in Washington, Congress would operate in a more bipartisan and pragmatic fashion. To those who criticize religion as a “crutch,” I would reply that we all use various crutches to get through life, and there is dissertation, nothing wrong with that. As Robert Fuller (see above) has written, science and religion are not incompatible: “Developments in both science and religion have laid the foundation for Term, a new synthesis. Ending centuries of Qualitative dissertation, fruitless squabbling and initiating a beautiful friendship is at last possible.” Thinkers whom I respect such as Thomas Merton and economist and environmentalist E. F. Schumacher (1911-1977) have emphasized that “truth is one” and that there can be no contradiction between scientific truth and religious truth. Fuller adds that “parts of service company reviews fox, religion that are counterfactual or unproven could either be dropped—as science jettisons theories that don’t hold up to dissertation, scrutiny—or retained as speculation, metaphor, or personal preference. After all, anyone is free to Things to write, believe anything, and most of us, including scientists, discreetly exercise that right in one area or another.” My own thinking is that one can arrive at truth through different methods and dissertation introduction, not just the rational, scientific one.

But if a religious conviction, such as belief in How to for college, a literal rendering of creation as told in the Book of Genesis, contradicts scientific evidence then that conviction should be dropped. Since Darwin proposed his theory of evolution, many religious believers have reconciled themselves to evolution, without abandoning any fundamental religious belief. In keeping with this approach, I distrust any religious teaching, e.g., the Catholic papacy’s position on contraception, which seems contrary to Qualitative dissertation, reason. Wise and good people can be found in various cultures at article writing university various times and among both religious believers and introduction, non-believers. Papers? Among such people I have written long essays on are two converts to Catholicism, Schumacher and American helper-of-the-poor Dorothy Day. Qualitative Introduction? Two others, the Russians Chekhov and physicist and humanist Andrei Sakharov, were non-believers. A fifth, the poet and Lincoln biographer Carl Sandburg, once said: “I am a Christian, a Quaker, a Moslem, a Buddhist, a Shintoist, a Confucian, and maybe a Catholic pantheist or a Joan of Arc who hears voices. Difficulties Writing Essays? I am all of these and more. Definitely I have more religions than I have time or zeal to practice in true faith.”

Although I no longer consider myself an adherent of any specific religion, I still feel the need for Qualitative dissertation introduction, a guiding principle in to write on with poems, my life, and it has become the concept of wisdom. I seek to become wiser and have my actions be as wise as I can make them. The Oxford English Dictionary (2d ed., 1989) defines wisdom as “the capacity for judging rightly in matters relating to Qualitative, life and conduct; soundness of service company, judgment in the choice of means and ends.” A leading wisdom scholar, Robert Sternberg, states that “wisdom is not just about maximizing one’s own or someone else’s self-interest, but about balancing various self-interests (intrapersonal) with the dissertation, interests of others (interpersonal) and article writing, of other aspects of the context in which one lives (extrapersonal), such as one’s city or country or environment or even God.” Another wisdom scholar, in Qualitative dissertation introduction, an essay on “The Centrality of Wisdom,” wrote that “values are at the heart of the Writing company reviews fox, matter,” and he recommended wisdom-associated values such as empathy, justice, and compassion. Since I have dealt extensively with various types of wisdom, including political wisdom, in introduction, other writings, I will merely paraphrase here what I have written earlier concerning E. F. Schumacher’s thoughts on wisdom: It can be found amidst the ideas of the great religious and philosophical systems of the pre-modern age. It deals with fundamental questions like “What is the purpose of life?” and how to discover and achieve Truth, Goodness, and Beauty. It emphasizes, prioritizes, and applies higher values such as love, compassion, understanding, and empathy.

Being guided by it is the key to to write poems, dealing with our most serious problems, whether economic, environmental, political, or personnel. To Schumacher wisdom was like the sun and its rays should penetrate and enlighten all aspects of Qualitative dissertation, our life. “Unless that person has sorted out and coordinated his manifold urges, impulses, and desires, his strivings are likely to be confused, contradictory, self-defeating, and possibly highly destructive. The ‘centre,’ obviously, is the place where he has to create for himself an Help with writing a thesis statement orderly system of Qualitative dissertation introduction, ideas about himself and the world, which can regulate the direction of his various strivings.” By the final decades of his life, Schumacher had concluded that “it may conceivably be possible to live without churches; but it is not possible to live without religion, that is, without systematic work to Term paper goals, keep in contact with, and develop toward, Higher Levels than those of ‘ordinary life’ with all its pleasure or pain, sensation, gratification, refinement or crudity—whatever it may be.” These words lead to dissertation introduction, me a few final thoughts about religion and its relationship to Help writing a thesis statement, our lives. Qualitative Dissertation? Religion has many definitions. If one means by it, as Schumacher suggests, “systematic work to keep in How to write scholarship, contact with, and develop toward, Higher Levels than those of ‘ordinary life,’” then I believe in religion. Qualitative? Every day of our lives there is more goodness, beauty, and truth out there in the world than we appreciate in our humdrum existence of “living and partly living” (T. Paper Research? S. Eliot’s phrase).

I also think, as Schumacher did, that the great religions of the world contain much wisdom, including the emphasis of Qualitative, many of them on compassion, humility, and the Golden Rule of treating others as one wishes to be treated. Difficulties? But I am not willing to go as far as saying I think Jesus Christ was more divine than say Buddha. And religions have a checkered record when it comes to valuing tolerance and Qualitative, rationality, which to me these are great wisdom values. In Crime and writing, Punishment (1866) Dostoevsky has his main character, Raskolnikov, pridefully overemphasize “reason,” and it leads him to think that ordinary morality does not apply to him, that he can be sort of a super-man standing above conventional ethics. Although very critical of the Catholic Church, Dostoevsky’s thinking on reason was similar to that proclaimed two years earlier by Pope Pius IX in his Syllabus of Errors. In this encyclical the pope proclaimed as an error the belief that “human reason, without any reference whatsoever to God, is the sole arbiter of Qualitative dissertation, truth and falsehood, and of good and evil.” The warnings of Dostoevsky and Pius IX about individuals relying too much on reason are ones worth considering. The reasoning of individuals can be twisted. Look at someone like the Unabomber, Theodore Kaczynski, who earned a Ph.D. in mathematics and thought his mail bombing campaign could be intellectually justified. A wise person will consider the wisdom of the past, including that maintained by Difficulties writing essays, the great religions, and the laws and Qualitative, customs of his/her society.

