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Assignment article National Culture Policy question 2 - BAGB3093

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Assignment article National Culture Policy question 2 - BAGB3093

Biodegradation and Bioremediation (With Diagram) Read this article to learn about the biodegradation and bioremediation in details with diagrams. Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms. Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of management articles, complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. Writing Green! The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms. Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in Cross cultural management assignment articles, soil, water, air etc.

The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration. It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic. Xenobiotic (xenos-foregin) broadly refer to the unnatural, foreign and synthetic chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents and videos other organic compounds. Microbial degradation of Cross assignment, xenobiotic assumes significance, since it provides an effective and economic means of disposing of toxic chemicals, particularly the environmental pollutants. Paper! Pseudomonas — The Predominant Microorganism For Bioremediation: Members of the genus Pseudomonas (a soil microorganism) are the most predominant microorganisms that degrade xenobiotic.

Different strains of Pseudomonas, that are capable of detoxifying more than 100 organic compounds, have been identified. The examples of organic compounds are several hydrocarbons, phenols, organophosphates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycylic aromatics and naphthalene. About 40-50 microbial strains of micro­organisms, capable of degrading xenobiotics have been isolated. Besides Pseudomonas, other good examples are Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, and Nocardia. A selected list of Cross cultural articles, microorganisms and the xenobiotics degraded is given in Table 59.1. Consortia of description, microorganisms for biodegradation: A particular strain of Cross management articles, microorganism may degrade one or more compounds.

Sometimes, for the degradation of a single compound, the synergetic action of a few microorganisms (i.e. a consortium or cocktail of microbes) may be more efficient. For instance, the insecticide parathion is more efficiently degraded by the combined action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Psudomonas stulzeri. Co-metabolism in biodegradation: In general, the metabolism (breakdown) of xenobiotics is not associated with any advantage to the microorganism. That is the policy paper, pollutant chemical cannot serve as a source of carbon or energy for Cross management articles, the organism. The term co-metabolism is often used to indicate the Statistics, non-beneficial (to the microorganism) biochemical pathways concerned with the biodegradation of xenobiotics. However, co- metabolism depends on the presence of a suitable substrate for the microorganism.

Such compounds are referred to co-substrates. Several factors influence biodegradation. These include the chemical nature of the xenobiotic, the capability of the individual microorganism, nutrient and O 2 supply, temperature, pH and redox potential. Among these, the chemical nature of the substrate that has to be degraded is very important. Some of the relevant features are given hereunder: i. In general, aliphatic compounds are more easily degraded than aromatic ones. ii. Presence of cyclic ring structures and length chains or branches decrease the efficiency of biodegradation. iii.

Water soluble compounds are more easily degraded. iv. Molecular orientation of aromatic compounds influences biodegradation i.e. Management! ortho para meta. v. The presence of halogens (in aromatic compounds) inhibits biodegradation. Besides the factors listed above, there are two recent developments to enhance the biodegradation by microorganisms. This is paper, a process by which the microbial activity can be enhanced by increased supply of nutrients or by addition of certain stimulating agents (electron acceptors, surfactants). Cultural Management Articles! It is Organ, possible to increase biodegradation through manipulation of genes. More details on this genetic manipulation i.e. genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs), are described later. Bio-augmentation can also be achieved by employing a consortium of cultural assignment, micro­organisms. Enzyme Systems for a dissertation, Biodegradation: Several enzyme systems (with independent enzymes that work together) are in existence in the microorganisms for the degradation of xenobiotics. The genes coding for Cross assignment, the enzymes of bio-degradative pathways may be present in the chromosomal DNA or more frequently on a persuasive speech the plasmids.

In certain microorganisms, the genes of both chromosome and plasmid contribute for the enzymes of biodegradation. The microorganism Pseudomonas occupies a special place in biodegradation. A selected list of xenobiotics and assignment the plasmids containing the genes for body, their degradation is given in Table 59.2. There are certain compounds that do not easily undergo biodegradation and therefore persist in Cross articles, the environment for a long period (sometimes in years). Statistics! They are labeled as recalcitrant. There may be several reasons for the resistance of xenobiotics to microbial degradation: i. They may chemically and biologically inert (highly stable). ii. Lack of enzyme system in the microorganisms for biodegradation. iii. They cannot enter the articles, microorganisms being large molecules or lack of transport systems. iv.

The compounds may be highly toxic or result in donation persuasive essay, the formation highly toxic products that kill microorganisms. Cross Cultural Assignment! There are a large number of racalcitrant xenobiotic compounds e.g. chloroform, freons, insecticides (DDT, lindane), herbicides (dalapon) and synthetic polymers (plastics e.g. polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chlorine). It takes about 4-5 years for the degradation of DDT (75-100%) in the soil. Writing Policy Paper X 28! A group of microorganisms (Aspergillus flavus, Mucor aternans, Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma viride) are associated with the slow biodegradation of Cross cultural, DDT. The phenomenon of progressive increase in the concentration of a xenobiotic compound, as the substance is write a persuasive speech, passed through the food chain is referred to as bio-magnification or bioaccumulation. For instance, the insecticide DDT is absorbed repeatedly by plants and microorganism. When they are eaten by fish and birds, this pesticide being recalcitrant, accumulates, and enters the Cross, food chain. Thus, DDT may find its entry into various animals, including man. DDT affects the nervous systems, and it has been banned in some countries. The most important aspect of environmental biotechnology is the effective management of hazardous and toxic pollutants (xenobiotics) by bioremediation.

The environmental clean-up process through bioremediation can be achieved in two ways—in situ and ex situ bioremediation. In situ bioremediation involves a direct approach for Subjective essay mean, the microbial degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution (soil, ground water). Addition of adequate quantities of nutrients at the sites promotes microbial growth. When these microorganisms are exposed to xenobiotics (pollutants), they develop metabolic ability to degrade them. The growth of the microorganisms and Cross cultural management assignment their ability to bring out biodegradation are dependent on the supply of essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus etc.). In situ bioremediation has been successfully applied for clean-up of oil spillages, beaches etc. There are two types of in situ bioremediation-intrinsic and x 28 engineered. The inherent metabolic ability of the microorganisms to degrade certain pollutants is the intrinsic bioremediation.

In fact, the management assignment, microorganisms can be tested in the laboratory for their natural capability of biodegradation and appropriately utilized. Statistics Homework! Engineered in situ bioremediation: The inherent ability of the management assignment articles, microorganisms for bioremediation is Writing a dissertation methodology, generally slow and limited. However, by using suitable physicochemical means (good nutrient and O 2 supply, addition of electron acceptors, optimal temperature), the bioremediation process can be engineered for more efficient degradation of pollutants. Advantages of in situ bioremediation: 1. Cultural Management Assignment! Cost-effective, with minimal exposure to public or site personnel. 2. Sites of bioremediation remain minimally disrupted. Disadvantages of in situ bioremediation: 1. Very time consuming process. 2. Sites are directly exposed to environmental factors (temperature, O 2 supply etc.). Policy Paper! 3. Microbial degrading ability varies seasonally. The waste or toxic materials can be collected from the polluted sites and cultural management assignment the bioremediation with the requisite microorganisms (frequently a consortium of organisms) can be carried out at designed places.

This process is certainly an improvement over in situ bioremediation, and Writing paper has been successfully used at Cross assignment articles, some places. Advantages of How to write a persuasive, ex situ bioremediation: 1. Better controlled and more efficient process. 2. Process can be improved by enrichment with desired microorganisms. Cross Cultural Management Articles! 3. Time required in short. Disadvantages of ex situ bioremediation: 1. Very costly process. Organ! 2. Sites of pollution are highly disturbed. 3. There may be disposal problem after the process is complete. Metabolic Effects of Microorganisms on Xenobiotics : Although it is the intention of the biotechnologist to degrade the xenobiotics by microorganisms to the advantage of environment and ecosystem, it is not always possible. This is evident from the assignment, different types of metabolic effects as shown below. This process involves the microbial conversion of toxic compound to a non­toxic one.

Biodegradation involving detoxification is Statistics help homework, highly advantageous to the environment and population. Certain xenobiotics which are not toxic or less toxic may be converted to toxic or more toxic products. This is articles, dangerous. The complex compounds are degraded to simpler products which are generally harmless. The process of conjugation may involve the conversion of xenobiotics to more complex compounds. This is however, not very common. Types of Reactions in Bioremediation : Microbial degradation of organic compounds primarily involves aerobic, anaerobic and sequential degradation. Writing! Aerobic biodegradation involves the Cross cultural management articles, utilization of O 2 for the oxidation of organic compounds. These compounds may serve as substrates for the supply of carbon and energy to the microorganisms. Two types of a persuasive, enzymes namely mono-oxygenases and- di-oxygenases are involved in aerobic biodegradation.

Mono-oxygenases can act on both aliphatic and aromatic compounds while di-oxygenases oxidize aliphatic compounds. Anaerobic biodegradation does not require O 2 supply. The growth of anaerobic microorganisms (mostly found in solids and sediments), and cultural articles consequently the degradation processes are slow. However, anaerobic biodegradation is cost- effective, since the need for continuous O 2 supply is Writing policy, not there. Some of the important anaerobic reactions and examples of organic compounds degraded are listed below. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation — benzoate, phenol, catechol. Dehaiogenation — Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated ethylene#8217;s. The term de-chlorination is frequently used for dehaiogenation of chlorinated compounds. Carboxylation and decarboxylation — toluene, cresol and benzoate. In the degradation of several xenobiotics, both aerobic and anaerobic processes are involved.

This is often an effective way of reducing the toxicity of a pollutant. For instance, tetra chloromethane and cultural management assignment tetrachloroethane undergo sequential degradation. Hydrocarbon are mainly the pollutants from oil refineries and oil spills. Subjective Description Mean! These pollutants can be degraded by a consortium or cocktail of Cross cultural management assignment, microorganisms e.g. Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Arthrobacter, Mycobacterium and essay mean Nocardia. Biodegradation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons : The uptake of aliphatic hydrocarbons is a slow process due to Cross cultural articles, their low solubility in aqueous medium.

Both aerobic and anaerobic processes are operative for the degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons. For instance, unsaturated hydrocarbons are degraded in both anaerobic and aerobic environments, while saturated ones are degraded by aerobic process. Some aliphatic hydrocarbons which are reclacitrant to aerobic process are effectively degraded in anaerobic environment e.g. chlorinated aliphatic compounds (carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloride, vinyl chloride). Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons : Microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons occurs through aerobic and anaerobic processes. The most important microorganism that participates in these processes is Writing, Pseudomonas. The biodegradation of aromatic compounds basically involves the following sequence of reactions: 1. Removal of the side chains. 2. Opening of the Cross management, benzene ring.

Most of the Statistics help homework, non-halogenated aromatic compounds undergo a series of reactions to produce catechol or protocatechuate. The bioremediation of toluene, L-mandelate, benzoate, benzene, phenol, anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and salicylate to produce catechol is shown in Fig. 59.1. Likewise, Fig. 59.2, depicts the bioremediation of quinate, p-hydroxymandelate, p-hydroxybenzoyl formate, p-toluate, benzoate and vanillate to produce protocatechuate. Catechol and protocatechuate can undergo oxidative cleavage pathways. In ortho-cleavage pathway, catechol and management articles protocatechuate form acetyl CoA (Fig.

59.3), while in meta-cleavage pathway (Fig. 59.4), they are converted to pyruvate and acetaldehyde. The degraded products of catechol and protocatechuate are readily metabolised by almost all the organisms. Biodegradation of write speech, Pesticides and Herbicides : Pesticides and herbicides are regularly used to contain various plant diseases and improve the cultural assignment articles, crop yield. In fact, they are a part of the modern agriculture, and Subjective have significantly contributed to green revolution.

The common herbicides and pesticides are propanil (anilide), propham (carbamate), atrazine (triazine), picloram (pyridine), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) monochloroacetate (MCA), monochloropropionate (MCPA) and glyphosate (organophosphate). Most of the articles, pesticides and herbicides are toxic and are recalcitrant (resistant to biodegradation). Some of them are surfactants (active on the surface) and retained on the surface of leaves. Biodegradation of green, Halogenated Aromatic Compounds : Most commonly used herbicides and pesticides are aromatic halogenated (predominantly chlorinated) compounds. The bio-degradative path­ways of halogenated compounds are comparable with that described for the degradation of non-halogenated aromatic compounds (Figs. 59.1, 59.2, 59.3 and 59.4). The rate of degradation of halogenated compounds is inversely related to the number of halogen atoms that are originally present on the target molecule i.e. Cross Cultural! compounds with higher number of halogens are less readily degraded.

Dehalogenation (i.e. removal of a halogen substituent from an organic compound) of halogenated compounds is an essential step for their detoxification. Dehalogenation is description mean, frequently catalysed by the enzyme di-oxygenase. In this reaction, there is a replacement of halogen on benzene with a hydroxyl group. Cultural Management Assignment! Most of the halogenated compounds are also converted to catechol and protocatechuate which can be metabolised (Fig. 59.4). Besides Pseudomonas, other microorganisms such as Azotobacter, Bacilluefs and E. coli are also involved in the microbial degradation of halogenated aromatic compounds.

Biodegradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) : The aromatic chlorinated compounds possessing biphenyl ring (substituted with chlorine) are the PCBs e.g. pentachlorobiphenyl. PCBs are commercially synthesized, as they are useful for various purposes — as pesticides, in electrical conductivity (in transformers), in paints and adhesives. They are inert, very stable and resistant to corrosion. However, PCBs have been implicated in cancer, damage to various organs and impaired reproductive function. Their commercial use has been restricted in recent years, and are now used mostly in electrical transformers. PCBs accumulate in soil sediments due to hydrophobic nature and high bioaccumulation potential. Statistics Help Homework Videos! Although they are resistant to biodegradation, some methods have been recently developed for anaerobic and aerobic oxidation by employing a consortium of microorganisms. Cross Assignment Articles! Pseudomonas, Alkali genes, Corynebacterium and Acinetobacter. For more efficient degradation of PCBs, the microorganisms are grown on a persuasive speech biphenyls, so that the enzymes of biodegradation of PCBs are induced. Biodegradation of Some Other Important Compounds : Some of the toxic organo-nitro compounds can be degraded by Cross cultural management assignment, microorganisms for their detoxification. 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT):

Certain bacterial and fungal species belonging to Pseudomonas and a dissertation methodology Clostrium can detoxify TNT. Hydrolysis, followed by anaerobic nitrification by certain bacteria, degrades nitrocellulose. They contain some surfactants (surface active agents) which are not readily biodegradable. Certain bacterial plasmid can degrade surfactants. Genetic Engineering for More Efficient Bioremediation : Although several microorganisms that can degrade a large number of xenobiotics have been identified, there are many limitations in bio­remediation: i. Microbial degradation of organic compounds is a very slow process. Cultural! ii.

