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B.S. Degree Annotated Rationale Essay. Papers Edinburgh! My goal is to complete a bachelor degree in Business, Management, and Economics with a concentration in Marketing, especially concentrating in markets for the multicultural segments in the United States. [s2] Additionally, I want to focus generally on the cultures of segmented groups and Personal for medical conclusion, how to market to those specific cultures from a knowledgeable perspective. As such, I have designed a concentration that interweaves those broader elements of culture (how humans understand their worlds and past papers edinburgh, the contexts in which they understand them) with a study of different groups that represent major ethnic groups within the United States after all this is the direction that this country is headed for. Although I have changed my degree plan several times I seem to always come back to marketing, coupled with a focus on multicultural marketing. Writing! This country will continue to develop into a diverse society; it will be essential for past edinburgh companies that want to market their products to the diverse consumer to understand the essay for medical school, various multicultural consumers in the U.S. According to The University of University papers edinburgh San Francisco School of Business, business leaders need a sophisticated understanding of their target audiences often multiple audiences with significant differences of race, culture, and, of course, gender.

The University of San Francisco Multicultural Marketing curriculum is designed to give the statement essay school conclusion, student the skills needed to market successfully to many demanding, though sometimes very subtly different cultural groups. Their multicultural marketing curriculum adds Marketing Research, Consumer Behavior, Marketing Management, and three courses dealing with culture to University papers edinburgh, the standard expectations for a business degree. Blending these with ESC guidelines, I have marketing Research, Consumer Behavior, and london, multiple courses that provide insight into different cultures (e.g., American Ethnic History, Sex and Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective, Caribbean History and Culture). I have introductory marketing from Colorado Technical University, and will take the Marketing Communications, Marketing Research, and edinburgh, Consumer Behavior courses at ESC. The ESC Area of Study Guidelines for a concentration in Marketing also state that students who work in Marketing need to develop skills in “critical reading, interpretation, and writing. Students should have an Personal statement conclusion understanding of ethics, globalization, diversity and University papers, cross-cultural differences, and organizations.” Students pursuing upper-level work in Marketing should acquire conceptual vocabularies, knowledge of sources, and critical skills appropriate to their areas of focus or lines of inquiry.” I will gain the critical reading, interpretation, and writing skills in all of my upper-level courses, and state a thesis make, especially my upper-level courses in marketing, which require analysis and University papers edinburgh, advanced-level writing skills. I address the ethics guideline in papers my course in University past edinburgh Marketing Communication, which has a strong “focus on ethical issues confronting marketers.” I address the Personal statement essay school conclusion, globalization guideline with courses such as E-Business and Marketing and the Virtual Marketplace. I have addressed the organizations guideline through my course in Organizational Behavior Principles. And I have addressed the guideline about diversity through my many courses dealing with culture. I want to combine the more specific focus on marketing with a more general focus on ethnic groups and culture, or the context in which marketers operate. University Past! Although the courses that provide these ethnic and cultural perspectives are not in my concentration, they do provide important background for my concentration, given my goals to focus on marketing to diverse populations. [s5] To provide a broad sociological perspective, I have included a course in American Social Problems, which provides an Personal for medical school conclusion introduction to sociological concepts.

To provide historical, artistic, sociological, philosophical, and cross-cultural perspectives, I have included American Ethnic History, Sex and Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective, Television and Culture, American Ethnic History, Artistic Expression in a Multicultural America, and Cultural Anthropology. University Papers! All of these courses provide a broad investigation of the finish last essay, concept of “social and cultural norms and belief systems,” and create a good understanding of social, creative, philosophical, and historical contexts in University past papers which I am applying the concepts of marketing. These courses will help fulfill my general goals of completing a bachelor degree in My dream essay writing english marketing, and gaining a focus to better understand ethnic groups within the U.S. The classes in Cultural Studies will give me an in-depth insight into the concept of University papers culture and a better understanding of How to a thesis essay make being in someone else’s shoes so to past papers edinburgh, speak. Communication skills I have courses in statement conclusion Communications for University past papers edinburgh Professionals and Interpersonal and finish homework minute, Small Group Communications. University Past Papers! Information management I have a course in Information Design and I have extensive knowledge utilizing an Dissertation information system designed to disseminate information at my workplace. Economics I have a course in Principles of Economics 2. Ethical and social responsibility My course in past papers edinburgh Marketing Communications has a strong focus on ethics in marketing. Quantitative skills I have courses in Statistics: An Activity Based Approach and Marketing Research. Understanding people in an organizational context I have courses in Organizational Behavior Principles and Dissertation on germs in phelgm, Managing Human Resources. Additional courses such as Sex and edinburgh, Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective provide deeper understanding of people in an organizational context. Understanding organizations within broader contexts I have courses in Marketing and the Virtual Marketplace and E-Business.

My extensive experience working in a large non-profit organization, along with my courses dealing with various cultures, creates a good understanding of Writing papers organizations within a broader context. I have also addressed the SUNY General Education guidelines in my overall degree plan. [s8] My range of courses includes Television and Culture (humanities), Statistics (math), Human Nutrition (natural science), American Social Problems (social science), College Reading and Composition (basic communication), American Ethnic History (American history), Ballet Artistic Expression in a Multicultural America (the arts), Cultural Patterns in Western Civilization (western civilization), and Caribbean History and Culture and Cultural Anthropology (other world civilizations). Many of my general education courses helped to create my liberal arts associate degree. I have covered nine of the ten general education areas with over 50 credits of general education. I have addressed the ESC guidelines for papers edinburgh a degree in Business, Management Economics with a concentration in Marketing as well as the SUNY General Education requirements in my degree plan. With the completion of my Bachelor of Science in Business, Management Economics, with a concentration in Marketing, I feel I will be highly qualified for career opportunities that may arise, that require a bachelor degree and analytical, communication, and people skills.

I have always considered myself to be a creative individual who devises situations that will enable me to express myself. I have researched the following job descriptions in my current workplace and believe that a bachelor degree will help me move toward these careers: Marketing Coordinator, Multi-Cultural Marketing Planner, and Product Services Coordinator. On Germs In Phelgm! [s9] These careers will require my expertise in marketing, communication, and knowledge of the world’s cultures and how to interact within diverse communities. Additionally, I have numerous work experiences in the Music Film Industries, and the nation’s largest non-profit organization that allows me to past, work with a diverse group of people, coupled with my academic learning which will add to my repertoire of communication, creativity, and inclusion. The ability to How to a thesis essay, effectively communicate with my colleagues through written communication, and to use computer application programs to heighten my presentations, the understanding of the papers edinburgh, specific demographics that we need to reach, and knowing the proper marketing plan to implement will all collectively aid in my ability to develop a successful professional career in Help writing a dissertation marketing. Comment [s1]: The student provides personal reasons that motivated her to complete a degree.

Comment [s2]: The student clearly states her Area of Study and Concentration. Papers Edinburgh! Additionally, she indicates briefly how she has individualized her concentration by focusing on school, multicultural marketing. The rest of this paragraph deals with her educational goals. Comment [s3]: The student offers her research, providing evidence that the concentration she designed is academically valid. Because ESC guidelines deal with marketing concentrations in University past edinburgh general, and do not specifically include information about multicultural marketing concentrations, the How to finish last essay, student researched another college that did offer that focus.

She used the information she found to help understand and realize her goals; she knew that she did NOT have to mimic the University papers edinburgh, other college’s program exactly. The rest of this section presents her research and conclusions based on that research. Comment [s4]: The student clearly refers to Personal statement essay for medical school, the ESC Area of University past papers Study Guidelines and shows in on germs in phelgm this section how she has addressed those expectations in her concentration. Comment [s5]: The student explains her individualized focus here, and talks about papers edinburgh, how courses in her general learning support and Writing online, integrate with her concentration courses. Papers! Comment [s6]: The student explains how she has addressed the general business guidelines as well as the specific concentration guidelines. Both general and specific guidelines are important, as each one identifies somewhat different areas of skills and knowledge that are expected in this type of degree. Comment [s7]: Here the student reflects briefly on last essay, the importance of certain liberal arts courses to marketing professionals. Past! Comment [s8]: The student explains briefly how she is fulfilling the SUNY General Education Requirement.

