Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos

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Book Reports/ Essay On Oedipus, Jocasta, Creon, And Antigone book report 20028. Essay on Oedipus, Jocasta, Creon, and Antigone. According to ancient Greeks the state of human beings was always in constant tragedy. This is due to the continuous control that the Gods exerted on all human beings. The Gods determined their fate and if humans tried to Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos, change their destiny and thus their character they were punished. The Gods required justice and never let someone go unpunished. Sophocles wrote two plays that described these ideas.

The characters in these plays, Oedipus, Jocasta, Creon, and Antigone were bound to the Gods, and trapped between various moral obligations. A question that was deeply present in Greek conscience was that everyone needed to know their place in the universe as a human being. Oedipus was on a continual search throughout King Oedipus for homework assignment his identity. The use of oracles in the play depict the importance of the Gods role in the Theban society. Greeks depended on them for Compare and contrast guidance and answers to problems. Oedipus as the king of phone number Thebes was morally obligated to Compare and contrast lagos, his subjects to find the killer of Laius who is the source of the vile plague and promises that he will save the city just as he did when he solved the Essay entrance riddle of the and contrast essay apples and oranges Sphinx. After sending Creon to the oracle at Delphi and speaking to Teiresias he believes that they are both planning to dethrone Oedipus. In the interaction between Teiresias and Creon you can see Oedipus’ tragic flaw which is his pride. Essay For College Entrance? Oedipus taunts Teiresias when he says that he is the Compare and contrast apples and oranges killer of the assignment previous king.

Oedipus refers to his track record and shows Teiresias if he was any good at prophesizing that he would have solved the riddle himself. He holds himself as this overconfident and Compare essay and oranges lagos, superior being because he possesses an intelligence that surpasses everyone in Thebes. He also accuses Creon of wanting to be king and using the apa paper prophet as his pawn. His pride also made him kill the king and all but one of his guards. This makes his pride a tragic flaw because it made him save the city, but allowed him to and contrast and oranges lagos, kill his father and guards with indifference. His pride led to I need writing my essay, his greatness and his downfall. Oedipus also angers the Gods. At the oracle of Apollo he wanted to Compare and oranges, find if Polybus was really his father, but instead gets a horrific prediction that he will kill his father and Writing, marry his mother. He tries to use his free will to flee Corinth and his parents, but indeed he makes the and contrast and oranges prediction come true. Oedipus should have known that by trying to change his fate he irritates the have Gods and is punished by finding the truth out in a cruel way and making his fate come true anyway. He also did not listen to Teiresias who he knows is the nearest mortal to Apollo.

This would mean that he disregarded a message from Apollo and therefore has a disbelief in Gods. You can see that his moral predicament was a search of Laius’ murderer which in fact led him to find his own origins by revealing an undeniable fact that he killed his father and married his mother. Compare And Contrast Essay Apples? No one could escape their fate because it was predestined by the Gods. Jocasta can be seen as a disbeliever of the Writing Gods and their oracles. The moral dilemma that Jocasta faced was to prevent a prophecy from coming true and to test Oedipus’ faith. Jocasta tried to avoid the prophecy from coming true by sending her son to be exposed on a mountain to be killed. By doing this and pinning her son’s feet together she tried to defeat the Gods which highly angered them. Jocasta planted doubts after hearing that Oedipus and Creon’s argument was due to Compare and contrast lagos, an oracle. She says they are nonsense because she was given a prophecy that Laius would be killed by Creative weekly, the son and marry his mother.

She believed that Laius was killed by Compare essay, robbers and that the baby died on the mountain. Since this did not come true she believed that they were incorrect. Also when the homework assignment weekly messenger comes to tell of Polybus’ death, Jocasta again says that his propecy was also a lie. She is Compare apples and oranges lagos, implying that since that oracles were wrong that the Powerpoint Gods were also false. Jocasta’s punishment can be seen as a test. She was to test the essay and oranges lagos beliefs of the child she had sent to die. By planting doubts of the Gods in Oedipus’ mind the help number gods can test his faith and his power.

He failed the test and perpetuated a disbelief in the Gods. This depicts the way the essay and oranges Gods had a hand in everyone’s life. Presentation Articles Website? By disobeying them by avoidance of their dealings the punishment is to be forced to conspire against the people you love. This can be seen in the character of Jocasta in King Oedipus. Antigone seems like a martyr who held her holy principles higher than the state’s principles. At times she assumes to be an anxious martyr who knows the consequences of her actions. In the end she dies because she believed what she was doing was indeed correct. Antigone knowingly breaks an edict sent forth by Creon. She holds that she will never have a new brother because she does not have her parents.

Her faith in family in lagos unwavering. It did not matter to I need have trouble, her that Polynices may have been a traitor to Thebes, but he was her flesh and Compare essay apples lagos, blood. She also was more loyal to the Gods than to Writing, Creon. Creon was only a ruler and she believed that it was wrong to not perform the proper burial rites. The Gods regarded that every human being deserves the right to a proper burial. She knows that Creon is a mere mortal who is breaking the laws of the Gods.

Antigone can be seen as a holy woman who takes the Gods’ laws seriously. Antigone’s moral predicament concerned her obligation to her brother and thus the Gods for a proper burial and to the king of Thebes who was also her uncle. She had to Compare essay apples and oranges, decide between the consequence of death if she disobeyed Creon’s law or to her holy duty to bury her brother and help number, follow the Gods’ laws. I believe that she did the right and courageous thing. And Contrast Essay? Creon’s tragic flaw is his foolish pride.

He sends the edict out in help phone number the first place because he did not have the state that he ruled in apples mind, but because of the inner revenge against Polynices. He also is Expert help phone number, stubborn because he is unrelenting in his stubbornness. He believes that if he is persuaded by anyone that it means he is womanish. He sticks to his guns until it is too late to change anything which includes the deaths of his wife, son, and niece. He is in a moral predicament because he has an Compare lagos, obligation to protect his state of Thebes which includes its democratic laws and its citizens. He also is obligated to the Gods who ultimately rule over all beings and their divine laws. Expert? Creon fails to follow both of his obligations.

Creon is shown as a self serving ruler who does not care about anything else except seeking revenge. And even when it is suggested to him that he should change his mind about Antigone and his edict by Haemon and Teiresias he remains obstinate and blind to his own actions. He adheres to the laws of the state rather than having irreverence to the laws of the Gods. In a conversation with Teiresias he displays that he would not yield even if the eagles carry the body to Compare essay lagos, Zeus he would remain unyielding in his principles. Haemon also advises his father to for college my, learn from others, but Creon feels that he should rule not for others but for himself. He forgets the power of the kingdom is to rule over people and is not to and contrast apples, be caught in his own vengeful power struggle. And it is because of Writing this his stubbornness that he experiences a turn of events that show that he really was wrong in what he did. His downfall was caused by and contrast apples, his irrationality by defying the Writing apa paper margins decree of the Gods that demanded a proper burial for all. It was an violation to have an indecent burial. By Creon’s edict and will to have Polynices unburied and Antigone sentenced to death he has shown that he surpassed the Gods.

This is very bad judgement because the Compare and contrast apples Gods are punishing beings and ruled overall, but Creon only Comparison help, ruled his kingdom. Compare? Creon is ultimately punished for his pride and lack of respect for the Gods. It was after his conversation with Teiresias that he realizes he was blind to help phone, himself and that as a mortal he should have never defiled the Compare and contrast apples lagos Gods. But it is too late because the Gods have cursed him by having all his close family members kill themselves. Word Count: 1487. Our writers are all Uni graduates able to work effectively on any level under time constraints.

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Personal Statement Examples - Sample Law School Personal Statements. It requires a lot of effort and thought to write a personal statement that effectively captures your greatest qualities and and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos stands out to admissions committees. While we have an Powerpoint presentation website entire article on writing personal statements, one of the Compare essay and oranges lagos, best ways to assist and inspire your writing is homework help, reading and learning from several personal statement samples. Although writing personal statements requires that you reflect upon what is unique and exemplary about your background, the following personal statement samples will provide insight into how other applicants have successfully crafted their statement. Compare Essay Apples? Below you can find 31 personal statement examples found in the TLS Guide to help, Personal Statements book, which has sections on why these personal statement samples are strong and also how they could have been improved upon. More personal statement samples can be found in the personal statement forum. 31 Example Personal Statements. Below are 2 of the 31 Personal Statement Samples.

Sample Personal Statement #1 - Silicon Valley Start-Up. Eighteen months ago, I was sitting at my computer, wedged between a dripping coffee maker to essay, my left and the company’s CFO five feet to my right. Every keystroke shook the flimsy foldout card table that served as my desk, on loan to the company from another employee’s garage. We were packed in the largest of homework assignment, three rooms in Compare and contrast apples lagos a 2,500 square foot space baking in the heat generated by ten co-workers in close quarters, fifteen running computers, and an abnormally warm summer. On the glass doorway was etched the ghostly lettering of the former company occupying the space, serving as a grim reminder of the ever-present possibility of failure. Two weeks earlier, I had been in my company’s small conference room sitting at the table surrounded by writing have familiar faces from Compare apples my last employer.

Silicon Valley is help, incestuous: teams migrate from one company to the next, so I was not surprised to find myself recruited to join my old boss’s newest project. They were selling another David versus Goliath story, featuring a small rag-tag team of engineers defeating a seemingly insurmountable industry leader. Compare Essay Apples And Oranges? Despite my skepticism, I still had a free-running imagination fed with nostalgic thoughts of Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard working on their first audio oscillator in a Palo Alto garage. But at my last start-up company, we had challenged a corporation for a piece of the industry pie, and nine years and $330 million dollars later, the apa paper, company was a hollow shell doing mostly engineering contractor work. Compare? I was lucky enough to join that company late in the game and sell my stock options early, but many others spent a significant portion of their career at a company that came close to Creative assignment weekly, glory but ultimately fell short: Goliath 1, David 0. This time they were telling me it was going to be different; they were always saying this time would be different. I asked them how a small, poorly funded start-up company could go against Compare and contrast essay and oranges lagos a giant corporation, which was also the undisputed king of Expert homework help phone, our market, with nearly $400 million in quarterly revenue. After signing a non-disclosure agreement, I was let in on the big secret, the meaning of the “C” in the company name: we were going to use recent innovations in carbon nano-tubes to revolutionize the Compare apples lagos, industry. These nano-scopic cylindrical fibers that allow unparalleled circuit density would be David’s tiny, secret sling.

With the financial incentive of stock options and the confidence gained by working with a crack technical team, everyone was working at full capacity. There were scribbled drawings with names and dates taped up on Comparison essay help, a wall. Compare Essay Lagos? These were the jotted ideas from our team of electrical engineers and physicists with M.S. and Ph.D. I Need Help Have? degrees from schools like Harvard, Stanford, and M.I.T. One posting was my recent workings of a carbon nano-tube electro-mechanical configuration bit, an idea that a co-worker and I had developed that I would write up and the company would push through the patent process. Compare And Contrast Essay Lagos? By packing a dozen well-caffeinated physics and electronics geniuses into a pathetic three-room rental that resembled a low-budget movie studio, we had created the primordial soup of intellectual invention. As a result of our collective ideas, our seasoned team, our innovative ideas, and nano-technology being the latest buzzword in investment, we were soon funded by Writing venture capitalists for $10 million. Compare And Contrast And Oranges Lagos? It was immensely exciting to be the tenth employee in a growing start-up company that would have to upgrade offices and dramatically expand staff in an up-scaling war against the industry titan. The increased design responsibility and unbounded architectural creativity that comes with working for a start-up is unparalleled. However, the necessity of sidestepping our competitor’s patented intellectual property, which covered all aspects of our design, from Writing manufacturing to testing, placed a heavy burden on the design team. This danger was extremely real, as a similar start-up had collapsed following an infringement lawsuit related to unauthorized reproduction of a bit stream.

As the designer of Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos, three different components, I examined our competition’s sixteen patents related to Expert help, the memory aspect of the device. It was immensely satisfying to Compare essay and oranges, study, absorb, and then circumvent patent claims as I designed a conceptually similar but un-patented version of three memory blocks. I am interested in serving as general counsel for a corporation focused on advanced semiconductor technology. My diverse work experience and master’s degree provide a perfect foundation to tackle the I need writing trouble, issues faced by a general counsel. I am drawn to and contrast essay and oranges, the challenges I will find at the intersection of intellectual property, product liability, and corporate law. Essay For College Entrance? At this juncture in my life, I seek more challenge and personal growth in a field that calls on my written skills, attention to and contrast lagos, detail, and love of website, technology. My background in nano-technology will bring a unique perspective to the NYU classroom and will make me extremely marketable upon graduation. By pursuing a law degree, I intend to enter a profession that aligns with the interests and aptitudes I have discovered and essay apples and oranges lagos developed through real work experience.

It is help number, through deep personal reflection that I have decided that law is the natural extension of and oranges lagos, my training, personality, and Powerpoint articles talents. Commentary 1: Silicon Valley Start-Up. Structure: Personal Narrative. Thesis: I led a multi-million dollar design team; I can succeed in law school. Elements of Style: Comparison to David Goliath. Committee Appeal: Tangible Impact, Real World Experience, Pro-Active Starter, Good Leader. This is an Compare essay and oranges lagos excellent personal statement because it shows this candidate has had a tangible impact on organizations, and probably on help trouble, the global economy. The statement keeps the reader engaged by Compare apples and oranges lagos giving a meaningful story with background, context, conflict, and presentation resolution. It also provides a peek into and contrast essay lagos, the mysterious and increasingly legendary world of Expert homework help number, Silicon Valley start-ups. This is a good model for someone who has been out of college for a while, but who hasn’t been working in a law firm.

The essay is focused on career goals, with career history to back up the writer’s plans. Compare And Contrast And Oranges? This person is a doer, not a dreamer. The writer shows a depth of technical knowledge and homework number strong analytic reasoning skills that go far beyond linear thinking, especially in the description of finding new solutions to highly technical problems that do not violate patents. The statement creates desire in the admissions committee to admit this person because other companies seek to hire the applicant and venture capitalists are willing to support the Compare and contrast, applicant with substantial funds. For College My? This statement will inspire members of the admissions committee to act on the applicant’s behalf because he has successfully reached beyond the safety net of college.

This applicant demonstrated his strong written communication skills by and contrast apples lagos writing a compelling statement that uses several kinds of Powerpoint presentation articles website, rhetorical appeals. Logic is used to show how his analytical ability helps to keep the company afloat in the same waters where others have foundered. And Contrast Essay Apples And Oranges? He uses touches of pathos when he describes the “primordial soup of intellectual invention” inside the cramped office. The analogy in which he compares his small start-up and the industry leader to David and Goliath uses both pathos and mythos to excellent effect: The story is one everyone knows, and so just by invoking the apa paper margins, names, the writer brings a powerful story into his narrative without using valuable space. This mythic story becomes a theme woven throughout the essay. Lagos? It is a rhetorical device that establishes a connection in the reader’s mind between this candidate and David, a leader known for his compassionate ethos.

This writer has also composed the statement so that he comes across as an authoritative, competent, thoughtful, and homework honest leader. This statement helped earn the applicant acceptance to NYU and Columbia Law Schools. This essay is too focused on Compare and contrast and oranges lagos, the details of the story and Comparison help fails to give sufficient evidence for Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos, why this person is a good candidate for law school. Assignment? This essay is structured as a personal narrative, and the topic is the applicant’s professional experience. Compare And Contrast Essay Lagos? The first paragraph is well written but is margins, wholly descriptive prose that has very little to do with why this person is a good candidate for law school. The first paragraph lacks a thesis or a direction for the essay. Ideally, the reader should find a microcosm of the essay in the first paragraph. The second-to-last paragraph packs in the most value to the admissions committee for the space used, but the background story is important for this paragraph to be so powerful. To make the background story do more work for him, the writer could plant more indicators of essay apples, his positive qualities and characteristics in the early part of the essay. For example, he could mention how he used his oral communication skills to writing have trouble, communicate with his design team and and contrast essay apples supervisors, so that the admissions committee knows he feels that mastery of oral communication skills is Writing, important. The last paragraph is where the applicant draws together his themes with his self-assessment and Compare essay apples and oranges lagos goals.

He should mention what his master’s degree is in. Expert Homework Phone? This writer commits the common error of throwing in and contrast lagos the name of the school receiving this statement as a token. Any law school program could fill that place. The writer doesn’t appear to have done research about the law program at NYU. Does the Writing margins, applicant feel that being in New York City will put him in contact with East Coast technology specialists who will give him an edge up in his career? Or, is the applicant focusing upon NYU because of their strength in intellectual property law? The writer needs to persuade the NYU admissions committee that NYU is the only school for him, and he can do this by interpreting how the Compare and contrast essay and oranges, school’s particular strengths will advance his goals. Despite these quibbles, though, this is have, overall a fantastic personal statement. Sample Personal Statement 2 - Minimalist.

I am a thinker, but not one to think out loud. I love myself, but am not in love with the sound of my own voice. I want to be loved, but not at the cost of not loving myself. I want to know everything, but realize that nothing can ever be known for sure. I believe that nothing is absolute, but I can absolutely defend my beliefs. I understand that chance is prevalent in all aspects of life, but never leave anything important to chance. I am skeptical about everything, but realistic in the face of Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges, my skepticism. I base everything on probability, but so does nature. probably.

I believe that all our actions are determined, but feel completely free to do as I choose. I do not believe in anything resembling a God, but would never profess omniscience with regard to such issues. I have faith in nothing, but trust that my family and friends will always be faithful. I feel that religion is weekly, among the Compare and contrast essay, greatest problems in the world, but also understand that it is perhaps the ultimate solution. I recognize that many people derive their morals from religion, but I insist that religion is not the essay help, only fountainhead of morality. I respect the intimate connection between morality and law, but do not believe that either should unquestioningly respect the apples and oranges, other. I want to study the law and homework assignment weekly become a lawyer, but I do not want to study the law just because I want to become a lawyer. I am aware that the law and economics cannot always be studied in conjunction, but I do not feel that either one can be properly studied without an awareness of the Compare apples lagos, other. I recognize there is more to the law than efficiency, but believe the law should recognize the importance of Comparison, efficiency more than it does.

I love reading about law and Compare essay and oranges philosophy, but not nearly as much as I love having a good conversation about the two. I know that logic makes an argument sound, but also know that passion makes an argument sound logical. I have philosophical beliefs informed by economics and economic beliefs informed by philosophy, but I have lost track of which beliefs came first. I know it was the egg though. I always think very practically, but do not always like to think about the Essay my, practical.

I have wanted to be a scientist for a while now, but it took me two undergraduate years to figure out that being a scientist does not necessarily entail working in and contrast apples and oranges a laboratory. I play the saxophone almost every day, but feel most like an artist when deduction is Comparison, my instrument. I spent one year at a college where I did not belong and two years taking classes irrelevant for my major, but I have no regrets about my undergraduate experience. I am incredibly passionate about my interests, but cannot imagine being interested in only one passion for an entire lifetime. I love the and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos, Yankees, but do not hate the homework help number, Red Sox. I love sports, but hate the accompanying anti-intellectual culture. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges Lagos? I may read the newspaper starting from the Powerpoint presentation articles, back, but I always make my way to the front eventually. I am liberal on some issues and conservative on others, but reasonable about all of Compare and contrast, them. I Need Help My Essay Trouble? I will always be politically active, but will never be a political activist. I think everything through completely, but I am never through thinking about anything.

I can get along with almost anyone, but there are very few people without whom I could not get along. I am giving of my time, but not to the point of forgetting its value. I live for each moment, but not as much as I worry about the next. I consider ambition to be of the utmost importance, but realize that it is useless without the support of hard work. I am a very competitive person, but only when competing with myself.

I have a million dreams, but I am more than just a dreamer. Compare And Contrast Essay Apples? I am usually content, but never satisfied. I am a study in contradiction, but there is Comparison essay, not an inconsistency to be found. Structure: Personal Narrative. Thesis: I am a clever risk-taker. Elements of and contrast and oranges, Style: Literary play with contradiction and a variety of Comparison essay, verbal punning. Committee Appeal: Intellectual Excellence, Multiple Perspectives. This personal statement is and contrast essay, constructed like a poem: there is a rhythm to homework assignment weekly, it that draws the reader in; there is also verbal play and the construction of and contrast essay and oranges lagos, a somewhat mysterious self-portrait. Essay For College Entrance? This applicant had an impressive 4.0 GPA and 178 LSAT, so he could be a risk-taker with the personal statement. This essay stands out because it is more artfully designed than other statements. This is a good strategy if you are sure of your standardized scores or if you are applying to a reach school and so are trying to Compare lagos, get yourself noticed.

An experimental personal statement such as this is just as likely to succeed as to flop, because some admissions committee members value creativity while others will be put off by Expert the lack of specific details. Lagos? In its uniqueness, it is unclear how difficult this statement was to write; most admissions committee members will probably give the candidate the Comparison essay, benefit of the Compare and oranges lagos, doubt and see it as highly original rather than a series of clichés. This statement works by a clever rhetorical trick: The author will repeat a word in the same sentence but shift the I need help, meaning to a different, often contrary, usage. For example, the author writes, “I believe that nothing is absolute, but I can absolutely defend my beliefs.” Most of the sentences are linked in a daisy chain of Compare, associative ideas. For example, the first paragraph moves through the author’s views on thinking, loving, and presentation doubting. The author then gestures towards interests in philosophy, morality, law, economics, music, sports, and politics.

In the third paragraph, the applicant tells us he is and contrast essay apples, good at synthesizing diverse information. The admissions committee will like this ability, as well as the humor that concludes the paragraph with the Essay entrance, chicken-and-egg joke. The statement ends with a character sketch indicating the Compare, author is Expert number, friendly but ambitious and complex. And finally, there is an important punch when the piece ends: “I am a study in essay lagos contradiction, but there is not an inconsistency to apa paper, be found.” This statement worked for the applicant because this person was accepted everywhere, including Yale and Stanford, and was offered a $63,000 scholarship to NYU. Although this statement is put together like a poem, it lacks the internal logic and consistency that would make it an outstanding example of the Compare essay lagos, personal statement genre. The author starts out very well, linking each sentence to the previous one, but upon close analysis, the chain link falls apart rather quickly. In the first paragraph, talking connects quiet thinking to self-respect, and then love connects self-respect to Writing apa paper, healthy relationships, but after this, the author enters stream-of-consciousness mode. We learn the author is not religious. He or she writes, “I know that logic makes an argument sound, but also know that passion makes an argument sound logical.” The problem with a sentence like this is and contrast apples lagos, that it does not give the reader specific evidence that this person is either logical or passionate. Homework Number? This personal statement encases the author behind a rhetorical wall that does not allow his personality to emerge.

We do not have a sense of whether this person is trustworthy because we have no specific stories or examples to evaluate for the author’s ethical appeal. The fourth paragraph is somewhat damaging to the author when we learn, “I spent one year at a college where I did not belong and two years taking classes irrelevant for my major.” The admissions committee will wonder: Why didn’t you belong at that college? Why did you take random classes for and contrast and oranges lagos, two years? Can you be trusted to maintain your focus in law school? The word play at this point waffles between clever and articles website stale. This statement would do better to begin and end with the verbal play, but to have a solid paragraph or two in the middle of personal narrative, in which the admissions committee really get to know the Compare apples and oranges lagos, person behind this rhetorical show. Closing Remarks on Sample Personal Statements. We hope the free personal statement samples with critique assist you with creating your masterpiece. But for more direction on how to write a personal statement please read our article on Writing apa paper margins, Writing Personal Statements and the complete TLS Personal Statement Book. While these resources convey information on essay apples lagos, personal statements for writing trouble, law school, they can also apply to other graduate programs. For even more free personal statement examples, visit the personal statement forum with over 200 personal statement samples.

Just how important is effectively writing personal statements? So critical that the personal statement is the first item in an application that is read by Ed Tom, the Dean of Admissions at and contrast and oranges lagos U.C. Berkeley’s Boalt Hall School of Law. In our exclusive interview, Dean Tom states that “[P]utting together an entering class is Powerpoint presentation articles website, like organizing a choir; we want distinct voices. And Contrast And Oranges? There are hundreds of similar applicants, but only one of you; so take the opportunity provided by the personal statement to let us hear your voice.” What else did Dean Tom say about how to write a personal statement? “Personal statements for law school are the applicant’s opportunity to distinguish himself from hundreds of Writing apa paper, other applicants who have the same numbers, and the same major, and come from Compare and contrast essay lagos a similar school. The personal statement is an homework assignment applicant’s opportunity to describe the distance they’ve come in their lives.” “Most everyone is a very different person now than they were in high school and along that journey they develop a voice that they will be bringing into essay apples lagos, the classroom.

I want to learn about the journey that developed that voice, and to the decision to apply to law school. We are looking for intellectually curious people, and we are looking for homework, people with a diverse array of experiences. So, the ideal personal statement would bring all of apples and oranges lagos, that out.” For editing of homework weekly, your personal statement, you can either swap your statement with someone on the personal statement forum for free or pay to have your statement edited by a professional editing service.

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Mais elle se veut aussi un pur eloge de l'originalite, visant une categorie culturelle bien precise, a l'instar d'autres constructeurs tels que Saab Automobiles. Compare And Contrast And Oranges Lagos? De sorte qu'aujourd'hui, on Comparison, appelle communement les heureux possesseurs d'un vehicule de la marque les « lancistes » (ou « lancista », pour faire plus italien). And Oranges? La Thesis a pour origine une concept-car, la Dialogos, devoilee au salon de Turin en 1998. Expert Help Phone Number? L'idee etait simple : creer une voiture de reve. Compare And Contrast Essay? Une ligne elegante et inhabituelle, ressemblant meme plus ou moins a l'esthetique du futur tel qu'imaginee dans le cinema des annees 1990, un deverrouillage des portes par carte magnetique et des ouvertures antagonistes donnant sur un interieur au confort maximal sont certaines de ses caracteristiques. Le design Thesis Lancia : surprendre pour ravir. Help? Creer la surprise, tel est l'effet que produit le visuel de la Lancia Thesis. Essay And Oranges Lagos? Disposant d'une magistrale calandre typique chez le constructeur turinois, ornee de feux avant dont les formes rappellent les roadsters britanniques des annees 1960 (ou la Cinquecento, c'est selon) et de feux arriere contrastant tres fortement avec cet aspect retro par leur apparence fine, discrete et ultra-moderne, le vehicule affiche une esthetique pimentee par la preeminence des chromes et une forme globale gracieuse et elancee, qui sonne comme l'echo europeen d'une limousine Lincoln ou Cadillac, avec la rigueur geometrique en moins. Apa Paper? Son design, elance et creatif, est un veritable langage, reste cependant incompris par une large partie du public. Compare And Contrast Apples Lagos? Un habitacle pense pour etre original. Essay? A l'interieur, la Thesis est un palais.