No single microorganism can degrade all the xenobiotics present in the environmental pollution. iii. The growth of the microorganisms may be inhibited by the xenobiotics. iv. Certain xenobiotics get adsorbed on Writing methodology to the particulate matter of soil and become unavailable for microbial degradation. It is assignment articles, never possible to address all the above limitations and carry out an ideal process of bioremediation. Some attempts have been made in recent years to create genetically engineered microorganisms (CEMs) to enhance bio­remediation, besides degrading xenobiotics which are highly resistant (recalcitrant) for breakdown. Some of these aspects are briefly described. Genetic Manipulation by Transfer of Plasmids : The majority of the genes responsible for the synthesis of bio-degradative enzymes are located on the plasmids. A Dissertation Methodology! It is Cross management articles, therefore logical to think of genetic manipulations of a dissertation methodology, plasmids. New strains of bacteria can be created by transfer of plasmids (by conjugation) carrying genes for different degradative pathways. If the two plasmids contain homologous regions of DNA, recombination occurs between them, resulting in management articles, the formation of a larger fused plasmid (with the combined functions of both plasmids).

In case of plasmids which do not possess homologous regions of DNA, they can coexist in the bacterium (to which plasmid transfer was done). The first successful development of a new strain of bacterium (Pseudomonas) by manipulations of plasmid transfer was done by Paper on it green, Chakrabarty and his co-workers in 1970s. They used different plasmids and constructed a new bacterium called as superbug that can degrade a number of hydrocarbons of petroleum simultaneously. United States granted patent to this superbug in 1981 (as per the directive of American Supreme Court). Thus, superbug became the first genetically engineered microorganism to be patented. Superbug has played a significant role in the development of biotechnology industry, although it has not been used for large scale degradation of oil spills.

Creation of Superbug by Transfer of Plasmids : Superbug is a bacterial strain of articles, Pseudomonas that can degrade camphor, octane, xylene and naphthalene. Its creation is Writing x 28, depicted in Fig. 59.5. The bacterium containing CAM (camphor- degrading) plasmid was conjugated with another bacterium with OCT (octane-degrading) plasmid. These plasmids are not compatible and therefore, cannot coexist in Cross cultural, the same bacterium. However, due to the presence of homologous regions of DNA, recombination occurs between these two plasmids resulting in a single CAM-OCT plasmid. This new bacterium possesses the degradative genes for both camphor and octane. Another bacterium with XYL (xylene-degrading) plasmid is conjugated with NAH (naphthalene- degrading) plasmid containing bacterium. XYL and NAH plasmids are compatible and writing green therefore can coexist in the same bacterium. This newly, produced bacterium contains genes for the degradation of xylene and naphthalene.

The next and final step is the Cross cultural, conjugation of bacterium containing CAM-OCT plasmid with the How to a persuasive, other bacterium containing XYL and NAH plasmids. The newly created strain is the superbug that carries CAM-OCT plasmid (to degrade camphor and octane), XYL (xylene-degrading) plasmid and NAH (naphthalene-degrading) plasmid. Development of Salicylate—Toluene Degrading Bacteria by Plasmid Transfer : Some attempts have been made for the creation of a new strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida to Cross assignment articles, simultaneously degrade toluene and Writing paper salicylate. Assignment! Toluene-degrading (TOL) plasmid was transferred by conjugation to another bacterium that is donation persuasive, capable of degrading salicylate (due to the presence of SAL plasmid). The newly developed strain of Pseudomonas can simultaneously degrade both toluene and salicylate. And this occurs even at a low temperature (0-5°C).

However, the new bacterium is not in regular use, as more research is being conducted on its merits and demerits. Genetic Manipulation by Gene Alteration : Work is in progress to manipulate the genes for more efficient biodegradation. The plasmid pWWO of cultural articles, Pseudomonas codes for 12 different enzymes responsible for the meta-cleavage pathway (for the conversion of catechol and policy protocatechuate to pyruvate and acetaldehyde, for degradation of certain aromatic compounds. Some success has been reported to alter the genes of plasmid pWWO for more efficient degradation of toluene and xylene. Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) in Bioremediation : Superbug is the first genetically engineered microorganism. Several workers world over have been working for Cross cultural assignment, the creation of GEMs, specifically designed for the detoxification of xenobiotics. A selected list of GEMs with a potential for the degradation of xenobiotics is given in Organ persuasive, Table 59.3. Almost all these CFMs have been created by transferring plasmids. A genetically engineered Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been created (by Chakarabarty and Cross cultural management assignment articles his group). Writing! This new strain can produce a glycolipid emulsifier (a bio-surfactant) which can reduce the surface tension of an oil water interface. The reduced interfacial tension promotes biodegradation of oils.

GEM for Degradation of Vanillate and Cross cultural SDS : A new strain of Pseudomonas sp (strain ATCC 1915) has been developed for the degradation of vanillate (waste product from paper industry) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, a compound used in detergents). Writing A Dissertation Methodology! The genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) have now become handy tools of cultural management assignment, biotechnologists. Writing A Dissertation! The risks and health hazards associated with the use of GEMs are highly controversial and debatable issues. The fear of the biotechnologists and even the general public is that the new organism (GEM), once it enters the environment, may disturb the ecological balance and cause harm to cultural assignment, the habitat. Some of the GEMs may turn virulant and become genetic bombs, causing great harm to humankind. Because of the risks involved in the use of GEMs, so far no GEM has been allowed to enter the environmental fields. Thus, the use of GEMs has been confined to the laboratories, and fully controlled processes of biodegradation (usually employing bioreactors). Further, several pre­cautionary measures are taken while creating GEMs, so that the risks associated with their use are minimal. Some researchers are of the opinion that GEMs will create biotechnological wonders for the environmental management of xenobiotics, in Organ essay, the next few decades. This may be possible only if the associated risks of each GEM is thoroughly evaluated, and fully assured of its biosafety. Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils and Waste Lands : Due to industrialization and extensive use of insecticides, herbicides and pesticides, the solids and waste lands world over are getting polluted.

The most common pollutants are hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, polychlorobiphenyls and metals. Bioremediation of soils and waste lands by the use of microorganisms is gaining importance in the recent years. In fact, some success has been reported for the detoxification of certain pollutants (e.g. hydrocarbons) in the soil by microorganisms. Bioremediation of soils can be done by involving two principles-bio-stimulation and bio-augmentation. Bio-stimulation in Soil Bioremediation : Bio-stimulation basically involves the stimulation of microorganisms already present in the soil, by various means. This can be done by many ways: i. Addition of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. ii.

Supplementation with co-substrates e.g. methane added to cultural, degrade trichloroethylene. iii. Addition of surfactants to disperse the hydrophobic compounds in water. Paper! Addition of nutrient and co-substrates promote microbial growth while surfactants expose the hydrophobic molecules. Articles! In all these situations, the result is that there occurs bio-stimulation by Organ donation, effective bioremediation of polluted soil or waste land. Bio-augmentation in Soil Bioremediation : Addition of specific microorganisms to the polluted soil constitutes bio-augmentation. Cultural! The pollutants are very complex molecules and the native soil microorganisms alone may not be capable of degrading them effectively. Writing Paper X 28! The examples of such pollutants include polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), trinitrotoluene (TNT), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and certain pesticides. Based on the research findings at cultural, the laboratory level (with regard to biodegradation), it is now possible to add a combination of microorganisms referred to How to speech body, as consortium or cocktail of microorganisms, to achieve bio-augmentation. With the development of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs), they can be also used to Cross cultural, bio-augment soils for very efficient bioremediation. But the direct use of GEMs in the soils is associated with several risks and health hazards.

Techniques of Soil Bioremediation : The most commonly used methods for the bioremediation are soils are in situ bioremediation, land farming and slurry phase bioreactors. In Situ Bioremediation of Writing, Soils : In situ bioremediation broadly involves the biological clean-up of soils without excavation. This technique is used for the bioremediation of sub-surfaces of soils, buildings and road ways that are polluted. Sometimes, water (oxygenated) is Cross cultural management, cycled through the sub-surfaces for increasing the How to a persuasive speech, efficiency of microbial degradation. There are two types of in situ soil bioremediation techniques- bioventing and phytoremediation. This is very efficient and cost- effective technique for the bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soils. Bioventing involves aerobic biodegradation of pollutants by circulating air through sub-surfaces of soil. Although, it takes some years, bioventing can be used for Cross cultural assignment, the degradation of soluble paraffin#8217;s and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Policy Paper! The major limitation of this technique is air circulation which is cultural management, not always practicable. Bioremediation by use of essay, plants constitutes phytoremediation.

Specific plants are cultivated at the sites of polluted soil. Articles! These plants are capable of stimulating the biodegradation of pollutants in the soil adjacent to How to write, roots (rhizosphere) although phytoremediation is a cheap and environmental friendly clean-up process for the biodegradation of soil pollutants, it takes several years. Land farming in Soil Bioremediation : Land farming is Cross cultural assignment, a technique for the bioremediation of Organ donation essay, hydrocarbon contaminated soils. Cross Assignment! A diagrammatic representation of land farming system (also referred to as solid phase soil reactor) is depicted in Statistics videos, Fig. Cross Cultural Assignment! 59.6. The soil is excavated, mixed with microorganisms and nutrients and spread out on a liner, just below the polluted soil. The soil has to be regularly ploughed for good mixing and aeration. If the soil is Writing policy paper x 28, mixed with compost and/or temperature is increased the efficiency of biodegradation increases.

Addition of co-substrates, and articles anaerobic pretreatment of polluted soils also increases the degradation process. Land farming has been successfully used for the bioremediation of soils polluted with chloroethane benzene, toluene and xylene. The last three compounds are often referred to as BTX aromatics. Slurry-phase Bioreactors in Soil Bioremediation : Slurry-phase bioreactors are improved land farming systems. In these cases, the excavated polluted soil is subjected to bioremediation under optimally controlled conditions in specifically designed bioreactors.

Due to a close contact between the xenobiotics and the microorganisms, and the optimal conditions (nutrient supply, temperature, aeration etc.), the degradation is a dissertation, very rapid and efficient. Slurry-phase bioreactors, however, are not suitable for widespread use due to high cost. Environmental pollution also results in the contamination of ground water at several places. The commonly found pollutants are the petroleum hydrocarbons (aliphatic, aromatic, cyclic and substituted molecules). Bioremediation of ground water can be carried out by two methods pump- and -treat technique and bio-fencing technique. Pump and Treat Technique for Bioremediation of Ground Water : Bioremediation of underground water by pump- and -treat technology is mostly based on physicochemical principles to remove the pollutants. The treatment units are set up above the ground. Strip columns and activated carbon filters can remove most of the ground water pollutants. Treated water is recycled through injection well several times so that the cultural, pollutants are effectively removed. For removal of certain organic pollutants, biological reactors (bioreactors) have to be installed (Fig.

59.7A). Writing Paper! For instance, for the biodegradation of tetrachloroethane, a bioreactor with granular methogenic sludge is found to be effective. In recent years, bioreactors with both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria have been developed for better bioremediation of Cross assignment, highly polluted ground waters. It is however, not possible to achieve good clean up of ground water by pump- and -treat technology, for help videos, various reasons (sub-surface heterogeneities, strongly adsorbed compounds, low permeability of pollutants etc.). Bio-fencing Technique for Bioremediation of Ground Water : Bio-fencing is an improved technique for the bioremediation of ground water. Cultural Assignment Articles! It consists of installation of a bioactive zone at the down- gradient edge of a contaminated ground water area. Nutrients are injected through a well to the bioactive zone (Fig.

59.7B). Writing! As the ground water passes through the bioactive zone (by the impact of management assignment, natural direction of flow), the pollutants are biodegraded, and clean ground water comes out. Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. Writing A Dissertation Methodology! Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages:

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Oracle Apps Manufacturing Resume Sample. Functional Consultant Oracle Applications Specialist with 11+ years of Cross cultural assignment articles, business and IT experience. ERP Analyst with 7 years of mean, experience in manufacturing and distribution modules of Oracle Applications. Five full cycle implementation at manufacturing sites (USA) using Oracle apps R12 and 11i various modules. Skilled in Identifying and Analyzing Business Requirements , Solution Design, Gap Analysis , Business Process Mapping, Application configuration, Data Conversion and Cross cultural assignment, Validation, Customization and Localization, System and Integration Testing, User Acceptance and Training. Expertise and description essay mean, implementation experience in Oracle ERP Inventory (INV), Bills of Cross assignment articles, Material (BOM), Work in Process (WIP), Advance supply chain planning (ASCP), Manufacturing Scheduling /MRP, Warehouse Management (WMS) , Mobile Supply Chain Applications (MSCA), Engineering (ENG), Cost management (CST), Quality (QA), E-Records and E-Signatures (ERES), Approvals Management (AME), Order Management (OM), Purchasing (PO), Depot Repair (CSD). Functional expertise in help, Report, Interfaces, Conversions and Extensions (RICE) Component. Cross Cultural Assignment Articles. Discoverer Configuration. Good working experience in Demantra Demand Management, Oracle Configurator, I-Supplier, I-Procurement, Advanced Product Catalog (APC), Oracle Workflow, XML Publisher.

Solution design for Business Flows and Functions such as Design to Release , Forecast to Plan , Plan to methodology Schedule , Schedule to management assignment articles Build , Quality management, Product Costing to Inventory Valuation , Inventory Count to Reconciliation , Plan to Replenish, Procure to on it green Pay , Internal Requisition to Deliver, Requisition to Receipt, Supplier Return, Order to Shipment, Assemble to Order to Cross cultural management Shipment , Available to Promise , Service Request to essay Resolution, Repair process , Period End Close and Reporting. Conversant with ‘Oracle - AIM’, ‘Oracle Accelerator’ ‘GE Healthcare - IMPRD’ Implementation Methodology. Oracle Business Accelerator-R12 certified. Project management. Experienced in managing offshore support team. Excellent communication documentation skill. Tools/Packages Oracle applications R12, 11i, 11 10.7, Oracle Accelerator, Oracle UPK, Discoverer, Bartender, Intermec- labelshop pro, Data Loader, Toad, SQL*Loader, SQL*Plus, Open Interface API , Quality Center, QTP, PVCS, e-Library, Workflow Builder, MS Project, OpenProj, MS office, Visio. Programming Language PL/SQL, SQL, HTML, XML. Operating Systems Windows Vista/XP/2000/NT, UNIX (SUN Solaris), DOS. Databases Oracle 10g, 9i, 8i, 8.x, 7.x and MS Access.

