Dissertation advice

Jan 28, 2018 Dissertation advice, buy essay online cheap -

business plan cover Write a Winning Business Plan. B usiness P lanning. What are the Benefits? Every wholesale, retail, and/or service business can benefit from the preparation of a carefully written business plan. There are two main purposes for writing that plan. There is an Dissertation advice, additional benefit if you do business internationally. Your business plan will serve as your guide during the lifetime of your operation. It is the blueprint of Models for writers for composition your business and will provide you with the tools to analyze your operation and advice, implement changes that will increase your sales and, ultimately, your profitability. A business plan is a requirement if you are planning to seek financing.

It will provide potential lenders or investors with detailed information on all aspects of your company's past and current operations and provide future projections. If you do business internationally, a business plan provides a standard means of evaluating your products' business potential in Student assignment help notebook a foreign marketplace. Business Plan Outline. The following pages provide a suggested outline of the material to be included in your business plan. Your final plan may vary according to your specific needs or individual requirements of advice your lender or investor.

Cover Sheet (Serves as the title page of your business plan) Name, address, and phone number of the Student assignment notebook company. Name, title, address, phone number of advice owners/corporate officers. Month and year your plan was prepared. Name of this shit welcome preparer. Copy number of the plan. Table of Contents (Quick reference to major topics covered in Dissertation your plan) The executive summary is the abstract of your business plan. It summarizes the Paper with clip content and purpose of your finished plan, covering all of the advice key points. This is Models essays, a key section if you are seeking funding. Your Company (introductory overview - who, what, where it is and why it is unique) Market Opportunity (opportunities your company is positioned to take advantage of) Capital Requirements, Breakdown of Uses of Dissertation Funds, Repayment of Loan or Benefits to Investors. (include only if you are seeking funding) Management (who they are and strengths each one brings to assignment help the company) Competitors (direct and indirect); list their strengths and weaknesses. Dissertation Advice. Your Company's Competitive Advantages.

Financial Projections (summary of poe essays conclusion Income Statement Projections for next 3 years) Note : Write the executive summary after you have completed your business plan. It is a summary. Part I: The Organizational Plan. What is included? This section should include a summary description of your business statement followed by information on Dissertation the administrative end of your company. Summary Description of the Business.

In a paragraph or two give a broad overview of the nature of conclusion f your business, telling when and why the company was formed. Then complete the summary by briefly addressing: mission (projecting short- and long-term goals) business model (describe your company's model and why it is unique to your industry) strategy (give an overview of the strategy, focusing on short- and Dissertation, long-term objectives) strategic relationships (tell about Models for composition, any existing strategic relationships) SWOT Analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that your company will face, both internal and external) Products or Services. If you are the manufacturer and/or wholesale distributor of a product: Describe your products. Tell briefly about your manufacturing process. Include information on suppliers and availability of materials.

If you are a retailer and/or an e-tailer: Describe the advice products you sell. Include information about your sources and handling of inventory and fulfillment. If you provide a service: Describe your services List future products or services you plan to provide. With Writing Clip. Address Copyrights, Trademarks, and Patents. Back up in Dissertation Supporting Documents with registrations, photos, diagrams, etc. Describe your projected or current location. Project costs associated with the Cheap writing location.

Include legal agreements, utilities forecasts, etc. in Supporting Documents. Advice. Note: If location is important to marketing, cover in Part II - The Marketing Plan. Describe your legal structure and Do my online homework usually, why it is Dissertation, advantageous for Paper art pictures your company. List owners and/or corporate officers describing strengths (include resumes). Dissertation. List the people who are (or will be) running the business. Describe their responsibilities and abilities.

Project their salaries. Allan Poe Essays Conclusion F. (Include resumes in Supporting Documents) How many employees will you have in what positions? What are the necessary qualifications? How many hours will they work and at what wage? Project future needs for adding employees. Accounting: What system will you set up for advice daily accounting? Who will you use for a tax accountant? Who will be responsible for periodic financial statement analysis? Legal: Who will you retain for allan poe essays f an attorney? (Keep 'Murphy's Law' in mind.) What kinds of insurance will you carry? (Property Liability, Life Health)

What will it cost and who will you use for a carrier? Address security in terms of inventory control and theft of information (online and off). Project related costs. Part II: The Marketing Plan. What is a marketing plan?

The Marketing Plan defines all of the components of advice your marketing strategy. You will address the details of your market analysis, sales, advertising, and public relations campaigns. Models Essays. The Plan should also integrate traditional (offline) programs with new media (online) strategies. Overview and Goals of Your Marketing Strategy. Target Market (identify with demographics, psychographics, and niche market specifics) Competition (describe major competitors assessing their strengths and weaknesses. Market Trends (identify industry trends and Dissertation advice, customer trends) Market Research (describe methods of research, database analysis, and results summary) General Description (budget % allocations on- and off-line with expected ROIs) Method of Sales and Distribution (stores, offices, kiosks, catalogs, d/mail, website) Packaging (quality considerations and packaging) Pricing (price strategy and competitive position.

Database Marketing (Personalization) Sales Strategies (direct sales, direct mail, email, affiliate, reciprocal, and viral marketing) Sales Incentives/Promotions (samples, coupons, online promo, add-ons, rebates, etc.) Advertising Strategies (traditional, web/new media, long-term sponsorships) Public Relations (online presence, events, press releases, interviews) Networking (memberships and leadership positions) Description of Customer Service Activities. Expected Outcomes of Achieving Excellence. Implementation of Marketing Strategy. Out-Sourced Functions (advertising, public relations, marketing firms, ad networks, etc.) Assessment of Marketing Effectiveness* * To be used by existing companies after making periodic evaluations. Part III: Financial Documents. The quantitative part of your business plan. This section of the business plan is the quantitative interpretation of everything you stated in the organizational and marketing plans. Do not do this part of your plan until you have finished those two sections.

Financial documents are the records used to show past, current, and Cheap essay, projected finances. The following are the major documents you will want to include in advice your Business Plan. The work is much easier if they are done in the order presented because they build on each other, utilizing information from the ones previously developed. Summary of Financial Needs (needed only if you are seeking financing) This is an outline giving the following information: Why you are applying for financing. How Much capital you need. Essay Services Resume. Loan Fund Dispersal Statement (needed only if you are seeking financing) Tell How you intend to disperse the loan funds. Dissertation Advice. Back Up your statement with supporting data. Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement (Budget) This document projects what your Business Plan means in terms of dollars. It shows cash inflow and outflow over for writers short essays, a period of Dissertation time and homie this shit is basic, is used for internal planning. Dissertation. It is of prime interest to the lender and with clip art pictures, shows how you intend to repay your loan. Cash flow statements show both how much and Dissertation, when cash must flow in and out of your business.

Three-Year Income Projection. A Pro Forma Income PL (Income) Statement showing projections for your company for the next three years. Use the revenue and expense totals from the Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement for the 1st year's figures and online homework, project for the next two years according to expected economic and advice, industry trends. Projected Balance Sheet. Projection of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth of your company at end of online usually next fiscal year. The break-even point is the point at which a company's expenses exactly match the sales or service volume. It can be expressed in: (1) Total dollars or revenue exactly offset by total expenses -or- (2) Total units of production (cost of which exactly equals the income derived by their sales). This analysis can be done either mathematically or graphically. Revenue and Dissertation, expense figures are drawn from the Student three-year income projection. Note : The following (G-J) are Actual Performance (Historical) Statements.

They reflect the activity of your business in the past. If your business is new and has not yet begun operations: the financial section will end here and you will add a Personal Financial History. If yours is an established business: you will include the advice following actual performance statements. Edgar F. Profit Loss Statement (Income Statement) Shows your business financial activity over advice, a period of time (monthly, annually). It is a moving picture showing what has happened in your business and is an excellent tool for assessing your business. Your ledger is help, closed and balanced and the revenue and Dissertation, expense totals transferred to this statement. Cheap Essay Writing Services Resume. Shows the condition of the business as of a fixed date. It is a picture of Dissertation advice your firm's financial condition at Cheap essay, a particular moment and will show you whether your financial position is strong or weak.

It is Dissertation, usually done at the close of an accounting period. Contains: (1) Assets, (2) Liabilities and Do my homework, (3) Net Worth. Financial Statement Analysis. In this section you will use your income statements and balance sheets to develop a study of Dissertation advice relationships and comparisons of: (1) Items in Cheap writing services resume a single year's financial statement, (2) comparative financial statements for a period of time, or (3) your statements with those of other businesses. Measures are expressed as ratios or percentages that can be used to compare your business with industry standards. If you are seeking a lender or investor, ratio analysis as compared to industry standards will be especially critical in determining whether or not the Dissertation loan or venture funds are justified.

Liquidity Analysis (net working capital, current ratio, quick ratio) Profitability Analysis (gross profit margin, operating profit margin, net profit margin) Debt Ratios (debt to assets, debt to equity) Measures of Investment (return on investment) Vertical financial statement analysis (shows relationship of components in a single financial statement) Horizontal financial statement analysis (percentage analysis of the increases and Paper with writing clip art pictures, decreases in Dissertation advice the items on Models for writers for composition comparative financial statement) Business Financial History. This is a summary of financial information about your company from its start to Dissertation advice the present. The Business Financial History and Loan Application are frequently one and the same. For Writers Essays. If you have completed the rest of the financial section, you should have all of the information you need to transfer to this document. Part IV: Supporting Documents. This section of your plan will contain all of the records that back up the statements and decisions made in the three main parts of your business plan. The most common supporting documents are: Include resumes for owners and Dissertation advice, management. A resume should a one-page document. Art Pictures. Include: work history, educational background, professional affiliations and honors, and a focus on Dissertation advice special skills relating to Do my homework usually the company position.

Owners' Financial Statements. A statement of personal assets and Dissertation, liabilities. For a new business owner, this will be part of for writers short for composition your financial section. Business and personal from suppliers or wholesalers, credit bureaus, and banks. Copies of Leases, Mortgages, Purchase Agreements, Etc.

All agreements currently in force between your company and a leasing agency, mortgage company or other agency. Letters of Reference. Advice. Letters recommending you as being a reputable and reliable business person worthy of being considered a good risk. Dissertation Is Basic. (both business and personal references) Include all business contracts, both completed and currently in force. Other Legal Documents. All legal papers pertaining to Dissertation advice your legal structure, proprietary rights, insurance, etc. Edgar Poe Essays F. Limited partnership agreements, shipping contracts, etc. All other documents which have been referred to, but not included in the main body of the plan. (for example: location plans, demographics, competition analysis, advertising rate sheets, cost analysis, etc.) Putting Your Plan Together. When You Are Finished: Your Business Plan should look professional, but the potential lender or investor needs to know that it was done by you. A business plan will be the best indicator that can be used to judge your potential for success. It should be no more than 30 to 40 pages in Dissertation length, excluding supporting documents. If you are seeking a lender or investor: Include only the supporting documents that will be of immediate interest to Do my homework usually the person examining your plan.

Keep the others with your own copy where they will be available on short notice. Make copies for each lender or investor you wish to Dissertation advice approach. Keep track of each copy that you give out. If you are turned down for help notebook financing, be sure to retrieve your business plan. Keep Your Business Plan Up-to-Date. Your business plan will be beneficial only if you update it frequently to reflect what is happening within your business. Advice. Measure your projections against what actually happens in your company. Homework. Use the results to analyze the Dissertation effectiveness of your operation. You can then implement changes that will give you a competitive edge and make your business more profitable.

Linda Pinson is a nationally-recognized business speaker, author and educator. She is the owner of Out of Your Mind. and Into the Marketplace#8482;, publisher of educational how-to books and software for new and established businesses. Linda has authored nine books, one of which is Anatomy of a Business Plan, winner of the Ben Franklin Best Business Book of the Year Award and basis of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) Publication, How to Write a Business Plan. She is also the developer of Automate Your Business Plan Version 2015 for Windows ® . Her books are in libraries and bookstores throughout the U.S. and have been translated into Spanish, Italian, Chinese and other languages for foreign use. The books and software are used as course material in universities, colleges, SBDCs, BICs, and technical schools, and also for Paper with writing training and development within corporations.

OUT OF YOUR MIND. AND INTO THE MARKETPLACE TM. 13381 White Sand Dr. , Tustin , CA 92780-4565 USA. Tel: 714-544-0248 (CA) or 469-223-4474 (TX) Fax: 714-730-1414. Copyright 1996-2015 Linda Pinson - All rights reserved.

Jan 28, 2018 Dissertation advice, buy essay online at professional writing service -

patriotic essay Presented here are a some essays that I have assembled for Dissertation all of you with a patriotic heart. Writing Art Pictures! If you have a favorite essay that you would like to contribute to this collection please feel free to do so ! Be sure to include the title author (if known) to Contact Us. If one asks me the meaning of our flag, I say to advice him: It means just what Concord and art pictures, Lexington meant, what Bunker Hill meant. It means the whole glorious Revolutionary War. It means all that the Declaration of Independence meant. It means all that the Constitution of our people, organizing for justice, for liberty and for happiness, meant.

Under this banner rode Washington and his armies. Before it Burgoyne laid down his arms. Dissertation Advice! It waved on the highlands at West Point. When Arnold would have surrendered these valuable fortresses and precious legacies, his night was turned into day and his treachery was driven away by homie shit to, beams of light from this starry banner. It cheered our army, driven out from around New York, and in their painful pilgrimages through New Jersey. This banner streamed in light over the soldiers' heads at Valley Forge and at Morristown. It crossed the waters rolling with ice at Trenton, and when its stars gleamed in Dissertation advice the morning with a victory, a new day of hope dawned on the despondency of this nation.

Our Flag carries American ideas, American history and American feelings. Beginning with the Colonies, and coming down to our time, in Student notebook its sacred heraldry, in advice its glorious insignia, it has gathered and stored chiefly this supreme idea: divine right of liberty in man . Every color means liberty; every thread means liberty; every form of Models for writers short for composition star and beam or stripe of Dissertation advice light means liberty - not lawlessness, but organized, institutional liberty - liberty through law, and laws for liberty! This American Flag was the safeguard of liberty. Not an atom of crown was allowed to go into its insignia. Not a symbol of authority in Edgar allan conclusion the ruler was permitted to go into it. It was an ordinance of Dissertation advice liberty by the people, for the people. That it meant, that it means, and, by the blessing of God, that it shall mean to with art pictures the end of time! Our Flag - America's Tonic Against Cynicism. [ Note : From the Nov.-Dec. 1994 National Flag Foundations Standard Bearer Magazine. This article remains the Dissertation, copyrighted material of the National Flag Foundation and is presented here by permission.]

As Vice President and homie this shit is basic welcome to, as a Senator and member of Congress before that, I have visited dozens of foreign countries. Believe me when I say I have seen lots of flags. Every country in the world flies flags on ceremonial occasions, such as the arrival of dignitaries on official trips. But something sets Americans apart. We don't just put out the flag for important visitors, or on solemn occasions, and then put it away. Ordinary Americans, by Dissertation advice, the millions, revere our flag and display it every day. We fly it from homework, tall poles in front of our businesses, from advice, short poles in our front yards, from balcony railings in our condominium complexes.

We pin the flag on our jacket lapels and paste it to the windows of our cars and trucks. As soon as our toddlers can hold a little stick in their tiny fists, we give them Old Glory to Student assignment help wave at the Fourth of July parade. And at life's end, we drape the caskets of our fallen patriots with the advice, Stars and Stripes. This proud display of, and devotion to, the symbol of our nation is f, uniquely American. It is how we reaffirm the fact that we are indeed one nation and that whatever our other differences, there are core values Americans hold in common: a belief in the dignity of the Dissertation, individual, a love of liberty, and a commitment to Do my homework usually government of, for, and by Dissertation, the people. By displaying the flag, we express our gratitude to clip art pictures the generations past who fought and died for this country, and advice, we remind ourselves of our obligation to preserve for generations to come the freedom that others won for us.

One of the Edgar allan poe essays conclusion, priviledges enjoyed by those of us in public life is to be greeted by advice, flags most everywhere we go. This simple expression of patriotism is Edgar allan conclusion f, often a welcome relief from the cynicism of elites in our nation's capital who are too sophisticated to be caught waving a flag. My aquaintances in the major media might find this hard to believe, but there's nothing like seeing proud faces of youngsters reciting the Pledge of Allegiance to advice remind you of the homie this shit is basic, high ideals that first led you to seek elected office. I realize that the temper of our times is Dissertation advice, increasingly cynical, that Americans in growing numbers raise a skeptical eyebrow upon hearing the words high ideals and elected office in the same breath. If you read the same newspaper stores I do, then you have seen the public opinion polls showing in what low repute we now hold the major branches of government. I must admit there are days when I understand those feelings. It's easy to look at the discrepancy between what officials say and what they do, and to Dissertation shit is basic to become cynical as a result. However, I don't believe Americans will ever become entirely cynical -- as long as they keep flying the flag. As a symbol of our republic and its institutions, our link to this country's past and to advice its future, the flag helps us keep in mind that the Student help, Founding Fathers created a durable and admirable system of government.

The founders didn't pretend to guarantee that only honorable men and women would hold office. In fact, they assumed the opposite -- and created a system of checks and balances as insurance against the imperfect politicians they knew would always exist. In other parts of the world, people tend to advice find Americans' love of the flag overly sentimental. I believe that our system of Paper writing government, for all its occasional flaws, is still the finest in Dissertation advice the world. Far from being sentimental, we have very good reason to show our appreciation anew every day. This country was not built by Student help, men who relied on somebody else to take care of them. It was built by men who relied on themselves, who dared to shape their own lives, who had enough courage to blaze new trails with enough confidence in themselves to take the necessary risks. This self-reliance is our American legacy.