Comment [s9]: The student briefly explains her research into potential career paths, conducted through interviews with professionals at her current place of employment. She reflects on how she has developed important skills related to these career paths. Comment [s10]: A nice way to close, as this last paragraph parallels the thoughts in make the introduction. The student provides personal reasons that motivated her to complete a degree. The student clearly states her Area of Study and Concentration. Additionally, she indicates briefly how she has individualized her concentration by focusing on multicultural marketing. Past Papers Edinburgh! The rest of this paragraph deals with her educational goals. Personal! The student offers her research, providing evidence that the concentration she designed is academically valid.

Because ESC guidelines deal with marketing concentrations in past papers edinburgh general, and essay, do not specifically include information about multicultural marketing concentrations, the student researched another college that did offer that focus. She used the information she found to help understand and papers, realize her goals; she knew that she did NOT have to mimic the How to finish last, other college’s program exactly. The rest of this section presents her research and conclusions based on that research. The student clearly refers to the ESC Area of papers Study Guidelines and shows in writing london this section how she has addressed those expectations in her concentration. The student explains her individualized focus here, and talks about how courses in her general learning support and integrate with her concentration courses. The student explains how she has addressed the general business guidelines as well as the specific concentration guidelines. Both general and specific guidelines are important, as each one identifies somewhat different areas of skills and past papers, knowledge that are expected in this type of degree. Here the student reflects briefly on the importance of certain liberal arts courses to marketing professionals. The student explains briefly how she is fulfilling the SUNY General Education Requirement.

The student briefly explains her research into homework minute essay potential career paths, conducted through interviews with professionals at her current place of employment. She reflects on how she has developed important skills related to these career paths. A nice way to close, as this last paragraph parallels the thoughts in the introduction.

Sample Research Paper - The Patriot Act The Patriot Act Threatens Fundamental American Freedoms. by Feross Aboukhadijeh - 11th grade. Forty-five days after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, also known as the “Uniting and Strengthening America by University Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism” Act, or more simply, the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act was created with the noble intention of finding and prosecuting international terrorists operating on American soil; however, the unfortunate consequences of the Act have been drastic. Many of the Patriot Act’s provisions are in clear violation of the U.S. Constitution—a document drafted by wise men like Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Dissertation, George Washington in edinburgh order to protect American rights and freedoms. The Patriot Act encroaches on sacred First Amendment rights, which protect free speech and expression, and My dream writing english, Fourth Amendment rights, which protect citizens against “unwarranted search and seizure” (Justice). The Patriot Act authorizes unethical and unconstitutional surveillance of American citizens with a negligible improvement in past edinburgh national security. Free speech, free thinking, and a free American lifestyle can not survive in the climate of distrust and How to last minute essay, constant fear created by the Patriot Act.

The great American patriot Robert F. Kennedy once said in his famous “Day of Affirmation Address” that the first and most critical element of “individual liberty is the freedom of speech; the right to express and communicate ideas, to set oneself apart from the dumb beasts of field and forest . Papers? . .” Modern American politicians and lawmakers, it seems, have lost sight of the important ideals that Kennedy spoke about and upon which this country was founded—ideals like civil rights, personal freedom, and the right to privacy. No longer can a newspaper editor publish an article that is online, critical of the government—even if it is legal—without fear that Big Brother may begin to survey his every thought and action. This may very well be the most frightening aspect of the Patriot Act: the fact that the Act allows the government to spy on any of University edinburgh, its citizens, not just the bad ones. The Patriot Act does not demand sufficient proof that alleged “suspects” are engaged in criminal activity before authorizing government surveillance. Even upstanding American citizens can become targets of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) surveillance simply because of the My dream essay manner in which they exercise their First Amendment rights (Beeson). Simply put, the Patriot Act fails to secure American liberties; in reality, the University edinburgh Act exposes Americans to potential abuses of power by creating an environment that encourages government corruption, secrecy, fraud and discrimination while using “national security” as a pretense for violating basic Constitutional rights like privacy and free speech. As the century drags on, it is becoming painfully obvious that the Patriot Act has actually moved the United States further away from an ideal democratic society since its passage in October of 2001. Ever since 1776, when American colonists first abandoned their ties with Britain to Dissertation create an independent nation, American citizens have always cherished basic rights like freedom of University, speech, freedom of the Help london press, and University, protection from Personal statement essay conclusion unreasonable searches and past edinburgh, seizures (United States). But after the unpredictable events of for medical, September 11, 2001, many citizens began to feel that they should give up some of their cherished rights in order to punish the perpetrators of the University attacks and avoid future tragedies. An overwhelming sense of national unity overtook the country and Americans united to face the newly discovered threat of terrorism in a modern age.

The President’s approval rating increased from 54% to 86%—its highest level ever—in a matter of days (Ruggles). The American people rallied behind the Federal government and My dream english, provided support. Tragically, Congress drafted the past papers edinburgh Patriot Act and decreed that it would be the solution to America’s problems. According to Congress, the Patriot Act would protect America from its enemies who operated on American soil. Many Americans unquestionably accepted the Act to Writing drunk avoid the risk of being labeled “unpatriotic.” However, thousands of far-seeing Americans publicly questioned the actions of the University papers edinburgh government, but their cries were not heard. When the House of Help writing london, Representatives sent the Patriot Act to the Senate, it passed with a vote of 96-1. Peter Justice put it best when he said that “. . . the climate of fear in the weeks after the September 11 attacks and the haste with which the Patriot Act was passed allowed some of its more controversial aspects to escape adequate congressional scrutiny.” Clearly, the “fear frenzy” that took place after the September 11 attacks caused Americans to sacrifice essential civil rights in exchange for a sense of security.

The only Senator to University past edinburgh vote against the Patriot Act was Senator Feingold. Feingold is significant because he was the in an only Senator to fight against the Patriot Act before it was signed into law. The arguments that he made against the Act during September and University past papers, October of 2001 continue to point out the negative effects the Act has had on American life and will continue to have moving forward in How to state essay the twenty-first century. When asked why he voted against the Patriot Act, Feingold responded that “we [Americans] will lose that war [on Terrorism] without firing a shot if we sacrifice the liberties of the American people.” Essentially, Feingold argued that the Patriot Act is counter-productive: if government “security” is meant to protect American liberties, then the American people should not have to sacrifice their liberties to purchase security. University Past? What purpose will “security” serve if there are no liberties left to defend? If the Federal government curtails American liberty, then security is rendered worthless. Colonial statesman Benjamin Franklin once said that “those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.” According to Franklin, real American patriots constantly question their government’s intentions in order to Help ensure that their elected politicians are keeping the “core of past papers, American values and principles” at heart while in Help writing a dissertation office (Justice). The Patriot Act does not keep the interests of American citizens in mind because it sacrifices crucial civil rights that have been guaranteed by the Bill of Rights ever since 1776 (United States). There is University papers edinburgh, no question that the Patriot Act is unconstitutional.

The Act violates the fundamental American ideal of “checks and balances” on government power. Normally, the government can not conduct a search of a citizen’s residence without obtaining a warrant and demonstrating a reason to believe that the suspect has committed (or may commit) a crime. But the Patriot Act violates the Fourth Amendment by allowing the government to conduct searches without a warrant—for just about any reason. If the FBI is ever questioned about such activity, shrewd FBI officials simply state that the investigation is crucial to national security, and they are permitted to continue with the operation. In more recent years the situation has improved somewhat, however. Now, before conducting a search, the FBI must obtain a warrant from a secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA). Ideally, this should prevent the FBI from abusing the power granted to it by the Patriot Act. However, in its twenty-two years of existence the FISA court has only rejected six search warrants out of the 18,747 requested since the court’s creation (“Newstrack”).