Oracle 11i Implementation, GE Healthcare - GSC, Milwaukee, WI Feb 2009 Present. Global Service Center (GSC) of GEHC is the world’s leading Service business of medical diagnostic imaging equipment, including conventional and digital x-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, ultrasound, positron emission tomography and nuclear medicine. GSC implementing Oracle Applications to automate entire repair process. Management Assignment Articles. As a SME I implemented Depot Repair, INV, BOM, WIP, PO, OM, CST and Quality module. Key initiatives are streamline the Return Repair process, Exchange Loaner process, Asset Recovery process, Item attribute- service and Subjective description mean, template set-up , Non-standard job configuration , Productivity repair cost analysis, Repair part testing and quality data collection, Repair process holds, Repair BOM and Routing, Quality collection plans and Cross articles, collection element setup, label printing bar code deployment for Paper writing, repair process, Product cost mapping, Purchasing Position Hierarchy and Cross management, approval route configuration, Shipping network set-up, Shelf life management, Cycle count Physical count setup, Solution design document, Reporting requirements. Requirement collection evaluation. Scope determination.

Gap Analysis and Resolution. Prepared Design functional specification document for new business processes. Statistics Help Homework Videos. Mapped business process with the oracle modules. Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules like CSD, INV, BOM, WIP, CST, PO, OM and Quality. Integrated Order Management with Depot Repair to create RMA and management, Sales Orders, validate customer accounts, and invoice customers for policy paper, repairs. Integrated Quality with WIP PO to capture Quality data during repair inspection process. Defined various repair types like Repair and Cross cultural assignment articles, Return, Loaner, Exchange, Advance Exchange, Replacement etc to support different business processes. Configured quality collection plans to capture critical element as per Writing methodology, repair test plan for specific item. Displayed alert massage for Cross cultural management articles, specifications and errors. Configured Purchasing options, Receiving Options, Purchasing Approval Groups, Buyers, Jobs, Position Hierarchy, Assignment set, Sourcing Rules and the Approved Supplier list.

Form Personalization to trigger custom label. Evaluated/demonstrated E-Records and E-Signatures (ERES) to essay mean meet FDA compliance requirements. Data Migration Validation strategy. Performed Data conversion through Data Loader. Designed customized reports Bar code labels. Cultural Assignment. Bar Code printer deployment. Coordinated between the Writing a dissertation business and management assignment articles, the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Recommended supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and maintenance activities by testing and troubleshooting functional issues. Conducted CRP, User Acceptance Test User Training. Go Live. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to description essay resolution.

Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.10.2. Oracle R12 implementation, Escalade Inc, Evansville, IN Jan 2008 Feb 2009. ERP Specialist - MFG SC. Escalade Inc is a manufacturer and cultural management articles, distributor of write, sporting goods and office/graphic arts products through two wholly owned subsidiaries: Escalade Sports and Martin Yale. Cross Management. As a SME I implemented INV, BOM, WIP, ASCP, WMS, MSCA, CST, PO and Quality across multiple sites in paper x 28, US, Mexico Europe using Oracle Business Accelerator. Key initiatives are Planning and scheduling configuration , Integration with Demantra forecast model, Constrained Planning configuration, Available to promise (ATP) configuration, Build to Order process set-up, RF Scanner, label printing bar code process deployment for manufacturing, receiving and shipping, Super market setup, WMS org configuration , Put away and Cross Docking rule set-up, MSCA GUI configuration, PTO Kit set-up, Direct Indirect cost mapping, Return Repair process, Set-up for Demo Trade-show inventory, NPI and ECO process, Purchasing approval hierarchy configuration , Auto create purchase requisition from cultural management assignment planning workbench, Cycle count and Physical count setup, OSP and Drop-ship process, Quality collection plans and collection element set-up, Engineering, Production Purchasing hold, Scrap calculation, XML and Paper, Discoverer reports, Workflow configuration, Scrap calculation, Data migration from AS400 to management assignment articles oracle, Training and donation, change management. Collected business requirement by interviewing client team across multiple sites. Cross Management Articles. Reviewed business process documents. Accountable for providing leadership and facilitation for requirements gathering, structured documentation and presentation of findings. Gap Analysis and Resolution.

Prepared functional specifications use-case document for new or modified business processes. Conducted work sessions to capture required input for Accelerator questionnaire. Configured Production and Test instance using Accelerator advance setup template. On It. Configuration Tool runs issues resolved and validated base set-up. Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules INV, BOM, WIP, ASCP, WMS, MSCA, PO, CST and Quality. Integrated Quality with WIP and Purchasing to management assignment articles capture Quality data during manufacturing, receiving and return process. Mapped Non conformance, disposition, skip lot inspection processes. Data Migration strategy. Prepared CV060/CV040 - Conversion specification documents, Data Validation Load file preparation.

Performed Data conversion through Data Loader. Supported conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, Item transaction default, Price list, On hand. Designed customized reports Bar code labels and Statistics help homework, prepared specification documents. Integrated testing with Bartender S/W label printer. Trained Users on Oracle forms and Handheld Computers/Handheld Terminals. Barcode scanning process deployment for Cross assignment, MFG, Receiving Shipping area. Used Oracle UPK to prepare training manuals, user training document work instruction sheet. Helped with security, Oracle responsibilities, alerts, workflow approvals and system privileges.

Identified and analyzed non-functional requirements such as system performance, usability, reliability, adaptability, security, and other operational aspects. Coordinated between the business and Writing policy x 28, the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Recommended supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and maintenance activities by Cross, testing and troubleshooting functional issues. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution effectively. Conducted Super user training, CRP, User Acceptance Test, end user training.

Go Live. Production Support Implementation issues, Training, Month end, year end activities. Environment : Oracle Applications R12.0.4. Oracle Apps, Cummins Power Generation, Fridley, MN Jul 2007 Jan 2008. Cummins Power Generation is a global provider of power generation systems, components and services in standby power, distributed power generation, as well as auxiliary power in mobile applications. Essay. As a Solutions Architect designed and management articles, deployed ‘Cummins Annual Operating Plan automated processes, solution that integrate IT and essay mean, business process to Cross cultural articles support strategic business information needs. Writing A Dissertation. Oracle solution primarily involves Oracle Inventory, Work in Cross assignment, Process, Bills of Material Cost management. In order to Writing paper prepare the annual operating plan (AOP) for Cross management assignment, Cummins line of business (commercial, consumer Electronic) it is a dissertation methodology, imperative to understand the impact of impending cost changes to Cross cultural management articles the sellable products.

Variation between the a dissertation methodology estimated total product cost planned in the AOP and actual total product cost resulting from Cross cultural management cost roll should ideally be zero. To estimate the impact of x 28, cost change variance as early as possible in AOP process, a custom functionality ‘Tool Reports’ blended with standard oracle process got designed and deployed. Requirements definition evaluation: functions and features. Prepared business use case, functional and cultural management articles, technical design specifications document. Solution design for AOP automated tool and reports. Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Identified operational inefficiencies and Writing paper x 28, integration issues. Suggested alternative solution.

Prioritization and assignment of development activities to offshore team. Specification documents for Cross management articles, reports customizations. Writing A Dissertation Methodology. Designed deployed customized reports. Prepared test script, user training document and work instruction sheet. Conducted integrated testing and UAT. Analyzed data issues and resolved problems. Supported development and execution of deployment plan. Environment : Oracle Applications 10.7. Achievement : Year 2007 AOP variation was $15.7 million. After AOP automated tool deployment, 2008 variation is virtually Zero. Oracle 11i Roll-out, USG Interiors Inc, Greenville, MS Mar 2007 - Jun 2007.

USG is a leading manufacturer of building materials for the construction and remodeling industries. As an Cross management, ERP analyst rolled out Oracle Inventory, Bills of Paper on it, Material, Work in assignment articles, Process, Warehouse Management and Mobile Supply Chain Applications (MSCA) and cost modules at USG plant. Write Speech. Key initiatives were Item attributes, template, categories configuration, RF Scanner and bar code process deployment, WMS Org configuration, WMS Rules set-up, Receiving manufacturing transactions on RF scanner, New product introduction (NPI), cycle count set-up, Work Order-less Completions and cultural articles, return process, Scrap calculation , Production Reporting and a dissertation methodology, Reconciliation, product cost mapping , Custom reports. Requirement collection evaluation. Scope determination. Mapped business process with the oracle modules. Gap Analysis and management, Resolution.

Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules in development and production environment. Trained Users on Oracle forms and policy paper, Handheld Computers/Handheld Terminals for manufacturing and inventory transactions. Prepared test plans, user training document work instruction sheet. Designed implemented customized reports/labels required by users. Integrated testing with bar code S/W label printer. Coordinated between the Cross business and the technical team members through the Writing a dissertation methodology solution delivery process.

Recommended Supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and maintenance activities by testing and Cross management assignment, troubleshooting functional issues. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution effectively. Conducted Super user training, CRP , User Acceptance Test , end user training and paper, Go Live. Production Support roll-out issues , Training, Month end activities. Environment: Oracle Applications 11.5.10.

Oracle 11i Implementation at Datex-Ohmeda Inc, Laurel, MD Oct 2005 - Feb 2007. Manufacturing Functional Lead. Datex-Ohmeda Inc is implementing Oracle Applications Suite of cultural assignment articles, software to meet its e-business vision. How To A Persuasive Speech Body. As a Function Lead implemented Oracle INV, BOM, WIP, ENG, MS/MRP, PO, ERES and AME at Laurel plant. Key initiatives were to configure Planning, Inventory Min-Max planning, SMI material through Kanban Replenishment, cycle count physical count set-up, OSP process, Shelf life item management. Super market setup (Lean MFG) to streamline material handling, ERES deployment across oracle modules, ATO PTO, Approval hierarchy set-up, Data migration from legacy system to oracle.

Coordinated with technical team for customization, third party system integrations (e-Matrix, GXS- supplier portal, BI Reports-Cognos), SOX compliance. Requirement collection evaluation. Scope determination. As-Is Vs To-be Process Analysis. Cultural Assignment Articles. Gap Analysis and Resolution. Accountable for paper x 28, providing leadership and facilitation for Cross cultural management assignment, requirements gathering, structured documentation and presentation of findings.

Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules in development and production environment. Prepared Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40, Data Validation Load file preparation. Deployed ERES AME framework to achieve FDA compliance for required business transactions. Performed Data conversion through Interfaces/Data Loader. Write A Persuasive Speech. Conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, Item transaction default, On handetc.

Error resolution. Designed customized reports Bar code labels required by users. Specification documents for Reports Customizations MD63 interface MD60. Developed comprehensive test plan at various Phase CRP1, CRP2, and ITEST Go-live. Prepared Test scripts for user testing by mapping the actual business scenarios.

Exhaustive Implementation Testing End to End. Managed Quality Center/ Test Director for test case management and defect tracking. Prepared Test Plan, Training Documents and work instructions. User training and User Acceptance Test. Cultural Management. Go Live. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution effectively. Production Support resolved implementation issues. Month end, year end activities. Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.10. Oracle 11i Implementation at policy paper GE Clinical Systems, Madison, WI Feb 2004 Aug 2005.

GE Clinical Systems in the business of high end Medical equipment like digital imaging, scanners etc. Cultural Management. It is carrying out the persuasive implementation in a global single instance in a discrete manufacturing environment. As a MFG Consultant I was responsible for INV, WIP, BOM, CST and Cross management, ENG module implementation. Key initiatives were to Organ donation persuasive essay set up Item parameter, cycle count physical count, Model BOM Configuration, Product Cost mapping, Cost-roll up and Cross cultural assignment, variance analysis, Data migration and donation, validation, NPI and ECO process. Coordinated with technical team for third party system integrations (Sales workbench, Service Parts Order Management, BI Reports, IQA) Mapped business requirements. As-Is Vs To-be Process Analysis. Gap Analysis and Resolution. Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules in development and production environment.

Prepared Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40. Data Validation Load file preparation. Performed Data conversion through Interfaces / Data Loader. Conversions like Item, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, On handetc. Error resolution. Designed customized reports/labels required by users. Specification documents for Reports Customizations MD63 interface MD60. Developed comprehensive test plan at various Phase CRP1, CRP2, and ITEST Go-live. Prepared Test scripts for user testing by cultural management, mapping the with writing on it green actual business scenarios. Exhaustive Implementation Testing End to Cross cultural articles End. Managed Quality Center/ Test Director for Paper with green, test case management and Cross cultural management assignment, defect tracking.

Prepared Training Documents. End user training. Conducted CRP UAT. Go-live. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution effectively. Production Support resolved implementation issues. Month end Quarter close activities. Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.9. Oracle Apps Production Support, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI Apr 2003 Jan 2004. Production support activities (24x7) for GE healthcare live sites across Americas, Europe and a dissertation methodology, Asia. Tracked and resolved business user issues and Cross management, helped with process across Manufacturing, Distribution and Organ persuasive, Finance modules.

Assisted program manager by Cross articles, scoping the proposed solution leading to Statistics help homework accurate cost and time estimates. Developed functional specifications and management assignment, system design specifications document to meet business requirements. Supported Conversions, Report, Interfaces, and Extensions requirements. Prepared Set-up BR100, Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40. Supported Data conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, on essay mean hand, Sourcing rule, Item Transaction Defaults, Open PO, Price List. Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process.

Test plan development and execution. Conducted User training. Management Assignment Articles. Prepared training documents and work instructions. Month end, Quarter close, Year end activities and reporting. Environment : Oracle Applications 11i.

Configure, Price, Quote, GE Healthcare, Mumbai, India Feb 2001 Mar 2003. Configure-Price-Quote (CPQ), a Product Configuration application, is GEHC’s global initiative to integrate its multiple equipment selling systems on Writing policy paper x 28 a single global platform. CPQ integrates with the Order to Receipt (OTR) Oracle Apps system different components of sales workbench. Cross Articles. CPQ Application is Paper writing green, being developed using Selectica’s ISS (Interactive Selling System) tool. Identified and consolidated key Business needs requirements from different GEHC businesses feeding into the CPQ program. Analyzed and Cross assignment, Evaluated enhancements to the application. Coordinated between User and technical teams through the design and development process to delivery.

Developed test plan and integrated test script. Used Test Director for defect tracking. Designed Product hierarchy tool to support product configuration. Developed use cases system mock up for support tools. Bajaj Tempo Limited, M.P., India Jul 1997 Jun 1999. Bajaj Tempo is Paper with on it green, a leading light commercial Vehicle manufacturer in India. Manufacture Tempo Trax, Tempo Traveler, Matador, Tempo Tractor, and management assignment, Mini-door in Statistics help videos, the segment of passenger load carrying vehicle. As Production Engineer I was -in-charge of Tempo Trax production line, managed manpower of around 20 employees and cultural assignment, reporting to Plant Manager.

Production planning to meet daily and monthly targets. Manufacturing scheduling Resource allocation. Co-ordination with supporting dept. Organ Donation Persuasive Essay. (Maintenance, Quality control, IT , Return Repair dept etc). Performance monitoring execution. Production issue resolution. Master of Engineering (Manufacturing Systems), Birla Institute of Technology and Science- Pilani, Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical), Govt.

Engineering College, Ujjain India. Oracle Certification Program (OCP) - 11i E-Business Suite Essentials for Implementers.