On parle volontiers d'un confort de salon : les assises en cuir, d'une tres haute qualite, accompagnent des boiseries precieuses et un revetement en laine, avec quelques luxes supplementaires comme un ordinateur de bord ou une climatisation bi-zone. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges? L'ensemble est rendu parfait avec une tenue de route ideale, grace a la presence de suspensions capables d'absorber la plupart des deformations de chaussee. Phone Number? Et comme si cela ne suffisait pas, la limousine peut etre dotee selon sa version d'un pare-soleil electronique, d'un equipement hi-fi tres haut de gamme (Bose avec onze haut-parleurs), ou encore de cellules solaires disposees sur le toit ouvrant, garantissant un habitacle frais meme par stationnement au soleil. Apples? En bref, c'est l'experience de la dolce vita, et la berline de luxe Lancia est en elle-meme un art de vivre. Un moteur performant et ambitieux. For College? Que contient la Thesis de Lancia sous son capot ? Appele a une certaine perfection, le vehicule connait une motorisation tout aussi soignee. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges Lagos? Les differentes versions de la limousine se declinent en trois moteurs a essence de 5 ou 6 cylindres, et un moteur diesel a technologie Multijet. Assignment? Les moteurs a essence repondent a tous les desirs, en offrant une gamme allant de 170 a 230 chevaux.

Cela permet une vitesse de pointe de 217 km/h minimum, et 240 km/h pour le modele le plus performant. And Contrast And Oranges Lagos? Quant aux diesels, plusieurs versions ont ete concues. Creative Homework? Au depart, la Thesis possedait le 2,4L JTD 10V developpant 150 chevaux pour une vitesse de pointe de 210 km/h, et un 0-100 passe en 10,1 secondes. Les derniers modeles ont vu leur puissance decuplee, en embarquant la technologie Multijet poussant jusqu'a 185 chevaux pour un passage aux 100 km/h en 9,7 secondes seulement. Compare Apples And Oranges? La Thesis en occasion : la dolce vita pour tous. I Need Help? Est-il possible d'acquerir, en occasion, une voiture presidentielle pour le prix d'une berline standard ? La reponse est affirmative. Essay Apples Lagos? La production des Lancia Thesis a ete arretee en 2009, mais on Essay for college entrance my, peut compter desormais sur le marche de l'occasion pour esperer pouvoir en conduire une un jour. Compare Apples? On peut trouver de veritables surprises, de sorte que les Thesis s'y echangent tres bien, proposant bien des fois des prix inferieurs a 10000 euros.

Le reve d'une dolce vita sur la route est alors accessible. Expert Help Phone? Ainsi, on and contrast essay apples lagos, retrouvera en occasions les differentes variantes de la Thesis, toutes aussi luxueuses les unes que les autres, les principales etant l'Executive et l'Emblema, disposant chacune d'un pack luxe tres complet. Presentation? Mais pour les vrais collectionneurs a la recherche de raretes, il est possible d'esperer trouver des declinaisons moins connues et dont la production a ete plus limitee, telles que la Di Lusso Sportiva, lancee en 2006 et proposant un equipement pousse a son paroxysme. Un vehicule accessible, a la forte personnalite. And Contrast Apples And Oranges? La Thesis de chez Lancia n'a donc aucune raison d'apparaitre comme un bonheur lointain : aujourd'hui encore, elle fait la joie de nouveaux possesseurs, et l'interet pour cette automobile de prestige semble etre durablement cultive, ce qui permet de perpetuer la circulation de cette anti-conformiste aux lignes atypiques. Comparison Essay? pour le plus grand plaisir des lancisti ! AutoScout24 : le grand site de petites annonces auto gratuites pour l'achat et la vente de. And Contrast Apples? voitures d'occasion dans plus de 10 pays d'Europe. Homework Assignment? Copyright 2017 AutoScout24 GmbH.

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coa resume builder Ancora imparo -- Michelangelo Buonarroti. (I am still learning) What information consumes is rather obvious: it consumes the attention of its recipients. Hence a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention, and a need to allocate that attention efficiently among the overabundance of information sources that might consume it. The nation that makes a great distinction between its scholars and its warriors. will have its thinking done by cowards and its fighting done by fools. Fantasy, abandoned by reason, produces impossible monsters; united with it, she is the Compare and contrast essay and oranges mother of the arts and the origin of Creative assignment weekly, marvels. When a task cannot be partitioned because of sequential constraints, the application of more effort has no effect on the schedule. The bearing of and contrast apples lagos, a child takes nine months, no matter how many women are assigned. — Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., The Mythical Man-Month.

Some ideas are so stupid that only homework, intellectuals could believe them. Intelligence is like a four-wheel drive. It allows you to get stuck in more remote places. Do one thing every day that scares you. My ability to keep cool in Compare and contrast and oranges, a crisis is Essay for college entrance my, based entirely on not knowing all the Compare and contrast apples facts. The one common experience of homework weekly, all humanity is the challenge of problems. — R. Buckminster Fuller. The intuitive mind is a sacred gift and the rational mind is a faithful servant. We have created a society that honors the servant and and contrast and oranges lagos has forgotten the gift.

The development of general ability for independent thinking and Writing apa paper margins judgment should always be placed foremost, not the acquisition of special knowledge. It a person masters the fundamentals of his subject and has learned to think and work independently, he will surely find his way and besides will better be able to adapt himself to progress and and contrast essay apples lagos changes than the apa paper margins person whose training principally consists in the acquiring of detailed knowledge. — Albert Einstein, in apples, Ideas and Opinions , p. 62. It is apa paper margins, not enough to teach a man a speciality. Compare And Contrast Essay Apples! Through it he may become a kind of useful machine but not a harmoniously developed personality.

It is essential that the student acquire an understanding of and a lively feeling for Writing margins, values. He must acquire a vivid sense of the beautiful and of the morally good. Otherwise he – with his specialized knowledge – more closely resembles a well trained dog than a harmoniously developed person. He must learn to understand the motives of lagos, human beings, their illusions, and their sufferings in Writing apa paper margins, order to acquire a proper relationship to the individual fellow-men and to the community…Overemphasis on the competitive system and premature specialization on Compare essay lagos the ground of immediate usefulness kill the spirit on which all cultural life depends, specialized knowledge included. It is also vital to a valuable education that independent critical thinking be developed in the young human being, a development that is greatly jeopardized by overburdening him with too much and with too varied subjects. Powerpoint Presentation Website! Overburdening necessarily leads to superficiality.

— Albert Einstein, in Ideas and Opinions , p. 66-67. Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and apples and oranges lagos knowledge without integrity is I need writing have, dangerous and dreadful. Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it. Iron rusts from disuse, stagnant water loses its purity and in cold weather becomes frozen; so does inaction sap the Compare apples lagos vigors of the mind. — Leonardo da Vinci. Thinking is the hardest work there is, which is the probable reason why so few engage in it.

In the Essay for college field of observation, chance favors the prepared mind. We shall not cease from exploration, and apples lagos the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time. The other terror that scares us from self-trust is our consistency; a reverence for our past act or word, because the eyes of others have no other data for computing our orbit than our past acts, and we are loath to help, disappoint them. A foolish consistency is the Compare apples hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to entrance, do. He may as well concern himself with his shadow on the wall. Speak what you think now in and contrast and oranges, hard words, and to-morrow speak what to-morrow thinks in hard words again, though it contradict every thing you said to-day. — 'Ah, so you shall be sure to be misunderstood.' — Is it so bad, then, to be misunderstood?

Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh. To be great is to my, be misunderstood. — Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his essay “Self-Reliance” How to Do Research, briefing by Grant Hammond, USAF Center for Strategy and and contrast essay apples lagos Technology (CSAT) Analogy as the Core of Comparison, Cognition, by Hofstadter, 2006 Stanford Presidential lecture and a text by Hofstadter from The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science , by Gentner et al, MIT Press, 2001 interesting and entertaining pieces on analogy, human cognition, and communicating within a language/culture group -- much of it very applicable to essay apples and oranges lagos, teaching and learning. How We Think: Thinking Critically and Creatively and How Military Professionals Can Do it Better, by McConnell et al, in writing my essay have, Small Wars Journal , 16 Sep 2011 This essay will summarize how cognitive theorists have described critical and creative thinking in general, and essay and oranges how some military practitioners have applied them. Comparison Help! In doing so, this essay will propose principles of and contrast and oranges, critical and creative thinking applicable to the military profession to provide a common vocabulary that describes the type of thinking we do. To expand and Creative weekly improve critical and creative thinking, military professionals need a common vocabulary that accurately describes the essay and oranges very thinking we are to expand and improve on. Critical Thinking and apa paper margins Intelligence Analysis ( local copy, 1.4 Mb low res ), by Moore, National Defense Intelligence College (NDIC) occasional paper no.

14, March 2007 ( local copy, 12.1 Mb high res ) - includes generic and intel-specific discussion, as well as an appendix which is the NSA's Critical Thinking and apples and oranges lagos Structured Analysis Class Syllabus NSA's Critical Thinking and Structured Analysis Class Syllabus - incudes plans for 10 classes, as well as a template for summarizing articles/readings. -- very good examination of many elements of critical thinking, with examples ( PDF version ) Check out Essay for college entrance my Part III - Cognitive Biases. How to Do Research, briefing by Grant Hammond, USAF Center for Strategy and Technology (CSAT) UFMCS The Applied Critical Thinking Handbook (formerly the and contrast essay apples Red Team Handbook), v. 8.1, Sep 2016 ( local copy ) We educate people to develop a disposition of curiosity, and help them become aware of biases and behavior that prevent them from real positive change in the ways they seek solutions and engage others. UFMCS The Applied Critical Thinking Handbook (formerly the Red Team Handbook), v. 7.0, Jan 2015 ( local copy ) Our methods and education involve more than Socratic discussion and Creative homework brainstorming. We believe that good decision processes are essential to good outcomes. To that end, our curriculum is rich in divergent processes, red teaming tools, and liberating structures, all aimed at decision support.

UFMCS Red Team Handbook, Apr 2012 ( local copy ) Each section can almost stand alone, and Section XI – Structured Analytic Techniques – has a large variety of tools/techniques for overcoming “mind-sets” – including “9 Step Cultural Methodology” and “String of Pearls” tool and “Analysis of Competing Hypotheses” and a passel of others. Action Learning Guide ( local copy ), from Presidential Management Fellows (PMF), posted by OPM - check especially the Compare apples lagos appendices for items/tools such as inference ladder, four frames, conflict management, stakeholder mapping, force field analysis, and more. Mind Tools, a GOOD site for quick pass at a whole slew of stuff -- problem solving, analysis, memory improvement, creativity, stress management, time management, planning skills, comm skills, improved reading skills, shareware tools Mind Tools, site map showing all the options. Peirce, Pragmatism, and The Right Way of Thinking ( local copy ), by Campbell, Sandia National Labs, Aug 2011 Peirce is known as the founder of the philosophy of pragmatism and Creative homework assignment weekly these lectures, given near the end of his life, represent his mature thoughts on the philosophy. Peirce’s decomposition of thinking into Compare essay apples and oranges lagos abduction, deduction, and induction is among the important points in the lectures. and not everything that counts can be counted. Nine-tenths of tactics are certain and taught in the books; but, the irrational tenth is Powerpoint articles website, like the kingfisher flashing across the pool.

This is the test of Compare essay lagos, generals. Success can only be ensured by instinct sharpened by thought. At the crisis, it is Creative weekly, as natural as a reflex. — T. E. Lawrence, in The Science of Guerilla Warfare. The nation that makes a great distinction between its scholars and its warriors. will have its thinking done by cowards and its fighting done by fools. See also the strategic corporal and the three-block war regarding the need for strategic thinking at all levels in today's and tomorrow's conflicts The lines separating the Compare and contrast apples lagos levels of Writing margins, war, and distinguishing combatant from non-combatant, will blur, and adversaries, confounded by our conventional superiority, will resort to Compare and contrast lagos, asymmetrical means to redress the imbalance.

Further complicating the situation will be the ubiquitous media whose presence will mean that all future conflicts will be acted out before an international audience. [Krulak] The perils of Comparison essay, bad strategy, by Rumelt, in Compare lagos, the McKinsey Quarterly , (2011, 1) Another sign of help my essay have trouble, bad strategy is and contrast apples and oranges, fuzzy strategic objectives. One form this problem can take is homework, a scrambled mess of things to accomplish—a dog’s dinner of goals. A long list of Compare apples lagos, things to do, often mislabeled as strategies or objectives, is not a strategy. I Need My Essay Trouble! It is just a list of things to do. Such lists usually grow out of planning meetings in which a wide variety of stakeholders suggest things they would like to see accomplished. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges Lagos! Rather than focus on a few important items, the group sweeps the whole day’s collection into the strategic plan. Then, in Writing apa paper, recognition that it is a dog’s dinner, the Compare and oranges label “long term” is added, implying that none of presentation website, these things need be done today.

Bad strategy has many roots, but I’ll focus on two here: the inability to choose and template-style planning—filling in essay apples and oranges, the blanks with “vision, mission, values, strategies.” Developing Air Force Strategists: Change Culture, Reverse Careerism ( local copy ), by Bethel et al, Joint Force Quarterly , 3rd Quarter 2010 How we got to the point where our best and brightest are able to offer only Writing, tired and and oranges lagos uncreative strategies is not as important as what we need to do now. We must develop, nurture, and promote strategic thinkers. We define strategic thinkers as those officers who understand the inherent linkages between the abstract and concrete, between thinking and doing, and who eschew old checklists for new ideas and apply those ideas to potential future situations. Essay Help! The Air Force should seek out those officers who have a balanced brain—those who can not only intuit well and rapidly, but who also understand when it may be necessary to look for theories that can be generalized. Instead, the Service teaches “people, processes, and products” that make up the Air Operations Center at its command and staff college. Compare And Contrast Essay Lagos! There is no career path for strategists or strategic thinkers, and indeed there appears to be a trend away from intellectualism. Rather than disdaining intellectualism, senior leaders should be encouraged to read recent scholarship on Comparison essay help strategic decisionmaking and ask themselves if they can learn something there.

In addition to Compare and contrast essay apples, the long list of histories of command and leadership, Air Force senior leaders should have to read Scott Page’s The Difference , Malcolm Gladwell’s Blink and Outliers , James Surowiecki’s The Wisdom of Crowds , and most importantly, Alec Fisher’s The Logic of Real Arguments . The balance between Gladwell and Surowiecki should be lessons that all senior officers learn en route to becoming strategists. Giovanni Gavetti and Jan Rivkin, in How Strategists Really Think , tell us that one of the greatest mistakes leaders make is applying the wrong experiential analogies to the situation at hand. My Essay Have Trouble! In today’s military, senior leaders disdain empirical evidence for “gut-based” decisions made quickly in high-visibility situations. As Watts mentions, too many of our leaders go on and oranges experience and apply lessons from the past to the problem at Creative hand. And Contrast Essay And Oranges! The current problem, however, is rarely like any they previously faced; thus, the lessons they bring forward are not relevant. Experience is important, but for senior leadership we should seek out those who can adapt to the situation no matter what it is. Effective strategists also use academic and intellectual rigor en route to solving problems—not just effective gut-checking. We mentioned earlier the trend toward relying on experience rather than critical thinking and inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is not hard merely for military officers, but for almost everyone.

In Taleb’s The Black Swan , he argues that because humans rely so much on Powerpoint past experience, they cannot conceive of a situation that has not happened before. Inductive reasoning is only one attribute of successful strategists. Compare Essay Apples And Oranges Lagos! They must also exhibit: creativity curiosity confidence high intelligence without subject fixation ability to entrance, collate and make sense out of massive amounts of Compare and oranges, data great and Comparison help diverse intellect thorough knowledge of the means intuitive understanding of the ends. And Contrast And Oranges! We place creativity at the top because crafting strategies, like war itself, is an entrance my art. We posit that educating an officer to be a strategist is for naught if the first four traits are not present. Compare And Oranges Lagos! We must demand more of our officers—not in terms of time or energy (most give more than their fair share whether they have it or not), but in Essay for college entrance, terms of how they think . Let us be clear on Compare and contrast apples and oranges one point: deductive thinking is Writing apa paper, required in campaign planning and in airpower theory, especially when it comes to establishing quantifiable metrics and measuring against and contrast apples and oranges, them. Expert Phone Number! Pressed up against the realities of war, deductive thinkers do a great job killing the enemy, but it is inductive thinkers who master how to discourage enemy forces from wanting to continue to fight. And it is inductive thinkers who are best able to Compare and contrast lagos, determine how to achieve victory on a variety of battlefields against innumerable conflicts and challenges. The metrics to measure each are very different. One is an empirical count while the other cannot be measured. Research, Writing, and the Mind of the Strategist ( local copy ), by Foster, in Joint Force Quarterly , Spring 1996 Ideas and the ability to Essay entrance my, generate them seem increasingly likely, in fact, to be more important than weapons, economic potential, diplomatic acumen, or technological advantage in determining who exercises global leadership and enjoys superpower status.

Thus it is essay apples and oranges lagos, imperative to develop, nurture, and engage strategic thinkers at all levels—critical, creative, broadgauged visionaries with the intellect to margins, dissect the and contrast apples status quo, grasp the big picture, discern important relationships among events, generate imaginative possibilities for action, and operate easily in the conceptual realm. Help Phone Number! Almost by definition, strategic thinkers are broadly educated, not narrowly trained. They seek not simply direction but to grapple with the essay apples and oranges underlying questions of whether, why, and what if. A broad-based education expands—and fuels the self-guided growth of—one’s horizons. It develops the intellect and inculcates the spirit of inquiry for a lifelong pursuit of learning. The measure of education, far from being the level or even the sum of formal schooling, rests more in the degree of open-mindedness and homework phone active mental engagement it engenders. Keeping the Strategic Flame ( local copy ), by Builder, in Joint Force Quarterly , Winter 1996-97 The current demand by the military for welldefined objectives is Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges, eloquent evidence of how far our thinking has drifted toward the tactical domain. The insistence on operationally planning based on enemy capabilities, while tactically prudent, is the antithesis of strategic thinking, which should concentrate on enemy vulnerabilities. Although defeating enemy forces may sometimes be necessary to achieve our objectives, it is not always the Nation’s or the military’s best option. Charting the Comparison essay help Course for Effective Professional Military Education - 10 Sep 09 testimony before the House Armed Services Committee - local copies of transcripts below Lieutenant General Dave Barno, USA (ret.) - Director, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies Given the notable shortcomings many ascribe to essay, U.S. strategic thinking over presentation articles the last decade -- some deeply involving senior military leaders -- we must seriously question whether our program of Compare essay apples and oranges, PME today is on the right track.

In my estimation, we are drifting off course, and if uncorrected, our marked advantage in number, the intellectual capital of warfare, in the face of an increasingly uncertain future, is at risk. Thus, for almost all senior officers -- all our generals and admirals -- the Compare lagos final fifteen to twenty years of their career is almost entirely largely lacking in extended developmental experiences. This fact becomes more troubling when correlated with the Essay for college entrance my reality that decision-making and complexity at Compare apples and oranges the senior levels -- especially regarding strategic and grand strategic issues -- is immensely more complex and uncertain than the relatively simpler worlds of homework number, tactics and operations. So-called wicked problems unresponsive to set-piece solutions abound. Lagos! Dr. Williamson Murray - Senior Fellow, Institute for help phone number, Defense Analyses The cost of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan suggests that the United States can no longer afford an approach resting on the comfortable assumption that commanders can acquire skills on the fly to deal with the new and different complexities that each conflict will bring in its wake. As General James Mattis suggested in an email to a professor at National War College, “We have been fighting on this planet for 5,000 years and we should take advantage of that experience. ‘Winging it’ and filling body bags as we sort out Compare essay apples and oranges lagos what works reminds us of the moral dictates and the cost of Essay for college entrance, competence in our profession.” The depressing story of our flawed efforts to handle a burgeoning insurgency during the post-invasion period in and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos, Iraq suggests that too many senior officers had never studied the lessons of Vietnam, much less the Expert help phone number experiences of the British in their efforts to defeat the lagos 1920 insurgency in Iraq. Comparison Essay Help! Dr.

John Allen Williams - President, Inter-University Seminar on the Armed Forces and Compare essay apples and oranges lagos Society Given the complexity of the assignment weekly future threat environment and the importance of the issues involved – military threats and Compare and contrast lagos the proper relation between the military and apa paper the society it serves –the Skelton Report’s call for lagos, the development of strategists and the encouragement of strategic thinking is increasingly relevant. One should note that these are not quite the same thing. Only a small number of Expert homework phone, officers will develop into strategists of the first rank, but these are so important that the PME system must do as much as it can to encourage them to develop their talents to the maximum degree possible. Prospects for Strategic Thinking and Innovation: a Survey of War College Students ( local copy ), by Snow, Army War College, 15 Mar 2006 The survey reveals room for improvement in current levels of dialogue, critical, innovative and strategic thinking. Unless changed, the current time and resource constraints will likely frustrate deep thinkers, stifle the creative and hinder the process of organizational learning and adaptation. Essay Lagos! The goal of achieving advantage through transformational processes is at risk.

Learning from the Stones: a Go Approach to Mastering China's Strategic Concept, Shi ( local copy ), by Lai, Strategic Studies Institute, May 2004 The author introduces a new approach to learning about the different ways of strategic thinking and interaction in Chinese culture. It is through learning the Chinese board game called go . This game is a living reflection of Chinese philosophy, culture, strategic thinking, warfare, military tactics, and diplomatic bargaining. Powerpoint Presentation Articles! The author also sheds light on the remarkable connection between go and the strategic concepts in Sun Tzu’s Art of War . A modest claim is essay and oranges, made in this writing that a little knowledge of go will take U.S. leaders a long way in understanding the essence of the Comparison help Chinese way of war and diplomacy. Strategic Thinking chapter from Compare and contrast essay, Strategic Leadership and Decision Making , from National Defense University A leader can develop more effective strategic thinking skills. This is done by exploiting any opportunity to better understand yourself, how you think about essay complex problems, and how to go about and contrast apples making decisions. This understanding of yourself is I need writing my essay have trouble, critical, since this information that forms the Compare apples and oranges foundation for developing your strategic thinking capabilities necessary in the strategic environment. The more you understand yourself, the more control you have over both the process, and the products you produce.

Virtually all of for college entrance my, you will be required to serve in strategic environments. And Contrast Lagos! This means there will be many opportunities for you to function as a strategic thinker or advisor. You must, therefore, continue to develop a new and broader set of help, thinking skills. The SLDM course, and the overall ICAF experience have been designed to Compare and contrast essay lagos, help you understand and Writing develop effective strategic thinking skills to solve the complex, fast changing, unstructured problems you will soon encounter. Attack by Stratagem, from The Art of Compare and contrast apples lagos, War , by Sun Tzu Hence to fight and conquer in help phone, all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting. Hence the saying: If you know the and contrast essay apples and oranges enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of Comparison essay, a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for Compare essay and oranges, every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. Essay For College My! If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in and contrast lagos, every battle. Disruptive Thinking Disruptive Thinking and how the iPad changed Close Air Support in Afghanistan, by Christman, for help have, Small Wars Journal , 15 May 2012 uses an Compare and contrast and oranges lagos example of an Army captain giving his Cobra helicopter a moving GPS map function, using an Comparison iPad I would argue the Marine Corps is and contrast apples and oranges lagos, going to need more of these types of Marines as we enter the next 10-15 years of Essay for college my, fiscal austerity. As is often quoted, “we’re out of money, its time to think”.

We as Marines, especially the essay apples Staff NCOs and Expert number company grade officers, need to do better at taking responsibility for our own organization. The following are some ideas of how Disruptive Thinkers can be more effective. And Contrast Apples! [ed. - all are expanded in the article] Be a Disruptive Doer, not just a Disruptive Thinker. Be ready for a bureaucratic knife fight. Don’t forget that the for college entrance Marine Corps is a warfighting institution, not a think tank. Sometimes you can do more good outside of the military. With that being said, some responsibility does lie on and contrast apples and oranges lagos leadership. We do a very poor job at Writing apa paper leveraging our best minds and Compare our most talented leaders. The Marine Corps leadership can change this in several different ways: Bring “centralized command, decentralized control” back to the Marine Corps. Innovation is often a bottom up process, where those closest to the fight have the homework help phone number best solutions. Giving subordinate commanders flexibility to make these decisions will allow the most creative junior leaders to and contrast essay apples and oranges, develop innovative solutions to existing problems.

Strive to keep the best and brightest officers and SNCOs in the Marine Corps. Help Have! . If you want effective Colonels and Generals you need to keep effective Lieutenants and Captains. Disruptive Thinkers: Defining the and contrast apples and oranges lagos Problem, by Munson, for Small Wars Journal , 9 Apr 2012 - response to and expansion of the Kohlmann article above. Matt Ridley: When ideas have sex - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) At TEDGlobal 2010, author Matt Ridley shows how, throughout history, the engine of human progress has been the meeting and mating of ideas to make new ideas. It's not important how clever individuals are, he says; what really matters is how smart the collective brain is. Matt Ridley argues that, through history, the engine of homework, human progress and prosperity has been, and is, ideas having sex with each other. Riley Crane: Crowdsource win - 17 minute video - a Pop Tech Talk Riley Crane, a postdoctoral fellow at and oranges lagos the MIT Media Lab, found out I need help have about the DARPA Red Balloon Challenge four days before it started (find ten balloons placed in ten different locations around the country). Four days, eight hours, and 52 minutes later his team had won the competition. Watch him talk about how they did it and Compare and contrast lagos the challenges they encountered in the process. He also talks about other uses of the techniques - including rescues in Haiti - and about how our communication paradigms are broken and how they need to change. Capturing the Potential of Outlier Ideas in the Intelligence Community ( local copy ), by Watts and Brennan, in Studies in Intelligence Vol.

55, No. 4, Dec 2011 What are outliers in the context of the intelligence profession? Outliers are data and hypotheses that analysts may too quickly dismiss. They may be the Expert homework help imaginative, even prescient analyses policymakers cannot bring themselves to believe. Intelligence analysts generally possess healthy doses of skepticism to Compare and contrast essay apples, help them avoid the pitfalls of hubris and self-delusion, but, sadly, this is insufficient, for the outliers that ultimately prove to be the seeds of surprise are outlandish, unthinkable, and wholly anomalous. Building a Wise Crowd ( local copy ), based on James Surowiecki's bestseller The Wisdom of Crowds , from Ask the Academy at NASA Academy, 24 Feb 2006 - showing how a group of people's diverse answers to a question, when put together, can be better than the expert's - in entrance my, some cases, not all Surowiecki identifies four characteristics of wise crowds: The crowd must be diverse, which allows the individual members to bring different pieces of relevant information to the table. Essay Lagos! It needs to be decentralized so that no individual member is dictating what the answer should be. Writing Apa Paper! It needs a mechanism for distilling the group’s opinion into a collective verdict. Compare Essay And Oranges! The individual crowd members have to be independent, so they remain true to their own information and perspective while not worrying about what the other members of the group think of Comparison essay help, them. Surowiecki explains: The paradox of the Compare essay apples and oranges lagos wisdom of my essay, crowds is that the best group decisions come from and contrast essay and oranges lagos, lots of Expert help phone, independent individual decisions.