It is the secret of that something which stamped Americans as Americans. Some call it individual initiative, others backbone. But whatever it is called, it is a precious ingredient in our national character, one which we must not lose. The time has come for us to re-establish the rights for which we stand, to re-assert our inalienable rights to human dignity, self-respect, self-reliance—to be again the kind of people who once made America great. Such a crusade for renewed independence will require a succession of advice inspired leaders, leaders in spirit and in knowledge of the problem, not just men with political power, but men who are militantly for the distinctive way of Edgar poe essays conclusion f life that was America. We are likely to find such leaders only among those that promote self-reliance and who practice it with strict devotion and understanding. No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House.

But different men often see the same subject in Dissertation different lights; and, therefore, I hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony. The question before the Paper writing art pictures, House is one of awful moment to this country. For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate. It is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at Dissertation truth, and homie to, fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Dissertation Advice! Should I keep back my opinions at such a time, through fear of giving offense, I should consider myself as guilty of treason towards my country, and Student, of an act of disloyalty toward the Majesty of Heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings. Mr. Dissertation Advice! President, it is writing clip, natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope. Dissertation! We are apt to with writing art pictures shut our eyes against a painful truth, and advice, listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into with beasts.

Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to Dissertation advice know the online homework, whole truth; to know the Dissertation, worst, and to provide for it. I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and for writers short essays, that is the lamp of Dissertation advice experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. This Is Basic Welcome! And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House. Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to Dissertation your feet.

Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to essay a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to advice be reconciled that force must be called in to Models short win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and subjugation; the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none.

They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and Dissertation advice, rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in allan poe essays conclusion every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted?

Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the Dissertation, tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and Dissertation homie is basic, we have been spurned, with contempt, from the Dissertation, foot of the throne! In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free -- if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for Do my which we have been so long contending -- if we mean not basely to abandon the Dissertation, noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained -- we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is Edgar f, left us!

They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the advice, next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in art pictures every house? Shall we gather strength but irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of advice hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of help those means which the God of Dissertation nature hath placed in Paper our power. Dissertation Advice! The millions of homework usually people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by advice, any force which our enemy can send against us.

Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to Models for writers short desire it, it is Dissertation, now too late to retire from the contest.

There is with writing clip art pictures, no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable -- and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come.

It is in vain, sir, to Dissertation advice extenuate the clip, matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace -- but there is no peace. The war is advice, actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in Paper writing the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of advice chains and slavery?

Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take but as for me; give me liberty or give me death. On the night of Good Friday, 1865, he left us to join a blessed procession, in neither doubt nor fear, but his soul does indeed go marching on. For this was the for writers for composition, Bible-reading lad come out of Dissertation advice wilderness, following a prairie star, filled with wonder at the world and its Maker, who all his life, boy and man, not only knew the Twenty-third Psalm but, more importantly, knew the Shepherd. Now it seems possible that we shall never see his like again.

This is a sobering thought, but it should be a kindling one, for upon us now, as a people and a party, has been laid perhaps the greatest responsibility any nation was ever asked to shoulder, yet certainly not greater than we can bear. Our days are no longer than were Lincoln's, our nights are no darker, and if there is any difference between his time and Edgar poe essays conclusion f, this it lies in the tremendous advantage that is ours, that he stood so tall before us. In such a time and at such a moment we surely can say then, from hopeful, brimful hearts: We are standing, Father Abraham, devoted millions strong, firm in the faith that was yours and is ours, secure in Dissertation advice the conviction bequeathed by you to us that right does make might and that if we but dare to do our duty as we understand it, we shall not only survive. --we shall prevail.

What's a flag? What's the love of country for which it stands? Maybe it begins with love of the land itself. It is the fog rolling in Do my online homework with the Dissertation advice, tide at Eastport, or through the essay, Golden Gate and among the towers of advice San Francisco. It is the sun coming up behind the White Mountains, over the Green, throwing a shining glory on Lake Champlain and above the Adirondacks.

It is the storied Mississippi rolling swift and muddy past St. Louis, rolling past Cairo, pouring down past the levees of New Orleans. It is Models short, lazy noontide in Dissertation the pines of Carolina, it is a sea of wheat rippling in Western Kansas, it is the short for composition, San Francisco peaks far north across the glowing nakedness of Dissertation Arizona, it is the Grand Canyon and a little stream coming down out of a New England ridge, in which are trout. It is men at work. It is the storm-tossed fishermen coming into homie Gloucester and Provincetown and Astoria. It is the farmer riding his great machine in the dust of harvest, the Dissertation advice, dairyman going to the barn before sunrise, the lineman mending the broken wire, the miner drilling for the blast. It is the with, servants of fire in advice the murky splendor of with art pictures Pittsburgh, between the Allegheny and the Monongahela, the trucks rumbling through the night, the locomotive engineer bringing the train in on Dissertation, time, the Student, pilot in the clouds, the riveter running along the beam a hundred feet in the air. It is the clerk in Dissertation the office, the housewife doing the dishes and help, sending the children off to school. It is the Dissertation, teacher, doctor and parson tending and helping, body and Models essays, soul, for small reward. It is small things remembered, the little corners of the land, the houses, the people that each one loves.

We love our country because there was a little tree on a hill, and grass thereon, and a sweet valley below; because the Dissertation, hurdy-gurdy man came along on a sunny morning in a city street; because a beach or a farm or a lane or a house that might not seem much to others were once, for each of us, made magic. It is voices that are remembered only, no longer heard. Edgar Conclusion F! It is parents, friends, the lazy chat of street and store and office, and the ease of mind that makes life tranquil. It is Summer and Winter, rain and sun and storms. These are flesh of our flesh, bone of our bone, blood of Dissertation our blood, a lasting part of what we are, each of welcome to us and all of us together. It is stories told. It is the Pilgrims dying in their first dreadful Winter. It is the minute man standing his ground at Concord Bridge, and dying there.

It is the army in rags, sick, freezing, starving at Valley Forge. It is the wagons and the men on foot going westward over Cumberland Gap, floating down the great rivers, rolling over the great plains. It is the settler hacking fiercely at the primeval forest on his new, his own lands. It is Thoreau at Walden Pond, Lincoln at Dissertation Cooper Union, and Lee riding home from with writing clip, Appomattox. Dissertation! It is homework, corruption and advice, disgrace, answered always by men who would not let the assignment, flag lie in the dust, who have stood up in every generation to fight for the old ideals and the old rights, at risk of ruin or of life itself. It is advice, a great multitude of people on pilgrimage, common and ordinary people, charged with the usual human failings, yet filled with such a hope as never caught the imaginations and the hearts of any nation on poe essays, earth before.

The hope of liberty. The hope of justice. The hope of a land in which a man can stand straight, without fear, without rancor. The land and the people and the flag, the land a continent, the people of every race, the flag a symbol of what humanity may aspire to when the Dissertation advice, wars are over and the barriers are down: to these each generation must be dedicated and consecrated anew, to defend with life itself, if need be, but, above all, in friendliness, in hope, in courage, to live for. I am an American: That's the way we put it, simply, without any swagger, without any brag, in short essays those four plain words.

We speak them softly, just to ourselves. We roll them on Dissertation advice, the tongue, touching every syllable, getting the feel of clip art pictures them, the enduring flavor. We speak them humbly, thankfully, reverently: I am an American. They are more than words, really. They are the sum of the lives of Dissertation a vast multitude of men and women and wide-eyed children. They are a manifesto to mankind; speak those four words anywhere in Do my usually the world -- yes, anywhere -- and those who hear will recognize their meaning. They are a pledge. A pledge that stems from a document which says: When in Dissertation advice the course of human events, and goes on from there. A pledge to those who dreamed that dream before it was set to paper, to those who have lived it since, and died for allan f it.

Those words are a covenant with a great host of plain Americans, Americans who put their share of meaning into them. Listen, and you can hear the voices echoing through them, words that sprang white-hot from bloody lips, scornful lips, lips a tremble with human pity: Don't give up the ship! Fight her till she dies. Dissertation Advice! Damn the torpedoes! Go ahead! . . . Do you want to live forever? . . . Don't cheer, boys; the poor devils are dying. Laughing words, June-warm words, words cold as January ice: Root, hog, or die. .. I've come from poe essays f, Alabama with my banjo. . . Advice! Pike's Peak or bust! . Edgar Allan Conclusion! . Advice! . Busted, by God! . . . When you say that, smile.

Wait till you see the whites of their eyes. With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right. I am not a Virginian, but an American. You can hear men in assembly summoned, there in Philadelphia, hear the scratch of Models for composition their quills as they wrote words for the hour and produced a document for the ages. You can hear them demanding guarantees for which they suffered through the hell of war, hear a Yankee voice intoning the text of ten brief amendments. You can hear the slow cadences of a gaunt and weary man at Dissertation advice Gettysburg, dedicating not a cemetery, but a nation. You can hear those echoes as you walk along the streets, hear them in the rumble of traffic; you can hear them as you stand at the lathe, in the roaring factory; hear them in the clack of train wheels, in the drumming throb of the air liner; hear them in the corn fields and in the big woods and in the mine pits and the oil fields. But they aren't words any longer; they're a way of life, a pattern of essay writing services living. They're the Dissertation advice, dawn that brings another day in homie shit welcome to which to get on the job.

They're the noon whistle, with a chance to get the kinks out of Dissertation your back, to get a bowl of soup, a plate of beans, a cup of coffee into help your belly. They're evening, with another day's work done; supper with the wife and kids; a movie, or the radio, or the advice, newspaper or a magazine -- and no Gestapo snooping at the door and homie this to, threatening to kick your teeth in. They are a pattern of life as lived by Dissertation advice, a free people, freedom that has its roots in rights and Student assignment notebook, obligations: The right to go to a church with a cross or a star or a dome or a steeple, or not to go to any church at all; and the obligation to Dissertation advice respect others in that same right. The right to harangue on a street corner, to hire a hall and shout your opinions till your tonsils are worn to a frazzle; and the obligation to curb your tongue now and then. The right to Edgar poe essays conclusion f go to school, to learn a trade, to enter a profession, to earn an honest living; and the obligation to advice do an honest day's work. The right to homie this to put your side of the argument in the hands of Dissertation a jury; and the obligation to abide by the laws that you and your delegates have written in the statute books. The right to choose who shall run our government for us, the Do my homework, right to a secret vote that counts just as much as the next fellow's in Dissertation the final tally; and the obligation to use that right, and guard it and keep it clean.

The right to hope, to Cheap writing services dream, to pray; the obligation to serve. These are some of the meanings of those four words, meanings we don't often stop to tally up or even list. Only in the stillness of a moonless night, or in the quiet of Dissertation a Sunday afternoon, or in the thin dawn of a new day, when our world is close about us, do they rise up in our memories and stir in our sentient hearts. Only then? That is not wholly so -- not today! For today we are drilling holes and driving rivets, shaping barrels and loading shells, fitting wings and welding hulls, And we are remembering Wake Island, and Bataan, and Corregidor, and Hong Kong and Paper writing art pictures, Singapore and advice, Batavia; We are remembering Warsaw and Rotterdam and Models for composition, Rouen and Coventry. Remembering, and muttering with each rivet driven home: There's another one for remembrance! They're plain words, those four. Simple words.

You could write them on your thumbnail, if you chose, Or you could sweep them all across the sky, horizon to Dissertation horizon. You could grave them on stone, you could carve them on the mountain ranges. You could sing them, to the tune of Yankee Doodle. But you needn't. You needn't do any of those things, For those words are graven in the hearts of 130,000,00 people, they are familiar to 130,000,000 tongues, every sound and every syllable. But when we speak them we speak them softly, proudly, gratefully: I am an American. We do honor to the stars and stripes as the emblem of online our country and the symbol of all that our patriotism means. We identify the Dissertation advice, flag with almost everything we hold dear on earth. It represents our peace and Paper writing clip, security, our civil and political liberty, our freedom of religious worship, our family, our friends, our home. We see it in the great multitude of blessings, of rights and privileges that make up our country.

But when we look at our flag and behold it emblazoned with all our rights, we must remember that it is equally a symbol of our duties. Every glory that we associate with it is the result of Dissertation duty done. A yearly contemplation of our flag strengthens and Student assignment notebook, purifies the national conscience. In response to a request from advice, England for a description of Col. Paper With Clip Art Pictures! George Washington, his aide-de-camp, John Francis Mercer, wrote:

He may be described as being as straight as an Indian, measuring six feet two inches in his stockings and weighing 175 pounds when he took his seat in the House of Burgesses in 1759. His frame is padded with well developed muscles, indicating great strength. His bones and joints are large, as are his feet and hands. He is wide shouldered, but has not a deep or round chest; is neat waisted, but is advice, broad across the Cheap essay writing services resume, hips, and has rather long legs and arms. His head is well shaped though not large, but is gracefully poised on a superb neck. A large and straight rather than a prominent nose; blue-gray eyes which are widely separated and overhung by a heavy brow.

His face is long rather than broad, with high round cheek bones, and Dissertation, terminates in a good firm chin. Do My Usually! He has a clear though rather colorless pale skin, which burns with the sun. A pleasing, benevolent, though a commanding countenance, dark brown hair, which he wears in a cue. His mouth is large and generally firmly closed, but which from time to time discloscs some defective teeth. His features are regular and Dissertation advice, placid, though fiexible and expressivc of deep feeling when moved by emotion. What strange doubts assail this timid generation of today as it beholds the challenges to both liberty and equality. We seem beset with fear not faith, with doubt not confidence, with compromise not conviction, with dismay not dedication. We are drenched with the literature of fear and doubt. Survival has become the Edgar allan conclusion f, main theme. The fall-out shelter from which the stars of hope and courage cannot be seen has become the symbol of our fears and misgivings. Are we to Dissertation become fearful, unworthy legatees in a blessed, united land where the earth is Dissertation homie this shit, fertile to our every need, where the skills and Dissertation advice, ingenuity of men are boundless, where the burdens are bearable, where decent living is within the reach of all, and Models essays, where the genius to Dissertation advice produce is unlimited?

Perhaps we have lost our sense of continuity? Perhaps we have forgotten that we move in that same endless stream which began with our forefathers and which will flow on and on to embrace our children and our children's children. If we have, there will have gone with it that sense of individual responsibility which is the last best hope that a nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to equality can long endure. Comes then the reminder from the man from Illinois. Men died here and men are sleeping here who fought under a July sun that the nation might endure, united, free, tolerant, and Models for writers short, devoted to equality. The task was unfinished.

It is Dissertation, never quite finished. I was born an American; I live an American; I shall die an American; and I intend to perform the duties incumbent upon me in that character to the end of my career. I mean to do this with absolute disregard of personal consequences. What are the personal consequences? What is the individual man, with all the good or evil that may betide him, in comparison with the good or evil which may befall a great country, and in the midst of great transactions which concern that country's fate? Let the Cheap essay writing services resume, consequences be what they will, I am careless. No man can suffer too much, and no man can fall too soon, if he suffer, or if he fall, in Dissertation advice the defense of the liberties and constitution of his country. Daniel Webster Speaks at Bunker Hill.

The first time I ever saw Mr. Webster was on the 17th of June, 1825, at the laying of the corner-stone of the Bunker Hill Monument. I shall never forget his appearance as he strode across the open area, encircled by some fifty thousand persons—men and women, waiting for the Orator of the Day, nor the shout that simultaneously burst forth, as he was recognized, carrying up to the skies the name of Webster! Webster! Webster! It was one of those lovely days in June, when the sun is bright, the air clear, and the breath of nature so sweet and Models for writers for composition, pure as to fill every bosom with a grateful joy in the mere consciousness of existence. There were present long files of soldiers in their holiday attire; there were many associations, with their mottoed banners; there were lodges and advice, grand lodges, in white aprons and blue scarfs; there were miles of citizens from the towns and the country round about; there were two hundred gray-haired men, remnants of the help, days of the Revolution. Mr.

Webster was in Dissertation the very zenith of his fame and of his powers. There was a grandeur in his form, an intelligence in his deep dark eye, a loftiness in his expansive brow, a significance in his arched lip, altogether beyond those of any other human being I ever saw. And these, on the occasion to which I allude, had their full expression and interpretation. When he came to address the few scarred and time-worn veterans, some forty in Models for writers short number, who had shared in the bloody scene which all had now gathered to commemorate, he paused a moment, and, as he uttered the words Venerable men, his voice trembled, and I could see a cloud pass over the sea of faces that turned upon the speaker. He said: Our poor work may perish, but thine shall endure: this monument may moulder away, the solid ground it rests upon may sink down to the level of the sea; but thy memory shall not fail.

Wherever among men a heart shall be found that beats to the transports of patriotism and liberty, its aspirations shall claim kindred with thy spirit! I have never seen such an effect, from a single passage. Lifted as by inspiration, every breast seemed now to expand, every gaze to turn above, every face to beam with a holy yet exulting enthusiasm. It was the omnipotence of eloquence, which, like the agitated sea, carries a host upon its waves, sinking and swelling with its irresistible undulations.

Jan 28, 2018 Dissertation advice, write my paper for cheap in high quality -

15 Creative Resume Examples That Will Land The Job. Table of Contents. You never get a second chance to make a good first impression. While you may think of this adage while preparing for your next interview, how often do you think about Dissertation it when submitting your CV or resume to a potential client or employer? The average length of Cheap essay writing, time someone will look at your resume is advice about 5-8 seconds. Student Notebook. That means you need a way to grab their attention quickly. Advice. Now, imagine competing with hundreds of other applicants for Do my online that same opportunity. As you might of Dissertation, guessed, the chances of getting noticed are reduced even more.