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VIDAS SECAS - Graciliano Ramos (Resumo) Os romancistas de 30 caracterizavam-se por adotarem visão crítica das relações sociais, regionalismo ressaltando o homem hostilizado pelo ambiente, pela terra, cidade, o homem devorado pelos problemas que o meio lhe impõe. Graciliano Ramos (1892-1953) nasceu em Quebrângulo, Alagoas. Cross Cultural Assignment Articles. Estudou em Maceió, mas não cursou nenhuma faculdade. Writing. Após breve estada no Rio de Janeiro como revisor dos jornais Correio da Manhã e A Tarde, passou a fazer jornalismo e política, elegendo-se prefeito em 1927. Foi preso em 1936 sob acusação de comunista e nesta fase escreveu Memórias do Cárcere, um sério depoimento sobre a realidade brasileira. Assignment Articles. Depois do cárcere, morou no Rio de Janeiro. Help. Em 1945, integrou-se no Partido Comunista Brasileiro. Graciliano estreou em 1933 com Caetés. Cross. Outro livro seu, São Bernardo, é verdadeira obra prima da literatura brasileira.

Depois vieram Angústia (1936) e Vidas Secas (1938), inspirados em Machado de Assis. Podemos justificar isto com passagens do texto: Os infelizes tinham caminhado o dia inteiro, estavam cansados e famintos. Paper On It Green. A caatinga estendia-se de um vermelho indeciso salpicado de manchas brancas que eram ossadas Resolvera de supetão aproveitá-lo (papagaio) como alimento. Cross Cultural Assignment. Miudinhos, perdidos no deserto queimado, os fugitivos agarraram-se, somaram as suas desgraças e os seus pavores. Baleia: cadela da família, tratada como gente, muito querida pelas crianças. Writing. Sinhá Vitória: mulher de Fabiano, sofrida, mãe de dois filhos, lutadora e inconformada com a miséria em que vivem, trabalha muito na vida. Cross Management Assignment. Fabiano: nordestino pobre, ignorante que desesperadamente procura trabalho, bebe muito e perde dinheiro no jogo. Write Speech Body. Filhos: crianças pobres sofridas e que não têm noção da própria miséria. Cross Cultural. Patrão: contratou Fabiano para trabalhar em sua fazenda, era desonesto e explorava os empregados.

Outros personagens: o soldado, seu Inácio (dono do bar). Foco narrativo: terceira pessoa. Adjetivos, figuras de linguagem: Prosopopéia: compara Baleia com gente. Esse livro retrata fielmente a realidade brasileira. Essay Mean. Não só da época em que o livro foi escrito, mas também nos dias de hoje, relatando situações como injustiça social, miséria, fome, desigualdade, seca, o que nos remete à ideia de que o homem se animalizou sob condições sub-humanas de sobrevivência. A cadela Baleia acompanha o grupo de humanos agora sem a companhia do outro animal da família, um papagaio, que fora sacrificado na véspera a fim de aplacar a fome que se abatia sobre aquelas pessoas. Cross Cultural Management. Na verdade, era um papagaio estranho, que pouco falava, talvez porque convivesse com gente que também falava pouco.

Errando por caminhos incertos, Fabiano e família encontram uma fazenda completamente abandonada. Paper With Green. Surge a intenção de se fixar por ali. Cross Management. Baleia aparece com um preá entre os dentes, causando grande alegria aos seus donos. Statistics Help Videos. Haveria comida. Cultural Articles. Descendo ao bebedouro dos animais, em meio à lama, Fabiano consegue água. Writing X 28. Há uma alegria em seu coração, novos ventos parecem soprar para a sua família. Articles. Pensa em Seu Tomás da bolandeira. A Dissertation Methodology. Pensa na mulher e nos filhos. A inesperada caça é preparada, o que garante um rápido momento de felicidade ao grupo. Assignment Articles. No céu, já escuro, uma nuvem - sempre um sinal de esperança. Writing Green. Fabiano deseja estabelecer-se naquela fazenda.

Será o dono dela. Assignment. A vida melhorará para todos. A uma pergunta de um dos filhos, Fabiano irrita-se. Statistics Help Homework. Para que perguntar as coisas? Conversaria com Sinhá Vitória sobre isso. Cross Cultural Management Assignment Articles. Essas coisas de pensamento não levavam a nada. Paper Writing On It. Seu Tomás da bolandeira, apesar de admirado por Fabiano pelas suas palavras difíceis, não acabara como todo mundo?

As palavras, as ideias, seduziam e cansavam Fabiano. Pensou na brutalidade do patrão, a tratá-lo como um traste. Cross Assignment Articles. Pensou em Sinhá Vitória e seu desejo de possuir uma cama igual à de Seu Tomás da bolandeira. Paper Writing On It Green. Eles não poderiam ter esse luxo, cambembes que eram. Cross Cultural. Sentiu-se confuso. Help Homework. Era um forte ou um fraco, um homem ou um bicho? Sentia, por vezes, ímpeto de lutador e fraqueza de derrotado. Lembrando dos meninos, novamente, achou que, quando as coisas melhorassem, eles poderiam se dar ao luxo daquelas coisas de pensar. Cross Assignment. Por ora, importante era sobreviver. Writing Policy Paper. Enquanto as coisas não melhorassem, falaria com Sinhá Vitória sobre a educação dos pequenos.

O soldado, provocador, encara o vaqueiro e barra-lhe a passagem. Cross Cultural Management Assignment. Pisa no pé de Fabiano que, tentando contornar a situação à sua maneira, aguenta os insultos até o possível, terminando por xingar a mãe do soldado amarelo. How To Write Speech Body. Destacamento à sua volta. Cross Cultural Management. Cadeia. Writing X 28. Fabiano é empurrado, humilhado publicamente. No xadrez, pensa por que havia acontecido tudo aquilo com ele. Management Assignment Articles. Não fizera nada, se quisesse até bateria no mirrado amarelo, mas ficara quieto. Paper Writing. Em meio a rudes indagações, enfureceu-se, acalmou-se, protestou inocência.

Amolou-se com o bêbado e com a quenga que estavam em outra cela. Cultural Management Articles. Pensou na família. Writing On It Green. Se não fosse Sinhá Vitória e as crianças, já teria feito uma besteira por ali mesmo. Cross Assignment Articles. Quando deixaria que um soldadinho daqueles o humilhasse tanto? Arquitetou vinganças, gritou com os outros presos e, no meio de sua incompreensão com os fatos, sentiu a família como um peso a carregar. Havia um ano que discutia com o marido a necessidade de uma cama decente e, em meio a uma briga por causa das extravagâncias de cada um, Sinhá Vitória certa vez ouviu Fabiano dizer-lhe que ela ficava ridícula naqueles sapatos de verniz, caminhando como um papagaio, trôpega, manca.

A comparação machucou-a. Agora, ela irritava-se com o ronco de Fabiano ao lembrar-se de suas palavras. Essay. Circulando pela casa, fazia suas tarefas em meio à reza e à atenção ao que acontecia lá fora. Cultural Assignment Articles. Por pensar ainda na cama e na comparação maldosa de Fabiano, quase esqueceu de pôr água na comida. Subjective Essay. Veio-lhe a lembrança do bebedouro em que só havia lama. Cross Cultural Articles. Medo da seca. Paper With Green. Olhou de novo para seus pés e inevitavelmente achou Fabiano mau. Cross Cultural Management Assignment Articles. Pensou no papagaio e sentiu pena dele.

Lá fora, os meninos brincavam em meio à sujeira. Writing On It Green. Dentro de casa, Fabiano roncava forte, seguro, o que indicava a Sinhá Vitória que não deveria haver perigo algum por ali. Cultural Management Assignment. A seca deveria estar longe. Paper With Green. As coisas, agora, pareciam mais estáveis, apesar de toda a dificuldade. Cross Management Assignment. Lembrou-se de como haviam sofrido em suas andanças. Writing Methodology. Só faltava uma cama. Cultural Assignment Articles. No fundo, até mesmo Fabiano queria uma cama nova. Quando as cabras foram ao bebedouro, levadas pelo menino mais velho e por Baleia, o pequeno tomou o bode como alvo de sua ação.

Sentia-se altivo como Fabiano quando montava. Subjective Essay Mean. No bebedouro, o garoto despencou da ribanceira sobre o animal, que o repeliu. Cultural Assignment. Insistente, tentou se aprumar mas foi sacudido impiedosamente, praticando um involuntário salto mortal que o deixou, tonto, estatelado ao chão. A Persuasive Speech Body. O irmão mais velho ria sem parar do ridículo espetáculo, Baleia parecia desaprovar toda aquela loucura. Assignment. Fatalmente seria repreendido pelos pais. Paper Green. Retirou-se humilhado, alimentando a raivosa certeza de que seria grande, usaria roupas de vaqueiro, fumaria cigarros e faria coisas que deixariam Baleia e o irmão admirados. Decidiu contar à cachorrinha uma história, mas o seu vocabulário era muito restrito, quase igual ao do papagaio que morrera na viagem.

Só Baleia era sua amiga naquele momento. Cross Assignment. Por que tanta zanga com uma palavra tão bonita? A culpa era de Sinhá Terta, que usara aquela palavra na véspera, maravilhando o ouvido atento do garoto mais velho. Olhou para o céu e sentiu-se melancólico. Statistics Homework Videos. Como poderiam existir estrelas? Pensou novamente no inferno. Cross. Deveria ser, sim, um lugar ruim e perigoso, cheio de jararacas e pessoas levando cascudos e pancadas com a bainha da faca. Help Homework Videos. Sempre intrigado, abraçou-se à Baleia como refúgio. A chuva dava à família a certeza de que a seca não chegaria por enquanto. Management Assignment Articles. Isso alegrava Fabiano. Policy X 28. Sinhá Vitória, porém, temia por uma inundação que os fizesse subir ao morro, novamente errantes.

A água, lá fora, ampliava sua invasão. Fabiano empolgava-se mais ainda em contar suas façanhas. Cross. A chuva tinha vindo em boa hora. How To Write A Persuasive Body. Após a humilhação na cidade, decidira que, com a chegada da seca, abandonaria a família e partiria para a vingança contra o soldado amarelo e demais autoridades que lhe atravessassem o caminho. Cross Management Assignment Articles. A chegada das águas interrompera aqueles planos sinistros. Essay. Em meio à narrativa empolgada, Fabiano imaginava que as coisas melhorariam a partir dali; quem sabe, Sinhá Vitória até pudesse ter a cama tão desejada. Para o filho mais novo, o escuro e as sombras geradas pela fogueira faziam da imagem do pai algo grotesco, exagerado. Cultural Management. Para o mais velho, a alteração feita por Fabiano na história que contava era motivo de desconfiança. Paper On It. Algo não cheirava bem naquele enredo.

Sempre pensativo, o menino mais velho dormiu pensando na falha do pai e nos sapos que estariam lá fora, no frio. Baleia, incomodada com a arenga de Fabiano, procurava sossego naquela paisagem interior. Cross Management Articles. Queria dormir em paz, ouvindo o barulho de fora. Chegando à cidade, foram todos lavar-se à beira de um riacho antes de se integrarem à festa. Description Essay Mean. Sinhá Vitória carregava um guarda-chuva. Management Articles. Fabiano marchava teso. Statistics Help Homework Videos. Os meninos maravilham-se, assustados, com tantas luzes e gente. Cross. A igreja, com as imagens nos altares, encantou-os mais ainda. Essay Mean. O pai espremia-se no meio da multidão, sentindo-se cercado de inimigos.

Sentia-se mangado por aquelas pessoas que o viam em trajes estranhos à sua bruta feição. Management Assignment Articles. Ninguém na cidade era bom. Paper With On It Green. Lembrou-se da humilhação imposta pelo soldado amarelo quando estivera pela última vez na cidade. A família saiu da igreja e foi ver o carrossel e as barracas de jogos. Cross Cultural Management Assignment. Como Sinhá Vitória negou-lhe uma aposta no bozó, Fabiano afastou-se da família e foi beber pinga. Donation Essay. Embriagando-se, foi ficando valente. Cross Cultural Assignment Articles. Imaginava, com raiva, por onde andava o soldado amarelo. Speech. Queria esganá-lo.

No meio da multidão, gritava, provocava um inimigo imaginário. Assignment Articles. Queria bater em alguém, poderia matar se fosse o caso. Writing Methodology. Vez ou outra, interrompia suas imprecações para uma confusa reflexão. Cross Assignment Articles. Cansado do seu próprio teatro, Fabiano deitou no chão, fez das suas roupas um travesseiro e dormiu pesadamente. Sinhá Vitória, aflita, tinha que olhar os meninos, não podia deixar o marido naquele estado. Essay. Tomando coragem para realizar o que mais queria naquele momento, discretamente esgueirou-se para uma esquina e ali mesmo urinou. Cross. Em seguida, para completar o momento de satisfação, pitou num cachimbo de barro pensando numa cama igual à de seu Tomás da bolandeira. Os meninos também estavam aflitos. With On It Green. Baleia sumira na confusão de pessoas, e o medo de que ela se perdesse e não mais voltasse era grande. Assignment. Para alívio dos pequenos, a cachorrinha surge de repente e acaba com a tensão. Writing. Restava, agora, aos pequenos, o maravilhamento com tudo de novo que viam.

O menor perguntou ao mais velho se tudo aquilo tinha sido feito por gente. Cross Cultural Assignment. A dúvida do maior era se todas aquelas coisas teriam nome. Description. Como os homens poderiam guardar tantas palavras para nomear as coisas? Distante de tudo, Fabiano roncava e sonhava com soldados amarelos. Baleia era considerada como um membro da família, por isso os meninos protestaram, tentando sair ao terreiro para impedir a trágica atitude do pai. Management Articles. Sinhá Vitória lutava com os pequenos, porque aquilo era necessário, mas aos primeiros movimentos do marido para a execução, lamentou o fato de que ele não tivesse esperado mais para confirmar a doença da cachorrinha. Ao primeiro tiro, que pegou o traseiro da cachorra e inutilizou-lhe uma perna, as crianças começaram a chorar desesperadamente. Começou, lá fora, o jogo estratégico da caça e do caçador. Speech. Baleia sentia o fim próximo, tentava esconder-se e até desejou morder Fabiano. Cross Cultural Management Assignment Articles. Um nevoeiro turvava a visão da cachorrinha, havia um cheiro bom de preás. Writing. Em meio à agonia, tinha raiva de Fabiano, mas também o via como o companheiro de muito tempo.

A vigilância às cabras, Fabiano, Sinhá Vitória e as crianças surgiam à Baleia em meio a uma inundação de preás que invadiam a cozinha. Management. Dores e arrepios. A Dissertation. Sono. Cultural Management. A morte estava chegando para Baleia. Naquele dia, mais uma vez Fabiano pedira a Sinhá Vitória para que ela fizesse as contas. Statistics Help Homework Videos. O patrão, novamente, mostrou-lhe outros números. Cultural Management Assignment. Os juros causavam a diferença, explicava o outro. With Green. Fabiano reclamou, havia engano, sim senhor, e aí foi o patrão quem estrilou. Management Assignment Articles. Se ele desconfiava, que fosse procurar outro emprego. With. Submisso, Fabiano pediu desculpas e saiu arrasado, pensando mesmo que Sinhá Vitória era quem errara. Na rua, voltou-lhe a raiva.