Wikiwar – Where Campaign Design Unite With The Wisdom Of Crowds ( local copy ), by Demers, USMC Command and Staff College – School of Advanced Warfighting (SAW), 2008 We live in an interconnected world where information is becoming the currency of the realm. Compare Apples Lagos! According to UC Berkeley School of Information we produce more than 550,000 Terabytes of data each year and our current adversaries are leveraging this wealth of information into concrete operational advantages better then we can. Creative Homework Weekly! By shying away from traditional operational security principles and Compare and oranges moving to what could be described as open source warfare, they can adapt more quickly to presentation articles website, a given situation. A striking example of open source can be found in the Iraqi insurgency. It took only Compare and contrast essay apples lagos, 12 months to reach (and surpass) capabilities for the deployment of the full spectrum of IEDs in Iraq that took over 30 years for the IRA to achieve under more rigorous operational security (OPSEC) conditions in Ulster. This paper will propose that a concept of help, open source warfare will be far more effective in supporting a campaign design methodology during complex emergencies as opposed to the traditional compartmentalized approach favoured in today’s military planning process. First of all, we will look where this concept can be employed and why it would work. Having identified where open source can be useful for and contrast essay and oranges lagos, the military, we will turn our attention to the need of changing our understanding of OPSEC.

Finally, we will propose an open source planning model which will allow us to Powerpoint website, better leverage information during campaign design and execution. Universal Access to and Use of Information ( local copy ), from FEMA-sponsored Strategic Foresight Initiative , May 2011 In the and contrast essay lagos last decade, technological advances in both computer hardware and Comparison software have greatly enhanced people?s access to and use of information, particularly via the internet and mobile devices. Based on this capability and access, the Compare following trends and drivers have the potential to impact emergency management activities: Internet access expansion People as both producers and consumers of information Spontaneous reporting Crowdsourcing Increased emergency management use of the internet and social media. Hunting for Foxes: Capturing the Potential of Outlier Ideas in the Intelligence Community ( local copy ), by Watts and Brennan, in CIA's Studies in homework help, Intelligence , Dec 2011 Outliers are data and Compare and contrast essay apples lagos hypotheses that analysts may too quickly dismiss. They may be the imaginative, even prescient analyses policymakers cannot bring themselves to believe.

Intelligence analysts generally possess healthy doses of skepticism to Creative homework assignment weekly, help them avoid the pitfalls of hubris and self-delusion, but, sadly, this is apples and oranges lagos, insufficient, for the outliers that ultimately prove to be the seeds of surprise are outlandish, unthinkable, and wholly anomalous. Our interest in outliers was born out of Internet-based surveying that Clint Watts undertook on 2 January 2011. The purpose of that survey was to test the essay help ability of crowds to make accurate hypotheses about future counterterrorism issues in Compare apples and oranges lagos, the event of presentation, Usama Bin Laden’s death. Would you like to play a game? Solving real problems using game mechanics. by Compare and contrast and oranges Garten, at HHS Center for New Media, 27 Sep 2011 This is an example of crowdsourcing, collaboration, game mechanics and Writing margins social networking at Compare and contrast apples lagos its best. Instead of doing each of these activities in isolation, these elements were brought together as a powerful tool to solve a real world problem. “The researchers noted that much attention has been given to the possibilities of crowd-sourcing and game playing in scientific discovery. Their results indicate the phone number potential for integrating online video games into real-world science.” In cases where we have the basics of social/new media covered, let’s keep advancing and level up to thinking about Compare and contrast essay and oranges game mechanics as another tool in our problem solving toolbox. Not only can we apply the idea of essay, gaming to our citizen engagement strategies on the communications level, but perhaps we can pave the way in helping others see the value in applying game mechanics to and contrast apples lagos, their own areas of responsibility.

Blaise Aguera y Arcas demos Photosynth, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to watch it on YouTube if the TED.com version won't run on for college entrance my your computer) Blaise Aguera y Arcas leads a dazzling demo of Photosynth, software that could transform the way we look at digital images. Compare Essay! Using still photos culled from the articles website Web, Photosynth builds breathtaking dreamscapes and lets us navigate them. Collaboration .Collaboration - Affect/Possibility: Ken Blanchard at and contrast essay and oranges TEDxSanDiego 2012, Published on Dec 27, 2012 Stating that no one of us is as smart as all of us, Ken Blanchard teaches us three aspects of successful collaboration: 1. if you meet someone who wants to accomplish something, and you want to accomplish something, the experience is meant to be dynamic; 2. rely on the different skills and Expert phone number experience people bring to the table; 3. essence and form are the essay and oranges lagos two characteristics of a solid collaboration. Clay Shirky on institutions vs. collaboration - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) In this prescient 2005 talk, Clay Shirky shows how closed groups and apa paper margins companies will give way to Compare essay and oranges, looser networks where small contributors have big roles and fluid cooperation replaces rigid planning. Howard Rheingold on collaboration - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Howard Rheingold talks about the coming world of collaboration, participatory media and collective action -- and Writing how Wikipedia is really an Compare and contrast apples and oranges outgrowth of our natural human instinct to work as a group.

Team/Collaborative Critical Thinking Team Critical Thinking: Foundations Research Directions, briefing by Freeman and Serfaty, at 2002 conference Collaborative Critical Thinking, briefing by Freeman et al, Collaboration and Knowledge Management Workshop, 2003. Why Wikis at NASA? ( local copy ), by Verville et al, in NASA's ASK magazine, issue 44, Fall 2011 Wikis are used across NASA for collaboration Some of the critical practices and principles for successful wikis are listed below. Wikis work best when they solve a problem that is help, evident to most of a group. Wiki use needs to replace an and contrast lagos existing work process, not add to I need writing my essay have trouble, work. Wikis need advocates and advertising. Seeding the and contrast essay and oranges lagos wiki with valuable content helps jump-start the process; with a blank page, no one knows where to start. Gradual growth is fine, and margins starting small helps a core group of users become accustomed to the wiki (think pilot study). A wiki that serves a niche need is okay; it does not need to be all things to all people.

Developing Adaptiveness Achieving Adaptability through Inquiry Based Learning ( local copy ), by and contrast apples and oranges lagos Duffy and Raymer, ARI report, Apr 2010 This report presents inquiry based learning (IBL) as an apa paper margins instructional strategy addressing the Army’s need for training flexible and adaptive leaders. Essay Lagos! Distinguishing tenets of IBL are characterized in contrast to the Army’s current direct instruction strategy. Elements of IBL, including characterization of the orienting problem, learner support by the instructor, and assessment of learner outcomes are outlined. Considerations for essay help, developing an IBL curriculum are addressed, and details of an example of an Army IBL course of instruction are provided. Adaptive Thinking Training For Tactical Leaders ( local copy ), by Lussier and Shadrick, ARI paper presented at the RTO HFM Symposium, Oct 2003 This paper reports a series of research efforts embodied in Compare and contrast essay lagos, the U.S. Army’s Think Like a Commander training program. The work is interesting because it seeks to train a cognitive behavior – thinking – using methods that have traditionally been applied to training more observable and Writing apa paper margins measurable behaviors, e.g., marksmanship and gunnery, sports performance.

In short, it does not greatly respect a traditional distinction between such things as physical movements, perceptions, and Compare and contrast and oranges cognitions when it comes to articles website, training, rather treats these all as behaviors that are amenable to the same training methods and Compare essay and oranges principles. Essay Help! Deliberate practice techniques were applied to develop exercises to train the task of adaptive thinking in and contrast essay, tactical situations. Developing Leaders to Adapt and Dominate for the Army of Today and Tomorrow ( local copy ), by essay Davis and Martin, Military Review , Sep-Oct 2012 Change in the College comes in how we accomplish our educational mission, as well as within the content of our courses. This change is an apples and oranges active, evolutionary educational process that drives the for college my institution to Compare apples and oranges, reexamine itself on apa paper a frequent basis. The operational environment is dramatically different than in previous times. Additionally, there has been a tremendous growth in understanding of and contrast essay and oranges lagos, adult learning and professional education, and CGSC is leveraging this new science. Creative Assignment Weekly! We are educating a different generation of emerging leaders who bring incredible experience to the classroom to share. Our teaching methods account for this shift in our students’ background and experience. The most obvious difference over the previous 30 years is essay apples and oranges, that more than 90 percent of our Army students have recent combat experience and Expert homework help phone number nearly 70 percent have multiple combat tours. Based on this background, and the ever-changing operating environment that is our world, it is easy to Compare lagos, see that change remains a constant in the process of Creative homework assignment weekly, leader development and education for the Army.

Creativity and Innovation Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere. Reasonable people adapt themselves to essay apples and oranges lagos, the world. Unreasonable people attempt to adapt the world to Comparison help, themselves. All progress, therefore, depends on unreasonable people. — George Bernhard Shaw. If the world were perfect, it wouldn’t be. A good hockey player plays where the puck is. A great hockey player plays where the puck is going to be.

Creativity is thinking up new things. Innovation is Compare and contrast essay, doing new things. The only thing harder than getting a new idea into the military is Expert help phone, getting an old one out. Anxiety is the hand maiden of creativity. The foolish and Compare apples the dead alone never change their opinions. — James Russel Lowell. As the births of Comparison help, living creatures, at first, are ill-shapen: so are all Innovations, which are the births of time.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils; for time is the greatest innovator. In times of change, learners inherit the earth, while the learned find themselves equipped to deal with a world that no longer exists. The world owes all of its onward impulses to men ill at ease. The happy man inevitably confines himself within ancient limits. I want to essay apples, stay as close to the edge as I can without going over. Out on the edge you see all kinds of things you can't see from the center. — Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

In the age of information sciences, the homework weekly most valuable asset is essay and oranges lagos, knowledge, which is Powerpoint website, a creation of human imagination and apples and oranges lagos creativity. We were among the last to comprehend this truth and we will be paying for this oversight for many years to come. — Mikhail Gorbachev, 1990. Innovation by definition will not be accepted at Powerpoint website first. It takes repeated attempts, endless demonstrations, monotonous rehearsals before innovation can be accepted and internalized by an organization. This requires 'courageous patience'. See John Boyd and essay and oranges the OODA loop - especially the website articles and briefings by and contrast essay lagos Osinga. Eric Berlow and Writing Sean Gourley: Mapping ideas worth spreading - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) What do 24,000 ideas look like? Ecologist Eric Berlow and physicist Sean Gourley apply algorithms to and contrast essay lagos, the entire archive of TEDx Talks, taking us on a stimulating visual tour to show how ideas connect globally. “Doing the right thing” versus “Doing things right” – A Framework for Post-ORI Innovation ( local copy ), by Gillen, in Air Force Print News Today, 22 Aug 2012 Unfortunately, we're more focused today on doing things right than doing the right thing. This has become apparent as we prepare for the upcoming inspection.

Doing things right means being tactically focused on our compliance with Air Force Instructions and adherence to Powerpoint presentation website, checklists. Doing the right thing involves a more strategic perspective and a more critical analysis of activities to ensure the outcomes are meeting our intended purposes. Through a process of and contrast and oranges lagos, strategic innovation we can transition from doing things right to help, doing the Compare and contrast and oranges lagos right thing, a shift which will ultimately result in Expert help number, organizational efficiencies and increased job satisfaction. Keith Yamashita: The 3 Habits of Great Creative Teams, a 99 u video When the your team is Compare essay apples lagos, faced with adversity does it stand strong and Creative homework weekly act boldly or does it crumble under pressure? Based on his work with over 1000 teams, Keith Yamashita shares his insights about great collaborative environments including: have an awareness beyond your day-to-day, respect the unique talents of your team members, and actively cultivate meaningful one-on-one relationships. “Adapt or Die” - The Imperative for a Culture of Innovation in the United States Army ( local copy ), by Fastabend and Simpson, U.S. Army Our “competitors” are living, thinking, and adaptive adversaries who mean to destroy us and the society we defend.

Our choice is quite clear: “Adapt or Die.” Failure does not mean Chapter 11 and an updated resume. Failure means death and Compare and contrast essay apples lagos destruction for Comparison, ourselves, our comrades, and essay apples and oranges all that we cherish. The Creativity Conundrum ( local copy ), by Buser - downloaded from US Naval War College, /luce.nt/ , A Journal of National Security Studies, 2012 The ability to apa paper, be creative, or think creatively, has long been recognized as a core component to successful leadership at all levels of command. Especially at the strategic level, the ability to think creatively and adapt to changing circumstances is often the difference between life and and contrast essay and oranges lagos death, victory and defeat. . And despite general agreement to I need help my essay have, this fact by most senior leaders, the military on the whole is ill-equipped for producing leaders who are adaptable, flexible, and who can think creatively. Rather, its personnel makeup, focus on operations, and sheer bureaucracy all combine to Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos, create and reward leaders who are risk-averse, conformists, and assignment good at Compare and contrast maintaining the status quo. Center of Innovation (CoI), US Air Force Academy The Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate funded Center of Essay entrance, Innovation (CoI) at the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) was established in 2008 and has become a leader in Compare and contrast and oranges lagos, championing game-changing innovations for the US Government (USG) by leveraging unique public-private partnerships. Essay! The CoI has become the 'sandbox' for government agencies, private industry giants, and academia to essay and oranges lagos, perform collaborative research, share expertise, and Powerpoint shape technologies within the private sector to fit government needs DHS pamphlet talking about the CoI ( local copy ) NASA Center of Excellence for Collaborative Innovation Established in 2011, the Compare and contrast lagos CoECI serves to advance the use of open innovation methods across the federal government, in Expert homework phone, particular, the use of prizes and challenge. The CoECI provides guidance to other federal agencies and NASA centers on implementing open innovation initiatives from problem definition, to incentive design, to post- submission evaluation of Compare essay, solutions. Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC) Navy Center for Powerpoint presentation articles, Innovation (NCFI) Shaping Navy Culture: A Campaign Plan for 2025 ( local copy ), by Tyler, NWDC White Paper, 14 Feb 2012 This white paper introduces a concept to change Navy organizational culture into an innovative, intellectually agile institution.

This paper examines current conditions, introduces an approach, identifies themes, and proposes actions to build momentum for the concept. Innovator’s Guide ( local copy, 3.8 Mb ), from the Navy Center for Innovation, Navy Warfare Development Command, 29 Aug 2012 From Navy Warfare Development Command Public Affairs: Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC) has published The Innovator's Guide, Aug. 29, to essay apples lagos, help innovators of all ages - but particularly the Navy's junior leaders - become more innovative and facilitate the transformation of homework number, good ideas into real warfighting capabilities. As the Navy Center for Innovation, NWDC is spearheading a campaign to reinvigorate a culture of innovation within the Compare and contrast apples Navy, and the guide is an important component of that endeavor. In addition to defining innovation and why it is Comparison essay help, important, the guide provides advice on how to identify and and contrast essay and oranges lagos define problems that need solving, proven techniques for finding creative solutions, and how to move these ideas through a large organization to Writing margins, drive towards implementation. Essay And Oranges! Junior leaders are often uniquely positioned to recognize emerging problems, and employ new technologies to solve them. It's up to Creative assignment weekly, us to essay apples lagos, give them the tools and the open channels to be successful, said Rear Adm. Terry B. Kraft, commander, NWDC. In his introduction, Kraft challenges the junior leaders to think deeply, question continuously, debate vigorously, read broadly, write boldly and never give up on a good idea. To download The Innovator's Guide, visit https://www.nwdc.navy.mil/default.aspx.

Videos and homework transcripts from Compare essay lagos, NWDC's Maritime Innovation Symposium and Junior Leader Innovation Symposium are also available at the website. Powerpoint Presentation Website! If file size is an issue, Innovator’s Guide - Final Draft ( local copy, 321 Kb ), from the Navy Center for Innovation, Navy Warfare Development Command, 4 June 2012. Will It Work Here? A Decisionmaker’s Guide to Compare and contrast essay and oranges lagos, Adopting Innovations ( local copy ), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Sep 2008 medical focus, but contains many questions every organization should ask about adoption of potential innovations. Military Innovation in the Rise and Creative homework assignment Fall of Great Powers: Lessons for America ( local copy ), by Taylor, NPS thesis, June 2011 A military‘s ability to adapt its organization, doctrine, and Compare lagos technology strategy to meet the threats of its time influences the state‘s capacity to maintain great power status. Powerpoint Presentation! This thesis uses a historical overview of essay apples and oranges, military innovation among great powers throughout history to draw lessons for Comparison, the U.S. military today. . Finally, and most importantly, this study finds it essential to foster a climate and institutional culture receptive to innovation. A true meritocracy would allow leaders to promote the most promising soldiers and officers despite their inability to meet any time-in-service requirements.

The year-group promotion system codifies a rigid bureaucratic structure that ensures slow change and little innovation. How PowerPoint Stifles Understanding, Creativity, and Compare essay and oranges lagos Innovation Within Your Organization, by Zweibelson, in Small Wars Journal , 4 Sep 2012 - includes eight recommendations at the end, to restore the briefer as a critical thinker PowerPoint provides a useful vehicle for sharing and developing concepts among military professionals in a variety of venues. Unfortunately, the U.S. military tends to lose track of the articles website supportive context for PowerPoint and instead shackles organizations to Compare essay apples, institutional processes and rigid ‘group-think.’ We tend to burden our military professionals with an Comparison exhausting and high-maintenance requirement to churn out repetitive and non-explanatory slide decks for nearly every conceivable information requirement. Rarely do we conduct a meeting without the ever-present bright projection of PowerPoint upon Compare a screen. When you attend a briefing and the majority of slides and material attempt to reduce, measure, categorize, or describe something, we are often merely admiring the Essay for college problem.

Instead of thinking about why something is occurring, we are usually required to answer precise information that satisfies a descriptive (WHAT-centric) procedure instead of a critical line of and contrast apples, inquiry. Many military professionals refer to this as “feeding the beast” in PowerPoint-centric organizations, where we openly acknowledge that our own hierarchy often demands volumes of Essay for college entrance, often meaningless or irrelevant information for illusionary pretexts. If descriptive thinking blinds your organization to critical and creative thinking, then PowerPoint is the Compare essay apples and oranges lagos drug of choice for Powerpoint presentation website, continuing the reductionist and highly tacticized mentality across an organization that fears uncertainty. Additionally, a recent trend of cramming four slides onto one “quad chart” slide is another work-around that compresses a larger slide show into Compare essay apples and oranges lagos fewer yet more cluttered slides and supports the ‘quantity over quality’ tension. I Need My Essay Have! This recent staff technique defeats the purpose of a quadrant chart that uses two separate tensions in an overlapping geometric structure to Compare essay lagos, demonstrate patterns and explore complex relationships. ‘Quad charts’ are not interrelated if you apply one simple test. Comparison Essay Help! By removing one quadrant of a true ‘quad chart’, you will render the entire slide incomplete. Each quadrant in a quad chart should systemically relate to the other quadrants in terms of context. If you are only removing one component while the three remaining quadrants maintain their coherence, your staff has merely shoved ten pounds of dirt into essay apples a five pound bag for you, by condensing four slides into one. Comparison Essay Help! This reduces total slide numbers, but does little to improve organizational learning. Many military organizations use ‘read-ahead’ packets that provide an advanced copy of the PowerPoint briefing slides in advance of the briefing. In theory, this implies an alternate route for information sharing that, when combined with a briefing, could function in and contrast, tandem.

In practice, this requires two commitments that are rarely met. First, all attendees must endeavor to actually read the ‘read-ahead’ packet. Powerpoint Presentation! This prepares an audience to enter a briefing cognizant of the topics, context, and prepared to and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos, offer relevant discourse to drive emergent thought. Secondly, the briefer must resist using any slides in I need writing have trouble, the ‘read-ahead’ except for ancillary or expository reasons during the brief. Compare Lagos! Simply following the exact slide format as the ‘read-ahead’ drags those that invested time to read it earlier back through redundant information, and reward those that came to the meeting unprepared. Innovating the Future: From Ideas to Powerpoint articles, Adoption, by Denning, in The Futurist , Jan-Feb 2012 - Futurists and innovators can teach each other lessons to help their ideas succeed. - discusses the items below and more Three most common methods used by futurists Revelation of current realities Extrapolation of trends Scenarios Eight innovation practices Sensing Envisioning Offering Adopting Sustaining Executing Leading Embodying. NASA's ASK magazine The Innovation Paradox ( local copy ), by essay apples and oranges Hoffman, in NASA's ASK magazine, issue 41, Winter 2011 - Sometimes organizational 'support' kills good new ideas. Many organizations live and die by good new ideas. The challenge they face is to cultivate good ideas by giving innovators just the right blend of freedom and support. One simple approach that is not taken often enough is to let the Writing apa paper margins innovators themselves decide how the organization can help them develop their ideas. A manager asking, “What do you need from me?” has a good chance of finding the sweet spot between no support (“Do what you want as long as I don’t know about it”) and idea-killing interference.

Expecting the Unexpected ( local copy ), by Frasqueri-Molina, in Compare essay apples and oranges, NASA's ASK magazine, issue 43, Summer 2011 - creating a mitigation plan to deal with unexpected risks The author developed a risk-mitigation plan to reestablish order from Powerpoint presentation articles, chaos. Remain calm. Halt the entire project or just the Compare essay affected work momentarily and let everyone take a break. Immediately gather the resolution team, which consists of the project manager and homework help number any of the people who can offer solutions; meet privately. Assess risk impact. And Oranges! Brainstorm solutions. Choose a solution. Obtain project sponsor approval. I Need Help Writing Have! Communicate the solution to the entire team, resume project, resolve risk. Why Wikis at and contrast NASA? ( local copy ), by Verville et al, in NASA's ASK magazine, issue 44, Fall 2011 Wikis are used across NASA for collaboration Some of the critical practices and Essay entrance my principles for successful wikis are listed below.

Wikis work best when they solve a problem that is evident to most of Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos, a group. Wiki use needs to replace an existing work process, not add to work. Wikis need advocates and advertising. Homework Phone! Seeding the Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges wiki with valuable content helps jump-start the process; with a blank page, no one knows where to presentation articles, start. Gradual growth is fine, and Compare and contrast essay apples lagos starting small helps a core group of users become accustomed to the wiki (think pilot study). A wiki that serves a niche need is okay; it does not need to be all things to all people. Innovation Versus Adaptability: Seizing the Initiative Through Creative Thinking Versus Reacting to the Enemy ( local copy ), by Grothe, SAMS paper, 2009 Leadership must be committed to essay help, learning, underwrite experimentation, and create an environment that generates creative thought and innovation. Compare Essay! Doctrine must incorporate more aspects of innovation, creative and critical thinking and innovative leadership.

The Army’s training constructs produce adaptive leaders, but must start to assess innovation as well, in order to generate this within the force as well. The most critical area the Army must focus change in is within Professional Military Education for field grade officers. Understanding Innovation ( local copy ), by Williams, in Military Review , Jul-Aug 2009 Field Manual 1-0, The Army, states that “Army leaders are continuing to foster creative thinking.” They are “challenging inflexible ways of thinking, removing impediments to institutional innovation, and entrance underwriting the risks associated with bold change.” Perhaps this statement is true, but given the Compare and contrast lagos contemporary use of the Powerpoint articles website word “innovation,” it is Compare essay and oranges lagos, also meaningless. Claiming to be innovative carries about as much weight as declaring a love for puppies; it’s easy to say and unpopular to challenge. When words represent some indistinct idea, they are susceptible to Powerpoint articles, reinvention or distortion with potentially significant unintended consequences. Innovation Starvation, by Stephenson, in World Policy Journal , Fall 2011 Still, I worry that our inability to match the achievements of the and contrast essay and oranges 1960s space program might be symptomatic of a general failure of our society to get big things done. Innovation can’t happen without accepting the risk that it might fail. Essay Entrance My! The vast and radical innovations of the mid-20th century took place in a world that, in retrospect, looks insanely dangerous and unstable. Today’s belief in ineluctable certainty is the true innovation-killer of our age.

In this environment, the best an audacious manager can do is to develop small improvements to existing systems—climbing the hill, as it were, toward a local maximum, trimming fat, eking out the occasional tiny innovation—like city planners painting bicycle lanes on Compare essay and oranges the streets as a gesture toward solving our energy problems. Any strategy that involves crossing a valley—accepting short-term losses to reach a higher hill in presentation website, the distance—will soon be brought to a halt by the demands of a system that celebrates short-term gains and tolerates stagnation, but condemns anything else as failure. In short, a world where big stuff can never get done. How We Think: Thinking Critically and Compare essay Creatively and How Military Professionals Can Do it Better, by McConnell et al, in Essay entrance, Small Wars Journal , 16 Sep 2011 This essay will summarize how cognitive theorists have described critical and creative thinking in general, and how some military practitioners have applied them. In doing so, this essay will propose principles of critical and apples and oranges lagos creative thinking applicable to the military profession to provide a common vocabulary that describes the type of presentation articles website, thinking we do. To expand and improve critical and creative thinking, military professionals need a common vocabulary that accurately describes the very thinking we are to expand and improve on. Sir Ken Robinson Sir Ken Robinson: Do schools kill creativity?, a TED.com video, 2006 - EXCELLENT 20 minutes Sir Ken Robinson makes an entertaining and profoundly moving case for creating an education system that nurtures (rather than undermines) creativity.

Changing Education Paradigms, video animation of Sir Ken Robinson's key concepts over time - EXCELLENT 12 minutes Sir Ken Robinson: Bring on the learning revolution!, a TED.com video, 2010 follow-up to the 2006 talk - EXCELLENT 20 minutes In this poignant, funny follow-up to his fabled 2006 talk, Sir Ken Robinson makes the case for a radical shift from essay apples lagos, standardized schools to personalized learning -- creating conditions where kids' natural talents can flourish. Sir Ken Robinson: How to escape education's death valley , a TED.com video, 2013, from the TED TV special on education Sir Ken Robinson outlines 3 principles crucial for the human mind to Powerpoint presentation articles website, flourish -- and how current education culture works against them. In a funny, stirring talk he tells us how to get out of the educational death valley we now face, and how to nurture our youngest generations with a climate of Compare lagos, possibility. Margins! There are three principles on which human life flourishes, and Compare apples lagos they are contradicted by the culture of education under which most teachers have to labor and most students have to endure. The first is this, that human beings are naturally different and diverse. Help Writing My Essay Have Trouble! Education under No Child Left Behind is based on not diversity but conformity. What schools are encouraged to do is to find out what kids can do across a very narrow spectrum of achievement. The second principle that drives human life flourishing is curiosity. Compare Essay Apples And Oranges! So in place of curiosity, what we have is a culture of compliance. Our children and teachers are encouraged to follow routine algorithms rather than to Expert homework help phone, excite that power of imagination and Compare and oranges lagos curiosity. And the third principle is this: that human life is inherently creative.

We all create our own lives through this restless process of imagining alternatives and possibilities, and margins what one of the roles of Compare and contrast apples and oranges, education is to awaken and develop these powers of creativity. Instead, what we have is a culture of standardization. Seth Godin Seth Godin: Quieting the Lizard Brain, a 99 u video Bestselling author and entrepreneur Seth Godin outlines a common creative affliction: sabotaging our projects just before we show them to the world. Godin targets our lizard brain as the source of these primal doubts, and margins implores us to thrash at the beginning of projects so that we can ship on time and on essay apples and oranges lagos budget. he states that everyone is creative; the important thing is to ship (your product, i.e., do something with your idea) Seth Godin: How to get your ideas to spread - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) In a world of too many options and too little time, our obvious choice is to just ignore the ordinary stuff. Marketing guru Seth Godin spells out why, when it comes to Creative weekly, getting our attention, bad or bizarre ideas are more successful than boring ones other TED.com videos - most are 6-15 minutes Matt Ridley: When ideas have sex - a TED talk (you may need to Compare and contrast essay and oranges, watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) At TEDGlobal 2010, author Matt Ridley shows how, throughout history, the Creative homework engine of human progress has been the meeting and mating of ideas to essay, make new ideas. It's not important how clever individuals are, he says; what really matters is how smart the collective brain is.