So how do you tackle this problem? How do you get your resume to standout above all the rest? One way is by Models for writers short essays for composition submitting a creative resume . A creative resume is one that steps-away from the traditional, text-only resume and instead adds creative elements into the mix. This can be anything from interactivity, videos, infographics, and even things like custom chocolates and candy wrappers – although I don’t recommend those last two. With a creative resume, the sky is the limit; you’re only capped by advice your imagination. Well, that and whether or not you really want that job. Many recruiters and potential clients and employers may not appreciate a creative resume. If the important details get lost in the design, it’s not going to fair well for you. In fact, if you’re going to use a creative resume, it’s important to understand where they’ll work, and more importantly, where they won’t. That said, you need to tailor your resume to Paper writing clip the type of Dissertation advice, job you want. For example, you’re likely not going to send a creative resume if you’re applying for a job as a court clerk or a delivery driver.

However, if you’re applying for Models for writers short essays for composition the Creative Lead position at the local publishing house, it might just be the advice perfect opportunity to Edgar f show off your design skills. Dissertation Advice. So with that in mind, let’s take a look at Student assignment some examples of creative resume designs to help give you an idea of what’s out there, and what can be done. We’ll also give you some guidance on which industries will work best for a particular design choice. This unique resume, created by Joe Kelso in 2007, will surely turn heads. When asked about it in an interview, Joe revealed that it was his secret weapon to getting noticed. In fact, it was so effective that he was often called in for interviews in which he wasn’t a perfect match.

Industry: Media. Entertainment. Design. Dissertation Advice. If you’re looking for a fun resume idea, check out Paper with writing art pictures Robby Leonardi’s interactive resume. Robby’s resume, which looks a lot like a video game, takes you on a journey through his experiences by Dissertation allowing you to control the player using your mouse or keyboard. When you make it to the end of the Do my homework game, you’re rewarded with an Dissertation, opportunity to send Robby a message. Infographics are all the Student assignment notebook rage these days, and it’s no surprise that they made their way into the resume design space. In this simple creative CV, Chen Zhi Liang makes use of them to highlight his skills, and advice, I think he nailed it. Industry: Design.

Development. Another resume that uses infographics to allan conclusion highlight skills and other areas of interest is this amazing resume by Joseph Acena. The only issue I have with this one is related to the placement of the contact information – it’s a little hard to spot – but otherwise this is a brilliant looking resume. Industry: Education. Publishing. Maria Camila Soto shows off her skills and her personality with her artistic resume. There’s just something about the hand-drawn look that I love. Dissertation. Interesting / Gloria Edith Escalera Manzano. Gloria’s resume is the most interesting resume on the list. Although she created it for a school project, she clearly gave it a lot of thought, and Do my online homework, I think she has something special here.

Industry : Design. Dissertation. Art. Illustration. Essays. Children’s Book Publishing. This beautiful resume by Dissertation Stuart Mayhew uses a single accent color to highlight the important bits of information. The font choice is with writing art pictures also brilliant. Many people forgot how important readability is when they focus too much on the flashy design elements.

Stuart clearly did not. Dissertation Advice. Anton Yermolov created this elegant designer resume in which he also uses infographics to highlight his skills. This simple design reminds me of something I might see in a magazine, and it certainly caught my attention. Industry : Design. Development. Print Media. Although there’s not much room for, well anything, Mathew Lynch sure knows how to ask for what he wants! With his creative marketing resume, there’s no question about what he’s after. The fantastic typography alone will surely draw some attention. Industry : Publishing.

Development. Design. Dissertation Homie This Is Basic Welcome. Jimmy Raheriarisoa’s awesome resume is two-color, noir perfection! It’s simple, elegant, fun, and best of all… his skills are up-front-and-center. I’d call him in for an interview in Dissertation, a heartbeat. Industry : Publishing. Media. Art. Entertainment. This innovative resume comes from Paula Del Mas, which she created as a way to promote her skills as a graphic designer.

Technically more of a portfolio than a resume, Paula spent a lot of Edgar allan poe essays conclusion f, time designing this thing. She looked at every aspect of this book, including cover design and font selection, and put into it only things that would highlight her abilities. Lim Zhiyang uses infographics to highlight his skills and general interests in this fantastically fun and creative resume. A resume like this is Dissertation advice great when you have skills, but not a lot of experience. Paper Writing Clip. Industry : Design. Development. Illustration. Dissertation Advice. Francesco’s cool resume gives us a look at the anatomy of this shit to, a creative professional. Dissertation Advice. His resume highlights his skills in Do my homework usually, a way that I’ve not seen before. If I were recruiting for new creative talent, Francesco would make it on advice, the list, for sure! Industry : Design.

Illustration. Publishing. Gaming. This creative resume by Allison Brunton reminds me of with art pictures, a technicolor version of Jimmy Raheriarisoa’s resume (#10). Advice. The important information is easy-to-find and the use of Cheap services, infographics brings things together nicely. Industry : Design. Creative Arts. When I first saw Rebecca Fisk’s creative cv I was immediately reminded of those old Pantone color-chips from Dissertation advice, back in the day.

While I’m not sure how practical of a cv this is, it’ll absolutely make a lasting first impression. Now that you’ve seen some creative resume examples, you might decide to make one of your own. Before you do, here are a few tips to keep in mind: Choose legible fonts. One of the most important tips is font selection. Too many times I’ve seen it where either illegible font was used or too many fonts were used together. The basic rule here is Cheap essay writing resume keep it simple, keep it clean. Don’t select crazy fonts just because they’re available. Keep your contact information easy-to-spot.

This should go without saying, but when your contact information is more difficult to Dissertation find than the Edgar allan poe essays ark of the Dissertation covenant, no one – not even Indiana Jones – will find you. If you want people to contact you, make sure you make it easy for them to do so: don’t hide your contact information behind a terrible design. Include important information, but keep it brief. If the average read-time is about 6-8 seconds to determine whether or not you’ll be getting a call, then imagine how much time is spent reading the rest of your resume. That said, keep it clear and concise. Don’t include irrelevant information, and don’t use big words when smaller ones will do. Let your personality show. Be creative.

Let your resume speak to your personality. While my own resume isn’t exactly “creative” – I use a traditional style – my personality still comes through. In my profile section, I have the following bullet point: Zombie aficionado — should there ever be a zombie apocalypse, it might be nice to have me around. Just sayin’. Use infographics to highlight your skills. Infographics can play a huge part in making a resume stand out, but it’s important to understand what infographics are, and how to notebook make them work. Otherwise, you run the risk of having your resume look like a photo collage put together by a second-grader.

If you’re not keen on designing your own creative resume, you might consider starting with a template. A word of caution, though… with a template, you run the risk of not being original. However, resume templates do offer a good starting point. Here are a few to help get you started: This template offers a nice balance between traditional and advice, creative. The important information is easy-to-spot, and the color and font selection are spot on. Homework. Resume Template by Dissertation Abdullah Al Mamun. This is services resume another simple design being offered as a free download by Dissertation advice Abdullah Al Mamu.

The design comes in four colors and can easily be customized to meet your needs. If you’re looking for services resume something free and simple, this is your best bet. This template comes jam-packed with extras, including matching business cards! It also comes in three different formats: .psd, .docx, and Dissertation advice, .doc. If you’re looking for an entry-level infographics format, this one by Creative Graphics is Paper clip simple, flat, and fully customizable. However, you’ll need Adobe Illustrator for advice this one. A solid choice in my book is this one by Dissertation shit is basic welcome to Whitegraphic. It features both a light and dark style, and it uses free fonts and comes in two formats: .psd and .ai. Dissertation. There are tons of templates online. Some are free, some are not.

The best advice I can give, go with what speaks to allan conclusion f you and your personality. Dissertation. Just keep in essay writing services resume, mind where it is you’re sending it. Dissertation. Creative resumes aren’t for everyone, and they’re certainly not for every type of job – but they do have their place, and they can be an effective tool when you’re looking for online homework usually new opportunities. Just keep things tame! Bottom line: just because you can do something, doesn’t mean you should . Creative resumes do have the Dissertation advice potential to get you noticed, but you want to make sure that you’re being noticed in a good way, and for short essays for composition the right reasons. Tammy Coron is an independent creative professional and the host of Roundabout: Creative Chaos.

She’s also the co-founder of advice, Day Of The Indie, the organizer behind Indie DevStock, and the founder of Just Write Code. Find out more at TammyCoron.com. Shame IT isn#8217;t really the market where most of these resumes would be suitable for. I love the design and Paper, look of these though. You are right, Arthur! They are not for everyone, but how about this idea?

Looks cool, right? #128578; So how do you tackle this problem? How do you get your resume to standout above all the rest? One way is by submitting a creative resume. So with that in Dissertation advice, mind, let’s take a look at for writers short essays for composition some examples of creative resume designs to help give you an idea of what’s out there, and what can be done. We’ll also give you some guidance on which industries will work best for a particular design choice.

Jan 28, 2018 Dissertation advice, order essay paper from #1 paper writing service for students -

chemical essay An Online Research Center on the History and Theory of Dissertation, Anarchism. #147;The Problem of Models essays, Chemicals In Food#148. Within the advice past few decades, tremendous quantities of chemicals have been introduced into the cultivation and processing of food products in the United States. The annual production of bread alone is estimated to involve the addition of about 10,000,000 pounds of chemical emulsifiers by thousands of bakers throughout the country.

During the six-year period since the end of the war, at allan poe essays conclusion f, least 700 to 800 chemicals have been discovered for use in advice American food products. These substances cover nearly every aspect of production: from fertilizers and Paper art pictures pesticides to substitutes for organic nutrients, preservatives, flavouring and colouring matter, and a legion of processing agents. There are some foods on the market that are almost entirely synthetic; the chemical content in a certain instances has been increased in advice piece-meal fashion to such an extent that these foods no longer contain the organic contents from which they were originally derived. With Writing Art Pictures. This is the ad absurdum of chemicals in food; a natural product is converted by the continual addition of advice, chemical materials into a synthetic or near-synthetic product. Often, from the standpoint of public health, no satisfactory reason can be adduced by either the manufacturer or food technologist. The principal motives for chemicals in food arise from reasons of profit and industrial competition.

The use of chemicals in food has, in fact, become so extensive and reckless that mass poisoning is Dissertation homie this shit is basic, now a real danger to the American population. Instances of Dissertation, acute toxic effects have already approached the point of national disasters. In one case, a marketed drug, #145;Elixir of Sulphanilamide#146;, killed over assignment a hundred people before it was tracked down by governmental agencies. In another case, frozen peaches were confiscated which contained a large amount of thiourea. When these peaches were fed to experimental rats by the Food and Drug Administration, the rats died overnight. Yet neither governmental legislation nor scientific experimentation has proved adequate to this type of problem. The burden of Dissertation, proof for deleterious chemicals often rests not with the Cheap essay food manufacturer but with the Food and Drug Administration. The government is usually required to show that a chemical is definitely harmful rather than unnecessary for Dissertation health and nutrition before it can be prohibited in assignment help notebook food production.

Even this task may require fairly long judicial proceedings by an agency that is understaffed and has access to limited funds. Moreover, scientific standards of toxicity are frequently open to doubt. Dissertation. Agene, for example, was used for Student help decades in bleaching flour. It was adjudged by chemists and physiologists as harmless until British scientists recently found that dogs fed a diet of 80 per cent. white bread acquired #145;running fits#146;. An equally interesting case is the variance of scientific opinion on thiourea as a preparation which prevents the browning of advice, certain sliced fruits. As late as 1943 this chemical was described as harmless to man. Further study, however, revealed that thiourea acts upon homie shit welcome, the thyroid gland to inhibit the formation of Dissertation, thyroxin, and may result in the development of thyroid adenomata and tumours of the liver. Finally, one of the most remarkable disputes centers around the use of monochloracetic acid.

This acid was first described in a French patent as a useful food preservative more than eighteen years ago. After extensive pharmacologic tests, the use of monochloracetic acid was regarded as harmless #145;even in continued daily ingestion by infants#146;. Only after the acid came into fairly widespread usage did reports indicate that this substance irritates the gastrointestinal tract, causing nausea and Student assignment notebook vomiting. Yet Dr. Franklin C. Bing, an eminent authority on nutrition and food chemistry, testified that one of the food scientists who originally characterized monochloracetic acid as harmless to Dissertation human beings, #145;still holds that monochloracetic acid is perfectly harmless and ought to be used#146;. Dr.

Bing recounts the story of a food manufacturer #145;who wanted to Edgar allan conclusion f submit a product for consideration by our council [American Medical Association]. He had a little monochloracetic acid in Dissertation advice his product as a preservative, and my duty as secretary of the council was to ask him what evidence he had as to its harmlessness, and he brought that in, and I told him I did not think that the council would accept it, and the council did not. And I remember vividly getting a couple of telephone calls from outstanding pharmacologists of this country saying that they thought we were wrong in not giving approval to that particular product#146;. But by far the most fundamental problem of usually, chemicals in food is the danger of chronic toxicity. Within very recent years, especially during the last decade, chemicals without an immediate toxic effect have found their way into food products. These chemicals may, in the long run, produce incalculable damage to public health.

For damage of this sort, scientific experimentation is extremely complex and woefully inadequate, even if the best intentions are kept in mind. Proper control, in such instances, cannot end with tests on Dissertation individual experimental animals; they must cover entire generations over fairly long periods of Paper clip, time and at considerable financial expense. More must be learned of animal physiology than is to-day even faintly suspected by the most eminent biologists in the United States. #145;I have spoken to students many times about the Dissertation newer knowledge of nutrition,#146; declared Dr. Bing in his testimony to Dissertation homie shit is basic the House Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products (U.S. Congress), #145;and I use the term somewhat glibly, but in the final analysis, I think I would have to admit that we know very little compared to what remains to be found out. #145;Some of the things that we do know are that the Dissertation advice body has mechanisms by which it can handle substances commonly or naturally found in food materials, and it may have some difficulty in handling substances which are not naturally found in foods, even though they differ only slightly in chemical configuration. So I should think that any foreign substance, any substance which is not found to with writing a fair extent in Dissertation advice foods, is open to some suspicion when you take it into the body. In the meantime, the use of chemicals in food #150; tested, for the most part, only for acute toxicity, and this often with extreme superficiality #150; has increased by with art pictures, leaps and bounds. Dr. Bing observes: #145;You can pick up almost any issue of the technical magazines which come to the attention of the chemists in the food industries, and Dissertation find some little advertisement in them about new emulsifying agents, or something that is notebook, a plasticizer, or food improver, as they sometimes call them.

That is Dissertation advice, a good term, too, which, well, it is written up so that you are intrigued by it. And it seems that just as human beings like to take a pill to relieve their illnesses or their lack of sense of well-being, so it seems to be typical of a man in the food industry when something comes along, some problem in technology, he likes to have chemical aids to solve it. That seems to be inherent in allan poe essays conclusion f human nature, perhaps. Advice. So this problem to-day is much bigger and broader than it was fiver years ago, and certainly tremendously increased over with clip art pictures what it was ten years ago.#146; Chemical Fertilizers in Agriculture. The danger of chronic toxicity, to-day, arises at a fairly remote point from the Dissertation advice industrial processor and consumer. It beings in agriculture and this is basic to cattle-breeding, with a vast array of fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, fruit colouring matter, hormones and growth stimuli. These chemicals (some of which are little understood by industrial chemists, still less by physiologists) are allowed to advice enter into great natural cycles whose ramifications touch upon the processes of life itself. Since natural processes are intricately tied together, an isolated view of the effect that any single chemical has upon life and nature is scarcely a basis for knowing how several of these chemicals will react together.

For example, grazing animals, which have received hormones to increase their weight may leave behind chemical traces in manure long after they have been slaughtered and Cheap essay resume consumed. How the soil, as well as the public, is affected is little known. If, as often happens, the same area of Dissertation, land is treated with chemical fertilizers and sprayed with insecticides, these substances may very well combine to produce a totally unpredictable effect. The dangers inherent in this problem cannot be overestimated. Instances are already known where insecticides have so completely saturated the top-soil that cultivation must be restricted to only certain kinds of food.

It is often maintained that insects, not insecticides, and soil exhaustion due to usually increased population, not chemical fertilizers, are ultimately responsible for the difficulties created by chemicals in food. This may be regarded as a spurious treatment of a very serious social question. More fundamental are the ecological disturbances that profit-minded businessmen have produced throughout the advice American countryside. For decades, lumber companies and railroads were permitted a free-hand in destroying valuable forest lands and wild life. The attendant results are widespread erosion and the removal of many natural enemies of insect life. The normal balances that were responsible for soil preservation and insect control are no longer present in many parts of the poe essays f United States. At the same time that irreplaceable top-soil is washed into the rivers of the country, it is Dissertation advice, accompanied by assignment notebook, industrial wastes that probably abet the multiplication of insects and diseases detrimental to crops.

An equally important social reason for chemical substances in agriculture is the historical shift from small- to large-scale farming. For centuries, as far back as the threshold of history, food cultivation remained in the hands of small rural families. The individual farmer who worked the land, whether he was a serf, peasant or yeoman, brought a certain amount of personal interest to agriculture. The care of advice, crops usually fell within the horizon of an short individual, who felt himself more implicated in advice the quality of agricultural food than large-scale absentee land-owners. Even when social oppression underlay agriculture, the individual farmer who performed the work could not escape the allan poe essays responsibility for the crops he produced. Much attention, interest and concern were involved in advice earlier agricultural practices, and the farmer usually took great pride in the quality or food output. Fairs, local markets, contests, and finally a real sense of responsibility to the surrounding community often induced the farmer to bring his best efforts to food cultivation. Agriculture in past eras depended upon a material technique that had not changed in many respects for thousands of years. Labour was arduous and writing services resume famine remained a continual threat.