Lembrou-se do dia em que fora vender um porco na cidade e o fiscal da prefeitura exigira o pagamento do imposto sobre a venda. Cross Management. Fabiano desconversou e disse que não iria mais vender o animal. A Dissertation Methodology. Foi a uma outra rua negociar e, pego em flagrante, decidiu nunca mais criar porcos. Pensou na dificuldade de sua vida. Cultural Management. Bom seria se pudesse largar aquela exploração.

Mas não podia! Seu destino era trabalhar para os outros, assim como fora com seu pai e seu avô. As notas em sua mão impressionavam-no. Donation. Juros, palavra difícil que os homens usavam quando queriam enganar os outros. Cultural Assignment Articles. Era sempre assim: bastavam palavras difíceis para lograr os menos espertos. Subjective Description Essay Mean. Contou e recontou o dinheiro com raiva de todas aquelas pessoas da cidade. Cross Management Articles. Sinhá Vitória é que entendia seus pensamentos.

Teve vontade de entrar na bodega de seu Inácio e tomar uma pinga. Statistics. Lembrou-se da humilhação passada ali mesmo e decidiu ir para casa. Cultural Management Assignment. O céu, várias estrelas. Writing Policy X 28. Deixou de lado a lembrança dos inimigos e pensou na família. Cultural Assignment Articles. Sentiu dó da cachorra Baleia. Help Videos. Ela era um membro da família. Fabiano irritou-se com a cena. Cultural Management Assignment. O outro era um nadica. Writing Paper. Poderia matá-lo com as mãos, sem armas, se quisesse. Cultural Management. A fragilidade do outro aos poucos foi aplacando a raiva de Fabiano. Statistics Help Videos. Ponderou que ele mesmo poderia ter evitado a noite na cadeia se não tivesse xingado a mãe do amarelo.

No meio daquela paisagem isolada e hostil, só os dois, e se ele pedisse passagem ao soldado? Aproximou-se do outro pensando que já tinha sido mais valente, mais ousado. Assignment. Na verdade, na fração de segundo interminável Fabiano ia descobrindo-se amedrontado. Writing Policy X 28. Se ele era um homem de bem, para que arruinar a sua vida matando uma autoridade? Guardaria forças para inimigo maior. Sentindo o inimigo acovardado, o soldado ganhou força.

Avançou firme e perguntou o caminho. Cross Management Assignment Articles. Fabiano tirou o chapéu numa reverência e ainda ensinou o caminho ao amarelo. Era só desgraça atrás de desgraça. Writing X 28. Sempre fugido, sempre pequeno. Cross Assignment. Fabiano não se conformava, pensava com raiva no soldado amarelo, achava-se um covarde, um fraco. Paper With Writing. Irado, matou mais e mais aves. Cross Cultural Assignment Articles. Serviriam de comida, mas até quando? Quem sabe a seca não chegasse.

Era sempre uma esperança. Mean. Mas o céu escuro de arribações só confirmava a triste situação. Cross Cultural Assignment. Elas cobriam o mundo de penas, matando o gado, tocando a ele e à família dali, quem sabe comendo-os. Recolheu os cadáveres das aves e sentiu uma confusão de imagens em sua cabeça. Paper With Green. Aquele lugar não era bom de se viver. Management. Lembrou-se de Baleia, tentou se convencer de que não fizera errado em matá-la, pensou de novo na família e no que as arribações representavam. Paper With Writing Green. Sim, era necessário ir embora daquele lugar maldito. Cross Cultural Assignment Articles. Sinhá Vitória era inteligente, saberia entender a urgência dos fatos.

Partiram de madrugada, abandonando tudo como encontraram. A Dissertation. O caminho era o do Sul. Cross Cultural Management Articles. O grupo era o mesmo que errava como das outras vezes. Writing Policy. Fabiano, no fundo, não queria partir, mas as circunstâncias convenciam-no da necessidade. A vermelhidão do céu e o azul que viria depois assustavam Fabiano. Cultural Assignment Articles. Baleia era uma imagem constante em seus confusos pensamentos. Methodology. Sinhá Vitória também fraquejava. Cultural. Queria, precisava falar. Statistics. Aproximou-se do marido e disse coisas desconexas, que foram respondidas no mesmo nível de atrapalhação. Na verdade, ele gostou que ela tivesse puxado conversa. Assignment. Ela tentou animar o marido, quem sabe a vida fosse melhor, longe dali, com uma nova ocupação para ele.

Marido e mulher elogiam-se mutuamente; ele é forte, aguenta caminhar léguas, ela, tem pernas grossas e nádegas volumosas, aguenta também. Organ Donation Persuasive. A cidade, talvez, fosse melhor. Cross Cultural Assignment. Até uma cama poderiam arranjar. Paper With. Por que haveriam de viver sempre como bichos fugidos? Os meninos, longe, despertavam especulações ao casal. Cross Management Articles. O que seriam quando crescessem? Sinhá Vitória não queria que fossem vaqueiros. Essay. O cansaço ia chegando à medida que avançava a caminhada, e assim houve uma parada para descanso. Management Assignment Articles. Novamente marido e mulher conversavam, fazendo planos, temendo o mau agouro das aves que voavam no céu. Sinhá Vitória acordou os pequenos, que dormiam, e seguiu-se viagem.

Fabiano ainda admirou a vitalidade da mulher. Statistics Help Homework Videos. Era forte mesmo! Assim, a cada passo arrastado do grupo um mundo de novas perspectivas ia sendo criado. Cultural Articles. Sinhá Vitória falava e estimulava Fabiano. Writing. Sim, deveria haveria uma nova terra, cheia de oportunidades, distante do sertão a formar homens brutos e fortes como eles. gostei muito vlw ai vai me ajudar muito. ee cara perfeito, sei t udoo heuheuhe. eu ja li o livro ma is cultural management assignment, nunca acerto quando pe rguntam alguma coisa rela cionada a ele! heheheheh. valeu ai pela forca.

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all biographies BY DARGAN THOMPSON CULTURE / BOOKS February 23, 2016. We all love a good story. Stories transport us to other times and places, they teach important lessons, they inspire us and show us what we have in common. And while fiction is wonderful and cultural management valuable, stories are all the more compelling if they#8217;re true. It#8217;s impossible to compile a definitive list of on it green best biographies and autobiographies—you could probably spend a lifetime reading well-written tales of Cross management articles inspiring people—but here are a few we think are worth your time. Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy by Eric Metaxas. The story of help homework a German pastor and anti-Nazi who got involved with a plot to kill Hitler is interesting in Cross articles, and of itself, but Eric Metaxas broadens the story, showing the history of paper x 28 Hitler’s rise to power and weaving in Cross assignment, Bonhoeffer’s writing and thoughts. The result is Subjective description essay mean, a fascinating narrative that is both informative and, in ways, devotional. While Bonhoeffer’s Ethics and The Cost of Discipleship have become classics, the thoughts behind them are even more rich in management assignment articles, the context of the what the essay mean writer himself had to sacrifice.

More than just a look into the mind of one of the great theologians of the 20th century, Bonhoeffer is a story of one man’s dedication to following Christ’s leading amid the changing morals of pre-WWII Germany. Jack: A Life of C.S. Assignment. Lewis by George Sayer. With its insertions of personal conversations with the author and descriptions of his life and times from real memories, Jack: A Life may be the best #8220;gateway biography#8221; for any Lewis enthusiast. Write A Persuasive. This is the most personal of Lewis’ biographies, with an intimate feel that cannot be emulated by Lewis’ other biographers who did not know him as a friend. Ask yourself who you would choose to Cross cultural management write your own biography: a friend who knew you behind closed doors, or a scholar 30 years on, full of Freudian ideas of the subconscious, and working only on your books, correspondence, and others’ recollections and impressions of you. Granted, other biographies of Lewis are valuable because they are distant from him, but Sayer’s friendship with Lewis does not make him shy away from the controversial issues surrounding the author’s life. He faces them head on and judges fairly. The Long Loneliness by Dorothy Day.

The Long Loneliness , Dorothy Day#8217;s story of conversion and dedication to the Catholic Worker#8217;s Movement, is a challenge to all Christians to love as Christ loved. Although her early adult life was spent as an iconoclast and a socialist, including stints in jail and an abortion, she began feeling the tug of the homework Holy Spirit. Upon the birth of her first child, Day joined the Catholic Church and management assignment eventually met Peter Maurin, with whom she would found the Catholic Worker Movement. Day#8217;s approach to the faith was at once orthodox and Subjective essay unconventional, deeply influenced by the teachings of Christ about the Cross articles poor and oppressed—those on Paper on it green, the fringes of society Day felt the Church had become complacent toward. In spite of Day#8217;s controversial character, The Long Loneliness is a must-read “spiritual autobiography” with broad appeal across religious denominations, political affiliations and social views. Cultural Management Assignment Articles. Along with being a fascinating story of one of our country#8217;s founding fathers, John Adams is one of the Writing a dissertation methodology few biographies on management assignment, anyone to cross into Writing policy paper x 28, the realm of beautiful writing and nearly perfect prose. It is not only a well-researched, well-paced biography, it is cultural management articles, fine literature and can be as compelling and write moving as any fiction. McCullough#8217;s portraits of 18th century Philadelphia, London, Paris, New York and Washington and the personalities inhabiting those cities are just that, masterful portraits painted with a careful #8220;brush.#8221; What sets McCullough apart from other biographers is his impeccable choice of detail. Cross Cultural Management. He knows just when to describe a meal, a suit of clothes, or a weather forecast for help videos a particular day. McCullough is to biography what Tolkien is to high fantasy—a towering genius unmatched by most of his imitators. Cross Cultural Assignment. The Hiding Place by Corrie Ten Boom.

Although it#8217;s an writing autobiography, Corrie Ten Boom#8217;s The Hiding Place is really the story of a whole family and their dedication to serving Christ in Holland during WWII. The Ten Booms, a humble and simple family, risked their lives to Cross assignment hide Jews in their home. As a critical component of the Dutch resistance movement, the family is forced to make difficult and often morally ambiguous choices that ultimately land them in Dutch and German concentration camps. The Hiding Place is not an easy read—it plumbs the depths of despair, hopelessness and doubt. Yet there#8217;s intense victory in the darkness, owing to a hidden Bible and the unwavering desire of Corrie and Writing policy paper x 28 her sister to Cross cultural assignment articles share Christ#8217;s love with the other prisoners and their Nazi captors. This is Subjective description essay, a biography that resonates long after the final page is turned.

12 Years a Slave by Solomon Northup. Even if you#8217;ve already seen Steve Mcqueen#8217;s Oscar-nominated film adaptation, this autobiography is well worth reading. The story of a free black man in the North who#8217;s kidnapped and sold into slavery, 12 Years a Slave is Cross management assignment, a rare, heartbreaking look into what life was like for slaves in policy paper, the South. Northup shows the cruelty and cowardice of the slave owners he witnessed with a fair hand, and keeps a hopeful tone even while depicting the horrors of Cross management assignment articles slave life. X 28. While it#8217;s not an easy read (you may want to keep a box of tissues nearby), it#8217;s an important one. Chronicles of Wasted Time by Malcolm Muggeridge. Malcolm Muggeridge earns his place as the post-Chestertonian voice of Christian reason in Chronicles of Wasted Time —an autobiography cited by many as the management assignment single best of the 20th century. The work follows the a dissertation journalist, intellectual, spy and onetime atheist and communist sympathizer from his early life through his conversion to Christianity. Assignment. Chronicles is the rare work full of literary depth, social critique and brilliant humor in Subjective mean, equal measure, with references to a variety of characters from Churchill to Chanel. What makes it essential reading, however, is Muggeridge#8217;s life story, which spans nearly the articles entirety of the 20th century and captures the Statistics homework videos wholeness of his conversion: from Stalin sympathizer to Cross cultural assignment fierce critic, from hedonist to ascetic, from lifelong agnostic to Christian in his sixties.

It#8217;s a thrilling adventure that proves, in Muggeridge#8217;s own words, that “Every happening, great and small, is a parable whereby God speaks to us—and the art of life is to get the message.” Son of a Preacher Man: My Search for Grace in the Shadows by Jay Bakker. Sex, lies, drugs and greed: they sound like sketchy nouns reserved for scandalous TV shows or celebrity tabloids. But how does the narrative of those words change when they’re all intertwined with the family of a…preacher? You may or may not have heard of Jim Bakker. A famous televangelist in the 80’s, Bakker would be convicted of defrauding loyal followers of his “PTL (Praise the Lord)” ministry. His family was ravaged by drug abuse, adultery and, tragically the unabashed condemnation of other famous Christian leaders at the time. In this book, Jim Bakker’s son Jay does more than offer a glimpse into the Bakker family: he rips down the entire curtain to show all the flaws and tribulations of Paper green a pastor, his wife, and their children. Despite the pain and shame felt by all members of the Bakker family, Jay shares just how God’s love and grace redeemed him and his family. Dargan is a former RELEVANT editor turned freelancer. Find her online at darganthompson.com or follow her extremely random train of thought on Twitter @darganthompson. 5 Things to Stop Doing in Your 20s.

5 Things Christians Should Know About Depression and Anxiety. The 5 Most Misused and Abused Bible Verses. Eden, Evil and the Surprising Message of #8216;Wonder Woman#8217; Having Mental Health Issues Doesn#8217;t Mean You#8217;re a Bad Christian. RECOMMENDED FOR YOU. Cultural Assignment Articles. 11 Contemporary Authors Every Christian Should Read. 7 Books That Will Challenge Your Faith. 5 Books That Will Challenge Your Ideas About Race in America. Episode 569: Terry Crews #038; Derek Webb. 2017 RELEVANT Media Group. All Rights Reserved.

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Essay: A Report on E-Commerce Industry. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. Following report has been made on the ‘Indian E-commerce Industry’. All the data has been collected from the internet, research papers and surveys. The e-commerce is one of the biggest things that have taken the Indian business by storm. It is creating an entire new economy, which has a huge potential and is fundamentally changing the way businesses are done. It has advantages for both buyers as well as sellers and this win-win situation is at Cross management articles the core of its phenomenal rise. Description Essay Mean? Rising incomes and a greater variety of goods and cultural management, services that can be bought over the internet is Writing policy, making buying online more attractive and convenient for cultural articles consumers all over the country.

The report gives information on different aspects of the Statistics help homework videos, Indian E-commerce industry. For simplicity it is divided into various chapters. Chapter 1 ‘ Introduces to Cross management assignment the Indian E-commerce industry and Writing policy paper, defines its importance to the economy. The objective of the study is set in this chapter. Chapter 2 – Briefs about the Global and Cross, Indian scenario. Comparison of U.S and Indian E-commerce.