Ultimately, however, is it not our own reason and judgment that should dictate our behavior? Church leaders and teachings can be wrong. In the Things to write a compare and contrast poems, past, some have justified slavery or war when they shouldn’t. Laws and government policies can be wrong. Dorothy Day, Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela, and dissertation, Andrei Sakharov all spent some time in jail or exile for daring to reviews fox, violate unjust laws or government policies. Our culture or subculture can be wrong. In making decisions many of us are strongly influenced by introduction, them. When young, I belonged to a Catholic subculture.

Throughout most of my adulthood, I was part of an academic subculture. When I was in the military, I noted that many career officers seemed to be part of a military subculture. How To Write An Essay Unique? All of these subcultures skew our objectivity and way of looking at the world, and if we wish to act rationally, we must be aware of their influence on us. Our ideology can also be wrong. Whether we consider ourselves conservatives, liberals, progressives, socialists, or anarchists, our ideology can box us in, deterring us from thinking afresh about Qualitative dissertation introduction, complex problems.

Although the expression “knee-jerk liberal” is common enough, knee-jerkism can also be a failing of other ideologists. Standing outside of any particular religious community and attempting to writing a thesis zip, remain free of any cultural or ideological boxes can be a lonely path to Qualitative dissertation, follow. I sometimes miss the a thesis statement, sense of oneness and warmth experienced by Qualitative dissertation, singing with others in church. And as Dostoevsky so clearly perceived there is always the danger or pride and egotism, of thinking oneself or one’s ideas superior to others. As a historian, however, I take comfort in past individuals whom I admire, those like Dorothy Day, Thomas Merton, Carl Sandburg, E. F. Schumacher, Anton Chekhov, W. H. Auden, Andrei Sakharov, Nelson Mandela, and finally, the French writer Albert Camus (1913-1960), an existentialist and “non-believer,” greatly admired by the two fervent Catholics, Day and How to write for college, Merton. Introduction? About Camus, Merton wrote, “By reason of his personal integrity, his genius, his eloquence, and How to write an essay scholarship unique, his own record in protest and resistance, Camus still speaks to Qualitative dissertation, our world with resounding authority,” and “life is, or should be, nothing but a struggle to seek truth,” and “the whole truth of Albert Camus is centered upon the idea of telling the truth.” Camus himself once told a group of Dominican monks, “I shall never start from the supposition that Christian truth is illusory, but merely from the Help writing zip, fact that I could not accept it.” He also wrote, “It is essential to condemn what must be condemned,” but also “one should praise at length what still deserves to be praised.” In his short story “The Guest,” he ends it this way: “Daru looked at the sky, the plateau and beyond the invisible lands stretching all the dissertation, way to Things to write a compare and contrast poems, the sea. Introduction? In this vast landscape he had loved so much, he was alone.” Like his character Daru, we may often feel alone. And in condemning and praising as Camus suggests, we must always realize our fallibility: we may be wrong. One final lesson from the non-believer Camus and the very Catholic Dorothy Day is to (in Day’s words) “always be seeking concordances, rather than differences—that is the writing, basis of the ecumenical movement, which is part of the peace movement.” After her conversion, she was often criticized for still associating with Marxists and anarchists, but she believed strongly that dialogue contributed to Qualitative dissertation, “clarification of thought.” In his address to Difficulties, Dominican monks, Camus said “between the forces of terror and the forces of dialogue a great unequal battle has begun. . . . But I believe it must be fought,” and he encouraged the dissertation introduction, monks to whom he spoke, and Christians generally, to Things a compare and contrast essay on with, join with “isolated individuals who, without any sort of affiliation, today intercede almost everywhere and ceaselessly for children and for dissertation introduction, men.”

I n these days of to write on with poems, partisan name-calling and political gridlock, when intolerance and lack of humility are too often on display, Camus and Day offer us an Qualitative important lesson. Like them, we need to “condemn what [note: not ‘who’] must be condemned,” but also seek dialogue with anyone (believers or unbelievers) willing to correct injustices and service company reviews fox, work for the common good. Sufficiently humble, they were both aware that in their condemnations they could be wrong, but believed in dialogue as a path of correcting their mistakes. In this, they mirror what Robert Fuller admires about science: “[it] makes even more mistakes than religion; but it saves itself by being quicker to recognize and correct them.” Posted on July 1, 2012. Walter G. Moss is a professor emeritus of history at Eastern Michigan University. His most recent book is An Age of Progress?: Clashing Twentieth-Century Global Forces (2008). Dissertation Introduction? For a list of all his recent books and online publications, including many on Russian history and culture, go here: http://people.emich.edu/wmoss/pub.htm. Edwin Ted Mosser says.

I read the above this morning. I won’t comment now on all of it or on all of my beliefs. What I will say, is that one of the problems with Christianity, at least as it is so often stated, is that it is Things to write and contrast poems, exclusionary, and Qualitative, evidently so is Islam. Thus, the huge conflict. Christians are a little more subtle. To Write And Contrast Essay? I frankly don’t know whether Jesus intended to exclude those who did not make a specific vow. Anyway, I am something of a pantheist and I’m inclined to believe there are many paths for people to introduction, the divine. Pope Francis seems to with statement, be a man who is moving in the right direction. Qualitative? I do envision a heaven or a sort of nirvana where I hope to reunite with those I love.

The Cost of Silence: How A Wealthy LA Democratic Donor Muted The Political Party of “Allies” and “Coalition Building” Jasmyne Cannick: Very few from the a thesis statement, political party of allies, coalition building and we’re stronger together have joined the Qualitative dissertation, public call for justice in the death of this young Black gay man. Appetite for War: US, Israel and Saudi Arabia v. Iran. Vijay Prashad: There is widespread enthusiasm in a thesis statement, the White House to walk away from the nuclear deal and to use the full vitality of U.S. power to suffocate Iran. Once More into the Breech: Getting a Grip on Gun Violence.

John Peeler: Just as Trump’s supporters chant “Build the introduction, Wall” for its symbolic value, those of us who want to get a grip on gun violence will not stop advocating for outlawing weapons whose only purpose is to paper, kill people. Copyright #x000A9; 2017 · Dick Price and Qualitative introduction, Sharon Kyle · Log in.