But the farmer had the satisfaction of knowing that drought, insects and Dissertation crop diseases were seldom the with art pictures result of man-made difficulties. Nor has modern science removed many of the natural disturbances that entered into earlier food cultivation. The greatest difficulties of the past were solved when machines or knowledge of ecology, not synthetic chemicals, were brought to the farm. The advances made in soil chemistry and crop rotation during the eighteenth century were based entirely on organic and natural resources. Charles Townshend, for example, taught the English farmer the four-course rotation of wheat, turnip, barley and clover. Bakewell formulated the pragmatic orientation toward the Dissertation selection and breeding of cattle.

There is writing, no better description of the agricultural advances of the eighteenth than the world #145;husbandry#146;. The rule-of-thumb researches of the period were intent on garnering, rather than substituting for, the forces of nature. The #145;conquest of nature#146; meant a rational use of natural resources, not a disruption of the biological processes around man. It can never be too strongly emphasized that every tract of soil and every area of countryside compromises a relatively unique ecological situation. Just as climate, land, vegetation and wild-life may very greatly from one part of the country to another, so every square mile presents in some degree a distinctive balance of natural forces. Food cultivation by man, which must be regarded as a form of botanical #145;domestication#146; imposed on what was originally virgin and wild land, always threatens to upset this balance. Dissertation. In many cases, of course, uniform conditions completely outweigh ecological differences, and large-scale farming is not only Cheap feasible but even necessary. Advice. For the most part, however, successful agriculture depends upon how the farmer adapts himself to the small differences he is likely to find. He must understand not only Cheap resume gross variations in soil, but particularly his own soul as it is Dissertation, affected by the local vegetation, insect and animal life it supports. He must ask himself how far he can interfere in his given situation without causing irreparable damage. This can only come with personal familiarity, with fairly extended experience and understanding.

The farmer must bring not only writing clip insight to the specific characteristics of his land, but also sympathy, interest, and Dissertation advice a socially-responsible attitude. With the shift to large-scale farming, the emphasis of agriculture changed from the quality to the quantity of food cultivation. This meant that the land was to be exploited like any other resource under capitalism #150; in online homework usually a drastic and one-sided manner. The #145;success#146; of large-scale, quantitative farming depended upon a uniformity of advice, resources, and #145;average#146; in the agricultural situation. Since nature never presents uniformities or averages in such simple terms, they had to be created. To a large degree this task devolved upon chemicals. Thus fertilizers were used to compensate for differences in soil; chemical hormones were employed to standardize the size of crops; and growth stimuli were discovered to replace the results of variations in climate. The most elementary lessons of man#146;s relationships to the soil and Student nature have since been abandoned for #145;synthesis#146; #150; for artificiality not only in agriculture but also in nature. In short, #145;husbandry#146; has been replaced by #145;chemistry#146;.

But just as capitalist farming has #145;created#146; an #145;average#146; agriculture, so it has created an #145;average#146; farm worker. Wherever the farmer has been dispossessed by huge corporate growers, he has also been replaced by rural labourers who view the intimate problems of crop management with complete indifference. On large estates to-day, #145;farmers#146; often include aviators who spray insecticides, tractor drivers and sales#146; agents; not to advice mention harvesters who never sow and sowers who never harvest. Usually. The division of labour in large-scale farming often precludes a total view of the agricultural situation. Even the agricultural technician, who can provide an over-all view, must change his orientation to meet the needs of #145;average#146; farming. As a result, the complex requirements of advice, co-operation with nature and natural processes are fractured into numerous, unintegrated tasks.

Management is often supplied #150; at least in motivation #150; from remote heights above, by business interests which include little appreciation for the problems of the soil. Demands imposed upon the land are shaped neither by the needs of the public nor by the limits of nature, but by the exigencies of profit and competition. All the Dissertation homie this to gaps in Dissertation the picture #150; from the variations of the land to the indifference of farm labourers #150; are filled by chemicals. Fertilization by organic and inorganic (chemical) fertilizers plays a decisive part in altering various soils for #145;average#146; farming. In making these alterations, a number of very important principles are involved. Under natural conditions, the fertilization of land by organic materials is with clip, a process in the course of which complex substances are broken down into simpler plant nutrients. For example, nitrogen in proper quantities is indispensable for plant nourishment. Ordinarily, this element is provided through the advice well-known #145;nitrogen cycle#146;. When proteins decay, they are eventually reduced to carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and free nitrogen.

Soil-dwelling bacteria act upon ammonia to produce nitrate compounds that are suitable for plant nourishment. When excessive nitrogenous compounds exist in the soil, denitrifying bacteria may reverse the process to produce a suitable balance. Poe Essays Conclusion F. Excesses of this sort are no longer a serious issue because animal proteins play a very small part in supplying the land with nitrogen. Burial conventions require that a human body shall not be used to further the cultivation of food, and the human body, in turn, consumes the proteins of cattle that once eventually reached the soil. But other means exist.

Leguminous plants like beans, peas, clover, and alfalfa support nitrogen-fixing bacteria that use free nitrogen in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the Dissertation advice fecal deposits of many living animals (including man) are also rich in nitrogen. Writing Resume. In the advice past, and to-day to a great extent in the Orient, these resources have been carefully husbanded and restored to the land. The major principle behind chemical fertilization is to introduce these simpler nutrients directly, often without intermediate steps through bacteria. By industrially combining atmosphere nitrogen with lime or soda ash, the nitrogen-fixation process is performed in the factory instead of in the soil. Phosphates are usually obtained commercially for agriculture by treating phosphate rock with sulphuric acid. In fact the acidulation technique has a wide variety of uses in Do my homework preparing chemical fertilizers. It often not only supplants the work of bacteria but also brings to the soil a bewildering number of Dissertation, chemicals that are not always necessary for agriculture. The added chemicals often play no role whatever in soil fertility. They either represent residual substances that cannot be avoided because of the acidulation technique itself, or at best they are added to services resume render inorganic fertilizers soluble or absorbable. Often, they remain in the soil where they do nothing for plant nourishment as such, accumulating over the years to serve no special purpose for agriculture.

Do these new accretions harm the soil? Do they play any role in Dissertation human health? Generally speaking, is enough known of the effect of chemical fertilizers have on Paper with writing clip art pictures the soil or on the human body to Dissertation advice lend inorganic fertilization to adequate controls? Behind each of with, these questions are even more obscure problems. During the hearings of the Select House Committee, for example, Mr. J. I. Dissertation. Rodale of the #145;Soil and clip Health Foundation#146; suggested the Dissertation advice complexities that are introduced by inorganic fertilizers as part of his objections to Dissertation homie shit is basic welcome such fertilizers. #145;In some cases they (chemical fertilizers) are caustic. They actually have a burning quality that will kill bacteria. In other cases they are too soluble.

It is advice, as if an individual were forced to eat when he were not hungry. It forces itself on the plant, crowding out important trace mineral elements. #145;The most important reason why some chemical fertilizers are harmful,#146; continued Rodale, #145;is because they contain more than one element. The one element that they need to Student help feed the advice plant in order to make it soluble is tied in with some other element which gives it that solubility and which is there practically only for that purpose. #145;An example is a very common fertilizer called superphosphate. What they are after is to feed the Cheap essay writing resume plant phosphate. But is Dissertation advice, it mixed with sulphuric acid to give it that solubility. The plant takes up a great deal of help, phosphate but very little of the advice sulphur.

When sulphur piles up in the soil there are certain kinds of bacteria, called sulphur-reducing bacteria, which begin to Edgar allan multiply to work down that sulphur. Dissertation. As they work they have to feed. It so happens that those sulphate-reducing bacteria feed on a very important soil organism, which is needed to Edgar allan conclusion f break down organic matter. Therefore when you have a lot of sulphur piling up in the soil there are bacteria multiplying which are killing off certain organisms which the advice farmer needs to break down organic matter.#146; This problem, which was first introduced because of the acidulation technique, reaches even further back. #145;When you grow a crop of assignment, anything,#146; concludes Rodale, #145;that root that remains in the soil must break down for the next crop. The roots are very valuable. The roots of the preceding crops give nourishment to the next. If the soil does not contain enough of this breakdown bacteria it will not be able to furnish the food in time for the next crop.#146; Rodale#146;s testimony may be regarded as a very unorthodox view in the United States. It was opposed at the hearings by a battery of #145;experts#146; who vehemently argued for chemical fertilizers, #145;judiciously#146; mixed with organic substances.

Although the #145;experts#146; freely acknowledged that organics keep the advice soil friable, easy to work and permeable to water, they pointed up transport difficulties and, in fact, the entire arrangement of modern society as objections to Models supplying the land with enough organic materials for agriculture. #145;It is neither economically feasible nor physically possible to advice rely upon help notebook, organic manures exclusively in our present-day agriculture,#146; observed Dr. Richard Bradfield of Cornell University, who particularly tried to place inorganic fertilizers in perspective from the specialist#146;s standpoint. #145;Organic gardeners make a great deal of what they call the #147;law of advice, returns#148;, by which they mean the return to the soil of all the elements which the crop removes from it. Such a system is feasible in a primitive, sparsely populated area in which practically the entire population is engaged in homework farming, and in which there is a high proportion of the Dissertation population which can collect and transport city wastes to the farms which feed the cities. If we stopped to help think for a minute, it would become apparent how difficult it would be to apply this law literally in the United States at the present time.#146; In support of inorganic fertilizers, Bradfield insisted that such fertilizers supply elements in the same form that they are released by organic substances. In fact he found organic fertilizers of Dissertation advice, very limited value because #145;the organic matter which is generally available for use on soils does not contain these elements in the proportions in which they are needed to give the best growth of crops on most soils.#146; Now we may reserve the social problems raised by the exclusive use of organics for later discussion. But Bradfield#146;s unfavourable comparison of organic with inorganic fertilizers may be regarded as resting on entirely spurious premises.

Dr. A. F. Camp, Vice Director in charge of the University of Florida Citrus Experimental Station makes the observation that #145;the difference between trees fertilized with organic fertilizers and those fertilized with chemical fertilizers lay primarily not in the field of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and Models for composition calcium but in Dissertation the lack of the so-called minor or secondary elements such as magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, and boron which were present as impurities in the organic materials but not present in Student help notebook appreciable amounts in the chemical materials. Thus, in the case of bonemeal which was credited with containing only nitrogen, phosphorous, and calcium, it was found that one of the most important elements it supplied was magnesium which is universally deficient in Florida citrus soils and for which citrus trees have a very high requirement. Superphosphate contained only traces of magnesium and when substituted for bonemeal resulted in trees that were acutely deficient in Dissertation advice magnesium. All of these so-called minor elements which are actually as necessary to the development of citrus as the so-called major elements were found as sizable impurities in the natural organic materials because, just as in citrus, they were necessary to the growth or development of the organisms from which these organic materials were derived#146;. Indeed, it hardly tells us much to criticize the efficacy or proportions of organic fertilizers that are #145;generally available#146;. What is #145;available#146; has a very restricted meaning in the lexicon of experts to-day.

To the average farmer, organic fertilizers are almost completely represented by manures, which are admittedly a limited source of soil fertility. Even if we include the for writers essays best composts in use to-day (and this being exceptionally generous) the Dissertation advice term #145;organic fertilizer#146;, as it is currently employed, would ignore a wide range of potentially valuable substances which could be brought to Do my the soil. Curiously enough, the #145;experts#146; carry the greatest responsibility for this situation. They have almost completely evaded, and directed attention away from, research into new and better organics. Indeed, the current emphasis on inorganic fertilizers in agricultural laboratories and advice projects has reduced organic substances to an #145;indispensable#146; but entirely ancillary position in food cultivation. Bradfield went on to deny that #145;valid evidence exists#146; to homie shit is basic welcome to show that #145;crops grown with chemical fertilizer are more attractive and nutritious to insects and plant pathogens#146;. This too will be discussed elsewhere.

His denial, however, that evidence exists as to whether #145;crops grown with chemical fertilizers are less nutritious to men than those grown with organic fertilizers#146; is extremely questionable. Slowly and in the face of extreme hostility from the Dissertation advice #145;experts#146;, a number of soil scientists and practical farmers are producing evidence that inorganic fertilizers may seriously reduce the quality of crops. The discussion is still being cast in Edgar f a strictly adaptive framework, as part of a general reconciliation to the use of chemicals. It is widely accepted that the Dissertation advice contemporary social scene renders the use of inorganics necessary and few are willing to abandon chemical fertilizers as such. But, as Dr. K. C. Beeson pointed out, #145;Fertilization with large quantities of nitrogen can also result in some lowering of certain nutritive constituents in the plant. For example, in some experiments with turnip greens, applications of nitrogen reduced the percentage of calcium in the greens in twenty-four to thirty experiments. Fertilization with the ammonium salts of nitrogen has resulted in services a reduction of Dissertation advice, vitamin C in plants, but fertilization with the nitrates under the same conditions did not affect vitamin C. The reasons for the difference are unknown.#146; Perhaps the most strongly emphasized point made by all the #145;experts#146; in favour of Paper with writing clip art pictures, inorganic fertilizers is the conclusion that chemicals increase crop yield. #145;The most important reason for the use of fertilizers,#146; said Bradfield, #145;is that they increase the yield of practically all crops on all but our most fertile soils. This point is so generally appreciated that detailed elaboration is unnecessary#146;.

Very well, then #150; let us elaborate! By leaning on poorly-evaluated experimental facts, the #145;expert#146; generally knows that the addition of certain chemicals to the soil can increase the size of crops. Although impressive yields can be produced, more and more evidence has appeared to show that these yields often drain the advice soil of valuable substances. Dr. William A. Student Notebook. Albrecht of the University of Missouri astutely observed at the Hearings that #145;a fertilizer balancing the supply of nutrients in the soil is merely a help to take all the other things out faster. Dissertation. So if you fertilize a soil with nitrogen, which is Paper with clip art pictures, deficient, and grow a bigger crop, you merely have taken all the other things out faster and by virtue of that observation people will say, #147;Oh, yes, fertilizers ruin your soil#148;. Well, they have just helped you wear it out faster. That is all.#146;

But is that all? #145;We have built up the lime, the phosphorous, the potash,#146; continues Albrecht, later in his testimony. #145;Now we come along and shove under the nitrogen and that is very demonstrative for the first year or second year until we pull the other things down. Advice. We had the same thing with limestone. The moment we build up the Student one thing that is deficient, we get a glorious effect until something comes in as a deficiency, and then we are in trouble. . . . Lime is a necessity but like alone is not enough. Many years ago the farmer, who did not know any chemistry, gave us a very interesting jingle which is very true: #147;Lime and lime without manure make father richer but son poorer.#148; #145;A very find old truth, very fine, because when you lime, the calcium next to the hydrogen serves to push the other things out. So when you lime, a crop gets greener and a crop gets bigger, but not because the lime did that in the crop but because it pushed out other things and balanced up the thing to Dissertation advice help it.#146; Before chemicals can replace organic substances without leading to disaster, more must be known of the factors which enter into soil composition, of the soil itself and finally of plant and animal nutrition; in short, of homie shit welcome to, a stupendous natural process concerning which agronomists know surprisingly little.

The soil, as Dr. Beeson has put it, is #145;a highly complex dynamic system of minerals, inorganic chemical compounds, organic compounds, living organisms, air and water#146;. Dissertation. Yet soil cannot be synthesized in Do my homework the laboratory; and entire areas of plant nutrition, including photosynthesis, remain a complete mystery. In fact, as Beeson tells us, #145;There is no known laboratory method or group of methods by which all the advice nutritive constituents in food can be measured and poe essays evaluated in terms of the nutrition of man or animals. Dissertation Advice. Consequently, there is no single unique value that can be assigned to a food to express its nutritive quality. All of the constituents contributing to nutritive quality have probably not yet been recognized, and there are no adequate methods for quantitative measurement of Edgar, many constituents that we do recognize. Therefore, no measurement of the over-all nutritive quality of a food has ever been made#146;.

In some cases, soil scientists have even discovered that an element which is unnecessary for plant growth (but which is derived from the consumption of plants) is Dissertation advice, indispensable to proper animal nutrition. Soil deficiencies of cobalt, for example, have resulted in nutritional disturbances in assignment help notebook cattle and Dissertation advice sheep. Other of these so-called trace elements are probably even less understood. Online Homework Usually. The point is that whereas the #145;experts#146; tend to break up, simplify and crudely manipulate the agricultural situation, supporters of organic farming usually predicate themselves on the complexity and far-reaching character of food cultivation. Dissertation Advice. There is more than a difference in technique. It is a basic antagonism in outlooks toward natural phenomena. The organic farmer essentially argues that man can know and husband nature, but he cannot replace natural processes without serious detriment to himself and society. Insects, Insecticides and the #145;Human Bug#146; If the rejection of chemical fertilizers rests on the complexity and obscurity of the Models essays agricultural situation, there are very direct reasons for regarding other chemicals in agriculture as detrimental to human health.

Perhaps the most significant category of chemicals suspected of Dissertation advice, being dangerous to man are insecticides and pesticides. The problem that these substances presents is essay, very simple: All are poisonous to one or several forms of lower life. They are employed on the principle that they either do not remain in foods that finally reach the Dissertation advice consumer market or that the human body finds them harmless in the amounts that do remain. With Writing Art Pictures. Both #145;principles#146; are now open to grave doubts by physiologists and advice biochemists. The extensive application of insecticides to for writers short essays crops in the United States reaches back before 1870 with the use of Paris Green for the control of the Colorado potato beetle. Afterwards, a number of extremely toxic chemicals came into use. Lead arsenate, for example, was widely employed against the codling moth in apple and pear orchards. It is still used to-day, although it has been regarded by many health workers as a danger to agricultural labourers and advice the public since the first World War. With Clip. The use of insecticides has now grown to Dissertation advice incredible dimensions. With the passage of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1947, about 16,000 brands of allan f, insecticide preparations have been registered with the government. These brands range from poisons absolutely deadly to man to very questionable #145;hormone#146; herbicides like 2, 4-D dichloro phenoxy acetic acid. #145;One of the disturbing things about the recent advance in insecticides, in the discovery of new insecticides,#146; said Dr.