This means that if the FBI decides it wants to Personal statement essay school spy on a certain American citizen, it will most likely be able to do so, even without sufficient evidence. Certainly, the United States government needs to have the power to monitor suspected terrorists—no upstanding American citizen is past papers, arguing about Writing online drunk that—but the problem lies in the manner in University past edinburgh which government monitoring occurs. The Patriot Act fails to strike a desirable balance between protecting American lives against the threat of terrorism and protecting the rights of Americans against potential government abuse (“Reform”). Particularly upsetting about the Act are several critical provisions designed to widely expand government power with limited “checks and balances” and nearly limitless potential for abuse. Section 213 is How to state in an essay, one such provision which greatly expands the power of the Federal government. Section 213 of the University papers Patriot Act authorizes law enforcement agents to conduct “sneak-and-peek” operations in a U.S. resident’s home. This provision violates the Fourth Amendment by failing to How to homework last minute require that those persons who are the subject of search orders “be told that their privacy has been compromised” (“Reform”). University Past Edinburgh? If an individual does not know that the government has been in his home then he will be unable to verify that the essay writing government conducted a reasonable search using a valid warrant.

If the government indeed did overstep its bounds, the individual will have no means to take recourse against the government. After all, how can a person protect their rights if they do not know that their rights have been violated? Section 213 erodes the “sacred rights of western society” as described by Kennedy, and past, reduces U.S. civil rights to nearly the Help a dissertation same level as those of the edinburgh Nazi Socialists in Russia during the 1930s and How to state in an, 40s. Section 215, also called the “library records provision”, also has serious implications for American civil liberty. Section 215 opens medical records, magazine subscriptions, e-mails, bookstore purchases, library circulation records, genetic information, academic transcripts, psychiatric records, membership lists, diaries, charitable contributions, airline reservations, hotel records, notes, and social services files to the FBI’s prying eyes (Beeson). For example, the FBI can request the names of all the patrons that have checked out a certain book from the library, simply because they do not like the topic of that particular book. Even worse, the people whose privacy has been violated may never know about the government’s actions.

Section 505 is another particularly threatening provision of the Patriot Act. Section 505 facilitates the use of “national security letters”, or NSLs, in federal investigations. NSLs are a form of administrative subpoena that legally compel an entity or organization to turn over personal records and information about certain individuals. Previously, the FBI could only use NSLs to access records of foreign agents and known terrorists, but Section 505 of the Patriot Act adds non-terrorism suspects to the list of past papers, entities that the Writing online FBI can use NSLs to spy on (“Controversial”). The problem with this is papers edinburgh, that NSLs are substantially easier to obtain than regular subpoenas; NSLs do not have to be authorized by a judge like normal subpoenas—they merely must be signed by certain key FBI agents. This means that the FBI can use NSLs to illegally obtain information about an in an essay make, American citizen who may be involved in some sort of crime. While many Patriot Act supporters may argue that Section 505 is beneficial because the University past papers FBI can more easily obtain information about Dissertation in phelgm all types of criminals, the truth is that Section 505 violates the Fifth Amendment’s “due process of law” clause. According to the Fifth Amendment, no person should be “. . . deprived of University edinburgh, life, liberty, or property, without due process of in phelgm, law . University Past Papers? . .” Section 505, however, allows the FBI to circumvent the usual subpoena procedure (the due process that the law demands) in order to more easily obtain desired information.

This means that NSLs can legally be used to My dream essay english obtain information about ordinary criminals like robbers, shoplifters, and drug users—and even people who have presented little or no evidence of wrongdoing. Past? NSLs are extremely serious legal weapons and should be reserved for only the most serious of crimes, like terrorism. While the potential for homework last minute essay, government abuse of the Patriot Act is all too clear, another alarming fact is that the Patriot Act fails to secure American liberties—proving that the Act has failed in its purpose. According to Donna Lieberman, Executive Director of the papers edinburgh NYCLU, “Effective law enforcement in the aftermath of September 11 does not call for a return to the bad old days when there was open season on dissent and dissenters . . . How To Finish Homework Last Minute? as history has shown, unchecked spying on political activity does not protect safety and puts our valued freedoms in jeopardy” (“ACLU/NYCLU”). The Federal government does not need dictatorial powers to keep America safe.

Kennedy would have opposed the Patriot Act for the same reasons that he opposed communism. Kennedy said “I am unalterably opposed to communism because it exalts the state over the individual . . . and because its system contains a lack of freedom of speech, of protest, of religion, and of the press, which is characteristic of a totalitarian regime . University Past Edinburgh? . Help A Dissertation? .” It is edinburgh, frighteningly un-American to assume that giving politicians authoritarian powers will make America safer. Furthermore, Kennedy would have argued that the way to oppose terrorists is to “enlarge individual human freedom”—not take it away. By allowing the Federal government to take away freedoms and How to finish homework minute, civil rights, Americans are actually helping the terrorists to edinburgh erode the My dream writing english ideals of the American system. University Past? The Patriot Act, it seems, was a bigger victory for America’s enemies than for its citizens. Alarmingly, the government has already begun to perform some suspicious actions.

The FBI is keeping secret “even the most basic information” about FBI surveillance (“Reform”). For example, the FBI classified information that should have been available to Dissertation on germs in phelgm the public—information that would have shown how often the FBI has spied on people based on the manner that they exercise their First Amendment rights. Although this action in and of itself does not prove that the FBI or the Federal government has explicitly broken the law, it does hint that the government is trying to hide its activities from public scrutiny. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) wrote that “. . . the few known cases of rights violations under the Patriot Act are likely the tip of the iceberg in edinburgh terms of abuses of the on germs in phelgm investigative powers the government has under the Patriot Act because most such investigation is conducted secretly.” In other words, the few verified cases of government abuse of the Patriot Act may indicate many more abuses which are not disclosed to the public. Although some Americans may say, “I don’t mind the Patriot Act because I have nothing to hide from the government”, this thinking is flawed for several reasons. First of past papers, all, if the American people know that their actions and communications are being monitored they will feel less comfortable expressing their thoughts and exercising their rights to free speech and free thinking; this is especially so if the person’s thoughts are not what the government wants them to think. Second, by eroding American civil rights in statement for medical school order to obtain a sense of security, Americans are actually helping the terrorists to achieve their mission of edinburgh, destroying democratic ideals in the western world.

The last and most compelling reason to oppose the Patriot Act is the state a thesis in an essay fact that it is a direct attack on American ideals. The Patriot Act essentially destroys the protections offered by University papers the First and Fourth Amendments and exposes Americans to potential abuses at Dissertation on germs in phelgm the hands of papers, Big Brother. Protecting Americans from foreign threats is critical; the Writing online Federal government should do whatever it takes to keep its citizens safe, but it should never infringe upon their civil rights. No doubt, the Patriot Act represents an emerging trend in American government today—a trend of sacrificing the American Creed’s ideals in exchange for security. Americans fought the Revolutionary War to University past papers edinburgh earn basic liberties that they felt were their God-given rights—rights that no humans should live without. Americans should not so easily relinquish the rights and liberties cherished for so long as the Help cornerstone of American society for the mere illusion of security. ACLU/NYCLU Mobilize Members and Supporters to Keep America ‘Safe and Free’. NYCLU . ACLU Foundation.

5 Mar. 2007 http://www.nyclu.org/safe_free101602.html. Beeson, Ann, and Jameel Jaffer. Unpatriotic Acts: the FBI's Power to Rifle Through Your Records and Personal Belongings Without Telling You. ACLU . July 2003. Past Edinburgh? ACLU Foundation.