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7 Reasons This Is An Excellent Resume For Someone Making A Career Change. Writing a resume can be a daunting task. Qualitative. And if you're changing careers or industries, it's even more challenging. When you're attempting to change careers, you're often going up against many other candidates who possess a more traditional (and regularly accepted) work history for the role or industry you're targeting, says Amanda Augustine, a career expert at Writing reviews fox TheLadders, an online job-matching service for Qualitative introduction, professionals. Things A Compare And Contrast Essay. But a standout resume will help you get noticed when you might otherwise be passed over. . In order to create an eye-catching resume that'll help you stand out from the competition, you'll have to look at dissertation introduction all your experience and accolades in a different light, she says. You must evaluate your experience, education, and writing a thesis statement, professional development and skills to determine what's considered important for Qualitative, your new career, and then you'll have to re-position or re-brand yourself. . To do this, you'll need to article writing, become well versed in Qualitative, your target industry's terminology so you can express your previous experience and skills in with writing zip, terms that your new audience will understand and appreciate, Augustine explains. That can take a lot of Qualitative dissertation effort on the part of the job seeker; it may even require you to speak with people who work in your target field €” which you should be doing anyway €” to learn which of your skills are transferable and Writing service reviews, most prized. She says when you have a well-crafted document and Qualitative dissertation introduction, an advocate in your corner, you're much more likely to Effective writing university of toronto, succeed with your career transition. Qualitative Introduction. To get a clearer picture of what makes a resume stand out, we asked Augustine to create a sample of an excellent one for fox, a professional changing careers. . While your resume may look different depending on the job or industry you're targeting, the one below from someone hoping to transition from HR to sales should serve as a useful guide: Skye Gould/Business Insider.

What makes this an excellent resume for someone transitioning careers or industries? Augustine outlines the following reasons: 1. The job seeker's new career objective is clear. . If you want to Qualitative, change careers, it's best to have your new job goal well-defined, as this will dictate how you reposition your experience and which qualifications you decide to highlight in your new resume, Augustine says. . 2. This resume focuses on the skills, achievements, and Difficulties, qualifications that are most relevant to the job seeker's new career track. . While HR and sales may not seem like similar career tracks, many of the skills leveraged by recruiters can be transferable to a sales or marketing career, she explains. It's important to identify which of your skill sets are valuable to another field, and in what capacity. I can rattle off a list of common skills that are easily transferable to a variety industries and functions €” problem-solving, strategic thinking, strong written or oral communication, people management, innovation, negotiation, etc. €” but it gets trickier when you're considering a switch from a very specialized role to a completely different field. In these cases, talk to Qualitative introduction, people who work in the industries that interest you. Once they have a good understanding of your background and strengths, they'll be able to provide insight into which roles in their field might be relevant to you. University Of Toronto. 3. This resume sells what the job seeker has to offer. . Hazel is a technical recruiter seeking a position selling recruiting software to corporations, so her extensive knowledge of the recruitment process and her experience using and introduction, training others on various social recruiting platforms and applicant tracking systems work is emphasized in scholarship unique, her professional summary and highlighted throughout the rest of her resume.

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Showcase any memberships to dissertation, professional associations, volunteer work, internships, or other extracurricular activities that allowed you to either leverage relevant skills or exposed you to your target field or industry, Augustine says.. SEE ALSO: This Is An Ideal Resume For A Mid-Level Employee. NOW WATCH: 7 smart questions to ask at the end of every job interview. Recommended For You Powered by Sailthru. 7 Reasons This Is An Excellent Resume For Someone Making A Career Change.

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Essay on Sufism in India | Medieval Age. In this essay we will discuss about Sufism in India. After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Evolution of the Sufi Movement 2. Meaning of Sufism 3. History of Sufism 4. Qualitative Dissertation. Sufism in India 5. Impact of Sufism. Essay on the Evolution of a compare on with poems Sufi Movement Essay on the Meaning of Sufism Essay on the History of Sufism Essay on Sufism in India Essay on the Impact of Sufism. 1. Essay on dissertation introduction the Evolution of Sufi Movement: If the Effective writing university, impact of Islamism on Hinduism gave rise to Bhakti Movement, the impact of dissertation introduction Hinduism on Islamism led to Sufi Move­ment. Sufism is another name for the Islamic mysticism. The term Sufi according to Edward Sell, is most probably derived from the Arabic word Sufi, “Wool” of which material, the garments worn by eastern ascetics used to be generally made though the Term paper research papers, Sufi movement in India gained momentum in the 14th century, its traces go back to the period before the foundation of the Turkish rule.

Broadly speaking, the Sufi movement can be divided into two parts. The first, from the earliest time to Qualitative introduction, the beginning of the 9th century and the second from 9th century onwards. During the first period Sufism possessed no system and during second it developed its own organisation and monastic orders. 2. Essay on the Meaning of zip Sufism: Sufism has been defined by Dr. Tara Chand as “a complex phenomenon; it is like a stream which gathers volume by the joining of introduction tributaries from many lands.

Its original source is the Quran and the life of Muhammad. Christianity and neo-Platonism swelled it by a large contribution. Hinduism and Things a compare and contrast Buddhism supplied a number of ideas, and the religions of ancient Persia Zoroastrianism, Manism, etc., brought to it their share.” F. Hadlane Davis says, “Sufism is essentially a religion of love with a creed or dogma. No merciless hells leap up in the Sufi’s beliefs. He has no one way theory for the beyond! The ways of God are as the number of souls of men”. Prof. K.D. Bhargava says “Muslim mysticism of Sufism may be regarded as love of Supreme Beauty.

The thought of the East and the West converges in the fundamentals of love. In the admi­ration for the Supreme beauty, minor differences in Qualitative introduction the East and the West converge in the fundamentals of love. In the admiration for the Supreme Beauty, minor differences in the East and West are annihilated, and mystics all over world, whether in India, China or Europe, sing the same prayer for Union with the beloved, There are bound to Help with statement zip, be differences in detail, but all of them tend, in the main, in the same direction.” 3. History of Sufism: The Sufis drew their inspiration mainly from Qualitative dissertation Quran and Term paper papers the life of Muhammad, even though Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Manism and Qualitative dissertation Neo-Platonism also made valuable contribution to with statement, its growth. Amongst the Muslim devotees there were certain persons who attached great importance to principles of Tauba (repentance) and Tawakkul (trust in God), and took to asceticism and abstinence. They took continuous and severe fasts and soon began to be considered as saints and preachers. One of the earliest Sufis was a woman saint by introduction, the name Rabia of Basra. She was more ethical rather than metaphysical. She said “Love of God hath so absorbed me that neither love nor hate of any other thing remains in my heart.” She also initiated the practice of using symbolical language of human love to describe the relations between the mystic and his Divine Beloved.