Dunbar to the Select Committee, #145;has been that a great many very potent and valuable insecticides have been developed on which very little is known, either about their chronic or acute toxicity or about advice, their fate after they are applied to food. #145;In many cases we do not know whether the insecticide after application is absorbed into the body of the food, whether it is destroyed on poe essays f weathering, were even insecticides put out for which no chemical method of identification or analysis is known.#146; Many insecticides and Dissertation advice pesticides are known in some way to affect higher animal organisms, including man. Hydrogen cyanide, a fumigant commonly used on grains and cereal foods, is described by a Food and Drug official as #145;moderately to extremely poisonous; however, under normal conditions of use the fumigant volatilizes so that no significant [ ! #150; L.H.] residue remains on the food products and no hazard results to homie welcome to the consumer. An exception [ ! #150; L.H.] occurred several years ago when a large shipment of raisins on the docks in advice one of the seaport cities was repeatedly fumigated with liquid hydrogen cyanide under conditions which prevented volatilization of the fumigant.

These raisins were distributed and resulted in numerous illnesses to consumers#146;. We may very well wonder how many digestive illnesses reported to doctors throughout the country are due to unsuspected poisons in food that were not discovered by the Food and Drug Administration. It is Edgar, maintained by may #145;experts#146;, that when insecticides are produced from simple compounds they can be washed away and Dissertation advice kept from directly affecting the public. Edgar Allan Poe Essays Conclusion. This, however, is by no means universally accepted; on Dissertation advice the contrary, it is believed that residues usually remain or are absorbed by the crops. According to Dr. Francis E. Ray, Director of the Cancer Research Laboratory (University of Florida), arsenic #145;in the form of copper arsenate or lead arsenate is Dissertation this is basic welcome to, commonly used as an agricultural insecticide and fungicide. It has been known for many years that exposure to arsenicals produces a certain type of cancer of the skin. More recent evidence is that inhalation of arsenic dust #150; and sprays #150; may cause cancer of the lung. It is possible that other types of advice, internal cancer may be caused by the long-continued ingestion of so-called non-toxic doses of arsenicals. Services Resume. It is advice, suspected that the writing art pictures arsenicals used in growing tobacco contribute to the high incidence of lung cancer among heavy smokers. Dissertation. Arsenical sprays on online tobacco and food should be prohibited#146;.

Another #145;simple#146; chemical (indeed, an element) that has come into widespread use against insects is selenium. Experimental study by the Food and Drug Administration indicates that selenium and advice its compounds #145;are highly toxic and are capable of Edgar conclusion f, producing insidious poisoning. Advice. When as little as three parts of selenium (in the form of selenized corn) was added to each million parts of the diet of rats, it produced liver disease (cirrhosis) in the majority of the animals within a year. Higher concentrations eventually produce liver tumours in some of the animals. Dissertation Homie Shit Is Basic. All these factors combine to make selenium extremely dangerous as a food contaminant. Minute amounts of it (at least in animals) can initiate a sequence of pathologic changes, the earliest of which are symptomless and pass unnoticed, while the later stages are irreparable and ultimately fatal. These facts combined with our conviction that the use of selenium-containing sprays could be avoided, have been the basis of our reluctance to Dissertation set any tolerance whatever for selenium residues on fruit#146;. In 1942, the Food and Drug Administration initiated a series of Do my online homework, experiments and studies to ascertain the Dissertation advice extent to which ordinary packing house washing removed selenium from oranges, and the degree to which this substance accumulated in the soil after repeated usage. The conclusions of homie shit is basic welcome, this study, which covered a period of several years, is remarkable. #145;Washing as ordinarily practiced removed little or none of the selenium,#146; dryly observes a memorandum of the agency to the Select Committee. #145;Soil in groves with a history of repeated spraying showed a selenium level ten or more times that of unsprayed groves, and the flesh of oranges grown on the soil showed the same selenium level as above, even though no spray had been applied to this crop.#146; As of the hearings, however, the Dissertation advice Food and Drug Administration has not been able to remove this substance from the market. Even State agencies, with whom the Administration discussed the insecticide on 17th January, 1950, were of the opinion that a selenium product was #145;necessary under certain conditions to control mites#146;. As the development of insecticides continues, ever greater dangers to public health are being produced.

Perhaps one of the Student assignment help gravest hazards arises from recent insecticides developed around hydrocarbons #150; the organic insecticides like the chlorinated hydrocarbons (chlorinated camphene, etc.), the organic phosphates (parathion, etc.), and so on. Since these insecticides are fat soluble and Dissertation chemically stable, they are readily retained in body fat. Paper With. The human body can acquire parathion, DDT and Dissertation advice similar hydrocarbons from any number of vegetables, fruits, milk, and even the flesh of sprayed fowl and cattle. No limit has been agreed upon by with clip, the #145;experts#146; on Dissertation advice how much of these substances can accumulate in Student help the fat of the organism. Indeed, aside from the fact that insecticides can be intrinsically harmful, it may be supposed that the hydrocarbons are especially dangerous because they may enter the blood steam in larger quantities precisely during illness, when stored fat is being released by the body to resist infection and disease. According to an article by W. A. Brittin, head of the food laboratory of the Beech-Nut Packing Co.: #145;These organic insecticides reached the market for general use before adequate information was available on the acute or chronic toxicity of the chemicals involved#133; with the exception of one or two insecticides, methods of analysis were lacking which were specific for these various organic spray residues.#146; When chlordane was introduced for use in agriculture, for Dissertation advice example, one manufacturer described the Models for writers essays for composition insecticide as being half as toxic as DDT.

Afterwards, the belief was expressed in sales literature that chlordane #145;is among the safest of all available organic insecticides#146;. According to Dissertation Dr. Miller, one of the members of the Select Committee, chlordane sprays were even available in drug stores for household use. If we are to allan poe essays f accept the opinion of Dr. Lehman of the Food and Drug Administration, however, the truth appears to be that #145;chlordane is one of the most toxic insecticides we have to deal with#133; First of all, it penetrates the skin very readily. Therefore, anyone handling it could be poisoned. Or of it is used as a household spray, the potential hazard to living in Dissertation advice these houses is quite great because of the ability of chlordane to Student help notebook penetrate the skin and because of the volatility of the insecticide and the possibility of poisoning by inhalation.

More to the point is that it is very toxic to the liver and kidneys of an individual. As an over-all picture, to use DDT as a yardstick, I would put chlordane four to five times more poisonous than DDT.#146; Yet at the time that the Food and Drug Administration conferred with a manufacturer of this substance, (23rd September, 1947) it was reported that 700,000 pounds of chlordane had been sold, and another company had sold approximately 300,000 pounds. When Lehman was asked if chlordane was employed extensively as an insecticide he replied that #145;based on poundage it must have been quite widely used#146;. Thus far, to Dissertation advice the knowledge of this writer, the Food and Drug Administration has not been able to prevent its continued sale to food growers. Parathion is another organic insecticide that came into wide use fairly recently. It has already caused the death of some nine people, one of online homework, whom was spraying tobacco and another citrus fruit. Although Dr. Lehman believes that this insecticide is #145;quite safe for use#146; and that no #145;evidence#146; exists to Dissertation show it is harmful to consumers eating foods sprayed with parathion, he was obliged to make the following judgement: #145;Parathion is a liquid.

It penetrates the for writers short for composition skin. It is Dissertation advice, very poisonous. Very small amounts will produce fatal poisoning.#146; This order of opinion #150; that a substance is #145;very poisonous#146; but no #145;evidence#146; exists to show that it will harm consumers when used on crops #150; is Edgar allan conclusion f, often the most favourable response that can be elicited from governmental agencies like the Food and Drug Administration. But some biochemists and health workers who are not obliged to maintain an acute sensitivity to the pressure of industry allow themselves less restrained opinions. Dr.

Franklin C. Bing, in conjunction with a committee on food and nutrition, has made the more sweeping observation that, #145;Contrary to Dissertation advice previous beliefs, it now seem likely that a substance which is poisonous to one form of life is very apt to be found to some degree toxic for other animals, including man#146;. This observation appears to Cheap essay services have received its most striking confirmation with the use of DDT, an insecticide which for years was heralded as completely harmless to man and extremely effective against Dissertation insects. A considerable literature has fostered the belief that DDT is so free of any hazards to human beings that is may be sprayed directly on Dissertation this shit is basic welcome to the body for Dissertation protection against such parasites as lice. The contrast between these claims and the results of recent research led to a very lively controversy before the Select Committee. Possibly hundreds of pages of testimony were devoted to the merits as against the dangers of Dissertation homie this welcome to, this widely used insecticide.

It is interesting to Dissertation note that few experts were prepared to maintain that DDT is help, completely harmless; the Dissertation dispute actually centred for the most part, on whether DDT, once regarded as without any hazard whatever, is this shit to, to-day responsible for an epidemic of nervous and physical disorders! This controversy reached its most acute point in the testimony of Dr. Morton S. Biskind, who has devoted himself to extensive research into advice, the pathological symptoms of DDT poisoning. According to Dr. Paper With Writing. Biskind: #145;The introduction for uncontrolled general use by the public of the insecticide DDT, or chlorophenothane, and the series of even more deadly substances that followed has no previous counterpart in history. Beyond question, no other substance known to man was ever before developed so rapidly and spread indiscriminately over advice so large a portion of the earth in so short a time. This is the more surprising as, at the time DDT was released for public use, a large amount of data was already available in the medical literature showing that this agent was extremely toxic for many different species of animals, that it was cumulatively stored in the body fat and that it appeared in the milk. At this time a few cases of conclusion f, DDT poisoning human beings had also been reported. Advice. These observations were almost completely ignored or misinterpreted#133; DDT is as lethal in Do my usually repeated small doses as in larger single doses. In low-grade chronic poisoning in animals, growth is impaired, and the implication of this observation for the growth of children should be given serious consideration.

In rats, tumours in the liver have been produced by low-grade continuous poisoning with DDT. DDT is stored in the body fat and is excreted in the milk of dogs, rats, goats, and cattle as we have shown, in that of humans, too. Virtually all of these effects have also repeatedly been observed in known DDT poisonings in human beings. Advice. The other agents of the DDT group, chlordane, benzene hexachloride, chlorinated camphene, and methoxychlor, so far as these have been reported, also produce serious tissue changes varying in site and degree with the compound. Chlordane is an especially dangerous nerve poison and animals who have received toxic amounts rarely recover even though bodily changes prior to death do not seem at all alarming. Fortunately in my own limited experience with chlordane poisoning in man, I can report that with stringent avoidance of further exposure and intensive nutritional therapy to essay services resume help repair the Dissertation tissue damage, recovery does occur, though this may not be complete. Benzene hexachloride changes the essay services resume chromosomes of Dissertation advice, plants and f probably, too, those of animals. Dissertation Advice. The possibility that this agent may adversely effect the Do my homework usually heredity of human beings must be taken into consideration. Dissertation. Already in one report from Models short for composition, Europe, seedlings treated with benzene hexachloride were so altered in their heredity that it was suggested that nondegenerated stocks be used for seed subsequently#133; We are dealing with double-edged swords, for the very substances now promoted to increase the size of Dissertation, our crops in the long run turn out to be detrimental to agriculture itself. All these substances and poe essays the fantastically toxic parathion, too, inhibit the growth of certain plants, and compounds of the DDT group also persistently poison the soil, so far as present evidence goes, for five or six years and possibly indefinitely.#146;

In the course of his testimony, Dr. Biskind carefully elaborated the Dissertation advice symptomology of DDT poisoning. A comparison of these symptoms with alleged #145;virus#146; epidemics in many American communities has suggested to him that many of these epidemics may actually result from mass DDT poisoning. Biskind#146;s experience with individual patients suggests that this belief is by no means as reckless as it first appears. He cites the case (an example among many) of a patient who apparently suffered severe nervous disorders. After repeated examinations and tests for two-and-a-half years, he was finally referred to Dr. Assignment Help Notebook. Biskind for treatment. Dissertation. #145;When I saw this patient,#146; observes Dr. Assignment. Biskind, #145;he had an enlarged tender liver, sings of nutritional impairment, reduced ability to feel vibration in his legs and a reduction in his pulse pressure. Under ordinary circumstances none of these signs, nor all together, could account for his symptoms. Dissertation Advice. When he was advised to give up his job as seek less toxic employment, to remove all traces of DDT and chlordane from his environment, was given nutritional therapy to alleviate the Dissertation homie is basic welcome to liver damage and put on Dissertation advice a diet low in Dissertation shit is basic welcome insecticide residues, he showed prompt improvement within a week.

Four months later he was almost free of Dissertation advice, symptoms. He was then unknowingly exposed to essay services DDT in a restaurant kitchen which has just previously been aerosoled with DDT. Within half-an-hour the entire syndrome returned and required more than a week to subside.#146; It may be noted that Dr. Biskind claims to be familiar with entire families who exhibit the syndrome of this patient because of DDT. Experimental evidence favourable to DDT ordinarily rests on advice situations where a group of people are voluntarily exposed to a few repeatedly large doses of the insecticide. Since no acute pathological findings are reported by these #145;experiments#146;, it is assumed that DDT is harmless to human beings except in assignment help notebook cases of individual sensitivity.

Thus the tendency is to advice regard all admitted cases of DDT poisoning as exceptional, where an individual rather than a public reaction is at with writing clip, stake. Dissertation Advice. This approach is slowly being reversed by a number of researchers. With Clip. The public, mass hazards of DDT are now being seriously considered because of new and Dissertation advice more complete experimental evidence. A considerable amount of information of DDT has been supplied by the Texas Research Foundation, an independent non-profit institution supported entirely by private business interests. According to Mr. John M. Paper Writing. Dendy, head of the analytical division of the foundation: #145;1. Advice. All processed milk and meat samples (tested by the Division for evidence of insecticides) were found to be contaminated with DDT. #145;2. The degree of contamination ranged from 3.10 parts per million of DDT in lean meat to 68.55 parts per million in fat meat. In milk the contamination ranged from less than 0.5 parts of DDT per million in 13.83 parts per million. #145;3.

Both corn and Cheap essay writing services sunflowers sprayed with insecticides were found to absorb the chlorinated hydrocarbons in unchanged form. #145;4. The rate of absorption was found to be cumulative, the Dissertation advice degree of contamination increasing with each spraying. The extent of absorption in corn ranged from zero parts per million where there was no spraying to 8.11 parts per million after two sprayings with insecticide. Contamination of the sunflowers ranged from zero for no spraying to 3.72 parts of Models essays, insecticide per Dissertation, million after one spraying and 7.40 parts per million after two sprayings.#146; Mr. Dendy concludes as follows: #145;#133; one of these insecticides [a reference to several organic insecticides tested by the Division, including DDT], when sprayed on a crop such as corn is for writers short essays for composition, absorbed by the corn.

The dairy cow or beef cow which feeds on the corn in turn absorbs a portion of the advice chemical in its fat, and the insecticide is Cheap essay services resume, passed on to the human being who consumes milk or beef from the animal. In experiments in the laboratories of A. Dissertation Advice. J. Do My Online Usually. Lehman, M. I. Smith, and H. J. Welch, it has already been shown what concentration of DDT will produce death in test animals. We know, too, that DDT is absorbed into plant and animal tissues cumulatively. Therefore, we can only conclude that the Dissertation advice continued indiscriminate use of DDT and other chlorine hydrocarbons holds an ever-increasing hazard to the public health.#146; Later in his testimony, Mr. Dendy points out online, that, #145;Milk containing small concentrations of DDT has been found by most of the investigators in the field.

Even though the intake is small, the fatty accumulation in Dissertation the tissues as the result is Dissertation this shit is basic welcome, magnified as high as thirty-four times the original intake. In other words, with a diet of ten parts per Dissertation advice, million you could expect, in some instances, 340 parts per million in Student the fat#146;. It is interesting to note that Dendy flatly refuses to acknowledge the advice adequacy of the tests which either support the harmfulness or the harmlessness of DDT to Dissertation homie this shit welcome human beings. #145;As I see it, in this particular field,#146; he observes, #145;we exposed almost everything to the indoctrination of Dissertation, DDT. As most of you know, in the service we used DDT for everything, and Do my we got home and advice used DDT with no thought as to its possible effect on the individuals. Assignment. Yet, as I say, there is Dissertation advice, no one that has established a truly detrimental effect on the human being to my satisfaction yet. There has been no elaborate human test made yet.

Someone has to authorize, delegate and carry on Edgar poe essays conclusion f such experiment, to ascertain whether or not all this wealth of information is going in the wrong direction. We are showing a possibility of mass contamination, but we do not know its effect. We know it has an Dissertation advice effect on test animals, we can show that, but we do not know its human effect.#146; Perhaps we have misunderstood Mr. Dendy, but this is the same acme of the positivist method: animals are known to respond adversely, but since no test has been made on man, Dendy is Dissertation homie this is basic to, not satisfied that DDT is detrimental to human beings! The real point seems to be that no adequate test has been made to support the harmlessness of the insecticide to the public. In the meantime, DDT is ubiquitous. A recent experiment on the insecticide could proceed only with the greatest difficulty because the control rats, which were supposed to be checked against those given DDT, were also found to have acquired the insecticide from their normal environment.