25 Feb. 2007 http://www.aclu.org/FilesPDFs/spies_report.pdf. Controversial Provisions of the USA Patriot Act. Facts on File News Services . 14 Apr. 2006. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.2facts.com/ICAH/Search/has00001371.asp. Feingold, Russell.

Senator Feingold's Speech Explaining Why He Voted Against the How to a thesis essay Patriot Act (Excerpts). Facts on papers edinburgh, File News Services . Dissertation? 12 Oct. 2001. 8 Feb. 2007 http://www.2facts.com/ICAH/Search/had00000278.asp. Justice, Peter. USA Patriot Act. Facts on File News Services . Past Edinburgh? 14 Apr.

2006. 8 Feb. 2007 http://www.2facts.com/ICAH/Search/haa00001370.asp. Kennedy, Robert F. Day of Affirmation Address. State A Thesis Essay Make? University of Capetown, Capetown. 6 June 1996. 5 Apr. University Past Papers Edinburgh? 2007 http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/ Reference+Desk/Speeches/RFK/Day+of+Affirmation+Address+News+Release+Page+2.htm. “Newstrack - Top News.

United Press International 26 Dec. 2005. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2005/12/26/ bush_was_denied_wiretaps_bypassed_them/. Reform the Patriot Act: Section 215. Dissertation On Germs In Phelgm? ACLU . ACLU Foundation. Past Papers Edinburgh? 25 Feb. 2007 http://action.aclu.org/reformthepatriotact/215.html. Ruggles, Steven.

Historical Bush Approval Ratings. 5 Mar. 2007. Papers? University of Minnesota. 5 Mar. 2007 http://www.hist.umn.edu/ United States. The Bill of Rights . 5 Mar. 2007 http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/funddocs/billeng.htm.

A Case of Justice That Stinks: the Administration's Forced Resignations Among U.S. Attorneys Tell the Tale of the Corrupting Influence of Unchecked Power. The Roanoke Times . 21 Jan. 2007. McClatchy-Tribune Business News. 8 Feb. 2007 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=nfhAN=2W62W63048083835site=src-live. ACLU/NYCLU Mobilize Members and Supporters to University past papers Keep America ‘Safe and Free’.

NYCLU . ACLU Foundation. 5 Mar. 2007 http://www.nyclu.org/safe_free101602.html. Beeson, Ann, and Jameel Jaffer. Unpatriotic Acts: the Personal school FBI's Power to Rifle Through Your Records and Personal Belongings Without Telling You. University Papers Edinburgh? ACLU . July 2003. How To A Thesis? ACLU Foundation. 25 Feb. 2007 http://www.aclu.org/FilesPDFs/spies_report.pdf. Berlau, John. Show Us Your Money: the USA PATRIOT Act Lets the Feds Spy on Your Finances.

But Does It Help Catch Terrorists? Reason (2003). 8 Feb. 2007 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_6_35/ai_109085440/pg_1. Controversial Provisions of the USA Patriot Act. Facts on File News Services . 14 Apr.

2006. 5 Apr. University Papers Edinburgh? 2007 http://www.2facts.com/ICAH/Search/has00001371.asp. Feingold, Russell. Senator Feingold's Speech Explaining Why He Voted Against the Patriot Act (Excerpts). Facts on english, File News Services . 12 Oct. 2001. 8 Feb. 2007 http://www.2facts.com/ICAH/Search/had00000278.asp. Justice, Peter.

USA Patriot Act. Facts on File News Services . 14 Apr. 2006. 8 Feb. Past? 2007 http://www.2facts.com/ICAH/Search/haa00001370.asp. Kennedy, Robert F. Day of Affirmation Address. Statement Essay School? University of Capetown, Capetown. 6 June 1996. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/ Reference+Desk/Speeches/RFK/Day+of+Affirmation+Address+News+Release+Page+2.htm.

Newstrack - Top News. United Press International 26 Dec. 2005. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2005/12/26/ bush_was_denied_wiretaps_bypassed_them/. Reform the Patriot Act: Section 215. ACLU . ACLU Foundation. 25 Feb.

2007 http://action.aclu.org/reformthepatriotact/215.html. Robert F. Kennedy. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. 8 Feb. 2007 http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-f-kennedy.

Robert F. Kennedy. Who2? Biographies . Past Edinburgh? 8 Feb. 2007 http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-f-kennedy. Ruggles, Steven. State In An Essay? Historical Bush Approval Ratings. 5 Mar. 2007. Past Papers? University of Minnesota. 5 Mar. 2007 http://www.hist.umn.edu/

United States. Cong. Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to finish homework Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (Usa Patriot Act) Act of 2001 . 107th Cong. 26 Oct. 2001. 8 Feb. 2007 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_public_lawsdocid=f:publ056.107. United States. Papers? The Bill of Rights . 5 Mar. 2007 http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/funddocs/billeng.htm. USA Patriot Act (2001).

The United States At War . My Dream Essay Writing? 26 Oct. 2001. Past? ABC-CLIO. 8 Feb. 2007 http://www.usatwar.abc-clio.com/Research/Display.aspx?entryid=767812searchtext=usa+patriot+actsubcategoryid=46total=18ratio=742bc=newnumentries=9. You just finished Sample Research Paper - The Patriot Act . Nice work! Tip: Use < > keys to navigate! 124,968 views (70 views per day) Posted 5 years ago.

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43 Resume Tips That Will Help You Get Hired. When you haven’t updated your resume in a while, it can be hard to University, know where to start. How To Finish! What experiences and accomplishments should you include for the jobs you’ve got your eye on? What new resume rules and trends should you be following? And seriously, one page or two? Well, search no more: We’ve compiled all the resume advice you need into one place. University Past Papers! Read on for tips and tricks that’ll make sure you craft a winning resume—and help you land a job. Your resume should not have every work experience you’ve ever had listed on it. Statement Essay For Medical School! Think of your resume not as a comprehensive list of your career history, but as a marketing document selling you as the perfect person for the job. For each resume you send out, you’ll want to papers edinburgh, highlight only the accomplishments and skills that are most relevant to the job at hand (even if that means you don’t include all of your experience).

Job search expert Lily Zhang explains more about what it means to tailor your resume here . 2. But Keep a Master List of All Jobs. Since you’ll want to Personal school conclusion, be swapping different information in edinburgh and out depending on Writing online, the job you’re applying to, keep a resume master list on your computer where you keep any information you’ve ever included on a resume: old positions, bullet points tailored for past papers different applications, special projects that only sometimes make sense to include. Then, when you’re crafting each resume, it’s just a matter of cutting and pasting relevant information together. Personal! Think of University papers, this as your brag file . 3. Put the Best Stuff “Above the papers drunk, Fold” In marketing speak, “above the fold” refers to what you see on past papers, the front half of a folded newspaper (or, in the digital age, before you scroll down on a website), but basically it’s your first impression of a document. How To Finish Last Essay! In resume speak, it means you should make sure your best experiences and accomplishments are visible on the top third of your resume. This top section is what the hiring manager is going to University past papers edinburgh, see first—and what will serve as a hook for someone to keep on reading.

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But if you can tell the same story in less space? Do. If you’re struggling, check out these tips for cutting your content down , or work with a designer to see how you can organize your resume to fit more in less space. Essay! Can’t figure out how to past papers edinburgh, tell your whole story on one page, or want to be able to include some visual examples of your work? Instead of trying to have your resume cover everything, cover the most important details on Dissertation in phelgm, that document, and then include a link to your personal website , where you can dive more into what makes you the ideal candidate. We’ll talk about getting creative in order to stand out in a minute. But the most basic principle of good resume formatting and design? Keep it simple.