The Sufi movement was given theolosophyical basis by Abbasids of Things to write a compare on with poems Baghdad. But the most celebrated role in the evolution of Sufism was played by the Persian saint Bayazid Bustami, who introduced the element of ecstasy and mystic doctrine of the imma­nence of God. The term ‘Fana’ or annihilation of the self, which became the basis of the Qualitative introduction, Sufi philosophy was for the first time used by him. When the Muslims came into contact with the Christians they adopted certain other principles like mediation and repetition of Goods name and prayer (dhikr), complete detachment from the article of toronto, affairs of Qualitative introduction personal interest, utter dependence upon God, rejection of material goods (fuqr), indifference towards suffering, praise or blame etc. The First Sufi writer to use the Christian gospels was Abdullah- al-Muhasibi, who died in 857 A.D. Hinduism also exercised profound influence on Sufism. Certain elements of Hindu philosophy had been assimilated by Plato, the great Greek philosopher, after the preliminary contact between the cultures of the Greeks and the Hindus was established. Subsequently when the paper goals, Greek works were translated into Arabic, the Qualitative dissertation, Neo-Platonism ideas (containing the Hindu elements) found their way into Islam. The ideas which thus gained entry into Islam included contempt of the world, leaning towards divine life etc.

Certain Buddhist ideas, of Vedanta also found their way into Islam in the like manner. There is controversy amongst scholars regarding the origin of Things to write a compare Sufism. While Dr. Yusuf Husain holds that Sufism was born in the bosom of Islam and dissertation the foreign ideas and practices exercised no influence on it. Prof.

A.L. Srivastava has no doubt that Sufism was profoundly influenced by Hindu thought, belief and practices. He says the very conception of a loving God and Term research papers the relations between God and soul as one of the beloved and the lover are peculiar to Hinduism and were adopted by the Sufis in India. The pacifism and non-violence which were imbibed by the Indian Muslim Sufis were also peculiar to Christianity and to Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, Some of the ascetic practices involving starvation and torturing of the body like Chilah-i-makus (which means the tying of a rope to one’s feet and getting one’s body lowered into a well and offering prayer in that posture for forty nights) seem to Qualitative introduction, have been borrowed from the Hindu and Buddhist practices. Prof.

Nizami also holds the view that, aˆ?the Chishtis adop­ted many Hindu customs and goals ceremonials in the initial stages of the development of their silisilah in India. The practice of bowing before the Shaikh (head of a khanqah), presenting water to visitors, circulating zanbil (a bowl made of dried and hollow gourd), shaving the head of new entrants to the mystic circle, audition parties (Sama) and the Chillah-makus had close resemblance to Hindu and Buddhist practices….” Going back to the history of Sufism again we find that the name Sufi was first of all applied to Qualitative dissertation, Abu Kashim of Kufa. But the most significant contribution to the development of write an essay scholarship Sufism was made by Husain Ibn Hansur Al-Hallaj in the tenth century. Hallaj con­ceived the relation of God with man as the infusion of the introduction, divine into the human soul. He provided the Things a compare essay, basis for the development of the doctrine of Insan-i-Kamil’ (the perfect man) which was worked up by subsequent Sufi writers. F. Hadland Davis has brought out the contributions of Hallaj thus: “With his fanaticism, his absurd indiscretion and love of Qualitative dissertation conjuring, he left much behind of permanent value to the Sufis.” Another well known Sufi who carried further the ideas of Mansur-al-Hallaj was Fariduddin Attar (1136-1230) born about 150 years after Hallaj was beheaded. Attar is Effective article writing, said to have written 114 books on Sufism. He also compiled biographies and sayings of Muslim saints in Tadhkirat-al-auliya, which is considered to be a source book for the study of early Sufism.

Attar lived long and his head was cut-off by a soldier of Changez Khan. Jalaluddin Rumi, established an order of Darveshes. He believed that love is the greatest virtue which purifies the spiritual sentiments giving us the Qualitative, vision of the Supreme. His beloved is not confined with the temple, mosque and church but resides in the pure heart. Rumi believed that man must go through a number of intermediate stages and forms until he attains perfection necessary for the soul and he continues developing it, until he has attained maximum development of his faculties. Rumi left a vast store of spiritual knowledge in his Masnavi, which is considered as the text for the study of Sufism. In the words of F. Hadland Davis, “The Masnavi has all the pantheistic beauty of the Psalms, the with, music of the hills, the colour and scent of the roses, the introduction, swaying of forests; but it has considerably more than that these things of scent and form and colour are the Mirror of the Beloved; these earthly loves, the journey down the valley into the Rose-Garden, where the roses never fade, and where love is.” Reuben Levy also holds that, “The Masnavi is an article university, immense work which contains in its six books all the doctrines, traditions and legends of Sufism, presented in a series of parables, allegories and pseudohistorical narratives.” The philosopher and theologian who provided a real metaphy­sical basis to Sufism was Ghazali. He also tried to reconcile it with orthodox Islam. Dr. Dissertation. Tara Chand says: “Like the Hindu philo­sophers, he argued that through ordinary means of knowledge man can know only the relative, and as God is absolute, he cannot gain any positive knowledge of his qualities or nature.

He must, there­fore, depend upon revelation – prophetic or personal – to obtain that knowledge. He further taught that it was possible to know God, because God’s nature was not different in Help writing a thesis zip essence from that of man and that the dissertation introduction, human soul partook of the divine and paper research papers would after death return to its divine source.” Prof. K.D. Bhargava says: “Ghazali rescued Islam from barren and stereotyped phrases and dogmas, and brought them into Qualitative, Jiving contact with the Quran and the Traditions. Ghazali destroyed the dead wood of Muslim scholasticism and emphasised the element of fear in his doctrines. In his magnum opus ‘Ihya u’l ‘ulum aˆ™ he laid stress on immediate experience, ecstasy and inward transformation without which no salvation was possible. The doctrines of Term paper goals Sufism were also promoted by Shaikh Shahabuddin Suhrawardi and Ibn-al-Arabi. But these two philosophers belong to two different schools of mysticism.

While Suhrawardi regarded light (nur) as the ultimate reality, Arabi attached greater importance to faith, devotion and meditation. He believed that man and nature were the mirrors which displayed God himself. God manifests himself in every atom of creation. He is revealed in every intelligible object and concealed from dissertation introduction every intelligence except the intelligence of those who say that the writing essays, universe is his form and ipseity (Surahwahuwayah) in as much as he stands in the same relation to phenomenal objects as the spirit to the body.” Another important authority of Sufism was Abdul Karim al Jili who wrote a treatise Insan-al-Kamil. He also wrote commentary on Futuhat-al-MalcKiyah. Jili believed that man attains spiritual perfection passing through four stages…complete surrender to the Will of God, destruction of the Qualitative dissertation introduction, individual, acquisition of mira­culous power and Term paper papers goals divine attributes, and lastly entrance into Essence becoming perfect (Insan-i-Kamil) Godman. He held that all faiths were thoughts about Qualitative dissertation introduction one reality.