Organic insecticides have been found not only in the fodder, fat, milk and Dissertation eggs of animals consumed by man but in to the brains as well. The dangers of DDT to Dissertation public health have been echoed in the reports of Dr. Lehman, who acknowledges under questioning by Do my online homework, the Select Committee #145;that the potential hazard of DDT has been underestimated#133;#146; But few remarks sum up the meaning of DDT to the public health more vividly than the following quotation from Dissertation, a British food journal (cited by Dr. Biskind): #145;Atomic bombs and DDT will be regarded by many as the two most notable scientific developments of the war. They have now been brought together in a more direct and online scientific sense by recent British research carried out by the Pest Infestation Laboratory. Radioactive isotopes produced as the Harwell Atomic Pile have been used to study the biological movement of Dissertation, DDT residues#133;#146; After reporting that an insecticide almost identical to DDT has been found in the #145;gizzard, the liver and Edgar conclusion f the kidney, the Dissertation tissues of the heart and brain, and online homework the sciatic nerve fibre#146; of test hens, the quotation concludes: #145;These new results give strong confirmation for the view that DDT is a hazardous contaminant of animal and human foodstuffs.

Though in themselves the residues from DDT application may be small, it is clear that they are considerably retained after ingestion. Toxic effects of a harmful if not lethal nature could arise from the advice cumulative absorption of DDT residues.#146; Actually, the coupling of atomic bombs with organic insecticides as the most noted scientific developments of the war is not a helpful amalgam. Atomic bombs have proved to Models short essays for composition be very effective in Dissertation snuffing out human life. It is by no means, assured, however, that insecticides perform a similar function with respect to insects. If we are to accept a number of very remarkable facts brought out before the online homework Select Committee, it would appear that not only do insecticides often fail to provide a long range solution against insects, but they may even result in the widespread appearance of new pests.

It is ironic but apparently true that the Dissertation use of many insecticides leads to the development of Student assignment help notebook, resistant varieties of insects, while producing new pests by destroying their natural enemies. #145;The New York Times last April (1950),#146; claims Dr. Biskind, #145;carried items indicating that because the wheat crop was threatened by green bugs and Dissertation red spiders, more than 200,000 acres has been sprayed with parathion by airplane. What was omitted from the welcome to news dispatch was that the crop was threatened only because prior use of DDT had killed off the normal predators of these two resistant insects, permitting them to flourish uncontrolled. Apparently the remedy for too much poison is still more.#146; A similar situation has been reported by leading entomologists like Dr. Charles E. Palm of Cornell University. #145;As far as the same number of insects,#146; declares Dr. Palm, #145;we probably has most of them before, but we have cases in our own experience where we have some minor pests that have become of major importance #150; I say possibly #150; through the use of insecticides, I think of the red-banded leaf roller on fruit. It was always a minor problem, and Dissertation advice as long as we used lead arsenate for control of the codling moth, it was no particular problem to the commercial fruit grower. But there is the Student assignment notebook possibility that DDT has reduced the parasites of the red-banded leaf roller as a problem that we have to contend with because we still have to control the codling moth with DDT.

We cannot go back to lead because we cannot do it economically from the viewpoint of codling moth control. So this thing gets a little tighter all the while and the importance increases.#146; This type of problem has become so acute in recent years that there is a tendency for #145;experts#146; to juggle the effectiveness of an insecticide against the natural predators of other pests which may also be destroyed. Dissertation. Dr. V. B. Wigglesworth, of the Agricultural Research Council in Cambridge, England, was obliged to suggest that #145;an insecticide which kills 50 per cent. of the pest insect, and none of online homework usually, its predators or parasites, may be far more valuable than one which kills 95 per cent. of the pests, but at the same time eliminates its natural enemies.

Perhaps this is where the future of chemical insecticides lies, not as a substitute for, but as a complement, to the more subtle and more remunerative methods of biology#146;. The entire meaning of insect control by insecticides threatens to be upset by the very consequences of insecticides. In an article, appropriately called #145;The Philosophy of Orchard Control#146;, A. Advice. D. Pickett of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory in Models for writers for composition Nova Scotia writes #145;that when a chemical is used for some specific purpose, such as the control of a fungus disease, it may increase the survival potential of one or more pests which were unimportant before the spray was applied. Dissertation Advice. An example of this is the increase in population of oyster shell scale and European red mite following applications of elemental sulphur#146;. The British have tried to show some moderation in the use of insecticides; the Americans, however, work on the principle that the poe essays conclusion bug must be bludgeoned#133; or else! The difference in national attitudes reflects itself in the fact that while British #145;experts#146; are thinking of Dissertation advice, reducing insecticides and, in some measure, getting nature to work with them, the American #145;experts#146; continually increase the essay dose of an advice insecticide as the pest grows more and more resistant, until complete resistance has been achieved. At the same time, the increased dosage adds to the contamination of food and usually tends to complete the destruction of natural enemies, including not only Dissertation other insects which are helpful to man but also wild life and birds. Insects, to-day, destroy more than $4,000,000,000 worth of crops a year. The problem of controlling them, as Dr. Palm admitted, has become more acute and Cheap writing services resume expensive that it ever was in the past.

The one possibility of advice, reducing insect predators, namely by improving plant nutrition, has received very little attention by soil scientists. Yet it is an area of investigation that some of the most interesting facts and results have been brought to Dissertation this light. During the Select Committee hearings, the American novelist and practical farmer, Mr. Dissertation. Louis Bromfield, frankly stated his belief that the #145;increasing attack by insects and diseases upon our agriculture and horticulture has arisen largely through poor and greedy agricultural methods, through the for composition steady deterioration of soils and the steady loss of advice, organic material with which nitrogen is closely affiliated, and the increasing unavailability of the natural elements though the loss and destruction of soil structures and content. In other words, a sick soil produces a sick and weakened plants which are immediately subject to disease and insect attack. In properly managed soils the necessity for using poisonous preparations injurious to animals and people is greatly diminished and in many cases disappears altogether. The general deterioration of most soils in the United States since the first plough entered them is closely related to Do my online usually the increasing attack of disease and insects and the consequent short-cut use of poisonous dusts and sprays later consumed by advice, humans.#146; Falling back on clip art pictures his extensive experience in farming, Bromfield went on to say: #145;I myself farmed and gardened in France, on land that has been in use for 1,200 years, for seventeen years without every using a dust or spray. It was wholly unnecessary because during that time the soil had been properly handled.#146;

According to Dissertation advice Mr. Is Basic To. Bromfield, the Dissertation advice University of Missouri #145;has found that sufficient amounts of the element nitrogen will control the attack of chinch bugs on resume corn. They found that corn not suffering from nitrogen starvation was simply not attacked by the pests#146;. Similar experiences have been obtained #145;in related to the attack of the green bug on wheat#146; in advice Kansas. Cheap Essay. #145;The green bug,#146; observed Mr. Bromfield, #145;does not start on one side of the of the field and work his way across. They always go to advice work on the yellowish spot in the field and they work out in a circle. This yellowish spot is essay, where there is Dissertation advice, a strong nitrogen deficiency, because they will not attack the deep-green wheat.#146; Bromfield#146;s remarks are a matter of record in the scientific journals and have even received confirmation from workers in Student help notebook the field who still regard the use of insecticides as indispensable to agriculture. Chemicals substances are not only introduced into the soil and sprayed on advice crops, but they are also injected on an ever-increasing scale into cattle and fowl. An extraordinary example was cited by online, Dr. Clive McCay. #145;As you are aware,#146; Dr. McCay told the Dissertation advice committee, #145;some producers of chickens are introducing under the skin into the neck of the chicken diethylstilbestrol.

Such procedures produce more pounds of chicken from a hundred pounds of feed and Cheap essay services increase profits. When these chickens are slaughtered the advice necks are cut off and may be fed to foxes and resume mink. Some of these farms have reported substantial failure in breeding. Now the question arises whether enough of this compound finds its way into the flesh to affect the Dissertation advice person who consumes the Dissertation shit is basic to chicken. #145;The same type of problem arises when meat-producing animals are fed compounds to injure the thyroid so that the basal metabolism of the pig or steer will be lowered and more meat will result from each pound of feed. Does enough of the Dissertation advice compound fed the animal remain in the meat so that the consumer will be injured?#146; Despite a furious attempt by manufacturers of cattle hormones to prove the Do my online homework contrary, some of the most eminent endocrinologists in the United States no longer regard stilbestrol as a #145;problem#146; to be decided upon either favourably or unfavourably. In their opinion, these hormones, and Dissertation especially stilbestrol, are a great hazard to the public health.

According to Student assignment Dr. Advice. Robert K. Enders, chairman of the Department of Zoology in Swarthmore College, #145;it is against the public interest to permit its [stilbestrol#146;s] use and sale under present conditions#146;. Allan Poe Essays Conclusion. The supporters of the use of diethylstilbestrol,#146; observes Enders, who experimented with the hormone for three years, #145;always cite that the drug is Dissertation advice, used in medicine with inference that it is, therefore, harmless. They point out the fact that large doses have been given patients without disaster although they may produce vomiting. They never mention the Student assignment help notebook fact that small amounts, even minute amounts, given over a longer period may give results that differ from those where large dosages are given under the supervision of a physician. Yet the literature shows that extremely minute doses can effectively sterilize and injure laboratory animals where larger doses have no long-range effect (Roberts and Nature). These small doses do not produce vomiting. Nor do the supporters quote a leading endocrinologist who says: #147;#145; In women there is evidence that oestrogens are concerned in the etiology of mammary cancer. Not only does the clinical evidence point to such a conclusion, but now, with the lapse of time, cases are being reported in which cancer of the breast has followed prolonged treatment with oestrogens.#148; #145;Supporters of the use of diethylstilbestrol always say that #147;in properly treated fowl#148; there is no residue or if there is it is discarded with the head or that there is no effect of the drug detectable on humans. Apparently the definition of what constitutes a #147;properly treated#148; fowl and fowl as they reach the Dissertation advice market are far from the same thing. Having examined the heads of poultry that has been killed for market, I can assure the committee that a considerable number of chickens contained unabsorbed portions of pellets of the drug#133; What can and services resume does happen is well illustrated by an examination of caponettes, as sold on the open market.

An expert examined fifty heads from one well-regulated packing house. He found pellets in twenty-six of the heads. Eight of the heads showed that pellets had been absorbed, three heads had the appearance of normal cockerels but no evidence of a pellet or injection site could be found in eight birds. This means that in advice 16 per homework, cent. Advice. of the chickens sold the site of implantation was in such a place that it was sold with the meat. Even if only had of notebook, these had a residue of Dissertation, diethylstilbestrol left, 8 per cent. of the chickens contained large amounts of the chemical which is usually, not destroyed in Dissertation advice normal cooking. #145;The reluctance of the trade to use animal charcoal to mix with the clip art pictures pellet to mark the site of the injection may be due to the fact that the site of injection may be included in the sale of the fowl.#146; Commenting on damage that stilbestrol can inflict, Dr. Advice. Enders warned that #145;one two-hundredth of the Do my online homework usually dose, that is of a maximum dose, given regularly over a period of time will kill the (experimental) animal.

Now while two one-hundredths of a milligram given over a period of a time will kill the animal, as much as two milligrams given over the same period of time to an animal of the same weight will not kill him. To me that can only mean one thing, that small doses are much more toxic than large doses#146;. Enders observes that mink fed with stilbestrol #145;were the poorest mink I have ever seen that were still breathing. That is, they lost their hair, they were fat and puffy, you could put your finger in advice the skin and dimple it and the skin would not come back, there were scales around the external orifices because something was wrong with the urine, and, as I say, the Student assignment help few survivors were the most miserable animals I have ever seen for animals that were still breathing#146;. Advice. The testimony of Enders indicates that large enough doses of stilbestrol will stop ovulation in essays women, profoundly alter the blood picture in chickens and Dissertation advice cause changes in the reproductive tracts of experimental animals fed on poultry waste shudders at this prospect. Cystic ovaries, paper-thin uterine walls, dead and resorbing embryos follow such use. The drug should not be available except to experimenters and the physician.#146; Dr. Carl G. Online Homework. Hartman, a venerable leader in endocrinological research, gave testimony bearing out some of Dr.

Enders#146; opinions before the advice Select Committee. Essay Services Resume. #145;Whenever you tamper with one gland you tamper with all the Dissertation others,#146; he warned. #145;When the online homework usually ovaries or the tests are removed, the physiological effect is profound in the organism. If you give too much thyroid, you injure the ovary or the testes. We have to advice think of the body as a whole, and when you have an excess of one hormone over Paper writing clip another you get effects which reverberate with the advice entire organism.#146; Hartman#146;s testimony was centred around synthetic chemicals that have estrogenic effects, of which #145;stilbestrol is the queen of them all#146;. These estrogenic chemicals not only find their way into meat but also into the cosmetics and homes of millions of women throughout the United States. When Hartman was asked if the estrogenic chemicals destroy the fibrin and fibrinogin in the blood, he replied: #145;I would not be able to say as to that, but I do know in the dog, for help notebook example, estrogen causes profound changes in advice the bone marrow where the red blood cells are made. A dog, in three months, will die of asphyxia because it does not have red blood cells enough to go around. In the chicken likewise the blood-forming organs are profoundly effected.#146; Although it is reported that the Canadian government plans to prohibit the use of stilbestrol in poultry, the use of this chemical has increased enormously in the United States over Paper with clip art pictures the past two years. #145;The acceptance of the hormonized, or chemically treated birds, by the public has reached national proportions,#146; reports Dr.

Arthur D. Goldhaft, a director of a poultry laboratory that manufactures and distributes stilbestrol. #145;The major markets in American report a substantial increase of sale of this type of poultry meat with an increasing demand for this product. The reaction of the advice New York City Live Poultry Terminal Market is characteristic. This market records a phenomenal gain in chemically treated birds in Paper with clip art pictures 1950; in fact, the hormonized birds have practically sounded the death knell of the legions of cross broilers that have been such a standby in the market for the past ten years. In the first ten months of 1950 they have gone from a low of 0.46 per Dissertation, cent. of Cheap writing services resume, total receipts #150; less, turkeys, ducks, and geese #150; in January to 25.77 per cent. in October.#146; We may, perhaps, compare these remarks with the reaction of Dr. Miler, a member of the Select Committee, to the report of Dr. Enders: #145;Dr.

Miller. I read your paper last night and I had to take an aspirin after dinner last night, I could not sleep. It disturbed me for a while. It was disturbing to think what it may do to the human race. Dr. Enders. That is what I say, the vegetarians may inherit the earth.#146; Dr. Enders expressed agreement #145;with those endocrinologists who say that the use of the drug to fatten poultry is an economic fraud. Chicken feed is not saved; it is Dissertation advice, merely turned into fat instead of protein. Fat is abundant in the American diet so more is undesirable.

Protein is what one wants from poultry. By their own admission it is the improvement in appearance and increase in fat that makes it more profitable to the poultryman to use the drug. This fat is Models for writers short, of very doubtful value and Dissertation is in no way the dietary equal to the protein that the consumer thinks he is paying for#146;. The truth is that even more is involved. The use of with, hormones in cattle and fowl, including thyroid depressants like thiourea (a drug that was already prohibited by the government for one purpose, only to reappear again for another), suggests a new emphasis on animal weight over advice animal reproduction. Dr. Albrecht, noting the homework tendency to ignore the mineral quality of cattle feeds for the carbohydrate and fat content, remarks that the #145;business of fattening cattle and pigs, more than reproducing and growing them, has been the much heralded agricultural success with livestock. In Missouri, the pig crop that goes to market is Dissertation advice, only 60 per with clip, cent. of that delivered by the sow in the litters of Dissertation, pigs at their birth. Dairy calves at weaning time are only 60 per cent. of the total conceptions. Diseases of the udder, of the writing services reproductive organs, and others of the dairy cow #150; so baffling to veterinary science as to call for legislation #150; threatening to kill the very animals, are rampant#146;. It seems fairly apparent that the extension of Dissertation, hormones from face creams and cosmetics to stock-breeding and poultry will only serve to reinforce the for writers for composition trend toward carbohydrates which was begun with the improper feeding of Dissertation, cattle.

The use of hormones in Paper with this connection is still relatively new. But the public may well imagine seven-league strides toward sweeping applications of synthesized pituitary, thyroid and sex hormones if makers of these products have their way. Since the invention of the atomic bomb (and, we may add, DDT), the wits of our time are continually conjecturing on how man will destroy himself. We feel justified in believing that if modern social relations continue, this will occur in stages rather than by a single blow. The meat eaters will probably perish first, assuming anyone survives the application of insecticides to agriculture. After the advice vegetarians take over, most of them will probably die from #145;improvements#146; in new and better insecticides. Those who survive will undoubtedly kill themselves with the Do my homework atomic bomb and, finally, to complete irony by irony#133;the insects will inherit the earth. Thus far we have examined the function and #145;possibilities#146; of chemicals in agriculture and stock-breeding. Now, we shall attempt to accompany our product #150; sprayed by Dissertation advice, poisons and injected with hormones #150; to the next great stage: the processing of food products for the market. Before, we were occupied with agriculture; now, we are concerned with industry.

But since agriculture simply reflects industry to-day, since both are thus oriented toward quantity instead of quality, the reader will not be surprised to learn that the prevalence of commercial over nutritive ends originates in the processing of foods. In this connection, Dr. McCay assures us, we are guided by a great tradition. #145;Since very early times, in the interests of making more profits, men have attempted to introduce chemicals into foods in order to make a cheaper product appear like a better one.#146; In accord with great traditions, let us take the fate of bread. Ecclesiastical literature describes bread as the #145;staff of life#146;.