Matt Ridley argues that, through history, the engine of human progress and prosperity has been, and is, ideas having sex with each other. Erik Brynjolfsson: The key to growth? Race with the machines - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) As machines take on more jobs, many find themselves out of work or with raises indefinitely postponed. Is this the end of growth? No, says Erik Brynjolfsson -- it’s simply the growing pains of a radically reorganized economy.

A riveting case for why big innovations are ahead of for college my, us … if we think of computers as our teammates. And Contrast Essay Apples Lagos! Be sure to homework, watch the opposing viewpoint from Robert Gordon. Compare And Oranges Lagos! Robert Gordon: The death of innovation, the end of growth - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on articles website YouTube if TED videos are blocked) The US economy has been expanding wildly for and contrast lagos, two centuries. Are we witnessing the end of growth? Economist Robert Gordon lays out 4 reasons US growth may be slowing, detailing factors like epidemic debt and growing inequality, which could move the US into a period of stasis we can't innovate our way out of. Be sure to watch the opposing viewpoint from Erik Brynjolfsson. Writing Margins! Elizabeth Gilbert: Your elusive creative genius - a TED talk (you may need to and contrast and oranges lagos, watch it on homework phone number YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Elizabeth Gilbert muses on the impossible things we expect from lagos, artists and geniuses -- and shares the radical idea that, instead of the rare person being a genius, all of us have a genius.

It's a funny, personal and surprisingly moving talk. TEDxBerkeley - Carl Bass - The New Rules of Innovation has five trends he believes are driving innovation David Kelley: How to Writing, build your creative confidence - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Is your school or workplace divided into creatives versus practical people? Yet surely, David Kelley suggests, creativity is not the domain of only a chosen few. Telling stories from his legendary design career and his own life, he offers ways to build the Compare apples and oranges confidence to create. (From The Design Studio session at TED2012, guest-curated by Chee Pearlman and David Rockwell.) Adam Savage: How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Adam Savage walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed -- Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849. Regina Dugan: From mach-20 glider to humming bird drone - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) What would you attempt to do if you knew you could not fail? asks Regina Dugan, then director of DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

In this breathtaking talk she describes some of the Creative assignment extraordinary projects -- a robotic hummingbird, a prosthetic arm controlled by Compare and oranges lagos thought, and, well, the entrance my internet -- that her agency has created by Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos not worrying that they might fail. Steven Johnson: Where good ideas come from - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) People often credit their ideas to individual Eureka! moments. But Steven Johnson shows how history tells a different story. His fascinating tour takes us from the liquid networks of London's coffee houses to Charles Darwin's long, slow hunch to today's high-velocity web. - he finishes with chance favors the connected mind Bart Knols: Cheese, dogs, and pills to end malaria - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) We can use a mosquito's own instincts against her. Essay! At TEDxMaastricht speaker Bart Knols demos the imaginative solutions his team is developing to fight malaria -- including limburger cheese and a deadly pill.

Edward Tenner: Unintended consequences - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Every new invention changes the world -- in ways both intentional and unexpected. Historian Edward Tenner tells stories that illustrate the under-appreciated gap between our ability to innovate and our ability to foresee the and oranges consequences. Homework Phone! Charles Leadbeater: The era of open innovation - a TED talk (you may need to and contrast essay, watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) In this deceptively casual talk, Charles Leadbeater weaves a tight argument that innovation isn't just for professionals anymore. Passionate amateurs, using new tools, are creating products and paradigms that companies can't. Comparison! A researcher at essay lagos the London think tank Demos, Charles Leadbeater was early to Comparison help, notice the rise of amateur innovation -- great ideas from outside the traditional walls, from people who suddenly have the tools to collaborate, innovate and make their expertise known. Clay Shirky on institutions vs. Essay And Oranges! collaboration - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) In this prescient 2005 talk, Clay Shirky shows how closed groups and companies will give way to looser networks where small contributors have big roles and fluid cooperation replaces rigid planning. Howard Rheingold on collaboration - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Howard Rheingold talks about the coming world of collaboration, participatory media and collective action -- and how Wikipedia is really an outgrowth of our natural human instinct to I need writing, work as a group. Compare And Contrast Lagos! Sunni Brown: Doodlers, unite! - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Studies show that sketching and doodling improve our comprehension -- and our creative thinking. So why do we still feel embarrassed when we're caught doodling in a meeting? Sunni Brown says: Doodlers, unite!

She makes the case for unlocking your brain via pad and pen. Jonah Lehrer: The Science of Insight Creation, 40 min. video from Creative, Jonah Lehrer - contributing editor of and contrast apples and oranges, Wired and author of How We Decide Science is getting harder. For College Entrance! Finding notable, new facts is getting harder. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges Lagos! So how can we increase our capacity for breakthroughs and insights? What can new disciplines like neuroscience teach us about the innovation process? Jonah Lehrer explores creativity from a scientific perspective and discusses questions such as why we have our best ideas in the shower. talks about the feeling of knowing such as the tip of the tongue phenomenon talks about why brainstorming doesn't work - cites studies showing that allowing criticism leads to articles website, 7 times the number of Compare and oranges lagos, useful ideas 24 hours later after folks have had time to presentation website, think on their own outside the Compare lagos group we can all imagine more, if only we know how. 21st Century Enlightenment, RSAnimate talk by Matthew Taylor - how the help phone number idea of a new enlightenment can help us meet the challenges we now face. Creativity Techniques - short descriptions of a whole passel of techniques. Roots of Innovation ( local copy, 2.7 Mb ), eJournal USA , State Department, Nov 2009 ( lower resolution, 800 Kb ) what is it? which cultures foster it? the global geography of innovation how do complementary skills help? secrets of collaboration 2009 innovation index by country ranking.

Predicting Military Innovation, by Compare essay and oranges lagos Isaacson et al, RAND, 1999 Although military technology is apa paper margins, increasingly available and affordable, not all states have the capacity to improve military effectiveness by acquiring hardware. Integrative difficulties — in command structures, doctrine and tactics, training, and support — are common in the developing world, and many states will have to find some level of innovation to overcome such difficulties if they are to Compare and contrast essay, use military technologies effectively. Homework Assignment! This annotated briefing documents a research effort aimed at understanding and Compare and contrast and oranges lagos predicting how militaries may improve their battlefield effectiveness. The briefing first analyzes military innovation conceptually and then formulates a framework for number, predicting the and contrast and oranges lagos likelihood of innovative success. The research synthesizes a broad literature on Powerpoint presentation articles website innovation and and contrast apples provides a useful tool for assessing future military developments.

Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California The mission of the Brain and Creativity Institute is to gather new knowledge about the human emotions, decision-making, memory, and communication, from a neurological perspective, and to I need help writing, apply this knowledge to the solution of and contrast essay, problems in presentation website, the biomedical and sociocultural arenas. From Stone to Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges, Silicon: A Brief Survey of Innovation, by Husick, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Oct 2008 - top 25 innovations of all time. Toward More Innovative Program Management ( local copy ), by weekly Perino, in and contrast essay apples and oranges, Defense Acquisition Review Journal, Feb-Mar 2005 - results of website, research into the science and psychology of and contrast essay and oranges, innovation - using MBTI and FourSight assessment tools - includes formula for Expert number, MBTI Creativity Index. Stimulating Innovation ( local copy ), by Kostoff, Office of Naval Research Science and Technology Innovation ( local copy ), by Kostoff, Office of Compare essay apples and oranges lagos, Naval Research - compares literature-based and workshop-based approaches for stimulating innovation. Communication, Management Benchmark Study ( local copy ), Dept of Energy -- includes chapters on Essay for college my networking, alliances, organizational culture, and and contrast essay apples lagos innovation Innovation, especially organizational, short chapter, covers a lot Creativity, how to cultivate, short chapter, covers a lot.

Creativity Web, resources for creativity and Expert number innovation 10 Kick Starts to Your Creativity Creativity Basics. Beyond Productivity: Information Technology, Innovation, and Creativity, National Academies Press, 2003 - addresses issues such as what makes people creative and how creative people work Leadership That Gets Results, by Daniel Goleman, in Harvard Business Review , - describes six leadership styles: Coercive, Authoritative, Affiliative, Democratic, Pacesetting and Coaching. - Should emotional intelligence play a role in the workplace? -- some questions to stimulate discussion Emotional Intelligence Resource List ( local copy ) EQ.org directory of internet Emotional Intelligence sites. EQ Emotional Intelligence tests online - mixed quality, try several and glean tidbits from the narratives. Jonah Lehrer: The Science of Insight Creation, 40 min. video from Jonah Lehrer - contributing editor of Wired and essay apples lagos author of How We Decide Science is Creative weekly, getting harder. Finding notable, new facts is getting harder. And Contrast Apples Lagos! So how can we increase our capacity for Writing apa paper, breakthroughs and insights? What can new disciplines like neuroscience teach us about the innovation process? Jonah Lehrer explores creativity from a scientific perspective and discusses questions such as why we have our best ideas in the shower. And Contrast And Oranges Lagos! talks about the feeling of knowing such as the essay help tip of the tongue phenomenon talks about why brainstorming doesn't work - cites studies showing that allowing criticism leads to 7 times the Compare lagos number of useful ideas 24 hours later after folks have had time to Powerpoint, think on their own outside the group we can all imagine more, if only we know how. The Idea Center, with IdeaFisher software, commercial brainstorming tool, with modules for strategic planning, speeches/presentations, conflict resolution, and creative writing Memory Skills Joshua Foer: Feats of and contrast and oranges lagos, memory anyone can do - a TED talk (you may need to Comparison essay help, watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) There are people who can quickly memorize lists of thousands of numbers, the order of all the cards in a deck (or ten!), and much more.

Science writer Joshua Foer describes the and contrast apples technique -- called the memory palace -- and shows off its most remarkable feature: anyone can learn how to use it, including him. Changing Minds in the Army: Why It’s So Difficult and What To Do About It ( local copy ), by help writing my essay trouble Gerras and and contrast apples and oranges Wong, U.S. Army War College, June 2013 The following pages discuss why it is so hard for Army senior leaders to change their minds. We do this by first introducing the concept of frames of Powerpoint articles website, reference and then discuss how neuroscience sheds some light on why changing one’s mind is not so easy. We then examine the role of organizational variables on and contrast and oranges this process. Help! Finally, we propose how strategic leaders might apply this knowledge to enhance the likelihood that as the environment evolves, they are able to actually change their minds. In large hierarchical organizations such as the Army, consistency of thought is the norm, and not the exception. No leader wants to appear as vacillating or be accused of apples, hemming and hawing on apa paper key issues. Yet history abounds with negative examples of leaders failing to change their minds despite new evidence or fresh information. Thinking in a Foreign Language Makes Decisions More Rational, by Keim, in Wired online journal, Apr 2012 A series of and oranges, experiments on Writing more than 300 people from the U.S. and Korea found that thinking in a second language reduced deep-seated, misleading biases that unduly influence how risks and Compare and oranges lagos benefits are perceived. The researchers believe a second language provides a useful cognitive distance from automatic processes, promoting analytical thought and reducing unthinking, emotional reaction.

Deadly Mind Traps, by Essay entrance Wise, Psychology Today , Jan 2012 Simple cognitive errors can have disastrous consequences—unless you know how to watch out for them. [The article has specific examples of each of the errors below.] Redlining. Compare And Contrast And Oranges! Anytime we plan a mission that requires us to set a safety parameter, there's a risk that in the heat of the moment we'll be tempted to overstep it. The Domino Effect. Apa Paper! In stressful situations, you see a failure in the working memory, which is involved in essay, inhibiting impulses, says Sian Beilock, a psychology professor at the University of Chicago. People lose the apa paper margins ability to think about the long-term consequences of their actions. Apples And Oranges! Situational Blindness. Full situational awareness requires incorporating outside information into Writing apa paper a model of Compare and contrast apples lagos, your environment, and Essay entrance my using that model to predict how the situation might change. If all you're doing is following the line of the and contrast apples and oranges lagos GPS, and it turns out to be wrong, you'll be completely clueless about what to do next. Double or Nothing.

Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky first pointed out back in 1979, we tend to avoid risk when contemplating potential gains but seek risk to avoid losses. For instance, if you offer people a choice between a certain loss of $1,000 and a 50-50 chance of losing $2,500, the majority will opt for the riskier option, to avoid a definite financial hit. Bending the Map. Such errors of overconfidence are due to a phenomenon psychologists call confirmation bias . When trying to solve a problem or troubleshoot a problem, we get fixated on Comparison help a specific option or hypothesis, explains Kring, and ignore contradictory evidence and and contrast apples lagos other information that could help us make a better decision. Heuristics and Powerpoint presentation articles Biases in and contrast essay apples and oranges, Military Decision Making ( local copy ), by entrance Williams, in Military Review , Sep-Oct 2010 Fortunately, some have come to see the shortcomings of the classical MDMP process. It is illsuited for the analysis of problems exhibiting high volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. And Contrast Apples! When combining hindsight bias and retrievability biases, we potentially fail to guard against an event popularized euphemistically as a black swan . Instead of the usual striving toward a “best practices” methodology, which is also full of potential heuristic biases, reflective practice calls for “valuing the processes that challenge assimilative knowledge (i.e. continuous truth seeking) and by embracing the Comparison help inevitable conflict associated with truth seeking.” Ben Goldacre: Battling bad science, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to Compare essay apples and oranges lagos, watch it on YouTube if the TED.com version won't run on your computer) Every day there are news reports of new health advice, but how can you know if they're right? Doctor and epidemiologist Ben Goldacre shows us, at high speed, the ways evidence can be distorted, from the blindingly obvious nutrition claims to the very subtle tricks of the pharmaceutical industry. Curing Analytic Pathologies: Pathways to Improved Intelligence Analysis ( local copy ), by Cooper, CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, Dec 2005 The Analytic Pathologies framework yields four insights that are crucial both to homework weekly, accurate diagnosis and to Compare and contrast apples and oranges, developing effective remedies.

First, the framework enables analysts to identify individual analytic impediments and determine their sources. Second, it prompts analysts to I need help writing my essay trouble, detect the and contrast essay apples systemic pathologies that result from closely-coupled networks and to find the linkages among the individual impediments. Third, it demonstrates that each of these networks, and thus each systemic pathology, usually spans multiple levels within the hierarchy of the Intelligence Community. Fourth, the framework highlights the need to treat both the systemic pathologies and the individual impediments by focusing effective remedial measures on the right target and at the appropriate level. -- very good examination of many elements of critical thinking, with examples ( PDF version ) Check out Part III - Cognitive Biases.

Countering Terrorism: Integration of Practice and Theory ( local copy ), overview of conference at FBI Academy, Feb 2002 from Appendix 8: Psychology of Bias These investigators found that there is a general bias, based on both innate predispositions and my experience, in essay apples and oranges, animals and humans, to give greater weight to negative events or attributes . Presentation Articles! This is evident in four ways: (a) negative potency (negative entities are stronger than the equivalent positive entities), (b) steeper negative gradients (the negativity of negative events grows more rapidly with approach to them in space or time than does the Compare and oranges positivity of positive events), (c) negativity dominance (combinations of Powerpoint articles website, negative and positive entities yield evaluations that are more negative than the algebraic sum of individual subjective evaluations would predict), and. (d) negative differentiation (negative entities are more varied, yield more complex conceptual representations, and engage a wider response repertoire). The authors review this taxonomy, with emphasis on negativity dominance, including literary, historical, religious, and cultural sources, as well as the psychological literatures on learning, attention, impression formation, contagion, moral judgment, development, and memory. Compare And Oranges! They suggest that one feature of negative events that make them dominant is that negative entities are more “contagious” than positive entities. Tali Sharot: The optimism bias - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Are we born to be optimistic, rather than realistic?

Tali Sharot shares new research that suggests our brains are wired to presentation articles website, look on the bright side -- and how that can be both dangerous and beneficial. Daniel Kahneman: The riddle of experience vs. memory - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Using examples from and contrast essay apples, vacations to help writing have trouble, colonoscopies, Nobel laureate and Compare essay apples and oranges lagos founder of behavioral economics Daniel Kahneman reveals how our experiencing selves and our remembering selves perceive happiness differently. This new insight has profound implications for economics, public policy -- and our own self-awareness. Apa Paper Margins! Widely regarded as the Compare essay and oranges lagos world's most influential living psychologist, Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel in Economics for his pioneering work in behavioral economics -- exploring the irrational ways we make decisions about risk. Sensemaking David Moore Sensemaking: A Structure for an Intelligence Revolution ( local copy ), by I need writing my essay have trouble Moore, National Defense Intelligence College (NDIC), March 2011 Mindfulness, wicked problems, paradigm shifts, intuitive thinking, validation, intelligence rigor, limitations, and more Sensemaking, whereby intelligence professionals would work with executive decisionmakers to explain data that are “sparse, noisy, and uncertain,” requires an interpreter and experienced champion to essay apples and oranges lagos, bring about a practicable understanding and acceptance of the concept among intelligence practitioners. David Moore has accomplished that feat. I Need Help Trouble! Further, he, along with collaborators in apples lagos, chapters 5 and 7, demonstrate how sensemaking can be accomplished as a collaborative enterprise.

Critical Thinking and Intelligence Analysis ( local copy, 1.4 Mb low res ), by Moore, National Defense Intelligence College (NDIC) occasional paper no. 14, March 2007 ( local copy, 12.1 Mb high res ) - includes generic and Creative intel-specific discussion, as well as an Compare essay apples appendix which is the NSA's Critical Thinking and Structured Analysis Class Syllabus NSA's Critical Thinking and Structured Analysis Class Syllabus - incudes plans for 10 classes, as well as a template for summarizing articles/readings. Failure Being Wrong - Why They Work This was the pivotal insight of the Scientific Revolution: that the I need help my essay advancement of Compare and contrast lagos, knowledge depends on current theories collapsing in the face of Essay entrance, new insights and discoveries. In this model of progress, errors do not lead us away from the truth. And Contrast And Oranges Lagos! Instead, they edge us incrementally toward it. — Kathryn Schulz, in Being Wrong: Adventures in presentation website, the Margin of Error. Leaders can let you fail and yet not let you be a failure. --- General Stanley McChrystal.

Science is always wrong. It never solves a problem without creating 10 more. --- George Bernard Shaw. Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out essay apples lagos how far one can go. The chief trick to making good mistakes is not to Powerpoint presentation articles website, hide them — especially not from yourself. Instead of turning away in denial when you make a mistake, you should become a connoisseur of your own mistakes, turning them over in your mind as if they were works of art, which in Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges, a way they are. … The trick is to take advantage of the particular details of the mess you’ve made, so that your next attempt will be informed by presentation website it and not just another blind stab in the dark. — Daniel Dennett, in Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking.

Kathryn Schulz: On being wrong - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Most of us will do anything to avoid being wrong. But what if we're wrong about that? Wrongologist Kathryn Schulz makes a compelling case for not just admitting but embracing our fallibility. Tim Harford: Trial, error and the God complex - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Economics writer Tim Harford studies complex systems -- and finds a surprising link among the successful ones: they were built through trial and essay and oranges error. In this sparkling talk from TEDGlobal 2011, he asks us to Creative weekly, embrace our randomness and essay apples and oranges lagos start making better mistakes. Adapt: Why success always starts with failure, video by for college entrance my Tim Harford (book by the same title is on the Air Force Chief of Staff's 2012 Reading List) Tim's Principles of Compare and contrast lagos, Failure: #1 - Be willing to fail . a lot.

#2 - Fail on a survivable scale. Eddie Obeng: Smart failure for a fast-changing world - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) The world is changing much more rapidly than most people realize, says business educator Eddie Obeng -- and creative output cannot keep up. Presentation Articles! In this spirited talk, he highlights three important changes we should understand for better productivity, and calls for and contrast essay and oranges, a stronger culture of “smart failure. Seth Godin on apa paper margins Failing Until You Succeed, video of an interview for entrepreneur.com taking risks, challenging status quo, starting a business. Ignorance - a valuable resource Thoroughly conscious ignorance is the prelude to every real advance in science. --- James Clerk Maxwell. In an honest search for knowledge, you quite often have to abide by ignorance for an indefinite period. Stuart Firestein: The pursuit of Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos, ignorance - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on weekly YouTube if TED videos are blocked) What does real scientific work look like? As neuroscientist Stuart Firestein jokes: It looks a lot less like the scientific method and a lot more like farting around . in the dark.

In this witty talk, Firestein gets to the heart of science as it is really practiced and suggests that we should value what we don't know -- or high-quality ignorance -- just as much as what we know. Red Teams, Red Teaming, Red Team Thinking. University of and contrast apples and oranges lagos, Foreign Military and Cultural Studies (UFMCS) The University of Foreign Military and Comparison help Cultural Studies (UFMCS) at Fort Leavenworth is an Army-directed education, research, and training initiative for Army organizations, joint organizations, and other government agencies. Red Teaming is a structured, iterative process, executed by highly trained, educated, and practiced team members that provides commanders an independent capability to fully explore alternatives to plans, operations, concepts, organizations, and capabilities in Compare apples lagos, the context of the Writing margins operational environment and from our partners’ and adversaries’ perspectives. UFMCS educates Red Team Leaders, Members, and Practitioners; researches best practices for Red Teaming tactics, techniques, and procedures; and develops a reach-back capability to provide commanders and staffs alternative perspectives. Graduates of Leader and Member courses receive an additional skill identifier (ASI). UFMCS The Applied Critical Thinking Handbook (formerly the Red Team Handbook), v. 8.1, Sep 2016 ( local copy ) We educate people to develop a disposition of and contrast, curiosity, and presentation articles help them become aware of biases and behavior that prevent them from real positive change in Compare and contrast essay apples lagos, the ways they seek solutions and apa paper margins engage others. And Contrast Essay And Oranges! UFMCS Liberating Structures Handbook ( local copy ) Liberating structures are frameworks that make it possible for people and organizations to create, to do new things, to be innovative. These are processes or rules that can be put in Writing, place to encourage people to be free, creative, and get results, rather than find themselves oppressed, constrained, confined, or powerless. For things to really change, structural elements need to change, too.

Otherwise change is short-lived. Liberating structures are the forms that make it easy for people to be generative together and make a significant impact with their creativity. UFMCS Group Think Mitigation Guide ( local copy ) Our education involves more than Socratic discussion and and contrast essay apples and oranges brainstorming. We borrow techniques, methods, frameworks, and best practices from several sources and disciplines to create an education and Comparison essay help practical application method that we find to be the best safeguard against Compare and contrast essay and oranges lagos, individual and Comparison help organizational tendencies toward biases, errors in cognition, and groupthink. UFMCS The Applied Critical Thinking Handbook (formerly the Red Team Handbook), v. 7.0, Jan 2015 ( local copy ) Our methods and and contrast apples education involve more than Socratic discussion and brainstorming. Writing Margins! We believe that good decision processes are essential to good outcomes. To that end, our curriculum is rich in Compare and contrast essay and oranges lagos, divergent processes, red teaming tools, and liberating structures, all aimed at Creative assignment decision support. UFMCS Red Team Handbook, Apr 2012 ( local copy ) Much of the material directly applies to critical thinking and and contrast essay and oranges becoming better at homework it. Each section can almost stand alone, and Compare and contrast essay apples Section XI – Structured Analytic Techniques – has a large variety of tools/techniques for for college, overcoming “mind-sets” – including “9 Step Cultural Methodology” and “String of and contrast essay and oranges lagos, Pearls” tool and “Analysis of Competing Hypotheses” and a passel of Writing, others. Seeing Red: Creating a Red-Team Capability for the Blue Force ( local copy ), by Fontenot, Military Review , Sep-Oct 2005 - includes list of Red Team best practices, and a list of why Red Teams sometimes fail. Critical Thinking You want to Compare and oranges lagos, have a mind that’s open enough to accept radical new ideas, but not so open that your brains fall out.

— Michael Shermer, editor of Skeptic Magazine. Minds are like parachutes. They only function when they are open. Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand. Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Trying to get people to reason in margins, a way that is not natural for them. is like trying to teach a pig to sing. You don't accomplish anything and you annoy the pig. — E. Jeffrey Conklin William Weil.

Men believe what they prefer. If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in Compare and contrast lagos, doubts. But if he will be content to begin with doubts he shall end in I need writing my essay have trouble, certainties. My story is proud. The entry of and contrast apples and oranges lagos, truth with chalk to mark those minds which are capable to lodge and harbour it. For myself, I found that I was fitted for nothing so well as for the study of assignment, truth; as having a Mind nimble and Compare essay and oranges lagos versatile enough to help, catch the Resemblances of Things (which is the chief point) and at and contrast lagos the same time steady enough to fix and distinguish their Subtler Differences; as being gifted by Nature with Desire to seek, patience to Doubt, fondness to Meditate, slowness to assert, readiness to consider, carefulness to presentation articles, dispose and Compare essay lagos set in order; and as being a man that neither affects what is Essay for college, new nor admires what is old, and and contrast essay and oranges that hates every kind of Creative homework weekly, Imposture. So I thought my Nature had a kind of familiarity and Relationship with Truth. — Francis Bacon, On the Interpretation of and contrast essay apples and oranges, Nature , 1603. See red team thinking , especially the UFMCS Red Team Handbook.

Improve Your Critical Thinking, resources at Coping.us - includes summaries/lists of many methods and theories Overview of Critical Thinking Critical Thinking Model of homework phone number, Problem Solving Watch out for Common Fallacies Online Resources for Improving Critical Thinking. A Way to Teach Critical Thinking Skills so Learners Will Continue Using Them in Operations ( local copy ), by Griffin and McClary, in Military Review , Nov-Dec 2015 However, despite both instructors and essay apples and oranges lagos students enjoying the critical thinking classes, many graduates were failing to think critically where it mattered most—on the Expert homework job. The first key is to establish an effective talent management program at the earliest possible opportunity, preferably from the essay and oranges start. Until an organization gets talent management right, with a high degree of person-job and Writing apa paper margins person-organization fit, it will have very limited success with its other functions. The second key to teaching critical thinking skills is to ensure the organizational climate values critical and innovative thinking. Building upon, and made possible by, a talent management program, an organization demonstrates its commitment to these values by expecting and rewarding critical thinking and innovation. Two Faces of Critical Thinking for the Reflective Military Practitioner ( local copy ), by Compare Paparone, in Military Review , Nov-Dec 2014 Critical thinking has become quite the catchphrase. Powerpoint Presentation! Yet, there is little published in and contrast essay apples, military circles demonstrating a philosophical examination of what critical thinking means; hence, my intent here is to start that conversation.1 My argument calls upon two faces of critical thinking—a metaphor that conveys a dualistic approach toward a more reflective military practice. Education for Critical Thinking ( local copy ), by Williams, in Writing margins, Military Review , Jan-Feb 2013 A better strategy for the Army’s PME is to adopt an educational philosophy that focuses less on knowledge and Compare essay apples content and more on the ability to question and argue. Writing Have Trouble! Critical thinking means the ability to Compare essay lagos, construct and defend an argument using reason, applying intellectual standards of epistemic responsibility, and recognizing and countering logical fallacies as we see them in others and ourselves.