Chapter 3 ‘ Provides a brief insight into the Structure of the industry with the HHI index the Chapter 4 ‘ Has the help homework, macro environmental analysis of E-Commerce industry which includes the PESTEL analysis. Chapter 5 – Briefs the cultural management assignment, Competitive analysis using Porters 5 Forces. Chapter 6 ‘ Performance Analysis using 4 key metrics on major players of E-commerce industry. Also included the Internet users traffic comparison on writing on it green top 10 e-commerce sites in India. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. A Study on cultural management assignment articles Indian E-Commerce Industry.

Since from few years, Growth of write a persuasive speech body internet has changed the world in terms of management assignment expectations of. the consumer and consumer behaviour. Statistics Help Homework? Online websites for product purchasing concentrate. on consumer behaviour pattern and cultural management articles, shopping patter with drastic change. Company are now a. days willing to change their marketing strategies as they have understood traditional selling. practices won’t work with changing technology world. ‘Buying and Subjective essay, selling products online’ was a new chapter introduced in the internet world in. year 1991. Management? Ebay.com played a significant role to create a revolution in the online ecommerce. Till that time nobody thought that purchasing all kind of products online will become a trend. in world and India will share a good part of success.

In the late 1990’s, ReddifShopping.com. and Ebay.com gave a first-hand experience for Indians towards E-retail. Initially when it use to come for Writing a dissertation methodology weekly shopping of groceries, clothes, shoes and Cross assignment articles, cosmetics, majority of the people preferred to get into their cars and drive to the supermarket to get the. groceries, shops or malls for other basic products. Now it is becoming common news that. people even buy their groceries online in India. 1.2 Business Model of E-commerce Industry.

A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 1) Flash Sales Sites: A Flash Sales e-Commerce Website is a B2C type business model. where the website sells the Organ essay, products directly to the end customers. They normally. manage the entire process of the cultural assignment, e-Commerce lifecycle on their own or through their. partners and Writing a dissertation, the consumer make the payment directly to the business owning and. managing the Cross cultural assignment, website. The consumers take the benefit of huge discounts, which at. times ranges from 50% to 90%, and prefer to buy the products they always aspired to. own.

They are normally unaware or do not really care even if the product they are. buying from such websites are obsolete or no longer in fashion. 2) Daily Deals Sites: A Daily Deals Website also operates as a B2C website and. typically showcases a very lucrative sale on paper a single or a set of Cross management articles products for the. customers. Writing Policy? Unlike the Flash Sales website, such a deal is time bound (usually for a. day) which compels the user to make immediate decisions for that product purchase. 3) Group Buying Sites: A group buying website is quite a unique B2C business model.

where the website invites the Cross assignment, buyers to buy the products / services at a discounted or. at a wholesale price. Like the Daily Deals site, the products advertised on the group. buying sites are also time bound, but usually not limited to a day. An online subscription website works in a similar manner like an a dissertation, offline subscription. for any kind of Cross cultural assignment service. Such websites showcase the entire catalogue of subscription. options for the users to choose from and subscribe online. There are a number of B2C e-Commerce websites offering a range of products and.

services to customers across different brands and a dissertation methodology, categories. Cross Management Assignment Articles? Such websites buy the. products from the brands or their distributors and sell to the end customer on market. competitive prices. A Persuasive? Though their modus operandi is same like a flash sales website, but their business objective is to cultural articles offer the latest products to Statistics the end customers online. at the best possible prices. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. Another business model gaining attracting in India recently is the online marketplace. model which enables the buyers get in management assignment articles, touch with the sellers and makes a transaction. In this business model, the website owners do not buy the product from the sellers but. act as mediators to mean facilitate the entire e-commerce transaction.

They do assist the. sellers in management assignment articles, various services like payment collection, logistics, etc. but do not prefer to. hold inventory in their own warehouse. 1) C2C Marketplace. A C2C Marketplace or a Consumer to Consumer marketplace means an Subjective mean, online. marketplace where individual consumers can sell products to individual buyers. As a seller, even if you do not run a business, you are free to sell your product.

through such marketplace to management articles the end customers. 2) B2C Marketplace. A B2C Marketplace or a Business to write body Consumer marketplace means an Cross assignment articles, online. marketplace where only business owners can sell their products to the end. customer. The process is more or less the same like that of a C2C Marketplace. with the exception that it does not allow individual users to sell their products. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry.

online. Best example of this kind of a website would be SnapDeal.com which has. now become a B2C Marketplace. 3) B2B Marketplace. In a Business-to-Business E-commerce environment, companies sell their online. goods to other companies without being engaged in sales to consumers. B2B web.

shop usually contains customer-specific pricing, customer-specific assortments and. customer-specific discounts. Indiamart.com and TATA groups tatab2b.com are few. popular sites in videos, India. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. Exclusive Brand Stores.

This is the latest business model of its kind recently started in India. In this business. model, the cultural articles, various brands setup their own exclusive brand stores online to enable. consumers buy directly from the Statistics homework, brand. A few examples of brands operating through. an Exclusive Online Brand Store are Lenovo, Canon, Timex, Sennheiser, HP, Samsung, Mobilestore.com etc. 1.3 Role of Internet in cultural assignment articles, E-Commerce. Large and writing, small business companies both use internets for promotional activities. Some of. the advantages of cultural assignment articles E-Commerce are:-

1. Availability- The availability of internet is widespread these days and hence is easily. accessible to people which has increased the a dissertation methodology, online purchases of Cross assignment articles goods and. 2. Statistics Help Homework Videos? Open to All- Internet open page allows everyone to access and transact from any. global location. Moreover it provides an Cross management, extension of product choice to the customers.

which in turn is Writing, not possible at local retail stores, etc . A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 3. Global Presence- Having a global presence it is very easy to access from any world. location just by Cross management articles having a laptop and an internet connection. All such happenings have. encouraged E-Commerce as any commodity is with on it green, just a step away from oneself. 4. Professional Transaction- Internet allows professional transaction with just one click a. professionalism that consists of decision making.

5. Low Cost, More Earn- E-commerce can be easily done with more earnings and less. expenses. The easiest approach is to replace sales person with a well informative and. designed web page that could easily help the customers to have their like items at. their doorsteps with a click of a mouse. 1.4 Changes due to online shopping in India. According to report BCG (Boston consultancy Group), by assignment articles 2016, Indian economy will reach. $10.8 trillion. Mean? In global chart India’s rank is 8th. India ranks top in services and china occupies. top position in goods in terms of export through internet.

As of now, June 2014, India has. user base of about 250.2 million. Cross Management Assignment Articles? It is estimated that by description mean 2024-26, e-commerce market in India. will be $260 billion. At an Exponential rate, E-commerce is growing in India. According to recent online retailing. report by Cross cultural management Forrester, twenty eight percentage of growth is experienced by every retailer year. after year in 2012.

As per the study digital consumers spend alomostaround$1.46 billion on. cyber cafes. This indicated that year after year there will be increasing number of How to speech online. users. Consumer behaviour is one of the biggest reasons of e-commerce boom in Cross cultural management assignment, India. Major reasons for a persuasive speech body online shopping growth in Cross cultural management assignment, India. ‘ There is Writing x 28, increase in broadband connection and 3G penetration in India. ‘ Much wider range of cultural assignment products are available then what is available in brick and mortar. ‘ Living standard is rising for middle class people and disposal income is also getting.

A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. ‘ Online products are usually available at discount which is less than the products. available in normal shops. ‘ Lack of policy time and busy lifestyle for offline shopping. ‘ Evolution of the cultural assignment, online marketplace model with websites like ebay, flipkart, snapdeal. ‘ Takes less time for purchasing as there is no need to stand in the queues which usually. done in a dissertation methodology, offline shopping. 1.5 Advantages of E-Commerce. ‘ With E-Commerce as an Cross assignment, alternative shopping is no longer a barrier for the customers. in terms of time, distance and place as customers can shop at any time and from. anywhere they prefer to.

‘ E-Commerce has satisfied and provides certified branded products to the customers. that even typical Indian customers are ready to with buy products such as clothes, shoes, etc. without even touching or trying them for Cross cultural articles fitness. ‘ All extra expenditures that were initially done on labour, etc are avoided and a lot of. funds get saved. ‘ Shopping through web is the most feasible options for metro city residents. ‘ Transaction time has reduced. ‘ Alternative products offered by different brands are also availed to the customers if by. chance the Subjective description essay, current product in a particular brand is unavailable. ‘ 1-Day delivery along with door-door delivery has caught a boom in the market with. the evolution of E-Commerce. 1.6 Disadvantages of Cross management articles E-Commerce.

‘ Unprofessionalism has increased as any company gets a chance to make their business. portal out of trust or belief. ‘ Customer interaction is very less so the product quality and satisfaction to the. customer remains a matter for Paper with writing on it green concern. ‘ Hackers and Cross cultural management assignment articles, crackers are day in and day out searching for a chance to hack into.

customer personal details that they share at the time of donation essay online payments. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. ‘ E-commerce go discouraging for cultural management articles the purchasing of precious items just by having a. glance of them rather than getting a chance to Writing wear them or check product quality. such as jewellery etc. ‘ E-commerce concept is under a mess as many online sites do not deliver services as. promised at the time of placing the order. ‘ Authenticity for the product is untrustworthy.

1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. ‘ To study the global and Indian scenario with respect to the E-commerce Industry. ‘ To study the structure of the Indian E-commerce industry. ‘ To study the macro environmental factors affecting the Cross management articles, Indian E-commerce industry. ‘ To analyze the industry using Porters 5 Forces. ‘ To study the performance of major players in the industry. ‘ To compare the U.S and Indian E-commerce industry. ‘ To study the future opportunities and prospective growth in Paper writing, the industry.

A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. GLOBAL AND INDIAN. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 2.1 Status of the management, global e-commerce industry. Middle class in many of the writing on it green, developing countries, including India, is rapidly embracing. online shopping. However, India falls behind not only US, China and Australia in terms of. Internet density, but also countries like Sri Lanka and Pakistan.

Sri Lanka has an internet. penetration of 15 percent. Better internet connectivity and Cross management, the presence of an internet-savvy. customer segment have led to growth of e-commerce in How to write a persuasive speech, Sri Lanka with an existing market. size of USD 2 billion. Pakistan, with an internet penetration of 15 percent has an existing. market size of consumer e-commerce of Cross assignment articles USD 4 billion. Incidentally FDI in inventory-based. consumer ecommerce is allowed in donation, both these countries. (IAMAI-KPMG report, September. A.T.

Kearney’s 2012 E-Commerce Index examined the top 30 countries in the 2012 Global. Retail Development Index’ (GRDI). Using 18 infrastructure, regulatory, and retail-specific. variables, the Index ranks the top 10 countries by articles their e-commerce potential. Following are some other major findings of the Index: i) China occupies first place in the Index. The G8 countries (Japan, United States, United. Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Russia, and Italy) all fall within the Statistics, Top 15. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. ii) Developing countries feature prominently in the Index.

Developing countries hold 10 of. the 30 spots, including first-placed China. These markets have been able to shortcut the. traditional online retail maturity curve as online retail grows at the same time that physical. retail becomes more organized. Cultural Articles? Consumers in these markets are fast adopting behaviors. similar to those in more developed countries. iii) Several “small gems” are making an impact.

The rankings include 10 countries with. populations of less than 10 million, including Singapore, Hong Kong, Slovakia, New. Zealand, Finland, United Arab Emirates, Norway, Ireland, Denmark, and Switzerland. Statistics Help Videos? These. countries have active online consumers and sufficient infrastructure to support online retail. iv) India is Cross cultural assignment articles, not ranked.

India, the world’s second most populous country at 1.2 billion, does. not make the Top 30, because of low internet penetration (11 percent) and poor financial and. logistical infrastructure compared to homework videos other countries. It is seen that countries making in the top list of the table of e-commerce have required. technologies coupled with higher internet density, high class infrastructure and suitable.

regulatory framework. India needs to Cross cultural management assignment articles work on these areas to realize true potential of ecommerce. business in the country. 2.2 Comparison of E-Commerce in US and India. The Indian e-commerce market will reach as high as USD 6 Billion by Writing policy paper the year 2015. This. implies that if we compare the e-commerce market with the statistics from the year 2014, there is Cross management articles, a substantial growth of 70%. Writing A Dissertation Methodology? It is evident that India is slowly becoming like the US in.

the area of e-commerce. It is stated that India has started doing well in the market of e-commerce because of the. growing number of people who have access to mobile Internet. Broadband usage has. increased by about three times in the last two years (2013 #038; 2014). A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 2.2.1 Cash on Cross cultural management assignment articles Delivery (COD) system in India.

Cash on Delivery is an Organ donation, Indian thing. US consumers mainly transact online using Credit Cards. or through PayPal. Indians are known to be price sensitive. Even though with heavy. discounting e-retailers are trying to lure them to buy online, consumers are still wary of.

making prepaid orders. The situation is different in US. Even though the discounting games continue, users generally. go with prepayment. This is also because the penetration of credit cards and electronic. payments is highly evolved in Cross management, that market, while in writing green, India, despite the estimated 1.252 billion. strong population of India, only 18.8 million credit cards existed in the country, with. approximately 331 million debit cards till last year. The popularity of CoD is directly. dependent on assignment the trust issues consumers have on the online retailers. 2.2.2 Offers and excitement created among customers.

The trend of mega online shopping festivals started in the West. How To A Persuasive Speech? From offline trends of. Macy’s Day parade and Cross, Black Friday to x 28 taking these festivals online, and creating further. new trends like Cyber Monday. India is still naive, even the three editions of the Great Online Shopping Festival have not. been able to make the impact they were expected to. The festive season of Diwali is a time. when Indians indulge in spending, and while the Indian retailers were busy creating their. respective versions of management ‘mega sales’, US based Amazon was the first to step on policy this.

opportunity with ‘Diwali Dhamaka Sale’. Also, the Cross assignment, consumer shopping behaviour is different. in the two countries. The Indian online retails brings up offers and excitement into the consumers, but it is not big. like how it is in US.

A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 2.2.3 Type of Product that People Buy Online. Nowadays people buying real estate and even automobiles online even in India is becoming. common. Essay Mean? But in general, Apparel and electronics remain the most popular categories people. buy online, and Cross management assignment articles, the same is seen in the US as well. Writing X 28? These two categories dominate both the.

An area where India is lacking is online grocery retail. Grocery retail and logistics is highly. evolved in US. In India, it was a taboo, and wasn’t touched for a long time even though the. sentiment was strong. Cross Cultural Management? Players are emerging now in this segment, with start-up’s like. BigBasket, LocalBanya etc. and mature players like Reliance Fresh taking the lead. The local Indian ‘banya’ is Statistics help videos, still stronger than online stores. The unorganised retail in India is. an area where the e-commerce would be able make a difference and eventually take over.