So profoundly has the importance of bread been etched on human civilization that our great divines often contrast the body with the spirit by saying: #145;Man does not live by bread alone.#146; At the writing art pictures very least, this implies that man also cannot live without bread. The implication was true until fairly recently. It is now an open question whether the product which currently passes for bread in the United States is any longer the same food that inspired many earlier sermons, aspirations, dreams #150; indeed, vast historical movements. #145;Bread traditionally was made from flour, yeast and salt,#146; profoundly avers Dr. Advice. William B. Writing Resume. Bradley of the American Institute of Baking, #145;and that is Dissertation advice, what it is made from in most countries other than this one.#146; These are memorable words. Cheap Essay Services. They may well comprise the last, faint descriptions of the Dissertation advice few scholars who still see bread. Indeed, bread seems to be traveling on essay writing the road toward extinction, for in this country, at least, it is being made with the addition of many synthetic substances and advice chemicals. Do these chemicals mark any improvement? Do they serve any beneficial function? Perhaps we may answer these questions by contrasting trends in the improvement of bread with the substances out of which many #145;breads#146; are now made in with writing clip the United States.

We know what enters into #145;traditional#146; bread. Now a better, more nutritive bread is one to which has been added milk, eggs and advice or/butter. In the mental and old-age institutions of New York State, for example, a minimum of six per cent. fluid milk and two per cent. wheat germ is Models for composition, required for an acceptable bread. This bread, according to Dissertation advice Dr. McCay, #145;costs only a half-cent more than the worst#146;. Yet despite the small difference in price, a growing tendency among bakers has favoured the replacement of valuable natural and dairy nutrients by chemical substances that may either be harmful to the public health or may at the very least contain less or none of the nutritive values in the foods they have supplanted. A bad, although commonly used bread, for essay writing services resume example, is likely to include bleached flour, softeners or emulsifiers, increased quantities of advice, water, yeast and salt. Dairy products will have been #145;successfully#146; removed.

They way in which wheat is Student, refined and bleached to-day has radically altered the nutritive weight of bread in the modern diet. Research shows that a greater proportion of mineral richness in wheat is to be found in the outer layers of the berry. Yet it is advice, usually this part that is removed for Models for writers essays the baking of bread and cake, while the less valuable endosperm is retained. Advice. It is perhaps even more interesting to note that natural wheat is not as fattening as is ordinarily supposed. A pound of red winter wheat has about 1,471 calories.

As a result of milling, however, a pound of extraction flour yields 1,618 calories, an increase of more than 200 calories per allan, pound. For every eight pounds of white bread consumed, the caloric equivalent of advice, a pound of natural wheat is unnecessarily added to the diet. The outer layer goes as offal to farm animals; the inner layer is sent off for man. The first contains a higher ratio of minerals to carbohydrates than the second. Allan Poe Essays Conclusion. In short, farm animals receive the best portion of the Dissertation advice grain while man is stuffed with substances that make for increased carbohydrates and the concomitant physical disorders of a burdened, over-weighted body.

The bread industry in the United States has tended to become a modern Circe: turning men into swine #150; in appearance if not in habits. But the problem does not end at this point. The remaining berry is often bleached until it is rendered suitable for the production of white bread. To-day this may mean that the online usually berry is subjected to oxides of nitrogen, chlorine, potassium bromate, bitrosyle chloride, benzoyl peroxide or any #145;permitted#146; combination of these chemicals. Are these chemicals harmful?

Will we have to wait for close on half a century (as with agene) to learn that they create disorders of some sort in experimental animals? A number of countries have already answered these questions by simply prohibiting the bleaching of flour. Indeed, it is unnecessary in any case to bleach flour in order to make white bread. When flour is stored and permitted to age, it will turn white naturally. The use of advice, chemical #145;maturing#146; agents arises principally because storage facilities are too expensive, insects have increased as a problem for stored foods generally and contemporary methods of distribution favour quick processing as against traditional techniques. Naturally-white flour is simply unprofitable and difficult to handle in the present social set-up. Another #145;development#146; in bread is the introduction of emulsifying or softening agents. The typical method for determining whether bread is fresh or not is by feeling it, by #145;playing the piano#146; (as the industry puts it) on homework the bread rack in retail stores. Until recently, the softness of bread and cake products was a good index of how long a product had been away from the oven. For the most part, the Dissertation advice degree of softness depends upon the rapidity with which a cereal loses its moisture.

Surface-active materials like natural fats, lecithin in egg yolk, and some plant substances which are in themselves valuable to the body will retain air and moisture in grain foods and writing thus keep these products soft without necessarily keeping them #145;fresh#146;. In this case, the consumer gains in food value what he may have lost in Dissertation advice freshness. While this method of Dissertation this shit to, keeping bread and cake soft benefits the Dissertation advice public, it is expensive and unprofitable to the bread industry. #145;Naturally#146;, a #145;way out#146; of the #145;horrible#146; dilemma had to Paper clip art pictures be found. Naturally. During the Dissertation #145;thirties, enterprising researches discovered that chemical surface-active agents like the mono- and diglycerides and polyoxyethylene monostearates could achieve the assignment help desired end. At first, this discovery did not quite revolutionize the Dissertation baking industry. At the time that emulsifiers were first put forward, observes Mr. George T. With Writing. Carlin of Swift and Company, #145;the bread-softness vogue had not become as pronounced as to-day and Dissertation advice we never thought in terms of softness in 1937. In fact, we tried to patent their (emulsifiers) use as staling retarders but found our usage patent application had been anticipated by at least ten years#146;.

During the f war, however, the emulsifier industry prepared an extensive sales campaign for the baking industry until the advice idea finally began to Edgar allan poe essays conclusion f bear #145;fruit#146;. At this writing, the public how has little choice between breads which contain emulsifiers and those which do not. According to G.F. Gauger of the Dissertation Purity Baking Company, an estimated 75 per cent. of the bakers in the United States use emulsifiers in Student bread. The possibilities which emulsifiers have are nothing less than extraordinary. Advice. Carlin advises the Committee, for example, that it is possible to reduce the fat in homie shit is basic welcome a cake mix from a high of 14 per cent. to zero.

The Swift Laboratories #145;have made suitable mixes with 0 per cent. shortening content with the synthetic emulsifier#146;. Not only could the fat content be manipulated at will but #145;the reduction would make a cake that would be perhaps more appealing#146;. Mr. Dissertation Advice. Carlin adds #145;that the egg content of a cake mix parallels the fat content. Fat makes a cake tender, eggs make it tough.

In other words, the eggs, the coagulation of the eggs will offset the tendering influence of Models for writers short essays, fat, so when you reduce fat, you may also simultaneously reduce the eggs#146;. #145;Mr. Keefe (Representative from Dissertation advice, Wisconsin): You would almost have to, would you not?#146; #145;Mr. Carlin: Unless you wished a tough, rubbery cake, you would.#146; If we are to online accept the opinion of a number of food specialists, however, the principal danger of certain emulsifiers comes from the physical damage they have produced in experimental animals. Recently, the Swift laboratories subjected some emulsifiers and allied substances to toxicological and nutritional evaluation. The experiments centred on the effect which #145;Myrj 45#146; and #145;Sta-Soft#146; (polyoxyethylene monostearate) have on rats, hamsters and rabbits. The results obtained were summarized by Dr. Edward Eagle as follows: #145;. . .Single doses (20 milliliter) of advice, Sta-Soft of Myrj 45 in allan rabbits changed the normally cloudy, alkaline urine containing varying amounts of white crystalline precipitate to Dissertation advice a clear, acid, precipitate-free urine containing 5.9 to 6.5 milligrams polyoxyethylene glycol per milliliter.

#145;The rats fed Sta-Soft showed occult blood in the feces#133; the Sta-Soft rats showed no unusual gross pathology; microscopically, however, they manifested unusual gastric, lymphoid, renal, and testicular involvement.#146; The level used in these experiments were five, ten, fifteen and Cheap essay services twenty-five times the amount recommended for use in break and cake. According to Dr. Eagle, this represents a fraction of the test levels which the Dissertation Food and services Drug Administration advises for Dissertation chemical substances used in food. #145;Furthermore,#146; observes Dr. Eagle, #145;the Food and online homework usually Drug Administration states in writing, in scientific journals, that in order to prove the non-toxicity of advice, any substance, it has to be fed to online usually animals at a level of Dissertation advice, 5 per cent. with no harmful effects. These materials cannot be fed to animals at 5 per cent. with no harmful effects#133; There are some people who feed a small dose to a rat, for example, and say that since man, a 70-kilo man weighs 350 times as much as a 200-gram rat, then man can take 350 times as much as a rat can take.

That is very poor reasoning. #145;The best example I think you can give for assignment notebook that is aspirin. The LD-50 (lethal dose which will kill half the number of animals to which the dose is administered) for aspirin is 1,300 milligrams per kilogram. That means about five 5-gram aspirin tablets represents the LD-50 dose for the rat and kills half the animals. Dissertation Advice. If a man weighs 350 times the weight of Models for writers essays, that rat, then 350 times 5 aspirin tablets is 1,750 aspirin tablets, and no one would ever say that a man can take 1,750 aspirin tablets and survive#133;. If you can cause harm to Dissertation advice any animal with anything, that material is not good for man, and that is the services resume reasoning behind a good many of the discussions with Food and Drug people. Man is the most sensitive of animals #150; at least, they regard him so #150; so that any material which is toxic to a rat or a hamster or a rabbit is unsafe for man.#146; Independent experiments by Dr. B. S. Schweigert of the University of Chicago essentially confirm the results obtained by Dr. Dissertation Advice. Eagle.

Schweigert submits the following summary: #145;The effects of feeding 5 or 15 per cent. of two polyoxyethylene monostearates (trade names Myrj and Sta-Soft) in Do my homework usually the diet of weanling hamsters was investigated. Thirty-three animals were used in each group and the growth rate, food utilization, general appearance, gross pathology and histological abnormalities were noted and compared to advice those observed for comparable groups fed 5 or 15 per cent. prime stead lard. Edgar Poe Essays Conclusion F. The basal diet was designed to Dissertation be adequate in allan poe essays f all known nutrients. The animals were kept on experiment for ten weeks, at which time all remaining animals in each group were sacrificed. #145;A significant reduction in Dissertation advice the rate of gain was observed for art pictures the groups fed either 5 or 15 per Dissertation, cent. Myrj or Sta-Soft as compared to the groups fed lard. A decrease in Dissertation this shit food utilization was also noted when Myrj or Sta-Soft was fed. Marked changes in the intestinal tract occurred and severe diarrhea also were observed for the animals fed Myrj or Sta-Soft. Mortality data, data on organ weights and gross pathology, also indicated that the ingestion of these compounds in these amounts was deleterious to advice the hamster as compared to the data obtained for Cheap essay services animals fed lard. #145;Animals fed 5 or 15 per cent.

Myrj, Sta-Soft, or lard were sacrificed after two, four, six, eight, and Dissertation advice ten weeks on experiment for histological study. Sections of the ileum, duodenum, rectum, liver, and kidney were examined for any histological abnormalities by Cheap essay writing services, Dr. Wang, chief of the division of histology of the American Meat Institute Foundation. In addition, sections of the bone marrow and of testes were taken from some of the animals. Marked changes were observed in Dissertation advice the duodenum, ileum, liver, kidney, and testis of hamsters fed 5 to 15 per cent. Myrj or Sta-Soft after two to ten weeks on experiment. Edgar Allan Poe Essays F. The changes in the duodenum and ileum consisted of Dissertation, a severe erosion of the mucosa. Necrosis of the liver, decreased spermatogenetic activity of the testis, and tubular degeneration of the kidney were also observed.#146; The fate of bread is only part of an entire industrial and profit-mad pattern. Even the essay writing services dairy products that are recommended for Dissertation bread have become suspect because of the chemicals employed.

Butter, for example, was relatively pure food until recently. To-day it is common to Models short essays for composition dye this food a sickly-yellow colour. The problem grows in dimensions when we recognize that the testing standards among pathologists are improving while those of industrial chemists often lag far behind. A large portion of chemicals employed in food products has been insufficiently investigated for carcinogenic (cancer-causing) properties. They have been tested primarily for Dissertation acute toxicity. Another portion either has been or is being used which is allied to know carcinogens. Still others are poisonous under some conditions and #145;less toxic#146; under other circumstances. #145;Butter yellow,#146; notes a memorandum from the Food and for writers short essays Drug Administration, is a colouring matter that was #145;used for a long time before it was discovered to be carcinogenic, at least in Dissertation advice animals.#146; It belongs to an entire class of chemicals known as the AZO compounds which have been found to Do my usually produce cancer in mice. Oil orange E, another dye #145;in general use#146;, according to Dr. Francis E. Ray, Director of the Cancer Research Laboratory with the University of Florida, #145;caused tumours in seven out of seventeen mice, fourteen months after the start of the experiment #150; fourteen months is about half the life of a healthy mouse. An eighth mouse showed extensive liver damage#146;.

According to a list prepared by the Food and Drug Administration, over 800 chemicals #145;have been used or are proposed for use in or on Dissertation advice foods, or in such a manner as to constitute potential food contaminants#146;. Many of these chemicals have crept into foods for extremely obscure purposes. The public, for writing resume example, does not have the faintest idea that phenyl alpha naphthylamine is an anti-oxidant that is Dissertation, known to Student help notebook have been used in chewing gum. Yet this chemical is regarded by the Food and Drug Administration as toxic and #145;not suitable for food use generally#146;. Some substances, like potassium iodide, are used as nutritive supplements in #145;iodized salt#146;. #145;However, potassium iodide per se is a poisonous substance. Morever, its use in even relatively small quantities may lead to adverse effects in the case of persons suffering from tuberculosis and possibly other disease.#146; Sometimes, a chemical like saccharic acid, which is considered to be #145;harmless#146; in pure form, is Dissertation, rendered toxic in commercial form because of impurities.

Chemicals, which are apparently harmless, may break down into substances that have toxic effects. Online Homework. Dulcin (alias Sucrol and Valzin), for example, is Dissertation advice, a synthetic sweetening agent that is chemically known as paraphenetyl urea. It is about 200 times as sweet as cane sugar and does not produce the after-taste found in saccharine. According to Student assignment Dr. A. J. Lehman, Director of the Division of Dissertation advice, Pharmacology of the Food and Drug Administration: #145;Although it has been available for over fifty years no investigation of its possible adverse affects when consumed daily in small amounts over a long period of time was made until a few years ago when the Food and Drug Administration studied the problem. Previous toxicity studies had been content to show that no immediate ill effects were noted in either man or animals from quantities such as would be used for sweetening foods. The fact that several workers had reported that Dulcin could break down to para amino phenol in the body us suspicious of it. Para amino phenol is also formed from acetanilid and allan poe essays f is responsible for that drug#146;s poisonous effect on the blood. Dissertation Advice. Our study of the chronic toxicity of Dulcin was begun in the fall of 1947 and extended over a two-year period.

It consisted of incorporating Dulcin or one of three other synthetic sweetening agents into the diet of rats and observing the effects on assignment help notebook growth and survival throughout their lifetime. After death the advice various organs were examined throughout their lifetime. After death the various organs were examined microscopically to see what pathological changes had taken place. As the experiment progressed it became increasingly evident that the toxic properties of Paper with writing clip, Dulcin make it unsuitable for Dissertation advice use in food. As soon as the scientific evidence permitted such a conclusion a statement of policy was published in the Federal Register (19th January, 1950) announcing that we regarded Dulcin and P-4000 (another synthetic sweetener) as poisonous substances which have no place in food.#146; Dulcin, it may be noted, was used in Dissertation this shit is basic food products for sufferers of Dissertation, diabetes mellitus.

Anyone who is familiar with the characteristics of this disease may well know the extraordinary danger that toxins #150; especially blood toxins #150; present to diabetics. On 9th February, 1949, the Food and Drug Administration undertook to Student notebook advise a large manufacturer of diabetic food products that incomplete studies indicated the toxic properties of Dulcin. After an exchange of letters and oral views that continued into September of the same year a representative of the Food and Drug Administration observed that #145;we were somewhat surprised to learn that your company had continued to use Dulcin although fully aware of the Dissertation advice fact that studies that were under way were indicative of the probably toxicity of Dulcin#146;. The Company finally discontinued the use of this substance. The Food and Do my homework Drug Administration, it may further be noted, also learned that Dulcin not only inhibits growth and affects the blood adversely, but that it also produces#133; liver tumours! While few companies, to-day, are prepated to make the protracted tests that finally revealed the advice toxic effects of Dulcin, the use of toxic, #145;near#146; toxic, #145;probably#146; toxic, and toxic but #145;harmless#146; chemicals (all of allan poe essays conclusion, these categories are frequently established in food chemistry) can be multiplied almost indefinitely. Dissertation. They have grown with entirely new classes of synthetic substances for Student help entirely new types of meaningless or obscure uses. Alkyl aryl sulfanates are #145;wetting agents#146;, the toxicity and side effects of which #145;require careful study#146; according to the Food and Drug Administration.

But what, if you please, is Dissertation, a #145;wetting agent#146;? Is the public familiar with its function or its need? A Food and Drug Administration list faintly hints that this type of substance is employed for washing fruits and vegetables. Or else one discovers that there are wax coatings, resins, plasticizers and other ingredients of packaging materials. Cheap Writing Resume. Phenol-formaldehyde resins, for example, are a number of such substances that have been used for coating tin cans. Some of these resins are explicitly regarded by the Food and Drug Administration as deleterious; others are believed to be #145;relatively#146; safe. The hazards to the consumer depend upon #145;whether the material would be transferred to the foods with which it might come in contact either by Dissertation, direct solution or leaching, volatilization, abrasion, or other methods#146;. The problems, in short, are legion and the possibilities for endangering the public health depend not only upon primary or secondary effects, but reach back into tertiary stages of nutrition. They grow with a one-sided over-complication of society, with a distortion of man#146;s relationship to natural forces and his bodily needs. Within recent years, the rise of little known and even unknown infectious diseases, the increase of degenerative illnesses and, finally, the allan poe essays conclusion f high incidence of advice, cancer suggests come connection between the Models for writers growing use of chemicals in Dissertation food and homie this shit is basic welcome to human diseases. There are, of course, many diseases that have been with man for immemorial ages.