If we pay attention to our doctrine, this shift in thinking about professional education is a strategic imperative. We now accept as common knowledge that military operations defy rules, calling them instead “human endeavors, characterized by the continuous, mutual adaptation of give and take, moves, and countermoves among all participants.” We agree that war is about identifying and solving ill-defined problems where experts can and do disagree on the range of solutions. The problem is that we have a PME system that relies on an educational approach in which instructors are guides for each new class to rediscover the same hackneyed truths as their predecessors. Mission command requires that we do more than allow for minor heresies. It demands that we develop “heretics”—leaders capable of challenging convention to create imaginative solutions regardless of the operational environment. Powerpoint Presentation Articles! An inquiry-based educational approach is the best way to develop these “heretics” because it is Compare apples, about questioning, and good questioners unequivocally make better thinkers. Army Leadership Development and help phone Leadership ( local copy ), by Compare apples and oranges Hinds and Steele, in Military Review , Jan-Feb 2012 Colonels, lieutenant colonels, and chief warrant fives were also surveyed about what skills were lacking for Powerpoint presentation articles website, recent [PME] graduates. The most common response was “appropriate critical thinking and problem solving skills.”

Developing Creative and Critical Thinkers ( local copy ), by Allen and apples Gerras, in Military Review , Nov-Dec 2009 This article presents a definition of strategic thinking and then focuses on the two key antecedents of Writing apa paper margins, strategic thinking—creative and critical thinking—and presents the Army War College approach to educating students in these skills. . Given these challenges and Compare essay obstacles, how do we make Army leaders better at creative and critical thinking? First, we must teach leaders the Essay my knowledge, skills, and terminology associated with thinking competencies. Essay And Oranges! These are acquirable intellectual skills. As suggested earlier, the best way to teach thinking skills to Army leaders is to provide context-dependent skill development. Critical Thinking and the Development of Innovative Problem Solvers ( local copy ), by Drew, Naval War College, 14 Feb 2005 Integrating critical thinking into homework phone officer development requires the shifting of knowledge focused classes to self-study, teaching and and contrast apples and oranges lagos using argument/concept mapping to reveal student’s reasoning, and using the Universal Intellectual Standards as the basis of feedback on their reasoning. UFMCS The Applied Critical Thinking Handbook (formerly the Red Team Handbook), v. 8.1, Sep 2016 ( local copy ) We educate people to Essay for college entrance, develop a disposition of and contrast apples lagos, curiosity, and help them become aware of biases and behavior that prevent them from real positive change in the ways they seek solutions and writing engage others. UFMCS Liberating Structures Handbook ( local copy ) Liberating structures are frameworks that make it possible for people and organizations to create, to do new things, to essay and oranges lagos, be innovative. These are processes or rules that can be put in place to encourage people to be free, creative, and get results, rather than find themselves oppressed, constrained, confined, or powerless. For things to really change, structural elements need to Essay for college entrance, change, too. Otherwise change is short-lived. Liberating structures are the forms that make it easy for people to be generative together and make a significant impact with their creativity.

UFMCS Group Think Mitigation Guide ( local copy ) Our education involves more than Socratic discussion and brainstorming. Apples And Oranges Lagos! We borrow techniques, methods, frameworks, and Writing margins best practices from essay apples lagos, several sources and disciplines to create an education and help practical application method that we find to be the best safeguard against individual and organizational tendencies toward biases, errors in cognition, and groupthink. UFMCS The Applied Critical Thinking Handbook (formerly the Red Team Handbook), v. 7.0, Jan 2015 ( local copy ) Our methods and and contrast apples and oranges education involve more than Socratic discussion and brainstorming. We believe that good decision processes are essential to good outcomes. To that end, our curriculum is rich in divergent processes, red teaming tools, and liberating structures, all aimed at decision support. UFMCS Red Team Handbook, Apr 2012 ( local copy ) Much of the material directly applies to critical thinking and becoming better at it. Each section can almost stand alone, and Powerpoint website Section XI – Structured Analytic Techniques – has a large variety of tools/techniques for Compare and contrast essay and oranges, overcoming “mind-sets” – including “9 Step Cultural Methodology” and “String of Pearls” tool and “Analysis of Competing Hypotheses” and Essay for college entrance my a passel of others. Critical Thinking and Compare and contrast apples and oranges Intelligence Analysis ( local copy, 1.4 Mb low res ), by Moore, National Defense Intelligence College (NDIC) occasional paper no.

14, March 2007 ( local copy, 12.1 Mb high res ) - includes generic and intel-specific discussion, as well as an appendix which is the NSA's Critical Thinking and Structured Analysis Class Syllabus NSA's Critical Thinking and Structured Analysis Class Syllabus - incudes plans for 10 classes, as well as a template for Expert homework, summarizing articles/readings. Critical Thinking issue of Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin ( local copy ), July-September 2006 This issue of MIPB focuses on Compare and contrast lagos the integration of critical thinking and scientific inquiry throughout the military intelligence curricula. It is our contention that critical thinking and problem solving skills are best taught in learning environments that encourage students to consistently engage in the implementation of the Powerpoint articles scientific method. To do this, instructors come to see themselves less as the source of knowledge and more as facilitators of learning. Essay Apples And Oranges! Although most courses within USAIC include practical exercises, many continue to Comparison essay, include hours of lecture, followed by objective tests. Unfortunately, most students do not long retain much of essay apples, what they have memorized.

Conversely, retention increases dramatically when they use what they have learned to conceptualize and to solve problems. Therefore, critical thinking can be integrated into Creative assignment the curriculum by adjusting teaching styles so that students are challenged to reflect on Compare and contrast apples lagos concrete learning experiences (a lecture, a film, a field trip), ask questions, pose hypotheses, and test those hypotheses against reality. When students are encouraged to use the scientific method on a regular basis, they become actively engaged in critical thinking; and as a result, they will become more sophisticated and effective decisionmakers. Team/Collaborative Critical Thinking Team Critical Thinking: Foundations Research Directions, briefing by Freeman and Serfaty, at 2002 conference Collaborative Critical Thinking, briefing by Freeman et al, Collaboration and Knowledge Management Workshop, 2003. Integrating Critical Thinking in the Curriculum of the Command and General Staff College ( local copy ), by Doyle, CGSC, 2008 The Command and General Staff College endeavors to instill critical thinking as a skill practiced by its graduates. To this end the college has introduced the concept of critical thinking as a class within the core curriculum. Students must take a “critical thinking test” both before and after the block of Writing, core instruction, and numerous graphic training aids line the classroom walls in and contrast essay apples lagos, an attempt to reinforce these ideas. However, it remains questionable whether or not the concepts of critical thought, that are taught by homework weekly the school, have made their way into the course work and essay lagos class structure within the Comparison essay help college.

This thesis will contend that to create critical thinkers CGSC must incorporate the Compare apples lagos tenets of I need help my essay trouble, critical thinking throughout its curriculum and apples and oranges lagos course design. Grading rubrics for papers and tests, exam questions written to help my essay, steer answers in a certain “correct” direction all to a degree contradict the tenets of critical thought, yet exist within the and contrast essay apples course of study. Ideally, CGSC can stand as a seminal experience in the development of writing have, officers. An experience akin to Compare essay lagos, that found in homework assignment, civilian graduate level education can be attained, but it will require a cultural revolution within the faculty to transition from a model based on Compare and oranges lagos training to a model based on education. Psychology of Intelligence Analysis ( local copy ), by Heuer, 1999, for CIA -- very good examination of many elements of Comparison essay help, critical thinking, with examples ( PDF version ) [from the introduction] Dick Heuer's writings make three fundamental points about the cognitive challenges intelligence analysts face: The mind is poorly wired to deal effectively with both inherent uncertainty (the natural fog surrounding complex, indeterminate intelligence issues) and essay induced uncertainty (the man-made fog fabricated by denial and apa paper margins deception operations). Even increased awareness of cognitive and other unmotivated biases, such as the Compare and contrast and oranges lagos tendency to see information confirming an already-held judgment more vividly than one sees disconfirming information, does little by itself to help analysts deal effectively with uncertainty. Tools and techniques that gear the analyst's mind to apply higher levels of critical thinking can substantially improve analysis on complex issues on which information is Creative assignment weekly, incomplete, ambiguous, and often deliberately distorted.

Key examples of such intellectual devices include techniques for structuring information, challenging assumptions, and exploring alternative interpretations. Curing Analytic Pathologies: Pathways to and contrast essay, Improved Intelligence Analysis ( local copy ), by apa paper margins Cooper, CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, Dec 2005 The Analytic Pathologies framework yields four insights that are crucial both to accurate diagnosis and to developing effective remedies. First, the framework enables analysts to identify individual analytic impediments and determine their sources. Second, it prompts analysts to detect the systemic pathologies that result from closely-coupled networks and to find the linkages among the Compare and contrast and oranges individual impediments. Third, it demonstrates that each of these networks, and thus each systemic pathology, usually spans multiple levels within the hierarchy of the essay Intelligence Community. Fourth, the framework highlights the need to treat both the systemic pathologies and the individual impediments by focusing effective remedial measures on Compare and oranges the right target and at the appropriate level.

Thinking and Writing: Cognitive Science and Intelligence Analysis ( local copy ), by Sinclair, CIA Center for the Study of Creative homework assignment weekly, Intelligence, Feb 2010 revision of 1984 monograph We are, in fact, better at generating problems than at solving them. Rarely can we say unequivocally that we have solved a problem, particularly if it is a hard one. Rather we keep plugging away at it heuristically. Often enough we manage to satisfice—to achieve a “best-possible” solution so that we can take up something else. The problem has not gone away and we do not really delude ourselves that it has. But being realists (i.e., heuristic individuals to the core), we accept the results and live with them—recognizing that sometime we may find ourselves returning to the problem once more. As I have noted, this is Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos, a sloppy way of doing business, but we sell ourselves short if we do not acknowledge its strengths. Help Writing My Essay Trouble! It deals as well as anything yet developed with the fact, to use Jerome Bruner’s words, that our “ability to Compare and oranges lagos, deal with knowledge is hugely exceeded by the potential knowledge contained in man’s environment.”

A Mini-Guide for Teaching Critical Thinking, by Bean and Markham, Ira C. Eaker College for Professional Development (ECPD), 2008 This guide is designed to provide general information, strategies and a step-by-step process on Critical Thinking, two lesson plans which can be helpful in effectively teaching Critical Thinking, a case study which lends itself to thinking critically to come to a desirable resolution, and lastly, some recommended reading resources for providing a foundation to and assisting instructors in the classroom and entrance with student consultation. A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis ( local copy ), posted by CIA, March 2009 This primer highlights structured analytic techniques—some widely used in the private sector and academia, some unique to the intelligence profession. It is not a comprehensive overview of how intelligence officers conduct analysis. Rather, the primer highlights how structured analytic techniques can help one challenge judgments, identify mental mindsets, stimulate creativity, and manage uncertainty. And Contrast! In short, incorporating regular use of techniques such as these can enable one to structure thinking for articles, wrestling with difficult questions. CIA Compendium of Analytic Tradecraft Notes ( local copy ) - CIA has made this edition [1995] of the compendium available to and contrast apples, the public to help shed light on how the Essay my Directorate of Intelligence meets the daily challenges of providing timely, accurate, and rigorous analysis to Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges, intelligence consumers Critical Thinking: Plugging (or Moving) a Hole in Our Swiss Cheese ( local copy ), by help Johns, Assistant U.S. Attorney, 2009 Relying largely on the military’s design, testing and Compare and contrast essay implementation, this paper proposes Critical Thinking (CT) training to augment current Recognition Primed Decisionmaking training (RPD).

CT training reduces normal human decision error in individual and group processes. Individual CT can reduce or, in apa paper, a specific case, close a hole in the Swiss Cheese model. In a group, CT can also move the hole out of alignment. Combining CT training with Decision Support System improvements has reduced decision error in the military as shown by tests with active duty warfighters in battlefield simulations. Critical Reasoning for Compare essay apples lagos, Beginners, by the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford - videos, audios, and I need have slides (can play the audio while viewing the slides, and avoid downloading 600+ Mb videos) In this six-week course delivered by Marianne Talbot, you will learn all about arguments, how to identify and Compare lagos evaluate them, and how not to mistake bad arguments for good. Critical Thinking - tools to margins, test/measure The Critical Thinking Rubric, Critical Thinking Project, Washington State University - assesses skill at each step of the problem solving process, including ability of and oranges lagos, individual to identify and consider influence by homework assignment weekly the context of the issue Seven dimensions to Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos, be assessed: Identifies and summarizes the problem/question at issue (and/or the source's position). Identifies and Creative weekly presents the STUDENT'S OWN hypothesis, perspective and position as it is apples, important to the analysis of the issue. Identifies and considers OTHER salient perspectives and Comparison help positions that are important to and contrast essay lagos, the analysis. Identifies and I need help writing have trouble assesses the key assumptions . Identifies and assesses the quality of and contrast essay apples lagos, supporting data/evidence and provides additional data/evidence related to the issue. Identifies and considers the influence of the context on the issue. [they list some sample contexts to consider] Identifies and assesses conclusions, implications and consequences . I Need Help! Holistic Critical Thinking Scoring Rubric, by Facione and and contrast apples Facione California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) Test of Every Day Reasoning (TER) CRITO ( local copy ), a step-by-step method for creating a critical analysis essay, courtesy of Dr.

David K. Johnson, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts C - State a C onclusion or claim R - State R easons or evidence meant to convince the reader . I - Test the I nference, or argument T - Test the T ruth of the R O - Construct the strongest imaginable O bjections, and respond to them. Active Learning Strategies to Promote Critical Thinking, by Walker, William Paterson University - a good summary of educational references regarding critical thinking. CriticalThinking.org - with 35 Dimensions of Critical Thought, GOOD series of homework weekly, short articles on affective and cognitive strategies, incl such items as listening critically. Evaluating Critical Thinking Skills ( local copy ), from U.S. Naval Academy's Center for Teaching and Learning -- criteria-based evaluation guide. Manual of Job-Related Thinking Skills ( local copy ), Department of Homeland Security - including deductive reasoning, reasoning with sets, inductive reasoning about real-world events, and statistical reasoning - includes quizzes throughout. How Critical Thinking Shapes the Military Decision Making Process ( local copy ), by Usry, Naval War College, 2004 A lack of Combatant Commander (COCOM) critical thinking in the Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) is and contrast and oranges, a causal factor in military failure at the operational level. However, critical thinking can improve the MDMP of the help writing trouble COCOM.

This paper analyzes the and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos effects of Comparison help, critical thinking on the combatant commander’s decision making process by: defining critical thinking; illustrating its impact on intuitive and analytical decisions; demonstrating barriers to critical thinking and proposing practical ways to use critical thinking in the MDMP. Army officers are increasingly required to operate in situations they have not previously encountered and for which they have not been trained. Compare Essay And Oranges Lagos! In these situations, the I need have trouble ability to critically think through a problem, rather than apply previously learned solutions and procedures, is crucial to Army success. This effort began in 2000, with the development of a theoretical model of critical thinking and the identification of eight high pay-off critical thinking skills for Army Battle Command. Critical Thinking Training for Army Schoolhouse and Distance Learning ( local copy ), ARI Newsletter, August 2003 - High Pay-off Skills to Compare and contrast and oranges lagos, deal with the uncertain - includes a diagram of Conceptual Model of Critical Thinking and expansion on apa paper the following High Pay-off Critical Thinking Skills for Army Battle Command Seek a clear statement of the and contrast essay apples lagos problem. Recognize main point in Expert homework phone number, a message. Visualize plans to see if they achieve goals. Construct a plausible story that ties all incidents together. Essay Apples Lagos! (. uncovering relationships, exploring alternative explanations of the information and keeping an open mind to detecting patterns) Recognize fallibility and for college my bias in Compare essay, own opinion. Homework Help! Generalize from specific instances to and contrast apples and oranges, broader classes. Adopt multiple perspectives in Creative homework, interpreting events.

Determine when to seek more information. A Three-Part Theory of Critical Thinking: Dialogue, Mental Models, and Reliability ( local copy ) This chapter can only scratch the and oranges surface in trying to respond to these challenges. It is a very brief abridgment of Cohen, Salas, Riedel (2001), which provides more depth and detail, but is still only I need writing my essay, a start. The research had two main goals: First, to draw a map that links disparate regions of the critical thinking field, and second, to use the map to navigate toward a more insightful theory of and oranges lagos, critical thinking, which will support the development more effective methods for improving it in phone, Army battlefield command teams. The essence of our theory is that critical thinking skill is exemplified by asking questions about alternative possibilities in Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos, order to achieve some objective . Asking and Expert phone answering questions is a skill of dialogue . Compare Essay Lagos! Alternative possibilities are represented by Writing apa paper mental models . A process of questioning mental models is adopted because of its reliability for achieving the purposes of the participants within the available time. Adaptive Thinking Training For Tactical Leaders ( local copy ), by Lussier and Shadrick, U.S. Army Research Institute, 2004 ARI newsletters Training Small Unit Leader Adaptive Thinking Skills: Lessons Learned from essay, Combat Training Center Exercises ( local copy ) Common Thinking and Judgment Problems Observed in homework assignment, Small Unit Leaders Difficulty reacting to novel situations – unable or slow to “think on your feet” Overly reactive. Difficulty in thinking like the Compare and oranges lagos enemy Focused on making quick decisions before fully analyzing the situation Inadequate monitoring of the situation or responding to cues in the environment Difficulty translating orders from higher echelons into actions Tunnel vision Overly focused on Writing apa paper distracters; not on the big picture Difficulty shifting roles (e.g., combat to mediation within the same mission) Limited cultural awareness and necessary communication skills (specifically in dealing with civilians) Critical Thinking as Dialogue: a New Approach to Training Critical Thinking ( local copy ), ARI Newsletter, October 2004 (whole issue (3 Mb)) Critical Thinking Training for Compare and oranges, Army Schoolhouse and Distance Learning ( local copy ), ARI Newsletter, August 2003 - High Pay-off Skills to Expert help phone number, deal with the uncertain - includes a diagram of Conceptual Model of Compare essay apples and oranges lagos, Critical Thinking and expansion on the High Pay-off Critical Thinking Skills for Army Battle Command Training Adaptive Leaders ( local copy ), ARI Newsletter, May 2003 - train a performance - a thinking performance - using the Think Like a Commander vignettes to improve ability to identify critical information Tacit Knowledge for Military Leadership ( local copy ), ARI Newsletter, Spring 2001 - Tacit knowledge scores, a better predictor of homework, leadership effectiveness Training Critical Thinking Skills for Battle Command: How to Think, Not What to Think ( local copy ), ARI Newsletter, Spring 2001 - Improve critical thinking to improve battle command tactical performance Training and Assessment of and contrast essay, Decision-Making Skills in Virtual Environments ( local copy ), ARI Newsletter, Spring 2001 - This research showed a linkage between decision-making and essay help situation awareness

James Garrett Shaylyn Romney Garrett - Teaching Critical Thinking in and contrast apples lagos, the Middle East, a TEDxDeadSea (independently organized TED event) video They are committed educators whose work in Jordan has focused on promoting critical and Creative assignment weekly creative thinking. Their curriculum, called “Brain Camp,” is an educational intervention that focuses on building eight critical thinking skills with the aim of equipping the rising generation of Jordanians to become creative and effective problem solvers. Center for Critical Thinking, aka Critical Thinking Community includes a library of short articles ranging from Socratic teaching to assessing thinking skills Other resources include the Compare and contrast apples and oranges following Valuable Intellectual Traits. Rudyard Kipling, from The Elephant's Child in Just So Stories I keep six honest serving-men. (They taught me all I knew); Their names are What and Why and When. And How and help number Where and Who. [ed. - answering those six questions is often a good place to Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos, begin - and why is usually the one that pushes your writing past the knowledge level and demonstrates/reveals your insights]

Occam's Razor, published 1328 (also spelled Ockham) also known as the Law of Parsimony or Principle of homework weekly, Economy or Principle of Simplicity Principle from William of Occam (logician and and contrast apples lagos Franciscan friar, c. 1285-1350 or 1280-1349) -- stating that given multiple theories to explain a set of observations the simplest explanation is to be preferred Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate or non sunt multiplicanda entia praeter necessitatem - Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily. Never multiply explanations or make them more complicated than necessary. An explanation should be as simple and direct as possible Einstein's version -- make things as simple as possible - but no simpler modern variation -- Keep It Simple Stupid (KISS) Sherlock Holmes I have already explained to you that what is out of the common is usually a guide rather than a hindrance. In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backward. That is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practise it much. In the everyday affairs of life it is homework assignment weekly, more useful to reason forward, and so the other comes to be neglected.

There are fifty who can reason synthetically for one who can reason analytically. [in A Study in Scarlet , 1887] How often have I said to Compare and contrast essay apples, you that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable , must be the truth? [in The Sign of Four , 1890] That process, said I, starts upon the supposition that when you have eliminated all which is impossible, then whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth. It may well be that several explanations remain, in which case one tries test after test until one or other of I need help have, them has a convincing amount of and contrast apples and oranges lagos, support. Apa Paper! [in The Case Book of Sherlock Holmes , 1927] It is essay, a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts. [in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , 1892, A Scandal in Bohemia] I ought to know by this time that when a fact appears to Writing apa paper, be opposed to a long train of deductions, it invariably proves to and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos, be capable of writing my essay have, bearing some other interpretation. [in A Study in Scarlet , 1887] Data! Data!

Data! he cried impatiently. I can't make bricks without clay. [in The Adventure of the Copper Beeches , 1892] Maria Konnikova - The Scientific Method of the Mind - an RSA video Maria Konnikova reveals how Sherlock Holmes can teach us to and contrast and oranges lagos, optimise not only Creative assignment, our own everyday existence, but our broader contributions to society and the lives of and contrast and oranges, those around us. Improving Leadership through Better Decision Making: Fostering Critical Thinking, an Air University research paper Appendix A discusses the I need help have Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal - which is composed of a series of five tests inference test - gauges ones’ ability to discern the degree of Compare and contrast apples and oranges, truth or falsity of inferences drawn from the data that you are given recognition of assumptions test - samples the Essay entrance my ability to Compare and contrast apples lagos, recognize unstated assumptions in statements deduction test - samples the ability to reason properly when given a statement of premise; to recognize the entrance relation of implication between propositions interpretation test - samples the ability to weigh evidence and make valid generalizations evaluation of and contrast essay apples, arguments test - samples the ability to distinguish strong and relevant arguments from ones which are weak or irrelevant Critical Thinking I, lesson plan at SAMS, Leavenworth ( local copy ) Critical Thinking II, lesson plan at SAMS, Leavenworth ( local copy ) Logic Tutor, by Green - FREE online tutorial system on logic. Think Critically about What You Find on the Web Evaluating Internet Resources, by U. Creative Weekly! Albany Libraries Thinking Critically about apples and oranges lagos Web Resources, from UCLA Library ICYouSee Guide to my essay have, Critical Thinking About What You See on the Web, from Compare apples, Ithaca College Library Testing the Surf: Criteria for essay, Evaluating Internet Information Resources, by Alastair Smith, posted by U. of Houston Markham Nolan: How to and contrast essay lagos, separate fact and fiction online, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to watch it on YouTube if the essay help TED.com version won't run on your computer) By the apples end of this talk, there will be 864 more hours of video on presentation YouTube and 2.5 million more photos on Facebook and Instagram. So how do we sort through the and oranges deluge?

At the TEDSalon in London, Markham Nolan shares the investigative techniques he and his team use to verify information in real-time, to help my essay have trouble, let you know if that Statue of Liberty image has been doctored or if that video leaked from Syria is and contrast apples, legitimate. Science and Reason You want to have a mind that’s open enough to accept radical new ideas, but not so open that your brains fall out. — Michael Shermer, editor of Skeptic Magazine. Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the help trouble degree of understanding that has been reached. — Werner Karl Heisenberg. This was the pivotal insight of the Scientific Revolution: that the Compare and contrast essay lagos advancement of knowledge depends on current theories collapsing in the face of my, new insights and discoveries.

In this model of progress, errors do no lead us away from the truth. And Contrast Essay Apples! Instead they edge us incrementally toward it. — Kathryn Schulz, Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error. How Science Works ( local copy ), by Goodstein, in Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, Second Edition , Federal Judicial Center, 2000 - compares Francis Bacon’s Scientific Method, Karl Popper’s Falsification Theory, Thomas Kuhn’s Paradigm Shifts, and Expert help phone more. Steps of the scientific method (from CDC site) Name the problem or question Form an educated guess (hypothesis) of the cause of the problem and Compare and contrast apples lagos make predictions based upon help trouble the hypothesis Test your hypothesis by doing an Compare and oranges lagos experiment or study (with proper controls) Check and interpret your results Report your results to the scientific community. Baloney Detection Kit, by Michael Shermer, editor of Skeptic Magazine ten questions for assessing believability. Scientific Method Man, article in Wired , Sep 2004 - discussing verifier approach to problem solution, as used by Gordon Rugg With the verifier approach, Rugg begins by asking experts to essay, draw a mental map of their field.

From there, he stitches together many maps to form an atlas of the universe of knowledge on and contrast and oranges the subject. You look for an area of overlap that doesn't contain much detail, he says. If it turns out Essay entrance my there's an adjoining area which everyone thinks is someone else's territory, then that's a potential gap. His approach is built on the observation, noted as far back as the 1970s, that experts tend to cut to the chase. In their zeal to get to an answer, they make many little mistakes. Compare And Contrast Apples! (A recent study of work published in Nature and British Medical Journal , for example, found that 11 percent of papers had serious statistical errors.) Experts unknowingly fudge logic to square data with their hypotheses. Powerpoint Presentation Website! Or they develop blind spots after years of working in isolation. They lose their ability to take a broader view. If all this is true, he says, think of how much big science is based on and contrast apples flawed intuition. The verifier method boils down to seven steps: 1) amass knowledge of a discipline through interviews and reading; 2) determine whether critical expertise has yet to be applied in the field; 3) look for bias and help phone mistakenly held assumptions in the research; 4) analyze jargon to uncover differing definitions of key terms; 5) check for classic mistakes using human-error tools; 6) follow the errors as they ripple through underlying assumptions; 7) suggest new avenues for research that emerge from steps one through six.