Use a basic but modern font, like Helvetica, Arial, or Century Gothic. Make your resume easy on hiring managers’ eyes by using a font size between 10 and University edinburgh, 12 and leaving a healthy amount of white space on the page. You can use a different font or typeface for How to a thesis in an make your name, your resume headers, and University past edinburgh, the companies for which you’ve worked, but keep it simple and Writing papers online drunk, keep it consistent. Your main focus here should be on readability for the hiring manager. That being said, you should feel free to… Really want your resume stand out from the sea of Times New Roman?

Yes, creative resumes—like infographics, videos, or presentations—or resumes with icons or graphics can set you apart, but you should use them thoughtfully. If you’re applying through an ATS, keep to the standard formatting without any bells and University past, whistles so the computer can read it effectively. If you’re applying to Help writing a dissertation, a more traditional company, don’t get too crazy, but feel free to add some tasteful design elements or a little color to make it pop. Past Edinburgh! No matter what, don’t do it unless you’re willing to put in Writing papers online the time, creativity, and design work to make it awesome. 10. Make Your Contact Info Prominent.

You don’t need to include your address on your resume anymore (really!), but you do need to make sure to include a phone number and professional email address (not your work address!) as well as other places the hiring manager can find you on University papers edinburgh, the web, like your LinkedIn profile and Twitter handle. (Implicit in this is essay english that you keep these social media profiles suitable for past papers edinburgh prospective employers.) You’ve heard before that hiring managers don’t spend a lot of time on each individual resume. Dissertation! So help them get as much information as possible, in as little time as possible. These 12 small formatting changes will make a huge difference. Know that design skills aren’t your strong suit but want your resume to look stunning? There’s no shame in University edinburgh getting help, so consider working with a professional resume designer. This is arguably the most important document of your job search, so it’s worth getting it exactly right! 13. Keep it Recent, Keep it Relevant.

As a rule, you should only show the most recent 10-15 years of Dissertation in phelgm, your career history and only include the University, experience relevant to the positions to which you are applying. And remember to allocate real estate on your resume according to importance. If there’s a choice between including one more college internship or going into Help, more detail about your current role, always choose the latter (unless a previous job was more relevant to University past, the one you’re applying to). 14. No Relevant Experience?

No Worries! Don’t panic if you don’t have any experience that fits the bill. Instead, Zhang explains , focus your resume on your relevant and transferrable skills along with any related side or academic projects, and then make sure to pair it with a strong cover letter telling the narrative of why you’re ideal for the job. No matter how long you’ve been in a job, or how much you’ve accomplished there, you shouldn’t have more than five or six bullets in a given section. No matter how good your bullets are, the recruiter just isn’t going to get through them.

Check out these tips for writing impressive bullet points . You may be tempted to throw in tons of Personal for medical conclusion, industry jargon so you sound like you know what you’re talking about, but ultimately you want your resume to be understandable to the average person. Remember that the University past edinburgh, first person who sees your resume might be a recruiter, an Writing papers online assistant, or even a high-level executive—and you want to past edinburgh, be sure that it is readable, relevant, and interesting to all of them. Use as many facts, figures, and numbers as you can in your bullet points. How many people were impacted by your work? By what percentage did you exceed your goals? By quantifying your accomplishments, you really allow the hiring manager to picture the level of work or responsibility you needed to achieve them. Homework Minute Essay! Even if you don’t actually work with numbers, here are some secrets to adding more to your resume . People hire performers, so you want to show that you didn’t just do stuff, but that you got stuff done!

As you look at past your bullet points, think about how you can take each statement one step further and add in what the benefit was to your boss or your company. By doing this, you clearly communicate not only what you’re capable of, but also the direct benefit the employer will receive by hiring you. If you’re not sure how to explain your impact, check out these tips for turning your duties into accomplishments . Describing soft skills on a resume often starts to sound like a list of meaningless buzzwords, fast. Last Minute! But being a “strong leader” or an “effective communicator” are important characteristics you want to get across. Think about how you can demonstrate these attributes in your bullet points without actually saying them. Zhang demonstrates here how you can show five different qualities with the same bullet point—try it yourself until you get the result you’re going for! 20. Don’t Neglect Non-Traditional Work.

There’s no law that says you can only put full-time or paid work on your resume. So, if you’ve participated in a major volunteer role, worked part-time, were hired as a temporary or contract worker , freelanced, or blogged? Absolutely list these things as their own “jobs” within your career chronology. University! If every bullet in your resume starts with “Responsible for,” readers will get bored very quickly. Use our handy list of Personal conclusion, better verbs to mix it up ! Use keywords in your resume: Scan the job description, see what words are used most often, and make sure you’ve included them in your bullet points. Not only is this a self-check that you’re targeting your resume to the job, it’ll make sure you get noticed in applicant tracking systems. Stuck on which words to include?

Dump the job description into a tool like TagCrowd , which will analyze and past edinburgh, spit out the most used keywords. Writing! What words shouldn’t you include? Detail-oriented, team player, and University past papers, hard worker—among other vague terms that recruiters say are chronically overused . We bet there’s a better way to describe how awesome you are. 24. Experience First, Education Second. My Dream Essay Writing English! Unless you’re a recent graduate, put your education after your experience. Chances are, your last couple of jobs are more important and University past, relevant to you getting the job than where you went to college. 25. Also Keep it Reverse Chronological. Usually, you should lay down your educational background by listing the most recent or advanced degree first, working in reverse chronological order.

But if older coursework is more specific to the job, list that first to grab the reviewer’s attention. Don’t list your graduation dates. The reviewer cares more about My dream essay writing english whether or not you have the degree than when you earned it. If you graduated from University papers, college with high honors, absolutely make note of it. While you don’t need to list your GPA, don’t be afraid to showcase that summa cum laude status or the homework essay, fact that you were in the honors college at your university. 28. Include Continuing or Online Education. Don’t be afraid to include continuing education, professional development coursework, or online courses in University papers your education section, especially if it feels a little light. Kelli Orrela explains , “Online courses are a more-than-accepted norm nowadays, and your participation in How to them can actually show your determination and motivation to University past papers edinburgh, get the skills you need for your career.” Be sure to a dissertation london, add a section that lists out all the relevant skills you have for a position, including tech skills like HTML and University past edinburgh, Adobe Creative Suite and any industry-related certifications. Just make sure to Writing papers online, skip including skills that everyone is expected to have, like using email or Microsoft Word. Doing so will actually make you seem less technologically savvy.

If you have lots of skills related to a position—say, foreign language, software, and University edinburgh, leadership skills—try breaking out one of those sections and listing it on its own. Below your “Skills” section, add another section titled “Language Skills” or “Software Skills,” and detail your experience there. Help A Dissertation London! Again—we’re going for skimmability here, folks! Feel free to include an edinburgh “Interests” section on statement essay for medical, your resume, but only past papers, add those that are relevant to the job. Are you a guitar player with your eye on a music company? Definitely include it. But including your scrapbooking hobby for Dissertation in phelgm a tech job at a healthcare company? Don’t even think about it. 32. Beware of Interests That Could Be Controversial. Maybe you help raise money for your church on past, the reg.

Or perhaps you have a penchant for finish minute essay canvassing during political campaigns. Yes, these experiences show a good amount of work ethic—but they could also be discriminated against by edinburgh someone who disagrees with the state essay, cause. Zhang explains here how to University papers, weigh the decision of whether to include them or not. Do include awards and papers online drunk, accolades you’ve received, even if they’re company-specific awards. Just state what you earned them for, e.g., “Earned Gold Award for having the company’s top sales record four quarters in a row.” What about personal achievements—like running a marathon—that aren’t totally relevant but show you’re a driven, hard worker? Zhang shares the proper ways to include them. Gaps and Other Sticky Resume Situations.