The differences were due to variety of names and attributes and altogether contribution to the perfection of the whole. This clearly shows that Jili was profoundly influenced by the Hindu Vedanta or monistic philosophy. It may be noted that the orthodox Muslim leadersaˆ”both Shia and Sunniaˆ”were opposed to Sufism because of its electric doctrines. It was only Things to write a compare essay on with poems due to the powerful personality and intellectual brillian­ce of Ghazali that they accepted Sufism within its fold. The period from 1200 to 1500 A.D. is considered as the period of permeation of Sufi thought in dissertation India. During, this period a number of Things to write and contrast essay poems new sects and movements were started which formed a mid-way between Hinduism and Islam. The Sufis were devout Muslims, who moved within the limits of shara (Law of introduction Islam) and believed it as the true way to salvation. They however, attached an Term, esoteric significance to the teachings of Quran and regarded inward light or intuitive experience as of far more importance than dogmatic formalism of the orthodox type. In the words of Yusuf Husain, “The orthodox Muslims depend upon exter­nal conduct, while the Sufis seek inner purity. Introduction. The orthodox believe in service company reviews blind obedience to, or observance to, or observance of religious rituals, while the Sufis think love to be the only means of reaching God.” The two Sufis orders which first took roots in the Indian soil were the Chishti and the Suhrawardy.

Soon certain other orders like Qadri, Naqshbandi, Shuttari and the Madari also started working in northern India. The Suhrawardia Silsilah or order was confined to Sindh, Multan and Punjab, although some of the Suhrawardia saints had also settled down in Delhi and Awadh. The Chishti Silsilah established itself at Qualitative introduction, Ajmer and Writing service company reviews other places of Rajasthan as well as in certain parts of introduction Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, Orissa and Deccan. Things A Compare Essay On With Poems. The chief reason for introduction, the comparative popularity of the Chishti Silsilah was that the Chishti saints adopted themselves according to the usages and customs of the people. Khawaja Muin-ud-Din Chishti: The Chishtis order was founded by Khawaja Abdul Chishti and was introduced in India by Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chishti, popularly known as Khawaja. Khawaja was born in Sijistan (Persia) in How to write an essay 1141 A.D. He lost his father at an early age. Due to unsettled conditions in the country he even lost his property and became a recluse.

He visited various seats of Islamic learning like Samarkand, Bokhara etc. During the course of his journey he met Khawaja Usam at dissertation, Naishapur and became his disciple. In the prime of his life he came to India and settled down at Lahore, wherefrom he moved on to Ajmer. Prof. Yusuf Husain says, “One cannot think without admiration of this man, almost alone, living among the Help writing zip, people who considered the least contact with a Muslim as defilement.

Sometime he was refused water to drink. In the torried climate of Rajputana this was the hardest punishment one can imagine:” Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chishti worked amongst the low caste people and spent his life in the service of the introduction, helpless and the downtrodden. Khawaja advocated the philosophy of non-Duality. He said : “When we transcended the external and looked around, we found the lover, the beloved and the love (itself) to be one, i.e. in the sphere of Oneness all is one….’ He held that the greatest form of devotion to God consisted in service to humanity. His attitude towards God and to write and contrast essay on with people won him great popularity.

Khawaja died at a ripe age in Qualitative introduction 1236 A.D. and he was buried at Ajmer. His mausoleum has become a centre of pilgrimage for people of all classes. The Chishti mystics believed in the spiritual value of music and patronized professional singers without any distinction of caste, religion etc. Qutab-ud-din Bakhtiar Kaki, the chief successor of Khawaja Muin ud-Din Chishti is said to have died in a State of ecstasy at the monastery of Shaikh Ali Sijistani. Effective Writing University. A mausoleum of the Khawaja was built near Qutab Minar at Delhi. Kaki Sahib was greatly respected by Iltutmish, who offered him the high office of Shaikh-ul-Islam.

However, Kaki Sahib declined the offer. Farid ud-Din Masud or Baba Farid: Kaki Sahib was suc­ceeded by Farid-ud-Din Masud, popularly known as Baba Farid Shakar Ganj. He is called Shakar Ganj because according to legend. Baba Farid asked a certain merchant, who was carrying bales of sugar on the back of camels, for some quantity of sugar. The merchant told the Baba that the bales contained the salt and not the sugar. When the merchant reached home, to Qualitative, his great surprise, he found that the bales contained salt in place of sugar. He imme­diately came back to Baba Farid and asked for forgiveness .It is said that the bales again turned into sugar. Ever since that incidence, people started calling him by Things to write and contrast on with, the name of Farid Shakar Ganj.

Farid hailed from Qualitative dissertation introduction a royal family of Afghanistan. His grand­father settled down in Multan and ever since the family was in How to write unique India. Qualitative. Farid came under the influence of Sufis and gave up his estates and Term paper research papers took to travelling. He became a disciple of Khawaja Qutab ud-din Chishti. He finally settled down at Ajoddan now known as Pakpattan where he stayed till his death in 1265 A.D. Baba Farid disliked popularity and preferred solitude. He believed that one should keep away from kings and nobles because a Darvesh who makes friends with kings and nobles will end badly. He laid emphasis on concentration of heart and absentation from prohibited means of livelihood. Balban had great devotion for Baba Farid but the later never took any advantage of this.

Sheikh Nizam-ud-Din Aulia: The chief disciple of Baba Farid was Sheikh Nizam-ud-Din Aulia, who was born in Badaun in 1336 A.D. Aulia lost his father at the age of five and Qualitative introduction was brought up by Difficulties writing, his mother who was a pious lady. At the age of dissertation 20 he became a disciple of Baba Farid who was greatly impressed by his intelli­gence. In 1258 A.D., he came down to Delhi and continued his spiritual activities for nearly 60 years from there. Writing Service Reviews Fox. Subsequently, he moved away from din of the city to dissertation introduction, a village near Delhiaˆ”Ghiaspur. Article Writing University. Though Sheikh Nizam-ud-Din Aulia saw the reigns of seven Sultans, he never visited the Darbar of any of them. Introduction. In fact, he considered it below the dignity of a Sufi to service company reviews fox, pay visit to a Sultan. It is said that once Sultan Ala-ud-Din wanted to seek an interview with the Sheikh but he declined the same He informed him that “there are two doors in my house, if the Sultan comes by one door, I will quit by the other.” It is difficult to Qualitative introduction, understand why Nizam-ud-Din differen­tiated between the poor and paper research papers the rich. Qualitative. By permitting the Sultans to an essay scholarship unique, have a contact with him, he could have made them less autocratic.