For more AFSO21 guidance/handbooks/tools/reference/etc. And Contrast Essay! go to the AF Portal and do a search for AFSO21. AFSO21 adopts 8-step problem solving model, by presentation articles Todd, 14th Flying Training Wing Commander's Action Group, 10 Mar 2008 Air Force Smart Operations for the 21st Century, or AFSO21, has adopted a new 8-Step Problem Solving Model to achieve continuous process improvement. Compare And Contrast Essay! This model is based on the OODA Loop and will make it easier for Air Force members to eliminate waste in the workplace. Air Force Smart Operations for the 21st Century - Playbook, May 2008 - over 300 pages of tools for improvement, including the 8-step problem solving process The eight steps are expanded starting on page B-1 (pdf page 15) (1) Clarify and Expert homework number Validate the and contrast and oranges lagos Problem (Observe) (2) Break Down the Problem and Identify Performance Gaps (Observe) (3) Set Improvement Targets (Orient) (4) Determine Root Causes (Orient) (5) Develop Countermeasures (Decide) (6) See Countermeasures Through (Act) (7) Confirm Results and Process (Act) USAF 8-Step Problem Solving Process template (AFD-090716-101.pdf) with expanded sub-steps and reference to additional tools. Process and Design Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. A designer knows he has achieved perfection not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.

— Antoine de Saint-Exupry. Performance Improvement Guide (PIG), US Coast Guard ( local copy ) The PIG is an presentation articles idea source of tools, processes, and models. Organizational Performance Consultants (OPCs) and the latest Commandant’s Performance Excellence Criteria (CPEC) Guidebook are also valuable leadership and management resources. Design: Thinking not Process, by McCauley, Small Wars Journal , 15 Oct 2011 Senior officers capable of critical and and contrast essay apples lagos creative thinking are needed more than ever to plan and conduct operations in strategic and operational environments that offer ever-changing uncertainties in increasingly complex conditions. Officers who have a broad body of knowledge gained through experience and extensive study and capable of identifying and evaluating potential military response options within the context of a grand strategy are necessary to achieve the goals of the nation.

The development of such officers requires a shift in Expert phone, their extensive focus from the operational and tactical environments to the strategic environment. This is a tremendous undertaking given that by far one spends the majority of one‘s career at those lower levels of war and promotion to senior ranks relies upon excellence in tactical thinking and execution. The aim of the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Compare and contrast essay apples, Staff, is to Creative weekly, educate strategically minded officers with the ability to view military affairs in the broadest context. This essay posits that integrating design as a process within JOPP is Compare and contrast lagos, a shortsighted attempt to legislate thinking whereas the more appropriate option would be to develop officers capable of design thinking. To develop senior officers who possess the requisite worldview, critical and Comparison help creative thinking must underpin the concept of design. Senior officers must understand the role constraints play within design and how the strategic environment is affected. Two accepted approaches in design thinking, analysis/synthesis and conjecture/analysis, could provide senior officers with the unique perspectives necessary for planning at all levels of war. Essay Apples! In addition, the Expert help unique skills that specific personality types possess that make strategic-thinking and design thinking more inherently natural must be recognized and and contrast and oranges promoted.

Strategically minded thinkers possess the ability to think critically and creatively. Powerpoint Presentation! To think critically, one needs the ability to and contrast, break concepts or objects into simpler parts and understand the relationship and organization of the parts relative to the whole. To think creatively, one needs the ability to rearrange the components or ideas into a new whole; in other words, to produce something through imaginative skill. I Need Help Writing My Essay Have! Although some critical and creative thinkers are naturally gifted, given enough time almost anyone can develop these necessary skills. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges Lagos! Unfortunately, for the majority of senior military leaders, time is website, something that is not in vast supply. And Contrast And Oranges! In fact, given the relatively short duration of time that senior officers spend operating in the strategic environment and the even shorter periods they serve in I need help writing have trouble, any one position, it is a natural desire to attempt to Compare apples lagos, develop a checklist or shortcut that will guide these officers through the wicked problems rife within complex environments. The Master Planner interview in the August 2010 issue of Wired Magazine with Fred Brooks, author of The Mythical Man-Month [focused on writing computer code] and The Design of Design Great design does not come from great process; it comes from Powerpoint presentation website, great designers. The critical thing about the design process is to identify your scarcest resource. You have to make sure your whole team understands what scarce resource you're optimizing. Compare Apples And Oranges Lagos! You build a quick prototype and get it in front of users to see what they do with it.

You will always be surprised. Edwin Land, inventor of the writing Polaroid camera, once said that his method of design was to start with a vision of what you want and then, one by one, remove the technical obstacles until you have it. And Contrast Essay Apples! . I once argued that every member of a team should be able to Comparison essay help, see the and contrast essay apples code of apa paper margins, every other member, but it turns out Compare and contrast and oranges lagos that encapsulation works much better. Problem Solving The one common experience of all humanity is the challenge of Essay entrance my, problems. — R. Buckminster Fuller. I am enthusiastic over humanity's extraordinary and Compare and contrast essay and oranges sometimes very timely ingenuities. If you are in a shipwreck and all the boats are gone, a piano top buoyant enough to keep you afloat may come along and make a fortuitous life preserver.

This is not to say, though, that the help best way to Compare and oranges, design a life preserver is in the form of a piano top. I think we are clinging to a great many piano tops in accepting yesterday's fortuitous contrivings as constituting the only means for Expert homework help, solving a given problem. — R. Buckminster Fuller. If I had an hour to solve a problem and my life depended on and contrast apples lagos the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes. Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them. We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them. The biggest problem in the world could have been solved when it was small.

There is always an easy solution to every human problem—neat, plausible, and for college wrong. If a problem has no solution, it may not be a problem, but a fact - not to be solved, but to Compare lagos, be coped with over time. Problem-Based Learning: Instructor Characteristics, Competencies, and Professional Development ( local copy ), by Cianciolo et al, for U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI), Research Report 1936, Jan 2011 Preparing Soldiers to learn from Expert phone, problem-solving experiences requires that Army instructional practices become more responsive to individual student need, better attuned to operational requirements, and more representative of social learning contexts. To help instructors achieve this goal, the principles for essay apples lagos, facilitating problem-based learning must be investigated and their implications for professional development explicated. In this research, the apa paper margins instructor characteristics and competencies required to implement problem-based learning were explored. Compare And Contrast Apples Lagos! Techniques for instructor professional development in civilian and military contexts then were examined to Writing, identify best practices. Why We Can't Solve Big Problems, by Pontin, in MIT Technology Review , vol. Apples And Oranges! 115, no.

6 - Nov 2012 Since Apollo 17's flight in 1972, no humans have been back to phone number, the moon, or gone anywhere beyond low Earth orbit. Compare Apples Lagos! No one has traveled faster than the crew of for college entrance, Apollo 10. (Since the last flight of the supersonic Concorde in 2003, civilian travel has become slower.) Blithe optimism about Compare and oranges technology's powers has evaporated, too, as big problems that people had imagined technology would solve, such as hunger, poverty, malaria, climate change, cancer, and the diseases of old age, have come to seem intractably hard. It's not true that we can't solve big problems through technology; we can. We must. But all these elements must be present: political leaders and the public must care to solve a problem, our institutions must support its solution, it must really be a technological problem, and Creative homework weekly we must understand it. Storytelling as an Instructional Method: Definitions and and oranges lagos Research Questions ( local copy ), by Andrews et al, sponsored by AFRL, published in Powerpoint presentation, The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning , Fall 2009 - deals with problem-based instruction, scenario-based instruction, case-based instruction, and narrative-based instruction.

AFSO21 adopts 8-step problem solving model, by Todd, 14th Flying Training Wing Commander's Action Group, 10 Mar 2008 Air Force Smart Operations for the 21st Century, or AFSO21, has adopted a new 8-Step Problem Solving Model to achieve continuous process improvement. This model is based on Compare and contrast essay lagos the OODA Loop and will make it easier for Air Force members to Creative homework, eliminate waste in the workplace. see AFSO21 section for 8-step problem solving process and other tools. Process explained, narrative format, from handout at Compare and contrast essay and oranges Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) Six steps Objective finding Fact finding Problem finding Idea finding Solution finding Acceptance finding. Traditional Six-Step Problem Solving Process Identify and Select the Problem Analyze the Problem Generate Potential Solutions Select and Plan the Solution Implement the Solution Evaluate the Solution. Planning Primer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 23 pages -- includes discussion of problem-solving process ( local copy ) Planning Manual, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 321 pages -- includes discussion of problem-solving process ( local copy ) Six-Step Problem Solving Process, as used by Army Corps of Engineers Identifying problems and opportunities Inventorying and forecasting conditions Formulating alternative plans Evaluating alternative plans Comparing alternative plans Selecting a plan.

Techniques for Effective Decision Making, by Mind Tools Brainstorming - Generating Options Critical Path Analysis - Planning and Scheduling Complex Tasks Decision Trees - Powerful Quantitative Analysis of Decision Impact Force Field Analysis - Analysis of all Pressures For and Against Change PMI - A Powerful Enhancement to essay help, Pros and and contrast lagos Cons SWOT Analysis - Analysing your Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Wicked Problems Some problems are so complex that you have to Expert phone, be highly intelligent and well informed just to be undecided about them. — Laurence J. Peter. Battle Command: An Approach to Wickedness ( local copy ), by McHenry, School of apples and oranges lagos, Advanced Military Studies, May 2009 There are two broad approaches to addressing ill-structured problems. First, a problem-focused approach which prioritizes a robust knowledge of the environment from which the problem has emerged. Second, a solution-focused approach that emphasizes the power of proposing solutions as the vehicle to gain understanding of the ill-structured problem. By providing a robust explanation of ill-structured problems, it can then be shown that existing Army doctrine proves adequate to address and resolve complex operational problems. Command at the Edge of Chaos ( local copy ), by Comparison essay help Schwartz, Naval War College, 28 May 2007 Traditional hierarchical military staff organizations at the operational level of command remain suited for Compare and contrast essay, executing status quo and Creative homework assignment weekly slowly evolving military operations focused on simple problems. However, these same hierarchies are rendered ineffective when faced with complex or wicked problems—an increasingly common occurrence.

Replacing traditional staff structures with flat, self-organizing networks at the operational level of command and war will allow commanders to efficiently synchronize vast resources and more effectively attack rapidly evolving, complex and wicked problems. The cost to essay lagos, the commander is a requirement to cede control to the network while retaining command thereof. This paper looks at the limitations of Writing, hierarchical organizations, the advantages of leveraging self-organizing networks in Compare and contrast and oranges, a contemporary military context, and how such networks should be created and commanded. Finally, the paper provides recommendations to operational commanders concerning when and how to employ self-organizing networks within operational level staffs. How to Think : Wicked Problems, Reflections from Dr Jack, Combined Arms Center Blog, 11 Nov 2008 The term “wicked problems” was coined by Essay entrance my Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber in and oranges lagos, 1973 to describe problems in planning that defy analytical methods for solutions includes Rittle and Webber's 10 criteria for homework, defining a wicked problem - with a brief description of Compare and contrast and oranges lagos, each There are a number of key implications from the concept of “wicked problems.” One issue is that there must be constant framing and reframing of margins, a wicked problem to identify the second and third order effects of a plan or operation.

A great plan may be only treating a symptom and and contrast essay apples and oranges not the underlying causes of the Expert number problem – potentially making the situation worse. Apples! Constant reframing and assessment are necessary to identify this throughout planning and operations. Another issue with “wicked problems” is that there are frequently multiple problems and Comparison help issues within a problem set. And Contrast Apples Lagos! The tendency to identify a problem as a familiar and simple problem – looking for simple cause and effect relationship – may mask multiple problems and lead to wrong solutions. Wicked problem, entry in Wikipedia - includes descriptions of several strategies to cope witih wicked problems, and includes the following list of characteristics (from Ritchey, referring to Rittel and have trouble Webber) There is no definitive formulation of a wicked problem (defining wicked problems is itself a wicked problem).

Wicked problems have no stopping rule. Solutions to wicked problems are not true-or-false, but better or worse. There is no immediate and no ultimate test of and contrast essay and oranges lagos, a solution to a wicked problem. Every solution to Powerpoint articles, a wicked problem is a one-shot operation; because there is no opportunity to learn by trial and error, every attempt counts significantly. Wicked problems do not have an Compare and contrast and oranges lagos enumerable (or an exhaustively describable) set of Creative homework assignment, potential solutions, nor is there a well-described set of Compare and contrast essay apples, permissible operations that may be incorporated into the plan. Every wicked problem is essentially unique. Essay For College! Every wicked problem can be considered to be a symptom of another problem. The existence of a discrepancy representing a wicked problem can be explained in numerous ways. The choice of explanation determines the nature of the problem's resolution. The planner has no right to and contrast apples and oranges lagos, be wrong (planners are liable for the consequences of the actions they generate). Sandia research team studies best way to solve wicked problems ( local copy ), Sandia National Labs, 29 Nov 2007 Wicked problems are complex problems that change when you apply a solution.

What’s the best way to homework phone, solve a wicked problem — by working in a large group sharing ideas via the intranet or as individuals? That’s the question George S. Davidson and his research team at Sandia National Laboratories attempted to resolve this summer. . “We were amazed at the length and quality of the responses, both from the people working as a group and those working individually,” Dornburg says. “People were very engaged, often writing long, detailed responses.” She adds that what was most interesting is that the quality of ideas from the people responding as individuals was “significantly better across all three quality ratings.” Dornburg says the finding that individuals are more successful than groups in computer-mediated brainstorming suggests a time- and cost-saving potential for apples and oranges, companies. Generally, when electronic group brainstorming is compared to essay, face-to-face brainstorming, it is touted as having the advantages of shorter meetings, increased participation by remote team members, better documentation via electronic recording, and cash savings. But the Sandia research suggests that people working to solve problems on their own might involve less time and, thus less expenses, than electronic group brainstorming. While individuals working alone nominally faired better in this study, Davidson says, the research also indicates that group on-line brainstorming can be effective when ideas are needed from large numbers of people. Pakistan’s FATA – A Wicked Problem ( local copy ), by McMahon, U.S. Army War College, 17 Mar 2009 - explores a wicked problem through the lens of the 10 characteristics of a wicked problem (from Rittel and Webber) There is No Definitive Way to Frame a Wicked Problem. We Cannot Understand a Wicked Problem without Proposing a Solution. Wicked Problems Have No Stopping Rule. Solutions to Wicked Problems are not True-or-False, but Good-or-Bad.

There Is No Immediate and No Ultimate Test of and contrast and oranges lagos, a Solution to Powerpoint presentation, a Wicked Problem. Every solution to a Wicked Problem is Compare and contrast, a “One-Shot Operation.” Wicked Problems Do Not Have an Exhaustible Set of Definable Solutions. Creative Assignment! Every Wicked Problem is Essentially Unique. Every Wicked Problem is a Symptom of Compare essay and oranges, Another Problem. For College Entrance My! The Cause of a Wicked Problem can be Explained in Numerous Ways. What Are Wicked Problems? ( local copy ), from Ask the Academy at NASA Academy, 8 Feb 2006 What is a wicked problem? Conklin draws his definition from the work of the late urban planner Horst Rittel, who coined the term over Compare essay apples thirty years ago: You don't understand the problem until you have developed a solution.

Wicked problems have no stopping rule. You simply run out of time or money. Solutions to wicked problems are not right or wrong. They are better, worse, good enough, or not good enough. Essay Help! Every wicked problem is essentially unique and Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos novel. Every solution to a wicked problem is a one-shot operation. Wicked problems have no given alternative solutions. So where does that leave the project manager?

The short answer — what Conklin calls the Holy Grail of effective collaboration — lies in creating shared understanding about the problem, and shared commitment to the possible solutions. Decision Making and Analysis When you get to the fork in the road, take it. Short term thinking drives out long term strategy, every time. — Nobel Prize-winning economist Herbert Simon. See also tactical decision games contrasting intuitive and analytic approaches. See also combat leadership , including key historical decisions. U.S. Army War College Strategic Decision Making Paradigms: A Primer for Senior Leaders ( local copy ), by Allen and Coates and for college Woods, U.S. Army War College, 2010 Decision-making frameworks for policy levels are important for strategic leaders to appreciate how they can best influence decisions in their external environment. This article’s purpose is to present some models or frameworks for understanding how strategic leaders can make decisions as well as recognizing how to influence decisions that affect their organizations or institutions.

The following models presented in this article are drawn from the social psychology, organizational behavior, sociology, and and contrast essay apples lagos public administration literature. Models discussed: Rational Decision Making Model The Behavioral Model (Bounded Rationality) Bargaining Model Participative Decision Making Model Incremental Model Punctuated Equilibrium Theory Polis Model Garbage Can Model (Multiple or Three Streams Model) Strategic Decision Making Paradigms: A Primer for Senior Leaders ( local copy ), by Allen and Coates, U.S. Army War College, July 2009 'Strategic decisions entail “ill-structured,” “messy” or “wicked problems” that do not have quick, easy solutions.' How to Make a High-Stakes Decision, by Gallo, on Harvard Business Review Blog Network, 11 May 2011. 21st Century Small Unit Leaders: Developing the Ultimate Smart Power Weapon ( local copy ), by Gideons, paper at Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School (JAWS), 17 June 2011 Globalization and the information age have created an environment in homework help phone number, which small unit leaders have operational and strategic importance. The demands of the Irregular Warfare require small unit leaders within the General Purpose Forces to be more culturally aware; intellectually adaptable; seasoned in their decision-making requiring fundamental changes in and contrast essay apples lagos, the way they are educated, trained, and phone gain experience. This paper will first address how individuals make decisions by comparing and contrasting analytical and intuitive decision-making. Second, it will address the strengths and weaknesses in Compare essay apples and oranges, current training and educational paradigms via an analysis of the Systems Approach to Training. Third will be a proposal for homework weekly, the inclusion of new initiatives for developing small unit leader intuition and adaptability in Compare essay and oranges, IW.

Following this are recommendations for inculcating critical thinking and decision-making skills in small unit leaders by adopting methods of instruction found in Outcomes Based Training and Education and Adaptive Leaders Methodology as well as the Powerpoint website experiential based learning that immersive training environments provide. Maria Konnikova - The Scientific Method of the Mind - an RSA video Maria Konnikova reveals how Sherlock Holmes can teach us to optimise not only Compare and contrast essay, our own everyday existence, but our broader contributions to society and the lives of website, those around us. TED.com videos - most are 6-15 minutes Dan Gilbert: Why we make bad decisions - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Dan Gilbert presents research and data from his exploration of happiness -- sharing some surprising tests and experiments that you can also try on yourself. Watch through to and contrast lagos, the end for a sparkling QA with some familiar TED faces. Tim Harford: Trial, error and the God complex - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Economics writer Tim Harford studies complex systems -- and finds a surprising link among the successful ones: they were built through trial and error. Expert Phone Number! In this sparkling talk from TEDGlobal 2011, he asks us to embrace our randomness and start making better mistakes. Margaret Heffernan: Dare to disagree - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Most people instinctively avoid conflict, but as Margaret Heffernan shows us, good disagreement is central to progress. She illustrates (sometimes counterintuitively) how the best partners aren’t echo chambers -- and how great research teams, relationships and businesses allow people to deeply disagree.

The former CEO of five businesses, Margaret Heffernan explores the all-too-human thought patterns -- like conflict avoidance and selective blindness -- that lead managers and organizations astray. Sheena Iyengar on the art of choosing - a TED talk (you may need to essay lagos, watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Sheena Iyengar studies how we make choices -- and how we feel about the choices we make. Essay For College Entrance! At TEDGlobal, she talks about both trivial choices (Coke v. Pepsi) and profound ones, and shares her groundbreaking research that has uncovered some surprising attitudes about our decisions. Kathryn Schulz: On being wrong - a TED talk (you may need to Compare apples and oranges lagos, watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Most of us will do anything to avoid being wrong. But what if we're wrong about that? Wrongologist Kathryn Schulz makes a compelling case for not just admitting but embracing our fallibility. Malcolm Gladwell on Powerpoint presentation articles What we can learn from spaghetti sauce - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Tipping Point author Malcolm Gladwell gets inside the food industry's pursuit of the essay apples lagos perfect spaghetti sauce -- and makes a larger argument about the nature of choice and happiness. Noreena Hertz: How to use experts - and when not to - a TED talk (you may need to Essay entrance, watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) We make important decisions every day -- and Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges we often rely on experts to help, help us decide. But, says economist Noreena Hertz, relying too much on experts can be limiting and even dangerous.

She calls for Compare essay apples and oranges, us to start democratizing expertise -- to listen not only to surgeons and CEOs, but also to Powerpoint website, shop staff. Barry Schwartz on the paradox of Compare and contrast, choice - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Psychologist Barry Schwartz takes aim at a central tenet of western societies: freedom of choice. Writing Apa Paper Margins! In Schwartz's estimation, choice has made us not freer but more paralyzed, not happier but more dissatisfied. Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on Compare apples and oranges lagos YouTube if TED videos are blocked) In an intimate talk, Barry Schwartz dives into assignment weekly the question How do we do the Compare lagos right thing? With help from collaborator Kenneth Sharpe, he shares stories that illustrate the Powerpoint difference between following the rules and Compare essay truly choosing wisely. Eric Berlow: How complexity leads to simplicity - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Ecologist Eric Berlow doesn't feel overwhelmed when faced with complex systems. He knows that more information can lead to a better, simpler solution. Illustrating the Expert homework phone number tips and tricks for breaking down big issues, he distills an overwhelming infographic on U.S. strategy in Afghanistan to Compare lagos, a few elementary points. George Whitesides: Toward a science of simplicity - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Simplicity: We know it when we see it -- but what is Writing, it, exactly?

In this funny, philosophical talk, George Whitesides chisels out an answer. Lagos! James Geary, metaphorically speaking - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Aphorism enthusiast and author James Geary waxes on a fascinating fixture of human language: the Powerpoint presentation articles metaphor. Friend of scribes from Aristotle to Elvis, metaphor can subtly influence the decisions we make, Geary says. Dan Ariely asks, Are we in control of and contrast essay apples, our own decisions? - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Behavioral economist Dan Ariely, the entrance my author of Predictably Irrational, uses classic visual illusions and his own counterintuitive (and sometimes shocking) research findings to show how we're not as rational as we think when we make decisions. Dan Ariely: Beware conflicts of interest - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) In this short talk, psychologist Dan Ariely tells two personal stories that explore scientific conflict of interest: How the pursuit of knowledge and insight can be affected, consciously or not, by shortsighted personal goals.

When we're thinking about the Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos big questions, he reminds us, let's be aware of Expert phone, our all-too-human brains. Renata Saleci video on (the tyranny of) Choice In this RSAnimate, Professor Renata Salecl explores the paralysing anxiety and dissatisfaction surrounding limitless choice. Does the freedom to be the architects of essay apples and oranges lagos, our own lives actually hinder rather than help us? Does our preoccupation with choosing and consuming actually obstruct social change? Jonah Lehrer - The Decisive Moment, video of help my essay trouble, 30 min. lecture, plus 15 minutes QA, given at the RSA Jonah Lehrer draws on the latest tools of neuroscience to ask, how does the mind make decisions? And how can we make those decisions better?

Improving Analysis: Dealing with Information Processing Errors ( local copy ), by Compare and contrast essay apples Rodgers, Warfighter Interface Division, Cognitive Systems Branch, AFRL, Nov 2006 Although humans restrict information in assignment, a variety of ways, the essay apples focus here is on three specific forms that affect human information processing: (a) the tendency to see patterns where none exist, (b) the tendency to seek confirmatory evidence, and help writing my essay (c) the use of preconceived biases. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman presented three heuristics, i.e., factors or conditions that humans use to aid decisionmaking: representativeness, availability, and anchoring. They serve to simplify decisionmaking, making it more efficient; but use of these heuristics also can result in inaccurate decisions. Analysis Paralysis: A Case of Terminological Inexactitude ( local copy ), by Roberts, Defense ATL , Jan-Feb 2010 In the remainder of this article, I will examine three problematic conditions that are often attributed to analysis paralysis. These are depicted in the figure on the right as overlapping circles, symbolic of the fact that one condition can feed off of another. In the spirit of Churchill, I have also concocted somewhat grandiose but descriptive labels for the three conditions: Analysis Process Paralysis, Risk Uncertainty Paralysis, and Decision Precision Paralysis. Critical Thinking: Plugging (or Moving) a Hole in Compare apples and oranges lagos, Our Swiss Cheese ( local copy ), by Johns, Assistant U.S. For College Entrance! Attorney, 2009 Relying largely on the military’s design, testing and implementation, this paper proposes Critical Thinking (CT) training to augment current Recognition Primed Decisionmaking training (RPD). And Contrast Lagos! CT training reduces normal human decision error in for college, individual and Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges group processes. Individual CT can reduce or, in Expert help, a specific case, close a hole in the Swiss Cheese model.

In a group, CT can also move the hole out of alignment. Combining CT training with Decision Support System improvements has reduced decision error in the military as shown by tests with active duty warfighters in battlefield simulations. From Tactical Planning to Operational Design ( local copy ), by Davison, Military Review , Sep-Oct 2008 The three military decision-making models reflect a parallel progression in Compare apples lagos, the evolution of systems thinking. Initially, rational military decisionmaking supported solving well-structured problems such as those found in a mechanistic system. Decision-making primed by recognition subsequently evolved to address problems occurring in Writing margins, natural settings with which the decision-maker had experience.

An intuitive decision-making process then emerged to Compare essay and oranges lagos, cope with those situations for which decision-makers had no previous experience. Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) Model The Recogition-Primed Decision Model: an Alternative to Expert homework help, the MDMP for GWOT ( local copy ), by Bushey and Forsyth, in Field Artillery , Jan-Feb 2006 The Recogition-Primed Decision Model ( local copy ), by Ross et al, in Military Review , Jul-Aug 2004 Klein, S. Wolf, Laura G. And Contrast Essay And Oranges! Militellio, and Carolyn E.Zsambok show that skilled decisionmakers usually generate a good COA [course of action] on their first try. Homework Assignment! J.G. Johnson and M. Raab replicated this finding, extending it to Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges, show that when skilled decisionmakers abandon their initial COA in favor of a later one, the subsequent COA’s quality is significantly lower than the apa paper margins first one. Decision Making and Compare essay and oranges lagos the Levels of War ( local copy ), by Killion, in Military Review , Nov-Dec 2000 Recognition-Primed Decision Strategies: First-Year Interim Report ( local copy ), by Klein and Crandall, ARI Research Note 90-91, 1990. Heuristics and Biases in Military Decision Making ( local copy ), by homework weekly Williams, Military Review , Sep-Oct 2010 The Army values MDMP as the sanctioned approach for solving problems and essay apples lagos making decisions.

This stolid template is comforting; we are familiar with it. However, what do we do when our enemy does not conform to our assumptions embedded in the process? We discovered early in Iraq that our opponents fought differently than we expected. Margins! Fortunately, some have come to essay lagos, see the shortcomings of the classical MDMP process. It is illsuited for the analysis of I need have, problems exhibiting high volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. The Army’s nascent answer, called “Design,” looks promising. As outlined in essay lagos, the new version of FM 5-0, Operations Process, Chapter 3, Design is defined as “a methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe complex, ill-structured problems and develop approaches to solve them.” Instead of a universal process to solve all types of problems (MDMP), the Writing apa paper margins Design approach acknowledges that military commanders must first appreciate the situation and recognize that any solution will be unique. With Design, the most important task is Compare and contrast essay lagos, framing a problem and then reframing it when conditions change. In this article, we will survey three important heuristics to military decision making: availability, representativeness, and anchoring. When combining hindsight bias and retrievability biases, we potentially fail to guard against an event popularized euphemistically as a black swan . Instead of the usual striving toward a “best practices” methodology, which is also full of potential heuristic biases, reflective practice calls for “valuing the processes that challenge assimilative knowledge (i.e. Expert Phone! continuous truth seeking) and by embracing the inevitable conflict associated with truth seeking.”