If you stayed at papers a (non-temporary) job for london only a matter of months, consider eliminating it from your resume. According to edinburgh, The New York Times ’ career coach , leaving a particularly short-lived job or two off your work history shouldn’t hurt, as long as you’re honest about your experience if asked in an interview. If you have gaps of papers online, a few months in your work history, don’t list the University papers edinburgh, usual start and end dates for each position. Use years only (2010-2012), or just the number of years or months you worked at your earlier positions. My Dream Essay! If you’ve job-hopped frequently, include a reason for leaving next to each position, with a succinct explanation like “company closed,” “layoff due to downsizing,” or “relocated to new city.” By addressing the gaps, you’ll proactively illustrate the past edinburgh, reason for state a thesis make your sporadic job movement and make it less of an issue.

Re-entering the workforce after a long hiatus? This is the perfect opportunity for a summary statement at the top, outlining your best skills and accomplishments. Then, get into your career chronology, without hesitating to include part-time or volunteer work. See more tips from past papers edinburgh, Jenny Foss for killing it on statement essay school conclusion, your comeback resume. Don’t try to creatively fill in gaps on your resume. For example, if you took time out University edinburgh, of the workforce to raise kids, don’t list your parenting experience on Personal essay conclusion, your resume, a la “adeptly managed the growing pile of laundry” (we’ve seen it). While parenting is as demanding and intense a job as any out there, most corporate decision makers aren’t going to take this section of your resume seriously. 39. Ditch “References Available Upon Request” If a hiring manager is interested in you, he or she will ask you for references—and will assume that you have them. There’s no need to address the papers, obvious (and doing so might even make you look a little presumptuous!). It should go without saying, but make sure your resume is essay for medical school conclusion free and clear of papers edinburgh, typos.

And don’t rely on spell check and grammar check alone—ask family or friends to Help writing a dissertation, take a look at it for University past edinburgh you (or get some tips from an writing editor on how to perfect your own work ). If emailing your resume, make sure to always send a PDF rather than a .doc. That way all of University past, your careful formatting won’t accidentally get messed up when the How to finish homework, hiring manager opens it on his or her computer. To make sure it won’t look wonky when you send it off, Google’s head of HR Laszlo Bock suggests, “Look at it in edinburgh both Google Docs and Word, and then attach it to an email and open it as a preview.” Ready to Help writing london, save your resume and send it off? Save it as “Jane Smith Resume” instead of University papers edinburgh, “Resume.” It’s one less step the hiring manager has to take. Carve out some time every quarter or so to pull up your resume and make some updates. Have you taken on new responsibilities? Learned new skills? Add them in. When your resume is updated on Dissertation in phelgm, a regular basis, you’re ready to pounce when opportunity presents itself.

And, even if you’re not job searching, there are plenty of good reasons to keep this document in edinburgh tip-top shape. Photo courtesy of Hero Images / Getty Images . Erin Greenawald is a freelance writer, editor, and content strategist who is passionate about essay for medical school elevating the past edinburgh, standard of writing on the web. My Dream Writing English! Erin previously helped build The Muse’s beloved daily publication and led the company’s branded content team. Past Papers Edinburgh! If you’re an How to state a thesis in an essay make individual or company looking for help making your content better—or you just want to go out to tea—get in touch at eringreenawald.com. Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for this class.

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Role of the nurse in rehabilitation. The role of the nurse in rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is an aspect of every nurses practice and as such warrants close consideration, Mallik et al (1998), p645. According to the above quote, every nurse adopts the role of rehabilitator and for the purpose of this essay I intend to critically analyse the nurses role within the area of rehabilitation. I will also include the nurses membership within the rehabilitation - multidisciplinary team. Within this document I will define terms such as rehabilitation and University papers, the nurses title. Does the nurse have a role in How to state in an, the rehabilitation process? According to research the role of the nurse in University past papers, the rehabilitation setting has been under close scrutiny for many years by many professions, it is for this reason that I intend to discuss the issue by analysing various researchers views. To discuss the role of the in an essay make, nurse in rehabilitation, I believe that it is paramount to clarify what nursing is.

Nursing can be described in many ways and has been referred to as being multifaceted which the International Council for Nurses (1973) in Benson Duncanis (1995) agreed saying that the unique function of a nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance to these activities contributing to past papers health or its recovery (or a peaceful death) that they would perform strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him/her gain independence as rapidly as possible. This quote suggests that the nurses role is to promote independence and to enable or empower the patient to adopt new skills, knowledge and where possible, to carry out everyday tasks such as washing and dressing. In other words rehabilitating them. How To Homework Last Essay! This reinforces the papers, views of Mallik et al (1998). So why is the literature debating the nurses role in on germs, rehabilitation? I intend to reveal this matter fully, but firstly I will describe the nurses role in general to form a foundation for this essay. The rehabilitation nurse works with the papers edinburgh, patient, the family, and other members of the rehabilitation team to statement conclusion satisfy current needs and anticipate potential and future needs as well. The rehabilitation nurse must have an underlying knowledge base about the ramifications of adjusting to altered life circumstances.

This knowledge base includes an understanding of normal anatomy and physiology. Furthermore, the rehabilitation nurse must understand group dynamics in order to work effectively with professional and lay members of the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team, paraprofessionals, and members of University past papers edinburgh volunteer, community, and governmental agencies, KFFCS (1988). Additionally, knowledge of educational principles and strategies is necessary for implementation of patient and family education. The philosophy, knowledge, and on germs in phelgm, skills of the rehabilitation nurse are implemented through use of the edinburgh, nursing process, Waters (1994). On Germs In Phelgm! Contemporary nursing requires that the nurse possess knowledge and skills in a variety of areas. Edinburgh! In the past the principle role of papers online nurses was to University provide care and comfort as they carried out specific nursing functions, but changes in essay, nursing have expanded their role to papers include increasing emphasis on health promotion and illness prevention, as well as concern for the patient as a whole. The contemporary nurse functions in the interrelated roles of on germs carer, decision maker, protector and patient advocate, manager, rehabilitator, comforter, communicator, teacher and empowerer, Brillhart Sills (1994). Some nurses see themselves as fulfilling a jack of all trades - master of none role and as a result they frequently felt undervalued.

Waters (1991) suggested that the nursing role is concerned with housekeeping and administrative roles and carry on role seems to University past papers edinburgh be universally found in rehabilitation settings. Also see Appendix for conceptual view of the nurses role as a facilitator in a day hospital. As the My dream essay, essay topic involves rehabilitation it is paramount to look at this term. Rehabilitation was once available primarily for patients with illness or injury to the nervous system has expanded its scope of such services. Today, specialised rehabilitation services, such as cardiac rehabilitation programs, help individuals and past papers, their families adjust to necessary changes in How to a thesis in an make, lifestyle after heart attacks. Rehabilitation is the edinburgh, process by which health care workers facilitate an individuals movement toward health.

Rehabilitation has been defined by many rehabilitation team members. However, a previously unpublished definition by McEachron, a rehabilitation nurse, captures the essence and philosophical approach taken in this text: Rehabilitation is a dynamic process of Help writing a dissertation london planned adaptive change in lifestyle in University past, response to unplanned change imposed on the individual by disease or traumatic incident. The focus is not on cure, but on living which as much freedom and autonomy as possible at every stage and in whichever direction the disability progresses. As well as being a process, rehabilitation can be identification as being a philosophy of online drunk care which should underpin all aspects of health care, Booth (1995) ; RCN (1994). Rehabilitation has generally been defined as being concerned with restoring the abilities and functions of an individual to a prior level in social, physical, emotional and economic spheres, Baroch (1976). Nichols (1980) in Diogo (2000) suggests that rehabilitation is the appropriate to embrace many physical, social, and organisational aspects of patient after care that require acute, short-term definitive care. Each of these definitions share common elements but if nurses are to become rehabilitators par excellence, Henderson (1980), they must understand the ways in which the definitions vary. The notion of restoration to prior health status is explicit in Baroch’s definition whereas Nichols tend to regard rehabilitation as after care. These definitions do however, include physical, psychological and social aspects of care.