Probably, the Sufis avoided the introduction, company of the Sultans with a view to avoid any clash or conflict with orthodox Ulemas, at article writing, the courts of the Sultans. Nizam-ud-Din Aulia was a man of literary outlook and took great interest in music. This was completely disliked by the ortho­dox Ulemas and they even tried to introduction, condemn him Nizam-ud-Din however, did not bother about essays this and continued to case more about the common people. Love of humanity was one of his princi­ples He said, “O Muslims; I swear by God, that he holds dear those who love him for Qualitative, the sake of God. This is only way to love and reviews adore God.” Dr. Qualitative. R.C. Majumdar writes, “He laid stress on the element of love as a means of the realization of Writing service God.

The love of God implied, in Qualitative introduction his view, the love of humanity, and this ethical idea was strongly inculcated by him on Help writing statement the hearts of his disciples.” According to Prof. Yusuf Husain, “Sheikh Nizam-ud-Din Aulia, generally known as Mahbub-i-Illalhi (the beloved of God), represents a great spiritual force in the history of Qualitative introduction Muslim India. His disciples spread all over the country. His personality and the breadth of his religious outlook assured the popularity of the Chishti order in India. For nearly sixty years he was a source of blessing to hundreds and thousands who came from far and near to seek his guidance. How To Write An Essay Unique. He inspired men with the love of God and helped them to get rid of their attachment to worldly affairs. He regulated the life of his disciples, in accordance with the Shari’at, to reach a higher state of spiritual development.”

Nizam-ud-Din Aulia acquired great fame during his life time and Qualitative dissertation introduction was popularly known as Mahbuba-i- Illahi. To a large extent the popularity of the Chishti Order in India was due to his love of humanity and saintly virtues. Sheikh Nasir-ud-Din or Chiragh of Term papers Delhi: Sheikh Nasir- ud-Din also known as Chiragh of Delhi was the last great Sufi of the Chishti Order. He was born at Ayodhya where his grandfather had migrated from Lahore. He lost his father at the age of 9 and his mother looked after his education. At the age of 25, he decided to become a mystic. He spent practically whole of his days in reading, praying and meditation in a mausoleum near his home town and slept very little. Dissertation Introduction. At the Term papers goals, age of Qualitative introduction 45, he paid visit to Sheikh Nizam ud-Din Aulia at Delhi and became his disciple.

Like his teacher, Sheikh Nasir-ud-Din also cultivated with the poor and avoided the company of kings. Paper Research Goals. After the death of Nizam-ud-Din Aulia, Nasir- ud-Din became the Khalifa and continued his tradition. The Sheikh had much trouble with Qutub-ud-Din Mubarak as well as Muhammad bin Tughlaq because he refused to mix up with them. It is said that he was forced to introduction, pay a visit to with writing a thesis zip, Muhammad- bin-Tughlaq, but, he refused to accept the bag of tankas and woolen clothes which were presented to him by the Sultan. Sheikh was also compelled by Qualitative dissertation, the Sultan to accompany him on his Thatha expedition. Sheikh Nasir-ud-Din also played a major role in raising Firoz Tughlaq to the throne but soon he became disappointed with his way of life.

During the later years of Effective article of toronto his life, the Sheikh was in Qualitative dissertation a melancholy mood probably due to the miseries of the people all round. Another probable reason for this unhappiness was that there was so much of people’s crowd all round him that he found very little time for his personal study and prayer. He died in 1336 A.D. Another notable Chishti Sufi of the 16th century was Sheikh Salim of Fatehpur Sikri. Effective University Of Toronto. Though he could not rise to the stature of Nizam-ud-Din Aulia or Nasir-ud- Din, he had quite a good gathering. It is said that Akbar the great, called on him in his cave and sought his blessings for Qualitative dissertation introduction, a son, Prince Jahangir was born as a result of this blessings.

Akbar used to call him by the name of Sheikhu Baba. Like other Sufi saints Sheikh Salim Chishti led a married life. His children rose to high position under Akbar and his successors. On his death, he was buried in the famous Jami Mosque of Fatehpur Sikri and to write a beautiful mausoleum was built over his grave by the great emperor. Life of Chishti Sufis:

All these Chishti saints had faith in simple living. They used the minimum of clothes and lived a very simple and pure life. They were opposed to the idea of private property and considered it as a big hurdle in the development of their personality. Although all the Chishti Sufis, with exception of Sheikh Nizam-ud-Din Aulia led a married life and had children but they did not own property. They also did not accept charity from the dissertation, State and writing usually lived on the charity willingly given by Qualitative introduction, the prosperous persons. These Chishti Sufis have recorded that they had to an essay for college, go without food many a times but they never borrowed or sought assistance These Sufis were so much absorbed in their mystic contemplation that they did not pay sufficient attention to the up­bringing of their children. As a result, their sons failed to Qualitative dissertation introduction, attain the standard of their fathers. As Prof. K A. Nazami has said, “No son of an Writing company, early Chishti saint of India was mentally or spiritually in a position to keep the torch of his father burning.

If the only son of Sheikh Qutub-ud-Din Bakhtiyar was ‘unworthy of his father’, a grandson of Sheikh Najib-ud-Din was a vagabond. They possessed wordly wisdom, but were devoid of all spiritual integrity.” 2. Suharawardi Order: Suhrawardi is one of the oldest Sufi orders which was founded by Sheikh Shihab-ud-Din Suhrawardi. He (Sheikh Shihab ud-Din Suhrawardi) sent disciples to India and they settled down in North­western India. The prominent Suhrawardi saints of India were, Sheikh Hamid-ud Din Nagauri and Sheikh Baha-ud-Din Zakariya of Multan.

Sheikh Hami-ud-Din Nagauri was the author of two books, Tawaliush Shams and Lawaih. Dissertation Introduction. He was fond of music parties. Sheikh Baha-ud-Din Zakariya Suhrawardi: Sheikh Baha- ud-Din Zakariya Suhraward was born near Multan in 1182 A.D. Early in Term goals his life, he visited Khurasan. Bukhara, Medina and Palestine to gain knowledge in Islamic studies. Qualitative Dissertation Introduction. At Baghdad, he met Sheikh Shihab-ud Din Suhrawardi. On his direction, he set up a khanqah at Multan, where he worked for almost half a century. His philosophy differed from that of the company reviews fox, Chishti Sufis. He did not believe in poverty and torturing of the body and introduction led a balanced and comfortable life. He also did not believe in fasting and morti­fication and faithfully followed rules of Islam.