Battle-Wise: Gaining Advantage in Networked Warfare ( local copy ), by Gompert et al, Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University, Jan 2005 Battle-Wise: Seeking Time-Information Superiority in Compare and contrast essay apples, Networked Warfare ( local copy ), by Gompert et al, Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University, July 2006 Chapter One - From Firepower to Comparison, Information Power to Brainpower Chapter Two - Cognitive Demands of Compare and contrast lagos, Networked Warfare Chapter Four - Defeating Networked Adversaries Chapter Five - Integrating Intuition and for college entrance my Reasoning in Action Chapter Six - From Networking Power to Cognitive Power. Net Assessment: A Practical Guide, by Bracken, in Parameters , Spring 2006 Net assessment is one of the principal frameworks for analyzing the national security strategy of the United States. It has been used by the Department of Defense for many years. Compare And Contrast Essay Apples And Oranges! Understanding net assessment—what it is and what it can do—is important for two reasons. My Essay! First, it has general application to many military issues.

Military planners always need to be on the lookout for approaches that can help them do their jobs better. Compare Apples Lagos! Net assessment should be in that tool kit. Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis, by for college Lempert, Popper, and Bankes; RAND report, 2003 A sophisticated reader ought to view with great skepticism the prospect of answering questions about the long-term future. Compare And Contrast Essay Apples And Oranges! The checkered history of predicting the future — from the Writing famous declarations that humans would never fly to the Limits to Growth study to Compare essay apples and oranges lagos, claims about the “New Economy” — has dissuaded policymakers from considering the effects of their decisions more than a few months or years ahead. However, today’s choices will significantly influence the course of the twenty-first century. New analytic methods, enabled by entrance modern computers, may transform our ability to reason systematically about the long term. This report reviews traditional methods of grappling with the morrow, from narratives to scenario analysis, which fail to address the multiplicity of plausible long-term futures. The authors demonstrate a quantitative approach to long-term policy analysis (LTPA). Robust decision methods enable decisionmakers to examine a vast range of plausible futures and design near-term, often adaptive, strategies to be robust across them. Reframing the question “What will the long-term future bring?” as “How can we choose actions today that will be consistent with our long-term interests?” these methods provide powerful analytic support to humans’ innate capacity for “what-if-ing.” Theory of Effectiveness Measurement ( local copy ), by Bullock, AFIT dissertation, Sep 2006 Effectiveness measures provide decision makers feedback on the impact of deliberate actions and affect critical issues such as allocation of scarce resources, as well as whether to maintain or change existing strategy.

Currently, however, there is no formal foundation for formulating effectiveness measures. This research presents a new framework for effectiveness measurement from essay and oranges, both a theoretical and practical view. . Finally, the pragmatic nature of the approach is illustrated by measuring the essay effectiveness of a notional, security force response strategy in Compare apples and oranges, a scenario involving a terrorist attack on Powerpoint presentation website a United States Air Force base. Cultural Differences Cultural Factors in Complex Decision Making, by Strohschneider, in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture , Center for and contrast, Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA, 2002 Decision Making in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures, by Gss, in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture , Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA, 2002. Custer in homework phone number, Cyberspace ( local copy ), by Gompert and Kugler, Defense Horizons number 51, Feb 2006 One of the consequences of the network revolution and corresponding distribution of authority is that many more persons up and down the ranks will be making combat decisions than compared to Compare and contrast lagos, the days of centralized command and control. Power is migrating from headquarters “to the edge.” Therefore, it is essential to articles, foster battle-wisdom not just for senior officers but also for the junior officers and noncommissioned officers leading units in the field. Gladwell, Malcolm. Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking . New York: Little, Brown, 2005 Book review of Gladwell's Blink ( local copy ), by Norton, in Naval War College Review , Winter 2006. Future Warfare and the Decline of Compare essay apples, Human Decisionmaking, by Adams, in Parameters , Winter 2001 In short, the military systems (including weapons) now on the horizon will be too fast, too small, too numerous, and will create an environment too complex for humans to direct.

Furthermore, the proliferation of information-based systems will produce a data overload that will make it difficult or impossible for humans to directly intervene in decisionmaking. This is not a consideration for the remote science-fiction future. Weapons and other military systems already under development will function at increasingly higher levels of complexity and responsibility--and increasingly without meaningful human intervention. Extending Naturalistic Decision Making to Complex Organizations: A Dynamic Model of Situated Cognition, by Shattuck and Miller, Naval Postgraduate School, 2006 Naturalistic decision making (NDM) has become established as a methodological and theoretical perspective. It describes how practitioners actually make decisions in complex domains. Homework Help Number! However, NDM theories tend to focus on the human agents in the system. We extend the NDM perspective to include the apples lagos technological agents in complex systems and introduce the dynamic model of situated cognition. A Literature Review of Analytical and Naturalistic Decision Making ( local copy ), by Zsambok, Beach, and Klein, for margins, Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, Dec 1992 - examines many decision models/strategies.

Experts, expertise, and experience ( local copy ), course module from and contrast apples, NOAA What do experts do so well that others don't? Recognize patterns Detect anomalies Keep the Writing apa paper margins big picture (situation awareness) Understand the way things work Observe opportunities, able to improvise Relate past, present, and future events Pick up on very subtle differences Address their own limitations What is an expert? Novice - Lives in the moment. Can’t recognize complex relationships. Produces limited options. Routine Expert - Great at and contrast essay apples lagos everyday stuff, strong procedural knowledge. Runs into trouble when problems are ill-structured or novel. Adaptive Expert - Has a deep comprehension of conceptual structure of the problem domain. 25 hours of my, well done simulations can achieve the Compare essay apples and oranges lagos same effect as 2 years of experience (or much more) NASA's ASK Talks with Dr. Gary Klein - use of Creative homework weekly, storytelling, even internally, to improve decision making and problem solving and development/use of expertise.

Military Decisionmaking Process (MDMP) Implications of Modern Decision Science for Military Decision-Support Systems, by Davis, Kulick, and Compare and contrast and oranges lagos Egner, RAND, 2005 Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP) ( local copy ), chapter 5 of FM 101-5 Staff Organization and essay Operations Is It Time to Abandon the Compare essay apples and oranges Military Decisionmaking Process ( local copy ), by McLamb, in Military Review , Mar-Apr 2002 US Army Decisionmaking: Past, Present, and Future ( local copy ), by Paparone, in Military Review , Jul-Aug 2001 How Critical Thinking Shapes the Creative homework Military Decision Making Process ( local copy ), by Usry, Naval War College, 2004 A lack of Combatant Commander (COCOM) critical thinking in the Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) is a causal factor in essay apples and oranges lagos, military failure at the operational level. However, critical thinking can improve the MDMP of the COCOM. This paper analyzes the effects of critical thinking on the combatant commander’s decision making process by: defining critical thinking; illustrating its impact on intuitive and analytical decisions; demonstrating barriers to critical thinking and proposing practical ways to use critical thinking in the MDMP. Descriptive Models of help phone number, Military Decision Making ( local copy ), by Klein et al, ARI Research Note 90-93, 1990. Combined Forces Command-Afghanistan Management Decision Model ( local copy ), DoD IG, July 2005 Considering the request for assistance and the proposed application of the MDM, the DoD IG Team created a “universal” model that can be used to Compare, assess the capability and capacity of any organization founded on democratic principles and Comparison help the “Rule of Law.” For the purposes of this model, the definition of “organization” includes the full spectrum of and oranges lagos, organizational structures—from a nation-state to any type of apa paper, government-, military-, or business-related entity.

Consequently, the DoD IG Team built the attached model and identified the Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges high-level elements common to most organizations that should be considered to establish a viable, stable, and apa paper selfsustaining institution. Essay Apples And Oranges! This document, therefore, includes the Management Decision Model, instructions on how to use the model, and a comprehensive description of the various elements embedded in the model’s architecture. Applying Dialectic to Acquisition Strategy ( local copy ), by Essay my Peeler, in Acquisition Review Quarterly , Spring 1997 - includes discussion of Compare, Kant's Hierarchy of Reason Hegel's Dialectic Karl Popper Simultaneous Antitheses. General Robert E. Creative Homework! Lee and Modern Decision Theory, by Gilster, in AU Review , Mar-Apr 1972, including discussion of battle of Chancellorsville, and brief discussion of Lanchester Equations Bayes’ Theorem Von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility Theorem. Decision Sciences Institute (DSI), multidisciplinary international association dedicated to advancing knowledge and improving instruction in all business and related disciplines. Are You a Good Decision Maker? ( local copy ), from SBA -- includes Ten Steps to Wise Decision-Making and Common Decision-Making Mistakes The Human Side of Decision Making ( local copy ), from FAA -- brief examination of the human traits that interfere with decision-making.

Ladder of Inference ( local copy ), from NIH - a model that describes an individual's mental process of observing situations, drawing conclusions and taking action War in the Pits: Marine-Futures Traders Wargame ( local copy ), NDU Strategic Forum 61, by West Marine generals and colonels vs futures traders in decisionmaking wargame The traders' OODA loop, executed at much higher speed, is ISAA: Information, Sort by Priority, Act, Assess Virtual Stress ( local copy ), in and contrast apples lagos, Marines Online , senior Marines vs futures traders in decision making wargame. The Collapse of Decisionmaking and Organizational Structure on Storm King Mountain ( local copy ), by Putnam, USDA Forest Service, 1995 Numerous studies show no matter how many factors are important, the human mind normally can handle only about seven factors (e.g., seven-digit telephone numbers). People are not always aware of which factors dominate their decision process. Although we say “safety first,” this doesn’t mean it’s necessarily first in actual decisions. Also, people are seldom aware of the few factors they actually are processing so tend to be overconfident in their decisionmaking ability. Studies also show that our linear thinking tends to underestimate hazards, particularly if the Creative homework assignment hazard is increasing at Compare and contrast apples lagos a logarithmic or exponential rate as can happen on the fireline.

An example would be estimating rates of fire spread. A computer would give the better decision in a heartbeat. People would tend to entrance my, underestimate the rate of spread and have difficulty deciding on an appropriate course of and oranges, action. Apa Paper! And so it is important to understand the limits of how we process information and common types of errors that can occur. Revisiting the Abilene Paradox - Is Management of and contrast lagos, Agreement Still an Issue?, by Deiss - brief discussion of the mismanagement of agreement, where nobody in a group wants to do an activity, but the group does it because each member thinks all the others want to do it.

Intuition: an Imperative of Command ( local copy ), by Comparison essay help Rogers, in Military Review - examines relevance of intuition to decision making in the context of Compare essay, warfighting on the modern battlefield. Decisionmaking Theory ( local copy ), Marine Corps Doctrine Publication 6 the Powerpoint presentation articles intuitive approach is more appropriate for the vast majority of essay, typical tactical or operational decisions-decisions made in help trouble, the fluid, rapidly changing conditions of war when time and uncertainty are critical factors, and creativity is a desirable trait Note 18. And Contrast Lagos! Intuitive decisionmaking more appropriate for the vast majority of tactical/operational decisions: A 1989 study by Gary A. Expert! Klein (based on 1985 observations) estimated that decision makers in a variety of disciplines use intuitive methods 87 percent of the time and analytical methods 13 percent of the time. Evidence now suggests that this study was actually biased in favor of analysis . More recent studies estimate the breakdown at more nearly 95 percent intuitive to Compare essay apples and oranges, 5 percent analytical.

G. A. Klein, Recognition-Primed Decisions in William B. Rouse (ed.), Advances in Man-Machine System Research (Greenwich, CT: Jai Press, 1989); G. L. Kaempf, S. Wolf, M. L. Thordsen, and G. Klein, Decision Making in homework, the Aegis Combat Information Center (Fairborn, OH: Klein Associates, 1992); R. Compare And Contrast Essay And Oranges Lagos! Pascual and help S. Henderson, Evidence of Naturalistic Decision Making in and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos, Command and Control in C. Zsambok and G. Help! Klein (eds.), Naturalistic Decision Making , forthcoming publication (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates); Kathleen Louise Mosier, Decision Making in the Air Transport Flight Deck: Process and Product , unpublished dissertation (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1990). Decision Making Theory ( local copy ), Naval Doctrine Publication 6, Naval Command and Control The intuitive approach is clearly more appropriate for the fluid, rapidly changing environment of combat, when time and uncertainty are critical factors. Naturalistic Decision Making ( local copy ), an Compare and contrast and oranges lagos attempt to Powerpoint articles website, understand how humans actually make decisions in complex real-world settings, by Klein and Klinger, 4 pages, in Human Systems IAC Gateway , vol XI, nbr 3 -- article contrasts naturalistic with recognition-primed decision (RPD) model. A Framework for Compare and contrast essay lagos, Military Decision Making under Risks ( abstract ) ( full copy ), by Schultz, School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SAAS) - includes discussion of Eisenhower's decision regarding Operation Market Garden - see especially Chapter 2, Military Decision Making and Prospect Theory - Command Decisions, collection of essays on the key decisions by I need writing both sides in both theaters of WW II. Some Commercial Tools Influence Net Modeling tools from SAIC, combining subjective with objective Definitive Software, with tools re: scenarios, risk analysis, decision-making Decisioneering software, with tools for and contrast essay apples lagos, optimizing decisions in complex situations Reason!Able, software for organizing thoughts, analyzing arguments, and building decision skills Rationale ™ , argument mapping software. Decision-Making, by Kent, in AU Review , May-June 1971 - addressing the problems and use of Essay my, analysis More On Decision-Making, by Compare and contrast essay apples lagos Blythe, in AU Review , Jan-Feb 1972 - follow-on and response to above article. Gaming and Essay for college my Decision Theory Coevolution: Studying the Compare and contrast essay and oranges Dynamics of Competition, and Gauss: Scenario Translation ( local copy ), by McDonald, of SAIC, at I need writing have Project Albert International Workshop 5, posted by USMC Warfighting Lab - includes out-thinking, out-doing, reflexive control, OODA loop, recursive anticipation, co-adaptation, adaptive mental model, and more.

Game Theory.net, a resource for educators and students of and contrast lagos, game theory Stability Modeling and Game-Theoretic Considerations, Los Alamos National Labs ( local copy ) Decision-Theory for I need writing have trouble, Crisis Management, Final Report, ARPA ( local copy ) A Framework for Military Decision Making under Risks ( abstract ) ( full copy ), by Schultz, School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SAAS) -- see especially Chapter 2, Military Decision Making and Prospect Theory. Paradox of Choice Sheena Iyengar on the art of choosing - a TED talk (you may need to Compare and contrast and oranges lagos, watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Sheena Iyengar studies how we make choices -- and how we feel about the choices we make. At TEDGlobal, she talks about both trivial choices (Coke v. Pepsi) and I need my essay have profound ones, and shares her groundbreaking research that has uncovered some surprising attitudes about our decisions. Barry Schwartz on the paradox of Compare and contrast apples, choice - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on Writing YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Psychologist Barry Schwartz takes aim at a central tenet of western societies: freedom of choice. In Schwartz's estimation, choice has made us not freer but more paralyzed, not happier but more dissatisfied. Renata Salecl - The Paradox of Choice - an RSA video Fusing sociology, psychoanalysis and philosophy, Professor Renata Salecl shows that individual choice is rarely based on a simple rational decision with a predictable outcome. Baba Shiv: Sometimes it's good to give up the driver's seat - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Over the years, research has shown a counterintuitive fact about human nature: That sometimes, having too much choice makes us less happy. Compare Essay! This may even be true when it comes to medical treatment. Help! Baba Shiv shares a fascinating study that measures why choice opens the door to doubt, and suggests that ceding control -- especially on life-or-death decisions -- may be the best thing for Compare apples and oranges, us. Game Theory .net - a resource for educators and students of game theory - with online interactive materials, syllabi, etc. Courses at Sloan School of Writing apa paper margins, Management, available online as part of MIT OpenCourseWare Project - includes syllabi and course materials includes Game Theory for Managers.

Game Theory, from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Risk intelligence: How to live with uncertainty, RSA video by Evans Risk intelligence expert Dylan Evans outlines a powerful form of thinking; one where the same intuition seen in Compare apples and oranges lagos, the best poker players can be effectively transferred to apa paper margins, business, politics and everyday life. Daniel Kahneman: The riddle of experience vs. memory - a TED talk (you may need to apples and oranges lagos, watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Using examples from vacations to colonoscopies, Nobel laureate and founder of assignment, behavioral economics Daniel Kahneman reveals how our experiencing selves and our remembering selves perceive happiness differently. This new insight has profound implications for economics, public policy -- and Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos our own self-awareness. Widely regarded as the I need help writing my essay have world's most influential living psychologist, Daniel Kahneman won the and contrast essay and oranges lagos Nobel in Economics for his pioneering work in behavioral economics -- exploring the irrational ways we make decisions about risk. Decisionmaking Theory ( local copy ), Marine Corps Doctrine Publication 6 the intuitive approach is more appropriate for the vast majority of typical tactical or operational decisions-decisions made in website, the fluid, rapidly changing conditions of war when time and uncertainty are critical factors, and creativity is a desirable trait Improving CIA Analytic Performance: Strategic Warning ( local copy ), by Davis, occasional paper for CIA's Improving CIA Analytic Performance: Strategic Warning - includes discussion of Substantive Uncertainty and and oranges Strategic Warning and Analytic Tradecraft for Managing Substantive Uncertainty and Averting Strategic Surprise through Alternative Analysis

Expecting the Unexpected ( local copy ), by Frasqueri-Molina, in NASA's ASK magazine, issue 43, Summer 2011 - creating a mitigation plan to deal with unexpected risks The author developed a risk-mitigation plan to reestablish order from chaos. Remain calm. Essay! Halt the apples entire project or just the Writing apa paper affected work momentarily and let everyone take a break. Essay Lagos! Immediately gather the resolution team, which consists of the project manager and any of the people who can offer solutions; meet privately. Assess risk impact. Brainstorm solutions. Choose a solution. Obtain project sponsor approval.

Communicate the solution to the entire team, resume project, resolve risk. A Framework for Military Decision Making under Risks ( abstract ) ( full copy ), by Schultz, School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SAAS) - includes discussion of help, Eisenhower's decision regarding Operation Market Garden - see especially Chapter 2, Military Decision Making and Prospect Theory - Complex vs. Complicated Eric Berlow: Simplifying complexity - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Ecologist Eric Berlow doesn't feel overwhelmed when faced with complex systems. He knows that more information can lead to and contrast essay lagos, a better, simpler solution. Creative Assignment Weekly! Illustrating the tips and Compare apples and oranges lagos tricks for articles website, breaking down big issues, he distills an overwhelming infographic on U.S. strategy in Afghanistan to a few elementary points. Systemic Operational Design: Learning and Compare and contrast essay apples Adapting in Complex Missions ( local copy ), by Comparison essay de Czege, Military Review , Jan-Feb 2009 Nearly all missions this century will be complex, and the kind of Compare and contrast apples, thinking we have called “operational art” is often now required at battalion level. Fundamentally, operational art requires balancing design and planning while remaining open to learning and adapting quickly to for college entrance, change. Design is not a new idea. Command has always entailed responsibility for designing operations while penetrating complexity and framing problems that planners have to solve.

Individual ability to learn effectively, adapt rapidly and appropriately, and to solve problems has always been self-evidently valuable to Compare lagos, commanders. Yet, collectively, a command’s overall quality of design, learning, and adaptation is what determines results. Website! Military leaders may value individual creativity, critical thinking, continuous learning, and adaptability in their staffs and subordinate commanders, but individual traits do not necessarily add up to collective abilities needed for apples and oranges, the best outcomes. Complicated versus complex systems. Merely complicated systems are composed of numerous parts and structures, all logically separable from their environment. An example would be the system for deploying units on a time table for an operation like D-day. Such a schedule could be accurately analyzed in the abstract. Complex systems are made up of dynamic, interactive, and Writing adaptive elements that cannot be separated from essay apples and oranges, interaction with their environments.

The significant elements of complex systems are human beings and their relationships. An example would be the action-reaction interplay of the various actors in cooperation and contention on D-day. I Need Help Writing! Analysis could never predict the relationships that were the most important part of the flow of events. Where merely complicated systems require mostly deduction and analysis (formal logic of breaking into parts), complexity requires inductive and abductive reasoning for diagnostics and synthesis (the informal logic of making new wholes of parts). Because the elements of complex systems we care most about are human ones, making sense of relationships requires hypothetical synthesis in the form of maps or narratives. Such maps and narratives evolve as informal products that reflect a dimly perceived truth at a moment of understanding in time. To make the Compare and contrast lagos best sense of Powerpoint articles, human relationships, interactions, trends, and propensities, military commands have to Compare and contrast and oranges, adopt a habitually skeptical approach to Powerpoint articles website, such non-deductive conclusions. Such habituation implies a new intellectual culture that balances design and planning while evincing an appreciation for the dynamic flow of human factors and and contrast apples a bias toward perpetual learning and adapting. Adding to the Toolkit: Three Conceptual Tradeoffs ( local copy ), by Austin, SAMS paper, AY10 This monograph shows how understanding three conceptual tradeoffs of complex versus complicated, complexity at large-scale versus fine-scale, and Powerpoint presentation articles exploration of apples, potential problems versus exploitation of known solutions can help the homework weekly military practitioner better learn, anticipate and adapt to difficult problems.

It does so by defining the Compare and contrast essay apples three conceptual tradeoffs and then applying them to Operation Iraqi Freedom for the United States in 2003 and the Israeli incursion into Southern Lebanon by the Israeli Defense Forces in 2006. These difficult operations involved conventional, guerilla, counterinsurgency and irregular operations that provide two relevant examples to I need writing my essay have trouble, help the military practitioner better prepare for 21st century operations. Being a complicated or complex problem does not imply that one is easier or harder to manage than the Compare other. Comparison! They are just different. Complicated problems are problems that can be reduced and and contrast then reassembled into a whole based solely on their parts. Writing! They are understandable, controllable and more predictable than complex problems. Organizations do best with complicated problems when they focus on internal efficiency and optimization. Essay Apples! Complex problems are not as predictable due to Writing, interdependencies and feedback. Organizations that learn, evolve, and adapt with distributed command and Compare apples lagos control manage them best. Although the ends may be the same, the ways and essay help means to solve complex versus complicated problems are different. To help understand how organizations orient towards complex problems, the scientist William Ross Ashby created a useful concept called the Law of Requisite Variety.

It states that a problem can only be controlled if the variety of the controller matches the variety of the situation to be controlled. Put another way, the Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges complexity of a task must be matched by the complexity of a system trying to perform the task effectively. Much as hierarchically controlled organizations are able to focus on efficiency and optimization, the more distributed the command and control of an organization, the less efficient it becomes, despite its potential ability to Essay entrance my, manage more complexity. Compare Essay Apples Lagos! Hierarchical and distributed command and Comparison help control systems therefore involve important tradeoffs, each bringing its own unique strengths and weaknesses. TED videos Eric Berlow: Simplifying complexity - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Ecologist Eric Berlow doesn't feel overwhelmed when faced with complex systems. He knows that more information can lead to a better, simpler solution.

Illustrating the tips and and oranges tricks for breaking down big issues, he distills an overwhelming infographic on U.S. strategy in Afghanistan to a few elementary points. George Whitesides: Toward a science of simplicity - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on Powerpoint presentation website YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Simplicity: We know it when we see it -- but what is essay apples lagos, it, exactly? In this funny, philosophical talk, George Whitesides chisels out an answer. Tim Harford: Trial, error and Comparison essay the God complex - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Economics writer Tim Harford studies complex systems -- and finds a surprising link among the successful ones: they were built through trial and error. In this sparkling talk from TEDGlobal 2011, he asks us to embrace our randomness and start making better mistakes.

The Decision-Making Process for Compare and contrast apples lagos, Complex Situations in a Complex Environment, by articles Benner and Benner, First chapter in Compare and contrast lagos, Burstein, F. and Holsapple, C.W. Help Writing My Essay! (Eds). Handbook on Decision Support Systems. New York: Springer-Verlag (2008) While all decisions are a guess about the future, as complexity builds upon complexity decision-makers must increasingly rely on their intuition and judgment. This chapter explores the decision-making process for essay and oranges, complex situations in a complex environment (complex adaptive messes) in terms of: laying the groundwork for Essay for college, decision-making, understanding and exploring complex situations, discussing human additive factors, preparing for the decision process and mechanisms for influencing complex situations. Laying the groundwork introduces the concepts of emergence, the butterfly effect, the tipping point, feedback loops and power laws. Compare And Contrast Apples Lagos! Mechanisms for influencing complex situations include structural adaptation, boundary management, absorption, optimum complexity, simplification, sense and respond, amplification, and seeding. The authors forward that decision-makers may be able to construct a strategy that guides problem resolution through a sequence of decisions and actions leading toward an acceptable solution. Leading Complex Projects in the DoD ( local copy ), by Meier, in Powerpoint presentation articles, Defense AT L , May-June 2013 [AT L = Acquisition, Technology Logistics] There is a quote from Albert Einstein that is and contrast, very relevant to complex projects: “Any intelligent fool can make things bigger and for college my more complex. . It takes a touch of genius—and a lot of courage—to move in Compare essay lagos, the opposite Powerpoint presentation articles, direction.” In many cases, it is organizations, agencies, and senior committees that make projects bigger and Compare and contrast apples and oranges more complex than they need to assignment weekly, be. My hope is that this article will provide leaders of complex projects with the data and the courage to reduce complexity and deliver complex projects within scope, cost, and schedule. Leadership and Systems Thinking ( local copy ), by Reed, in Compare and oranges, Defense AT L , May-June 2006 [AT L = Acquisition, Technology Logistics] The Department of Defense is Creative homework, a large and complex social system with many interrelated parts. As with any system of this type, when changes are made to and oranges lagos, one part, many others are affected in a cascading and often unpredictable manner.

Thus, organizational decisions are fraught with second- and third-order effects that result in unintended consequences. “Fire and forget” approaches are rarely sufficient and are sometimes downright harmful. Essay For College Entrance My! Peter Senge submits, in The Fifth Discipline , that systems thinking provides just the type of discipline and Compare and contrast apples toolset needed to encourage the seeing of “interrelationships rather than things, for seeing patterns of change rather than static ‘snapshots.’” Senge argues that this shift of mind is necessary to deal with the complexities of dynamic social systems. Peirce, Pragmatism, and The Right Way of Thinking ( local copy ), by Campbell, Sandia National Labs, Aug 2011 Peirce is known as the founder of the philosophy of pragmatism and margins these lectures, given near the end of Compare lagos, his life, represent his mature thoughts on the philosophy. Peirce’s decomposition of thinking into abduction, deduction, and induction is writing, among the important points in the lectures. Adaptive Peircean Decision Aid Project Summary Assessments ( local copy ), by Senglaub, Sandia National Laboratories, Dec 2006 Abstract - This effort's objective was to identify and hybridize a suite of technologies enabling the Compare essay apples and oranges lagos development of predictive decision aids for use principally in combat environments but also in any complex information terrain.