Rehabilitation programmes may take place in many health care settings, including specific rehabilitation institutions, out patient settings, and University papers, the home. My Dream Essay! Frequently, people needing long-term rehabilitation have severe disabilities affecting their ability to carry out University edinburgh, activities of living, Millar (1985). The goal of How to finish homework minute rehabilitation is to decrease the past papers edinburgh, persons’ dependence on the care provided so that they assume responsibility for writing a dissertation london, personal care. Nurses in rehabilitation are committed to long-term continuity of nursing services and must be knowledgeable in their specialised area. Now that I have explained these terms I would like to discuss the literature reviewed with regards to the nurses role in rehabilitation. University Past Papers! Henderson (1980) asserts that nurses are rehabilitator’s par excellence which is probably one of the most frequent sound bites appearing in the nursing literature on rehabilitation and this is reflected in the above composite quote which I have constructed from several sources which suggest the poll position that the a thesis in an, profession putatively holds in University past papers, rehabilitation care. Some years ago Myco (1984) questioned the basis of Henderson’s confidence, arguing that the nursing contribution towards rehabilitation was something of a chimera, a point since reiterated a number of times Gibbon (1991); O’Conner (1993) in Aston et al (2000) and Personal essay school, Wild (1994). These later authors contend that the nursing role lacks clarity and that a well researched solidly defensible set of interventions is not apparent.

Alluding to Stroke rehabilitation O’Conner (1993) in Barer (1999) argues that nurses increasingly fulfil a non-therapeutic managerial role or a non-specific understudy role and that there are no unique rehabilitative interventions that can be called nursing. Henderson (1980) would be unlikely to have seen this as a problem, as she contended that there is considerable overlap between nursing and a range of both health care professions and academic disciplines. Past Papers Edinburgh! To her the uniqueness of nursing was the provision of humanistic, basic nursing care on a 24 hour, 7 day a week basis. She viewed modern health care as impersonal and contended that one of the main nursing skills was to get under the patients skin in order to deliver humanistic and psychosocial aspects of care as well as the technological age. Her thoughts were in Help writing, many ways prophetic as her paper preceded the edinburgh, proliferation of debates about a specialist or extended role and in this context her arguments are equally relevant 20 years later. Fully acknowledging the importance of How to state essay nurses working closely with medical and past, other colleagues, Henderson (1980) highlighted the resultant and inevitable overlap of roles, and admonished nurses, doctors and other health care professionals to continuously assess the role or function of Writing online every category worker so that patients would not suffer as a consequence of boundary disputes. She foresaw the present emphasis on evidence-based care and urged nurses to University past papers edinburgh take full and active part in elucidating their practice, abandoning the cookbook mentality that she considered pervasive in My dream essay english, nurse education. Underpinning her position however was the desire to develop the humanistic aspect of nursing. She believed this required a radical change in papers, the focus and orientation of health care towards sections of society who were conspicuously neglected, such as the chronically ill, the mentally retarded, the prison population and the institutionalised aged, arguing that it was such groups who would most benefit from expert humanistic nursing, also the beliefs of Banta Fox (1972). Leading on from this, in How to state, health care, there also are many types of teams. Multidisciplinary teams consist of people from papers, a number of disciplines who may not meet together to co-ordinate efforts.

In contrast, interdisciplinary teams meet and work together to co-ordinate the plan for rehabilitation and to meet the on germs in phelgm, complex needs of individuals with disability and chronic illness. These terms will be used interchangeably within this essay. To have an effective rehabilitation team, it is important that each member of the team understands and respects each other roles. The team members then have to papers build effective relationships between themselves in order for the team to work as a whole. Within the rehabilitation team, there is state general agreement concerning the broad areas as a team members professional identity and competency; however, the specific zones of responsibility are not always understood by all team members, Banta Fox (1972) and Lasswell Smith (1987). Nursing staff were seen as the co-ordinators of care within the multidisciplinary team.

They were the pivot around which all care is based. One reason for this was that they were believed to know the patient, as nurses are in constant attendance, whereas other members of the team were seen to come into contact with the patient for a specified period of time only, usually for therapy sessions or consultations, Mariano (1992). This co-ordinating role necessitates liaison with other members of the multidisciplinary team who are involved with the papers, individual patient. According to Lippincott (1985) there is an overlap, to varying degrees with other professional roles and in on germs, particular where nurses are expected to University papers continue with treatment in the absence of the therapists. My Dream Essay English! The nursing role would therefore continue to be that of central co-ordination.

In health care, there also are many types of teams. Multidisciplinary teams consist of University papers edinburgh people from Help writing london, a number of disciplines who may not meet together to co-ordinate efforts. In contrast, interdisciplinary teams meet and past, work together to Personal statement essay for medical school conclusion co-ordinate the plan for rehabilitation and to meet the complex needs of past individuals with disability and chronic illness. As previously stated rehabilitation nurses provide direct and indirect nursing care to prevent further disability maintain present ability, and restore lost ability. They teach individuals to use remaining abilities in My dream essay writing, adapting to edinburgh or altering lifestyle. Dissertation On Germs! To accomplish these goals, they assess the patient as a total being, and plan, implement, and University past edinburgh, evaluate nursing care.

As team members nurses share the writing, nursing care plan and the patients responses with other team members, reinforce the care plans of other disciplines, and papers, contribute to the rehabilitation team care plan. Denham (1992) suggests with increasing emphasis on rehabilitation it is now appropriate to question whether nurses should still be in charge when the nursing role is seen by some to now be much reduced, suggesting that a physiotherapist might be a more appropriate leader. This argument can be questioned on two counts - firstly on the assumption that there has been a reduction in the importance of the nursing role, and secondly on its assumption that the nursing role does not include rehabilitation. London! It was suggested that therapists had secret knowledge to which nurses were not party, which empowered the therapy role at the expense of the nursing role. Past Edinburgh! This indicates the way in which nurses under-valued their own role when compared with other disciplines. The nurses saw their role as basic in terms of skills, and the skills of other team members as technical, but this view was not corroborated by other members of the homework minute, multidisciplinary team who saw nurses as experts in maintaining tissue viability, continence promotion and patient hygiene and monitoring. In this literature there was a perceived difference in attitude towards rehabilitation between therapists and nurses.

Nurses were believed to cut corners in rehabilitation if necessary, whereas it was felt that therapists would not. Past Papers! This is perhaps another example of reactive and multifaceted responsibility interfering with what the nurses would regard as a more satisfactory execution of the rehabilitation role. Non-nursing team members viewed the nurse as being competent, understanding of the others profession, highly concerned with the welfare of patients, ethical, trusting of others professional advice, well trained, and maintained good relationships with other professionals. Also that nurses sometimes encroach on How to state a thesis essay non-nurse professional territory. Now it is pertinent to further discuss the nurses specific role, firstly looking at what the authors perceive the University past papers, nurses role to Writing papers be. University Papers! Waters (1984) suggested that the My dream essay writing, co-ordination role of the nurse was not solely related to addressing the needs of individual patients.

The responsibility of the nursing staff included a custodial role which encompassed the general well-being of all the patients, even in cases where there was no direct nursing input. It was the nurses role to ensure the past edinburgh, overall comfort of the patient. The reactive nature of nursing was another factor which affected the Dissertation on germs in phelgm, nurses rehabilitation role. As one nurse explained, when elderly disabled people want to go to the toilet they usually mean now; thus carefully planned rehabilitation programmes may be temporarily abandoned in past papers edinburgh, the rush to make it to the toilet in time. The nurses tended to collude in this shelving of rehabilitation actions when hurried. Another nurse said I think what suffers sometimes is if people are busy, somebody who can walk are wheeled. The literature suggests that nurses are not generally seen as being involved in rehabilitation, Eagle et al (1991); Young Foster (1992) in Theuerkauf Schuster (1994) and Waters (1994) and some of the Dissertation on germs, comments arising from the present study confirm that these nurses did not see themselves as providing active rehabilitation.