2.2.4 Logistics and Regulations. The logistics infrastructure is still not up to the mark in India. While India Post is doing a. great job in helping the e-commerce players, no dedicated e-commerce company has been. able to scale up its operations to reach all the Cross cultural management articles, postal codes. The penetration of internet in. India is 18% as against a dissertation, 87% in US, is a big hindrance. When it comes to Cross management assignment articles technology, site crashes, issues in ERP systems etc. are commonly heard. things in India.

Whereas in US, the technology is very strong. The Government bodies in India haven’t yet matured to the online businesses that are. operational. There hasn’t been any clear guidelines for FDI until recently, even there the. Government has decided to treat both online and offline retail alike. Some of the other online. marketplace keeps running into warehousing policy issues.

The heavy discounting is another. questionable area, since the essay, Government has clear guidelines for Maximum Retail Price, there is no lower bar set. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. STRUCTURE OF THE. A Study on Cross cultural management assignment Indian E-Commerce Industry. 3.1 HERFINDAHL – HIRSCHMAN INDEX. A commonly accepted measure of market concentration. It is with writing, calculated by squaring the. market share of each firm competing in a market, and then summing the Cross cultural management, resulting numbers. The HHI number can range from close to zero to Organ donation 10,000. The HHI is expressed as: HHI = S1^2 + S2^2 + S3^2 + … + Sn^2 (where Sn is the market.

share of the Ith firm) the closer a market is to Cross being a monopoly, the higher the market’s. concentration (and the lower its competition). For the e-commerce industry, the HHI, based on the market share is calculated as follows. Company Sales(in cr) market. Flipkart 2846.13 53.89683186 2904.868484. Jabong 202 3.82525044 14.63254093. Myntra 441.58 8.362148958 69.92553519. Snapdeal 830 15.7176132 247.0433646. Amazon 168.99 3.20014392 10.24092111. Ebay 107 2.02624652 4.105674961. naptol 460 8.710966349 75.88093474.

Yebhi 120 2.272426004 5.163919944. Yepme 80 1.514950669 2.295075531. bewakoof 25 0.473422084 0.22412847. total sales 5280.7 100 3334.38058. The HHI can have a theoretical value ranging from Writing close to zero to 10,000. If there exists. only a single market participant which has 100% of the market share the HHI would be. 10,000. If there were a great number of management assignment market participants with each company having a. market share of Writing almost 0% then the HHI could be close to zero.

‘ When the HHI value is management articles, less than 100, the market is highly competitive. ‘ When the HHI value is between 100 and 1000, the market is said to be not concentrated. ‘ When the HHI value is between 1000 and 1800, the description essay mean, market is said to be moderately. ‘ When the HHI value is Cross assignment, above 1800, the Statistics help videos, market is management assignment articles, said to be highly concentrated. So the HERFINDAHL – HIRSCHMAN INDEX of the E-commerce industry is greater than. 1800. Hence it is highly concentrated. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry.

4.1 PORTER’S FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS. The huge competition in the e commerce market allows to win as companies have to. keep their prices in check to attract buyers. Customer can choose from a wide range of offline as well as online players. Customers can always buy from some other website or some other store in case they. are not satisfied with any one player. Buyers in this industry are customers who purchase products online. Since this. industry is flooded with so many players, buyers are having lot of options to choose.

Switching costs are also less for customers since they can easily switch a service. from one online retail company to other one. Same products will be displayed in. several online retail websites. Write A Persuasive Body? So, product differentiation is almost low. Management Articles? So, all these. factors make customers to possess more power when compared to online retail.

Also the E-commerce aggregators sites makes it transparent to the consumer to see which. site offers the product in the least price. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 4.1.1 Bargaining Power of Buyers. The huge competition in the e commerce market allows to win as companies have to. keep their prices in check to attract buyers. Customer can choose from a wide range of offline as well as online players.

Customers can always buy from some other website or some other store in case they. are not satisfied with any one player. Buyers in this industry are customers who purchase products online. Since this. industry is flooded with so many players, buyers are having lot of options to choose. Switching costs are also less for speech customers since they can easily switch a service. from one online retail company to other one.

Same products will be displayed in. several online retail websites. So, product differentiation is almost low. So, all these. factors make customers to possess more power when compared to online retail. Also the assignment articles, E-commerce aggregators sites makes it transparent to the consumer to see which. site offers the product in the least price. 4.1.2 Bargaining Power of suppliers. Tens of millions of sellers list their products on ecommerce marketplaces; hence.

their individual bargaining power is limited. However, sellers can also list their products on multiple platforms and sites, including Amazon, Etsy.com and How to a persuasive speech, various international e-commerce sites. Hence, if. eBay introduces policy and pricing changes that are unsatisfactory to sellers, then it. could result in lower number of product listings on its marketplace. There are relatively fewer number of postal and delivery services as well as. shipping carriers; hence any pricing change or disruption in cultural management, their services could. hamper eBay’s ability to deliver products on How to body time.

Hence, these carriers hold some. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. The sources that generate traffic on ecommerce site can also be classified as. suppliers. Search engines hold significant leverage as they account for over 20% of. traffic on eBay if we account for both organic and paid search (according to Similar. Web estimates). Cross Management Articles? Changes in Google SEO (search engine algorithm) have a negative. impact on traffic. eBay’ seller marketplace model leads to large amounts of.

unstructured data on Subjective the site, which is detrimental to its SEO efforts. Additionally, several referring sites such as slickdeals.net, dealnews.com and social. networks also bring considerable traffic to management assignment articles ecommerce and any changes in their. policies could adversely affect the company’s top-line and profitability. In this industry, suppliers are the manufacturers of finished products like Nike, Dell,

Apple etc. Online retail companies sell various products ranging from books to. computer accessories to Statistics homework videos apparels to footwear. Since there are many suppliers for management assignment any. particular category, they can’t show power on description essay mean online retail companies.

For example, if you take computers category, there are many suppliers like Dell, Apple, Lenovo, and Toshiba who wants to sell their products through these online retail companies. So, they won’t be having power to control the online retail companies. Online. customers can select the products on their own and Cross cultural assignment, the switching costs in this case is. zero. A Dissertation? It is very difficult for Cross management manufacturers of finished products to Organ persuasive essay come into this. industry because of challenges in Logistics. Online retail industry is Cross cultural management assignment articles, important to.

suppliers because it acts as one of the channel to sell the products. Now, with most. of the customers in India purchasing online through online retail companies, they. can’t afford to Subjective mean lose this channel. Cross Assignment? So, they can’t dictate terms with online retail.

companies. So, in this industry the supplier power is low. 4.1.3 Competitive Rivalry within the Industry. E-commerce faces competition in its marketplaces segment from both offline and online. players. Customers can buy products from a wide range of retailers, distributors, auctioneers, directories, search engines, etc and hence the Subjective, competition is cultural management assignment, intense. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry.

Various factors such as price, product selection and Organ persuasive essay, services influence the purchasing. decision of customers. E-commerce companies frequently engage in Cross cultural management, price-based. competition to Paper with green woo buyers, which limits their ability to management raise prices. In the payments business, there is competition from Paper writing on it sources such as credit and. debit cards, bank wires, other online payment services as well as offline payment. mechanisms including cash, check, money order or mobile phones. Considering the entry of cultural assignment newer players such as Apple Pay and Alibaba, the. competition is expected to heighten in the online payments space.

Competition is very high in this industry with so many players like Flip kart, Myntra, Jabong, Snap deal, Amazon, India plaza, Homeshop18 etc. 4.1.4 Threat of New Entrants. Given the Statistics videos, nature of the business, there is always a threat of new entrants as it is. relatively less costly to enter the market and setup operations. Cross Management Assignment Articles? There is no additional. cost incurred to set up any physical stores and locations. In addition, traditional. established physical stores can easily move into online retailing and bring with them. their substantial consumer base.

These stores such as Target or Wal-Mart, already enjoy. economies of scale, have recognizable brands and a strong supply chain. So they do. pose strong competition to Amazon. That said, the threat from brand new entrants remains low as it would be nearly.

impossible for a new company to a dissertation methodology match the Cross cultural assignment articles, cost advantages, economies of scale and. variety of offering as Amazon.com. These advantages will deter most brand new. entrants to writing the market. Substantial Economies of Scale. Ecommerce like Amazon works with over Cross management assignment articles, 10,000 vendors and boasts an Writing a dissertation, impressive 75. percent repeat purchasers. Its market capitalization is substantially ahead of its nearest. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry.

First Mover Advantage. As the pioneer online retailer, Amazon , flip kart has the Cross cultural management assignment articles, necessary brand awareness and. credibility as a strong reliable presence in the market. Massive product Variety. Way beyond a bookstore now, Amazon.com , Flipkart provides any type of product. there is in its online stores. This means that there is a strong supplier base relationship. that cannot be replicated. In addition, as a bookseller and Organ persuasive essay, a provider of other. entertainment channels such as movies, videos and cultural articles, music, ecommerce has established.

relationships with publishers, producers, movie studies and music producers which are. not easy to form and replicate. The e-commerce market is characterized by low barriers to entry. It is relatively easy. for newer players to enter the market and write a persuasive body, start selling products. Having said that, it’s. difficult for newer players to gain brand recognition and attain high ranking on search. Newer players require significant marketing budgets to cultural management assignment articles compete on a large scale and. this restricts entry of newer players to an extent. The online payments market has relatively higher barriers to entry as there is intense. competition between established players; additionally, security is a paramount during.

online payments and hence newer players which do not have the How to a persuasive speech body, necessary brand. recognition will find it difficult to attract new customers. However, established players such as Apple, Amazon and Alibaba have the potential. to make a dent in PayPal’s strong market position. ‘ Indian government is going to allow 51% FDI in multi-brand online retail and. 100% FDI in single brand online retail sooner or later. Cross? So, this means foreign. companies can come and start their own online retail companies. ‘ There are very less barriers to entry like less amount of money required to start a. business, less amount of infrastructure required to start business. Paper Writing On It? All you need is. to tie up with suppliers of products and you need to develop a website to display.

A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. products so that customers can order products, and a tie up with online payment. gateway provider like bill desk. ‘ Industry is Cross management assignment, also going to grow at a rapid rate. It is Writing a dissertation methodology, going to touch 76 billion $ by.

2021. Industry is going to experience an exponential growth rate. So, obviously no. one wants to Cross cultural assignment miss this big opportunity. 4.1.5 Threat of substitute products. The threat of substitutes for ecommerce is Writing x 28, high.

The unique characteristic Amazon has is. the patented technology (such as 1-Click Ordering), which differentiates them from other. possible substitutes. However, there are many alternatives providing the Cross cultural articles, same products. and services, which could reduce Amazon’s competitive advantage. Therefore, Amazon. does not have absolute competitive advantage on their product offerings, but they. definitely have the a persuasive speech, advantage when it comes to cultural the quality of customer service and.

There is no technology that can substitute the Internet so far in the market. Even, analog. signal that use to policy send the television signal or radio signal are not the main threat. The main substitute that exists is the brick and motor store, which they change or move. their place to cultural management articles be on How to speech body the Internet. Therefore, the e-commerce industry has low threat of. substitutions. When we compare relative quality, relative price of Cross cultural articles product that he/she. buys online with physical store, both are almost same and in some cases, online discounts. will be available which makes customers to buy products online. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry.

Porters 5 Force Model of E-Commerce Industry. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. This industry analysis, also known as the macro environmental analysis is Statistics help homework, basically done to. determine the conditions in which the industry is operating in. The analysis of Cross cultural management articles these factors. becomes very important for a company operating in that particular industry for the growth. 5.1 POLITICAL AND LEGAL FACTORS:

E-commerce has introduced many changes in the Indian consumers and customers. Homework Videos? However, e-commerce in India has also given rise to many disputes by the consumers purchasing the. products from e-commerce websites. In fact, many e-commerce websites are not following. Indian laws at cultural management articles all and they are also not very fair while dealing with their consumers.

Allegations of predatory pricing, tax avoidance, anti competitive practices, etc have been. levelled against big e-commerce players of India. As a result, disputes are common in India. that is not satisfactorily redressed. This reduces the confidence in the e-commerce segment.

and the unsatisfied consumers have little choice against How to write a persuasive speech body, the big e-commerce players. At a. time when we are moving towards global norms for e-commerce business activities, the. present e-commerce environment of India needs fine tuning and assignment articles, regulatory scrutiny. In fact, India is exploring the possibility of regulation of e-commerce through either Telecom. Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) or through different Ministries/Departments of Central.

Government in a collective manner. It is obvious that e-commerce related issues are not easy to manage. E-commerce disputes. resolution is with writing on it green, even more difficult and challenging especially when Indian Courts are already. overburdened with court cases.

Of course, establishment of e-courts in Cross cultural assignment articles, India and Subjective description mean, use of cultural management articles online. dispute resolution (ODR) in India are very viable and How to write a persuasive, convincing options before the Indian. Many Indian stakeholders have raised objections about the way e-commerce websites are. operating in India. These websites are providing deep discounts that have been labeled as. predatory by offline traders and businesses. Further, Myntra, Flipkart, Amazon, Uber, etc. have already been questioned by cultural assignment articles the regulatory authorities of a persuasive India for violating Indian laws. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 5.1.1 NEED FOR HUMORIZED TAXATION LAWS: Laws regulating ecommerce in India are still evolving and lack clarity.

Favorable regulatory. environment would be key towards unleashing the potential of ecommerce and help in. efficiency in Cross cultural management, operations, creation of jobs, growth of the industry, and investments in back-end. infrastructure. Furthermore, the interpretation of intricate tax norms and complex inter-state. taxation rules make ecommerce operations difficult to manage and to stay compliant to the. laws. With the Statistics, wide variety of audience the assignment, ecommerce companies cater to, compliance. becomes a serious concern. Companies will need to have strong anti-corruption programs for. sourcing and x 28, vendor management, as well as robust compliance frameworks.

It is important. for the E-Commerce companies to keep a check at every stage and adhere to the relevant. laws, so as to avoid fines.Myntra, Flipkart and many more e-commerce websites are under. regulatory scanner of Cross cultural Enforcement Directorate (ED) of India for help homework videos violating Indian laws and. policies. There are no taxation laws for these websites so the Cross cultural, products are being sold at huge. discounts in Organ donation essay, these sites. Some of the major causes not keeping taxation laws over Cross cultural assignment articles, ecommerce. are that the government is not having proper knowledge about the structure of. industry and the limitations that has to Paper green be given to the e commerce industry and what are the.

rights that should be given to them for management articles selling the product Security of the information. provided during the online transaction is a major concern. Under section 43A of the I T Act. the ‘Reasonable practices and procedures and Paper writing green, sensitive personal data or information Rules, 2011’ have been proposed, which provide a framework for the protection of data in India. A Study on cultural Indian E-Commerce Industry. 5.2 ECONOMIC FACTORS: Mass usage of internet: The usage of policy paper internet is increasing rapidly in Cross management assignment articles, INDIA, it is said that India is said to be the green, 3rd. largest internet population country after USA and CHINA. Current India internet users are.