The technologies required included formal concept analysis for knowledge representation and information operations, Peircean reasoning to assignment weekly, support hypothesis generation, Mill’s canons to begin defining information operators that support the first two technologies and co-evolutionary game theory to provide the environment / domain to assess predictions from the reasoning engines. The intended application domain is the IED problem because of its inherent evolutionary nature. While a fully functioning integrated algorithm was not achieved the hybridization and demonstration of the technologies was accomplished and demonstration of Compare and contrast apples lagos, utility provided for a number of ancillary queries. Figure 1 [on PDF page 5] shows a decision making paradigm The reasoning engine is based on C.S. Peirce’s model of scientific inquiry. This philosophical construct provides the foundation for Comparison essay help, how we as humans reason about situations new to us. This model consists of three reasoning capabilities; Abduction, deduction and and contrast apples induction. A crude way of looking at this suite of logic is abduction provides plausible hypotheses to explain an observation, deduction provides a basis for selecting from that set of hypotheses, and Comparison help induction is the means to validate the hypothesis selected. Bringing Intelligence About: Practitioners Reflect on Best Practices ( local copy ), ed. by Swenson, Joint Military Intelligence College, 2003 Reasoning: The ability to reason is Compare, what permits humans to website, process information and formulate explanations, to Compare apples and oranges, assign meaning to observed phenomena.

It is by reasoning that analysts transform information into Essay for college intelligence, in these three ways: 1. Induction: Inductive reasoning combines separate fragments of information, or specific answers to problems, to form general rules or conclusions. For example, using induction, a child learns to associate the Compare essay and oranges lagos color red with heat and heat with pain, and Writing apa paper then to generalize these associations to new situations. Rigorous induction depends upon demonstrating the validity of and contrast and oranges lagos, causal relationships between observed phenomena, not merely associating them with each other. Presentation Website! 2. Deduction: Deductive reasoning applies general rules to specific problems to and oranges, arrive at assignment conclusions. Analysts begin with a set of rules and use them as a basis for interpreting information. Apples And Oranges! For example, an analyst who follows the nuclear weapons program of a country might notice that a characteristic series of apa paper, events preceded the last nuclear weapons test. Essay Apples And Oranges! Upon seeing evidence that those same events are occurring again, the analyst might deduce that a second nuclear test is imminent. However, this conclusion would be made cautiously, since deduction works best in closed systems such as mathematics, making it of limited use in forecasting human behavior. 3. Abduction: Abductive reasoning describes the thought process that accompanies “insight” or intuition. Writing Apa Paper! When the information does not match that expected, the analyst asks “why?,” thereby generating novel hypotheses to explain given evidence that does not readily suggest a familiar explanation.

For example, given two shipping manifests, one showing oranges and lemons being shipped from and contrast apples, Venezuela to Powerpoint presentation articles website, Florida, and the other showing carnations being shipped from Delaware to Colombia, abductive reasoning is and contrast essay lagos, what enables the analyst to take an analytic leap and ask, “Why is citrus fruit being sent to the worldwide capital of citrus farming, while carnations are being sent to the world’s primary exporter of that product? What is Essay for college, really going on here?” Thus, abduction relies on the analyst’s preparation and experience to suggest possible explanations that must then be tested. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges Lagos! Abduction generates new research questions rather than solutions. Manual of Comparison, Job-Related Thinking Skills ( local copy ), Department of Homeland Security - including deductive reasoning, reasoning with sets, inductive reasoning about real-world events, and statistical reasoning - includes quizzes throughout. Statistics and Trace Evidence: The Tyranny of Compare and contrast apples lagos, Numbers ( local copy ), by Houck, in Essay for college entrance, Forensic Science Communications , FBI - discusses induction and deduction and their application in establishing evidence - see especially the essay lagos section How Do We Know All Ravens Are Black? quick definitions at an NIH site listing desired job skills Deductive Reasoning - Able to apply general rules to specific problems to come up with logical answers, including deciding whether an answer makes sense. Inductive Reasoning - Able to combine separate pieces of information, or specific answers to problems, to form general rules or conclusions. Essay For College! This includes coming up with a logical explanation for why seemingly unrelated events occur together.

Janusian Thinking and Acting ( local copy ), by Paparone and Crupi, in Military Review , Jan-Feb 2002 The authors maintain that the current U.S. approach to military operations-strategic, operational, and tactical-is too linear for today's contemporary operating environment. They argue that future warfighters must move beyond linear thought and action to a realm of thinking and acting that recognizes and accepts paired yet opposite and contrast essay, ideas and actions Instead of ruling out alternative hypotheses, Janusian thinking calls on us to embrace contradictions as naturally occurring phenomena. When we create insights for thinking and acting from the Janusian framework, we achieve remarkable explanatory power over the nature of homework assignment, human information processing. The seats of lagos, reason? An imaging study of I need have trouble, deductive and Compare apples and oranges lagos inductive reasoning, by essay help Goel et al, Dept of Psychology, York U., North York, Ontario, CA -- abstract posted by Compare and contrast essay and oranges National Library of Medicine. We carried out Creative homework assignment a neuroimaging study to test the neurophysiological predictions made by different cognitive models of reasoning. And Contrast And Oranges! Ten normal volunteers performed deductive and inductive reasoning tasks while their regional cerebral blood flow pattern was recorded using [15O]H2O PET imaging. In the control condition subjects semantically comprehended sets of Comparison essay, three sentences. In the deductive reasoning condition subjects determined whether the third sentence was entailed by the first two sentences.

In the inductive reasoning condition subjects reported whether the third sentence was plausible given the first two sentences. The deduction condition resulted in activation of the and contrast essay apples and oranges left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 45, 47). The induction condition resulted in activation of a large area comprised of the left medial frontal gyrus, the I need writing have trouble left cingulate gyrus, and the left superior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 8, 9, 24, 32). Induction was distinguished from Compare and contrast apples lagos, deduction by the involvement of the medial aspect of the left superior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 8, 9). These results are consistent with cognitive models of reasoning that postulate different mechanisms for margins, inductive and deductive reasoning and view deduction as a formal rule-based process. PMID: 9175134 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Deductive Logic, by St. George Stock, posted by essay Project Gutenberg. Counterfactual Reasoning Counterfactual Reasoning: A Basic Guide for homework, Analysts, Strategists, and Decision Makers ( local copy ), by Hendrickson, The Proteus Monograph Series , Oct 2008 Counterfactual reasoning is the process of evaluating conditional claims about alternate possibilities and their consequences (i.e., “What If” statements). These alternatives can be either past possibilities (e.g., “If the United States had not abolished the Iraqi army in Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges, 2003, then the Iraqi insurgency would have been significantly smaller in 2005”) or future possibilities (e.g., “If Iran had nuclear weapons, then it would provide this technology to Hezbollah”). Counterfactuals are essential to intelligence analysis because they are implicit in all strategic assessments.

Counterfactual claims are widespread among our national security analysts, strategists, and decision makers. Powerpoint Articles Website! Unfortunately, this is not widely recognized. Furthermore, there is no comprehensive model of and contrast apples and oranges lagos, counterfactual reasoning to which anyone may turn if they do become aware of the ubiquitous nature of counterfactuals within intelligence and national security. Presentation Website! Instead, there are several fragmented approaches in philosophy, logic, history, political science, and psychology. And Contrast Essay And Oranges! To make matters worse, none of these approaches has been applied to the unique challenges of intelligence and security. Homework Help! In response, this work seeks to demonstrate both the structure and the significance of counterfactual reasoning. It offers not only the first complete system of counterfactual reasoning (of which this author is aware), but the first one specifically designed to address the Compare essay lagos domain of intelligence analysis and national security. Furthermore, this work proposes three major claims about the place of counterfactual reasoning in analysis and entrance strategy. Therefore, this work is not only intended to essay apples and oranges, serve as an education in counterfactual reasoning, but also as an exhortation to counterfactual reasoning. First Major Proposal (The Strategic Presumption of Counterfactuals): All strategies (and analyses of them) are grounded in a series of counterfactual claims about alternate possibilities, their consequences, and the relationships between them.

Second Major Proposal (The Systematic Potential of for college entrance, Counterfactuals): Major extant methods for assessing alternate possibilities, their consequences, and the relationships between them may be viewed as ultimately not distinct, but as aspects of a single process—counterfactual reasoning. Third Major Proposal (The Structural Priority of Counterfactuals): All assessment of alternate possibilities, their consequences, and the relationships between them should ultimately be conditional (as it is in counterfactual reasoning). Thinking, Fast and Slow , by Kahneman, 2011 Book review of Thinking, Fast and Slow , by Kahneman ( local copy ), review by Babetski, in essay apples, CIA Studies in Intelligence Vol. 56, No. 2 Kahneman, who won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work with Tversky on weekly prospect theory, also highlights the best work of other researchers throughout the book.

Thinking, Fast and Slow introduces no revolutionary new material, but it is a masterpiece because of the apples lagos way Kahneman weaves existing research together. System 1, or fast thinking, operates automatically and quickly with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control. System 2, or slow thinking, allocates attention to the mental activities that demand effort, such as complex computations and conscious, reasoned choices about what to think and Essay my what to do. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges Lagos! Kahneman focuses much of the book on the interactions of System 1 and apa paper System 2 and the problems inherent in those interactions. Both systems are “on” when we are awake. System 1 runs automatically and and contrast essay lagos effortlessly but System 2 idles, because using it requires effort and is tiring. System 1 generates impressions and feelings, which become the source of System 2’s explicit beliefs and assignment deliberate choices. Compare And Contrast Apples And Oranges Lagos! System 1, when it encounters something it cannot quickly understand and did not expect (in other words, a surprise), enlists System 2 to make sense of the anomaly. The alerted System 2 takes charge, overriding System 1’s automatic reactions. Writing Margins! System 2 always has the last word when it chooses to assert it. Daniel Kahneman: The riddle of experience vs. memory - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Using examples from vacations to colonoscopies, Nobel laureate and founder of behavioral economics Daniel Kahneman reveals how our experiencing selves and our remembering selves perceive happiness differently.

This new insight has profound implications for economics, public policy -- and our own self-awareness. Widely regarded as the world's most influential living psychologist, Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel in Economics for his pioneering work in and contrast essay, behavioral economics -- exploring the irrational ways we make decisions about Powerpoint articles risk. Integrating Fast and Slow Cognitive Processes ( local copy ), by Kennedy and Bugajska, for the Naval Research Laboratory, 2010 Human reactions appear to be controlled by two separate types of Compare and contrast and oranges, mental processes: one fast, automatic, and unconscious and the other slow, deliberate, and conscious. With the attention in homework weekly, the literature focused on the taxonomy of the two processes, there is little discussion of how they interact. In this paper, we focus on modeling the slower process's ability to inhibit the fast process. We present computational cognitive models in which different strategies allow a human to Compare and contrast essay, consciously inhibit an my essay trouble undesirable fast response. Gladwell, Malcolm. Compare And Contrast! Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking . New York: Little, Brown, 2005 Book review of Gladwell's Blink ( local copy ), by Norton, in Naval War College Review , Winter 2006. Intuition The intuitive mind is a sacred gift and the rational mind is a faithful servant. We have created a society that honors the servant and has forgotten the gift.

See tactical decision games on Comparison help the Simuations page, contrasting intuitive and analytic approaches. See also - Recognition-Primed Decision Model - references in Compare apples and oranges, the Decision-Making section above. How We Decide ( local copy ), by Schmitt, in Designing TDGs: A Tactical Decision. Games Workbook , Marine Corps University, 26 Apr 1996 Not surprisingly, the research revealed that proficient decision makers rarely make decisions by concurrent option comparison. Instead they use their intuition to recognize the essence of a given situation and to Creative homework, tell them what appropriate action to take.

In fact, separate studies by Compare and contrast and oranges lagos Dr. Gary Klein and others conclude that decision makers in a variety of fields use the analytical apaproach to Expert help phone, decision making less than 10 percent of the time and employ intuitive techniques over Compare apples 90 percent of the time. Custer in Cyberspace ( local copy ), by Gompert and Kugler, Defense Horizons number 51, Feb 2006 When conditions are complex and dynamic, time is Powerpoint website, short, and critical information is available, the key to making good decisions is to blend intuition with reasoning—more specifically, reliable intuition with timely reasoning . From The Personal Relevance of lagos, Great Campaigns - by Bird, 22 Feb 2001, Command and General Staff Officer's Course Carl Von Clausewitz explains that events in Powerpoint presentation website, warfare are surrounded by uncertainty, and that there are few universal truths. Because of Compare and contrast essay apples, this, leaders must sort through this “fog” to find the essay truth, often a daunting endeavor that’s permeated by chance. The commander must sift through this information and decide what pieces are relevant and require action. Clausewitz specifically refers to the capability of the mind to discriminate information allowing quick, correct decisions. He describes this ability as coup d’oeil, “the quick recognition of a truth that the Compare essay apples and oranges lagos mind would ordinarily miss or would perceive only after long study and Powerpoint website reflection .” 2 Napoleon faced such a scenario in the battles of Jena-Auerstadt.

With limited information, he turned an entire field army in place to seek decisive battle with the and contrast essay apples and oranges lagos Prussians and Powerpoint won the day. Essay Lagos! [ 2 Carl Von Clausewitz, On War , ed. and trans. by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 100-102. ] Intuition: an Imperative of Command ( local copy ), by Rogers, in Comparison essay help, Military Review - examines relevance of intuition to Compare and contrast essay lagos, decision making in Expert help phone number, the context of warfighting on the modern battlefield. Decisionmaking Theory ( local copy ), Marine Corps Doctrine Publication 6 the intuitive approach is Compare essay apples and oranges, more appropriate for the vast majority of Comparison help, typical tactical or operational decisions-decisions made in the fluid, rapidly changing conditions of war when time and uncertainty are critical factors, and creativity is a desirable trait Note 18. Intuitive decisionmaking more appropriate for the vast majority of tactical/operational decisions: A 1989 study by Gary A. Klein (based on 1985 observations) estimated that decision makers in apples and oranges, a variety of disciplines use intuitive methods 87 percent of the time and analytical methods 13 percent of the time. Evidence now suggests that this study was actually biased in favor of analysis . For College Entrance! More recent studies estimate the breakdown at and contrast essay and oranges lagos more nearly 95 percent intuitive to 5 percent analytical.

G. Expert Phone! A. Apples Lagos! Klein, Recognition-Primed Decisions in William B. Rouse (ed.), Advances in Man-Machine System Research (Greenwich, CT: Jai Press, 1989); G. L. Kaempf, S. Wolf, M. Creative Assignment! L. Thordsen, and G. Klein, Decision Making in Compare and contrast essay apples, the Aegis Combat Information Center (Fairborn, OH: Klein Associates, 1992); R. Pascual and S. Henderson, Evidence of Naturalistic Decision Making in Comparison essay, Command and essay apples and oranges Control in C. Zsambok and G. Klein (eds.), Naturalistic Decision Making , forthcoming publication (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates); Kathleen Louise Mosier, Decision Making in the Air Transport Flight Deck: Process and Product , unpublished dissertation (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1990). Decision Making Theory ( local copy ), Naval Doctrine Publication 6, Naval Command and I need help writing my essay have trouble Control The intuitive approach is clearly more appropriate for the fluid, rapidly changing environment of combat, when time and and contrast apples uncertainty are critical factors. War in the Pits: Marine-Futures Traders Wargame ( local copy ), NDU Strategic Forum 61, by West Marine generals and I need help writing my essay trouble colonels vs futures traders in decisionmaking wargame The traders' OODA loop, executed at much higher speed, is ISAA: Information, Sort by lagos Priority, Act, Assess Virtual Stress ( local copy ), in Marines Online , senior Marines vs futures traders in decision making wargame. Intuitive people worse at detecting lies, by Young, NewScientist.com, 18 Mar 2002 People who think of themselves as being intuitive make worse lie detectors than those who do not trust in a gut instinct, according to homework help number, new research. Compare And Contrast Essay Lagos! One possible explanation is homework phone number, that intuitives in fact rely on common misconceptions about how to spot a liar, he says. Situation Awareness, Situational Awareness To see, to hear, means nothing. To recognize (or not to recognize) means everything. Individual Situation Awareness ( local copy ), course module from NOAA Situation Awareness Definition (from Mica Endsley, 1988) Level 1 - Perception of the Compare and contrast essay lagos elements in Creative homework assignment, the environment within a volume of space Level 2 - Comprehension of their meaning Level 3 - Projection of their status in Compare and contrast apples, the near future. Situation Awareness Demons: the Enemies of Situation Awareness ( local copy ), course module from NOAA Discusses the eight demons laid out by Endsley et al, in Designing for Situation Awareness Attentional Tunneling Requisite Memory Trap Workload, Anxiety, Fatigue, and Other Stressors (WAFOS) Data Overload Misplaced Salience Complexity Creep Errant Mental Models Out-of-the-Loop Syndrome. Ye Olde Brain, and Its Workings The destiny of every human being is decided by what goes on inside his skull when confronted with what goes on outside his skull. I know you think you understand what you thought I said but I'm not sure you realize that what you heard is essay, not what I meant.

Daniel Amen - Change your brain, change your life, a TEDx talk Change your Brain, Change your Life. Revelations based on studying 63,000 brain images across 90 countries over 20 years. How Brain imaging can change paradigms and our understanding of healthy life, no matter where we live. Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu: A mouse. And Contrast And Oranges! A laser beam. A manipulated memory - a TED talk (you may need to watch it on YouTube if TED videos are blocked) Can we edit the content of our memories? It’s a sci-fi-tinged question that Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu are asking in their lab at MIT.

Essentially, the articles website pair shoot a laser beam into the brain of a living mouse to activate and manipulate its memory. In this unexpectedly amusing talk they share not only how, but -- more importantly -- why they do this. (Filmed at TEDxBoston.) From Bench to Bunker: How a 1960s discovery in neuroscience spawned a military project, by Compare essay and oranges Bardin, in The Chronicle of Higher Education , 9 July 2012 The man has a machine strapped to Expert help, his head, an array of electrodes called an electroencephalogram, or EEG, which is recording his brain activity as each image skips by. It then sends the essay brain-activity data wirelessly to a large computer. The computer has learned what the man's brain activity looks like when he sees one of the visual targets, and, based on that information, it quickly reshuffles the images. When the man sorts back through the hundreds of images—most without structures, but some with—almost all the ones with buildings in them pop to the front of the pack. His brain and the computer have done good work. Powerpoint Articles! That display was a demonstration of a new technology being developed through a collaboration between the essay apples and oranges lagos Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the military's research arm, and a private company called Neuromatters, which was founded by a team led by the Columbia University bioengineer Paul Sajda. Homework Assignment! The hope is essay apples lagos, that, in the near future, military analysts might use the technology to eliminate worthless images in Expert homework number, seconds, speeding up their review of satellite images by orders of Compare apples and oranges lagos, magnitude. By the looks of it, it's working. Paolo Cardini: Forget multitasking, try monotasking, a talk from Powerpoint, TED.com - if TED site is blocked, you may be able to Compare and contrast and oranges, watch it on YouTube or one of the other sites People aren’t just cooking anymore -- they’re cooking, texting, talking on Expert help number the phone, watching YouTube and uploading photos of the awesome meal they just made.

Designer Paolo Cardini questions the efficiency of our multitasking world and essay and oranges makes the case for -- gasp -- monotasking. Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are, a talk from TED.com - if TED site is blocked, you may be able to articles website, watch it on Compare and contrast apples and oranges lagos YouTube or one of the other sites Body language affects how others see us, but it may also change how we see ourselves. Homework Help! Social psychologist Amy Cuddy shows how “power posing” -- standing in a posture of and contrast apples lagos, confidence, even when we don’t feel confident -- can affect testosterone and cortisol levels in the brain, and might even have an impact on our chances for success. Amy Cuddy’s research on body language reveals that we can change other people’s perceptions — and even our own body chemistry — simply by changing body positions. New TED Book: Brain Power, by Tiffany Shlain - announcement includes an overview video Discusses items such as the I need my essay trouble fact that a child's brain has 10 times as many connections as the entire internet. Iain McGilchrist: The divided brain - a Best of the Compare and contrast essay Web talk featured by TED Psychiatrist Iain McGilchrist describes the real differences between the left and right halves of the human brain. It's not simply emotion on the right, reason on the left, but something far more complex and interesting.

A Best of the Web talk from I need my essay have trouble, RSA Animate. Scott Fraser: Why eyewitnesses get it wrong, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to and contrast essay and oranges, watch it on YouTube if the my TED.com version won't run on Compare and contrast essay apples and oranges your computer) Scott Fraser studies how humans remember crimes -- and bear witness to them. In this powerful talk, which focuses on a deadly shooting at sunset, he suggests that even close-up eyewitnesses to a crime can create memories they could not have seen. Why? Because the brain abhors a vacuum. Powerpoint Presentation Website! Tan Le: A headset that reads your brainwaves, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to watch it on Compare apples and oranges YouTube if the TED.com version won't run on your computer) Tan Le's astonishing new computer interface reads its user's brainwaves, making it possible to weekly, control virtual objects, and even physical electronics, with mere thoughts (and a little concentration). She demos the Compare and contrast headset, and talks about its far-reaching applications. Weekly! Rebecca Saxe: How we read each other's minds, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to watch it on YouTube if the TED.com version won't run on Compare essay apples and oranges lagos your computer) Sensing the motives and feelings of others is a natural talent for humans. But how do we do it? Here, Rebecca Saxe shares fascinating lab work that uncovers how the Writing apa paper brain thinks about and contrast other peoples' thoughts -- and Comparison essay help judges their actions.

Kwabena Boahen on Compare and contrast a computer that works like the brain, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to watch it on Creative homework weekly YouTube if the Compare and contrast essay TED.com version won't run on your computer) Researcher Kwabena Boahen is looking for ways to mimic the brain's supercomputing powers in silicon -- because the messy, redundant processes inside our heads actually make for a small, light, superfast computer. Diane Benscoter on Expert help number how cults rewire the Compare and contrast lagos brain, a talk from Powerpoint presentation articles, TED.com (but you may need to watch it on YouTube if the TED.com version won't run on your computer) Diane Benscoter spent five years as a Moonie. Compare And Contrast Essay And Oranges Lagos! She shares an insider's perspective on the mind of a cult member, and Creative homework proposes a new way to think about today's most troubling conflicts and Compare and oranges extremist movements. talks about viral memetic infections and compromised emotional immune systems Al Seckel says our brains are mis-wired, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to watch it on I need help trouble YouTube if the TED.com version won't run on your computer) Al Seckel, a cognitive neuroscientist, explores the perceptual illusions that fool our brains. Loads of eye tricks help him prove that not only are we easily fooled, we kind of Compare and contrast lagos, like it. Steven Pinker on language and thought, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to watch it on YouTube if the TED.com version won't run on your computer) In an exclusive preview of his book The Stuff of Thought, Steven Pinker looks at language and how it expresses what goes on in our minds -- and how the words we choose communicate much more than we realize.

Keith Barry does brain magic, a talk from TED.com (but you may need to Essay for college, watch it on YouTube if the TED.com version won't run on your computer) First, Keith Barry shows us how our brains can fool our bodies -- in and contrast essay lagos, a trick that works via podcast too. Then he involves the audience in some jaw-dropping (and even a bit dangerous) feats of brain magic. The Secret Powers of Time, video by Zimbardo Professor Philip Zimbardo reveals how our individual perspective on time affects our work, health and well-being. Mind Reading Machine on CBS Reads Your Thoughts - (10 out of 10 at guessing what a scanned person is help, thinking about) – also reading/assessing “intentions” and being able to assess if you’ve been somewhere before (for example, when you were robbing the house) and essay apples neural marketing – and brain patterns indicating various emotions. Science Nation - Mind Reading Computer System May Help People with Locked-in Syndrome Imagine living a life in which you are completely aware of the world around you but you're prevented from engaging in it because you are completely paralyzed.

Even speaking is impossible. Essay Help! For an estimated 50,000 Americans this is a harsh reality. It's called locked-in syndrome, a condition in which people with normal cognitive brain activity suffer severe paralysis, often from injuries or an illness such as Lou Gehrig's disease. Compare Essay And Oranges Lagos! Boston University neuroscientist Frank Guenther works with the National Science Foundation's Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology (CELEST), which is I need writing my essay, made up of eight private and apples public institutions, mostly in the Boston area. I Need Help Writing Have! Its purpose is to synthesize the Compare essay apples and oranges lagos experimental modeling and technological approaches to research in homework weekly, order to understand how the brain learns as a whole system. In particular, Guenther's research is looking at how brain regions interact, with the apples lagos hope of help, melding mind and machine, and ultimately making life much better for people with locked-in syndrome. Psychology of Intelligence Analysis ( local copy ), by Heuer, 1999, for CIA -- very good examination of many elements of critical thinking and mental processes, with examples ( PDF version ) Semiotic Fundamentals of Information Processing in essay lagos, Human Brain ( local copy ), by Perlovsky, Air Force Research Lab The paper discusses a mathematical nature of signs and apa paper margins symbols, and relates it to Compare lagos, information processing and understanding, structure of the assignment weekly mind and brain, learning, and pattern recognition. Videos for Thinking Innovating Many videos from the Compare following sources are scattered throughout this website.

No endorsement of ideas or opinions is implied for the Air Force or any US Government agency/organization. These are for your personal interests and education only. TED talks - over 1,200 videos, from 3 minutes to 25 minutes, by apa paper leading thinkers and developers in many fields of study TED is a nonprofit devoted to apples, Ideas Worth Spreading. Writing Apa Paper! It started out and oranges (in 1984) as a conference bringing together people from Creative homework weekly, three worlds: Technology, Entertainment, Design. Compare And Contrast Essay Apples And Oranges Lagos! Since then its scope has become ever broader. if the TED website copy of the video doesn't play on your computer, cut and paste the title of the Comparison essay talk into a search engine to essay apples and oranges lagos, find the YouTube copy or other copy which may play. The RSA (Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce) an Expert help phone number enlightenment organisation committed to finding innovative practical solutions to today’s social challenges over 400 videos, animations, shorts, and more RSA Animate takes select speeches and adds entertaining animation effects. 99U - Insights on making ideas happen tips, articles, and videos At 99U, Behance's education arm, we focus on what happens after inspiration — researching the Compare essay apples and oranges forces that truly push ideas to fruition.

Our profiles of proven idea makers, action-oriented tips, and annual conference are all designed to help you transform ideas from vision to for college, reality. PopTech videos We’re a global community of innovators, working together to expand the Compare and contrast essay apples edge of change. Miscellaneous Thinking in a Foreign Language Makes Decisions More Rational, by Keim, in homework phone number, Wired online journal, Apr 2012 A series of experiments on Compare essay apples and oranges more than 300 people from the U.S. and Comparison help Korea found that thinking in a second language reduced deep-seated, misleading biases that unduly influence how risks and benefits are perceived. The researchers believe a second language provides a useful cognitive distance from automatic processes, promoting analytical thought and reducing unthinking, emotional reaction. Learning and Reasoning: The True Heart of the and contrast apples lagos Mind ( local copy ), by Gunning, DARPATech2005 - mention of programs to develop cognitive systems that can reason.

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