While nurses verbally denied the papers, importance of their own contribution to rehabilitation, they demonstrated allegiance to a rehabilitation philosophy in their practice and in their communication with other team members. How To Finish Last! To reiterate what was already said the nursing role involves co-ordination of University past papers edinburgh care, providing rehabilitation support to therapists and where clinically appropriate, leading therapeutic programmes designed to reflect and meet patient need. Rehabilitation nurses provide direct and indirect nursing care to prevent further disability maintain present ability, and restore lost ability. Writing! They teach individuals to use remaining abilities in adapting to or altering lifestyle. To accomplish these goals, they assess the patient as a total being, and plan, implement, and evaluate nursing care. As team members nurses share the nursing care plan and the patients responses with other team members, reinforce the care plans of other disciplines, and contribute to University the rehabilitation team care plan. Looking at various areas of rehabilitation research, nurses already have a well established role in rehabilitation of people with arthritis. The nurse’s role within this area is statement essay for medical well developed with studies suggesting that nursing interventions are more effective than those of medical staff on a range of variables, Nolan Nolan (1998), p22. So far the University, research indicated that nurses have an important role within rehabilitation, but according to a thesis essay Booth Waters (1995) believe that nursing does not appear to have claimed any distinct realm of responsibility other than the vague care function which, in a rehabilitation setting such as a day hospital is not necessarily appropriate.

Throughout the University, literature nursing tends to be described in terms of specific tasks. For instance, Brocklehurst Tucker (1980) list nursing treatment including injections, dressings, urine testing, blood pressure recordings, eye bathing and surveillance of diet. There is no encompassing area of expertise according to these authors summarising that the nurses contribution has nothing to offer as far as rehabilitating patients. All the sources reviewed for this essay aligh nursing with medicine, discussing rehabilitation as a separate entity, in the realm of the therapist’s from which nurses are excluded Cousings Hale (1983); Zeeli Isaacs (1988). However Brocklehurst Tucker (1980) identified some difficulties for nurses in accepting this situation, indicating that many would prefer to be more actively involved in rehabilitation.

The aspiration of these nurses is supported by Skeet (1983), who suggests that rehabilitation is the particular responsibility of nurses working and that every action should be rehabilitation in intent. Rehabilitation is an important component of nursing practice overall, but it also is an How to state in an essay make, area of University past specialised practice implemented within rehabilitation settings. The goal of in an make rehabilitation nursing is to papers edinburgh facilitate the movement of individuals toward independence while helping them satisfy their needs. Therefore the How to homework last minute, approach to rehabilitation is holistic, creative, caring, and optimistic. Nurses constitute the biggest group within the health service and are a key aspect of the rehabilitation process, Chamberlain (1988) in David (1993). Papers Edinburgh! Chamberlain recommends that it is the role of the nurse to influence the morale and ethos of the team of nurses on the ward/unit/community. This may only on germs, be achieved by promoting an atmosphere of interdisciplinary teamwork, continuing communication, education and free expression. It seems reasonable to University papers hypothesise than increase in on germs, rehabilitation knowledge and practice application by all professional groups in contact with patients could increase the amounts of therapy time patients receive and the potential for functional improvement. Past! This would require a resolution of professional rivalry, which has been identified as a problem in furthering shared multidisciplinary team approaches to rehabilitation, KFFCS (1988).

Nurses have yet to define the parameters of london their contribution in the rehabilitation context. Nurses believe they make a valuable contribution and that much of their intervention is concerned with supporting and reinforcing the care implemented by others, especially the therapy staff. It can be suggested that if the nurses were taught and developed the confidence to implement rehabilitation techniques in practice then continuity of care would improve, as would interdisciplinary relations. I cannot stress enough that rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary team effort which should revolve around the patient’s needs. Further studies are required to support the findings of the exploratory by Hill Johnson (1999) who agreed with this. Conclusion I will now give my own opinion on the nurses role whilst making recommendations. University! Firstly, a thorough knowledge of My dream essay english one’s own profession is essential in communicating the disciplines strengths and limitations within the multidisciplinary team. Papers! Effective multidisciplinary team work encourages mutual respect and individual autonomy among professionals, Mariano (1992). Rehabilitation nurses should be building on their knowledge base and participating in research relevant to rehabilitation. Although nurses make a valuable contribution to the process of rehabilitation, the parameters of that contribution have yet to be defined. Nurses and others should be aware that many patients do not recover to their pre-illness levels of ability, and rehabilitation may be a long and Writing online drunk, arduous for University past, the patient, family, and staff.

The lack of clarity of the My dream, nurse's role has been previously noted, Myco (1986) and University past papers, due to pre-registration nurse training through Project 2000, with the shift to incorporate both institutional settings, may go some way to overcoming this deficit. I would recommend that there should be increased recognition of the a thesis essay make, contribution of nurses to rehabilitation through acknowledgement of the hidden aspects of University past edinburgh nurses work. Education in basic rehabilitation techniques should be available to My dream writing this group of past papers nurses in order that their potential for enhancing the outcomes of care can be realised. Rehabilitation is an Writing online, important component of past papers nursing practice overall, but it also is an area of specialised practice implemented within rehabilitation settings. The goal of rehabilitation nursing is to facilitate the movement of individuals toward independence while helping them satisfy their needs.

Therefore the approach to rehabilitation is on germs in phelgm holistic, creative, caring, and optimistic and to achieve this goal a multi/interdisciplinary approach is needed to take a bite out of University past all of the disciplines and for each member of the team to reinforce the other. The professional practice of the rehabilitation nurse is wide and varied. How To State In An! Rehabilitation nursing is an exciting, challenging, and rewarding area of nursing practice that is papers edinburgh likely to continue expanding in state in an make, the coming decades. University! The ageing population and increasing numbers of physically disabled and How to state make, chronically ill persons will increase demands for rehabilitative services and for knowledgeable rehabilitative nurses. Rehabilitative nurses who collaborate effectively with other members of health and social disciplines to bring patients to their full functional potential will see an past, increasing demand for their services.

After looking at all the research and Dissertation in phelgm, becoming very confused as to whether the nurse has a role in rehabilitation, I have come to the conclusion that the nurse does have a role, if now the most important role within the University past edinburgh, multidisciplinary team. This is show by the extent of knowledge required by the nurse to empower the patient and their significant others. For example a doctor is Personal essay for medical school conclusion required to know about their medicine, the University edinburgh, occupational therapist is required to assist the patient with adaptive tools and the physiotherapist will encourage physical activity to writing a dissertation aid improvement, whereas the nurse has to know all of past these things and reinforce them when the rest of the team has gone home. The problem with this scenario is that the nurses appear to be unappreciated by the other team members which will obviously cause resentment and conflict. I would recommend that all disciplines should be educated on the subject of multidisciplinary membership and of course rehabilitation. If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Coursework essay, dissertation or piece of in phelgm coursework that answers your exact question? There are UK writers just like me on hand, waiting to help you. Each of us is qualified to a high level in our area of expertise, and we can write you a fully researched, fully referenced complete original answer to your essay question.

Just complete our simple order form and past papers edinburgh, you could have your customised Coursework work in your email box, in as little as 3 hours. This coursework was submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. This page has approximately words. If you use part of this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay UK, Role Of The Nurse In Rehabilitation . Available from: http://www.essay.uk.com/coursework/role-of-the-nurse-in-rehabilitation.php [03-10-17]. If you are the original author of this content and How to finish homework last minute essay, no longer wish to have it published on our website then please click on the link below to request removal:

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