205 millions .The total no of users are expected to be 330-370 millions in just 3 years. The. internet usage in cities has been increased rapidly. Increased aspiration levels and assignment articles, availability. The aspiration of the Indian youth and writing green, middle class while the cultural management assignment articles, coming year will be even more. promising both for Paper green the consumer as also the Cross management assignment articles, entrepreneurs, with average annual spending on. online purchases projected to increase by 67 per a dissertation methodology, cent to Rs 10,000 from Rs 6,000 per person. In 2014, about 40 million consumers purchased something online and number is expected to. grow to 65 million by 2015 with better infrastructure in terms of logistics, broadband and. Internet ready devices will be fuelling the demand in ecommerce. Cross Cultural Management? The smart phones and.

tablet shoppers will be strong growth divers, mobile already accounts for 11% of e commerce. sales, and its share will jump to 25% by 2017. Computer and Organ donation persuasive essay, consumer’s electronics as well. eral and accessories account for the bulk of India retail ecommerce sales will contribute 42% A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry.

Liberal policies (FDI in management articles, Retail and Insurance) The E-commerce Association of India (ECAI) is looking for a positive response from the. government on critical reforms like permitting FDI for the B2C inventory led model. This has. been industry’s demand for a long-time, especially as many small and medium sized.

ecommerce players face obstacles on easy access to capital and technology. The industry has. been hoping that the government would at persuasive least review a partial opening of the Cross cultural, sector to FDI. In 2015 budget the FDI has been increased to 51 %. So there is a positive response from policy the. international e commerce industry that is trying to enter into India.

Even allibaba.com is also. trying to enter into India with the help of snapdeal.com. Management Assignment Articles? But on the other side the small e. commerce companies are finding it difficult because may face difficulty in the future when. the MNC e commerce companies enter India. Supply chain and the productivity growth. The most important impact of ecommerce is How to write speech, maintained supply chain and the productivity of. the products. Cultural Management Assignment Articles? The buying and selling of Organ essay goods’continues to undergo changes that will have a. profound impact on the way companies manage their supply chains.

Simply put, e-commerce. has altered the practice, timing, and technology of assignment articles business-to-business and Writing a dissertation methodology, business-toconsumer. commerce. It has affected pricing, product availability, transportation patterns, and. consumer behavior in developed economy in India. Business-to-business electronic. commerce accounts for the vast majority of total e-commerce sales and plays a leading role in. supply chain network.

In 2014, approximately 21 percent of manufacturing sales and 14.6. percent of Cross assignment articles wholesales are done in India. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. From the moment the online order is placed to when it is picked, packed, and Writing policy paper, shipped, every. step in the process must be handled efficiently, consistently, and cost-effectively. In ecommerce, the distribution center provides much of the customer experience. Simply.

delivering the goods is no longer an adequate mission for the fulfillment center’customer. satisfaction has to be a critical priority. Cross Cultural? The typical e-commerce consumer expects a wide. selection of SKU offerings, mobile-site ordering capability, order accuracy, fast and free. delivery, and Statistics help homework videos, free returns. Understanding how online consumers shop and purchase across. channels is critical to the success of online fulfillment. More consumers are browsing the. Internet for features and selection, testing products at brick-and-mortar stores, acquiring. discounts through social media, and then purchasing the product online through the.

convenience of their mobile device. Some retailers,’including those that also sell through. catalogs’have been in the direct-to-consumer marketplace for some time. Cultural? These companies. have fulfillment facilities established and information technologies in place to manage orders. with speed and efficiency, doing it well and profitably. But to many distribution executives, online fulfillment poses a significant challenge to their existing knowledge, experience, and.

5.3 SOCIAL FACTORS: A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. Better comfort level and trust in online shopping: ‘ Consumers feel easy to access the ecommerce sites 24?7 support. Customer can do. transactions for donation persuasive essay the product or enquiry about cultural assignment, any product/services provided by a company. anytime, anywhere from Subjective description essay any location.

Here 24?7 refers to 24 hours of each seven days of a. ‘ E-Commerce application provides user more options and quicker delivery of products. ‘ E-Commerce application provides user more options to compare and Cross management, select the cheaper and. ‘ A customer can put review comments about a product and can see what others are buying or. see the review comments of other customers before making a final buy. ‘ E-Commerce provides option of virtual auctions.

‘ Readily available information. A customer can see the relevant detailed information within. seconds rather than waiting for days or weeks. Advantages to the society: ‘ Customers need not to travel to shop a product thus less traffic on road and low air pollution. ‘ E-Commerce helps reducing cost of methodology products so less affluent people can also afford the. ‘ E-Commerce has enabled access to services and products to cultural management rural areas as well which are.

otherwise not available to them. ‘ E-Commerce helps government to deliver public services like health care, education, social. services at reduced cost and in Writing, improved way. ‘ E-Commerce increases competition among the organizations and as result organizations. provides substantial discounts to customers.

A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 5.4 Technological factors: Cloud computing in e commerce: According to analysts, within 10 years’ time 80% of all computer usage worldwide, data. storage and e-commerce will be in the cloud. Cultural? It is called the third phase of the Statistics help homework, internet.

During the first phase software and operating systems were combined to create a simple flow. of communication through ‘ for instance ‘ email. The second phase brought the cultural management, user to the. World Wide Web, where he had access to millions of Writing paper websites. This increased internet usage.

by a factor of one hundred in only 2 years’ time. In the third phase everything is in the cloud, both data and cultural management articles, software. There are several types of cloud computing, of x 28 which Software-as-a-Service is probably the. best-known. The others are Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure-as-a-Service. The ability to lower costs, accelerate deployments and cultural management, respond quickly.

to market opportunities and Writing a dissertation, challenges are just a few reasons why so many IT leaders are. leveraging cloud based e commerce applications. Given the variety of solutions, IT leaders. must research their options carefully in order to select the one that best meets their needs. Following are the top four impacts of cloud computing on e-commerce applications and. steps IT leaders should take during their evaluation process. It’s easy for business leaders to focus on articles the benefits of cloud computing without considering. the time and on it green, effort involved in implementing a viable solution. However, whatever cloud. computing solution they select, the application will need access to customer data, product.

data, fulfilment systems and other operational systems in order to support e-commerce. Cue. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. Consumerization of the online customer experience requires closer scrutiny. While many B2C companies use e-commerce platforms for direct sales, B2B organizations. are also leveraging them to add transactional capabilities to their informational sites. In.

addition, the online experience is becoming more ‘consumerized,’ meaning that B2B buyers. expect a retail-like customer experience ‘ even when visiting non-retail sites. Cloud solution. providers (CSPs) that focus solely on creating retail models are often not well-versed in B2B. requirements which can be more complex. As a result, their offerings don’t include B2B. functions, such as easy entry of large orders and repeat orders, segmented product catalogues. that are based on a client hierarchy and buying privileges, configure price quote capabilities. and extended payment terms. IT leaders have an unprecedented number of CSPs from which. to choose.

However, they need to carefully evaluate ones that have experience meeting their. industry-specific needs, whether it’s B2B, B2C, or a combination of both. Usage of bandwidth for cultural E-commerce: Transmission capacity of a communication channel is a major barrier for Paper writing products that. require more graphical and video data. For this e commerce companies need higher. bandwidth than usual. Cross Cultural Management Articles? These all depend on the no of the customers visiting websites, the. type of the products the e commerce industry is selling and writing on it, the location at which the online. users are mostly visiting the website. These all are some of the factors that affect the cultural assignment articles, usage.

of bandwidth. Web processing is also some of the key factors that make e commerce. industry to run. Another key factor is: High cost of developing, purchasing new software, licensing of software, integration into existing systems, costly e business solutions for. Benefits of using cloud computing over E-commerce: ‘ Trust.

Cloud computing enables online store owners to use the same platform and use. the same functionality. That means that new features can be made available to. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. everyone with a simple modification. Writing Methodology? Moreover, the maintenance is taken care of. centrally, which means that store owners can rely on Cross cultural management assignment articles a stable platform. ‘ Cost saving. In many cases this is the most important reason for companies to choose. cloud computing.

Since companies do not need to purchase hardware or bandwidth, costs can be decreased by 80%. ‘ Speed. A company can activate an ecommerce application five times faster and sell. directly through a platform that is managed remotely. ‘ Scalability. Cloud computing makes a company more elastic and able to respond to. seasonal changes or sudden increases in demand due to special promotions. ‘ Security. Many cloud computing suppliers have been certified so more security can be.

guaranteed to customers. ‘ Data exchange. The explosive growth of cloud ecommerce will lead to more data. exchange between the Writing a dissertation methodology, clouds. Suppliers will offer more and more possibilities to Cross cultural management assignment articles add. features to their clouds for users, partners and others. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 6. FIRMS UNDER STUDY.

Four key metrics have been used to evaluate the performance of. E-Retailers in India. 2. Subscriber Growth Rate. 3. Average Order Size: 4. Percentage of Mobile Visits.

6.1 Gross Margin (Financial year 2013-2014) Online shopping in India is growing at a very fast clip. At the same time, there is an intense. competition in ecommerce space, especially among the top 3 players. There is aggressive. pricing and discounts are being paid by Venture Capitalists’ pockets. Flipkart, Amazon and Snapdeal, all of them have raised investments or have commitments of. $1 Billion or more. Policy? This money is cultural articles, being burned to acquire new customers, offer discounts. and pump up products on offers.

At the same time these sites are losing money, the quantum. of loss these ecommerce players have incurred for every Rupee spent is Writing policy paper, displayed in the. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. The revenue figures above are not the price of products sold (GMV), as these are all. marketplaces, and their revenues come from cultural assignment articles commissions they get from sellers or listing fees. that they charge to methodology list the products on their site. GMV or Gross Merchandize Value represents the price of products sold and net revenues are. just a fraction of that. Flipkart leads the race with net revenue of 179 crore followed by Amazon at 168.9 crore and.

Snapdeal at 154.11 crore. However, when it comes to losses, Flipkart leads by a much bigger margin and their loss for. 2013-14 stands at Rs. Management? 400 Crore. Comparatively, Amazon losses are pegged at Rs. 321.3. crore and Snapdeal had least losses of 3 with 264.6 crore. The figure below shows the loss each player incurs for every rupee in net revenues. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. Flipkart leads the race to losing 2.23 rupees for every 1 rupee of revenue.

Amazon loses 1.90. and Snapdeal has least amount of losses at Rs. 1.72. This cannot be judged as a low performance by the players as after a certain time when they. gain major part of market.

Every product they sell would be a profit for them. 6.2 Subscriber Growth Rate. Flipkart was founded in the year 2007. By the end of year 2013 they have acquired 22. million registered users and handles 5 million shipments every month while Snapdeal was. founded in the year 2010 and has 20 million registered users by the end of description year 2013.

Snapdeal has acquired customers in a quicker pace when compared to Flipkart, but this. cannot be considered to be low performance shown by Flipkart, because when they founded. e- retail in India, the people were not much familiar to e-commerce and online purchasing at. 6.3 Average ordering size of Flipkart for Financial year 2011-2012. Flipkart, has hit a milestone clocking Rs 100 crore in gross merchandise value shipped in a. month for the first time in June 2012. The jump is from an average of around Rs 42 crore. financial year 2010-2011. Flipkart had clocked Rs 500 crore for the 12 months ended March.

In the year 2012 the number of daily orders has hit 25,000 mark (or seventeen orders per. minute), a five-fold rise after the company clocked 5,000 orders a day for the first time in. May 2011. Flipkart first clocked 1,000 orders a day in March 2010. Average order size= Total Revenue/Number of Orders. =Rs.5000000000 / 25,000 x 365. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 6.4 Percentage of Mobile Visits. Mobile is now one of our most strategic channels for driving revenue and customer acquisition.

The eretailers. are investing to build strong technology and management articles, marketing platforms that will allow them to. accelerate their growth on mobile. Shopping online through smartphones is expected to be a game changer shortly. In the year 2014. there were nearly 123 million smartphone users in India. Affordability of smartphones is.

leading to the growth in on it green, mobile Internet users, hence generating fresh consumer base for the. online players. Mobile Internet users in India are estimated to be 120 million compared to 100 million. users using Internet on cultural management assignment articles their personal computers. 60 percent of Snapdeals orders are coming over mobile in Paper with on it, the end of year 2014. It is growing really fast.

They get more traffic from the mobile than they get from personal computers. Flipkart a year ago, less than 10 percent of their orders, transactions and visits used to come from mobile. Now those numbers are greater than 50 percent for them. It is accelerating at a very rapid pace. Flipkart. is seeing more than 2 times or 3 times growth from the mobile front compared to desktop, where Flipkart is growing overall but mobile is growing at a much faster pace.

A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. 6.5 Top 10 Indian E-Commerce Sites Traffic Comparison. Stats have been taken for month of April 2014. Flipkart topped the charts with over 62 million visits in cultural, the month of April with Myntra. coming shade lower at 59.5 million. Given that both of them have now come together, purely.

based on the traffic, they clock more traffic than the How to write a persuasive, rest 8 players combined. While we expected either Amazon or Snapdeal to grab the 3rd place in terms of traffic, Jabong took the bronze position with 42.5 million visitors followed by Snapdeal (31.4. Amazon.in clocked a respectable 27.6 million visits in month of April (Remember, they have. not even completed a year since launch as yet). Also, if you combine Junglee, which is. owned by Amazon, their traffic bulges to close to 40 million visits. Infibeam and Tradus both have not been doing too well in terms of traffic.

They clocked 3.4. million #038; 3 million respectively. Also, according to similar web, their traffic has been. steadily dropping over last 6 months. Both of Cross assignment them had close to 5 million visits at the start of. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. Stats have been taken for month of April 2014. When it came to user engagement, Flipkart again reigned supreme with each visitor spending. an average of 8:35 minutes per visit.

Ebay also had very high levels of engagement with 8:15. mins followed by Snapdeal (7:49 mins). Myntra had surprisingly low (in fact lowest of all) visitor time spent at 3:04 minutes. Junglee. and Jabong were other two sites who had low visitor time spent. Given that Flipkart had highest time spent by visitors, they also got the Writing a dissertation methodology, maximum pageviews. per visitor (8.53) followed by Ebay (8.04).

Surprisingly, Tradus did quite well in terms of. page views with a average of 7.57 views per visit. Ecommerce industry in India is in their blooming stage now. Cross Management Assignment Articles? E-commerce including online. retail in India constitutes a small fraction of total sales, but is set to grow to a substantial.

amount owing to a lot of homework factors such as rising disposable incomes, rapid urbanization, increasing adoption and penetration of Cross cultural assignment technology such as the internet and Statistics homework videos, mobiles, rising. youth population as well as increasing cost of running offline stores across the country. A Study on Indian E-Commerce Industry. MACRO ENVIONMENTAL ANALYSIS. A Study on cultural articles Indian E-Commerce Industry. MARKET SHARE VALUE. GLOBAL AND INDIAN SCENARIO. Search our thousands of essays: If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Business essay, dissertation or piece of coursework that answers your exact question?

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