He wanted the external affairs of Things to write a compare and contrast essay on with Islam to be faithfully followed and dissertation rejected the Hindu practice of bowing before the Sheikh, a practice adopted by the Chishtis. He also took active interest in the political affairs and freely mixed with rulers and administrators. As a result, a large number of well-to-do men became his followers. He accepted land and gifts from statement kings and nobles and Qualitative was probably the richest saint of the How to an essay for college unique, medieval India. Split in Suhrawardi Order:

After the death of Sheikh Baha-ud-Din in Zakariya Suhrawardi, the Suhrawardi orders split up into dissertation, two branchesaˆ”the Multan and Uchch branch. His son. Badrud-Din Arif became the head of the Multan branch while his disciple Sayyid Jalaluddin Surkh Bukhari headed the Uchch branch. Arif looked after the Multan branch for about 23 years. He fundamentally differed from his father in matter of religion and politics. Unlike his father, he looked upon accumulation of wealth as hurdles in the development of spiritual personality. It is said that he gave away in charity 7 lakhs tankas he inherited from Term paper his father. He also insisted on simple living. In other respects he did not make any fundamental changes in the Suhrawardi Order.

Sayyid Jalaluddin Surkh Bukhari: Jalaluddin Surkh Bukhari also rendered great service co the spread of Suhrawardi Orders in Uchch. He converted a number of Hindus to Islam. He had 3 sons and one of the grandsons of Sayyid Jalal-ud-Din Makhdum-i-Jahanian, emerged as one of the most celebrated Suhrawardi saints of his times. He exercised tremendous influence in the political and religious life of saints. He was appointed Sheikh-ul Islam by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq but resigned the job and proceeded to Mecca. Even Firoz Tughlaq, the successor of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq greatly honoured him. The Suhrawardi Sufis differed from the Chishtis in many respects, both with regard to organisation and policies. They freely mixed with Sultans and other rich people. While Chishti Saints did not keep the introduction, money received as charity with them and distributed it amongst the people, the Suhrawardi saints like Baha-ud-Din Zakariya accepted the charity liberally and tried to accumulate them. As regards the organisation, the Chishti Jamait Khana accommodated all the inmates and visitors in Help writing their hall.

The Khunqahs of the Suhrawardi were so designed as to provide separate accommodation to Qualitative dissertation, all inmates and Difficulties visitors. The Suhraward under Baha-ud-Din Zakariya regarded only rich people and neglected the general public. They had also fixed up certain hours for meeting the visitors. These practices of some of the Suhrawardi Sufis were strongly condemned by the people. 3. Firdausia Order: The Firdausia Order was a branch of the Qualitative introduction, Suhrawardi Order. Its activities were mainly confined to Bihar and itaˆ™s headquarter was Rajgir. This Order was popularized by Sheikh Sharf-ud-Din Yahya Manairi, a disciple of Khwaja Nizam-ud-Din Firdausi.

Sheikh Sharf-ud-Din Yahya Manairi was not only Help writing a thesis a practical guide but also an excellent exponent of theoretical mysticism. He tried to bring about Qualitative moderation in Islamic law and tried to reconcile the “Unity of Being” with the principles of Islam. It may be noted that this principle was introduced by Ibnu ‘l Arabi and was popularized in India by Minairi. In his Maktubat, Minairi discussed the mystic implications of Islamic Tauhid and expounded that the slave remains a slave and How to write scholarship God remains God. His interpretation of the passing way of the self (fana) is that the devotee in this state of conscious­ness experiences a vision in Qualitative which he feels one with God who manifests himself in the form of Light or Illumination (tajalli). A Compare On With. The union with God is not like the union of a body, or of Qualitative introduction a sub­stance with a substance, or of an accident with an accident; on the contrary, it is an intuitive contact and a detachment from the world and all that is other than God.” Sheikh Sharf-ud-din Yahya Manairi was not only a practical guide and speculative thinker but also a prolific writer. Fox. Apart from its maktubat and malfuzat, he compiled several books for the guidance of his devotees.

The prominent amongst them includes Fawaidu’l Muridin, the Irshadat Talibin and the Rahatuaˆ™s Qulab. Sheikh Sarfuddin Yahya Maniri laid great stress on the service of humanity as a part of his mystic discipline. In one of Qualitative dissertation his letters addressed to Malik Khizir, he wrote, “In this dark world it is papers goals, incumbent to serve the needy by the pen, tongue, wealth and position. Prayers, fasting and voluntary worship are good as far as they go, but they are not as useful as making others happy (Maktubat).” In another letter he wrote, “The nearest way to reach God for introduction, kings and nobles and men of means and wealth is to succour the needy and to Effective writing, offer a helping hand to Qualitative introduction, the downtrodden.

A saint has said that there are many paths leading to the Lord, but the shortest is to console the afflicted and to give comfort to the hearts of Help writing statement zip men. Someone mentioned to the saint the goodness of a ruler who kept awake the whole night to offer prayers and fasted during the day. Having heard this the saint said: ‘He is neglecting his own work, while he is doing the work of others.’ When the saint was asked what he meant by his remark, he added: “The real function of Qualitative introduction a ruler is to feed his people well, to clothe the naked to rehabilitate the scholarship, desolate hearts of Qualitative introduction men and to succour the needy. Writing Statement Zip. As far prayers and fasting and voluntary worship, the Darveshes can very well do this (Maktubat).” The Qadiri order was founded by the celebrated Shaikh Abdul Qadiri Jilani of Baghdad and Qualitative was instrumental in the spread of Islam in Central Asia and write Western Africa. This order reached India in 15th century and the credit for popularizing it in Qualitative dissertation introduction India goes to Shah Ni’amatullah and Difficulties essays Makhdum Muhammad Jilani. The followers of this order opposed to music and singing as well as recital of the blessings of the prophet. Qualitative Dissertation Introduction. They wear green turbans and one of their garments must be ochre-coloured.

Dara Shikoh son of Emperor Shahjahan was a follower of company reviews fox his order. Some of the prominent Qadiri saints included Shaikh Hamid Ganj Baksh, Abdul Qadir and Shaikh Musa. During the dissertation, early years the to write a compare and contrast essay on with, order was confined to Uch in Sind but later on it spread to Agra and Qualitative dissertation introduction other places. 5. Writing Service. Naqshbandi Order: Naqshbandi order was founded in India by the followers of Khwaja Pir Muhammad. It was introduced in India by Khwaja Baqi Billah, a descendent from Khawaja Bahauddin Naqshband.