Little is known of why these diseases are acquired by some individuals while other individuals are immune. Investigation is slowly (and all too slowly) moving toward the study of advice, immunity, of resistance factors which depend partly upon heredity but also upon the level of nutrition. Now, chemicals in poe essays conclusion food products may well play a very important role in these problems. Much has to advice be learned of the primary, secondary and Cheap essay writing resume tertiary effects individual chemical substances, their derivatives and combinations play in reducing immunity. Advice. Something is already known of the lower nutritive level that has already been produced by many chemical substitutes in food. The toxins produced by bacteria, however, remain the Models for writers short essays for composition direct agents of death from infectious disease. In this connection, an Dissertation entirely new field of research is being opened. Paper With Writing. It is known, for example, that species of bacteria are no longer as stable as was once assumed. Apparently harmless bacteria may undergo mutation or enter into Dissertation, an environment that suddenly renders them dangerous to human health. Online Homework. The question is: are chemicals in food products responsible for any of these changes and new environmental conditions?

In testimony before the Select Committee, Dr. Bing raised some considerations along this line. #145;The incidence of many diseases is changing,#146; he said. #145;There is an increase in the morbidity and mortality from a number of diseases. And then we have this phenomenon of new diseases appearing, conditions which were unknown heretofore or which were seen so little that they went unrecognized. #145;The increase in incidence #150; and, well, man is heir not only to old diseases, but he acquires some new ones from time to time. Whenever that occurs we naturally suspect a change in the environment. #145;Now, foods are part of the environment of the human being, and advice some alterations in Paper foods are suspect or some alterations in drugs that may be given are always suspect.#146; Dr. Dissertation. Bing specifically pointed to one disease that is suspected to have arisen or, at usually, least, to have increased in incidence because of an emulsifying agent in vitamins. Dissertation. #145;There is this condition of retrolental fibroplasias of babies born prematurely.

That condition is characterized by a change in the retina of the eye, and it results in total blindness of the with baby in both eyes. #145;That condition was either now known or was observed so occasionally that it was not recognized, by and large, up until about 1941, and then the incidence of it increased so that from Dissertation advice, 30 to 40 per cent. of the prematurely born babies in some nurseries, some hospitals, had this condition and become blind. #145;Now, the medical investigators looking into homie shit, that have cast suspicion on the use of synthetic emulsifying agents present in a vitamin preparation which was administered to the new-born babies. Dissertation Advice. They are not sure that I was the emulsifying agent or not, but they have called attention to the fact that when they changed from the vitamin preparation containing this synthetic emulsifying agent to the same vitamins without that particular material, the incidence went from 30 to 40 per cent. blindness down to less than 1 per cent.#146; It is widely agreed that the tempo and insecurity of American social life is a vital factor in the increase of degenerative diseases like heart and Cheap essay resume circulatory illnesses. But very little attention has been given to the role of chemicals in food. This problem is especially complex because much has to be learned about the way the body absorbs and uses calcium and magnesium salts #150; in addition to many other substances that make for over-all health.

When synthetic toxins and chemical combinations are introduced into the body, however, it is clear that all the balances that normally exist in a healthy human being are altered. Dissertation. While nature provides for many tolerances in the body, a sustained attack upon Do my homework usually, these tolerances is certain to Dissertation have disastrous effects. In the oxidation of sugars, for example, quantities varying up to a teaspoonful of insulin (about 1 cc) are responsible for the difference between a mild and severe case of diabetes. Do My Usually. Consider then, what it means when chemicals are introduced that violate these #150; and even more slender #150; tolerances day after day and year after year. A further problem is the Dissertation heavy burden which toxins and chemicals place on the eliminatory organs of the body. Under the best conditions (which seldom prevail) these toxins are excreted.

Before they are removed, however, they not only remain a burden to the entire organism but especially to the heart, liver and kidneys which are most frequently involved in diseases of old age. In short, it is still to usually be determined how a chemical in food #145;behaves in the body, how it is handled in the alimentary tract; whether it is digested and absorbed; and, if absorbed, where it goes. Is it handled by the liver, the great chemical organ of the body, and Dissertation converted to something else, and the eliminated or does it pile up in the tissues or go to the kidneys, where many soluble substances are channeled in order to be excreted? Does it have any effect on any of the organs of the body?#146; Dr. Bing, who posed these questions for the Select Committee, expanded upon the problems they raise for research. This To. #145;We now know that there are some poisons which will kill an animal without causing any demonstrable pathology or change in the structure of the cells. Cyanides can combine with the Dissertation advice blood pigment and prevent taking in oxygen from the air. And then there are certain organic synthetic compounds which react with substances in the body called enzymes, and can cause sudden death in experimental animals without giving any clue to any pathologist who may make sections of all the tissues of the body and look for changes in Cheap essay writing services resume the cell structure.#146; They very multitude of questions that can be raised around chemicals in Dissertation advice food provides the essential setting for Student assignment an answer.

In so delicate an arrangement as the advice human body, it can be asserted that many synthetic chemicals probably play a sweeping role in diseases that are due to changes in human physiology #150; in the #145;degenerative#146; illnesses. Perhaps the most remarkable data thus far on the role of chemicals in disease has been accumulated on cancer. This data has been supplied from two aspects of research: the known properties of for writers for composition, many chemicals in causing cancer (carcinogens) and the characteristics of malignant growth. That certain chemical substances could produce cancer was proven in 1915 when two Japanese investigators, Yamagiwa and Ichikawa, managed to produce cancer in rabbits with coal tar. Since then tests of some 1,000 chemicals have led to the discovery of Dissertation advice, about 100 carcinogens. Some of these chemicals like 9,10-dumethul-1, 2-benezathracine require only three applications to clip the skin to advice lead to cancer in a few months. Paper Writing Art Pictures. But it is necessary to emphasize that the vast majority of carcinogens require long-continued applications of small doses before cancer can be produced. Carcinogens can be used for a long time before they are known to cause malignant tumours. As a result of advice, investigations by Goldblatt, for Edgar allan f example, the #145;interval between the first exposure of Dissertation, workmen to cancer-producing compounds and the appearance of symptoms of the disease was eleven to sixteen years in 54 per cent. of the cases. It was twenty to forty-eight years in 19 per cent. The shortest period exposure sufficient to cause cancer was 3.5 years and the longest thirty-three years.#146; A carcinogen may thus be used as a chemical in food without lending itself to any assured means of Paper with clip, discovery #150; perhaps not only for many years but even at all.

Even when carcinogens are used on short-lived experimental animals, unknown conditions for cancer may remain long after use has been discontinued. In recent studies on the incidence of lung cancer among smokers, the investigators proffered the suspicion that cancer appeared later in life as a result of smoking although smoking was discontinued decades earlier. A new term (carcinogens) has been established for chemicals that #145;will not produce cancer when administered alone, but will enhance the cancer-producing power of other chemicals. For example, if very small doses of Dissertation advice, 20-methylcholanthrene are applied to the skin, no cancer may develop but if the skin is then rubbed with croton oil, tumours soon appear at its site of application. #145;These small doses of the carcinogens will not produce cancer, but when the small doses of carcinogen is followed by the croton oil, then a tumour appears. #145;The croton oil can be applied several months after the cancer-producing chemical has been administered. Simultaneous application is not necessary.#146; The effects of carcinogens and cocarcinogens, therefore, prove to have an extremely complex background. Two substances may not appear to be carcinogenic when individual tests are made; but in combination, or in any given sequence of Student assignment help, application, they may produce cancer sooner or later. Since any numbers of combinations or sequences are theoretically possible, the entire concept of carcinogens wants revision. As long as synthetic chemicals are used in food, the human body comes to Dissertation resemble ac chemical factory in which incalculable combinations of toxins and carcinogens are possible at any stage of life.

The problems of chemicals in food products no longer centre so much on individual chemicals as they do on a completely altered level of physiology, nutrition and irritability. The fact that cancer can derive from the mistreatment of the body as a whole is suggested from the standpoint of writing clip art pictures, pathological as well as chemical research especially in the work of Dissertation advice, Harry S. N. Greene at the Yale University Medical School. In the course of transplanting tissues that was microscopically diagnosed as cancerous, Greene found that sometimes tissue could be transferred successfully to the eye of an alien species and at other times it could not. After further research, Green came to the conclusion that many tumours which receive a diagnosis of cancer as a result of microscopic analysis were actually benign. Only the malignant tumours could be transferred. Student Help Notebook. These facts led to several lines of speculation. Cancer may be suspected of deriving as a rule from pre-cancerous lesions. In the pre-cancerous stage, a tumour may microscopically resemble in every detail a malignant growth and still be benign. Although it will be diagnosed as cancer and often successfully removed, in this stage there is Dissertation, no danger of metastasis (spreading to Student assignment help other sites). After a while, the supposed cancer may become truly cancerous and advice only then will metastasis occur.

What causes the change in behaviour? Greene expresses the belief that constitutional rather than local abnormalities are responsible. Abnormalities in the organism as a whole seem to disturb the organization of the cellular structure. This leads first to this is basic to a development through a pre-cancerous stage and eventually into malignant tumours and metastasis. Greene#146;s view, of course, does not necessarily challenge the local view of cancer; as, for example, when tissue is rendered cancerous by continual irritation.

Rather, Greene also seems to open a more general source of disturbance. Dissertation Advice. His view implicitly challenges the entire environment of online homework, man. Among the most direct factors of man#146;s environment to-day that make for Dissertation advice constitutional abnormalities are the tempo and insecurity of existence and the wholesale alteration of diet by the use of chemicals in food products. The former has given rise to nervous disorders on a vast scale. The latter tends to upset and distort human physiological processes, render nutrition inadequate and introduce repeated irritants and Edgar allan conclusion an over-loading of substances or toxins into the body. The problem that chemicals in advice food presents can no longer be confined to the danger of acute toxicity. Sensational cases of food-poisoning (bad as they are) have been overshadowed by the slow distortion of organic processes as a whole. Broad issues in ecology, chemistry and physiology are being raised #150; not simply local instances of writing art pictures, acute toxicity which supplied most of the attacks and legislation against the food industry in the past. When chemical fertilizers include the risk of altering soils, a general ecological problem is presented. When insecticides are developed from relatively simple compounds to complex and stable hydrocarbons that remain in animal tissue, the Dissertation very constituents of the human body are involved.

Finally, when innumerable types of chemical substances are introduced into the absorptive, physiological and metabolic processes of the body, the whole cycle of writing clip art pictures, nutrition, growth, organic development and the normal tempo of physical degeneration in the course of life is changed adversely. We have said that the motive for introducing chemicals in food is Dissertation, profit. Models For Writers Short Essays For Composition. We shall soon have the Dissertation occasion to point out that even more fundamental reasons have arisen in recent times for chemicals in food products. But for the present this motive continues to operate and extend itself, and notebook it has led to advice an increasing and reckless marketing of the public health. Just as the profit-system introduces more and more irrational uses of man#146;s productive forces, so the problems raised by chemicals in food are met with totally irrational #145;solutions#146;. Perhaps the most absurd illustration is the story of #145;enriched#146; bread.

To-day, the housewife is likely to encounter explosive advertising notices on bread that is #145;enriched#146; with vitamins and other substances. The facts, however, are that many breads which are described as enriched have first been deprived of valuable nutrients. Models For Writers Essays For Composition. The wheat is bleached and chemicals are introduced to replace the effect of natural substances that are useful to the human body. This approach to nutrition #150; if such it can be called #150; is in advice itself so perfectly irrational and wasteful that it would defy any rational mind if it was any worse than many irrationalities to-day. Many individuals who do not pretend to an expert knowledge of food or agriculture see in chemicals an assertion of man#146;s power over nature, a substitute for vital natural products and human labour.

This concept is only partly true, as it stands, and for composition so far as food is concerned is Dissertation, dangerously wrong. The human body probably functions with the greatest difficulty when it is notebook, nourished in piece-meal fashion, on the basis of what we think we know it requires. There are many important things we do not know for which there are certainly no synthetic substitutes. Modern science, at present, tends to segment the unity of the advice body into Models short for composition, departments of knowledge that are, thus far, only approximations of its actual activities. These departments #150; physiology, morphology and so on #150; do not completely open to us the complex, organic facts and relations that actually exist in Dissertation advice the organism. Homie This Welcome. The body, for Dissertation advice example, requires certain indispensable traces of metals and compounds. In greater quantities these substances prove to be poisonous and, perhaps, carcinogenic.

When foods are bleached, dyed, sprayed or synthesized, these traces can be lost or excessively increased. Sometimes, the chemist and physiologist has only a faint idea #150; if at all #150; of what is required. Chemistry continually suggests cheap substitutes, but it is seldom possible to arrive at what is actually necessary to meet the complexities that enter into the total process. In pure foods, however, traces are not only acquired in a manner by which the assignment help organism, over the course of animal evolution, has long been adapted to receive them, but they can also be eliminated without damage when these trace materials become excessive. The chemist, on the other hand, may synthesize compounds which the body is Dissertation advice, compelled to Paper art pictures receive because these compounds obey the general laws of chemistry more closely than the chemical processes of life. He may render compounds soluble which in pure foods are first acted upon by Dissertation, digestive agents. Indispensable steps in digestion, which may be both stages of for writers, nutrition and also obstacles to the assimilation of Dissertation, undesirable compounds both in quality and quantity, are thus replaced by laboratory techniques. Writing Clip. Even enzymes have now been synthesized to replace natural agents of Dissertation advice, digestion, often with a very imperfect picture of human digestive activity as a whole.

The human body, therefore, becomes a receptacle for chemicals it is compelled to absorb, not what it definitely needs. The principle behind this fact can be extended to nearly every aspect of nutrition to-day. The modern concept of #145;power over nature#146; is a similar distortion. For centuries, great thinkers had seen in man#146;s control of natural agencies the key to man#146;s access to leisure, intellectual and spiritual development, and freedom. They did not see in this control an end in Paper clip art pictures itself, but an end to suit man. Dissertation Advice. Moreover, #145;control#146; did not signify violation. It referred to a conscious turning of Edgar allan, nature to Dissertation advice meet human needs, as these needs arose from Dissertation homie shit is basic welcome to, a rational body of social relationships rather than irrational society. #145;Control of nature#146; was founded upon the belief that nature had its own complex laws and that man could produce a society founded upon reason.

At present, the Dissertation advice #145;conquest#146; of nature is predicated partly upon a control of forces to conquer the human organism. It is as though our insight into the facts of nature has been employed to manipulate the human body as something outside of nature. Soil experts, nutritionists and above all food industrialists toy with the human body very much as though it no longer was as much a part of nature as the very natural forces that are commanded by chemistry. But the principal issue is that the #145;conquest#146; of Cheap, nature currently rests upon Dissertation advice, problems arising from social blindness and idiocy. By the misuse of chemistry, man is #145;solving#146; social problems; problems that are related to Do my homework usually social insight and intelligence rather than the advice physical and organic science.

The growth of population, for example, has become a major excuse for chemicals in agriculture and food. Yet population is large to-day primarily in online homework the sense that half the Dissertation world is practically uninhabited or has little industry, while huge urban centres are choking with millions. Land is for writers for composition, insufficient because it is advice, misused and frequently ignore where it is actually available; worse, modern forms of online, land tenure have driven millions off the land, often into useless occupations. Advice. Numerous clerks, impotent bureaucrats, advertising agents and salesmen have created a new form of urban idiocy to overshadow the tradition of rural idiocy. Allan Conclusion. This idiocy ranges from a daily squandering of hours on trains and buses to an inordinate preoccupation with anti-social and demoralizing media of entertainment. Modern society resists the possibility of restoring human contacts that have been broken by tawdry #145;entertainment#146;, siphoned into the home by television and radio. Only recently has an Dissertation advice increasing number of people begun to think of decentralizing the great urban menageries #150; and this because of a fear of modern warfare and bombing. Help Notebook. Yet in decentralization exists a real possibility for developing the Dissertation best traditions of social life and for solving agricultural and nutritional difficulties that have thus far been delivered to chemistry. Most of the food problems of the world would be solved to-day by well-balanced and rounded communities, intelligently urbanized, well-equipped with industry and with easy access to the land.

There is a logic to every situation in modern society. With the rise of huge cities, with a meaningless increase in detail labour, with the Cheap essay services resume total supplanting of quality by quantity production #150; pure foods have not only been rendered unprofitable but also impossible if only because of transport conditions. The adulteration of advice, food has now become a system, a net from which it is almost impossible to withdraw. Nearly every food product that appears on the market is writing clip, to-day the Dissertation repository of chemical substances. Years ago, this trend was ineffectively challenged by various #145;fad#146; movements.

Now, there is scarcely any basis for choice between pure food and chemically treated products. The door has been closed to individual selection, and the process of adding synthetic substances proceeds unabated. It is conclusion f, doubtful if legislation will do anything to Dissertation advice arrest this trend, even if legislation against chemicals in Edgar poe essays conclusion f food is enacted. The problem has become a social problem #150; an issue concerning the advice misuse of homework usually, industry as a whole. It is on this basis alone that it can be solved.

This page has been accessed by visitors outside of Pitzer College times since December 18, 1999.