This order laid great emphasis on the observations of law of Shariat and denounced all the innovations which had spoiled the purity of the Islamic doctrine. They challenged the idea of Unity of Being. The Naqshbandi saints were opposed to music although they started meditation. Shaikh Ahmed Sarhindi: Shaikh Ahmed Sarhindi was a disciple of Khwaja Baqi Billah and Qualitative dissertation introduction is popularly known as mujaddid He was a man of dynamic personality. He attacked mystic philo­sophy of the Unity of a compare and contrast on with Being and expounded the philosophy of apparatus. He also rejected the principle of immanence and Qualitative asserted that the relationship between man and God is that of slave and to write a compare master and not that of lover and beloved as the other Sufis held. In short, he tried to harmonize the doctrine of Qualitative dissertation introduction mysticism with the teachings of Term paper research orthodox Islam Shaikh Ahmed Sarhindi wrote a number of Qualitative letters to his disciples and his followers which have been collected and printed in three volumes under the title Maktubat i-Rahbani.

After his death, he was buried at Sarhind and his tomb is a place of pilgrimage. Another Sufi saint of the Naqshbandi order was Shaikh Walli-Ullah. He tried to reconcile the doctrines of Wuhdat-ul-Wujud and Wahdat-ush-Shuhud. He held that there was no contradiction between the two doctrines and said that, “God is the only self subsisting, eternal and necessary being and all else is created and Term has a contingent existence. In different respects God united through their different functions in dissertation God’s total being, in which all reality is included and all distinctions are annulled.” Shaikh Walli-Ullah was a scholar of great repute and produced a number of books on How to an essay for college scholarship mysticism. Dissertation Introduction. He justified this reconciliation of the two doctrines in his Madina letter and statement zip said, “Wahdatu’l Wujud” and “Wahdatush Shuhud” are relative terms used on two different occasions as agreements about the Qualitative dissertation introduction, existence of the Divine Being and How to an essay for college his relation with man and dissertation introduction the world. It is only a difference of approach to the same reality. Both are based on direct mystic experience and they do not contradict each other. The difference of interpretation is due to the metaphorical language which has been employed by the two parties. And yet on another occasion he has observed that in Term the mystic path the stage of “Apparentism” is higher than that of the Qualitative dissertation, “Unity of Being” (Tafhimate Ilahia).

Khwaja Mir Dard: Khwaja Mir Dard was the last notable mystic of the Naqshbandi order. He was also opposed to the doctrine of Wuhdat-ul-Wujud. But he accepted that in the last analysis both the writing essays, doctrines aimed at detachment of one’s heart from affiliations to dissertation introduction, the phenomenal world. Though like Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi he also had leaning towards Muslim orthodoxy, yet he expounded its own theory of ‘Ilme-Ilahi Muhammadi’ (Knowledge of God in the teachings of Muhammad). Apart from writing a number of Term research papers goals books on mysticism Khwaja Mir Dard was also a notable poet of Persian and Urdu. Some of his prominent works include ‘Ilmu’i Kitab’ (work on Qualitative dissertation mysticism), Wardate Dard, Nalae Dard, Ahe Dard, Shami-i-Mahfil and Dard-Dil. In addition to the above mystic orders certain other mystic orders also existed in India. These include Madariya or Tabaqatiya, Gurzmar, Jalaliya Musa Sohagiya and Wahubis.

However, these orders could not make much impact and do not deserve out attention. 5. Impact of Sufism: There is a controversy amongst scholars regarding the company fox, impact of Sufism on Indian culture. On the one hand, Prof. Qualitative Dissertation. A.L. Srivastava holds the opinion that, “Though the Sufi movement might have, in the long run exerted some influence on the contemporary Hindu religious practice, the Hindus in general had kept themselves aloof from the Muslim Sufis for a pretty long time. Some Hindus of the company reviews, lower classes might have come into contact with the sufis, but the bulk of them did not associate them­selves with them.” Further Srivastava admits that, “It was from the time of Akbar, however, that the Hindus began coming into dissertation introduction, close contact with Muslim Sufis. During the 17th and 18th centuries quite a good number of Effective writing university Hindu intellectuals not only dissertation introduction associated themselves with Muslim Sufis, but they also adopted sufistic thought, behaviour and practices.

These Hindus belonged to the upper strata of society and were highly educated and cultured.” Prof. R.C. Majumdar also holds that Sufism exercised a very limited cultural influence on India and their role has been exaggerat­ed. Term Paper Research Goals. He says, The role of both Medieval Mysticism and Sufism in Qualitative introduction the history of Indian culture is often exaggerated beyond all proportions. Whatever might have been the value of either as a distinctive phase of Hinduism and Islam, from moral, spiritual and philosophical points of view, their historical importance is considerably limited by the fact that number of Indians directly affected by them, even at their hey day which was short-lived, could not be very large. The number dwindled very appreciably in course of time, and the two orthodox religions showed no visible sign of being seriously affected by this sudden intrusion of radical elements. They pursued their even tenor, resembling the two banks of a river, separated by the stream that flows between them. Attempts were made to build a bridge connecting the two, but ended in failure. Even if there were any temporary bridge it collapsed in no time.

Prof. J.N. Sarkar also holds that Sufism gained popularity only in the 17th and 18th centuries. Explaining the reasons for the popularity of Sufism during this period in India, he says that it was mainly due to two factors: (1) The political and economic anarchy that came in the wake of downfall of Mughal Empire, (2) And an urge on the part of the two communities to come nearer, because in this alone lay their salvation and that of their country. He says that the Bhakti Movement and research papers Sufi philosophy intended to bring the ruling sect and dominated people closer together.

Prof. Sarkar says. “It was essentially a faith aˆ”often an intellectual emotional enjoyment served for the Philosophers, authors and dissertation mystics from Things to write a compare bigotry. The eastern variety of Sufism is mainly an off-shoot of the Vedanta of the Hindus and it rapidly spread and developed in India from the time of Akbar.” Prof. Yusuf Husain has appreciated the role of the Sufis in these words, “The Sufis in India, as elsewhere, attached an Qualitative dissertation introduction, esoteric significance to the teachings of the Quran. To them it had a deeper and more inward sense, but they did not claim any exclusive knowledge of the mysteries of existence.

They, however, propound­ed a scheme of life within the article university of toronto, limits set by the law of Islam (Shariat) which, they considered formed the true path (Tariqat) to the ultimate goal of attaining nearness to God. They preached inward light as against the dogmatic formalism of the ecclesiastics and the legists, and their exalted idealism brought spiritual solace and comfort to many a heart tossed on the sea of uncertainty and doubt.”